IJERD – International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development (2012) 3-2

Research articleerd

The Biology of Lentinus polychrous Lev. in Nakhon Phanom Province, Thailand and Kwaeng Kham Muan, Laos
SOMCHAI RATTANAMALEE*
Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom,Thailand
Email: rathanamalee@hotmail.com

CHANAPORN RATTANAMALEE
Faculty of Liberal Art and Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand
Received 8 December 2011

Accepted 12 March 2012(*: Corresponding Author)

Abstract This article describes the results of the survey on mushrooms in Nakhon Phanom
province Thailand and Kwaeng Kam Muan Laos done from April to November 2010. Itwas found that there were 13 varieties in Nakhon Phanom and 10 varieties in Kwaeng
Kam Muan. The 13 varieties in Nakhon Phanom were College of Agriculture and Technology NPU 1 variety, Amphoe Tha U Ten 4 varieties, Kalasin province 1 variety, Amphoe Pla Pak 2 varieties, Tumbon Wangtamua Amphoe Muang 4 varieties and Amphoe
Renunakhon 1 variety. In Kwaeng Kam Muan, Laos there were 10 varieties: 2 varieties inMuang Hin Boon, 2 varieties in Muang Tha Khaek, 3 varieties in Muang Yomarat, 1 variety in Muang Mahachai and 2 varieties in Muang Nagai. Each variety was different regarding cap, gills, scales, stalk, color, and size. The caps of these varieties were 4.0 - 14.5
cm in diameter. The caps of some varieties were thick while those of other varieties werethin. The number of gills was about 85-730, and the length of gills was 2.0 - 10.0 cm. The
young gills were creamy white in color but the old gills were dark brown. The weight ofdry mushroom was 2.0 - 15.0 g. The weight of wet one was 5.0 - 35.0 g. Scales on caps ofmushrooms were different in cold season (October - November) and rainy season (April July). In cold season skin of caps was scabbed and scattered but in rainy season the skin
was smooth. Some stalks were short and others were long. Some varieties had short stalks.
Average was 1.0 - 2.0 cm. Some varieties had long stalks. Average was 3.0 - 3.5 cm. The
colors of caps were mainly brown, but some caps were white-brown and other caps wereyellow-brown. When a mushroom is small, it was young about 1 day but when it grew tobig size, it was about 2 or 3 days after primordial of mushroom. So Thailand or Laos varieties were similar, also. It meant that it could be preventive against cancer if you eat it always.
Keywords Lentinus polychrous Lev., mushroom, cultivation

INTRODUCTION
Hed Bod (Lentinus polychrous Lev.) is in family Polyporaceae (Royal Institute of Thailand, 1996).
It is blooming on log of trees in natural. It has very good taste. It is a popular mushroom in thenorth and northeast of Thailand and in Laos (Pukahuta et al., 2006). It is called in the local language
Hed Kra Dunk, Hed Kon Dum and Hed Lom etc. (Pegler, 1983). In natural Hed Bod bloom in earlyand late rainy season between March and October which the mushrooms become mature and suitable for studying about taxonomy and could culture the mycelium (Tianhirun, 2002). Nowadays thismushroom had decreased because of the environment change and the destruction of forest (Panmoot, 2002). So it was important to study about the mushroom such as morphology, taxonomy,environment, period of blooming, species of tree log which gave the basic data and conservation ofmushroom varieties in order to have advantage and to be guideline villagers could cultivate thismushroom. The digestion of cellulose by mycelium of the mushroom synthesis enzyme lignocelluⒸISERD

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lase such as laccase which could be stored the mycelium for 2 years. So it is confident that productivity and quality of the mushroom could be improved. (Pukahuta et al, 2004) which could help
people to become rich and have sustainable life.
So in this study, the four objectives were determined. One is to survey and take samples to investigate characteristics of the mushrooms such as diameter of cap, cap width, height, length ofstake, length of gill, amount of gill, dry weight, wet weight, color of cap etc. to get basic information of the mushroom. Second objective is to collect varieties of the mushroom for studying andanalyzing start from basic information of biology in nature. The third objective is to cultivate themushrooms on logs of different species of trees to find the best yield and suitable one. Fourth objective is to eliminate poverty by transfering cultivation technology of the mushroom to local villagers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Surveyed, photographed and collected the sample of the mushroom that bloomed on log of trees inforest in area of Nakhon Phanom Province, Thailand and Kwaeng Kham Muan, Laos. Took thesamples that bloomed in nature on log of trees from villages of Nakhon Phanom and Kwaeng Kam
Muan. The number of samples bloomed on logs of trees were not equal in each area because of different environment. Then they were measured and weighed then dried by the sun or wind or theoven in the laboratory and kept in bags. Characteristics in morphology were investigated. Incubatedtissue in PDA media, checked growth rate of mycelium and recorded data. All of these surveys
were done from April to November 2010 which was in rainy and early cold season.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The varieties of Hed Bod were investigated in Nakhon Phanom, Thailand and Kwaeng Kam Muan.
Laos have many varieties, 13 varieties in Nakhon Phanom and 10 varieties in Kwaeng Kam Muan.
The 13 varieties in Nakhon Phanom were found in College of Agriculture and Technology NPU 1.
Amphoe Tha U Ten 4 varieties, Kalasin province 1 variety , Amphoe Pla Pak 2 varieties, Tumbon
Wangtamua Amphoe Muang 4 varieties and Amphoe Renunakhon 1 variety. In Kwaeng Kam
Muan, Laos there were 10 varieties, 2 varieties in Muang Hin Boon, 2 varieties in Muang ThaKhaek, 3 varieties in Muang Yomarat, 1 variety in Muang Mahachai and 2 varieties in Muang Nagai. There were 23 varieties, all of which were similar in shape and characteristic especially inmorphology and period of blooming. All of them bloomed between April and July and between
October and November (Leumlum, 2004). The logs of trees that Hed Bod can be grown were Mangifera indica, Shorea obtusa, Shorea siamensis, Sindora siamensis, Anisoptera costata, Hopea
odorata,  Afzelia xylocarpa and  Shorea roxburghii which were found in dipterocarp forest at Amphoe Pla Pak and Amphoe Muang (Punmoot, 2002).
Table 1 Varieties of Hed Bod in Nakhon Phanom, Thailand and Kwaeng Kam Muan, Laos
1. Variety- College of Nakhon Phanom Agriculture and Technology, Nakhon Phanom University
Source:  Ban Kam Swang Tumbon  Guruku Amphoe Muang

2. Variety- Ban Pranom      Source: Moo 1 Tumbon Pranaom  Amphoe Tha U Ten    White-brown cap,  white-yellow gill,   red gill when mature, cap
width 4.5-14.0 cm. height    4.0-14.0 cm. length of gill 1.0-10.0
cm. length of stake  1.0-5.0 cm. thick of cap  3.0 mm. amount ofgill 180-730 gills, wet weight   2.0-40.0 g.

Cap width 5.5-11.2 cm. height    4.0-9.2 cm.  length of stake    3.0cm.  amount of gill   85-300 gills  dry weight   2.0-15.0 g. face ofcap-   white-brown, cap edge was brown, white-gray on central
cap, white-red brown gills, length of gill  4.0-9.0 cm.

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IJERD – International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development (2012) 3-2  3. Variety- Ban Pranaom
Source: Moo 4 Tumbon Pranaom Amphoe Tha U Ten      4. Variety  Kalasin
Source:  Ban Mahachai Tumbon Mahachai , Amphoe Pla Pak  Cap width  5.5-7.5 cm.  height  5.0-7.3 cm. length of stake1.0-1.5
cm.  length of gill 4.0-7.0 cm.  face of cap  white-brown, cap edge
was light brown, white gills when it was young but had browngills when it was mature, cap was thickness, cap edge was notbroken when it was blooming, dry weight 2.0-5.0 g., amount ofgills  184-192 gills

Cap width  6.5-12.0 cm. height 6.0-9.5 cm. cap face was   whitebrown,   on central cap was brown color, length of stake 1.5-3.5
cm.   length of gill 5.0-8.5 cm. white-brown gills, cap was thin,cap edge was dark-brown color and broken, wet weight 5.0-12.0g.         5. Variety  Mahachai1
Source:  Ban Mahachai Tumbon Mahachai , Amphoe Pla Pak  6. Variety  Mahachai 2
Source:  Ban Mahachai Tumbon Mahachai , Amphoe Pla Pak  Yellow-brown cap,   central of cap was dark-brown color, capedge was light-brown,   cap width      4.0 cm.   height   4.0 cm.   dryweight  3.0 g.

Cap width  4.7-5.5 cm.   height  3.0-4.5 cm. length of stake 1.0-1.5cm.    Cap face was white-brown,   Cap edge   was dark-brown,
amount of gills 86-110 gills, Dry weight was   1.0-2.0 g.  7. Variety-  Ban Nong Boa Tumbon  Guruku Amphoe Muang

8. Variety-  Ban Wangtamua Amphoe Muang

Dark brown cap, cap was thick, white gills, amount of gill 98106 gills  , cap width    6.5 cm.  length of stake 1 cm.length of gill
3.5 cm. dry weight   was   0.5-   1.0 g. Cap edge was broken, wetweight   5.0 g.

Cap width  9 cm.  height  7.0 cm.  Central of cap was white-brown.
Cap edge was dark-brown. white-redbrown  gills, amount of gill
82-100 gills, gill thickness 3.0 mm., length of stake   2 cm., wetweight   7 g.

9. Variety- Ban Nong Sang   1   Tumbon Wangtamua Amphoe
Muang   10. Variety- Ban   Tan Pak Num Tumbon Chi Bu Ree    Amphoe
Tha U Ten      Cap width   8.5-10 cm.  height  6.5 cm. dry weight 5-15 g. lengthof gill 5.5-  6.0 cm.  red-brown gills,  length of stake    0.5-1.5 cm.
Cap face was white-gray.    Cap edge was yellow-brown.   amountof gill 160-225 gills.

Cap width   4.5 cm. height 2.0 cm.   length of stake 1 cm. wet
weight 2 g.  amount of gill 149 gills, cap face was white-brown  11.Variety- Ban Tat  Amphoe Tha U Ten      12. Variety- Ban Nong Sang   2   Tumbon Wangtamua AmphoeMuang   Cap width      2.5-8.5 cm.   height 2.3-   6.5 cm.   length of stake 1.5cm. length of gill 2.0-5.2 cm.  dry weight 1.0-7.0 g. Cap face waswhite-gray and yellow.    

Cap width    6.0-8.5 cm. height 6.0 cm. dry weight  2.0-5.0 g. Cap
face  was white-gray and yellow-brown, brown-gray gills, lengthof gills  5.0-5.5 cm. amount of gill 167 gillsⒸISERD123

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13. Variety- Ban   Phon Tong Amphoe Renunakhon

14. Variety- Ban   Poong, Muang Hin Boon,  Laos  Cap width    7.2 cm. height 7.5 cm. length of gill 6.5 cm. length ofstake 1.5-2.5 cm. Cap face   was white-brown, central of cap was
yellow-brown, cap was thin, gills color was white-cream,   capedge was light brown, wet weight 2.0-  5.0 g. amount of gill 156234 gills.

Cap width  6.0-7.3 cm. height 5.0-6.5 cm. length of stake 1.3-1.5
cm.   length   of gill          3.5-5.0 cm. amount of gill 170-219 gills   ,wet-weight 4.0-5.0 g. dry weight 0.2-0.5 g.  Cap face was whitebrown,   white brown gills, cap edge was broken.

15. Variety- Ban    Wearn   Muang Tha Khaek      Kwaeng KamMuan,  Laos  16.Variety-    Ban   Phon Soong   Muang Tha Khaek  Kwaeng Kam
Muan,  Laos  Cap width  5.5-6.5 cm. height 4.5-7.5 cm. length of stake 1.5-2.0
cm. white-cream gills, length of gill   4.0-5.0 cm.   amount ofgill158-328 gills. wet weight 5.0-7.0 g. dry weight 0.5-1.0 g.
Cap face was light brown color.

Cap width  6.5-9.0 cm. height 5.5-7.0 cm. length of stake 1.5-2.0
cm. Amount of gill 240-350 gills, length of gill 3.0-5.5 cm. Capface was white-gray. Cap was thin. Cap edge was broken, darkbrown gills, dry weight 5.0-7.0 g.

17. Variety-   Ban Phon Dia Muang Tha Khaek   Kwaeng KamMuan,  Laos

18. Variety-      Ban Mun Muang Mahachai Kwaeng Kam Muan,  Laos  Cap face was white-gray. Diameter of cap 7.7 cm. length ofstake 1.5 cm. length of gill 5.0 cm. cap height 5.0 cm., darkbrown gills  White-yellow gills, cap face was white-gray and brown color,cap width   8.0-11.0 cm. height 6.0-9.3 cm., length of gill   3.5-7.0cm., amount of gill 112-360 gills, wet weight 5.0 -10 g., dryweight 0.5 g.

19. Variety-  Ban Tha Rung Muang Nagai Kwaeng Kam Muan,     20. Variety- Ban North Nagai   Muang Nagai Kwaeng Kam
Laos  Muan,    Laos  Cap width   7.5-9.2 cm. height 7.3-7.5 cm. length of gill   4.5-7.0cm. Cap face was white-gray. Cap was thin. Brown gills, lengthof stake 1.0-2.5 cm. Cap edge was white-gray. Cap deepness  1.0cm.

Cap width  1.7-8.5 cm.  height 3.0-8.5 cm.  length of stake 0.5-1.0cm. Cap was thick. Cap face was brown-gray. Central of cap wasyellow-brown. brown gills, Length of gill was 2.0-5.5 cm.  whitebrown gills in a young cap but red brown gills in the big size
and mature, amount of gill 102-348 gills.

21.   Variety- Ban Kog Swang Muang Yomarat   Kwaeng Kam
Muan,  Laos  22. Variety- Ban Don Du Muang Hin Boon,  Kwaeng Kam Muan
Laos  Cap width   7.7-9.0 cm. height 7.0-7.5 cm.  length of stake 1.0 cm.
cap was thickness 1 mm.  wet weight 8.0-9.0 g. length of gill 4.05.0 cm. dry weight 0.2 g. cap face was white and thin, whitebrown gills.

Cap face was white-brown. Cap edge was light-brown, whitegills, length of stake 1.0-1.5 cm., cap width   2.3-4.5 cm., height   2.0-3.0 cm. amount of gill 172 gills, length of gill 2.0-3.0 cm.
wet weight 2.0-5.0 g. Cap was thin and broken.

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23. Variety- Ban Yomarat    Muang Yomarat   Kwaeng KamMuan,    Laos  Cap width 10-11.5 cm. height 7.2-11.0 cm.  length of stake 1.02.0 cm. Cap face was white-gray. Central of cap was deep andbrown color. Dark brown gills, length of gill   6.7-7.0 cm. wet
weight 6.0-15.0 g. amount of gill  340-480 gills.

Totally 23 photos. show the varieties of Hed Bod in Nakhon
Phanom, Thailand and Kwaeng Kam Muan, Laos

Kwaeng Kam Muan, Laos was found same as Nakhon Phanom, Thailand such as at the forestof Ban Tharung Muang Nagai. It was found Hed Poa, Hed Tub Tao or Hed Puearng bloomed at thesame time. However, the villagers in both of Mekong River harvest the Lentinus polychrous Lev. tobe Hed Kra Dung and when you want to cook you will soak it in the water before. Hed Bod could
be stored very long time and have rich nutrition. Hed Bod could reduce cholesterol and triglyceridebecause it has eritadenine substance, which can protect heart disease and high blood pressure disease especially diabetes and HIV (Panmoot, 1994) In addition Hed Bod could induce immuned
cells to protect cancer (Sutachit and Sutachit, 2002). Furthermore, Hed Bod could kill cancer cells(Armussa, 2009).
CONCLUSION
Surveying varieties of Lentinus polychrous Lev. In Nakhon Phanom, Thailand and Kwaeng Kam
Muan, Laos there were many varieties but they had similar characteristics in shape, morphology,
and period of blooming. Hed Bod was found on log of trees in dipterocarp forest especially in logof Mangifera indica, Shorea obtuse, Shorea siamensis, Sindora siamensis, Anisoptera costata,Hopea odorata,  Afzelia xylocarpa and  Shorea roxburghii was found during April to July and during October to November. The important thing was there were many germplasm of Lentinus polychrous Lev.varieties in Nakhon Phanom, Thailand and Kwaeng Kam Muan, Laos. So we can havegermplasm resources for cultivation. Furthermore we can use the species of trees that could givehigh yield and then transfer technology of cultivation to the people
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thank the National Research Council of Thailand that contributed the fund to this research.
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