GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONSDATE 2015-05-11

GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE
INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEMVERSION 2.5

GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONSDATE 2015-05-11
GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEMTABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
1

Objectives of the International EPD® System................................................................................................... 4

2

Programme Organisation ............................................................................................................................... 5
2.1
2.2
2.3

3

Development of product category rules, PCR ................................................................................................. 13
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7

4

Product category definition............................................................................................................. 13
PCR Basic Modules ....................................................................................................................... 13
Content of PCR documents ............................................................................................................ 14International dimension and PCR harmonisation............................................................................... 14
Transparency and the PCR Forum ................................................................................................... 15
Developing a PCR document .......................................................................................................... 16
Pre-certification as an element to develop PCR documents ................................................................ 16

Declaration requirements and format ........................................................................................................... 17
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14

5

Administration of the International EPD® System ................................................................................ 5
PCR Development ......................................................................................................................... 10
EPD® development and verification ................................................................................................. 11

Cover page (voluntary) ................................................................................................................... 18
Programme-related information....................................................................................................... 18
Product-related information ............................................................................................................ 18
Content declaration ....................................................................................................................... 19
Environmental performance-related information................................................................................ 20
Additional information ................................................................................................................... 24
Mandatory statements ................................................................................................................... 25
Information related to pre-certified EPDs ......................................................................................... 25
Registration of EPDs...................................................................................................................... 25
EPD® validity ................................................................................................................................ 26
Corrections or amendments to existing EPDs .................................................................................... 26
Inclusion of several similar products in the same EPD....................................................................... 26
Single-issue EPD® ......................................................................................................................... 27
Pre-certified EPD®......................................................................................................................... 27

EPD® verification ....................................................................................................................................... 28
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

Principles for EPD® verification ...................................................................................................... 28
Organisations’ obligations for EPD verification .................................................................................. 29
The EPD verification procedure....................................................................................................... 31
EPD process certification ............................................................................................................... 33
Checking competence and qualifications of verifiers ......................................................................... 35

Annex A – Application of LCA methodology .......................................................................................................... 38
Annex B – PMI: A classifications scheme for product categories ............................................................................. 52
Annex C – Guidance on PCR development ........................................................................................................... 56
Annex D – EPD process certification: Requirements .............................................................................................. 65
Annex E – Guidance on communicating EPD information ...................................................................................... 71
Annex F – Definitions ........................................................................................................................................ 74

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GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONSDATE 2015-05-11
GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEMINTRODUCTION
This document constitutes the General Programme Instructions of the International EPD® System. This document andits annexes represent the main technical document of the International EPD® System and form the basis of the overall
administration and operation of a programme for type III environmental declarations according to ISO 14025.
These instructions are expected to be updated about every three years to ensure market stability and also following thelatest developments in standardisation, LCA methodology, etc.
Version history of the General Programme Instructions:

2015-05-11: Version 2.5 (this document)

2013-09-18: Version 2.01



2013-06-04: Version 2.0

2008-02-29: Version 1.0

Before publication of Version 1.0 of the General Programme Instructions of the International EPD® System, MSR
1998:1 and 1999:2 were used as General Programme Instructions.
References to the final version of this document are recommended to be:
EPD International (2015) General Programme Instructions of the International EPD® System. Version 2.5,
dated 2015-05-11.

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1OBJECTIVES OF THE INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEMThe International EPD® System has, as a main objective, the ambition to help and support organisations tocommunicate the environmental performance of their products (goods and services) in a credible and understandable
way by:offering a complete programme for any interested organisation in any country to develop and communicate
environmental declarations according to ISO 140251 and EN 158042, supplementary information on particularenvironmental issues, such as the carbon footprint of products according to ISO/TS 140673 as “Single-issue
EPDs,” and

supporting other environmental declarations programmes (national, sectorial, etc.) in seeking cooperation andharmonisation and helping organisations to broaden the use environmental declarations on an international
market.

The International EPD® System offers a programme for organisations in any country to disseminate verified productrelated information for a number of market applications, including business-to-business and business-to-consumer
applications. In doing this, the International EPD® System can be regarded as a supplement to already-existing national
environmental declaration programmes in a cooperative and coordinating effort to meet the need of those organisations
wanting to make use of their environmental declarations on a global market. The scope of an EPD can be both for the
product of a single company or as the average product of companies in a specific sector and geographical area: a“Sector EPD”.
As environmental declarations from different programmes in most cases may not be comparable, an important aspect of
the International EPD® System is to offer general accepted programme requirements building on common andrecognised life cycle assessment (LCA) calculation rules for as many product categories as possible as well as to provide
a uniform reporting format. Another very important aspect of the International EPD® System is simplicity and practicalusefulness still complying with the requirements in ISO 14025.
As the interest for the climate impact of goods and services has risen, International Organisation for Standardisation has
issued ISO/TS 14067. The aim for the International EPD® System is also to give organisations the possibility to publish
information about the carbon footprint of their products according to the new technical specification, if information
about other environmental impacts is also available as an EPD® or upon request.
ISO 14025 recommends programme operators to facilitate harmonisation when developing the Product Category Rules(PCR). This is of vital importance to avoid creating trade obstacles.

1

ISO 14025:2006, Environmental labels and declarations – Type III Environmental declarations – Principles and procedures. The
content of this standard is equivalent to EN ISO 14025:2010.

2
EN 15804:2012+A1:2013, Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Core rules for the productcategory of construction products
3
ISO/TS 14067:2013, Greenhouse gases – Carbon footprint of products – Requirements and guidelines for quantification andcommunication

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2

PROGRAMME ORGANISATIONThe International EPD® System builds on an organisational structure that includes several parties at selected levels in
different countries all having separate and mutual interrelated tasks and responsibilities divided into four different types
of work, see Figure 1:
1.

Administration of the International EPD® System (described in Section 2.1)

2.

PCR development (described in Section 2.2)

3.

EPD® development (described in Section 2.3)

4.

EPD® verification (described in Section 2.3)

Figure 1 Flowchart over the organisational structure of the International EPD® System indicating the activities related toadministration (grey box), PCR development (light green boxes) and EPD® development and verification (dark green
boxes).
The programme is administered and managed by the Secretariat assisted by a Technical Committee (TC) and an
International Advisory Board.
The development of PCR documents involves work by a PCR moderator coordinating the work of a PCR committee(LCA/PCR and industry experts) and the Product Category Stakeholder Consultation Group.
EPDs are developed by organisations, such as companies or trade associations, and the EPDs are verified by either
accredited certification bodies or recognised individual verifiers.

2.1

ADMINISTRATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEM

2.1.1 PROGRAMME OPERATOREPD International AB, a limited company registered in Sweden, acts as the Programme Operator and has the overall
responsibility of the International EPD® System.
According to ISO 14025, a programme operator has a number of mandatory obligations when fulfilling the duties ofmanaging a programme for environmental declarations like the International EPD® System. These duties are divided
between the Secretariat, the Technical Committee (TC) and an International Advisory Board (IAB), which are further
described below.

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2.1.2 SECRETARIAT
The programme operator has a Secretariat for the overall management of the International EPD® System in order:to prepare and communicate the General Programme Instructions,to ensure that the General Programme Instructions are followed,



to monitor changes in procedures and documents and modify the programme and the General Programme
Instructions if necessary,to ensure appropriate consultations for maintaining credibility of the programme,

to facilitate participation and involvement of interested parties,

to ensure a credible procedure to safeguard the consistency of data handling,

to guide and oversee the development of the Product Category Rules (PCR) documents,

to establish a transparent procedure for the definition of product categories,

to establish an accepted open consultation procedure for the programme structure and the PCRs,

to facilitate harmonisation when developing PCRs,

to prepare guidelines, checklist and other tools for the PCR development,to ensure the consistency of transparent verification procedures for PCR review, verification of LCA andverification of EPDs,



to define additional tasks for the PCR review procedure and for the external individual verifiers (if foundnecessary),

to guide an organisation in the selection procedure of competent independent verifiers (if requested),to decide upon the necessity to use third-party verifications (specifically in the case of “business-to-consumer
communication),

to decide whether to accept an EPD for publication based on the verification report and other documentation,to manage the website of the programme (www.environdec.com),

to make publicly available lists and records of PCRs and EPDs within the programme,to publish all PCRs and EPDs registered in the programme,

to issue a newsletter on a regular basis and keep a list of subscribers to the newsletter,to make publicly available explanatory materials,

to manage membership in the Technical Committee,

to manage membership in the International Advisory Board,to handle complaints or feedback on published EPDs or other documents, andto establish procedures to avoid misuse of the programme and information in the EPDs.

The Secretariat is staffed by the programme operator. Through agreements, the programme operator may delegate partsof the tasks of the Secretariat in specified regional or national markets to local organisations.

2.1.3 TECHNICAL COMMITTEEThe Technical Committee (TC) shall consist of a group of at least five LCA/EPD experts to assist the Secretariat in order:to act as the PCR review panel for considering and approving PCR proposals according to the requirements on
PCRs in the General Programme Instructions,

to suggest measures for further development of technical and LCA-oriented issues within the framework of the
programme,to support the Secretariat in technical issues,

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to consider applications and appoint LCA/PCR experts to act as external verifiers and suggest measures for thesurveillance of their competences, andto perform sample checks that verifications done by individual verifiers are carried out according to therequirements in the General Programme instructions.

The TC shall be constituted in such a manner that their expertise covers as many product categories as possible, If thereis need for additional expertise, for example when reviewing a specific PCR, independent experts may be consulted.
The TC has a chair, which is also a member of the International Advisory Board. The TC shall operate according toroutines specified in more detail in a separate procedure.
The programme operator via the Secretariat appoints members and manages membership in the Technical Committee,
based on:

unsolicited applications from LCA/EPD experts. In this case the Secretariat should ask the opinion of the TechnicalCommittee before accepting the application,needs expressed by the Technical Committee in terms of skills or capability,

nominations to the Technical Committee by member organisations of the stakeholder network of the International
EPD® System.

2.1.4 INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD
The International Advisory Board (IAB) shall consist of experts from different industry sectors and countries, and shallassist the Secretariat in the overall management of the International EPD® System in order:to follow the market acceptance and uptake of the programme and suggest activities/events aimed at promoting
the establishment and applicability of the programme,to consider new potential audience and applications of EPDs, andto provide input to the work of preparing the General Programme Instructions as well as in activities to revise andupdate the programme.

The programme operator via the Secretariat appoints and manages membership in the IAB based on:the assessed need to have a representative participation from different industry sectors and countries,nominations to the IAB by companies with registered EPDs in the International EPD® System,

nominations to the IAB by member organisations of the stakeholder network of the International EPD® System.

Members are appointed for a period of three years, but can be re-nominated for subsequent periods of time if bothparties so wish.

2.1.5 STAKEHOLDER NETWORKThe International EPD® System is open for any stakeholder to register or read EPDs and to participate in PCRdevelopment. For organizations that are interested in or having in-depth and valuable knowledge of PCR and LCA
related matters, and with to be a part of the future development of the International EPD® System it is possible to join
as member organisations of the stakeholder network.
Members of the stakeholder network are invited to participate in the future development of the programme, including:participate in PCR development,

providing information about the International EPD® System for organisations interested in developing EPDs or
PCRs,



giving feedback on activities intending to revise and update the programme, andother contributions to the continuous improvement of the programme.

Member organisations of the stakeholder network may nominate individuals to become members of the International
Advisory Board (IAB) and the Technical Committee (TC).

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An organization can apply to become a member of the stakeholder network of International EPD® System by contacting
the Secretariat. A list of member organisations is published at www.environdec.com. It is the responsibility of themember organisation to keep their contact information updated.

2.1.6 MUTUAL RECOGNITION BETWEEN PROGRAMME OPERATORSIn order to harmonize PCR development and use, as well broaden the use of environmental declarations on the global
market, the International EPD® System collaborates with other programme operators acting according to ISO 14025
through mutual recognition agreements.
Such a mutual recognition shall include the procedures for organisations wishing to register environmental declarations
in both programmes. The mutual recognition shall, when relevant, include:

scope of the mutual recognition (e.g. only for environmental declarations for a specific product category),licensing fee structures,procedures for harmonisation of PCRs and PCR development,

procedures for EPD® verification, andprocedures for EPD® registration and publication.

A special procedure shall be established between the programme operators to ensure that the conditions for the mutual
recognition are continuously kept valid. The list of current mutual recognition agreements is available atwww.environdec.com.
It is important to note that a mutual recognition agreement does not necessarily mean that the information contained
within the EPDs is comparable, as EPDs from different programmes may not be comparable.

2.1.7 WEBSITE
The website of International EPD® System is found on www.environdec.com. The Secretariat is responsible to keep thewebsite up-to-date with the correct information about the programme and information on registered PCRs and EPDs.

2.1.8 PCR AND EPD® REGISTRATION AND PUBLICATION
The programme operator shall publish a list of approved PCRs on the website, in order to make them available to allinterested parties, together with complementary information about the parties involved in developing the PCR andcontact details of the PCR moderator. Further information on PCR development is found in Annex C.
When an organisation wishes to register an EPD®, the document shall be sent in to the Secretariat together with thenecessary information, such as a registration form and the verification report. A template for the registration form, andinstructions on what information that must be provided and the address to send the information are available on thewebsite. More information on EPD® development is found in Section 4.
If the documentation is correct, the Secretariat shall register and publish approved EPDs on the website supplemented
with complementary information about the organisation and the overall management work, contact details of reference
persons, etc., and keep this information continuously updated in a list of all registered EPDs. Examples of incorrect
information are missing documents, no English-language version of the EPD or an EPD that has been verified against an
expired or otherwise invalid PCR.
EPDs will remain published until the organisation contacts the programme operator for deregistration and withdrawal of
the EPD via e-mail or in writing. The Secretariat also has the right to deregister and withdraw EPDs if the registration
fee or annual fee is not paid in time.
Additional to the list of registered EPDs, the Secretariat shall also keep a list of EPDs withdrawn from the official EPD®
register. Withdrawn EPDs can be made available upon request, provided the acceptance by the organisation who areresponsible for the EPD.

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2.1.9 THE EPD® LOGOTYPEAs environmental declarations from different programmes may not be comparable, it is important for the market to beable to identify which programme an EPD® belongs to. The organisations having registered EPDs in the International
EPD® System therefore has to carry the official EPD® logotype following the instruction presented in the Annex E.
The EPD® logotype and the acronym EPD® are registered trademarks within the European Union and use of them within
the EU is therefore only allowed for certified EPDs within the International EPD® System.
The EPD® logotype is meant to provide added market value for the organisations having an EPD® by means of being
generally recognised for providing verified, factual-based and relevant environmental product information by using it inconnection with e.g. advertisement, on products and on packaging material. If the organisation has an environmental
management system (EMS), information acknowledging this can be added underneath the logotype.
Using the logotype separately with no other information is only allowed on official documents prepared within theframework of the International EPD® system, such as on PCR or guidance documents. Other ways of using the logotype
separately can be accepted after approval by the Secretariat.
An organisation is allowed to make use of the EPD logotype in other different ways, e.g. on official documents such as
on letter heads and envelopes. In some cases, an organisation may want to include a more explanatory and informative
text describing what an EPD is and its main intent. The Secretariat shall be consulted to accept such a text.
The Secretariat shall provide the rules to follow that regulates the rights and the terms that shall apply for using thelogotype and information. These rules also contain provisions concerning possible withdrawal of the right to use thelogotype in case of misuse.
Any environmental claims based on the EPD is recommended to meet the requirements in ISO 14021 (Environmental
labels and declarations - Self-declared environmental claims) and national legislation and best available practices in themarkets in which it will be used. The international standard ISO 14021 states that only environmental claims that canbe supported by up-to-date and documented facts may be used. Vague claims, such as “environmentally friendly”
should be avoided.
For more information see Annex E – Guidance on communicating EPD information.

2.1.10 CERTIFICATE
Any organisation that so wishes can have a certificate issued proving that the EPD® is registered and published within
the International EPD® System. The certificate is issued by the Secretariat upon request.
A certificate of a successful EPD verification (or EPD Process Certification) is sometimes issued by a certification bodyor individual verifier as part of their process. If such a certificate is provided, the verifier shall inform the company that
EPD registration is a mandatory step of the EPD process.

2.1.11 COST AND FEES
There is a fee structure connected to the registration and publication of approved EPDs within the framework of theInternational EPD® System including a registration fee and an annual fee. The registration fee is to be paid forregistration and certification of EPDs and pre-certified EPDs (see Section 3.7). The annual fee is to be paid perorganisation, and covers all EPDs registered by that organisation. The organisation shall inform the programme operator
when the EPDs are to be deregistered and no longer published. The programme operator has the right to deregister
EPDs if the registration fee or annual fee is not paid in time.
The International EPD® System includes a price mechanism reducing the costs for those organisations when several
EPDs are registered at the same time as well as for micro, small and medium sized enterprises. Current information
about costs is available on the website.

2.1.12 FEEDBACK OR COMPLAINTS
It is possible to contact the programme operator with feedback or complaints of registered and published EPDs, otherdocuments published by the programme or the appointment of individual verifiers. This is done by contacting theSecretariat, and requires that:

the person delivering the complaints is not anonymous,

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the scope and nature of the complaint shall be clearly described,



a clear reference shall be given to the rule or guideline in these General Programme Instructions, ISO 14025,
EN 15804 or other reference that is the topic of the complaint.

The Secretariat will respond to any complaints as soon as possible and contact any organisations that are affected. The
Secretariat may choose to temporarily withdraw the document in question from www.environdec.com pending
investigation or corrective action by the document owner.

2.2

PCR DEVELOPMENT

The PCR development process is managed by the programme operator who is responsible for ensuring that the PCRdevelopment follows the requirements in ISO 14025 and relevant PCR harmonisation initiatives. The preparation of a
specific PCR is managed by a PCR moderator, an expert appointed by the programme operator. In addition, relevant
stakeholders are involved in the PCR development (in the “PCR Committee”) or open consultation (in the “ProductCategory Stakeholder Consultation Group”).
More information on PCR development is found in Annex C – Guidance on PCR development.

2.2.1 PCR MODERATOR
The PCR moderator has a number of tasks related to the development of PCR documents, primarily:

to be responsible for the overall drafting of the PCR proposals,



to invite LCA/EPD/PCR and industry experts to take part in the development of PCR documents in the PCR
Committee,

to define product category and identify relevant codes in the UN CPC classification,to search for PCRs available in other ISO 14025 programmes and investigate possible alignment,to submit a time plan for the PCR development to the Secretariat, and inform the Secretariat of any changes tothe time plan during the development,

to inform the Secretariat about relevant industry and trade publications where PCR development should
announced,

to help in appointing a Product Category Stakeholder Consultation Group to be invited to the open consultation,to take actions to guide people in the open consultation process via the PCR Forum,to collect and respond to stakeholder comments,to revise the PCR document according to the comments received, make a summary of comments included andrejected (and their rationale) and publish it on the PCR Forum,to draft the final PCR proposal,

to alert all people being involved in the process about the final outcome of the work and publication of the
document on the International EPD® System website, andto remain as the contact person during the time when the PCR document is being used on the market for e.g.
collecting suggestions for improvement in upcoming revisions (in case this is not durable, the PCR moderator isrequested to suggest another person capable of taking over the duties).

2.2.2 PCR COMMITTEEInterested parties, both companies and other organisations, may take part in the PCR committee to develop PCR.
Typically LCA/EPD and industry experts contribute in the process of the PCR development with their knowledge andexpertise in business sector of relevance for the PCR category under study. This might include technical input to the
LCA-based information as well as views on the proper way of presenting the results in the EPD®.

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2.2.3 THE PRODUCT CATEGORY STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION GROUP
The Product Category Consultation Group is invited to provide feedback on the draft PCR during the open consultation.
The group should be selected to representatively cover knowledge and skills in different sectors of society bothnationally and internationally relevant for the PCR under development.

2.2.4 PCR COORDINATOR
To ensure coordination across related PCRs in the same supply chain, the programme operator may appoint a PCR
Coordinator for certain product sectors such as the food and agricultural sector. The coordinator will assist the
programme operator by providing feedback for alignment across documents.

2.3

EPD® DEVELOPMENT AND VERIFICATIONEPDs are developed by manufacturing companies, retailers, trade associations or other organisations, either bythemselves in-house or with the help of a consultant with expertise in LCA and environmental declarations. For more
information on EPD® development, see Section 4.
The EPD® verification involves bodies checking the competence requirements of verifiers, the verifiers and theorganisations creating EPDs. For more information on EPD® verification, see Section 5.
The verifier and the programme operator do not make any claim nor have any responsibility of the legality of the
product, its production process or its supply chain, as this responsibility remains with the company manufacturing or
selling the product to the market.

2.3.1 ORGANISATIONS CREATING EPDS
Organisations creating EPDs for their products for registration and publication shall carry out the following tasks:
to collect LCA-based information and other relevant additional environmental information to be included in the
EPD® according to the instructions in the General Programme Instructions and the relevant valid PCR document,to convert input data into the prescribed information to be included in an EPD®,

to have the EPD® examined by an independent verifier, i.e. a recognized individual verifier or accredited
certification body (not applicable if the organisation has an EPD® process certification),

to carry out routine work to follow-up the accuracy of the information in the EPD® and to report to the verifier incase of significant changes in the input data occur causing a need for modifying the information in the EPDs
when found necessary (not applicable if the organisation has an EPD® process certification when it is supposed tohandle such a situation on a regular basis),

to provide the programme operator with relevant associated information needed for registration and publication of
the EPD®,

to timely pay registration and annual fees, and

to inform the programme operator when the EPD® is to be deregistered and no longer published on the website.

Obligations of the company creating the EPD in terms of EPD verification is available in Section 5.2.

2.3.2 INDEPENDENT VERIFIERS (ACCREDITED CERTIFICATION BODIES OR RECOGNISEDINDIVIDUAL VERIFIERS)
Only recognised individual verifiers or accredited certification bodies may carry out EPD verification. Independent
verifiers shall review EPDs from different viewpoints including:the underlying data used for the LCA calculations,the way the LCA-based calculations has been carried and their compliance with the calculation rules set up in thePCR,the presentation of environmental performance in the declaration,

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any other additional environmental information included in the declaration, and

documentation of the review and positions taken in a verification report in English.

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3

DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES, PCR

To be able to fulfil high market expectations for a number of practical applications, EPDs have to meet and comply withspecific and strict methodological prerequisites. These expectations include the possibility to add up LCA-based
information in the supply chain and to compare different EPDs. To achieve this goal, common and harmonised
calculation rules have to be established to ensure that similar procedures are used when creating EPDs.
However, groups of products usually differ in their inherent environmental performance requiring specific rules to the
product group, so-called Product Category Rules (PCR), to be developed. The PCR documents shall be regarded ascomplementary to the General Programme Instructions, which set the overall LCA calculation rules of the International
EPD® System.
The General Programme Instructions shall be considered as the main reference for the PCR development. During the
PCR consultation some specific requirements could be discussed even if not strictly aligned with this General
Programme Instructions. Reason for any deviance from General Programme Instructions shall be explained in the PCR
document, and are subject for approval during the PCR review.
PCRs published in the International EPD® System shall be developed and published in English. Translated versions of
the PCRs may be offered as well, but the English version takes precedence in case of any discrepancies.
While this section gives the requirements on the PCR document, further guidelines on PCR development can be foundin Annex C – Guidance on PCR development.

3.1

PRODUCT CATEGORY DEFINITION

The product category covered by a PCR shall as far as possible relate to the function of the product, according to
ISO 14025. In order to define the scope of the PCR the International EPD® System uses the latest version of theclassification scheme UN CPC (Central Product Classification) developed by the United Nations4. The classification
scheme provides a stringent definition of the PCR-documents within the International EPD® System and also thepossibility to give specific guidance for developing PCRs within different groups of products. More information about the
CPC-system and PCR-development is found in Annex B – PMI: A classifications scheme for product categories andAnnex C – Guidance on PCR development.
The PCR document shall as far as possible be classified with one or more CPC-codes at three, four or five digit level. In
some cases it might be justified to deviate from the normal methodology for PCR definition described in the General
Programme Instructions, for example when the PCR needs to cover products classified by a broad range of CPC codes indifferent CPC divisions. In such a case the PCR must be defined by another methodology, for example using thefunctional unit. The Technical Committee can give further guidance on the PCR definition. Even if the PCR does notfollow the CPC structure, the relevant PCR Basic Modules can be used for the PCR development.
If relevant, the PCR can also refer to other classification schemes as additional information like the CPV (Common
Procurement Vocabulary) nomenclature for public procurement, United Nations Standard Products and Services Code®
(UNSPSC), Classification of Products by Activity (CPA) or Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification(ANZSIC).

3.2

PCR BASIC MODULES

The International EPD® System has developed PCR Basic Modules5 for a number of divisions (two-digit level) within the
UN CPC Scheme. The PCR Basic Modules are not PCRs in themselves (except in specific situations), but contain theinformation required to develop a PCR within a more specific CPC code (three, four or five digit level), some text can beused directly and some texts needs to be further defined in the PCR, see Annex C.
The PCR Basic Modules are used as guidelines for the PCR development and act as template for the PCR document.
PCRs may deviate from the recommendations in the PCR Basic Module. Such deviations should be highlighted and is
finally decided by the Technical Committee during the technical review of the draft PCR.

4

http://unstats.un.org

5The “PCR Basic Modules” shall not be confused with the “information modules” used in the standard EN 15804.

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3.3

CONTENT OF PCR DOCUMENTS

The PCR shall define the criteria according to assigning a product to a specific category, which parameters are set out
to prepare the EPDs, the data quality requirements and the collection and calculation rules for data to be included in
the EPD, as well as what kind of information suitable to convey to the primary audience of the EPD.
The PCR document shall include:

CPC code (one or several relevant for the product category or categories), see Section 3.1 for cases when this is
not possible.

Products not covered by the PCR, when relevantProduct category definition and description (e.g. function, technical performance and use)Goal and scope of the PCR (e.g. functional unit/declared unit, system boundaries, description of data and data
quality, cut-off rules and units to be used)Materials and substances to be declared in a product content declarationInventory analysis results (e.g. data collection and calculation procedures, and allocation of material flows andreleases)Pre-determined parameters for reporting LCA data (e.g. inventory data categories and impact category indicators),
as appropriateImpact category selection and calculation rules, if appliedDescription of the type of information to be included for the downstream processes, i.e. the use and end-of-lifestages

Rules for provision of additional environmental information



Instructions of the content and format of the EPD®

Information if life cycle stages are not considered and omitted in the EPD®, if appropriateValidity of the document and renewal schedule

If any of these issues are not considered, it must be justified.
LCA studies usually includes a so-called life cycle interpretation, to describe the final phase in which the inventory
analysis and the impact assessment are summarized and discussed as a basis for conclusions, recommendations anddecision-making in accordance with the goal and scope definition. Typically most of these considerations are being
handled within the PCR work.
When the choice of the database is relevant for the impacts calculation, the PCR may recommend which databaseshould be used for the EPD preparation. Listing such databases in the PCR does not replace data quality assessment
during the LCA study.
A more detailed description of the content of PCR documents is given in Annex C and in the PCR Basic Modules
published on the system website.

3.4

INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION AND PCR HARMONISATIONEPDs are meant to serve the business sector with means for a broad communication about the environmental
performance of products and services on an international market. As a consequence, the new potential market
applications related to EPD have led to an increased interest among various stakeholders in many countries to take partin the work related to the PCR development. The ambition is to make the PCR documents as internationally applicableas possible, thereby avoiding unnecessary barriers to trade.
ISO 14025 states that harmonisation particularly of the Product Category Rules should be strengthened between
different programmes to meet the principle of comparability and to enable the possibility to add up information in the
supply chain. Programme operators are therefore encouraged to work cooperatively to achieve harmonisation of the
programmes.
The International EPD® System participates in different international PCR harmonisation initiatives. More information
can be found on the website.

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3.4.1 RECOGNITION OF PCRS DEVELOPED BY OTHER PROGRAMMES
Trade of products and services often extends national borders which call for a need to harmonise the PCR documents
being prepared in various countries by different companies and trade associations as well as independent bodies
operating or implementing environmental declarations programmes.
The International EPD® System may recognise PCRs prepared by other programme operators operating in accordancewith ISO 14025, that fulfil the requirements of the General Programme Instruction with particular regards to:compliance with relevant standards;

functional unit definition;use of an attributional LCA approach;system boundaries;

allocation rules (priority for physical relationships);

impact categories;

approach for the system boundary setting of recycled material and material for recycling;

rules for inclusion of similar products in the same EPD;time of EPD validity, andprocess used to develop the document, e.g. inclusion of a public stakeholders consultation.

After the approval of the PCR by the TC and the approval by the other programme operator to use it, information ofrecognised PCRs from other programmes shall be published on the web site of the International EPD® System. PCRs
published in this way may then be used to develop EPDs for registration within the International EPD® System.

3.4.2 USE OF OTHER INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED PCR GUIDELINES
If other internationally standardized methodologies exist, that acts as PCRs or gives guidance on PCR development for
certain product categories, and the guidelines are widely accepted and used by the market, it should be possible todevelop and certify EPDs according to such a standard or guideline even though it is not fully compliant with theInternational EPD® System. In such cases, a specific PCR shall be developed, to align the other guideline with the basic
principles and requirements in the International EPD® System. Such a PCR shall always be developed according to thenormal process within the International EPD® System. Any deviations from the General Programme Instructions must be
approved by the Technical Committee.

3.5

TRANSPARENCY AND THE PCR FORUM

Transparency is one of the main principles for the International EPD® System. The programme operator shall enable allinterested parties and stakeholders to give comments on proposals for PCR documents on the website. Each PCR
published on the website shall therefore have a forum for discussion and information on the appointed PCR moderator
and on what organisations that have contributed to the PCR development. The language used in the forum is English.
The overall purposes of the PCR Forum are:

to be used as a marketplace for an open and transparent communication and dialogue to take place between PCR
stakeholders on any issue related to PCR in general,to enable questions and answers on any relevant PCR area to be addressed to those parties responsible for the
PCR development, and

to offer the possibility to transparently comment on any PCR document,to enable any interested party to easily follow the answers and comments given to PCR documents underconsultation or direct questions posed to the PCR moderators or programme operators during the consultation
process.

As an element to secure a proper handling of the PCR Forum, any person wanting to give comments has to register user
name, country, organisation and e-mail address. Following registration the person will automatically receive its
individual username and password to be used in the future as login information when revisiting the PCR Forum.

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3.6

DEVELOPING A PCR DOCUMENT

PCR documents shall be developed with the intention of publishing and enabling publication of EPDs. The development
shall be done in an internationally-accepted manner based on an open, transparent and participatory process either by:companies and organisations in co-operation with other parties, such as trade associations and interest
organisations,

institutions involving LCA/EPD experts in close cooperation with companies or trade associations and interest
organisations, or by

single companies or organisations in case they have the necessary in-house competence or choose to engage
outside LCA/EPD experts.

The overall management of the PCR development is the responsibility of the programme operator. The programme
operator also maintains the copyright of the document to ensure that it is possible to publish, update when necessary
and available to all companies to use to develop and register EPDs in the International EPD® System. Participants in
PCR development are acknowledged in the document and on the website.
Developing PCR is a procedure including a staged approach with the following elements:
InitiationPreparationConsultation



Approval and publicationUpdating

Further information about PCR development is given in Annex C.

3.7

PRE-CERTIFICATION AS AN ELEMENT TO DEVELOP PCR DOCUMENTS

The International EPD® System includes the possibility for pre-certification of EPDs as an initial step to publishingenvironmental information of a product during the development of a PCR for a new product category. Pre-certification is
not applicable in the case of an existing but expired PCR for a certain product category. Pre-certification is a general
concept for the International EPD® System being valid for single-issue EPDs (such as Climate Declarations), Sector
EPDs and EPDs.
A practical example of an EPD® in the form of a pre-certification may facilitate the PCR development process in thediscussions between parties involved in the work. Besides, the pre-certification gives an organisation the possibility to
early inform the market about the environmental performance of their products. As pre-certified EPDs are not based ona valid PCR and comparability cannot be ensured, it is not recommended that multiple companies produce pre-certified
EPDs for the same product category.
For pre-certification the following specific requirements shall apply:the underlying LCA-data shall be collected and calculated in accordance with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 andmeeting the requirements set out in Annex A. Deviations from the general requirements shall be justified andstated in the pre-certified EPD;the EPD format and contents shall comply with the requirements laid down in these General Programme
Instructions;

examination and review of the results from the LCA study and the declaration shall be carried out by a recognizedindividual verifier or accredited certification body;

relevant parties, e.g. trade associations and interest organisations, shall be informed about the pre-certification, if
found appropriate.

It is likely that data gaps exist in the underlying background information to EPDs subject to pre-certification. Lower
demands on the accuracy of the input data in the supply chain are accepted, provided that the data gaps are
insignificant related to the organisations activities that they have management control over. Existence of such data gaps
shall be reported in the pre-certified EPD in the form of a qualitative assessment of the type of environmental impactthat might occur from the activity lacking data.

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Pre-certified EPDs are valid for a specific period of time in most cases equivalent to the time needed to develop the
PCR; in any case this period must not exceed one year. A precertification cannot be renewed.

4

DECLARATION REQUIREMENTS AND FORMAT

In order to ensure a common degree of homogeneity of contents and presentation of the EPDs, certain requirements forthe reporting format have to be defined. However, due to specific needs of some organisations to their key audiences aswell as for internal use in the organisation, certain flexibility is allowed in the reporting format provided the EPDs still
include the prescribed information.
EPDs may be published in several languages, but if the EPD® document is not available in English, the verified EPD
shall contain an executive summary in English including the main content of the EPD®.
The reporting format of an EPD® shall include the following parts:


Cover page (voluntary)Programme-related information

Product-related information

Content declarationEnvironmental performance-related informationAdditional environmental information



Mandatory statements



Executive summary in English (in case of EPD only published in another language)

As a general rule the EPD® content:
must be verifiable and should adhere to the requirements and guidelines in ISO 14020 (Environmental labels anddeclarations - General principles);

must not include rating, judgements or direct comparison with other products.

The following requirements apply for units and quantities:data shall be reported using the International System of Units (SI units), e.g. kilograms (kg), Joules (J) and metres(m). Reasonable multiples may be adopted for a better understanding, e.g. grams (g). The PCR document may
give further details on the units to be used. For construction product EPDs compliant with EN 15804,
Section 6.3.9 in the standard applies.

a reasonable number of significant figures6 shall be adopted for all results. Further information should be given in
the PCR;

the thousand separator and decimal mark in the EPD shall follow one of the following styles (six significant figures
shown for illustration):-

SI style (French version): 1 234,56-

SI style (English version): 1 234.56

In case of any potential confusion, the EPD shall state what symbols are used for thousand separator and decimalmark.


dates and times presented in the EPD should follow the format in ISO 8601 Data elements and interchange
formats – Information interchange – Representation of dates and times. For years, the prescribed format is YYYYMM-DD, e.g. 2015-03-26 for March 26th, 2015.

6

Significant figures are those digits that carry meaning contributing to its precision. For example with two significant digits, the resultof 123.45 shall be displayed as 120 and 0.12345 shall be displayed as 0.12. In scientific notation, these two examples would be
displayed as 1.2*102 and 1.2*10-2.

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GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEMFor EPDs of construction products compliant with EN 15804, the communication format of the EPD shall be inaccordance with EN 15942, Sustainability of construction works — Environmental product declarations —Communication formats: business to business.
A generic template for EPDs may be available. Contact the Secretariat for updated information.

4.1

COVER PAGE (VOLUNTARY)®

The EPD cover page (if existent) shall as a minimum include relevant information about the product, such as name andan image, the EPD® logotype, EPD registration number, date of publication, date of validity and revision number.
Reference to the PCR used and the geographical validity may also be relevant to include on the cover page.

4.2

PROGRAMME-RELATED INFORMATION

The programme-related part of the EPD® shall include:

Reference to the International EPD® System as the programme operator,

Reference to www.environdec.com,

The EPD® logotype as specified in Annex E,The reference PCR document upon which the EPD is based identified according to registration number, date and
CPC codes,



Other relevant codes for product classification may be included as appropriate, e.g. the corresponding CPV code to
be used for identifying the product within the framework of public procurement, the United Nations Standard
Products and Services Code® (UNSPSC), Classification of Products by Activity (CPA) or Australian and New
Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC),



Registration number (provided by the Secretariat),

Date of publication and validity,Declaration of the year(s) covered by the data used for the LCA calculation and other relevant reference years. The
main database(s) for generic data and LCA software used may be declared, if relevant.



Geographical scope of the EPD®,

Reference to relevant websites for more information.

4.3

PRODUCT-RELATED INFORMATION

The product-related part of the EPD® should include the following information:
Product identification by name (including any product code) and a simple visual representation or image of the
product to which the data relates,

Name and address of the manufacturer(s),Site(s), manufacturer or group of manufacturers or those representing them for whom the EPD is representative,

Unequivocal identification of the product according to the CPC classification system,

Short description of the organisation, including information on products- or management system-related
certifications (e.g. ISO 14024 Type I ecolables, ISO 9001- and 14001-certificates and EMAS-registrations) andother relevant work the organisation wants to communicate (e.g. SA 8000, supply-chain management and social
responsibility),Description of the intended use,

A technical description of the product in terms of functional characteristics, main product components and or
materials, expected service life time etc.,

The relevant functional unit or declared unit,

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Short description of the underlying LCA-based information (e.g. summary of an existing LCA study or similar
studies), andA content declaration covering relevant materials and substances (see Section 4.4).

For sector EPDs (see Section 4.12.2) specific indication shall be given upfront stating that the document covers
average values for an entire or partial product category (specifying the percentage of representativeness) and, hence, thedeclared product is an average that is not available for purchase on the market. A list of the contributing manufacturers
should also be included.
Any claims made about the product must be verifiable.

4.4

CONTENT DECLARATIONThe content declaration shall have the form of a list of materials and chemical substances including information on
their environmental and hazardous properties. A harmonisation is recommended if similar information is issued from
central authorities, initially preferably based on international regulations and legislation. In such a case it is important
to complement a list of materials and chemical substances product content in quantitative terms e.g. related to theirweight on their functional/declared unit or their percentage weight.
The content declaration does not apply to proprietary materials and substances such as those covered by exclusive legal
rights including patent and trademarks. It may also not be appropriate for declarations concerning intangible products.
As a general rule an indicating that a product is “free” of a specific hazardous material or substance should be donewith caution and only when relevant (following the rules set in ISO 14021 on self-declared environmental claims).
Information on the hazardous properties of materials and chemical substances should follow the requirements given inlatest revision of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)7, issued by United
Nations or national or regional applications of the GHS. As an example, in the European Union the following regulations
are recommended to be used:Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European parliament and of the council of 18 December 2006 concerning
the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)



Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on
classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures

In the PCR, additional requirements on the content declarations can be set, e.g. what materials and substances todeclare.
For construction product EPDs compliant with EN 15804, the content declaration shall list as a minimum substances
contained in the product that are listed in the “Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for authorisation”
when their content exceeds the limits for registration with the European Chemicals Agency.

4.4.1 INFORMATION ON RECYCLED MATERIALSWhen a product is made in whole or in part by recycled materials the producer may provide information about this in the
EPD. A statement of the provenience of the materials (pre-consumer or post-consumer) shall in that case be presented
in the EPD.
In order to avoid any misunderstanding about which material may be considered “recycled material”, the guidance given
in ISO 14021 must be taken into account. In brief, the standard states that:

only pre-consumer or post-consumer materials (scraps) shall be considered in the accounting of the recycledmaterials;

materials coming from scraps reutilisation (such as rework, regrind or scrap generated in a process and capable ofbeing reclaimed within the same process that generated it) shall not be considered as recycled content.

7

The GHS document is available on www.unece.org

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4.5

ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE-RELATED INFORMATIONThe environmental performance-related part of the EPD, representing the LCA-based information, shall include
information about the use of resources, potential environmental impacts, waste production and other environmental
indicators, divided into different life cycle stages and given per functional (or declared) unit.
Detailed requirements on the information to include is a task associated with the work of preparing PCRs, in case theinformation needed exceeds the general requirements and format described below. The aim is to have quantitative or
qualitative information about all relevant environmental aspects of the product category to be included, as mandated by
ISO 14025.
For construction product EPDs compliant with EN 15804, a flow diagram of the processes included in the LCA shall be
included, divided into the life cycle stages of the product as defined in EN 15804. It shall also be stated if the EPD
system boundary is “cradle-to-gate”, “cradle-to-gate with options” or “cradle-to-grave”. These requirements arerecommended also for other product categories.

4.5.1 LIFE CYCLE STAGESThe International EPD® System is based on so-called attributional LCA studies describing the environmentally relevant
physical flows to and from one product system and its subsystems. Even though the underlying data for upstream andmanufacturing processes sometimes are referred to “historic data” they have the form of a “book-keeping system” being
traceable and documented, and representative to reflect the present situation to the best extent possible. In case ofdownstream processes (especially end-of-life), data often reflect future scenarios, depending also on product life span
and the modelling assumptions chosen. The approach taken is necessary for a number of operational and user reasons,many of which are connected to the requirement to meet specified data quality assurance criteria, which is especially
important for a credible updating and verification process.
Presentation of the performance related information shall be separated for the following life cycle stages:


Upstream processes (cradle-to gate): producing input to the core processes (for example raw material acquisition
and refinement, and production of intermediate components),Core process (gate-to-gate): including the processes managed by the organisation owning the EPD, and

Downstream processes (gate-to-grave): including the use stage and end-of-life stages/end-of-life treatment of the
product

Information aggregated over life cycle stages or the entire life cycle can also be included if found relevant. The
presentation shall illustrate the environmental profile including several impact categories for each of the stages. It must
be noted that such data for certain very specialised manufacturing processes might be controversial because it may
indicate confidential information that an organisation do not want to make public, and if so, this has to be respected.
For construction product EPDs compliant with EN 15804, paragraph 6.2 of the EN 15804 shall be applied in the PCR
and EPD, i.e. information modules A1-A3, A4-A5, B1-B5, B6-B7, C1-C4 and module D, instead of “upstream”, “core”,“downstream”
For more information on system boundaries, see Section A.3.

4.5.2 USE OF RESOURCES
The use of resources shall be presented in the EPD using results from the life cycle inventory. For construction product
EPDs compliant with EN 15804, table 4 provided in EN 15804 (“Parameters describing resource use”) shall beapplied in the PCR instead of the indicators listed below.
The indicators for resource use from the life cycle inventory (except water and air) should be reported under thefollowing headings per functional unit or per declared unit:

Non-renewable resources-

Material resources-

Energy resources

Renewable resources-

Material resources

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NOTEEnergy resources
Energy resources are those resources that are used for energy conversion purposes in the product system.

UNIT

UPSTREAM

CORE

DOWNSTREAMTOTALResource 1
Resource 2
Material...
Nonrenewable
resources

Other
Resource 1
Resource 2
Energy...
Other
Resource 1
Resource 2
Material...
Other

Renewable
resources

Resource 1
Resource 2
Energy...
Other

Table 1 Example of table displaying the main resource use indicators.
The following requirements on reporting of use of resources apply:

all parameters for resource consumption shall be expressed in mass, with the exception of renewable energy
resources used for the generation of hydroelectric, wind electricity and solar energy, which shall be expressed in
MJ. Other resources may in addition to mass be expressed in MJ, if it increases understanding of the target
audience of the EPD;

all parameters shall not be aggregated but reported separately. Resources which contribute for less than 5% ineach category shall be included in the resources list as “other”;

nuclear power shall be reported among the non-renewable energy resources as kg of natural uranium and primaryenergy demand in (MJ)";

the PCR can define other resources (for example rare materials originating from the life cycle inventory data)
which may be listed and detailed in the EPD for each specific product category;the energy content into some products (such paper or plastic based products) is useful information for the end-oflife management. For this reason the “energy content of product” shall be declared in MJ: its estimation shall bemade considering the gross calorific value of the product. Only the energy that is suitable for an eventual energy
recovery at the end-of-life shall be considered (energy content of steel due to its carbon content for example shallnot be considered since it is not practically recoverable);energy content of biomass used for feed or food purposes shall not be considered.

Water resource use indicators shall also be calculated from the life cycle inventory. These indicators do not constitute a“water footprint” as potential environmental impacts due to the water use in different geographical locations is not
captured. The minimum indicators for water resource use in the EPD shall be:Water resource use:

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Total water resource use-

Direct amount of water used by the core process
Total water resource use

m3

...

Whereof water use in core process

m3

...

Water use

Table 2 Example of table displaying water resource use indicators.
The following requirements for the water resource use indicators apply (in part adopted from water footprint inventory in
ISO 14046 Environmental management - Water footprint - Principles, requirements and guidelines):

Water use includes evaporation, transpiration, product integration, release into different drainage basins or thesea, displacement of water from one water resource type to another water resource type within a drainage basin(e.g. from groundwater to surface water). In-stream water use is not included.



For water used in closed loop processes (such as cooling system) and in power generation only the net water
consumption (such as reintegrations of water losses) should be considered.



Sea water shall not be included in the indicator.



Tap water or treated water (e.g. from a water treatment plant), or waste water that is not directly released in theenvironment (e.g. sent to a wastewater treatment plant) are not elementary water flows, but intermediate flows
from a process within the technosphere.

Additional transparency in terms of geographical location, type of water resource (e.g. groundwater, surface water),water quality and temporal aspects are voluntary.

Besides the use of primary resources, the life cycle inventory results will also contain flows from the technosphere (i.e.
from other product systems) when using the attributional LCA approach in Annex A. As these flows do not carry any
upstream environmental burden, they shall be reported under the following heading for transparency and completeness:Secondary resources:-

Material resources-

Energy resources-

Recovered energy flows, in MJ

NOTEEnergy resources are those resources that are used for energy conversion purposes in the product system. Recovered
energy flows are flows, such as thermal energy, from other upstream product life cycles, where the previous life cycle carries all
the environmental burden of the generation of the energy flow.
UNIT

UPSTREAM

CORE

DOWNSTREAMTOTALResource 1
Resource 2
Material...
Other
Resource 1
Secondary
resources

Resource 2
Energy...
Other
Flow 1
Recoveredenergy flows

Flow 2...
Other

Table 3 Example of table displaying resource use indicators.

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4.5.3 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Different forms of resources use and pollutants emissions identified in the life cycle inventory work usually havedifferent potential environmental impacts within so-called impact categories. The potential environmental impact is
calculated using characterisation methods that associate the scale of a pollutant emission to selected so-called
characterisation/conversion factors. Based on this background data and conversion factors the potential environmental
impact can be calculated.
The following potential environmental impacts associated with the various types of pollutant emissions are the default
categories to include in all EPDs and PCRs:Emission of greenhouse gases (expressed as the sum of global warming potential, GWP, 100 years, in carbon
dioxide equivalents, CO2 eq.). Further information is available in Section A.8.



Emission of acidifying gases (expressed as the sum of acidifying potential in sulphur dioxide equivalents, SO2 eq.).

Emission of substances to water contributing to oxygen depletion, “eutrophication” (expressed as phosphate
equivalents, PO43- eq.).

Emission of gases that contribute to the creation of ground-level ozone, “photochemical oxygen creation potential”(expressed as the sum of ozone-creating potential, in ethylene equivalents, C2H4 eq.).

The characterisation models and factors to use for the default impact categories are available on the website and shallbe updated on a regular basis by the Technical Committee based on the latest development in LCA methodology andensuring market stability of EPDs. The source and version of the characterisation models and factors used shall bereported in the EPD. Alternative regional LCIA methods with other characterization factors are allowed to be calculated
and displayed in addition to the default characterisation factors. The EPD shall contain a clear explanation to what thedifference is between the different sets of indicators, as they may appear to a non-expert to display duplicate
information regarding the same environmental impact category.
The EPD or its supplementary materials may provide information about the different environmental impact categories
displayed in the EPD, including their global/regional characteristics.
In order to better characterise the environmental performance of a product category, the relevant PCR shall indicate themandatory or voluntary use of other categories of potential impacts. All environmentally-relevant indicators for the
product category shall be included.
Examples of such environmental impact categories to include in the PCR are:

emission of ozone-depleting gases (expressed as the sum of ozone-depleting potential in mass of CFC 11equivalents, 20 years)8,

land use and land use change,

abiotic resource depletion.

References for the source and version characterisation models and factors used shall be given in the PCR and reported
in the EPD.
The selection of other environmental indicators during PCR development should be based on:the results of the supporting LCA studies, including the use of normalisation and weighting of the results todetermine the most relevant impact categories,

a literature study (LCA and non-LCA) of relevant impacts for the product category,a review of key environmental concerns regarding the product category, i.e. from NGOs, civil society, customers
and other stakeholders, for the geographical applicability of the PCR.

The selection of other impact categories shall be focused on their environmental relevance for the product category. The
selection also has to take into consideration the scope of the EPD, regional aspects or requirements, and the maturity ofthe methods to ensure that they are not misleading. In addition, they shall only apply to those life cycle stages where
the information is appropriate. The PCR should contain justification for its selection of additional impact assessment
categories and methods.

8This impact category was mandatory in version 1.0 of the General Programme Instructions.

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For construction product EPDs compliant with EN 15804, table 3 provided in EN 15804 (“Parameters describing
environmental impacts”) shall be applied in the PCR instead of the indicators listed above. Characterisation factors areavailable in Annex C of the standard.

4.5.4 WASTE PRODUCTION
Waste generated along the whole life cycle production chains shall be treated following the technical specifications
described in Annex A. When the amount of waste has to be declared, the following information shall be reported:

Non-hazardous waste (kg),Hazardous waste (kg),Radioactive waste (kg).

4.5.5 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORSThe collected raw data from the life cycle inventory work can be used for a variety of information requirements andindicators, besides the use of resources, potential environmental impacts and waste production. The final selection ofvoluntary and mandatory other indicators to report on shall be done during the PCR development.
Other environmental indicators shall be based on international standards or similar methodologies developed in atransparent procedure. Reference to the chosen indictors and methodologies shall be reported.

4.6

ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONAn EPD can contain additional information not derived from the LCA-based calculations. The part of the EPD describing
additional information may include various issues e.g. on specific information about the use and end-of-life, which hasa special value covering e.g.:

instruction for a proper use of the product, e.g. to minimise the energy or water consumption or to improve thedurability of the product,

instructions for a proper maintenance and service of the product,

information on key parts of the product determining its durability

information on recycling including e.g. suitable procedures for recycling the entire product or selected parts andthe potential environmental benefits gained,

information on a suitable method of reuse of the product (or parts of the products) and procedures for disposal as
waste at the end of its life cycle, and

information regarding disposal of the product or inherent materials, and any other information considerednecessary to minimise the product’s end-of-life impacts.

It is recommended to add information enabling the possibility to make comparisons with sector benchmarks or, if notavailable, with benchmark of common products and services preferably based on the concept of functional/declaredunit, which is useful for scaling the environmental impacts of different activities, products and services.
Additional environmental information can also include information about social and socio-economic impacts related tothe product (see Section A.10 for further guidance), or a more detailed description of an organisation’s overall
environmental work (than indicated above under Section 4.3), such as:the existence of a quality or environmental management system or any type of organised environmental activity,

any activity related to supply chain management, social responsibility9 etc., and

information on where interested parties may find more details about the organisation’s environmental work.

The PCR shall give further information on relevant additional information to include in the EPD.

9

For more information about social responsibility, see ISO 26000:2010 Social responsibility

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4.7

MANDATORY STATEMENTS

The following information is mandatory to include in the EPD:

any omission of life cycle stages not making the EPD cover the full life cycle, with a justification of the omission,means of obtaining explanatory materials, for example references to chosen methodologies, and

a statement regarding the compliance or non-compliance with EN 15804 of the EPD (for construction product
EPDs).

All EPDs shall include the following mandatory statement from ISO 14025:
“EPDs within the same product category but from different programmes may not be comparable”

For construction products EPDs compliant with EN 15804, the following mandatory statement shall also be included:
“EPDs of construction products may not be comparable if they do not comply with EN 15804”

The EPD shall also clearly provide the following information regarding the verification in the format of a table:
For PCRs and EPDs compliant with EN 15804:
CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR)
Product category rules (PCR): <name, registration number and version/date of PCR>
PCR review was conducted by: <name and organisation of the chair, and information on how to contact the chair through theprogramme operator>
Independent verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006:
 EPD process certification (internal)

 EPD verification (external)

Third party verifier: <name of the third party verifier>Accredited by: <name of the accreditation body. In case of recognized individual verifiers, the text shall be “Approved by theInternational EPD® System”>

4.8

INFORMATION RELATED TO PRE-CERTIFIED EPDS

The reporting format for a pre-certified EPD shall follow the same layout as for EPDs in general. However, a pre-certified
EPD must include key information about the LCA calculation rules that normally is described in a PCR document, due
to the absence of a valid reference PCR. The following non-exhaustive list of information is of special importance:

Choice and definition of the functional unit,

Choice and description of system boundaries,

Cut-off rules,

Allocation rules,

Data sources, andAny deviation from the general requirements regarding the use of specific data and generic data.

Organisations having a pre-certified EPD shall ensure that this is clearly indicated upfront the EPD by using a special
registration number and explanatory text.

4.9

REGISTRATION OF EPDS

For information about EPD registration, see Section 2.1.8.

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4.10 EPD® VALIDITY
The maximum validity of an EPD is set for each product category in the PCR, and shall not exceed three years after
which the declaration must necessarily be revised and reissued. For construction product EPDs compliant with
EN 15804, a validity of five years as described in Section 9 (“Verification and validity of the EPD”) shall be applied.
During the validity period of the EPD surveillance follow up shall be agreed between the EPD owner and the verifier inorder to evaluate if the content are still consistent with the current situation. It is not necessary to perform a full LCA,
only the monitoring of main parameters is requested. The surveillance verification may be organised as documental
check aimed to the evaluation of the main environmental aspects relevant for the LCA calculation.
Regardless of the validity, the EPD shall be updated during the surveillance period if one of the environmental
indicators has worsened for more than 10% compared with the data currently published.
The organisation can choose to let EPDs that have passed the date of validity to continue to be published on the EPD
website. This might be relevant for products that are discontinued but still are available on the market or still in use.
However, in such cases, the organisation is not allowed to use the non-valid EPDs in marketing. An exception may be
granted by the programme operator, e.g. if the reference PCR is currently being updated. If the organisation wishes tohave the EPD deregistered, the organisation shall inform the programme operator, see Section 2.1.8.

4.11 CORRECTIONS OR AMENDMENTS TO EXISTING EPDS
Besides situations where the EPD must be updated during the validity period (see Section 4.10), an organisation may
want to correct or amend information in its EPD, whenever it finds it appropriate, e.g., if input data change
substantially, affecting the results in the EPD. In such a case new inventories and calculations must be provided
according to the recent information.
A requirement of this kind may occur, for example, in conjunction with improvements of the environmental performanceof a product. In such a situation, the organisation shall initiate and have a special check being carried out by anindependent verifier in order to examine the new information that has emerged. In case the organisation has an internal“EPD process certification” they are allowed to handle such corrections/amendments by themselves.
A notification of changes in the declaration shall be issued to the programme operator, together with a document stating
conformance with relevant requirements from the verifier (if not the procedure of internal verification via the EPD
process certification is practised). The organisation shall give the revised EPD a special version/revision number
following the registration number to indicate the change in the declaration.
If an EPD is updated or the information changed in any way, the organisation should explain, in the revised EPD, thedifferences versus the previous version of the EPD.

4.12 INCLUSION OF SEVERAL SIMILAR PRODUCTS IN THE SAME EPD
4.12.1 EPDS FOR SEVERAL PRODUCTS BY THE SAME COMPANY
The International EPD® System offers the possibility for similar products from the same company to be included in thesame EPD. The following requirements must be met:

Similar products with differences between the mandatory impact indicators lower than ±10% may be presented in
the same EPD using the impacts of an environmentally representative product. The criteria for the choice ofrepresentative product shall be presented in the EPD, using, if applicable, statistical parameters;

Similar products with differences between the mandatory impact indicators higher than ±10% may be presented
in the same EPD but using separate columns or tables.

For the purpose of these requirements “similar products” means products covered by the same PCR and produced by
the same company with same core process.

4.12.2 SECTOR EPD®
The International EPD® System allows for the possibility to adapt the information given to industry needs and market
applications by introducing the concept of “Sector EPDs”. A “Sector EPD” declares the average product of many

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companies in a clearly-defined sector and/or geographical area. In the context of EN 15804, a Sector EPD is sometimes
referred to as an “Average EPD”.
Recent years have seen an increasing interest in describing the average performance of extended industrial systems
belonging to the same sector in terms of the consumption of energy, raw materials, wastes and the emissions to theenvironment (including liquid and gaseous). In this context, an extended industrial system is one which starts with raw
materials in the earth and traces all industrial, transport and consumer operations until final disposal of the product at
the end of its useful life and is often referred to as cradle-to-grave.
Many trade associations have initiated projects to examine their practices and provide this information for wider
dissemination. The meaning of a Sector EPD can therefore be recognized by the need of publishing data about theenvironmental burden of an average product/process by a direct involvement of a suitable sample of sites/plants.
For Sector EPDs, the product-related information shall include a statement that the document covers average values foran entire or partial product category and should include a list of the contributing manufacturers.

4.13 SINGLE-ISSUE EPD®
The International EPD® System allows for the possibility to adapt the information given to specific user needs andmarket applications by introducing the concept of “single-issue EPDs”. A single-issue EPD can, for instance, have theform of a climate declaration, extracting the information related to climate change by describing the emissions of greenhouse gases, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2 eq.). Other examples could be a “eutrophication declaration”
summing up the environmental impact related to nutrient-enrichment of lakes and coastal areas or a “recycling
declaration” describing various ways recycled materials are used as input for manufacturing of new products.
A single-issue EPD can only be published if an EPD is registered or if the corresponding information, giving theinformation on the products environmental performance according to Section 4.4, is available on request. The reporting
format shall, as a minimum, include the following information:


Information about the product,Information about the company,Declaration of the environmental impact for the chosen topic based on relevant impact category for the various life
cycle stages,



Mandatory statements according to Section 4.6.



Information on how to obtain information on the full environmental impact from the declared productA statement that:-“This single-issue EPD only addresses one impact category and does not assess other potential social,economic and environmental impacts arising from the provision of this product. These aspects may be ofequal or greater importance than the impact category displayed”

The programme operator can issue templates that are mandatory to use when publishing a single-issue EPDs. A Climate
Declaration may be created by the Secretariat during EPD registration, upon request.

4.14 PRE-CERTIFIED EPD®
The International EPD® System allows for the possibility to publish a pre-certified EPD before the finalisation of a PCR
for a new product category as a “pre-certified EPD”. For more information, see Section 3.7.

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5

EPD® VERIFICATIONThe EPD verification is the critical issue for ensuring the reliability of declaration contents. To be certified andpublished, the EPD must successfully have passed the verification procedure. In this section, verification principles andverifier competences are described.
There are two types of verification procedures in the International EPD® System:

EPD verification: verification of LCA-based data, additional environmental information and the information given
in an EPD according to the General Programme Instructions and a valid reference PCR. EPD verification isconducted by a recognised individual verifier or an accredited certification body. See Section 5.3.



EPD process certification: verification on an internal organization process aimed to develop EPDs according to the
GPI and valid reference PCRs covered under the scope of certification. EPD process certification is generally
carried out by an accredited certification body. See Section 5.4 and Annex D.

All types of information and data shall be independently verified. This means that the independent verifiers, whether
internal or external to the organisation, shall not have been involved in the execution of the LCA or the development of
the declaration, and shall not have conflicts of interest resulting from their position in the organisation.
In order to ensure independence, the contract between the verifier and the company shall be written in such a way that
there is no economic pressure on the verifier to approve the EPD. The verifier shall report any perceived pressure by the
EPD owner to influence the outcome of the verification to the programme operator, who may assist with the arbitration if
needed.
Only recognised individual verifiers or accredited certification bodies may carry out EPD verification. The current list isavailable on the website: www.environdec.com. Verifiers independently seek out assignments from companies
developing EPDs without the involvement of the programme operator.
In order to take on the task of verification, the verifier shall have knowledge and experience of the types of products, theindustry and relevant standards of the product covered by the EPD and its geographical scope.

5.1

PRINCIPLES FOR EPD® VERIFICATION

The verification shall cover the following main areas:the underlying data collected and used for the LCA calculations,the way the LCA-based calculations has been carried out to comply with the calculation rules described in thevalid10 reference PCR,

the presentation of environmental performance included in the EPD, andother additional environmental information included in the declaration, if existent.

In case of existence of already verified background information in the LCA results (carried out in accordance with the
ISO standards for LCA and critical review of LCA), this information shall not be subject for further verification provided
that they are up-dated and valid through the so-called revision period.
When a large variety of products (e.g. series of products) are subject for verification, it is likely unrealistic to havebackground data (and assessments) available about all products. In such a case development and an application ofsampling methods for the LCA study can be a practical solution. If a specific sampling method has been developed byan organisation, this method shall be verified by a third party verifier and specified in the EPD.
Renewed verifications shall preferably focus on changes in the background conditions for the EPD that might haveoccurred or other types of changes with regard to the organisation’s internal procedures with relevance to thedeclaration. When there is a variation higher than +/-10% in one or more data reported in the EPD document, theverification should focus on parameters and data generating the variation.
The verification procedure could be seen as being divided into two separate parts:
documental review and

10

The PCR shall be valid at the time of the verification. The “time of verification” is normally considered to be the dateof the verification report that is submitted during EPD registration. If there is a risk that a PCR will expire before thefinalization of the review, the Secretariat shall be contacted.

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validation.

5.1.1 DOCUMENTAL REVIEWThe documental review shall focus on the analysis of all documents that justify input data and information included in
the EPD, both the underlying LCA study and documents describing other environmental information included in the
EPD®.
The objectives of the documental review are:

to assess compliance of the LCA and the EPD with the General Programme Instructions and the valid referenceto verify procedures established for updating the information in the LCA and EPD, andto verify procedures established for an assessment of the conformity to all relevant process and product-related

PCR,

environmental laws (if appropriate).

5.1.2 VALIDATION
The validation phase shall focus on an assessment of the validity of data and information included in the LCA study andthe EPD. This phase is conducted by sampling activities focusing, in particular, on those processes and activities having
significant influence on results the overall environmental impact.
The objectives of the validation phase are:

to assess the accuracy of the information contained in the LCA study and the EPD,

to assess the application of documented procedures established for updating the information in the LCA and EPD,and



to assess the compliance with relevant process and product-related environmental laws (if relevant).

The verifier shall justify the way the organisation conduct the validation phase especially considering the following
factors:type and complexity of product and associated processes,

presence of an already certified EMS (e.g. in the form of a monitoring data management system),data sources and format of presentation,legal complexity, and

specific requirements as outlined in the reference PCR.

The verifier can organise the validation phase either as an “on desk” and “on site” exercise. In particular, an “on site”
audit is usually valuable to conduct if the manufacturing processes are predominant with regard to the overall
environmental impact, instead being at the place where data are stored and managed.

5.1.3 DATA CONFIDENTIALITY
Business data could be of confidential nature because of competitive business aspects, intellectual property rights orsimilar legal restrictions. Such confidential data is not made public as the declaration typically only provides data
aggregated over full or relevant portions of the life cycle. Therefore, business data identified as confidential andprovided during verification process shall be kept confidential. Hence, verifiers shall not disseminate or otherwise retainfor use, without the permission of the organisation, any information disclosed to them during the course of the review
work..

5.2

ORGANISATIONS’ OBLIGATIONS FOR EPD VERIFICATION

Organisations creating an EPD are required to ensure that the LCA-based data and, where relevant, additional
environmental information, as well as the EPD, are independently verified.
Moreover they have to:present data for verification, and

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establish internal follow-up procedures.

5.2.1 PRESENTATION OF DATA FOR VERIFICATION
Data for verification shall be presented in the form of a project report – a systematic and comprehensive summary of the
project documentation supporting the verification of an EPD. The project report is not part of the public communication.
In the presentation of data for verification, references shall be made to the valid reference PCR as well as otherbackground documents used. Any deviations from making use of these documents shall be described and justified. Incase the verifier finds the LCA study not in conformance with the requirements, the verifier may ask for additional
information or further refinement of the underlying data. This activity shall be documented.
The presentation of the results from the LCA-based calculations shall be comprehensive enough to facilitate theexamination by the verifier. Some guidance for the organisation providing data and information to the verifier is given
below with regard to:lay-out of the presentation,

description of the LCA-based calculations.

For construction product EPDs compliant with EN 15804, the requirements for a project report in Section 8 (“Project
report”) apply.
5.2.1.1. Lay-out of the presentation
The presentation of data from the LCA-based calculations shall be done in a consistent way to cover the most important
aspects related to the accuracy and relevance of the data. Data on unit processes/information modules/PCR modules
shall be described in a transparent way. The same rules apply regardless of the type of data whether being
specific/generic, from literature sources, from questionnaires or from personal information.
Results from the inventory analysis should be presented separately in the form of a table. A summation of the various
parameters may be included for different life cycle stages. Inventory results may be presented together with thecharacterisation factors for converting the inventory data into indicators.
Results from the impact assessment should be presented in a way that illustrates the calculation procedure from raw
data collected in the inventory analysis phase to the final conversion of the data into the impact categories.
5.2.1.2. Description of the LCA-based calculations
Quality assurance of data and data handling is a central part of the presentation of the LCA-based calculations provided
to the verifier. Specific data from manufacturing processes or equivalent data shall be documented on a site level. Unit
processes/information modules/PCR modules and generic data shall be reported at the level of aggregation available foruse in the calculation, but more detailed data can be reported if found relevant.
All data relevant for the EPD shall be documented as follows:

description of the technical system (type of system, geographical location and description of the function of theunit processes/information module/PCR module),

description of data collection (objectives, reference function and reference flow, name of person in charge of thedata collection, system boundaries, allocation, judgement of data quality and its relevance and accuracy, checksof data collection being performed and various information of administrative nature),

description of data collection (time period for data collection, type of methods used and a description thereof,
identification and assessment of the relevance of eventual data gaps and how these are handled, references andother information),

presentation of data (presentation of all input and output data and how they relate to reference functions andreference flows separated into the data categories chosen for the LCA-based calculations).

The following information about the inventory analysis shall be included, when relevant:

functional unit alternatively declared unit, system boundary settings and allocation rules,

data collection (collection procedures, questionnaires, specific/generic data and reference to documentation),

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validation of data (internal quality assurance procedures, routines for identification, follow-up and corrections ofdata gaps),inventory results (calculation procedures, results for different life cycle stages and the final aggregated results),and

key assumptions made.

The following information about the impact assessment shall be included, when relevant:

key inventory parameters and data on use of resources,

assignment of the results from the inventory analysis (classification),

results of the characterisation and impact assessment calculations.

The following information about the interpretation shall be included, when relevant:

sensitivity analysis,data quality assessment.

The procedure for interpreting the results from the LCA-based calculations need not to be too comprehensive as parts ofthe elements included in the interpretation phase has already been handled when preparing the PCR. References should
be made to existing critical reviews of LCA data already being examined and approved.

5.2.2 ESTABLISHMENT OF INTERNAL FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURES
It is the obligation of the organisation to inform the verifier, during the course of a revision period, of any significant
changes that have taken place in the information submitted as input data for the information in the EPD. Such changes
might include e.g. raw material acquisition, transportation modes, manufacturing processes or changes in productdesign. Organisations usually favour from having reliable procedures for documentation and follow-up to enable them toidentify such changes in the background information to the EPD. Existence of a quality or environmental management
system is a good help and might reduce the magnitude of renewed verifications as these systems include generally
accepted procedures for checking and follow-up. Access to continuously up-dated information on existing legislation
from, e.g., central authorities will facilitate the follow-up procedures.
If an organisation has no environmental management system in place, other types of internal follow-up procedures
usually need to be established. Internal reviews can be performed by in-house experts or experts employed by theorganisation. These activities can also be carried out by external experts or organisations that act on behalf of theorganisation. Internal reviews and auditing shall be made with a frequency that will allow for an acceptable coverage ofchanges that might occur.

5.3

THE EPD VERIFICATION PROCEDURE

EPD verification is the verification of LCA-based data, additional environmental information and the information given ina single EPD according to the General Programme Instructions and a valid reference PCR. EPD verification shall be
conducted by a recognised individual verifier or an accredited certification body. For EPDs construction products
compliant with EN 15804, a mandatory EPD verification checklist/report template is available at www.environdec.com.
For information about EPD process certification, see Section 5.4.

5.3.1 LCA AND PCR COMPLIANCE
The verifier shall check that the LCA-based calculations have been performed in accordance with these General
Programme Instructions, the valid reference PCR and relevant standards and specifically focus on that:

the collection of LCA-based data and the choice of methods used are carried out following the ISO 14040 and
14044 and the reference PCR, and that

the results from the inventory analysis and the impact assessment calculations have been made using prescribedmethods.

In verifying the underlying data from the inventory analysis, the verifier shall examine that:each unit process is defined in the way specified in the reference PCR,

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all relevant information is documented for each unit process/information module/PCR module, i.e. being
consistent and understandable to enable an independent evaluation of the relevance of the data in accordance tothe reference PCR, and that

data validity is reliable.

In verifying the results from the impact assessment, the verifier shall check that the calculations are made in a correct
way based on the inventory analysis results and recommended characterisation factors.
5.3.1.1. Sample checks
With regard to checking information from the inventory analysis, the verifier can make use of sample checks for the unit
processes/information modules/PCR modules to check their conformance to original data sources. The organisation shallprovide the verifier with information about the underlying data and calculations carried out upon request.
Sample checks may preferably be carried out for:

those unit processes/information modules/PCR modules having a significant influence on the inventory analysis
results, and

randomly chosen unit processes/information modules.

With regard to verifying information about the impact assessment, the verifier can make use of sample checks to checkthat the calculations of one or more impact category indicators have been made in a correct way. A selected number ofimpact categories ought to be chosen focusing on the most dominant parameters within each category. Such parameters
shall be identified by evaluating their relative contribution to the total environmental impact of the product.

5.3.2 EPD INFORMATION
The verifier shall check the consistency of the information in all parts of the EPD related to the General Programme
Instructions, the valid reference PCR and relevant standards, information about the product, the environmental
performance, other environmental information as well as the mandatory statements needed. These rules also apply for
any information of more qualitative nature related to the organisation making the declaration.
The examination of the presentation of the EPD shall specifically focus on that:

the background information is presented in a transparent and understandable way,

the presentation is credible and neutral,the declaration format follows the recommended overall lay-out, and that

information and guidance are given on where to find supplementary explanatory materials.

5.3.3 COMPLIANCE WITH RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
The verifier shall, to the extent possible depending on practical circumstances, ensure that the product including its
production process do not violate relevant legislation. As a minimum request, the verifier shall evaluate thedocumentation of compliance with process- and product environmental laws applicable to the organisation requesting
the EPD verification, with a main focus on the list of materials and chemical substances and information related topollution permits included in the EPD. The verifier shall check that the organisation has procedures in place for keeping
itself updated with relevant process- and product related legislation and has access to all specific information of
relevance concerning processes and products for the actual product category issued by central legislative authorities.
The verifier and the programme operator do not make any claim nor have any responsibility of the legality of the
product, its production process or its supply chain. This may be stated in the EPD.

5.3.4 SECTOR EPDS
The verification procedure for Sector EPDs may have to be stricter compared to company-specific EPDs due to themultiple character of information from the large number of operations and manufacturing sites to be covered in a Sector
EPD. The following aspects need to be handled in a specific way:

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A verification procedure based on sample tests whereby a verifier can assure the full inclusion of all operations
and manufacturing sites over a certain number of review cycles, and

The appointment of a responsible person for reporting all significant changes in the underlying material relevant
for the Sector EPD for all operations and manufacturing sites that may lead to the necessary adjustments in the
EPD.

With regard to giving guidance for defining a reasonable size for a representative sample of manufacturing sites as abasis for information in a Sector EPDs, there are several possible points of departures, e.g.:

to consider the verification procedure for environmental management systems in case of a corporate certification
indicating that approximately one-third of the total number of sites should be visited annually so all sites should
be covered over a period of three years (this rule may not be applicable for Sector EPDs if the number of sites
becomes to extensive),

to consider if there exist clear differences among the sites with regard to either the upstream processes or the
manufacturing processes – and if so, make a representative sample out of each such category,

to randomly look at a number of sites and find out if there are any substantial differences to consider – if not,there is a possibility to apply basic theories of statistics indicating that reaching a sample size of approximately
25 sites will give reasonable good and accurate information about the average situation prevailing among thesites, or

to decide about a suitable selection of sample size, e.g. covering a certain percentage such as 20%.

Independent of which approach are taken, the sample size should be adjusted to the inherent uncertainties in
traditional LCA studies and included in the reference PCR document.
Description of the sample used for the LCA shall be clearly stated in the sector EPD.

5.3.5 EPD® VERIFICATION REPORTThe verification procedure shall be transparent and result in a verification report in English by the verifier. The reportshall document the verification process, while adhering to the rules of data confidentiality. This report shall be includedin the EPD registration request and available to any person upon request.
The verification report shall state if the verification is the first to be done by the verifier in the scope of the International
EPD® System, as this verification may be subject for an additional check by the Technical Committee.
For construction product EPDs, compliant with EN 15804 a checklist/verification report template has been developedand is available at www.environdec.com.

5.3.6 PROVIDING INFORMATION ABOUT EPD REGISTRATION
During EPD verification, the independent verifier shall inform the company that registration of the EPD with theSecretariat of the International EPD® System for publication at www.environdec.com is a mandatory step in the EPD
process.

5.3.7 FOLLOW-UP DURING THE EPD VALIDTY PERIOD
During the validity period of the EPD, surveillance follow up shall be agreed between the EPD owner and the verifier inorder to evaluate if the content are still consistent with the current situation. It is not necessary to perform a full LCA,
only the monitoring of main parameters is requested. The surveillance verification may be organised as documental
check aimed to the evaluation of the main environmental aspects relevant for the LCA calculation. See Section 4.10
and 5.2.2 for more information.

5.4

EPD PROCESS CERTIFICATION

There is a need to simplify the verification process for organisations in their work to collect data, conduct LCA andcreate EPDs on a regular basis. Of special importance is to make the procedure less time- and resource-consuming,
thereby being more cost-effective, still complying with relevant parts of General Programme Instructions.

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In order to meet these needs, the International EPD® System includes the possibility for organisations to internallyhandle the management of EPD data involved in the verification procedure by themselves and issue EPDs without athird party certifier being involved in each case. This is referred to as the EPD process certification.
The increased implementation of environmental management systems in many organisations will automatically lead tothe establishment of reliable internal follow-up routines which very well suits many of the needs in the procedure of
EPD process certification. Hence, EPD process certification can be of interest of any type and size of organisation. Wellmanaged internal EPD routines will make data collection and its conversion into EPDs more rational and less costly inan organisation operating it in a resource- and time efficient manner.
An organisation having an EPD process certification assessed and certified by a third party is, on a regular basis,
allowed to:

update existing EPDs, and

create and issue new EPDs for registration.

5.4.1 THE EPD PROCESSThe activity to develop EPD shall follow a certain process pattern:

Figure 2 The EPD Process.

5.4.2 THE EPD PROCESS CERTIFICATION ACTIVITY
The internal EPD process certification process shall be outlined according to the “PDCA principle”:
Planning: Setting up resources needed for this activity, assessment plans and defining criteria’s for approval. Records ofthis shall be kept.
Doing: Execute assessments according to plan, with trained internal staff at defined intervals and according to theapproval criteria’s. Records of this shall be kept.
Checking: Internal independent party shall verify that the EPD process certification activity is outlined well and works
effectively and according to the norms.
Acting: Finally the EPD owner shall certify by a written statement that the above process works properly and effective
and according to the norms. The statement shall be updated annually.

5.4.3 PROCESS CERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT AND VERIFICATIONThe EPD process certification assessment has the form of a check of the quality assurance of the internal competence
and skills in an organisation to:

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conduct the prescribed LCA calculations according to the General Programme Instructions and reference PCR(s)as determined based on the scope of the process certification,

create EPDs according to the General Programme Instructions and reference PCR(s) as determined based on thescope of the process certification, andhave regular follow-up routines in place to accurately check the relevance of the current information in registered
EPDs.

The EPD process shall be verified by an independent third party verifier. Such a verifier shall be an accredited bodycertified for audit of management systems and the verifications shall be done as an accredited service under thesupervision of an accreditation body. In very rare cases for markets where no accredited certification bodies exist, theprogramme operator may grant an individual verifier the temporary right to carry out verification of the EPD process.
Such an approval shall be limited in time, product scope and specific to a certain company.
Detailed requirements on the EPD process certification is given in the Annex D.

5.5

CHECKING COMPETENCE AND QUALIFICATIONS OF VERIFIERS

Examining the compliance of verifiers with the prescribed competence requirements as well as carrying out theirsupervisions are vital parts in an environmental declarations programme for rising and maintaining market acceptance of
EPDs. In the International EPD® System, there are two possibilities to fulfil these tasks – to be carried out by either byorganisations officially appointed to act as so-called accreditation bodies or via a procedure carried out under the
auspices of the programme operator. These alternatives are illustrated in the table below:
TYPE OF VERIFICATIONRECOGNIZED VERIFIERS

EXAMINING COMPLIANCE WITH PRESCRIBEDCOMPETENCE REQUIREMENTS BY

Recognized individual verifiersInternational EPD® System programme operator

Accredited Certification bodies

Accreditation bodies

Accredited Certification bodies11

Accreditation bodies

EPD verification

EPD process certification

The checking of competence requirements and supervision of the verifiers include the following activities:review of the verifier’s integrity and independence, documentation of competence, and management capacity(quality system if existent),review on-site, at the verifier’s site, and scrutiny of verifications carried out or in progress (if found relevant),supervision (follow-up and review) of the operations of the verifier.

An updated list of recognized individual verifiers and accredited certification bodes is published at www.environdec.com

5.5.1 COMPETENCE REQUIREMENTS OF VERIFIERS
An external verifier (person or body carrying out the verification) shall be independent and with the following
competences:

General product certification competences; the general requirements regarding competence for certification
bodies are specified in ISO/IEC 17065:2012 “Conformity assessment – Requirements for bodies certifying
products, processes and services”, Sections 6.1 and 6.2.



EPD verification specific competences; the required competences include the following aspects:-

General knowledge of industry and product-related environmental matters

11

In very rare cases, the programme operator may grant an individual verifier the temporary right to carry out verificationof the EPD process. See Section 5.4

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Good process and product knowledge, including relevant standards, within the product or service branch inwhich the verifier intend to perform verifications-

In-depth knowledge of the principal LCA methodology-

In-depth knowledge of the relevant standards in the field of environmental labelling and declarations and
LCA (including ISO 14025 and ISO 14040/14044),-

Knowledge of ISO/TS 14071 LCA Critical Review Process and Reviewer Competencies, and ISO 190II
Guidelines for Auditing Management Systems.

-

Knowledge in the overall regulatory framework in which the concept of EPDs have been introduced-

In-depth knowledge of the international EPD® System-

Experience in reviewing LCAs and/or verification of EPDs

5.5.1.1. Specific competencies required for certification bodies
Competencies required for certification bodies are assessed by the accreditation body. In general, it is recommended
that the personnel carrying out the verification have:at least three years of experience with audits in the specific sector of activity,

at least three witness audits in verifying EPD's with an expert verifier.

In case the verifier is a body not having the necessary competence among its own employees, the verifier shall havesuch competence at the management level that makes it possible to determine the extent of sufficient competence (asdescribed above) needed for carrying out the verification and to recruit competent personnel for carrying out reviews andto

ensure that they receive adequate training and introduction, and toensure that review and verification are carried out in a correct manner.

5.5.1.2. Specific competencies required for individual verifiers
The requirements for the qualification of an individual verifier are (all the following criteria have to be fulfilled):
at least five years of documented experience in the LCA field,

at least five documented independent third party reviews according the ISO 14040 series of standards orequivalent.

Alongside these requirements, general auditor skills and regular auditing or certification experience is an advantage (butnot a mandatory requirement)
If the independent verifier participates to a training course organized by the International EPD® System, requirementson performed external reviews are reduced to 3 third party reviews. Such courses may be organised either physically or
as web meetings.

5.5.2 ACCREDITATION OF CERTIFICATION BODIESApproval of certification bodies shall be made by accreditation bodies that shall to take part in international cooperationand follow multinational agreements such as EA or IAF MLA (Multinational Agreements). There is also a standard for
accreditation bodies related to such activities (ISO/IEC 17011).
Checking of competence requirements of verifiers should follow a procedure set forth in ISO/IEC 17065:2012
containing the general requirements for certification bodies and their work, and should focus on these programme
instructions and the relevant product category/sector.
In case the verifier is a body not having the necessary competence among its own employees, the verifier shall havesuch competence at the management level that makes it possible within the relevant area:to determine the extent of sufficient competence needed for carrying out the verification,to recruit competent personnel for carrying out reviews and to ensure that they receive adequate training andintroduction, and

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to ensure that review and verification are carried out in a correct manner.

5.5.3 APPROVAL OF RECOGNIZED INDIVIDUAL VERIFIERS
ISO/IEC 17065:2012 is not applicable for individuals, why the programme operator of the International EPD® System,
offers a special procedure for examining/checking single LCA/EPD experts, following the rationale of ISO/IEC
17065:2012 specifically securing their independence. In such an evaluation procedure, the verifier shall provide theprogramme operator with an application including:a CV stating compliance with the criteria and competence requirements below,

summary of assignments of similar tasks of verification of LCA and environmental declarations (if existing),

information indicating independence of potential verification tasks,

description of the verifiers own processes when managing verification activities,

description of the verifiers own processes for managing verification activities, including:-

Processes for managing, storing and maintaining client-confidential data and information,-

Maintaining independence of verification, including identifying and disclosing conflicts of interest

relevant references, as appropriate, and

formal qualifications or training related to LCA, EPDs and/or auditing practice, for example LCA practitioner
certification or related audit qualifications following ISO 19011 criteria (if existing).

The verifier’s application form is available at the website www.environdec.com.
The evaluation of the credentials of the applicant is carried out by the Secretariat supported by the TechnicalCommittee (TC). The TC reserves the right to make a thorough check of the first EPD verified by an independent verifier
to make sure that the EPD® and verification process fulfils the requirement stated in the General Programme
Instructions. Newly approved verifiers shall inform the Secretariat about when a first verification is ongoing to be able toplan for such a check. The TC may also make additional checks of future verifications done by individual verifiers for
quality assurance. Any feedback or complaints on the approval of individual verifiers shall use the procedure describedin Section 2.1.12.
It is important that the recognised individual verifier stays up to date with the development within the International
EPD® System, why it is required that the verifier is active within the field of environmental declarations and actively
takes on verification tasks. To uphold the recognition as an individual verifier, the verifier shall yearly carry out at least
one EPD verification, one LCA leading to a certified environmental declaration or prepare one PCR document. The
Secretariat is responsible for following up that the verifiers remain active. In general, verifiers should develop, maintainand improve their competence through continual professional development and regular participation in audits.

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GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONSDATE 2015-05-11
GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEMANNEX A – APPLICATION OF LCA METHODOLOGYAn LCA study according to ISO 14040/14044 consists of different phases with regard to the calculations andassessment procedures: goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation. In
traditional LCA studies all background conditions with regard to the LCA calculations have to be defined from the onsetof the study and revised in an iterative way throughout the study.
For an EPD®, the preconditions for the LCA calculations are set from the beginning and described in the programme
instructions with further specifications in the Product Category Rules (PCR) document when defining the requirements
to be followed. Hence, the development of an EPD does not have to go through an extensive and complete LCA study,
but rather to follow the requirements given in the PCR documents, where all the necessary background assumptions are
made and justified, and the associated calculations rules defined for the purpose of the application of EPDs. The LCA
work done or an EPD is hence more straightforward and time- and cost-efficient.
The LCA calculations rules described in this section outlines the overall requirements to follow for the International
EPD® System. These rules follow the international standards ISO 14040 (LCA - Principles and procedures) andISO 14044 (LCA - Requirements and guidelines), with the intended use in an EPD.
For construction product EPDs compliant with EN 15804, a somewhat alternative application of LCA methodology may
be required by the standard.

A.1. SEPARATION OF THE LCA CALCULATIONS RULES INTO DIFFERENT STEPSThe choice of methods to be used in the inventory analysis often has a major influence on the final results. It istherefore important to specify in detail how the calculations should be carried out. The inventory analysis should give
results that are readily transferable for different basic calculations, and the results should be possible to add up withother similar input data from other information modules, PCR modules and EPDs.
In practice, LCA calculations are made differently for the separate life cycle stages due to various types of backgroundassumptions, different data availability, different accuracies of the calculated data and different needs for data
representativeness and quality. Typically, available data are those from the manufacturing processes which anorganisation usually has to regularly report on. These data are usually those being most company- and product-specific.
However, product-specific data can also be collected if it includes production processes in the supply chain over which
the organisation has management control, including the packaging and transportation used to deliver the product to aretailer or an end consumer. In most cases there is a lack of specific data covering all the information needs in an EPD.
Here, generic data and scenario techniques may be used – some of which are precise enough to comply with the overallrules commonly set in environmental declaration programmes.
Based on these realities, the International EPD® System has adopted an LCA calculations procedure which is separated
into different life cycle stages:


Upstream processes (from cradle-to-gate);Core processes (from gate-to-gate)Downstream processes (from gate-to-grave)

The main reason for separating these stages is based on the modularity approach chosen and the technical LCA-based
calculations aspects described above, which has to be made differently depending on availability of specific information
about the product and product category under study. Not only the origin and data specificity differ in the LCA
calculations making up an EPD, also a large number of background assumptions such as functional unit, systemboundary settings, cut-off criteria and allocation rules may be different as a consequence of the different quality of thedata to be used.
Depending on the various types and main focus of an EPD® a so-called “core module” is defined to highlight where in
the life cycle it is expected that the most specific LCA data can be available and delivered by an organisation. Usually
the core module is equal to the manufacturing of goods.
With regard to the possibility for EPDs to describe the environmental performance of services, making the use of the
products in the centre of the calculation similar to a “core module” (see below Section A.4.1) it seems logical toseparate downstream processes into two distinct stages – product usage (including operations and maintenance) and
end-of-life (including waste handling, incineration, recycling, re-use and deposition). In a full life cycle perspective, an
EPD could be regarded to be bundled into four separate stages as illustrated below in Figure A.1. Often, more

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specifically for interim products and parts, refining of the materials and manufacturing is however consisting of morethan one EPD, linked along the supply-chain.

Figure A.1. The life cycle of a product divided into different stages: Upstream, Core (Manufacturing) and Downstream(use and end-of-life). For construction product EPDs compliant with EN 15804, a different division into modules is
used.
Another reason to be mentioned for separating the life cycle into different stages is the fact that it is a more practical
approach to deliver a staged approach for preparing an EPD based on the PCR documents. Hence, the rules given in the
PCR documents will be separated accordingly - for further information, see Annex C.

A.2. FUNCTIONAL UNIT/DECLARED UNIT
The functional unit is the reference unit used to relate and compare the inputs and outputs as well as the environmental
performance of one or more product systems. The main purpose of the functional unit is to provide a reference quantity
to which the inputs and outputs can be linked. The functional unit is important as a basis for the collection, handlingand calculation of LCA data to ensure the possibility to “add up” information from EPDs in the supply chain and enable
comparison of EPDs within a given product category. Usually comparability rests with the functional unit implying a fulllife cycle approach – from cradle-to-grave.
The preferred functional unit must be defined and measurable. In practice the functional unit consists of a qualitatively
defined function or property (e.g. for paint, a duration of surface coverage with a certain level of brightness, or otherquality) and its quantification via a unit (e.g. 1 m2). As a general rule, the functional unit should be expressed in SI
units (kg, J, meters, etc.). However, other units may be used in case they are considered more relevant to address theinformation (e.g. kW for power and kWh for energy). In order to increase the understanding and usefulness of an EPD, it
might be of advantage to define the functional unit according to standardised LCA procedures supplemented with atechnical specification of one product unit with parameters relevant for mainly addressing the performance of the
product during its use.
For EPDs not covering a full life cycle, e.g. for building products where their further fate and function in terms of
product use are unknown, the concept of functional unit is transferred into a so-called declared unit. In such a case, thedeclared unit shall relate to the typical applications of products, e.g.:

An item, an assemblage of items, e.g. 1 brick, 1 window (dimensions shall be specified);

Mass (kg), e.g. 1 kg of cement;



Length (m), e.g. 1 metre of pipe, 1 metre of a beam (dimensions shall be specified);

Area (m2), e.g. 1 square metre of wall elements, 1 square metre of roof elements (dimensions shall be specified);

Volume (m3), e.g. 1 cubic metre of timber, 1 cubic metre of ready-mixed concrete.

A product or product system may in fact have a large number of possible functions, and the function selected for the
study depends on the objective and range of application. Therefore, it should be noted that the use of a productclassification system with the objective to identify different products, such as the CPC scheme in the International
EPD® System, could not automatically be used as a reference for comparisons.
A.2.1. DEFINITION OF FUNCTIONAL UNIT/DECLARED UNIT
The functional unit is defined as a quantified performance of the product for use as a reference unit in anenvironmental declaration of the life cycle of a product. A declared unit is defined as a quantity of a product for use as

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a reference unit for an environmental declaration based on an information module, where an information module iscompilation of data covering a unit process or a combination of unit processes that are part of a life cycle for a product.
A.2.2. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
The technical specification shall include information sufficient for a customer to assess and evaluate the technicalperformance and usefulness of a product. The reference service life of a product should be taken into account in theselection of the functional unit. The lifespan in technical terms, i.e. the time for which a product has been designed tolast, expressed in relevant units such as years, operating hours or kilometres travelled, is preferred. If the technicalreference service life is difficult to determine, other approximations of the reference service life may be acceptable. The
choice of such a term other than the technical reference service life should be clearly justified. Note that the technicalservice life is not identical or related to guarantee time whether legally binding or offered voluntary. In the case of
products that have an actual reference service life being shorter than the technical reference service life, (e.g. as due tochanges in fashion the product is discarded before its technical service life has been reached), the estimate on actualreference service life shall be used instead.

A.3. SYSTEM BOUNDARIESThe system boundaries determine the unit processes to be included in the study and what type of upstream anddownstream data that could be omitted. System boundary settings are usually made case-wise in the PCRs and reducethe demand for LCA data thereby facilitating the calculations provided that no significant information is lost.
As a general principle all processes “from cradle to grave” shall be included in the study, especially in the case ofbusiness-to-consumer communication. For products, where their further use is not known, e.g. a building product a“from cradle to gate” approach is usually sufficient with regard to the scope of the EPD for which a declared unit shallbe defined/described. For “end-products” a “cradle to grave” approach is usually relevant, however, with due
consideration to the principles of the book-keeping systems approach as advocated in the International EPD® System.
The same general principles apply for EPDs for services since any service activity has to make use of physical resources.
In this case, the “production of the service” is regarded as the “core module” instead of the manufacturing processes.
The more pronounced difference between goods and services with regard to the PCR work is most likely the relatively
distinct focus on defining the responsibilities of the service provider in their use of products, which a service provider tosome extent has a management control over. Therefore, actual activities that take place in using products can be
described more detailed in contrast to the general scenarios usually dealt with for EPDs for goods.
Deviations from any general rule described above for system boundary settings shall be avoided and if necessary be duly
justified in the PCR document.
Detailed rules for the selection of system boundaries are described in ISO 14044. When setting system boundaries for
an EPD, it is preferred to use the principle of “limited loss of information at the final product”.
For the EPD purposes, the results shall be presented considering different life cycle stages:


Upstream processes;

Core process;

Downstream processes.

For construction product EPDs compliant with EN 15804, paragraph 6.2 of the EN 15804 shall be applied in the PCR
and EPD, i.e. information modules A1-A3, A4-A5, B1-B5, B6-B7, C1-C4 and module D, instead of the division into
upstream, core, downstream.
A.3.1. UPSTREAM PROCESSES
All relevant unit processes along the upstream supply-chain shall be included. Examples of processes that belong to
upstream steps are:


extraction and refining of raw materials and production of semi-manufactured goods;



relevant services such as transport of main parts and components along the supply chain to a distribution point(e.g. a stockroom or warehouse);

packaging material production.

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A.3.3. CORE PROCESSESThe core process includes all relevant unit processes taking place within the organisation of the product for which the
EPD is issued for shall be included with particular regard to:manufacturing;

waste treatment processes of manufacturing waste even if they are carried out by third parties (includingtransports);building (or dismantling) of a production site, infrastructure, production of manufacturing equipment andpersonnel activities is they make up a reasonable portion of the overall environmental impact (e.g. for photovoltaic
equipment or wind power);

impacts due to the electricity production used in the core processes according the proper energy mix hypotheses;

impacts generated by the production of the fuels burned in the core processes;

raw material and auxiliary material transportation to the core process.

A.3.4. DOWNSTREAM PROCESSES
All relevant unit processes shall be included. For example this may cover:transport of the product to the retailer/consumer;consumption/loss of electricity and maintenance according to manual instructions when using the product (withindications regarding which environmental impact from maintenance and production of spare parts that is taken
into consideration);

end-of-life processes of the used product and its packaging. If a service is identified as a core process it does not
typically have a downstream process as e.g. generated waste is included in the core module.

A.3.5 SPECIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENT BOUNDARY SETTINGS
The following specifications of different boundary settings are relevant:Boundary in time shall define/describe the time period, for which the life cycle inventory data are recorded, e.g. howlong emissions from waste deposits are accounted for.
Boundary towards nature shall define the flow of material and energy resources from nature into the technical systemand emissions from the technical system to air, soil and water. Agricultural and similar production systems are part of
the technical system, i.e. the elementary flows that leave the field to water or air are to be recorded.
Boundary towards geography shall define/describe the geographical coverage of the LCA data including possibilities tohandle different regional aspects in the supply chain, if found necessary.
Boundaries in the life cycle shall define/describe what to be included with regards to e.g. extraction and production of
raw materials, refining of raw materials, manufacturing of components and main parts, assembly of products, use of
products, and end-of-life processes.
Boundaries towards other technical systems shall define/describe the flow of materials and components from theproduct system under study and the outflow of materials to other systems. If there is an inflow of recycled material tothe product system in the production/manufacturing stage, the transport from the scrap yard/collection site to therecycling plant, the recycling process and the transportation from the recycling plant to the site where the material isbeing used shall be included. If there is an outflow of material or component to recycling, the transportation of thematerial to the scrap yard/collection site shall be included. The material or component going to recycling is then an
outflow from the product system.

A.4. CRITERIA FOR THE INCLUSION OF INPUTS AND OUTPUTS (CUT-OFF
CRITERIA)
It is important to clarify and describe rules for omitting inventory data which are negligible from the point of view ofbeing relevant in the study. Such so-called cut-off criteria are usually expressed as a specific percentage of the total
environmental impact for any impact category that is allowed to be omitted from the inventory analysis. The rules set

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should be based on the inflow of product and elementary flows to the system and outflow of elementary flows from thesystem. Other cut-off criteria are discouraged and if these should be recommended in the PCR this has to be duly
justified, e.g. in the case of service activities.
The default maximum cut-off shall be set to 1%. Deviations shall be set and justified in the PCR: It is important toemphasize that, in most cases, all available data shall be used. Using cut-off rules should not give the perceptions of“hiding” information, but rather to facilitate the data collection for practitioners. Parts and materials not included in the
LCA shall be documented.
The general idea could be to avoid as much as possible the cut-off of environmental aspects. Cut-off criteria should be
an output of the sensitivity analysis based on the life cycle inventory results and it shall be discussed during the LCA
verification. A PCR may detail some specific rules that should be applied for cut-off criteria in the specific LCA
calculation.
It should be noted that the only way to check for cut-off rules in a satisfactory way is combination of expert judgment
based on experience in similar product systems and a sensitivity analysis in which it is possible to understand how theun-investigated input or output could affect the final life cycle inventory and life cycle impact assessment result.
For construction product EPD compliant with EN 15804, the requirements regarding cut-off criteria in Section 6.3.5 ofthe standard apply.

A.5. DESCRIPTION OF DATA AND DATA QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
A LCA calculation requires two different kind of information:
data related to the environmental aspects of the considered system (such materials or energy flows that enter the
production system); these data usually come from the company which is performing the LCA calculation;

data related to the life cycle impacts of the material or energy flows that enter the production system. These data
usually come from databases.

Data on environmental aspects shall be as much specific as possible and they shall be representative of the studied
process.
Data on life cycle of materials or energy inputs are classified into three categories - specific data, selected generic dataand proxy data, defined as follows:

specific data (also referred to as primary data or site-specific data) – data gathered from the actual
manufacturing plant where product-specific processes are carried out, and data from other parts of the life cycle
traced to the specific product system under study, e.g. materials or electricity provided from a contracted supplier
being able to provide data for the actual delivered services, transportation taking place based on the actual fuelconsumption and related emissions, etc.,

generic data (sometimes referred to as secondary data), divided into::--

selected generic data – data from commonly available data sources (e.g. commercial databases and freedatabases) that fulfil prescribed data quality characteristics for precision, completeness andrepresentativeness (see below Section A.5.1),
proxy data12 – data from commonly available data sources (e.g. commercial databases and free databases)that do not fulfil all of the data quality characteristics of “selected generic data”.

As a general rule, specific data shall always be used if available after performing data quality assessment. It is
mandatory to use specific data for the core process, i.e. “the manufacturing processes for goods or service
execution/provision of services” as defined above. For the upstream processes, downstream processes and infrastructure(as defined in more detail above) generic data may also be used if specific data are not available. Generic data shouldespecially be used in cases where they are representative for the purpose of the EPD, e.g. for bulk and raw materials on
a spot market, if there is a lack of specific data on the final product or if a product consists of many components.
Any data used should preferably represent average values for a specific reference year. However, the way these data arebeing generated could vary, e.g. over time, and in such cases they should have the form of a representative annual
average value for a specified reference period. Such deviations should be declared.

12

In earlier versions of the General Programme Instructions, proxy data was referred to as “other generic data”.

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A.5.1. RULES FOR USING GENERIC DATA
The book-keeping LCA approach in the International EPD® System forms the basic prerequisites for selecting genericdata. For allowing the classification of generic data as “selected generic data”, they must fulfil selected prescribedcharacteristics for precision, completeness and representativeness (temporal, geographical and technological), such as:

Reference year to be as current as possible and preferably being assessed to be representative for at least 5 years
into the future (or the validity period of the EPD),

Cut-off criteria to be met on the level of the modelled product system are the qualitative coverage of at least 99%
of-both the energy, the mass, and the overall environmental relevance of the flows,Completeness where the inventory data set should in principle cover all elementary flows that contribute to arelevant degree of the impact categories, and

Representativeness of the resulting inventory in the given temporal, technological and geographical reference
should, as a general principle, be better than ±5% of the environmental impact of fully representative data.

For construction product EPD compliant with EN 15804, the list of data quality requirements in Section 6.3.7 of thestandard apply.
Suitable databases for selected generic data include information about the material flows connected to a number of
input materials. Admissible data has to respect the system boundaries set in the PCR as well as to meet therequirements of the International EPD® System for data quality, representativeness, review and scope of documentation.
If based on these prerequisites, recommendations are given to use selected generic data, such data sources shall belisted in a table in the reference PCR document. Listing such databases in the PCR does not replace data quality
assessment during the LCA study. Before making use of suitable databases, it is important to primarily selectinformation given separate over the different life cycle stages and, beyond all, to check that the data is free from
inclusion of data and calculations outside the system boundaries. Data calculated with system expansion should not be
used, but if no other data is available any “negative flows” should be changed to zero.
If selected generic data that meets the requirements of the International EPD® System are not available as thenecessary input data, proxy data may be used and documented. The environmental impacts associated to proxy data
must not exceed 10% of the overall environmental impact from the product system.
A.5.2. DATA QUALITY REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATIONSBelow the main rules for the LCA calculations are presented. Exceptions to these rules must be managed by the verifier
if PCR does not give any further details.
Upstream processes:


Data referring to processes and activities upstream in the supply chain, over which an organisation has a direct
management control, shall be specific and collected on site.

Data referring to contractors supplying main parts or main auxiliaries should be asked for from the contractor as
specific data, as well as infrastructure, if relevant.

Transport of main parts and components along the supply-chain to a distribution point (e.g. a stockroom orwarehouse) where the final delivery to the manufacturer can take place based on the actual transportation mode,
distance from the supplier and vehicle load.



In case specific data is lacking, selected generic data may be used. If this is also lacking, proxy data may be used
– see Section A.5.1.

For the electricity used in the upstream processes, there are two alternatives: the upstream company buys theenergy from the electricity mix on the market or from a specific supplier. While in the first case the national
electricity mix shall be adopted, in the second case a specific energy mix could be used if available. Electricity
production impacts should be accounted for in this priority when specific data is used in the upstream processes:-

Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) or Guarantee of Origin from electricity supplier

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National electricity production mix/electricity mix on the market (preferably residual mix, otherwise national
electricity production mix).

The mix of electricity used in upstream processes shall be documented, if relevant.
Core processes:
Goods: Specific data shall be used for assembly of the product and for manufacture of main parts as well as foron-site generation of steam, heat, electricity, etc., if relevant.



Services: Specific data shall be used for consumption of materials, chemicals, steam, heat, electricity, etc.,
necessary for execution of the service

For the electricity used in the core processes, there are two alternatives: the company buys the energy from theelectricity mix on the market or from a specific electricity mix of a supplier. While in the first case the national
electricity production mix shall be adopted, in the second case a specific energy mix could be used if available.
Electricity production impacts should be accounted for in this priority:-

Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) or Guarantee of Origin from electricity supplier-Electricity supplier’s residual energy mix-

National electricity production mix/electricity mix on the market (preferably residual mix, otherwise national
electricity production mix).

The mix of electricity used shall be documented.
Transport from the final delivery point of raw materials, chemicals, main parts and components (see above
regarding upstream processes) to the manufacturing plant/place of service provision based on the actual
transportation mode, distance from the supplier and vehicle load.



Waste treatment processes of manufacturing waste should be based on specific data, if available.

Downstream processes:
With regard to data quality requirements for the use stage usually based on scenarios, the following shall apply:data on the pollutant emissions from the use stage should be based on documented tests, verified studies in
conjunction with average or typical product use, or recommendations concerning suitable product use. Wheneverapplicable, test methods shall be internationally recognised,the use of the energy mix in the region/country where the product is sold and then used shall be approximatedwith OECD electricity mix statistics. For non-OECD countries, in order to adopt a suitable region- or countryspecific electricity mix (reflecting approximately the region(s)/countries’ share) a similar precision will be required.
The mix used shall be documented, if significant,transport of the product to customer shall, as a first option be based on the actual transportation distances. As asecond option, it could be calculated as the average distance of a product of that product type transported withdifferent means of transport or, if also such data is not available be calculated as a fixed long transport such ase.g.1 000 km distance transport with lorry or 10 000 km by airplane, according to product type. The way
transportation shall be calculated shall be described in the reference PCR, which should reflect the actual
situation to the best extent possible.

With regard to data quality requirements for the end-of-life stage based on scenarios, the following shall apply for the
information being:

technically and economically practicable, andcompliant with current regulations in the relevant geographical area.

Key assumptions regarding the end-of-life stage shall be documented.

13

The residual electricity mix is the mix when all contract-specific electricity that has been sold to other customers has been
subtracted from the total.

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A.5.3. DATA QUALITY DECLARATION
Even if compliant with the General programme Instructions and the PCRs, different EPDs may have different quality
level depending on the data sources used. For this reason, it is recommended that the EPDs include an indicator
suitable for demonstrate the share of specific data, selected generic data and proxy data for the environmental impacts.
This indicator could be in the form of an illustration of life cycle stages and the percentage of environmental impactthat arises from specific data, selected generic data and proxy data, e.g. as a statement of achievement of one of thefollowing levels of data quality:

Very high: more than z% of overall environmental impact is from specific data.



High: y-z% of overall environmental impact is from specific data.

Medium: x-y% of overall environmental impact is from specific data.



Low: less than x% of overall environmental impact is from specific data.

The relevant levels of x, y and z may be set by the PCR.

A.6. ALLOCATION RULES
Allocation is the partitioning of input and/or output flows of a process or other product systems to the product system
under study. Hence, the inputs and outputs must be allocated to the different products according to clearly statedprocedures that shall be documented and explained. To ensure consistency between EPDs of the same productcategory, detailed allocation rules is one of the key aspects to be covered in the PCR.
A.6.1 CO-PRODUCT ALLOCATIONAs a general rule, the allocation method chosen should be as valid as possible for the whole product system. However,allocation within the manufacturing processes and downstream processes may to be treated different.
Allocation rules must be defined for individual products when the manufacturing processes result in many different
kinds of products and where there is only aggregate information available about the total level of emissions. Collectionof product-specific information under such circumstances is preferred to avoid allocation. The method of avoiding
allocation by expanding the system boundaries14, as advocated in ISO 14044, is not applicable within the framework of
the International EPD® System due to the rationale of the book-keeping LCA approach (attributional LCA) used and theconcept of modularity.
Allocation shall be avoided, if possible, by dividing the unit processes to be allocated into different sub-processes andcollecting the input and output data related to these sub-processes. If allocation cannot be avoided by using a specificdata collection, the inputs and outputs of the system should be partitioned between its different products or functions
in a way that reflects the underlying physical relationships between them; i.e. they should reflect the way in which the
inputs and outputs are changed by quantitative changes in the products or functions delivered by the system.
Where physical relationship alone cannot be established or used as the basis for allocation (or they are too time
consuming), the inputs should be allocated between the products and functions in a way that reflects otherrelationships between them. For example, input and output data might be allocated between co-products in proportion
to the economic value of the products. If the economical allocation has been used, a specific sensitivity analysis shallbe provided to the verifier and the monitoring of the relationship between results and current and/or historical economic
value shall be documented and updated. In case of economical allocation, the PCR shall explain the reference values
that shall be used.
The PCR shall clearly specify the allocation method for each key process stage where an allocation problem may be
expected.
For construction product EPDs compliant with EN 15804, Section 6.4.3 of the standard shall be applied.

14“System expansion” here refers to both expanding the system to incorporate more co-products, and the interpretation of avoiding
allocation by “substituting” co-products with the same amount of product from a mono-functional alternative production technology.

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A.6.2 ALLOCATION PROCEDURE OF REUSE, RECYCLING AND RECOVERY
In the framework of the International EPD® System, specific methodological choices concerning waste handling have to
be set. Issues such as upstream and downstream system boundaries, open-loop recycling allocation, multi-input
allocation and time-frame should be considered when LCAs are applied to solid waste management systems15.
All the methodological choices defined below have been set according to the polluter pays principle (PPP).
The Polluter-Pays Principle (PPP) was adopted by OECD16 in 1972 as an economic principle for allocating the costs ofpollution control. According to the OECD PPP is: “[T]he principle to be used for allocating costs of pollution prevention
and control measures to encourage rational use of scarce environmental resources and to avoid distortions ininternational trade and investment…this principle means that the polluter should bear the expenses of carrying out theabove-mentioned measures decided by public authorities to ensure that the environment is in an acceptable state. In
other words the cost of these measures should be reflected in the cost of goods and services which cause pollution in
production and/or consumption.”
This approach links together different product systems where wastes, fully or to some extent, are being further
processed to become input materials for subsequent product systems. The delineation between two product systems is
considered to be the point where the waste has its “lowest market value”. This means that the generator of the waste
has to carry the full environmental impact until the point in the product’s life cycle where the waste is transported to a
scrap yard or gate of a waste processing plant (collection site). The subsequent user of the waste has to carry theenvironmental impact from the processing and refinement of the waste, but not the environmental impact caused in the“earlier” life cycles. This approach referred to as the “Polluter-Pays (PP) allocation method” has the following
definition: The “PP allocation method” designates the responsibility to carry upcoming environmental impact forindividual product systems and separates interlinked product systems at the pointing in the life cycle where they havetheir lowest market value resulting in a business-related approach regarding the differentiation of environmental
impacts. The “PP allocation method” is also (in most cases) in line with a waste generator’s juridical and financial
responsibilities. The method is illustrated as a general approach in Figure A.2 below:

Figure A.2 Outline of where to set the system boundary between product systems in the “the PP allocation method”.

15
Finnveden G (1999): Methodological aspects of life cycle assessment of integrated solid waste management systems. Resources,
Conservation and Recycling 26, 173–187
16

OECD (1972) Guiding Principles concerning International Economic Aspects of Environmental Policies.

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The “PP allocation method” is further illustrated below in Figure A.3 by describing the consequences for the different
types of handling of wastes, treatment of worn-out products and output flows that are reused or recycled.
If the suggested “PP allocation method” causes problems from the point of view of giving an accurate description of theenvironmental benefits of a product, there is a possibility to address product-specific allocation rules and justify this in
the PCR document and present an additional approach with quantitative information in the EPD under “Additional
environmental information”.
For construction product EPDs compliant with EN 15804, Section 6.4.3 of the standard shall be applied.

Figure A.3 The “PP allocation method” illustrated for the various types of waste treatment options included in different
process stages. The encircled area indicates the environmental impact that has to be carried by the waste generator.

A.7. HANDLING OF WASTES, WORN-OUT PRODUCTS AND OUTPUT FLOWSTHAT ARE REUSED OR RECYCLED
A.7.1 MANAGEMENT OF WASTES GENERATED ALONG THE PRODUCTION CHAIN
The treatment processes (final disposal) of wastes generated by the activities included in the system boundaries should
be included in the LCA calculation. When it is not possible for some reasons (such as database framework or lack of
information), the amount of wastes and the destination shall be declared.
The calculation of the environmental impacts due to the management of the product and its packaging at the end of theuseful life could be quite variable depending mainly on the destination of the product (if it is B2B or B2C) and on thewaste treatments chains available where the product and or the packaging have to disposed. For these reasons, the endof-life could be evaluated using the scenario approach showing the results for different possible options.
For the purposes of the EPD preparation, the final disposal processes include:

landfilling that has to be attributed to the studied process (see Figure A.3);



incineration. For the calculation of impacts related to incineration with energy recovery the environmental impact
of waste destruction shall be attributed to the waste generator and the impacts related to making use of thethermal energy shall be attributed to the next product life cycle (see Figure A.3). If data are missing, as a default
option, 50% of the impacts of the waste incineration plant may be attributed to waste treatment and 50% to theenergy recovery. In case of incineration without energy recovery, the product system generating the waste must
include 100% of the environmental impacts from incineration.

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In case that waste flows are sent to material recycling or energy recovery or other recovery (e.g. composting), impacts
should be borne by the product under study until it enters the facility gate where the recycling or recovery processes
take place (e.g. transportation to the facility shall be included). Even if benefits related to the material recovery have to
be considered out of the system boundaries, an estimation of the avoided impacts due to such recovery could be madeand declared separately as additional environmental information.
Deviations may be accepted and declared. All the assumption on the inclusion or not of waste treatment processes shallbe clearly declared in the EPD.
A.7.1.1. Clarification about downstream processes
The calculation of the environmental impacts due to the management of the product and its packaging at the end of theuseful life could be quite variable depending mainly on the destination of the product (if it is B2B or B2C) and on thewaste treatments chains available where the product and or the packaging have to disposed.
For these reasons, the end-of-life could be evaluated using the scenario approach showing the results for different
possible options. Even if further details shall be discussed during the PCR preparation, the following general rules shallbe considered:a specific scenario should be defined and impacts calculated;

qualitative information could be acceptable when a scenario cannot be defined;

when some average scenarios are considered, they shall be representative for the area where the product gets theend-of-life.

Further information could be added in the PCR preparation. A reference for this could be the EN 15804 “Sustainabilityof construction works. Environmental product declarations. Core rules for the product category of construction
products”.
A.7.2. INPUT OF RECYCLED MATERIALS/RECOVERED ENERGY
In case recycled materials or recovered energy are used as input resources in a system, impacts arising from allprocesses occurred to deliver the material/energy should be borne by the product under study (e.g. treatment of waste
prior to recycling and/or waste incineration shall be included). A 50% / 50% economic allocation between earnings fromwaste treatment service and heat/electricity produced could be used as default scenario for incineration with energy
recovery. The risk of double-counting and the risk that some impact is not attributed to any product must be taken into
consideration.
Any deviations from these rules shall be handled in the specific PCR or clearly justified.
A.7.2.1. Clarification about input of recycled materials and recovered energy
Secondary materials used in the production system shall be accounted adopting the following approach:the environmental impacts related to the “previous life cycle” shall not be considered;the processes needed to prepare the secondary material to the new use shall be considered;

if the secondary material contains energy (such plastic scrap), the amount could be estimated considering thegross calorific value and presented as secondary energy resource (feedstock energy from waste or scraps orsimilar);

if the secondary material does not contain energy (such glass scrap), the quantity that enters the system shall beconsidered as secondary material.

It is important to consider that internal scraps are not considered as secondary material.
A.7.3. OUTPUT TO MATERIAL RECYCLING/ENERGY RECOVERY PROCESSES – WASTE AND BY-PRODUCTThe calculation approach is different when wastes fulfil some criteria that enable them to be considered by-products.
This distinction is important especially in terms of allocation because a by-product shall not be considered free fromPAGE 48/80

GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONSDATE 2015-05-11
GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEM“environmental burden”. For this reason an allocation procedure must be carried out. The following decision tree can be
helpful. (Figure A.4)17:

Figure A.4 Decision tree for definition of waste and by-product.

Outputs of the system used for energy production processes (waste to energy processes) shall never be considered byproducts.
Even if the reference document for the decision tree is not the latest updated European document in term of waste, it
has been used as reference because of its clarity. The last EU waste directive is the EU directive 2008/98/EC and it
adopts the same definition of by – product (crf. Article 5 of EU directive 2008/98/EC).
In the EPD document, information about by-products shall be reported according the following table.
NAME OF BY-PRODUCTCRITERIA THAT ENABLE THE OUTPUT
TO BE CONSIDERED A BY-PRODUCTINSTEAD OF A WASTE

ORIGINATINGPROCESSINTENDED USE

ALLOCATIONMETHOD

17

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, 2007. COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT on the Interpretative Communication on waste and by-products [pdf]. Available at: http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0059en01.pdf

Even if this reference document is not the latest version, it has been considered because of its clarity. The latest EU waste directive(2008/98/EC) adopts the same approach and the same definition of by – product (Article 5 of EU directive 2008/98/EC).

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A.8. SPECIFICATION FOR GWP CALCULATIONThe calculation of the Global Warming Potential (GWP, 100 years) needs some clarifications because of somecomplexities that may be encountered during the calculation procedures. Some specific public documents are alreadyavailable about carbon footprint of products such as ISO/TS 14067 and PAS 2050.
In this document the main issues are treated starting from the PAS 2050:2011 that could be considered as mainreference for the GWP calculation during PCR preparation and consultation.
A.8.1. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE GWP CALCULATION
Emissions of greenhouse gases shall include, where appropriate, emissions and removals arising from fossil sources,
biogenic sources and direct land use change. The reference PCRs may require the reporting of GWP in separate subindicators for the different sources.
Both emissions to the atmosphere and removals from the atmosphere shall be accounted for the assessment of theoverall greenhouse gas emissions of the product being assessed. This assessment shall include the gases arising fromboth fossil and biogenic sources for all products, with the exception of human food and animal feed products.
Emissions and removals of biogenic carbon shall be reported separately.
For food and feed, emissions and removals arising from biogenic sources that become part of the product must be
excluded. This exclusion shall not apply to:emissions and removals of biogenic carbon used in the production of food and feed (e.g. in burning biomass forfuel) where that biogenic carbon does not become part of the product;non-carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions arising from degradation of waste food and feed and enteric fermentation;

any biogenic component in material that is part of the final product but is not intended to be ingested.

A.8.2. CARBON SEQUESTRATION
Where some or all removed carbon will not be emitted to the atmosphere within the 100-year assessment period, theportion of carbon not emitted to the atmosphere during that period shall be treated as stored carbon. Following issues
shall be taken into account:

carbon storage might arise where biogenic carbon forms part or all of a product (e.g. wood fibre in a table), or
where atmospheric carbon is taken up by a product over its life cycle (e.g. cement),

while forest management activities might result in additional carbon storage in managed forests through theretention of forest biomass, this potential source of storage is not included in the scope of the International EPD®
System.

A.8.3. OFFSETTING
Greenhouse gas emissions offset mechanism shall not be used at any point in the assessment of the greenhouse gas
emissions of the product. The organisation may declare its participation to some offsetting programme in the otherinformation section of the EPD or single-issue EPD.

A.9 ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT AND WATER FOOTPRINT CALCULATION
When the LCA is applied to a biomass production process, it could be interesting to adopt other indicators suitable foran “easy to communicate” declaration of the product footprints. For this reason, the International EPD® System suggest
during the PCR development or in the EPD preparation, to consider the use of the Ecological Footprint and the Water
Footprint as additional environmental information:


Ecological footprint: the Global Footprint Network, for the ecological footprint (www.footprintnetwork.org);

Water footprint: ISO 14046 Water footprint – Principles, requirements and guidelines

The PCR shall provide guidance on how to apply these, and other footprints, including what methodology to use.
In any case the information provided in the EPD shall be verified.

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A.10 DECLARATION OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
Even if the International EPD® System is fully devoted to the environmental declarations and the first aim is to fulfil thestandard ISO 14025, it is possible for the EPD also to include other relevant sustainability indicators as additional andvoluntary information. Environment is just one of the dimensions of sustainability considered in a wide concept; alsosocial and economic aspects should be considered for a complete evaluation of a product or a service. Sometimes workon minimizing the environmental impact can be in conflict with other sustainability issues. An example could be thehousing systems in egg production facilities: it is quite probable that the lowest carbon footprint is reached by using thesmallest breeding cages, which might not be the most preferable solution considering animal welfare issues. In thesecases, it might be relevant to in addition to the environmental impact also give information on the impact relative to thesize of the breeding cages.
Another example could be information resulting from so-called social-LCA, giving information about a products life cycle
impact on different social indicators as working conditions, child labour, etc.
During the PCR preparation and consultation the stakeholders could discuss which sustainability indicators that could(or must) be declared in the EPD.
In any case all the information added in the EPD, must be verified during the EPD verification.
Further information of which indicators that could be used can be obtained by the Global Reporting Initiative
documents available on www.globalreporting.org.

A.11 DATA PROCESSING FOR REPORTING
The data collected are meant to be used to report on the consumptions and emissions calculated during the inventory
analysis phase and to convert the raw data into potential impacts for various pre-selected environmental effects on aregional or global scale as identified in the impact assessment phase. As advocated in the ISO 14025, it is important toseparate EPD information being either generated from the inventory analysis or further processed through impact
assessment calculations.
EPD information shall also include, where relevant, so-called additional environmental information, related toenvironmental issues other than the environmental information from life cycle inventory or LCA-calculations. This
information shall be separated from other parts of the EPD and has to comply with a number of requirements associatedwith the recommendations given in ISO 14021 on “Self-declared environmental claims”. As a consequence of this, it isrecommended that an organisation keep good track of and as well as a record of the necessary background information
supporting the data given for other environmental information.
For information about what type of data and information to be included in the EPD, see Section 4.

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GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONSDATE 2015-05-11
GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEMANNEX B – PMI: A CLASSIFICATIONS SCHEME FOR PRODUCTCATEGORIES
B.1. INTRODUCTION
The International EPD® System has introduced a classification scheme for harmonisation and organisation of PCR
documents referred to as the PCR Module Initiative (PMI). A general recognised classification scheme for the definitionof product categories is of vital importance for a voluntary system with international applicability due to the need to
identify PCR work under consideration as well as to facilitate the development of PCR documents and the handling andapproval of the PCR review panel.
There exist a number of product classification schemes systems on the market such as CPA (Classification of Productsby Activity), CPV (Common Procurement Vocabulary) and HS (Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System),
most of which are based on the NACE codes – an international system for the division of business sectors. A common
denominator of these schemes is that they usually define a special product without any distinct relationship between
them.
CPC (Central Product Classification)18 is an UN-based scheme for statistical division of product categories and service
types, which seems to be the best approach to use for establishing a PCR structure as it relates on supply chain/ life
cycle approach. CPC is not meant to replace other product classification schemes, but aims primarily to a harmonisationof them. Hence, the CPC is a sort of a coordination instrument to be used both nationally and internationally.
Following the CPC scheme for giving the PCR work a clear and logical structure easy to communicate, the PCR
documents will be based on separate “information modules” (as advocated in ISO 14025) to supplement other modules
building up a logical PCR structure. A PCR structure following the CPC scheme can be used to clearly specify what typeof data quality criteria to fulfil for each information module. It also will give clear instructions about which productgroups or system boundaries to choose in upcoming PCR development work. The CPC scheme will also help in
separating the type of general PCR rules that are valid for many similar types of products and, hence, could be includedin the overall PCR rules for a cluster of products with the same origin.
A tailor-made PCR structure to suit the specific needs of EPD has a great influence on the PCR management as a whole
and will substantially contribute to facilitate the workload and associated costs for developing PCR documents. Hence,
the PMI concept is a key element in the International EPD® System and has the following main advantages:

it results in a clear definition of information modules after an international recognised division of industry sectors,
enabling the separation of “responsibilities of PCR work” between different sectors as well as a base for specifying
data quality requirements in other parts (upstream and downstream) of the products life cycle.



LCA calculation rules can be described on different hierarchic levels within one specific information module. Evenif a PCR document refers to a “small” product, the calculation rules can, in a stringent way, be defined for amuch “broader” product group. As long as the PCR document clearly describes the relevant calculation rules(linked to a well-defined CPC code) some of these can also be valid for fairly similar products

An accepted and general applicable PCR structure based on CPC codes will give clear indications about what typeof product categories or system boundaries to recommend for upcoming PCR work.

The overarching structure referring to a “core information module” for gate-to-gate conditions, i.e. themanufacturing processes, as the basic foundation of a PCR document could well support the development of an
upcoming SME-oriented staged approach for EPD work.

B.1. THE CPC SCHEME
CPC is a complete product classification scheme covering goods and services. It is based on the physical characteristics
of goods or on the nature of the services rendered. Each type of good or service distinguished in the CPC is defined insuch a way that it is normally produced by only one activity as defined in the International Standard Industrial
Classification of all economic activities (ISIC). Conversely, each activity of the ISIC is defined in such a way that it
normally produces only one type of product as defined in the CPC (where each type of product may have a number of18

http://unstats.un.org

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individual products coded under it). So far as is practically possible, an attempt is made to establish a one-to-one
correspondence between the two classifications, each category of the CPC being accompanied by a reference to the ISIC
class in which the good or service is mainly produced. The CPC covers products that are an output of economic
activities, including transportable goods, non-transportable goods and services.
The CPC scheme is, as far as possible, based on a hierarchic life cycle perspective, i.e. material, manufacture andproducts belong to the same group. Adding to the principles of other product classification schemes, CPC could be
regarded as a hybrid between those and a formal life cycle system. The CPC scheme does not always start from theacquisition of raw materials, but instead offers a logical structure for the development of PCR documents. Assumingthat the PCR documents are developed on a sector level, the CPC scheme is more logical than any other productclassification scheme.
The CPC scheme has a wide coverage and there is one category for all products and services being traded on national
and international markets. The codes used in the CPC scheme are hierarchic and purely decimal based, as a maximum,
on digits.
Sections – one digit code;Divisions – two-digit code;Groups – three-digit code;

Classes – four-digit code;Subclasses – five-digit code

B.2. THE CPC-BASED PCR STRUCTURE
The PCR documents describe the type of information to be given about a product and the EPD from a life cycle
perspective as well as how this information shall be generated. The CPC scheme provides an approach for coding
information modules which linked together can describe a products life cycle. While the PCR document regulates how
an EPD can be generated for product categories, the CPC scheme is used for coding and defining the information
modules.
An example of such an approach a PCR document is given below for “Milk and milk-based products”:

0 – Agriculture, forestry andfishery products

2 – Food products, beverages
and tobacco; textiles, appareland leather products

02 – Live animals and animal
products (exluding meat)

22 – Dairy products and egg
products

022 – Raw milk

221 – Processed liquid milk
and cream

0221 – Raw milk from bovine
animals

2211 – Processed liquid milk

02211 – Raw milk of cattle

22110 – Processed liquid
milk

Figure B.1 Outline of the principles of the CPC classification scheme

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The two-digit code (divisions) typically defines an industry specific product group (e.g. division 22. Dairy products)
which may have a number of individual products coded under it (e.g. group 221. Processed liquid milk and cream).
Thus, the two-digit code, and sometimes the one digit code, may be used to define industry specific information
modules, which when combined build up specific product life-cycles in a horizontal dimension. Each one of these also
provides an embedded vertical structure going from a general product group to more specific individual products.
The use of the CPC system leads to a structure for PCR documents in two dimensions:a “horizontal” dimension describing the product’s value chain divided according to business sectors, i.e. buildingon CPC-coded information modules, and

a “vertical” dimension defining each information module (with a further delineation of each such section into
subclasses).

B.2.1. STRUCTURING THE PCR DOCUMENT ACCORDING TO THE LCA STAGESThe CPC concept forms the basis for a PCR structure to:provide a structure for industry specific PCR Basic Modules, or rather the PCR core module and up-streams
modules as well as down-streams modules within the product group system boundary, and

open up for differentiated, but defined levels of requirements in the PCR document, i.e. part of the requirements
may be applicable on a generic product group level, part of the requirements may be limited to selected individual
products.

This approach is illustrated below where A stands for a raw material acquisition, B for semi-manufacturing of goods, C
for the manufacturing of the product, D for use of the product and E for end-of-life treatment:

AA

BB

CC
CCC
CCCC

DDDD

EEEE

UPSTREAM

MANUFACTURING

DOWNSTREAM(cradle-to-gate)(gate-to-gate)(gate-to-grave)

Figure B.2 Outline of the principles to apply the CPC classification scheme to the various life cycle stages.
The PCR document should be structured accordingly, but this does not dramatically change the way the PCR document
previously have been outlined. However, it introduces a CPC-coded core information module offering both ahomogeneous hierarchic structure to define the product group at different levels of details (vertical within the coremodule) as well as a distribution of “responsibilities for PCR work” between different branches (developed within othermodules). The rationale behind this is that a specific industry sector/branch has the best knowledge and competence todevelop the parts in the PCR document belonging to its own NACE-code (CPC code), but not usually not for otherindustry sectors (suppliers and customers). The PCR structure also enables the LCA calculations rules for different partsof handling the information within the core module to be placed on different hierarchic levels, also making it possible todevelop information modules for rather “small” and specific product groups within a hierarchic system where
substantial parts of the calculation rules have a more broader and general applicability.
A PCR structure following the CPC system can be used to clearly specify what type of data quality criteria to fulfil foreach information module. It also will give a clear instruction about which product groups or system boundaries tochoose in upcoming PCR development work.
The CPC system will also help in separating the type of general PCR rules that are valid for most products and, hence,
could be included in the overall PCR rules. For the suggested CPC structure, the PCR document will be referred to as“information modules” to be supplemented with other similar modules or relevant useful information, which is
described below in more detail.

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B.2.2.1 The PCR upstream modules
The CPC scheme enables information modules upstream manufacturing to be clearly defined and provide a basis forsetting the data quality requirements, regardless if such data are available or not. In most cases, in the early phase of
the development of environmental declaration programmes, there will be a lack of PCR documents for parts of the value
chain upstream.
The following rules apply on a general basis:in case there exists PCR documents for upstream modules will these describe the requirements for systemboundaries and data quality requirements for the collection and preparation of product- and supplier-specificdata. If an actual EPD is available from a supplier, this information shall be used as a data source (or as a
specification of demand for relevant data quality),in case there is a lack of relevant PCR documents or EPDs, selected generic data sources can be used and shallbe referred to in the PCR document. If these selected generic data do not supply the required upstream
information, proxy data, fulfilling the so-called “10%-rule” will be accepted to use (see Section A.5). The CPC
structure shall be used to clearly define the data quality requirements valid for each relevant information module,these rules do not change the data quality requirements for upstream processes compared to the current premises,
but rather offer a more logical structure easy to communicate.

B.2.2.2. The PCR core modules for gate-to-gate conditions
The CPC structure is based on information modules for gate-to-gate conditions supplemented with other information
modules for the remaining part of the life cycle or different types of substitution information.
The vertical hierarchic separation in the CPC structure enables a similar separation to be made of the rules in the PCR
document having the advantage of harmonisation between different products with principally the same origin. In theexample given above for “Milk and milk-based products” is it plausible that the rules for the cradle-to-gate part of the
LCA in most cases can be defined on a “division- or, in some cases, a group level” (i.e. for two- or three-digit codes),while the rules in the PCR document for complementary information maybe have to be defined on a lower level (i.e.
three- to five digit codes).
By specifying requirements for a clear separation of different PCR rules, the development of highly specific and “small”
PCR documents can be avoided. Making use of the CPC structure for “sections” and “divisions” will lead to productswith a similar origin will be given an “industry section specific” hierarchic structure. This will substantially facilitate the
PCR work concentrating the information module to the manufacturing of a selected industry sector.
B.2.2.3. The PCR downstream modules
The calculation rules for the PCR downstream modules are usually based on scenarios the use and end-of-life stages.
These rules are similar to the present PCR structure, but can in some cases, depending on the relevant characteristics
for the product group under study, specify rules on a higher and more general coding level.

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GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONSDATE 2015-05-11
GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEMANNEX C – GUIDANCE ON PCR DEVELOPMENT
This annex gives detailed guidance on PCR-development within the International EPD® System. The PCR development
aims to be compliant with the “Guidance for Product Category Rule Development”19, with some minor exceptions. Fullcompliance with the Guidance may be sought for and claimed in each PCR, taking all its requirements andrecommendations into account.
The PCR development process in the International EPD® System consists of five phases:
1.

Initiation2.

Preparation3.

Consultation

4.

Approval and publication

5.

UpdateC.1. INITIATION
The initiation phase includes the following elements:
Appoint a PCR moderatorConsider available PCRs

Seek cooperation with other parties to take part in the PCR CommitteePlanning of the PCR development

Announcement of the initiation of the PCR work on the International EPD® System website

C.1.1. APPOINT A PCR MODERATOR
There is a need to closely link external experts to help and support the programme operator in developing and updating
PCR documents, as for the foreseeable future, there will be a number of countries with no national programmes
running. Also the intended applicability of the International EPD® System on a global market might lead to a too highworkload for programme operator in case PCR development has to be handled with limited external help.
The work to be carried out for the PCR development process needs strong coordination. Therefore, it is of vital
importance that the work is led by a person familiar with the EPD approach as well as having the necessary basic LCA
understanding. This work shall be carried out in close cooperation with the programme operator.
To safeguard a successful outcome of the PCR development work, the International EPD® system nominates a PCR
moderator to take on the role as a leading person in the PCR preparation process.
Among the tasks to undertake for the PCR moderator would be:to be responsible for the overall drafting the PCR proposal,

to invite LCA/EPD/PCR and industry experts to take part in the development of PCR documents in the PCR
Committee,

to define product category and identify relevant codes in the UN CPC classification,to submit a time plan for the PCR development to the Secretariat, and inform the Secretariat of any changes tothe time plan during the development,

to inform the Secretariat about relevant industry and trade publications were PCR development should beannounced,

to help in appointing a Product Category Stakeholder Consultation Group to be invited to the open consultation,to take actions to guide people in the open consultation process via the PCR Forum,

19

Guidance for Product Category Rule Development, Product Category Rule Guidance Developmen Initiative Collaborative Work,version 1.0, 2013. www.pcrguidance.org.

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to collect and respond to stakeholder comments,to revise the PCR document according to the comments received, make a summary of comments included andrejected (and their rationale) and publish it on the PCR Forum,to draft the final PCR proposal,

to alert all people being involved in the process about the final outcome of the work and the publication of the
document on the International EPD® System website, andto remain as the contact person during the time when the PCR document is being used on the market for e.g.
collecting suggestions for improvement in upcoming revisions (in case this is not durable, the PCR moderator isrequested to suggest another person capable of taking over the duties).

C.1.2. CONSIDER AVAILABLE PCRS
Harmonisation of PCR documents is a cornerstone in the International EPD® System due to its international
applicability. Therefore, the development of PCR for a product category should be done considering readily available
PCR documents in the same product category and the appropriate market area, as advocated in ISO 14025. Whenstarting up PCR development, it is therefore important as a first step to search for available PCR documents, which
could be done by making use of the existing PCRs developed within the framework of the International EPD® System orother ISO 14025 compliant programmes.
If a relevant PCR document already exists in another environmental declarations programme it is important to examine
the basic LCA approach taken to find out if the degree of consistencies with the approach taken in the International
EPD® System. As a general rule appropriate information from other PCR document should be used to the extent
possible. If a PCR does not exist for the product category of interest, this has to be prepared and approved inaccordance to the procedure for developing a PCR document within the framework of the International EPD® System.
The specific approach for structuring PCR documents taken in the International EPD® System based on the PMIconcept could lead to a staged approach in the development work. After the definition of the product category understudy giving it the relevant CPC code, it might be possible to identify a PCR Basic Module at a lower more basic (e.g. on
a two-digit level) already existing and valid. In such a situation the identified PCR Basic Module shall be used, resulting
in less work and costs to develop the PCR.
C.1.3. SEEK COOPERATION WITH OTHER PARTIES TO TAKE PART IN THE PCR COMMITTEE
Developing PCR documents should always be done as an open co-operative effort including as many interested parties
as possible, e.g. representatives different companies and trade associations to ensure a broad acceptance andreproducibility of the calculation rules. The PCR committee should include members representing the geographicalscope of the PCR.
It is recommended that the PCR committee is composed of enough independent members to assure the interests of one
party do not dominate the PCR development process. It is recommended that any potential conflicts of interest by PCR
Committee members are announced within the PCR Committee.
In case of single companies initiating the work to develop PCR, it is especially important to seek co-operation with otherparties that may be interested to participate in the work. This work may be supported by the programme operator.
Reaching out to other parties shall include stakeholders interested in the product under study.
Based on the Guidance for Product Category Rule Development, stakeholders that need to be considered are those that:

Manufacture products in the product categoryUse products in the product category

Are experts in the product category

Represent manufacturers or users of products in the product categoryHave financial interests in the product category

Are in the chain of accountabilityHave authority or decision-making power over some aspect of products in the product category

Are program operators

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GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEMAre PCR developersAre experts in the field of product sustainabilityAre non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or other organizations interested in societal wellbeing or environment
protection

A stakeholder identification worksheet (see example below from the Guidance for PCR development) may be used toensure that all affected parties and individuals are considered as potential stakeholders for the PCR Committee and theProduct Category Stakeholder Consultation Group.
NAME

STAKEHOLDER TYPE

INTERESTS AT STAKEPARTICIPATION TYPE (PCR COMMITTEE OR
PRODUCT CATEGORY STAKEHOLDERCONSULTATION GROUP)

Table 4 Example of a stakeholder identification worksheet. Adopted from the Guidance for PCR development.

The programme operator shall publish the members of the PCR Committee on the PCR website.
C.1.4. PLANNING OF THE PCR DEVELOPMENT
The PCR moderator shall, before the announcement of the PCR, send in a time plan for the PCR development process.
The time plan shall give estimate date when the draft PCR will be available for open consultation. This information will
be published on the website when the PCR is announced. If the time plan is revised the PCR moderator shall inform theSecretariat. If the development procedure is delayed without any information from the PCR moderator, the Secretariat
can stop the PCR development process.
C.1.5. ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE INITIATION OF THE PCR WORK ON THE INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEM WEBSITE
When a decision is taken to start the work developing a PCR document, this shall be announced to the programme
operator being responsible for handling such an announcement. The announcement may be accompanied by selected
information of relevance for the PCR work. It is compulsory to indicate the PCR moderator to contact for further
information.
The programme operator will make information public available about the upcoming PCR work on the website,
searchable database and social media. The immediate announcement of a PCR document under preparation isimportant due to several reasons, e.g. to inform and engage interested parties to be involved in the work (which should
be done by contacting the PCR moderator) and to avoid parallel work within the same product category in anotherenvironmental declarations programme, if found relevant.
The PCR moderator shall inform the Secretariat about relevant industry and trade publications were PCR development
should be announced.

C.2. PREPARATION
The preparation phase includes the following elements:Use of relevant PCR Basic Module as guidelines and PCR template

Identify the pre-set categories of parameters to be included in the EPDSpecify the LCA-based content of the PCR documentSelect relevant additional environmental informationQuality check before consultation

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C.2.1. USE OF PCR BASIC MODULES AS GUIDELINES AND PCR TEMPLATEThe International EPD® System has introduced PCR Basic Modules to provide guidance for the PCR development. As
described in Annex B the PCR Basic Modules are categorised according to the CPC two digit level. When developing a
PCR, the relevant CPC-code(s), on three, four or five digit level should be identified according to Section 3.1.
The PCR-Basic Module contains the information needed to develop a PCR within that specific CPC-code, some of thetext can be used directly and some text needs to be defined in the PCR. The document is intended to be used as atemplate for PCR development and is available via www.environdec.com.
C.2.2. IDENTIFY THE PRE-SET CATEGORIES OF PARAMETERS IN THE EPD
The International EPD® System describes a minimum set of pre-set categories of parameters applicable to all productcategories. These categories of parameters might be supplemented by other categories of parameters if found relevant to
the product group under consideration. The complete set of pre-set categories of parameters may not therefore be
identical for all product categories. Pre-set categories of parameters may also include other data not derived from thelife cycle inventory/LCA-based calculations which are to be reported as additional environmental data. The PCR Basic
Module can provide some guidance on which categories to use.
C.2.3. SPECIFY THE LCA-BASED CONTENT OF THE PCR DOCUMENT
Most of the information included in an EPD is derived from LCA-based calculation. It is therefore important that a PCR
document covers the relevant key LCA information, such as:choice and definition of functional unit or declared unit,

choice and description of system boundaries,choice of specific cut-off criteria,

choice of allocation rules,



choice of underlying data, to indicate specific and generic data used,

choice of selected parameters for description of environmental performance (additional to the ones described to
be included in the general format),

selection of a specific database if some data are very significant for the final result.

The preparation of PCRs shall focus on these issues that are complementary to the General Programme Instructions andspecific to the product category under study.
In accordance with ISO 14025, the PCR shall be based on one or more life cycle assessments conducted in accordancewith ISO 14044 and other relevant studies. This includes any supporting studies performed in parallel to PCRdevelopment. The PCR Committee should review relevant scientific papers available or submitted during the
preparation, as appropriate. The final PCR shall reference the supporting studies, but they do not have to be madepublic.
To ensure coordination across related PCRs in the same supply chain, a PCR Coordinator has been appointed for certain
product sectors such as the food and agricultural sector. The coordinator will assist the programme operator insuggesting alignment efforts between PCRs.
C.2.4. SELECT RELEVANT ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATIONThe EPD shall include, where relevant, additional environmental information, e.g.:Data that are not part of the LCA studyInformation on existing management systems or other certification programmes applied to the product

Information on preferred waste management options



Information on activities related to Social Responsibility

For more information about issues to consider, see the Section 3.

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C.3.3 QUALITY CHECK BEFORE CONSULTATIONThe Secretariat will check the final draft before the open consultation to ensure that no obvious contradictions to these
programme instructions exists, make editorial changes and suggest improvements for clarity.

C.3. CONSULTATION
All proposals for PCR documents developed must be subject to an open consultation procedure before officially being
approved. The consultation phase includes the following elements:Constitute the Product Category Stakeholder Consultation Group

Prepare the open consultation procedureInvite/alert people to take part in the open consultation

Reply to comments received during open consultation

The consultation approach of the International EPD® System will secure a fairly strict and generally-accepted procedureenabling all interested parties to interact. Probably the single most important work element is to identify the relevant
parties to be involved in the consultation process so that they cover all principal stakeholders, which is suggested to be
carried out as cooperation between the PCR moderator and the programme operator in creating the Product Category
Stakeholder Consultation Group.
The open consultation procedure is considered to be satisfactory in case the PCR work and the documents to commenton have been accurately notified to a Product Category Stakeholder Consultation Group consisting of
persons/organisation sufficiently covering the industrial sector under study both on a national and regional basis. The
procedure carried out shall guarantee credibility and easy to participate for any interested party, Hence, it has to be
carried out in an transparent way giving anyone concerned easy access to information and documents to avoid criticism
of being selective, non-understandable and difficult to join.
C.3.1 CONSTITUTE THE PRODUCT CATEGORY STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION GROUP
As described by the Guidance for PCR development, it is pertinent that the appropriate stakeholders be identified andinvited to the PCR Committee or to the public consultation so the PCR will reflect the input of a balanced andrepresentative stakeholder group. The PCR Moderator and programme operator shall actively reach out to relevant
stakeholders. The following parties should be involved in the open consultation procedure:

any interested party asking specific questions about the PCR or people/organisations requesting to be invited tothe consultation,the PCR Committee for covering and handling specific issues related to the relevant product category understudy/discussion,other relevant stakeholders within the industry, LCA/EPD experts, member organisations of the stakeholder
network of the International EPD® system and verifiers within the International EPD® Systemthe PCR moderator responsible for administrating the comments received during the consultation phase. The PCRmoderator may also continue selected duties later on when the PCR document is subject for update,the programme operator responsible for administrating the website and cover any activity related to the PCRdevelopment process during their approval, publication and updating phases.

See also the list and stakeholder identification worksheet in Section C.1.3.
C.3.2. PREPARE THE OPEN CONSULTATION PROCEDUREOpen consultations should be carried out as an open internet-based participatory process making use of the PCR Forum.
Open consultations can also, supplementary to this procedure, include a public meeting or a webinar.
An open internet-based consultation via the PCR Forum expands the possibility to broaden the participation of
stakeholders from different parts of the world. The use of the PCR Forum also has the advantage that it facilitates
participation from interested parties having difficulties to attend meetings, e.g. NGOs and environmental groups.

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A public meeting or a webinar provides the possibility for interested parties to actually meet and discuss the PCR
proposal. It also gives the possibility for the company or trade association to early inform about upcoming EPDs toappear on the market.
A public announcement of the open consultation shall be presented on the International EPD® Systems website by the
programme operator and preferably also by the parties preparing the PCR as appropriate. It is therefore important for the
PCR moderator to be in close contact with the programme operator prior to the open consultation.
C.3.3 INVITE/ALERT PEOPLE TO TAKE PART IN THE OPEN CONSULTATIONOpen consultation via the PCR Forum shall be carried out in cooperation between the PCR moderator and theprogramme operator to make the necessary preparations on the Internet. This cooperative effort involves:the preparation of the PCR proposal to be discussed,

the publication of the document on the website, and

direct contact with members of the Product Category Stakeholder Consultation Group and other relevant
stakeholders with information that the PCR document is open for discussion and comments. They should be
actively encouraged to spread information about the consultation to other relevant stakeholders.

At the onset of the open consultation procedure all members of the Product Category Stakeholder Consultation Groupand other relevant stakeholders may preferably receive a separate mail informing them about the upcoming consultation
to take place with guidance on where to find the relevant document as well as information on how to respond and givecomments via the PCR Forum. A deadline for the consultation period shall also be given. The open consultation period
lasts for eight (8) weeks.
It is the ambition of the International EPD® System to maintain contact with the members of the Product Category
Stakeholder Consultation Group even after the consultation process in order to keep them informed about experiences
and progress made by using the PCR in practise. This activity will hopefully motivate members of the Product Category
Stakeholder Consultation Group to maintain as group members until a revision of the PCR is about to take place.
Open consultation via public meetings shall be arranged by the parties involved in the preparation of the PCR. Aspects
to consider include:Invitations should be sent to representatives for authorities, trade associations, interest organisations, companies
and organisations relevant to the product or service and other parties with an interest to take part of the meeting
including all relevant international partiesPossibilities shall be given to provide written commentsAn overall and understandable presentation of the International EPD® System shall be available for the audienceComments received at the meeting shall be documented and considered in the final version of the PCR proposal

C.3.4. REPLY TO COMMENTS RECEIVED DURING OPEN CONSULTATIONThe PCR moderator shall make a summary of the comments received and the proposed changes in the document andpublish it on the PCR Forum. It is also recommended that the PCR moderator replies individually to all stakeholders
that have provided comments during the consultation.

C.4. APPROVAL AND PUBLICATION
The approval and publication of PCR documents include the following elements:

prepare final draft PCRthe PCR review proceduredisclosing open information about the approval of the PCR documentsetting the validity of PCR documents

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C.4.1 PREPARE FINAL DRAFT PCR
The PCR moderator is responsible for drafting the final draft PCR with the PCR committee. The final draft shall take thecomments received during the open consultation procedure into due consideration.
The PCR moderator and PCR committee shall prepare a report including a description of the open consultation processcarried out, the parties invited to and participating in the consultation, the main comments received and how thesehave been handled. In case certain comments have not been considered, this has to be justified.
The PCR moderator shall inform about the finalisation of the PCR proposal via the PCR Forum and send the final draft
PCR and the associated report to the Secretariat for review by the Technical Committee.
C.4.2. THE PCR REVIEW PROCEDURE
The PCR review procedure is carried out by a panel associated to the International EPD® System called the TechnicalCommittee (TC). The TC consists of selected persons knowledgeable in the field of LCA/PCR/EPD and working both inofficial organisations, companies and research organisations. See Section 2.1.2 for more information on the TC.
The members of the TC and the acting chairperson are presented at the website to the International EPD® System andmay be contacted via the Secretariat.
The TC shall meet regularly (not necessary in-person meetings) to be able to efficiently carry out the review of proposed
PCR documents. TC members are required to recuse themselves from review of the PCR in case they had any conflict ofinterest.
The review shall address the following:that the PCR development process have been carried out according to these General Programme Instructions,the compliance according to relevant standards and the General Programme Instructions regarding the choices for
the LCA (system boundaries, allocation rules, etc.),

how the PCR moderator has handled the feedback received during the open consultation.

The review procedure can either lead to:the full acceptance of the PCR proposal,

the acceptance of the PCR proposal with comments to be fulfilled, orthe need for further clarification and amendments required by the TC.

In case the TC gives comments on PCR proposals, it is the responsibility of the PCR moderator to follow up that thesecomments are considered in the preparation of the final version of the PCR document. In case the TC needs further
clarifications or amendments to the text, the PCR moderator is responsible for providing the TC with a new version of
the PCR document.
If the PCR moderator does not comply with the comments from the technical review, the Secretariat may terminate the
PCR development process.
C.4.3. DISCLOSING OPEN INFORMATION ABOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE PCR
As soon as the PCR document is approved, the programme operator shall publish it on the International EPD® System
website with associated information presented on the website including general information about the scope of the PCR
and CPC codes, registration identity, PCR moderator, contributors in the preparatory work, etc. together with thepossibility to directly comment on the document via the PCR Forum. The comments and recommendations made by the
TC in the approval procedure of the PCR shall be publicly available upon request. The responsible parties may provide
more detailed background materials and reports developed in the process of preparing the PCR document, if found
relevant.
C.4.4 SETTING THE VALIDITY OF PCR DOCUMENTS
The validity of PCR documents is specified for a pre-determined period of time from the date of the approval. The
validity shall be announced on the website and in the PCR document.

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It is important that a PCR document has a validity time with a reasonable sufficient length to safeguard market stability.
The period of validity should preferably be linked to the hierarchic level of the PCR in the CPC classification scheme,
where PCRs on a lower digit level (being less product-specific) may be accurate for a longer time period. The period ofvalidity shall be subject for a judgement of the consistency of the LCA calculation on a case-by-case basis with input
from the PCR moderator and settled by the programme operator.
A reasonable average period of validity may be in the range of three to five years.

C.5 UPDATINGA PCR document is valid for a pre-determined period of time. The predetermined validity time for PCR documents
enables the possibility to prepare an eventual update of a PCR document at regular intervals.
When the validity time is about to expire the PCR moderator shall initiate a discussion with the programme operator how
to proceed with updating the document and extending the period of validity. If a PCR has expired, the document shallbe updated before being used to produce new EPDs or to register an update of an existing EPD with a prolonged
validity.
The latest version of the General Programme Instructions and the relevant PCR Basic Module shall be used as a basis
for the PCR update. Recent developments in LCA methodology, standardisation and alignment with other PCRs
published in the International EPD® System or other ISO 14025 programmes shall also be considered.
PCR documents can also be revised during its validity period, provided significant and well-justified proposals forchanges or amendments are presented. This includes the publication of a new version of the General Programme
Instructions, new LCA-based information generated in the relevant industry sector, special market demands not coveredin the existing PCR document or comments received during the validity period of the document being of sufficienttechnical relevance or minor edits for clarification.
It is important to simplify the procedure for updating a PCR document with the necessary involvement of interested
parties. A reminder of the need for an eventual update of a PCR document may be indicated on the website. The
updating phase includes the following elements:

possibilities to give comments on PCR documents,

updating following comments received,

prolonging the period of validity following no comments received.

C.5.1. POSSIBILITIES TO GIVE COMMENTS ON PCR DOCUMENTS
It is possible for any interested party to comment on the PCR document during the period when the document is in use.
These comments will be filed by the programme operator and valuable as inputs when the PCR document is subject for
an update. Comments on the PCR documents can be provided either directly via the PCR Forum or sent to the PCR
Moderator and programme operator.
In case of any substantial and immediate change of the document is required, such a request can be sent to theprogramme operator. The request will be processed through the Technical Committee (TC), which will decide upon theurgency of the matter. In case the request is found appropriate, the programme will inform the PCR moderator andinitiate the revision process. Minor changes for clarification of the document may be handled by the Secretariat.
C.5.2. UPDATE FOLLOWING COMMENTS RECEIVED
The PCR moderator shall be engaged in the updating of a PCR document and lead the revision process. In case no PCR
moderator exists for the product category under study, the programme operator shall initiate the process also trying toengage another person to accept taking the role as PCR moderator.
The revision process shall start well before the validity time for PCR document expires to give due time for announcing
and collecting comments. An update of an existing PCR document usually takes less time compared with the
preparation of the initial document, but it is recommended that the PCR update is initiated six months before theexpiration of the PCR.
The PCR moderator shall announce the updating process over the PCR Forum clearly indicating the time for providing
comments. In case a PCR Committee exists, they shall be engaged in the work and informed about the possibility to

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give comments on the document. The need for a new open consultation and technical review on the document is basedon the magnitude of the update.
C.5.3. PROLONGING THE PERIOD OF VALIDITY FOLLOWING NO COMMENTS RECEIVED
In case no comments have been received on available PCR documents, the programme operator can prolong the validityof the document, providing there are good reasons for extending the validity of the document, e.g. by a special market
request. In such a case, a less formal open consultation is to recommend for checking the accuracy of the document bymeans of consulting the PCR Committee or by involving the Product Category Stakeholder Consultation Group. If there
are no major technical changes in the document, the Secretariat can publish the new version without involving the TC.

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GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONSDATE 2015-05-11
GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEMANNEX D – EPD PROCESS CERTIFICATION: REQUIREMENTS
D.1. INTRODUCTION
Section 5.4 describes an activity where organisations can develop and launch EPDs without a third party certifier being
involved in each case. This document clarifies how companies shall apply a systemised manner and specifically thedemands that need to be verified by a third party verifier.
This clarification contains generic information in Section 1 – 3 and 7, and normative claims in Section 4 – 6. At third
party verification the claims in the normative Sections 4 - 5 will be verified primarily.
D.1.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE EPD PROCESSThe activity to develop EPD shall follow a certain process pattern:

Figure D.1 The EPD Process.

Such a process shall be established and controlled by necessary procedures and activities.
D.1.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EPD PROCESS CERTIFICATION ACTIVITY
The internal EPD process certification process shall be outlined according to the PDCA principle:
Planning: Setting up resources needed for this activity, assessment plans and defining criteria’s for approval. Recordsof this shall be kept.
Doing: Execute assessments according to plan, with trained internal staff at defined intervals and according to theapproval criteria’s. Records of this shall be kept.
Checking: Internal independent party shall verify that the EPD process certification activity is outlined well and works
effectively and according to the norms.
Acting: Finally the management shall certify by a written statement that the above process works properly and effective
and according to the norms. The statement shall be updated annually.
D.1.3. DESCRIPTION OF THE EPD PROCESS THIRD PARTY VERIFICATION ACTIVITY
The EPD process shall be verified by an independent third party verifier. Such a verifier shall normally be an accredited
body for certification of products/processes. The verifications shall be done as an accredited service under thesupervision of an accreditation body.

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D.2. NORMATIVE REFERENCE
See ISO 14001:2004, ISO 9001:2008, ISO14040 series and the General Programme Instructions. For construction
product EPDs that claim compliance with EN 15804, this standard is also a reference.

D.3. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
TERM
EPD

DEFINITION
Environmental product declarations

PCR

Product category rules

CPC

UN Central Product Classification, classification system used for PCR

LCALife cycle assessment

EPD process

Chain of activities within an organisation that links together in a certain systemised
pattern, from an initial start-up to a final result as the launch of the EPD.

EPD process owner

Personnel having authority and responsibility in managing the EPD process from start to
final EPD.

EPD responsible publisher

Personnel having authority and responsibility regards when publish EPD to external party

EPD process assurance

An internal activity within an organisation that assure the reliability, the relevance andindependence in the handling of the EPD process. The assurance of the EPDs shall havesame value as if EPD has been certified by a third party verifier.

EPD process assessment

An internal activity within the organisation that regularly with certain frequency assess the
EPD process to certify it appropriateness.

EPD process certification verification

An external third party verification made by an accredited body, to verify the internal EPD
process assurance.

Table D.1. Terms and definitions

D.4. THE EPD PROCESS
D.4.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
The organisation shall establish, document, implement and maintain a systemized EPD process and continually improve
its effectiveness in accordance with the requirements of this document.
The organisation shall:a)determine the sequence and interaction of the EPD process and other processes within the company,b)

determine criteria and methods needed to ensure that both the operation and control of the EPD process are
effective,c)ensure the availability of the resources and information necessary to support the operation and monitor of the EPD
process,d)monitor, measure where applicable, and analyse the EPD process, ande)

implement actions necessary to achieve planned results and continual improvement of the EPD process.

Where an organisation chooses to outsource any part of the EPD process that affects the conformity of the EPD result,the organisation shall ensure control over such process parts.
D.4.2. DOCUMENT REQUIREMENTS
The documentation of the EPD process shall include:a)a general description of the EPD processb)documented procedures and records required by this document.

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D.4.3. MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY
Top management shall ensure that responsibilities and authorities related to the EPD process are defined andcommunicated within the organisation. An EPD process ownership shall be defined as well as a defined responsible
publisher of the EPDs.
Top management shall explicitly declare its intensions and ambitions with the EPD process in form of one or several
policies, strategies or similar type of documents.
Top management shall annually – based on results from internal assessments and external verifications – evaluate theEPD process concerning its effectiveness, relevance and appropriateness and make conclusions and actions needed forcontinuous improvement of the EPD process.
D.4.4. PROVISION OF RESOURCES
The organisation shall determine and provide the resources needed to implement and maintain the EPD process andcontinually improve its effectiveness.
Personnel performing work affecting conformity to the EPD process requirements shall be competent on the basis ofappropriate education, training, skills and experience.
The organisation shall:a)determine the necessary competence for personnel performing work affecting conformity to the EPD process
requirementsb)where applicable, provide training or take other actions to achieve the necessary competence,c)evaluate effectiveness of the actions taken,d)ensure that its personnel are aware of the relevance and importance of their activities and how they contribute to
the conformity of EPD process requirements, ande)maintain appropriate records of education, training, skills and experience.

The organisation shall determine, provide and maintain the infrastructure needed to achieve conformity to the EPD
process requirements. Infrastructure includes as applicable,a)workspace and associated utilities,b)

process equipment (both hardware and software),c)

supporting services (i.e. information systems), andd)

LCA competence as listed in Section 5.9.2.1.

D.4.5. PLANNING OF THE EPD PROCESSThe organisation shall plan and develop the EPD process for the EPD realisation. Planning of EPD realisation shall beconsistent with the requirements of the General Programme Instructions. In planning of EPD realisation, theorganisation shall determine the following as appropriate:a)

Sources and version of PCR / CPC requirementsb)Sources and version of General Programme Instructionsc)the need to specify activities within the EPD process and to provide specific resources for that (i.e. datacollection, LCA calculation, LCA result review, EPD preparation, EPD review, maintenance of the EPDs validity
and representativeness),d)required verifications of the content of the EPDs delivered from the EPD process,e)

records needed to provide evidence that the EPD realisation process meet the EPD process certification
requirements.

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D.4.5.1 PCR/CPC development or status check
The organisation shall determine the requirements related to the PCR/CPC and review the EPD to be launched, prior to
the realisation of EPDs and this shall ensure that:a)

PCR/CPC requirement exists, andb)the organisation has the ability to meet the defined requirements.

Records such status check and actions arising from the review shall be maintained.
In case of no existing PCR for the actual product category, then organisation shall initiate the development of such rules
according to the General Programme Instructions.
D.4.5.2. Planning of the LCA activity and development of EPDs
D.4.5.2.1 Planning of the LCA activity
The organisation shall plan the LCA activity according to the ISO14040 series and in connection to requirements in
PCR/CPC and other norms in the General programme instructions.
D.4.5.2.2. Planning of EPD development activity
The organisation shall plan the EPD development activity according to the requirements in PCR/CPC and other norms in
the General Programme Instructions.
In case of pre-certified EPDs, these shall be included in the EPD process as well.
If EPD process owner intends to develop “single-issue EPDs” i.e. climate declarations, these shall also be covered by
the EPD process.
D.4.6. OPERATION OF THE EPD PROCESS
D.4.6.1 Collecting information
The organisation shall ensure that collected data conforms to specified data need requirements. The type and extent ofcontrol applied to the data collection activity shall be dependent upon the effects the gathered information will have on
the LCA result and the EPDs representativeness.
The organisation shall establish and implement controlling activities necessary to ensuring that the information used in
LCA for EPDs will be relevant, consistent and up-to date.
D.4.7. OPERATION OF THE LCA ACTIVITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF EPDS
D.4.7.1 Operation of the LCA activity
The organisation shall plan and carry out LCA activities under controlled conditions. Controlled conditions shall include,
as applicable:a)the availability of information that describes the characteristics of the actual product group,b)

the availability of work instructions, as necessary,c)the use of suitable equipment,d)the availability and use of critical reviews of LCA results.

D.4.7.2. Operation of the EPD development activity
The organisation shall plan and carry out EPD activities under controlled conditions. Controlled conditions shall include,
as applicable:a)the availability of information that describes the characteristics of the actual product group,

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the availability of work instructions, as necessary,c)the use of suitable equipment and communication tools,d)the availability and use of internal or external verification of EPDs.

Some information in EPDs are not connected to LCA, but shall be planed and controlled similarly, securing sources andquality of data.
According to the General Programme Instructions, EPDs shall include mandatory statements. The part concerning third
party verifier will in this context mean the third party verifier certifying the EPD process.
D.4.7.3. Maintenance of the EPD during its validity
The organisation shall preserve the developed EPDs representativeness during its scheduled time of validity by keeping
an EPD register for valid EPDs.
The EPD process shall contain measures that identify changing conditions that risks making the EPDs out of date or not
representative. Efficient control and applicable action shall be applied to such identified risks.

D.5. EPD PROCESS ASSURANCE
D.5.1 EPD PROCESS ASSESSMENT
The organisation shall conduct internal EPD process assessments at planned intervals to determine whether the EPD
process:a)conforms to the planned arrangements, to the requirements of this annex to the General Programme Instructions
and to the EPD process requirements established by the organisationb)

is effectively implemented and maintained

An assessment programme shall be planned, taking into consideration the status and importance of the activities within
the EPD process to be assessed, as well as the results of previous assessments. The assessment criteria, scope,frequency and methods shall be defined. The selection of assessors and conduct of assessments shall ensure objectivity
and impartiality of the audit process. Assessors shall not assess their own work.
A documented procedure shall be established to define the responsibilities and requirements for planning andconducting assessments, establishing records and reporting results. Records of the assessment results shall bemaintained.
The management responsible for the activity being assessed shall ensure that any necessary corrections and corrective
actions are taken without undue delay to eliminate detected nonconformities and their causes. Follow up activities shall
include verification of the actions taken and the reporting of these results.
D.5.2. EPD MANAGEMENT REVIEW
Top management (or representative having the role as EPD process owner) shall review the organisations EPD process atplanned intervals, to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness. This review shall include assessing
opportunities for improvement and the need for changes to the EPD process.
Records from such reviews shall be maintained.
D.5.1.1. Review input
The input to management review shall include information ona)results from internal assessments,b)reaction from EPD audience and other stakeholders,c)

EPD process performance and EPD conformity verifications done by third party verifier,

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d)status on preventive and corrective actions,e)follow up actions from previous management reviews,

f)changes that could affect the launched EPDs, as well as the development of new EPDs,g)

recommendations for improvement.

D.5.1.2. Review output
The main output of the review is the EPD process assurance statement, which assures the conformity of the present
EPD process with the General Programme Instructions and this annex.
Other outputs from the management review shall include any decisions and actions related toa)improvement of the effectiveness of the EPD process and its activities,b)

improvement of individual EPDs related to input from EPD audience or other relevant stakeholders,c)resource needs.

D.6. EPD PROCESS CERTIFICATION
During the time of validity of EPDs following the EPD process, as a complement to the internal assurance activity, there
shall be a verification done by an independent third party verifier.
The verification shall be done annually and cover the EPD process and the internal EPD process assurance activity. The
verification shall follow the praxis from audit management systems i.e. ISO 14001 or ISO 9001. The verification shallalso include sample checks of EPDs launched by the organisation and their compliance to the GPI.
The verification is an accredited service and is done under supervision of an accredited body. The result is an EPD
process certificate, stating that the EPD process and EPD process assurance activity follows the General Programme
Instructions. A valid certificate is a necessity for an organisation for being allowed acting under the Section 5.4.
EPDs developed by a certified EPD process according to this annex to the General Programme Instructions, shall beconsidered as equal to a third party certified EPD.

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GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONSDATE 2015-05-11
GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEMANNEX E – GUIDANCE ON COMMUNICATING EPD INFORMATION
E.1. INTRODUCTION
An EPD is an informative communications tool that organisations may use to disseminate information regarding theenvironmental performance of their products or services. Professional buyers and individual consumers are more andmore taking environmental requirements into account. This increases the need for communicating reliable
environmental information. EPDs are aimed at a diverse group of audiences through internal and external
communications.
EPDs can effectively be used in business-to-business (B2B), business-to-public authorities (B2P) and business-toconsumers (B2C) communications. B2P- and B2C-communication, when the customer needs detailed and reliable
environmental information on the supplied products and services, or even in environmental communication towards
stakeholders, if this is considered as a competitive opportunity.
It is important to consider the information needs of different purchaser and user groups, such as large business, small
and medium-sized enterprises and public procurement agencies. One of the main objectives of EPDs is to assist
purchasers to make informed comparisons between products belonging in the same product category.
Any environmental claims based on the EPD is recommended to meet the requirements in ISO 14021 (Environmental
labels and declarations - Self-declared environmental claims) and national legislation and best available practices in themarkets in which it will be used. The international standard ISO 14021 states that only environmental claims that canbe supported by up-to-date and documented facts may be used. Vague claims, such as “environmentally friendly”
should be avoided.

E.2. EPD – DOCUMENT FEATURESThe International EPD® System does not have requirements on the layout of the document or on the format ofpresentation as long as the requirements in Section 4 in the General Programme Instructions are fulfilled.

E.3. THE INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEM LOGOTYPE
A special EPD logotype has been developed to ensure a well-known identity of the International EPD® System to be usedon all official printed materials and declarations connected to the system to avoid confusion with other types of productrelated environmental labels and declarations.
E.3.1. THE GREEN YARDSTICK
The logotype symbolizes a yardstick, a standardized tool for objective measurement. The EPD measures theenvironmental performance of products and services in an objective and standardized way.
E.3.2. USE OF THE LOGOTYPEThe EPD® logotype can be used in connection with e.g. advertisement, on products and their packaging materials. It isalso possible to add more explanatory supplementary information if needed. The EPD® logotype can be used in many
ways for different market applications, for example:On the declarations - the logotype with no additional information

On products and packaging materials - logotype together with the given registration number, and referring to thewebsite (www.environdec.com) for more information. The relevant CPC code may also be stated.

On all types information materials - if a company/organisation wants to use selected information from the EPD forvarious purposes they shall indicate that the data is taken from an EPD, use the logotype together with the given
registration number, the relevant CPC code and referring to the website (www.environdec.com) for more
information.

Supplementary information - if the company/organisation would like to include information about any of its
management systems, either being a quality or environmental management system (e.g. ISO 9001, ISO 14001 or

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EMAS), or other systems related to e.g. Supply Chain Management, Social Responsibility, ILO Conventions,Occupational Health and Safety, as long as they can be verified.
The EPD shall only be used with a reference to the registration number and the website of the International EPD®
System www.environdec.com

The EPD® logotype is only allowed to be used within the framework of the International EPD® System or based on
special agreements with the programme operator.

An example on how to use the logotype on an EPD is illustrated below.

CERTIFIED ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION
S-P-XXXXX

www.environdec.com

If a company/organisation chooses to use information from the declaration in other information material, they shall statethat the data is taken from a certified environmental declaration, use the logotype and quote the given registration
number and web site for more information as the examples below illustrates.
An information label may be used in conjunction with advertising product or services and on products or on the
packaging of products. The reason for the information label is to provide the party which comes into contact with the
product with information that the product has a registered environmental product declaration and that additional
information on and description of the contents in the declaration are available on the Internet. This information label
shall have the following wording:This product/service has a Certified Environmental ProductDeclaration giving information about the environmental
performance, contents and recycling, which has been
controlled and verified according to the requirements of theInternational EPD® System.
EPD® registration number: S-P-XXXXX
More information is available on: www.environdec.com

Clarifications:the words contents and recycling shall be used only if such information is included,the registration number is shown here as S-P-xxxxx, the exact particulars are given in the registration confirmation,the words “This product/service” can be replaced by the name of the product/service, provided that the full
designation of the product/service is used in the same way as in the certificate issued by the certification body.

If only an information label is used for giving information on the environmental product declaration and in conjunction
with or in a manner that may affect private consumers, the following wording shall be used:

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This product/service has a Certified Environmental ProductDeclaration giving facts about the environmental performance
without valuation. The declaration has been controlled andverified according to the requirements of the International
EPD® System.
Registration number: S-P-XXXXX
More information is available on: www.environdec.com

E.3.2.1. Other logotype formats
The logotype is also available in the other formats by contacting the Secretariat.
E.3.3. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
If the company/organisation has an environmental management system according to ISO 14001 and/or EMAS
information acknowledging this can be added in the lower part of the information label. The following text shall be used:(Name of the company/organisation) has a verified environmental management system according to ISO 14001 and/or
EMAS.

E.4. SINGLE-ISSUE LABELAs an extreme synthesis of the LCA results, a standardized standalone label could be used for the declaration somespecific environmental impact, for example Global Warming Potential related to the entire life cycle of the productsystem under analysis. It could be presented on the company’ web site or directly on the pack or in any document
directly related to the environmental declaration of the product according to the company communication policy andstrategy. Using a single-issue label related to the International EPD® System is only allowed if agreed on with theprogramme operator.

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GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONSDATE 2015-05-11
GENERAL PROGRAMME INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EPD® SYSTEMANNEX F – DEFINITIONSAllocation
Partitioning the input or output flows of a process or a product system between the product system under study and one
or more other product systems [ISO 14040:2006]
Biogenic carbon
Carbon which is contained in biomass [ISO 14067:2010]
Biogenic carbon dioxide (CO2)
CO2 obtained by the oxidation of biogenic carbon [ISO 14067:2010]
Biomass
Material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations or transformed to fossilized material
and excluding peat. This includes organic material (both living and dead) from above and below ground, e.g. trees,
crops, grasses, tree litter, algae, animals and waste of biological origin, e.g. manure [ISO 14067:2010]
Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 equivalent)
Unit for comparing the radiative forcing of a greenhouse gas to carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide equivalent iscalculated using the mass of a given greenhouse gas multiplied by its global warming potential [ISO 14064:2006]
Carbon footprint
Net amount of greenhouse gas emissions and greenhouse gas removals, expressed in carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents.
The CO2 equivalent is calculated using the mass of a given greenhouse gas multiplied by its global warming potential.
[ISO 14067:2010]
Comparative assertion
Environmental claim regarding the superiority or equivalence of one product versus a competing product that performs
the same function [ISO 14040:2006]
Competence
Demonstrated personal attributes and demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and skills [ISO 19011:2002]
Consumer
Individual member of the general public purchasing or using goods, property or services for private purposes[ISO 14025:2006]
Co-productAny of two or more products coming from the same unit process or product system [ISO 14040:2006]
Cut-off criteria
Specification of the amount of material or energy flow or the level of environmental significance associated with unit
processes or product system to be excluded from a study [ISO 14040:2006]

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Data quality
Characteristics of data that relate to their ability to satisfy stated requirements [ISO 14040:2006]
Elementary flow
Material or energy entering the system being studied that has been drawn from the environment without previous humantransformation, or material or energy leaving the system being studied that is released into the environment without
subsequent human transformation [ISO 14040:2006]
Energy flow
Input to or output from a unit process or product system, quantified in energy units. Energy flow that is an input can becalled an energy input; energy flow that is an output can be called an energy output. [ISO 14040:2006]
Environmental aspect
Element of an organisation's activities, products or services that can interact with the environment [ISO 14040:2006]
Environmental impact
Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organisation's
environmental aspects [ISO 14001:2004]
Environmental label / declaration
Claim which indicates the environmental aspects of a product or service. An environmental label or declaration may takethe form of a statement, symbol or graphic on a product or package label, in product literature, in technical bulletins, inadvertising or in publicity, amongst other things. [ISO 14020:2000]
Feedstock energy
Heat of combustion of a raw material input that is not used as an energy source to a product system, expressed in termsof higher heating value or lower heating value. [ISO 14040:2006]
Functional unit
Quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit [ISO 14040:2006]
Global warming potential (GWP)
Factor describing the radiative forcing impact of one mass-based unit of a given greenhouse gas relative to an
equivalent unit of carbon dioxide over a given period of time [ISO 14064:2006]
Greenhouse gas
Gaseous constituent of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits radiation at specificwavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the earth's surface, the atmosphere, and clouds.
greenhouse gases include among others carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) [ISO 14064:2006]
Greenhouse gas emission
Total mass of a greenhouse gas released to the atmosphere over a specified period of time [ISO 14064:2006]
Greenhouse gas removal
Total mass of a greenhouse gas removed from the atmosphere over a specified period of time [ISO 14064:2006]

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Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment.
Impact category
Class representing environmental issues of concern to which life cycle inventory analysis results may be assigned[ISO 14040:2006]
Impact category indicator
Quantifiable representation of an impact category. The shorter expression “category indicator” is used for improved
readability [ISO 14040:2006]
Information module
Compilation of data to be used as a basis for a Type III environmental declaration, covering a unit process or a
combination of unit processes that are part of the life cycle of a product [ISO 14025:2006]
Interested party
Person or body interested in or affected by the development and use of a Type III environmental declaration[ISO 14025:2006]
Life cycle
Consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural
resources to final disposal [ISO 14040:2006]
Life cycle assessment (LCA)
Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product systemthroughout its life cycle [ISO 14040:2006]
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)
Phase of life cycle assessment aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and significance of the potential
environmental impacts for a product system throughout the life cycle of the product [ISO 14040:2006]
Life cycle interpretation
Phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both,are evaluated in relation to the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations[ISO 14040:2006]
Life cycle inventory analysis (LCI)
Phase of life cycle assessment involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs for a productthroughout its life cycle [ISO 14040:2006]
Offsetting
Mechanism for compensating for the carbon footprint of a product through the prevention of the release of, reduction in,or removal of, an equivalent amount of greenhouse gas emissions in a process outside the boundary of the productsystem. Examples of offsetting include external investment in renewable energy technologies, energy efficiency
measures and afforestation/reforestation [ISO 14021:2010]

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Organisation
Company, corporation, firm, enterprise, authority or institution, or part or combination thereof, whether incorporated ornot, public or private, that has its own functions and administration [ISO 14001:2004]
PCR review
Process whereby a third party panel verifies the product category rules [ISO 14025:2006]
Polluter-pays principle (PPP)The principle to be used for allocating costs of pollution prevention and control measures to encourage rational use of
scarce environmental resources and to avoid distortions in international trade and investment […] this principle meansthat the polluter should bear the expenses of carrying out the above-mentioned measures decided by public authorities
to ensure that the environment is in an acceptable state [OECD, 1972]
Post-consumer material
Material generated by households or by commercial, industrial and institutional facilities in their role as end-users of
the product which can no longer be used for its intended purpose. This includes returns of material from the
distribution chain. [ISO 14021:1999]
Pre-consumer material
Material diverted from the waste stream during a manufacturing process. Excluded is reutilisation of materials such as
rework, regrind or scrap generated in a process and capable of being reclaimed within the same process that generated
it.
Process
Set of interrelated or interacting activities that transforms inputs into outputs [ISO 9000:2005, definition 3.4.1(without notes)]
Product
Any goods or service [ISO 14024:1999]
Product category
Group of products that can fulfil equivalent functions [ISO 14025:2006]
Product category rules (PCR)
Set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for developing Type III environmental declarations for one or moreproduct categories [ISO 14025:2006]
Product system
Collection of unit processes with elementary and product flows, performing one or more defined functions, and whichmodels the life cycle of a product [ISO 14040:2006]
Programme operator
Body or bodies that conduct a Type III environmental declaration programme. A programme operator can be a company
or a group of companies, industrial sector or trade association, public authorities or agencies, or an independentscientific body or other organisation. [ISO 14025:2006]

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Raw material
Primary or secondary material that is used to produce a product. Secondary material includes recycled material.
[ISO 14040:2006]
Recycled content
Proportion, by mass, of recycled material in a product or packaging. Only pre-consumer and post-consumer materials
shall be considered as recycled content.
Recycled material
Material that has been reprocessed from recovered material by means of a manufacturing process and made into a final
product or into a component for incorporation into a product. [ISO 14021:1999]
Recovered material (secondary material)
Material that would have otherwise been disposed of as waste or used for energy recovery, but has instead beencollected and recovered as a material input, in lieu of new primary material, for a recycling or a manufacturing process.
[ISO 14021:1999]
Recovered energy
Energy recovery from waste materials refers to the collection and conversion of waste material into useful energy. This
includes any collection and conversion of waste materials from industry, home, business or public service facilities.
Reference flow
Measure of the outputs from processes in a given product system required to fulfil the function expressed by thefunctional unit [ISO 14040:2006]
Releases
Emissions to air and discharges to water and soil [ISO 14040:2006]
Secondary material
See Recycled material
Sensitivity analysis
Systematic procedures for estimating the effects of the choices made regarding methods and data on the outcome of astudy [ISO 14040:2006]
Stakeholder
Person, group of people or organisation that can affect, be affected by, or perceive to be affected by a decision or
activity [ISO 14067:2010]
Supply chain
Those involved, through upstream and downstream linkages, in processes and activities delivering value in the form of
products to the user. In practice, the expressions “product chain” or “value chain” are often used [ISO/TR
14062:2002]
System boundary
Set of criteria specifying which unit processes are part of a product system [ISO 14040:2006]

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Third party
Person or body that is recognized as being independent of the parties involved, as concerns the issues in question.
“Parties involved” are usually supplier (“first party”) and purchaser (“second party”) interests. [ISO 14024:1999]
Transparency
Open, comprehensive and understandable presentation of information [ISO 14040:2006]
Type III environmental declaration
Environmental declaration providing quantified environmental data using predetermined parameters and, where
relevant, additional environmental information. The predetermined parameters are based on the ISO 14040 series ofstandards, which is made up of ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. The additional environmental information may bequantitative or qualitative. [ISO 14025:2006]
Type III environmental declaration programme
Voluntary programme for the development and use of Type III environmental declarations, based on a set of operating
rules [ISO 14025:2006]
Unit process
Smallest element considered in the life cycle inventory analysis for which input and output data are quantified[ISO 14040:2006]
Verification
Confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence that specified requirements have been fulfilled[ISO 9000:2005]
Verifier
Person or body that carries out verification [ISO 14025:2006]

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COVER IMAGE: © ISTOCKPHOTO.COM / DESIGN56

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