Tourmaline-group minerals from Norway, partll: Occurrences of luinaite-(OH) in Tvedalen,
Larvik and Porsgrunn, and fluor-liddicoatite,
fluor-elbaite and fluor-schorl at Agskardet,
NordlandUwe Kolitsch, Peter Andresen, Tomas Andersen Husdal, Andreas Ertl,
Astrid Haugen, Hans Vidar Ellingsen & Alf Olav Larsen

lntrod uction
As part of a wider study on lhe crystal chemistry of tourmaline-group members from Norway,
occurrences of luinaite-(OH), fluor-schorl and other members have been reported (Kolitsch etal.2011). The present mntribution presents further results based on characterisations ofdifferent samples from various pegmatite localities in the Langesundsfjord area (Tvedalen,
Larvik, Porsgrunn), in Zstfold, Nordland, Oppland and Telemark. The Langesundsfjord
samples also include material described by Brogger (1890). The following species weredetected: schorl, fluor-schorl, luinaite-(OH), "luinaite-(F)", dravite, fluor-elbaite, fluorliddicoatite and rossmanite- Additionally, bastnesite-(La) and cassiterite were detected as
unexpected inclusions in a polished section of a Langesundsfjord schorl sample.
As in our previous study the chemical compositions of the samples have been derived from a
combination of single-crystal structure refinements and semiquantitative SEM-EDS analyses(Kolitsch et al. 201'1, see there for additional details). The refinements were again done using
intensity data collected at ambient temperature on a Nonius KappaCCD single-crystal X-ray
diffractometer equipped with a CCD detector. The SXRD data were collected from selected
crystal fragments with high crystal quality (a common case for tourmaline-group species) andaverage diameters between about 0.'l and 0.2 mm. For all samples, intensity data were
measured with high redundancy for a complete Ewald sphere up to 20 = 75', ensuring highresolution data sets and good statistics. The data were processed in a standard way, withabsorption mrrection based on the multi-scan method. Final R(F) values usually ranged
between around 1 and 2o/o. Since an accurate determination of the F:(OH,O) ratio at the Wsite can be achieved very easily from such high-quality datasets, it was consequently easy to
distinguish belween F- and OH-dominant members of the tourmaline group.

From the refined crystal-structure model, the chemical formula of a given sample wasindirectly estimated by means of numerous well-established relations between unit-cellparameters, bond lengths, site occupancies and polyhedral geometries in the tourmalinegroup, as well as bond-valence constraints (e.9. Ertl et al. 2001 & 2OO2, Havvthorne 2002,
Bosi & Lucchesi 2OO4, Enl & Tillmanns 20'10, Ertl et al. 2010, Henry & Dutrow 2011, Henry etal.2O11, Ertl & Tillmanns 2012). This correlation-based identification method only fails if agiven tourmaline sample is very or fairly near the compositional boundary between two or
more species. ln such cases, quantitative EPMA data will be necessary, in part to besupplemented by SIMS or wet-chemical analyses for Li and determination of the accurate
Fe3*:Fe2' ratio by Mossbauer spectroscopy.

23

For the SEM-EDS analyses at the Natural History Museum Vienna, a new, state-ofthe-art
JEOL JSM-661OLV equipped with a high+esolution and high-sensitivity detector (eFlashHR+; detector area 30 mm2, resolution 127 eV) was employed. The data, obtained oncarbon-coated samples (either polished sections or flatlying fragments), were processed by
Bruker Esprit 1.9.4 software, using an interactive PB-ZAF correction for the semi-quantitative
analyses. This allowed surprisingly accurate determination of all non-oxygen and -hydrogen
element constituents, including F (only F contents < 0.2-0.3 apfu are seemingly below thedetection limit). Similarly to our previous study (Kolitsch et al. 201 1 ), the largest variation
within a given set of analysed fragments from the same sample was shown by the Al:Fe:Mg
ratios.
Results from the SEM-EDS analyses all agree well with the results of the crystal-structurerefinements and the derived struclure models.

Samples and localilies

The following sample descriptions are arranged in a geographical order. First, thetourmalines from the Langesundsfjord area (Vestfold and Telemark) are described, followedby those from Ostfold, Nordland, Oppland and Telemark.
Previously, only schorl was reported from the wider Langesundsfjord area (Brogger '1890,
Larsen et al. 1999, Larsen 2010). The blackish, prismatic crystals have crystallised in thehydrothermal stage of the nepheline syenite pegmatites, and are generally embedded in
analcime. The prisms may reach a length of 5 cm and are often arranged in divergent groups(Larsen 2010).

Midtfjellet quarry, Malerod, Larvik, Vestfold
Two samples from this operating larvikite quarry were studied. The first one (mllected in
2OO7 by PA) shows a brown-black, radiating tourmaline (Fig. 1) embedded in an
analcime/spreustein-type natrolite matrix, with minor pale blue sodalite and trace amounts ofzircon and other minerals. Dark chlorite occurs in analcime voids.
The SXRD study clearly shows this sample to be luinaite-(OH) (lMA 2009-046). We remindthat luinaite-(OH) is a monoclinic-pseudorhombohedral member of the tourmaline group, andhas the simplified formula (Na, )(Fe'z-,Mg)3Al6Si6O1s(BO3)3(OH)g(OH). The decrease inspace-group symmetry from R3m (rhombohedral) to Cm (monoclinic) is caused by anordering of Fe3* and Al3. cations which appears to be governed by the conditions ofcrystallisation (Mills et al., to be submitted).
The ordering is strongly pronounced at the Ysite, less so at the Z site. The Yl06 polyhedron
is unusual because it shows a very strong bondlength distortion (range: 1.925(2) 2.1632(18) A), unlike the )2Os polyhedron (range: 2.0269(1 1)-2.1877(121A). The refined
occupancies of the Y1 and )2 sites are Fes.5slayAls.aozl+1 ?nd Fes.6s313yAls.1e7131, respectively.
Further details will be reported in the original description of luinaite-(OH) (Mills et al., to besubmitted).
The only impurity element detec{ed by SEM-EDS is Ti in trace amounts.
Refined unit-cell parameters: a = 10.453(2), b = 16.013(3), c=7.232(1) A, P = 117.64(3)".
Refined chemical formula (bulk formula, occupancies of individual split Y and Z sites notindicated): -(Nao geCao ozXFe6.76Als 36 )3(Al6.6sFeo.r r )o SioO rs(BO3 )3 (OH)3 (OH0 8F0 2).

24

The second sample from the Midtfjellet quarry was collected in September 2011 by PA.
Although visually very similar to the first one and having practically the same Fe content, it
was, somehow surprisingly, found to be a "normal" schorl. ln the monoclinic model, all Y and
Z subsites have, within error limits, identical occupancies. The Flack parameter is 0.02(1),indicating no racemic twinning and thus also typical of schorl. The SEM-EDS analyses show
the only impurities to be trace amounts of Mg and Ti.
Refined unit-cell parameters: a = 16.008(2), c = 7.210(1) A.
Refined chemical formula:-(Nao gslo s1XFe6 66Alo gn)s(Alo agFe o r r )oSioOlB(BO3)3(OH)3(OHo sF0 1).

I

T_ru

) *A

/

ril

L
,_-)

-r'
{

{

fl
t

)

{t

''h *,-

at-: L
Fig. 1. Luinaite-(OH) from the Midtfjellet quarry, Malersd, Larvik, Vestfold
Field of view 7 mm. Photo Harald Schillhammer.

El8 roadcuts, Kokkersvold, Langangen, Pollsgrunn, Telemark
Several syenite pegmatite dikes were exposed during construction of a new alignment of the
highway E18 in the late 1970s. A sample (collected by PA) containing a spray of small
blackish tourmaline prisms (max. length 4 mm; fragments dark brown translucent; Fig. 2) inwhite nepheline syenite pegmatite matrix was collected at Kokkersvold, between the former
Lanner toll station and the Langangen bridge.
The structure refinement clearly indicated that the sample corresponds to luinaite-(OH). BothY and Z subsites show different occupancies and geometric parameters, and the ordering on
Y and Z is similar to that in the luinaite-(OH) sample from the Midtfjellet quarry. However, thedeviation from rhombohedral symmetry is smaller in the E18 sample. The only impurity
elements detected by SEM-EDS are Mg, Mn and Ti (all in trace amounts).

25

Refined unit-cell parameters. a= 10.421(2), b = 16.026(3), c=7.241(1)A, B = 117.56(3)'Refined chemical formula (bulk formula, occupancies of individual split Y and Z sites notindicated): -(Nas esCao ozXFeo zoAlo so)s(Alo azFeo ra)oSisO18(BO3)3(OH)3(OHo 8F0 2).
t

,.I

ri

h
.q

\

17-

f

-

FI

E

Fig.2. Luinaite-(OH) from an E18 roadcut, Kokkersvold, Langangen, Porsgrunn, Telemark.
Field of view 5 mm. Photo Harald Schillhammer.

AS Granit quarry, Tuften, Tvedalen, Larvik, Vestfold
This larvikite quarry, very rich in minerals, provided also very dark tourmaline. A sample
collected on level 4 of the quarry by PA, provided small black prisms embedded in a white
nepheline syenite pegmatite matrix (Fig. 3). Some of the prisms are developed as hollow
crystals, the interior in part filled by tiny analcime crystals. Embedded in the white pegmatite
matrix, small euhedral arsenopyrite crystals occur (confirmed by SEM-EDS-analyses).
The structure refinement unambiguously showed that the sample can be assigned to luinaite(OH). The cation-ordering system at the Y and Z sites is, interestingly, somewhat different
from that in the Midtfjellet and ElS luinaites-(OH) (see above) and the Hundholmen luinaite(OH) (Kolitsch et al. 2011). According to the SEM-EDS analyses, the only impurity elements
are Mg, Mn and Ti, all in trace amounts.

Refinedunit-cell parameters.a=10.431(2),b=15.988(3),c=7.226(1)A,B=117.56(3)".
Refined chemical formula (bulk formula, occupancies of individual split Y and Z sites notindicated): -Na(Fes 66Alo gr ): (Al o ae Fes 12)6Si601 B(BO3)3 (OH) g(OH o g Fo r ).

Almenningen quarry, Tvedalen, Larvik, Vestfold, Norway
Two visually very similar tourmaline samples were studied from this operating larvikite
26

quarry. The first one (collected by AOL) showed a spray of dark prisms up to ca. 2.5 cm (!) in
length, embedded in white nepheline syenite pegmatite matrix (Fig. 4). The larger prisms
appear black, while the smaller ones show a dark brownish colour. SEM-EDS analyses
evidence minor Mg (Fe:Mg - 6:1 to 10:1)and trace amounts of Mn and Ti.

-

r
I

tr

,

Fig. 3. Two prismatic crystals of luinaite-(OH) from level 4 of the AS Granit quarry, Tuften,
Tvedalen, Larvik, Vestfold. Note that the broken lower crystal is hollow and filled with tiny
analcime crystals. Field of view 4.8 mm. Photo Harald Schillhammer.

rt
r{
e

./1
I''.

,I |*
t

,4

I{

t

.!

't

\*:E

=..a

I

prf*

Fig. 4. A large spray of F-bearing schorl from Almenningen quarry, Tvedalen, Larvik,
Vestfold. Field of view 2.9 cm. Photo Harald Schillhammer.

27

The second sample (collected by PA) consisted of a small part of a spray of black prisms inwhite nepheline syenite pegmatite matrix (Fig. 5). SEM-EDS analyses reflect a fairly
homogeneous composition characterised by a minor amount of Mg (Fe:Mg - 5:1)and trace
amounts of Mn and Ti. The Ca or F contents were below the detection limit, although therefinements of both samples clearly indicated very small amounts of both these elements at
the Xand Wsites, respectively.

k.

TrE

t

,a

"!t-.

F*.*

Fig. 5. F-bearing schorl from Almenningen quarry, Tvedalen, Larvik, Vestfold. This sample
contains inclusions of thorite, xenotime-(Y), bastndsite-(La), cassiterite and others (see text
and Figs. 6-1 1). Field of view 1.8 cm. Photo Harald Schillhammer.
Since the studies gave very similar unit-cell parameters and chemical compositions for both
samples, the results will be described together. The two samples are both F-bearing schorl
which showed no indication of lower (monoclinic) symmetry.
Refined unit-cell parameters: a = 16.004(2), c=7.233(1)A (AOL sample).
a = 16.01 1(2), c = 7 .231 (1) A (PA sample).
Refined chemical formulae:-(Nao gaCao oz)(Feo osMgo rsAlo zo)s(Alo aaFeo rz)oSioOra(BO3)3(OH)3(OHo aFo z) (AOL sample)-(Nao eaCao ozXFeo osMgo rsAlo rs)s(A16 e6Fe6 1s)6Si6O j8(BO3)3(OH)3(OHo sFor) (PA sample).

The overall features of the two samples are also very similar to that of a schorl from the@stskogen quarry (see following description).
SEM-EDS analyses of a polished section of the second sample revealed a surprising wealthof inclusions (in either analcime or, less commonly, schorl) and secondary phases (in tiny
voids or crack fillings). The dominant inclusion is thorite (an- to euhedral, up to -100 pm) that28

is generally highly inhomogeneous. As minor impurity elements Ca, Mn, Fe, Y, Na, F andtrace amounts of Pb, U and P were observed, all in variable percentages. ln near-end
member thorite the only foreign elements were Y and P. An unidentified phase always
concentrated at the rim of the thorite grains, which contains additional Nb and more Fe, Mn
and/or Al, but less Th, seems to be an alteration phase and a mixture of different species.
The second most common inclusion is xenotime-(Y) (mostly euhedral; sometimes in the coreof thorite grains; Yb-, Er-, Dy- and Al-bearing; Fig. 6), followed by zircon (Hf-bearing, with
Zr:Hf - 10:1). Very rare is cassiterite found as tiny (max. 5 pm), anhedral inclusions (Figs. 7,
8). The only observed impurity element was Fe in trace quantities. Cassiterite was apreviously unknown component of the Langsundsfjord pegmatites. A further unidentified
phase forming a larger grain featuring a system of mutually perpendicular cracks conforms a
Ce silicate with minor Mn, Al, Ca, Y, Na and trace amounts of Pb and Ce. The ratio (Ce +metals):Si is around 2:1. Possibly this grain is tritomite-(Ce).

ii&*f.*","wC
BEC tSkV

Fig. 6. Zoned xenotime-(Y) (the brighter areas contain more Yb) in the core of an
inhomogeneous thorite, as inclusions in a sample of F-bearing schorl from Almenningen
quarry (polished section). SEM micrograph (BSE mode) Uwe Kolitsch.

#

*

.:4.

ffi"
3fc '15*v

10$ar w.
21 M&?913

BEC 'i Sktt5pm

?1 il.r rtrt1

Fig. 7 (left). Tiny cassiterite grain (bright) in schorl, next to analcime (darker), in a sample ofF-bearing schorl from Almenningen quarry (polished section). SEM micrograph (BSE mode)
Uwe Kolitsch.
Fig. 8 (right). Tiny cassiterite grain (bright) within a zoned xenotime-(Y), in a sample of Fbearing schorl from Almenningen quarry (polished section). SEM micrograph (BSE mode)
Uwe Kolitsch.
29

Further inclusions were near-stoichiometric annite, chamosite (Fe:Mg - 10:1; some withelevated Zn contents), very rare pyrophanite (containing trace amounts of Nb) and analumosilicate clay (Al:Si -'1:1) with trace amounts of Na and Ca. Among the secondary
phases, bastniisite-(La) is dominant, followed by bastniisite-(Ce). Both form tiny rounded
platelets, either arranged in sprays embedded in matrix or as crusts covering surfaces of tiny
voids (Figs. 9-11). They contain variable to trace amounts of (in decreasing order) Nd, Y, Ca,
Pr, Na, Fe, Nb(!), Pb, Th, Al(?) and Si(?). Some bastn6site-(La) is completely free of Ce andthus indicates a prior complete oxidation of the Ce3* to Cea*, which then precipitates as CeOz
and is removed from the mineralising solutions (a typical phenomenon during the alterationof primary LREE-bearing phases). Other bastndsite-(La) aggregates are characterised byincreased Ce contents, with La:Ce up to approximately 2:1 or even 1:1. Bastndsite-(Ce) itself
is less common and always La-rich (Ce:La - 3:2). The analytically determined F contents ofthe bastn6sites clearly indicate F-dominance, although some spot analyses also suggest
decreased F contents and therefore an increased hydroxylbastndsite-(LalCe) component.
Only quantitative EPMA would be able to prove if some aggregates actually correspond to Fbearing hydroxylbastndsite-(La/Ce). Bastndsite-(La) appears to be a new find for Norway.
Ce-free hydroxylbastndsite-(La) was analysed in a sample from Tuften, Tvedalen (Pavel M.
Kartashov, unpubl. results; see htto://www.mindat.orq/photo415B57.html).

,,*..............

l: ,r" d
€'

,,r{
{i4

.Q* N

BEC IgTV

tShv! tlprn?2 Mn. 201 3

Fig. 9 (left). Fibrous, Ce-rich bastndsite-(La), in a sample of F-bearing schorl from
Almenningen quarry (polished section). SEM micrograph (BSE mode) Uwe Kolitsch.
Fig. 10 (right). Bastndsite-(La) as tiny rounded platelets, in a void in a sample of F-bearing
schorl from Almenningen quarry (polished section). SEM micrograph (BSE mode) Uwe
Kolitsch.

Fig. 11. Bastndsite-(La) as brightparallel lamellae, associated withan unidentified phase (bright grey)
containing Ce, Si, Al and various
other elements. The dark matrix isschorl. Sample of F-bearing
schorl from Almenningen quarry(polished section). SEM
micrograph (BSE mode) Uwe
Kolitsch.

30

Ostskogen quarry, Tvedalen, Larvik, Vestfold
Two small specimens from this larvikite quarry (material collected in 2006 by PA) contained
an inconspicuous tourmaline showing small black, indistinct prisms and sprays in white
nepheline syenite matrix, associated in part with considerable greenish, fine-grained chlorite
and white analcime crystals in voids (Fig. 12).
According to the X-ray study, this tourmaline is again a fairly pure schorl which has less F
than the two, otherwise very similar Almenningen samples described above. The SEM-EDS
analyses show the only impurities to be trace amounts of Mg, Ti and Mn. Although any Ca
content was below the detection limit, the refinement clearly indicated very minor Ca (and/orK) at the X site.
Refined unit-cell parameters: a = 16.006(2), c =7.225(1) A.
Refined chemical formula-(Nao gaCao ozXFeo ooAlo aq)s(Alo ssFeo rz)oSioO18(BO3)3(OH)3(OHo 8Fo2).
:

L

\
r

3

L

- 'gi:k .:.

-r;*r,l.r--t1 .''.

i .-lurt

L

v

i&,

..

I

T

g

Fig. 12. Schorl associated with greenish chlorite, from @stskogen quarry, Tvedalen, Larvik,
Vestfold. Field of view 7 mm. Photo Harald Schillhammer
Aroy a(?1, Lan gesu ndsfi orden, La rvi k, Vestfold
Brogger (1890) describes, in an addendum, a black tourmaline from the Langesundsfjord,
probably from the Araya island. The tourmaline forms a rosette of radiating black prisms
which are zoned (thin sections show a blue core, a deep blue main zone and a thin brownrim). The material is currently preserved in the collection of the Swedish Museum of Natural
History, Stockholm. According to curator J6rgen Langhof, who kindly provided part of thematerial for this study (two small grains removed from catalogue nos. NRM252408 and
NRM252410), Brogger's material comprises six catalogued pieces of which five contain thedark tourmaline, and came into the collection in 1925 from the Stockholm Highschool.

The structure solution of a dark brown fragment of NRM252408 revealed a very unusual
tourmaline.

3lFirstly, it is strongly monoclinic, with a composition corresponding to that of an OH-rich Fanalogue of luinaite-(OH), "luinaite-(F)". This F-analogue of luinaite-(OH) is already known
since some time from a German locality [Kolitsch et al., unpublished results; mentioned in the
IMA proposal for luinaite-(OH)1, but the Langesundsfjord area now represents a second
confirmed locality.
Secondly, one of the two B subsites (B'l) is partially replaced by a tetrahedrally coordinatedcataon (peak height 3.3 electrons in the difference-Fourier map) which is located on a newsite 0.655(5) A away from the 81 atom. The tetrahedral coordination of the cation iscomprised of three O ligands from the planar Bl03 group and one partially occupied O atom
at a novel site [refined occupancy 0.105(10)l which might represent an OH group involved instrongly localised hydrogen bonding. The 010 site is only 0.579(1 9) A away from the new O
site and therefore must be partially occupied. The new cation was modeled as a sulfur atom,
since SEM-EDS analyses surprisingly revealed reproducibly very minor S contents (seebelow). The refined S occupancy is 0.071(3). Modeling the site as a tetrahedrally coordinatedB atom results in an occupancy of ca. 0.35 and would contradict the lower refined occupancyof the associated partially occupied O ligand. lf the cation site is modeled as a Si atom, therefined Si occupancy is 0.076(3). The refined bond distances for this new cation site range
between 1 .449(4) and 1 .648(19) A (average 'l .56 A).
The unit cell of this anomalous monoclinic tourmaline is characterrsed by an unusually smallc parameter and the largest B angle measured so far. The cation (Fe:Mg/Al) order is not verystrong on both Y and Z sites. According to the refinement, the X site contains distinct
amounts of Ca replacing Na. Unlike other luinaites, the average Si-O distances of the three
Si subsites are slightly different (1 .620, 1 .623, 1.622 A), as well as the average B-O
distances of the two B subsites (1.385 and 1.378 A).
SEM-EDS analyses were performed on numerous tiny fragments removed from the samples
NRM252408 and NRM252410. For NRM252408 they revealed, apart from high Na contents,
minor Mg and Ti (Fe:Ti roughly 7.8:1), and, as already mentioned, very minor S contents
apparently present as sulphate (SO+) groups. To our knowledge, S has never been reported
in any chemical analyses of tourmaline-group members. A general variability of the cation
contents is observable, but relatively small. The EDS data obtained from NRM252410 arevery similar, albeit showing smaller Ti contents. Ca was below the detection limit in either
sample, although the structure refinement of the grain from NRM252408 clearly indicatedvery minor Ca (and/or K) at the X site.
Refined unit-cell parameters: a = 10.451(2), b= 16.016(3), c = 7.196(1) A, 0 = 117.68(3)".
Refined chemical formula (bulk formula, occupancies of individual split Y and Z sites notindicated):-(Nao gCao r)[Feo 55(Mg,Al)0 37Tio 6s]3(Ale epFee ls)6Si"6Or8(B.O3)3(OH)3(Fo 6OHo 4).
(. The additional tetrahedrally coordinated, partially occupied cation site described above isneglected.)

It is planned to refine also the crystal structure of a fragment from NRM252410 and toquantitatively analyse the chemical composition of the material described by Brogger (1890).
Sandvann, Aremark, Ostfold

A relatively large black prism from this locality was part of material collected by Thore
Henning Kristoffersen in the 1970s, and was kindly supplied by Roy Kristiansen. The
structure refinement clearly indicated a schorl containing minor F.
No SEM-EDS analyses were carried out.

32

Refined unit-cell parameters: a = 16.001(2), c = 7.188(1) A.
Refined chemical formula :-(Naoglor)(FeoorAl*osg)g(AlogzFess3)6Si6O1s(BOg)g(OH)g(OHozFo3) (* includes Mg)

Tennvatn, Ssrfold, Nordland
Previous studies of two dark tourmalines from this amazonite pegmatite locality confirmed
both to be fluor-schorl (Kolitsch et al. 2011).
A study of a third sample (collected by TH), which consisted of two small, thin black prisms
with flat crystal terminations, confirmed again an Fe-rich fluor-schorl, but this time richer in
OH on the W site. A cross-section of one crystal (Fig. 13), which contained a small quartz
inclusion in its centre, was studied in detail in the SEM. As impurity elements, the EDS
spectra showed very minor to trace amounts of Mg, Mn, Ti and Zn. Only in a few spot
analyses traces of Ca or Cu were noticed. No clear major-element zonation was observed
although the F contents vary strongly from values hardly above the detection limit to values
approaching those of OH-bearing fluor-schorl. From core to rim, a clear tendency for
decreasing F contents was observed. Thus, while the bulk composition of the fragment
studied by SXRD corresponds to an OH-bearing fluor-schorl, the spot analyses demonstratethat locally both OH-bearing fluor-schorl and F-bearing schorl occur. As rare and small
inclusions, albite was detected.
The overall features of this sample are very similar to those of a fluor-schorl fromKjerstadfjellet (Kolitsch et al. 2011). The unusually large <Y-O distance, 2.067 A, isnoteworthy. lt reflects the high Fe2* content of the Y site.
Refined unit-cell parameters. a = 16.025 (2), c =7.210(1) A.
Refined chemical formula:-(Nao asCao.osno r )(Feo zsAlo zs)s(Alo soFeo ro)oSioOra(BOs)s(OH)3(Fo 6OHo 4).

x
BEC 20kV

500pm
28 Feb 2013

Fig. 13. Cross-section of an OH-rich fluor-schorlfrom Tennvatn, Ssrfold, Nordland. The dark
inclusions are quartz and albite. The crystal appears fairly homogeneous (the SEM photo
was taken under conditions of maximum BSE contrast), although the F contents are highlyvariable according to spot analyses (see text). SEM micrograph (BSE mode) Uwe Kolitsch.

a1
JJ

Agskardet, Holandsliord, Meloy, Nordtand
Previous studies of a black prismatic tourmaline from this elbaite-rich LCT-pegmatite had
revealed a F-rich (OH:F - 1 :1 ), Al-rich schorl (Kolitsch et al. 201 1 ). Analyses of elbaites fromthis locality are given by Larsen et al. (1999); however, the F contents were not measured.
Strongly colour-zoned "elbaite" crystals (collected by TH) were investigated in detail todetermine which colour corresponds to which species. These colour zonation may be divided
into two types. The first one, typical of larger crystals, contains a dark grey-blue to blackishcore, followed by a pale pink to nearly colourless area and a thin dark yellowish rim. The
second type, typical of smaller crystals, is very similar, but lacks completely a dark core(Figs. 14-17).

{,t}

',1

I
t

1..-

,

F

I

il

./

Fig. 14. Hand specimen (11 x 8 x 4.5 cm) containing zoned tourmaline from Agskardet,
Holandsfjord, Meloy, Nordland. Although the crystal seems dark brownish, the colour is only
caused by a thin brown-yellow outer rim (fluor-liddicoatite grading into Ca-rich fluor-elbaite)
on a pale pink to nearly colourless core (fluor-elbaite). Photo Alice Schumacher.

A:

/

a

Fig. 15. Zoned tourmaline from
Agskardet, Nordland (top view ofa broken prism): Pale pink = fluorelbaite, dark yellowish rim = fluorliddicoatite to Ca-rich fluor-elbaite,
dark brown, very thin rim = Ferich). Field of view 4.5 mm. Photov

Harald Schillhammer.

34

I
1

\..;r-

*

*\

kiJ

E

t:---

-/

Fig. 16. Zoned tourmaline from Agskardet, Nordland (view of a polished and carbon-coatedcross-section of a prism embedded in pale yellow resin; the prism was taken from the same
small specimen asthatshown in Fig. 15). Pale pink=fluor-elbaite, darkyellowish rim =fluorliddicoatite to Ca-rich fluor-elbaite, dark brown, very thin rim = Fe-rich. Field of view 5 mm.
Photo Harald Schillhammer.

{riirtBEC 20kV

28 Feb 2013

Fig. 17. Zoned tourmaline from Agskardet, Nordland (SEM view-of the same polished andcarbon-coated cross-section shown in Fig. 16). Fordetails see Figs. 18-19. SEM micrograph(BSE mode) Uwe Kolitsch.

35

A fragment of a dark core is shown to be (OH,O)-rich, possibly Li-bearing fluor-schorl,
confirmed by SEM-EDS analyses which show only trace amounts of Mg and Mn as
impurities.
Refined unit-cell parameters: a= 15.976(2), c=7.148(1) A.
Refined chemical formula:-(Nao 72u 0 2s)(Feo ssAlo ao Lio os) g (Alo gzFeo oa)oSioO18(BO3)3(OH) 3(Fo.sOHo.o).

The pale pink areas of three different samples are very similar according to the results of thestructure refinements. All are more or less Ca-rich fluor-elbaites with F contents very close to
those of the ideal end-member. SEM-EDS analyses confirm this and show that, apart fromminor Mn, the only impurity components are Ca and Fe, both in trace amounts. The Cacontents appear to increase, on average, from the core outwards. Trace Mg contents are notdetectable in the core, only towards the rim.
Refined unit-cell parameters: a= 15.876(2), c= 7.116(1)A.
a = 15.87 1(2). c = 7 1 15(1) A
a = 15.882(2), c = 7.1 18(1) A.
Refined chemical formulae (only approximate since Li was not measured):-(Nao eCao r r-to r )(Lio zsAlo ozMno rs)3Al6Si60rB(BO3)3(OH)3F.
-(Nao eCao r Lio r )(Li6 25416 62Mn s 13 )3Al6Si6013(BO3 )3 (OH)3 F.
-(Nao aCao r!o r )(Li6 25Als 62Mn613)3Al65i6O j8(BO3)3(OH)3F.

The thin (brown-)green to brownish-yellow rim of a zoned "elbaite" prism was partly Na-richfluor-liddicoatite, partly Ca-rich fluor-elbaite (Fig. 18-20). ln both, the Wsite is fully occupied
by F within error limits. Very similar results were obtained from the thin dark yellow rim ofanother zoned crystal. SEM-EDS line scans and elemental maps recorded from a polishedcross-section of a zoned prism showed that the brownish to dark yellow, thin rim has thehighest Ca-content in its central part.
Refined unit-cell parameters: a = 15.892(2), c = 7.120(1\ A.
a = 15.877(2). c = 7.1 1 5(1) A.
Refined chemical formulae (only approximate since Li was not measured)-(Cao oNao :!o r )(Lio r sAlo osMno zo)3Al65i6Or 8(BO3 )3(OH)3 F.
-(Cao sNao g!o r )(Li6 25A16 62 Mn 6 13) 3Al65i6O 18(BO3 )3(OH)3 F.

The outermost, very thin (20-50 pm) rim in one area of the polished crystal section has a Na-

free composition (Al:Si - 1.75:1; very minor F, traces of Fe and Mn) that appears tocorrespond to rossmanite. However, the latter has the ideal formula u(Lio 33Alo 67)3A16Si6-

Ora(BOs)s(OH)3(OH) and therefore would require a lower Al:Si ratio of 1.33:1. Nonetheless,in an "oxy-rossmanite" from a pegmatite near Eibenstein an der Thaya, Lower Austria (Ertl etal. 2005), the Al:Si ratio approaches 1.58. Further small areas with the above Na-freecomposition were also observed in other, more inner parts of the crystal secfion, in
immediate contact with fluor-elbaite. ln one case a rossmanite-like tourmaline, which fills athin crack within fluor-elbaite (Fig. 19), shows only trace amounts of Na, Fe and Mg, and very
minor F, therefore indirectly indicating Li depletion in remnant hydrothermal solutions. Similarveinlets of rossmanite in the main mass of elbaite crystals from a granite pegmatite in China
were described by Zhang et al. (2004). A more thorough characterisation of the Agskardet
rossmanite by single-crystal X-ray methods is planned, provided an extraction of phase-puregrains will be successful. According to the EDS data, it is possible that the chemical formula
involves an "oxy" component. As rare inclusions and crack fillings in the crystal section, Kfeldspar and quartz were observed.

36re{ffiffi
fiberdhaffie

ffiffiffidffi*

E

I

Fig. 18. Zoned tourmaline from
Agskardet, Nordland (area on top
right of Fig. 17). SEM micrograph(BSE mode) Uwe Kolitsch.

t'
t:.r:

rerffiF{Mdbeffia..,&8l:@t*Snrm **t'*LsEc 20*v?? F*tr t013

ffidEr&Fig. 19. Zoned tourmaline from
Agskardet, Nordland (area onbottom right on Fig. 17). SEM
micrograph (BSE mode) Uwe

BreffiEffiffi
ffi

Kolitsch.

\"

I\

\

\

ffioemmffi

1O0pm

BEC 20rV

t0-

Fig. 20. Zoned tourmaline from
Agskardet, Nordland (area onbottom left on Fig. 17). SEM
micrograph (BSE mode) Uwe, lF},li+c{Eri}I,{ @lfiiffiIiffiE5m

Kolitsch.

t

,

,

,

t

ffioHlffi[uedm7ffituondffi, Haqfi*flMffi

::.

liffi
B:C 2$kV

50pm

37

Slunkajavre, Hamaroy, Nordlandln the Tysfjord granite, a recrystallized gneiss granite with annite, Fe-rich (hastingsite

hornblende>, fluorite and epidote-allanite (Foslie '1941, Andresen & Tull 1986), a number ofquartz-microcline pegmatites of the NYF family, in part very rich in F-bearing mineral species(Husdal 2008), occur as lenticular bodies mncordant with foliation of the granite. Outside of
the Tysfjord granite area, different pegmatoid quartz-mica lenses occur which are hosted bya mica schist of Caledonian age. At Slunkajavre (in the area between Tennvatn and Drag,
Tysfjord), there is a kyanite-bearing narrow quartz lens about 1-2 km long.
A dark brown to brown-black tourmaline was collected at this locality by AH and HVE in
1995. The structure refinement unambiguously indicated a dravite containing minor Fe andCa, and no F at all. The <Z-O> distance of 1.929 A indicates some Al-Mg disorder on the Zsite. According to SEM-EDS analyses, the tourmaline mntains Fe and Mg in the approximate
ratio 3.5:1 , and trace amounts of Ca and Ti.
Refined unit-cell parameters: a = 15.951(2), c = 7.202(1) A.
Refined chemical formula:-(Nao.sCao 06 o.gXMgo.zgFeo.zr )3(Al6 sMg6 1 )6Si6O 1s(BO3)3(OH)3(OH).

Hellstugubreen (Hellstugu glacier), Jotunheimen, Lom, OpplandAt this locality, a pegmatite is hosted by a metamorphic gabbro belonging to the Jotun Nappe
Complex. Grains of a blackish tourmaline from Hellstugubreen were collected, along withgarnet (probably almandine) and epidote, by AH and HVE in 1991. The refinement indicatedan Al- or Mg-bearing schorl wlth only minor F contents and some Ca occupying the X site.
Subsequent SEM-EDS analyses showed mnsiderable Mg mntents (which, along with Fe, fillup the Y site) and trace amounts of Ca, Ti and Mn. Therefore, the sample is a Mg-bearing
schorl.
Refined unit-cell parameters: a = 16.009(2), c=7.212(1) A.
Refined chemical formula:-(Nas sCas.l XFeo.oo Mgo :r): (Alo gsFeo os)oSioO ra(BO3)3 (OH)3 (OH0 8F0., )Heimre llAbreen (Heimre llA glacier), Jotunheimen, Lom, Oppland
Similar to the Hellstugubreen locality, a pegmatite at Heimre llabreen is hosted by ametamorphic gabbro belonging to the Jotun Nappe Complex. A black to par y dark brown
tourmaline whose loose fragments in part showed numerous thin cracks was found at thislocality by AH and HVE in 1982.
The refinement suggested an Al- and/or Mg-rich schorl, with not much F and apparenfly
considerable Ca (+ K?). SEM-EDS analyses mnfirmed the presence of much Mg (Fe:Mg 4:3, somewhat variable), distinct amounts of Ca (Na:Ca - 4:1 ) and also showed trace
amounts of Mn and Ti.
Refined unit-cell parameters: a = 15.997 (2), c = 7.212(1) A.
Refined chemical formula:-(Nas.75Ca6.26 6.e5XFe6.5sMg6 a1 )3(Alo.s7Fe0 03)6Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3(OH0 sFo.2).

Li ndvi ksko! len, Kragera, Telemark

ln our previous tourmaline study (Kolitsch et al. 2011), a black-brown tourmaline from the
Lindvikskollen NYF-pegmatite could be identified as a Ca-, Al- and Mg-rich schorl containing
minor F.
A further sample, collected by the first author in May 2011, was studied for comparison
purposes. The sample, a large black, short prism (6 x 4 x 3.5 cm) was investigated by SXRD
(no structure refinement, only determination of the unit-cell parameters) and detailed SEMEDS analyses of a polished cross-section. The unit cell, a = 16.03 t 0.01 , c=7.25 + 0.01 A,
is slighter larger than that determined from the previously studied schorl sample (a =16.005(2), c = 7.227(1) A; Kolitsch et al. 2011), and indicates a comparatively higher Fe
content.
The SEM-EDS analyses revealed an overall similar chemical composition (although withadditional minor Ti contents and trace amounts of K and, in part, Mn) and negligible zoning.
Of special interest were, however, macroscopically visible, pale yellowish inclusions in thepolished cross-section (Fig. 21). These inclusions were found to mainly consist of prismatic,
more or less euhedral fluorapatite (partly zoned, with some areas containing minor Na andSi, or Cl and Fe), highly inhomogeneous, eu- to anhedral zircon (with Fe, Hf, Ca, U, Al, REE
and Ti as impurity elements), xenotime-(Y) (containing minor HREE) and monazite-(Ce) (inpart very Nd-rich, with a Ce:Nd ratio of up to 5.3:5.0). The zircon, xenotime-(Y) andmonazite-(Ce) are very often attached to the crystal faces of the fluorapatite. Xenotime-(Y)also occurs within fluorapatite.
As further inclusions, rare Nb- and Fe-bearing rutile, a single, tiny grain of an Y-, U- and Pbearing thorite, and a relatively common, highly inhomogeneous oxidic Y-T|-Nb-Ta-U-(REECa-K-Al-Fe-Si-Pb) phase (most probably an alteration product of an originally metamict
phase) and an Y-Ca-(Be?-)silicate [hellandite-(Y)?] were observed.
Monazite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y) and rutile were previously not reported from the locality,
although rutile was collected by Knut Edvard Larsen in 2009 (pers. mmm., March 2013); it isalso known from the nearby rutile mine (1901-1927)thatworked on a rutile-bearing albitite.

frfr+
Ir\

.ln

looum

BEC 2AKV

Fig. 21. Fluorapatite (grey, zoned), inhomogeneous zircon (more or less bright) andxenotime-(Y) (bright in fluorapatite, top), all as inclusions in a Ca-, Al- and Mg-rich schorl(dark grey) from Lindvikskollen, Kragera, Telemark (polished section). SEM micrograph (BSEmode) Uwe Kolitsch.
39

Conclusions
Ongoing studies of the crystal-chemistry of tourmalines from Norway revealed surprising
results. Luinaite-(OH) is confirmed for the first time from several nepheline syenite
pegmatites in the Langesundsfjord area, but is visually indistinguishable from "normal" schorl
which also occurs in these pegmatites, within more or less identical parageneses and withvery similar chemical composition. ln one case (Midtfjellet quarry) both species occur in thesame quarry. This suggests that luinaite-(OH) may originate due to different (slower?)cooling paths andior overall temperature conditions.
From the chemical compositions of the studied luinaite-(OH) samples, it can also be
concluded that the occurrence of this species requires high Fe contents in the mineralisinghydrothermal solutions, and almost no Mg contents. Although all Langesundsfjord areasamples have a relatively similar composition, the luinaite-(OH) samples are characterisedby a comparatively higher Fe mntent. The latter is also reflected by the considerable Fe-forAl substitution on the Z site (up to Al6.67Fe6 13). Similarly high Al:Fe ratios were found in theluinaite-(OH) from Hundholmen, Tysfjord (Alo.esFeo.rs and Alo.ezFeo.ra, Kolitsch et al.2011).
The Xsite (Na site) in all the Langesundsfjord tourmalines is almost fully occupied, a feature
attributed to very Na-rich hydrothermal solutions from which the crystals grew (analcime isalways closely associated with these tourmalines).
Finally, we mnclude that none of the studied samples from Norway contains any significant
B at the f site.

Acknowledgements
The authors thank Harald Schillhammer and Alice Schumacher for colour photography. Roy
Kristiansen is thanked for providing a tourmaline from Sandvann. Knut Edvard Larsen
pointed the first author to the description of a black tourmaline in Brogger (1890) and Jorgen
Langhof kindly provided part of the material described by Brogger (1890).

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41