2019年3月

Dr.Markus Zehringer 来日記念講演
乳歯保存ネットワーク

Radiocontamination of Food, Men
and the Environment
食品、人体、環境の放射能汚染

Dr. Markus Zehringer, State-Laboratory Basel-City

Contents
Atomic Age / Cold War（核の時代/冷戦）
first bombs（最初の核爆弾）
Fallout Pacific, lucky dragon incident （第五福竜丸事件）
Nuclear accidents accompanied the weapon’s production（核爆弾製造における事故）
Fallout measurements in Switzerland（スイスでの放射性降下物）
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty（部分的核実験禁止条約）
Fission used for energy production（エネルギー源としての核分裂）
Accidents（原子力事故）
Chernobyl: Contamination of Europe（チェルノブイリ事故によるヨーロッパの汚染）
Fukushima Daiichi / Contamination of Japan, minimal fallout in Europe（福島第一事故による日本の汚染。ヨーロッパの汚染はわずか）
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|2

Contents
How to investigate contamination of the body?
体内の汚染の測定法
Analyses of baby teeth
乳歯の測定
Results from the investigation of children from Chernobyl
チェルノブイリの子どもたちの測定から分かること
First results from investigations of Japanese children
日本の子どもたちの初めての測定結果
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|3

Artificial radioactivity in man and the environment

人工放射性物質－ヒトの体内・環境中
three main sources:

三大原因- nuclear fission for weapons
核爆弾のための核分裂- controlled nuclear fission for the production of energy
エネルギー源としての制御された核分裂- application of radiopharmaceuticals
放射性医薬品の応用
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|4

The dark side of radioactivity: 放射性物質の闇
the uncontrollable fission and its consequences
Trinity「三位一体」
Little Boy
Fat Man
X-Ray
Yoke
Zebra
Dog
Easy
GeorgeItem
Ivy Mike…

Trinity: the first of 622 bomb tests in the atmosphere (July 1945, USA)
初めての大気圏内核実験（全部で622発）
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019||55

The lucky dragon (Fukuryu Maru) 1954 incident/ theCastle Bravo bomb fallout contaminated 23 Japanesefisher men…「Catsle Bravo」からの降下物により操業中の漁民23名を汚染()

第五福竜丸

The power of this fusion bomb wasthree times higher as calculated (15 Mt TNT)
実出力（15 Mt）は計算値の3倍であった
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|6

Numerous accidents happened when nuclear fission
was applied for weapon’s production
Los Alamos – 1945
(USA) ロスアラモス

Harry Dhagilan, a scientist died 25 days after an accident
with overcrital plutonium. He was the first dead of a nuclear
accident
超過臨界のPuで25日後死亡 最初の原子力事故の犠牲者
Los Alamos – 1946
(USA)

Henry Slotin, a scientist, died nine days after a criticality
experiement. He got a dose of 10 Gray

臨界実験で10 Gy（～10 Sv）を浴び9日後死亡
Kyschtym/ Majak – 1957
（UdSSR)

Explosion of a waste storage tank at the Russian
plutonium factory

ソ連のプルトニウム施設で廃棄物タンクの爆発
North Carolina – 1961

A bomber lost two weapons near a farm

(USA)

爆撃機が農場近傍で2基の核爆弾紛失

Palomares – 1966

A B52 bomber lost four hydrogen fusion bombs. Two
Bombs exploded on the landscape spreading the plutonium(Spain)

B52爆撃機が4基の水爆紛失。2基爆発、Pu散逸
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|7

Numerous accidents happened when nuclear fisson
was applied for weapon’s production
Thule Airbase -1968(USA)

A B52 bomber lost four hydrogen fusion bombs. One of
the bombs was never found B52が4基の核弾頭を紛失・1基不明のまま
Starfish Prime – 1962
(USA, Pacific)

Bomb test, where the electromagntic impulse (EMP)
destroyed electronic equipment over an area of morethan 2400 km radius

電磁パルスにより半径2400 kmの範囲の電器製品を破壊

Storax Sedan – 1962
(USA)

Underground test: contamination of a large area inseveral states in USA

地下核実験により広範囲の汚染

Lake Chagan – 1965

Underground explosion for the building of an artificial(UdSSR)lake. There was only one problem: everything went
radioactive! The lake could never be used…
人工湖建設実験成功（総てが放射性になったことを除き）

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|8

Each nuclear power had at least one test site. From
there fallout was spread all over the earth
世界中のテストサイトから死の灰が地球を覆いつくす
Novaya Zemlya

Semipalatinsk (UDSSR)
Lop Nur (China)
Sahara (France)
Nevada (USA)Koh Kambaran (Pakistan)

Mururoa (France)

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

Pokhran (India)

Bikini (USA)Australia (GB)|9The bomb tests brought the contamination also over
Switzerland スイスにも降下物は襲いかかる
1000
90Radiostrontium
from Kernwaffenausfall
weapon’s fallout in Switzerland
Sr vom100
Gras

Bq 90Sr/g Ca

grass
10

Erde

soil

Getreidecereals

1

Milchmilk
cow’s

0.1
Milchzähne

milk teeth

Wirbelknochenvertebra

0.01
1950

1955

1960

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

|| 10
10

The bomb tests fallout resulted in the uptake ofradiostrontium in bones and teeth of Swiss people
核実験の結果スイス人の骨や歯に取り込まれた放射性ストロンチウム
0.4

90

Sr [Bq / g Ca]
0.08
0.07

0.3

▲ Ticîno
o West-Switzerland□ Zurich

0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02

0.2

0.01

CH mean values

0
1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

0.1

0
1945

1955

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

1965
1975
1985
année de naissance 生年

1995

||

11
11

Scientists found a relation between infant mortality rate
and bomb fallout in USA
幼児の死亡率と核実験による降下物との間には有意な関連
肺炎・インフルエンザ

Prof. Ernest J. Sternglass at the
US congress

部分核停条約に結実。大気圏内核実験の終焉
The intervention of US scientists lead to
The Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty)
from1963
No more atmospheric bomb tests !

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

|| 12
12

50年代よりトルーマン「核の平和利用」実現

After the 50ties, President Truman’s message for thefriendly use of atomic power was realised. But many
accidents happened… しかし事故はここでも多発
Chalk River(USA) – 1952

Lucens(Schweiz) - 1969

Idaho Falls (USA) – 1955

Rocky Flats (USA) – 1969

Windscale/Sellafield (UK)– 1957 / 1973

Windscale(UK) – 1973

Los Alamos (USA)– 1958

Leningrad(USSR) – 1974

Simi Valley(USA) - 1959

Belojarsk (USSR) – 1977

Knoxville (USA) - 1959

Bohunice -1977

Idaho Falls (USA)– 1961

Belojarsk (USSR) - 1978

Charlestown/Rhode Island (USA)– 1964

Three-Mile-Island(USA) – 1979

Melekess (USSR) – 1966

St. Laurent(Fr) - 1980

Monroe - 1966

Tschernobyl (USSR;Ukraine) - 1982

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|13

After the 50ties, President Truman’s message for thefriendly use of atomic power was realised. But many
accidents happened…
1950年代後、トルーマンの「核の平和利用」が実現。しかしここでも多くの事故が・・・
Vladiwostok(USSR) – 1985

ウラジオストック

Gore – 1985
Tschernobyl (USSR)– 1986

チェルノブイリ

Tomsk-7 (USSR) – 1993
Tokai-mura – 1999

東海村（JCO）

Fleurus (Belgium) – 2006
Fukushima Daiichi - 2011

福島第一

…?
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|14

The fallout of the NPP of Chernobyl contaminatedEurope チェルノブイリ事故によるヨーロッパの汚染（セシウム-137）
Radioactive fallout of cesium-137

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

|| 15
15

The washout of radioactive fallout from Chernobyl over
Switzerland in May 1986 1986年5月のwashoutによる降下物沈着
チェルノブイリ事故 4／26

rainfall in May1986

Ticino:East Switzerland:Basel:

350 mm
150 mm
50 mm

washout of cesium-137 (kBq/m2) after the reactor fire at Chernobyl
From: Federal Office of Public Health: 20 years after the NPP accident of Chernobyl. How it affected Switzerland.

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|16

The washout immediately affected milk
降下物の沈着は牛乳の汚染に直結Radioiodine (131I) activities in cow’s milk from farms in northern Switzerland

スイス北部の農場からの牛乳に含まれる放射性ヨウ素

Fresh grass
Hay(干し草)Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

|| 17
17

Radiocontamination in cow’s milk decline over the years
牛乳の放射能汚染は年々減少
100

134+137Cs

10

1

ヨーロッパにおいて牛乳は主要な食品

2017

2015

2013

2011

2009

2007

2005

2003

2001

1999

1997

1995

1993

1991

1989

1987

1985

1983

100

Milk is a main food categoryin Europe
all data in Bq/L

90Sr

10

1

0.1

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

|

2017

2015

2013

2011

2010

2008

2007

2005

2003

2001

1999

1997

1995

1993

1991

1989

1987

1985

0.01

1983

単位は Bq/L
1981

0.01

1981

0.1

18

Which food was most contaminated in Switzerland?
どの食品の汚染が高い?
Food category

Origin（原料）activity levels 1986/1987 (Bq/kg)
131+132I

134+137Cs

90Sr

Milk powder（粉ミルク）Cow（牛）
Sheep（羊）mother（母乳）<1<1 – 30<1 – 30<-1 -1,025<1 - 624<135<1 - 22n.a.

Baby foodCH（スイス）<1<1–1,000<1- 22CH<1<1–5,400

n.a.

CH

0.4 - 2

1-2

0.05 -1.1<1

6 - 80Milk products（乳製品）

Chocolate(チョコレート） CH, D（ドイツ）
Nuts（ナッツ、堅果）TR（トルコ）CH<1<1

100 – 17,100
0.6 – 120

Mushrooms, wild(茸）CH & Imports（輸入）<1

107 – 8,100<1<1 - 1,600<1 – 5,500<1 – 1,100<1 – 4<5 – 123,000<1

6 – 270

Fruit, driedドライフルーツ CH
Vegetables（野菜）Leafy（葉野菜）

Herbs（ハーブ類）

CH

Chest nuts（栗）CH, IT（イタリア）

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

n.a.

|

19

Which food was most contaminated in Switzerland?
Food category

Originactivity levels 1986/87 (Bq/kg)
131+132I

134+137Cs

90Sr

Wild grown berries（野生ベリー類）

CH
East Europe（東欧）n.a.

<1 – 110
n.a.

n.a.

Tea（茶葉）Imp.

<2<2 – 30,000

430

Meat（肉）CH, Cow
CH, Sheep, lamb（仔羊）<1 – 30<1 – 75<1 – 1,200
13 – 2,200

Game（狩猟肉）CH, Roe deer（ノロジカ）
CH, Deer（シカ）CH, wild boar（イノシシ）
reindeer imp.(輸入トナカイ)

<1
<1
<1
<1

150
20
600
3,600

Fish（魚）Fish, Basel (CH)バーゼル
Fish, Ticino (CH)ティチーノ
sea fish, imp.(輸入海水魚）

<1
<1
<1

22 - 710
40 – 4,400
n.a.

<1
<1
<1

20 ± 37
30 – 1,200
n.a.

<2 - 110<2 – 192

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

<1 – 200

0.4 – 22
n.a.

n.a.

CH
Flour（小麦）CH
Bread（パン）flakes, muesli(シリアル) CH
Honey （蜂蜜）CH & abroad

Spices（スパイス）

abroad（外国産）

Drinking water

CH, Tap water（水道水）
Mineral water（ミネラルウォータ）CH & abroad

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

|

20

Dose estimations for the Swiss population caused by
the fallout from Chernobyl 1986
チェルノブイリからの放射性降下物によるスイス公衆の被曝量推定値
dose foradults (mSv)

Institution（実施機関）

remarks（注）State-Laboratory BaselCity（バーゼル）

Overestimated (only contaminated food was analysed)

2.4

検査対象が汚染食品のみ→過大評価

Only milk, vegetables and meat
Federal Office of Public
Health (BAG)連邦公衆衛生省 were considered!（牛乳・野菜・肉のみ考慮）

0.6

Swiss Federal Nuclear
Safety Inspectorate連邦
原子力安全規制室

Broad data basis（広範囲のデータに基づく）

1.1

BAG

Estimation for global bomb fallout
世界中の核実験の影響

0.1

Limit value today: 1 mSv/aDr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

|| 21
21

Which food categories are contaminated even today,
over 30 years after the Chernobyl impact?チェルノブイ
リから30年。どの種類の食品が現在でも汚染しているか？
spices, Hazel nuts
(Turkey, East Europe)
wild grown berries(East Europe)

Wild grown mushrooms(East-Europe)

milk, grass (South Switzerland)
Wild boars(Bavaria, South Switzerland)

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|22

チェルノブイリフォーラム ＊IAEAの見解
From the Chernobyl Forum (IAEA-Report 2003 – 2005)•

From 1,000 liquidators only «few men» got a deadly radiation dose
リクビダートル1000人中致命的被曝を受けた者は数名にすぎない•

600,000 persons working in emergency area got doses which are only
slightly higher than the natural background 緊急エリアで働いた60,000
名の被曝量は自然バックグラウンドよりいくらか高いだけ•

4,000 cases of tyroid cancer were detected and put into relation with theexisting radiation doses 甲状腺ガン4,000例が見つかり被ばく量との関連が検討された•In summary, no higher risk for cancer occured in the contaminatedzones, but there was no correlation between radiation and cancer risk
汚染地域においても癌の過剰発生リスクは見いだせない。癌のリスクと放射線との関連も存在しない•

Stress and anxiety were the factors which caused many diseases
ストレスと不安が多くの疾病の原因となる•

In the «strict control zones» cancer deads were possible (the cancer risk
is below 0.01) 厳重管理ゾーンにおいてはがんリスクは高くなることがあり得るがリスクは0.01未満
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|23

The investigations of the physicists show another picture
物理学者の研究結果による見方はIAEAと異なる
Development of the demography of the exposed persons in Ukraine, 1997-2006
ウクライナの被曝した人々の人口統計（1997～2006）

liquidators 1986-1987
survivers
survivers who are invalid
liquidators 1988 – 1990
survivers
survivers who were evcuated in 1986

1986～1987のリクビダートル
生存者
352,939
障害者
59,582
1988～1990のリクビダートル
生存者
69,620Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 20191986年避難者
生存者
86,726|24

The investigations of the physicists show another picture
Lethality of Urainian survivers of Chernobyl (number of cases per 10,000)
チェルノブイリの生存者の死亡理由
がん

がん性疾患
血液

貧血

内分泌
甲状腺

精神疾患
神経系

心臓
呼吸器
消化管
泌尿器・生殖器
皮膚
筋肉・骨Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|25

Three core meltings at NPP Fukushima-Daiichi 2011
福島第一原子力発電所・・・3つの炉心が溶融

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

|| 26
26

2011福島第一は3つの炉心が溶融した
Three core meltings at NPP Fukushima-Daiichi 2011

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

|| 27
27

Radioactivity in the air of Japanese Cities, March 19 – 24 2011
3/19～24の都道府県単位の放射性降下物（Bq/m2）<30,000>30,000

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|28

National Emergency Operating Centre (NAZ;).
Situation on March 27 国家緊急オペレーションセンタ（スイス）Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|29

Fallout in food imports from Japan after the
Fukushima-Daiichi core-meltings
福島事故後日本からの輸入食品中の降下物
Radicesium data (Σ 134Cs + 137Cs)
Importedfood

Number ofsamples

mean
Bq/kg

maxiumBq/kg

limit
Switerland
Bq/kg

Tea(茶葉）

102

29.5

258

62,500Fish*（海水魚）

24

0.2

0.3

1,250

Soya/cereals

25

0.2

0.5

1,250

Rice（米）

9

0.5

0.7

1,250

Algues（海藻）

44

0.6

2.4

12,500

Divers（海藻）

32

6.2

14

1,250

* Fish samples were not from Japan, but with origin «Pacific»
日本産の魚ではないが「大平洋」での漁獲Radiocesium analyses of imports to Basel-City 2011- 2013
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

|| 30
30

Which was the situation in Japan ?
日本の状況は？

For estimation of incorporated doses the ECRRConcept is more useful than
ICRP-concepts (see Chris Busby).
被曝量の計算にはICRPではなく、より実用的なECRRの方法を採用する

ECRR: European Committee on Radiation Risk

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|31

Estimation of the dose when eating daily 100g of spinach after
the decay of 131I from 54 kBq/kg° to 1 Bq/kg (after 4.3 months)
事故後4.3月経過し、131Iが 当初の54 kBq/kgから1 Bq/kgになった
ほうれん草を毎日100g食べる場合

Estimated organ
Thyroid dose
dose caused by 131I (mSv) ICRP
臓器への線量甲状腺(ICRP)ECRR dose *(mSv)
甲状腺(ECRR)

cancer risk *がんリスク

Baby up to 1 year

0.13

78

~ 0.8 %

12-17years

0.04

24

~ 0.2 %

Adult person

0.03

18

~ 0.2 %

° real activity in March 2011 of Japanese Spinach* Busby, Chris: ECRR risk model and radiation from Fukushima Daiichi, March 2011
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|| 32

How to investigate the contamination of the body?
人体汚染の測定法
Whole body counting
ホールボディカウンタ

easy to realise, but only gamma radiation isdetectable!（理解しやすいがγ線のみ測定可能）

Analyses of blood
血液の解析

control of incorporated contamination (only forhigher doses) 体内摂取した汚染。高線量被曝

Analyses of feces and urine
排泄物の解析

control of the release of incorporated contamination (only for higher doses) 高線量被曝

Analyses of bones and teeth deposition of bone seekers, such as radiostrontium
骨・歯の解析
or radium etc. 骨に吸着する元素, 90Sr, Ra
Analyses of human milk/hair deposition rate of radionuclides (radiostrontium,
母乳・毛髪の解析
radiocesium) 90Sr, 放射性セシウム
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|33

Human Hair Analyses

ヒトの毛髪の分析

Switzerland 2017 Minamisoma
2011

Minamisoma
2017

ECRR-Dose

7 mSv

50 mSv

13 mSv

Cancer Risk
がんリスク
(adult person)~0.01%

~0.5%

~0.1%

The ECRR dose is calculated by multiplication of the ICRP-dose by 600. ThisIs the dose for the mixture of internal radionuclides released from NPP Fukushima.
Busby, 2011

ECRRによる線量はICRPの結果を600倍する。体内に摂取された放射性物質による効果を総合する
Basic concept: ECRR 2010. Recommendations of the European Committee on Radiation Risk. The Health Effectsof Exposure to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation Regulators’ Edition: Brussels 2010.

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|34

Deciduous teeth investigations for the measurementof low doses caused by incorporated radiostrontium
90Sr体内摂取による低線量測定には、脱落乳歯が最適

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|35

Investigation of deciduous teeth from Japanese children(State-Laboratory Basel-City)
prefecture

日本の子どもの乳歯測定結果

number ofsamples

median(mBq/gCa)

mean ± SD(mBq/gCa)

Aichi

3

43

57 ± 27

Chiba

68

50

67 ± 50

Fukushima47

90

106 ± 83

Hokkaido1

Ibaraki

1259

88 ± 55

Kanagawa

550

53 ± 24

Miyagi64455 ± 32

Osaka

1

Saitama

1144

49 ± 17

Shiga

4

52

49 ± 10

Shizuoka

1

Tochigi

446

46 ± 9

Tokyo

21

35

71 ± 66

Yamaguchi

1254

46 ± 11

Total

196

51

74 ± 61

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

33 ± 1054 ± 11120 ± 20|36

Investigation of deciduous teeth from Japanese children(State-Laboratory Basel-City)
90Sr-mean activities of all baby teeth 1999-2009

250

90Sr-activity (mBq/gCa)

200

150

100

50

0
1998

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

2000

2002

2004
Year of birth

2006

2008

2010

生年

|

37

Deciduous teeth analyses from Japanese children /outliers of the study（日本の乳歯測定にあらわれた例外値）
outliers from different prefectures
2500

90Sr-activity (mBq/g Ca)

2000

pooled baby teeth

1500

1000

500

yamaguchi

tokyo

tokyo

saitamasaitamasaitamahokkaido

hokkaido

fukushima

fukushima

fukushima

fukushima

fukushima

fukushima

fukushima

fukishima

fukishima

chiba

chiba

chiba

chiba

chiba

0

Outliers are not the result from exposition to the Fukushima fallout.
Reason: children were born before 2011! (birth years: 1999-2009)
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|38

Dose estimation with the outliers’ teeth「例外」値はどの程度の被曝量になるかを推測

90Sr in 1°-teeth

Mean outliers
例外値の平均High outlier
高い例外値

mean activity in teeth

300 - 500 mBq/gCa

2,000 mBq/gCa

number of children

21

1Cancer Risk forchildren~0.05 - ~0.1%~0.5%

The ECRR dose is calculated by multiplication of the ICRP-dose by 600. Thisis the dose for the mixture of internal radionuclides released from NPP Fukushima.
Busby, 2011

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|39

乳歯の放射能による被曝量・がんリスクの比較（ウクライナ・日
本・スイス）
Dose estimations of deciduous teeth analyses comparison
Ukraine, Japan and Switzerland (data base: State-Laboratory
Basel-City)
90Sr in 1°-teeth

Luginy (Ukraine)Japan°

Switzerlandmean activity inteeth

35 mBq/gCa

50 mBq/gCa

10 mBq/gCa

ECRR-Dose

1 mSv

1.0 mSv 1-2y

0.2 mSv

Cancer Risk forchildren~0.01%~0.01%~0.002%° This mean is from children born before 2011! 2011年以前誕生の子の値
The ECRR dose is calculated by multiplication of the ICRP-dose by 600. Thisis the dose for the mixture of internal radionuclides released from NPP Fukushima.
Busby, 2011

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|40

Conclusions結論• Global fallout from weapon’s tests, the production of plutonium and the friendly
use of atomic power caused the contamination of the environment in the
Northern hemisphere.
核実験・プルトニウム生産・原子力発電の総てが北半球を核物質で汚染した• These contaminations give the radiation background of artificial radionuclides
today. Higher cancer risks can be linked to these contaminations.
この汚染が今日の人工放射性物質のバックグラウンドとなり、がんの発生リス
クを増加させている• After accidents with fission material, the local contamination is high. However,it decreases rapidly (short-lived radionuclides). The long-lived radionuclides
remain in the environment for decenies. Even new radionuclides are buildingup (e.g. 241Am from the decay of 241Pu). The cancer risk rises.
核分裂物質の事故により局所的には高度に汚染する。しかし、これら寿命の短い放射性物質はすぐに減衰する。しかし長寿命の放射性物質は長期間残留する。新しい放射性物質さえ生成する（プルトニウム-241がβ崩壊してアメリ
シウム-241ができる、など）。がんリスクはこれにより増加。

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

|| 41
41

Conclusions• Today, food in Europe and Switzerland is minimal contaminated (few
exceptions).
今日、ヨーロッパ(含スイス)の食品の汚染は極めて小さい（いくらかは例外）• It is very important to know the cancer risk caused by incorporated
radionuclides.
放射性物質に起因するがんリスクの増加を知ることが重要である• Only projects, such as the PDTN-network, can help to investigate these effects.
PDTN・ははのようなプロジェクトによってこれらの知見を得ることができる

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

|| 42
42

Our team today:
MichaelMarkusFranziskaFormer collaborator:
Matthias
specialised in fallout
analysis from Chernobyl
以前の共同研究者 Matthius
チェルノブイリ事故による
フォールアウトの専門家

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|43

アルファ線測定器

Our instrumentation
Alpha liquid scintillation PERALS
Betaspectrometry
Gammaspectrometers
ベータ線測定器

Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019

ガンマ線測定器|44

My special interests
Monitoring stationof the Rhine river
ライン川水質モニタ
リングステーション

Historical material
concerning radioactivity
放射能の歴史的資料(写真はトリウムとラジウム入り「美白クリーム」、指導 アルフレッド・キュリー博士？？）Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|45

Japanese children: rhythms and dosimetry…

Thank you for your patience and attention!
Dr. Markus Zehringer / March 2019|46