IJERD – International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development (2012) 3-2

Research article
erd

Effect of Using Sun-Dried Sesbania sesban Leaves inConcentrate on Growth Rate of Quail
PUTHEANY UNG*
Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Email: vet_theany@yahoo.com

KROESNA KANG
Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh , Cambodia

SOKHORN NEANG
Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

SOPHAL CHEAT
Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

SEREY MOBRoyal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Received 15 December 2011

Accepted 12 March 2012(*: Corresponding Author)

Abstract This paper dealt with the experiment   on   “Using   sun-dried Sesbania sesban
leaves with petioles in concentrated feed on growth rate   of   quail”. It took 42 days tocompletely   undertake   the   trial   to   evaluate   a)   quail’s   growth   rate   (daily   live   body   weight  gain and weekly live body weight), b) feed intake (FI), c) feed conversion ratio (FCR), andd) economic efficiency (EE). S. sesban leaves mixed petioles being completely sun-dried
and finely ground contains 27.62% crude protein, 19.28% crude fiber in 89.13% dry
matter basic. The foliage meal with different level of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% wasconcentrated with a basic diet of maize, dried fish, rice bran and soybean (T0, T1, T2, andT3). Two hundred forty 5-day-old quails were used and then fed with each treatment dietconsisting of 27% and alternatively 24% crude protein for the first and the second stages,respectively. Total expense, income, daily feed intake, and weekly body weight wererecorded. The result indicated that there were differences (P<0.05) of the daily body live
weight gain (T0 = 3.94 g, T1 = 3.89 g, T2 = 3.64 g, and T3 = 3.31 g); of the finishing live
body weight of quails between all treatments (T0 = 187.2 g, T1 = 184.8 g, T2 = 174.0g
and T3 = 160.8 g); and of FCR (T0 = 2.69, T1 = 2.72, T2 = 2.92, and T3 = 3.24).
However, there were no significances of FI in which each treatment quail took in 11-12
grams of the feed per day, and of EE in which all treatment diets provided profit around10-13 cents as expense on the quail product was one dollar. In sum, the inclusion of S.
sesban foliage meal to a maximum of 5% is recommended for quail rising.
Keywords quail, Sesbania sesban leaves, growth rate

INTRODUCTION
This paper dealt with the experiment  on  “using sun-dried Sesbania sesban leaves with petioles inconcentrated  feed  on  growth  rate  of  quail”  which  was  conducted  for  BSc  thesis  at  Royal  University  of Agriculture (RUA) in 2010.
Quail consumption was estimated to be more popular for supporting food demand because it isa kind of poultry with its very delicious meat and its 22.55% crude protein (Chreng, 2007). Its meatproduct can readily match market demand because of its short production cycle from four to fiveweeks (Barrette et al., 1998 cited from Kheang, 2006). Furthermore, quail requires a simple smallⒸISERD109

IJERD – International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development (2012) 3-2

space for keeping and it is more resistant to any diseases and environment than other poultry suchas chicken and duck (Randall, et al., 2008).
Because of the fact that raw materials for animal food processing in today’s market is very expensive, quail production expenses are also affected seriously. Accordingly, to facilitate the quailkeepers, especially in rural areas, as well as to alleviate their expenses on the raw materials; inclusion of Sesbania sesban leaves with petioles in concentrated feed for quail was conducted. Sesbania sesban including its leaves is a kind of plant which is eaten by humans and it is very inexpensive and freely available almost all over Cambodia. Furthermore, it was indicated that CP of its
sun-dried leaves (27.62%), which was obtained from Saang district, Kandal province, Cambodia; ishigh and acceptable for concentrated feed of quail meat production with 86.13% DM and 19.28%
CF (RUA, 2010).
For the reasons mentioned above, accompanied with the fact that sun-dried S. sesban leaves
with petioles had never been used in the concentrated feed in Cambodia, this trial was conductedon  “Effect  of  Using Sun-Dried Sesbania sesban Leaves  in  Concentrate  on  Growth  Rate  of  Quail”  which was mainly focused on  a)  the  quail’s  growth  rate,  b)  the  feed  intake  (FI),  c)  the  feed  conversion ratio (FCR), and d) the economic efficiency (EE).
METHODOLOGY
Study site: The study was carried out at Animal Experimental Station, Faculty of Animal Scienceand Veterinary Medicine, Royal University of Agriculture (RUA), Phnom Penh, Cambodia. It wasconducted with two hundred forty quails over 42 days between from February and March 2010.
Table 1 Concentrate FormulaIngredient
Maize
Rice bran
Dried fishSoybean
Sun-dried S.sesban leavesSaltPremix
Total  CP (%)  ME (kcal/kg)
Ca   (%)
P   (%)
Maize
Rice bran
Dried fish
Soy beanSun-dried S.sesban leaves
Salt
PremixTotal
CP (%)  ME (kcal/kg)
Ca   (%)
P   (%)

T0 (%)
T1 (%)
1st Stage (0-3weeks)

T2 (%)

T3 (%)

30
16.4
27
25.6
00.5
0.5
100

29
12.5
24.5
23
10
0.5
0.5
100

25
14.5
23
21.5
15
0.5
0.5
100

273022.42(*)
1.35
0.93

272856.66(*)
1.3
1.1

35.5
1514.5
2410
0.5
0.5
100

34
1413
23
15
0.5
0.5100243034.12(*)
0.87
0.88

242865.3(*)
0.8
0.62

29
15
26
245
0.5
0.5
100
Chemical Components
2727
3366.83058.89(*)
1.5
1.44
1.3
1.2
2nd Stage (4-6weeks)
38
36.7
1716.08
20
17.2
24
24.02
0
5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
100
100
Chemical Components
24243251.3
3197.8(*)
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.96

* Note: ME value without including ME value of Sun-dried S.sesban leaves

Sampling size: It took five days to adapt two hundred forty one-day-age quails and then based onCompletely Randomized Design (CRD); they were divided into four dietary treatments comprisedⒸISERD110

IJERD – International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development (2012) 3-2

three replications with 20 quails each. The dietary treatments were comprised of T0 (control treatment), T1 (including 5% sun-dried Sesbania sesban leaves and petioles in concentrated feed), T2(including 10% sun-dried Sesbania sesban leaves and petioles in concentrated feed) and T3 (including 15% sun-dried Sesbania sesban leaves and petioles in concentrated feed).
Concentrate formula: For feeding the quail in the experiment, there are two stages with different
CP ratio of their diets over six weeks. Five-day-aged quails in each dietary treatment were fed with
27% CP diet over three weeks; and then alternatively, fed with 24% CP diet for another threeweeks (Sam, 2001 cited from So Leakhena, 2007). The formula of concentrated feed is calculated
and shown as in Table 1.
Data collection and analysis: Total expenses on each treatment including the price of 1-day-aged
quail, housing, health care, and management of; as well as the total income of selling quails in eachtreatment were recorded in order to calculate the economic efficiency. In addition, feed intake of all
experimental quails was recorded daily for determining food conversion ratio and their live bodyweight was also recorded weekly until the end of experimental periods. All data obtained was analysed using one-way ANOVA in SPSS version 15.0.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body live weight gain
There was significant difference (P<0.05) of the daily live body weight gain of each treatment. Itwas observed that quail in T1 and T0 gained similarly high daily live body weight, while those in
T2 and T3 gained significantly less (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Daily average weight gain
Table 2 Weekly body live weight
Age (week)

Parameters

T0

T1

T2

T3

PN

60
21.6ns0.73

60
20.5ns1.31

60
20.3ns1.33

60
20.3ns
0.15

0.399

60
42.9ns1.98

60
43.4ns1.53

60
42.7ns0.72

60
39.5ns
2.83

0.122

60
67.2a
2.22

60
64.5a
0.58

60
58.5b
3.07

60
54.0b
4.73

0.03

60
85.5a
0.79

59(*)
84.7a
0.98

59(*)
81.8a
3.56

60
75.4b
3.99

0.007

60
120a
2.26

59
114ab
4.75

59
108.8b
1.62

59(*)
99.7c
7.63

0.004

60
153a
3.86

59
148.2a2.01

59
140.6b2.08

59
129.4c
6.37

0.001

60
187.2a5.47

59
184.8a1.94

59
174.0b
1.62

59
160.8c
6.61

0.001

0S
N
1
S
N
2
S
N
3
S
N
4
S
N
5
S
N
6S

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ns is no significance (P>0.05), a, b and c  show significant difference (P<  0.05)

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IJERD – International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development (2012) 3-2

Weekly live body weightBy the end of the first week, there was no significant difference  (P>0.05)  between  quail’s  live  body  weight in each treatment. Alternatively, from second to sixth week it was significant (P<0.05) (Table 2). It was indicated that the average of the finishing live body weight of quail with dietary T0,T1, T2 and T3 was 187.2 g, 184.8 g, 174.0 g and 160.8 g, respectively. However, in the second
week one quail died in T1 and T2; and in the third week in T3. The death was not caused by theconcentrated feed impact based on the analysing quail corpses, but instead by mechanic causes.
Feed Intake (FI)There was no significance (P>0.05) in average feed intake (g/bird/day) between all treatments (Fig.
2). Quail in all of the treatments consumed between 11-12 grams per day.

Fig. 2 Average feed intake (g/bird/day)Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)The FCR value was calculated by the following formula.
Total feed intakeFCR

The last body live weight

The previous body live weight

The FCR of the different dietary treatments during overall experimental period is shown in Fig.
3. It indicates that there was significant difference (P<0.05) in FCR value between the treatments.
Though, it was that T0-diet, T1-diet and T2-diet gave the same FCR value; and T3-diet different.
According to the meaning of FCR; it takes less than three grams of T0, T1, and T2-diets to createone  gram  of  quail’s  live  body  weight;;  but  over  three  grams  of  T3-diet.

Fig. 3 Feed conversion ratio
Economic Efficiency (EE)The EE value was calculated by the following formula.
EEⒸISERD

Total income
Total expense112

IJERD – International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development (2012) 3-2

Table 3 reflects that feeding diets with using sun-dried Sesbania sesban leaves and petioles for
quail raising made no essential difference in profit compared to T0. It shows that one dollar spenton each treatment-diet provides around 11-13 cents of profit as compared to 10 cents for T0.
Table 3 Economic efficiency for each treatment
Treatment

Total income (US$)

Total expenses (US$)

Total profit (US$)

EE (%)

T0T1
T2
T3

39.00
38.3538.35
38.35

35.26
34.53
34.13
33.73

3.74
3.82
4.22
4.62

1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13

CONCLUSION
Despite the fact that it provides no difference in profit compared to the control treatment diet, adding up to 5% of sun-dried S. sesban leaves mixed petioles in concentrated feed does not harm quailproduction. However, inclusion of this raw material in the concentrated feed should be limited to5% due to the significantly lower finishing live body weight at higher levels, which would impact
food security. According to Factsheet-Sesbania sesban (2007), using Sesbania sesban 10% in poultry concentrated feed could kill poultry. In sum, compared to the control treatment and based on thementioned results, the inclusion of S. sesban leaves mixed petioles can be definitely recommended
to use at 5% of concentrated feed.
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
There are many people to whom I would like to express gratitude for their contributions to thisstudy. I would like to express great thankfulness to my parents and my siblings for supporting mewith financial resources and great encouragement and motivation. Furthermore, I would like to express sincere thanks to my friends as well as classmates at the same academic year for their assisting to build the quail-keeping house and their sharing knowledge and providing me with encouragement.
REFERENCES
Cheeke, P.R. 1999. Applied animal nutrition: Feed and feeding, Second ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Simon &Shcuster/A Viacom Company. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. USA.
Clarence, E.B., and Ronald, V.D. 1968. Livestock and poultry production, Third ed. E. Designed by Carlos
N.Crosie. USA.
Chreng, C. 2007. The effect of using sun-dry TARO leaves in feed ingredient on growth rate of quail at Animal Experimental Station. BSc thesis, Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
Factsheet - Sesbania sesban. 2007. http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Sesbania_se.
Retrieved on June 27, 2010, from http://betuco.be/coverfodder/ Sesbania%20 sesban.pdf
Kheang, V.T.N. 2006. The effectiveness of using whey protein on growth rate of quail. BSc thesis, AnimalScience and Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Royal University of Agriculture, Cambodia.
Randall, M. and Bolla, G. 2008. The raising Japanese quail. Primefact of New South  Wales Department ofPrimary Industries (NSW DPI), 602, Second ed. Retrieved April 20, 2007,   from http://www.dpi.nsw.
gov.au/_data/assets/pdf_file/0005/145346/ Raising-Japanese  quail.pdf.
RUA. 2010. Analyzing of chemistry components of sun-dried sesbania sesban in chemistry laboratory. Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Royal University of Agriculutre, Cambodia.
So Leakhena. 2007. Effect of using Kapok tree leaves in concentrate on growing quail. BSc thesis, Animal
Science and Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Royal University of Agriculture, Cambodia.

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