Scope of Civil Society Engagement in
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD) or QUAD

Scope ofCivil Society Engagementin Quadrilateral Security Dialogue(QSD) or QUAD
A Study ReportA Study Report

Scope of Civil Society Engagement in
Quadrilateral Security dialogue (QSD) or QUAD

Author: Voluntary Action Network India (VANI)

September 2022

Copyright (c) Voluntary Action Network India
The content of this book can be reproduced in whole or in parts with due
acknowledgement to the publisher.

Published by:
Voluntary Action Network India (VANI)VANI HOUSE, 7, PSP Pocket,
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Designed by: SHADES@vani_info@VANI India@VANI
Perspective

Scope of Civil Society Engagement in
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD) or QUAD

Foreword
The QUAD or QSD, a multilateral grouping consisting of theUnited States, Japan, India, and Australia, began as a “TsunamiCore Group,” which was formed extempore, in response to
the lethal tsunami of 2004. Further on, the group became aforum of four nations, with an aim to mobilise and coordinate
disaster relief and humanitarian aid to survivors during adisaster. Slowly, the group gained popularity and relevancedue to its strategic role and partnership.
The QUAD nations together, have a population of 1.8 billion, and contribute to over
$30 trillion to the global GDP. The QUAD partners invested more than $48 billion in
infrastructural development. During the QUAD Summit held on September 24, 2022,
building on the G7’s announcement of Build Back Better World (B3W)—an infrastructure
partnership focused on digital connectivity, climate, health and health security, and genderequality infrastructure, was committed to—the Quad will rally expertise, capacity, andinfluence to strengthen ongoing infrastructure initiatives in the region and identify newopportunities to meet the needs there (MEA). Further, the Covid-19 pandemic has harmed
the global economy, including the QUAD nations, in areas ranging from employment toinvestment. Thus, by bolstering their economic ties for greater freedom and cooperation,
the group will facilitate a faster recovery from the pandemic’s effects. Therefore, there are
numerous reasons to invest more and increase collaboration with QUAD nations.
Being an eminent platform, engaging to device strategic solutions towards challenges related
to global health, international infrastructure, climate change, digitalisation, education andknowledge building, cybersecurity and space, gives the civil societies of the QUAD nations
to be a relevant part of the forum. Therefore, it becomes critical to analyse the scope ofengagement for the civil society with the QUAD.
I would like to acknowledge the support extended by HBF in completing this report andthank Dr. Pallavi Rekhi, Programme Office, VANI for researching and writing this report.

Best Regards,
Harsh Jaitli,CEO, VANI

A Study Report

Abbreviations
QSD- Quadrilateral Security Dialogue
USA- United States of America
ASEAN- Association of South-East Asian Nations
GSOMIA- General Security of Military Information Agreement
LEMOA- Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement
COMCASA- Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement
BECA- Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement
IAF- Indian Air Force
BRICS- Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
BRI- Belt and Road Initiative
AUKUS-Australia, United Kingdom and United States
ACSC- ASEAN Civil Society Conference
APF- ASEAN Peoples’ Forum
SDGs- Sustainable Development Goals

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Scope of Civil Society Engagement in
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD) or QUAD

Contents
Introduction

6

What is the Quad?

6

History

6

Principles of Quad

7First In- person Quad Summit in 2021

7

Significance of Quad for India

10

Is the Quad good for India?

12

Civil Society Experiences with Previous Groupings similar to Quad

13

ASEAN

14

Conclusion

15

The Scope of Civil Society Engagement

16

References

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Introduction
What is the Quad?
Known as the ‘Quadrilateral Security Dialogue’ (QSD), the Quad is an informal
strategic forum comprising four nations, namely -- United States of America (USA),
India, Australia, and Japan. One of the primary objectives of the Quad is to work fora free, open, prosperous, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region.
The Quad began as a loose partnership after the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami, when thefour countries joined together to provide humanitarian and disaster assistance. The
group met for the first time in 2007 on the sidelines of the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN). It is considered an alliance of maritime democracies, andthe forum is maintained by meetings, semi-regular summits, information exchanges,
and military drills of all the member countries.(1)History
Since its first senior official-level meeting in 2007, the Quad, among Japan, theUSA, India, and Australia has operated both as a meeting format for senior officials
to discuss regional security issues and as the basis for a single naval exercise and asingle tabletop exercise. The four countries first formed a “core group” during thejoint response to the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami. This cooperation provided thebasis for the first iteration of the Quad; it met briefly in 2007 before coming apart in2008. However, eight further years of destabilization in the region led to a growing
convergence in foreign policies among the four states, with a focus on securing a free
and open Indo-Pacific, taking joint action against terrorism, and promoting a rulesbased system. Resultingly, the Quad re-formed in 2017 and began convening on abimonthly basis. From the outset, the Quad’s ideological and geographic foundations
were envisioned by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, whose “Confluence of the
Two Seas” speech provided the foundations for the grouping. Indeed, this ideologicaland geographic bounding has naturally led to contrasting presumptions about theintent and future of the Quad: that it is the genesis of an “Asian NATO,” that it isa network to contain the rise of China, or that it is simply a disparate grouping ofcountries that will never unite behind a common strategic vision.(2)6Scope of Civil Society Engagement in
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD) or QUAD

Principles of Quad
The Quad has certain principles and commitments that it aims to achieve. They arebriefly mentioned below:
1) It strives for a region that is free, open, inclusive, healthy, anchored bydemocratic values, and unconstrained by coercion.
2) It is committed to promoting a free, open rules-based order, rooted
in international law to advance security and prosperity and counter threats
to both in the Indo-Pacific and beyond. We support the rule of law, freedomof navigation and overflight, peaceful resolution of disputes, democraticvalues, and territorial integrity.
3) Pledge to respond to the economic and health impacts of COVID-19, combat
climate change, and address shared challenges, including in cyber space,critical technologies, counterterrorism, quality infrastructure investment, andhumanitarian-assistance and disaster-relief as well as maritime domains.
4) Join forces to expand safe, affordable, and effective vaccine
production and equitable access, to speed economic recovery and benefit
global health.(3)First In- person Quad Summit in 2021
In March 2021, the first and foremost summit of the Quad leaders was hosted by
the President of the US, Joe Biden, in a virtual format. It vowed to strive for an
Indo-Pacific region that is free, open, inclusive, anchored by democratic values, andunconstrained by coercion, sending an apparent message to China.
The leaders, during the summit proposed progressive initiatives to strengthen
the inter-country partnerships and enhance cooperation on the most demanding
challenges the world is facing right now: emerging strong from the COVID-19
pandemic and overcoming it, ensuring easy, safe and enough production and accessto vaccines, enhancing the infrastructure, addressing the dangerous consequences ofclimate change, encouraging the use of new and emerging technology, and nurturing
the youth in all the member countries to safeguard the future.

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Global Health:• Under the health vertical, the leaders of the member countries agreed on
promoting vaccine access across the world on all grounds, by expanding the
manufacture of vaccine doses, finance production of vaccines, deliver themfrom one country to another, amongst other efforts.
• Enhance key investments in the healthcare sector related to COVID-19,
including vaccine and treatment drugs.
• Prepare the member countries with better preparedness plans and means
to combat any future pandemic and further strengthen their science andtechnology cooperation to have safe and effective vaccines, therapeutics, anddiagnostics available now and into the future.
Infrastructure:
The Quad concentrated on building infrastructure which promotes digitalconnectivity, climate resilience, health and health security, and is gender equal. In
this context, the Quad agreed to bring in experts and required capacity to strengthen
and upgrade the infrastructure of the Indo-pacific region.
• Introduce a Quad Infrastructure Coordination Group, with infrastructure
experts from across the member countries that will meet and share therequirements on a regular basis, ensure transparency and an upgradedinfrastructure.
Climate Change:
The Quad countries were committed to deploy efforts in accordance to the 2030
SDG Agenda and achieve the targets of greenhouse gas emissions, phasing out fossil
fuels and shifting to renewable energy, etc.
• Form zero- emission shipping corridors by 2030 by launching a Quad shippingtask force and ensuring efforts in this direction.
• Establishing a clean- Hydrogen Partnership by technology development
and efficiently scaling up the production of clean, development of delivery
infrastructure to safely and efficiently transport, store, and distribute cleanhydrogen for end-use applications, and stimulating market demand toaccelerate trade in clean hydrogen in the Indo-Pacific region.
• Strengthen Adaptation, Resilience, and Preparedness towards Climate
Change by improving critical climate information-sharing and promoting
disaster-resilient infrastructure in the Indo- pacific region.
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Scope of Civil Society Engagement in
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD) or QUAD

Fostering the Youth:
The Quad countries were committed to focus their energies on the youth of today
as they will be the future of the countries and will be the leaders, innovators andpioneers of tomorrow.
• The Quad Fellowship was launched by the Quad members, aiming to sponsor
the post graduate and doctoral degrees of 100 students in a year, 25 from each
Quad country. A taskforce including leaders from the non-governmental
sector, the private sector and academicians will be formed to oversee thisfellowship.
Emerging Technologies:
The Quad leaders were committed to creating a technological ecosystem that is free,accessible and secure.
• The Quad will launch a statement of principles on technology design,development, governance, and use aiming towards a responsible, open, highstandards innovation.
• The Quad will establish contact groups focusing on standards-development
activities as well as foundational pre-standardization research.
• Quad partners will launch a joint initiative to map capacity, identify
vulnerabilities, and bolster supply-chain security for semiconductors andtheir vital components.
• Quad partners will jointly facilitate enabling environments for 5G
diversification, including with efforts related to testing and test facilities.
• The Quad will monitor trends in critical and emerging technologies, startingwith advanced biotechnologies, including synthetic biology, genome
sequencing, and biomanufacturing.
Cybersecurity:
Quad will launch new efforts to bolster critical-infrastructure resilience against
cyber threats by bringing together the expertise of our nations to drive domestic andinternational best practices.
• A Quad Senior Cyber-Group shall be formed, in which leaders of cybersecurity
from the four countries shall meet and discuss on adopting and implementing
shared cyber standards, development of secure software; building workforce
and talent; and promoting the scalability and cybersecurity of secure andtrustworthy digital infrastructure.

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Space:A new working group for space cooperation shall be formed to exchange satellite data,
monitor and adapt to climate change, enhance disaster preparedness, and respond tochallenges in shared domains.
• The Quad will start discussions to exchange Earth observation satellite data
and analysis on climate-change risks and the sustainable use of oceans andmarine resources.
• These countries will engage in enhancing capacities of other countries of the
Indo- Pacific region in space related domains to expand on technologies ofmutual interest.
• The Quad will also consult on norms, guidelines, principles, and rules for
ensuring the long-term sustainability of the outer space environment.(4)Significance of Quad for India
According to popular belief, the Quad was formed to counter China’s economic andmilitary rise. In this context, it will be beneficial for India to take help from the other
Quad countries in case the tension between the Indian and Chinese armies increaseson the borders. In addition, India can even take the help of its naval front and conduct
strategic explorations in the Indo-Pacific region.
However, the Quad exists not only to serve the purpose of countering the rise of
China, but the aggression and pressure with which China comes forth in making its
point, is definitely a popular topic of discussion amongst the Quad members.
With the help and assistance of the other Quad countries, India has a great
opportunity to explore multiple initiatives that aim to create an Indo Pacific region
which is free and open. In addition, India’s geographical location is such, making it
centrally located in the Indo- Pacific region, making it have widespread trade andcultural connections with the Indo-Pacific coastlines.(5)The Indo-Pacific structural constructbrings New Delhi in a positionto advance its
interests in East Asia.India joining a group of powerful allies like USA, Japan andAustralia, advances its power and stature amongst the other countries of the IndoPacific region and beyond. India being less developed than the other counterpartsin this partnership, makes it even more powerful and makes it rise above its middlepower status.

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Scope of Civil Society Engagement in
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD) or QUAD

Apart from this, New Delhi’s growing presence in the Indo- Pacific region
automatically bolsters India’s Act East Policy and Extended Neighbourhood Policy.
This hike is also supported by New Delhi’s association with members of the ASEAN.
In the context of defense against rival countries, the strengthening ties between India
and the United States also adds the much-needed weightage. This is exemplified byincreased engagements between New Delhi and Washington as noted in terms of
the four foundational agreements signed between the two countries, comprising theGeneral Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA, 2002); Logistics
Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA, 2016); and Communications
Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA, 2018); and finally, Basic
Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA, 2020)– promoting interoperability
between the two militaries and making provision for sale and transfer of high-end
technologies. Additionally, because of this increasing friendship between the twocountries, America has significantly increased the arms exports to India, from almost
nil to 15 billion USD.
After the India- Australia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2020, India’s rolein the Indo- Pacific and the Quad was boosted even further. Additionally, Canberra
and New Delhi signed nine arrangements, key among these being the Australia-India
Mutual Logistics Support Arrangement and the Defence Science and Technology
Implementing Arrangement providing a framework to deepen defense cooperation
between the two countries.
India was also amongst the first countries to provide its neighbouring countries like
Maldives, Mauritius, Sri Lanka and Seychelles, with medical aid. In addition, New
Delhi was also amongst those providing help to the hardest hit by COVID-19, Iranand Italy. India also provided rapid response teams to other countries to tackle andmitigate the pandemic. Additionally, India evacuated nine Maldives nationals from
Wuhan, China, the epicenter of the coronavirus outbreak.
India was also at the forefront in tackling the pandemic together with a global
response. New Delhi established a SAARC Emergency Response Fund for COVID19, with an initial 10 million USD contribution from India. Additionally, India’s
Armed Forces have been actively engaged in carrying forward India’s mission
abroad. In February, an Indian Air Force (IAF) relief aircraft evacuated 76 Indiansand 36 foreign nationals from Wuhan. In cooperation with the Indian Army, theIAF launched the 18-hour Operation Sanjeevani to deliver 6.2 tons of essential
medicines and hospital consumables to the Maldives, and the Indian Navy’s warship
INS Khatri (5,600-ton landing ship) deployed under Mission Sagar, carrying
medical teams, consignments of essential medicines, and food supplies to Maldives,
Mauritius, Madagascar, Comoros, and Seychelles.
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Apart from India championing the pandemic response, it is also considered as
one of the most suitable destinations for investment, after China. After the recent
turbulence with China, many investors are looking for opportunities to extract from
China, and invest elsewhere. India becomes a preferred choice for them, viz a viz its
large market size and inexpensive labour costs. This further adds to India’s role in the
global supply chain system.
This argument ensures the emerging role of India as a key contender for advancing
the Indo- Pacific region. With New playing such vital roles in the past and currently,
it seems India has already taken up a larger and more meaningful responsibility on its
shoulders. Emerging strong in the post- pandemic world assumes India to be one ofthe pioneers in steering policies and defending allied interests of the Indo- Pacific.(6)Is the Quad good for India?
Being a member of the Quad with other developed nations is both advantageousand challenging for India. As already discussed, the Quad can definitely help India
to counterbalance the rise of China in the Indo- Pacific region. With this association
with major powers of the world, India can also rise above its middle- power status andcreate an impact in the Indo- Pacific region and beyond. Also, India’s Act East Policy
and Extended Neighbour policy boost India’s engagement in the Indo-Pacific.
As also mentioned, the association between these Quad countries will also makeIndia the investor’s favourite destination to put their money into. The increasingexchange of information, signing of mutually benefitting agreements, defence relatedagreements, amongst others, makes it a favourable situation for India and strengthens
the ties between these countries. Especially, in the post pandemic world, the Quadcan be seen as a great opportunity for India to assert its leadership and prove itself asa pharmaceutical maestro. Even during the pandemic, India was seen making efforts
to provide COVID-19 vaccinations world over.
However, like every phenomenon has its own pros and cons, similarly, the Quadalso poses a few challenges for India, apart from its advantages. As Quad appears
as an effort to suppress China as a superpower, this may create tension between thetwo countries. Therefore, it becomes crucial for India to not compress the Quad’srole to just a partnership against China. In addition, not to forget that India andChina are both part of other international platforms like the BRICS. Therefore, every
action of India in the Quad space shall also determine its presence with other suchgroupings.
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Scope of Civil Society Engagement in
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD) or QUAD

Apart from this, India is also dependent on other countries like Iran and Myanmar
for much of its energy and trade requirements. Interestingly, China is also supremely
active in these states through its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This overlapping
may cause Iran and Myanmar to turn away from India. In addition, if India indulges
in the Quad on the military front, it might be hazardous for India, more than theother Quad countries, given that India shares its border with China and this gives a
direct opportunity to China to backfire.
Lastly, India’sfiascoindelivering on its promises on providing connectivity andsecurity to its immediate neighbours, has caused major concerns for the Indo- Pacificregion. In addition to this, a few of India’s neighbours have already been experiencing
China’s footprints in their territories, that has further reduced India’s dominancein those regions. If this continues and India does not take control of the situation,delivering on Quad projects in the future might also be a failure, owing to India’s
deficit in delivering its promises.(7)Civil Society Experiences with Previous
Groupings similar to Quad
The Indo-Pacific region has emerged as the choicest space for the world traders toinvest in as it comprises of large and powerful economies like India, the US, Japan and
China. However, the trade war between US and China and the increasing dependencyof other countries on China, has given rise to the speculation of limited scope of these
multilateral forums. This has in turn pushed these countries to find alternatives tosustain their stand in the Indo-Pacific region. China’s attempt to transform its militarybase and modernize it, has also led to heavy militarization across borders, which has
disturbed the existing balance between the power distribution of economies.
As a result, to contain the rise of China, and address security concerns, the othercountries in the Indo-Pacific region have been forming multiple informal groupings
like the Quad and the AUKUS (Australia, United Kingdom and United States).
AUKUS is however, relatively new and emerging, there have been similar kind of
multilateral forums in the past as well, to address similar concerns. One amongst
them is the ASEAN.

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ASEAN
ASEAN was established in August 1967 with the purpose of accelerating the
economic growth, social progress, and cultural development, and promoting regional
peace and stability, in the South-East Asian region.
A report by the ASEAN Civil Society Conference/ASEAN Peoples’ Forum (ACSC/
APF) found out that in between 2005 to 2015, civil society participation andengagement with ASEAN had been continuously resisted by all the ASEAN member
countries. The document also highlighted the poor response and attention given by
the ASEAN members to civil society recommendation during all the included time
period.
The report concluded with a few concerns that the CSOs raised with respect toengagement with ASEAN. A few of them were:(1) lack of popular participation in ASEAN decision-making; (2) rising inequalities
between and among member countries; (3) weakening democracies and theprevalence of authoritarian governing modes; (4) human rights deficits and theabsence of sanctions against rogue regimes; (5) dominance of an elite-centereddevelopment strategy and the resulting failure to attain inclusive growth; (6)competition rather than complementarity in trade and investment relations; (7)lack of a regional identity and unity; (8) weak social protection for all residents andmigrants; and (9) ongoing inequality between genders.(8)Another finding of the review highlighted that the ASEAN governments seemed
more comfortable with the private sector and the academic and research think tanks
than the civil societies of those countries.
“ASEAN and its member governments have been seen to be more comfortable with theprivate sector and academic and research think tanks than with civil society. Where key
ASEAN members have shown themselves to open doors for civil society, whether at theirhome countries or at regional fora, individual ASEAN member countries have consistently
resisted and vacillated with regards civil society participation and engagement. –How to
involve people has become a question because of national contexts”. Various reasons for not
engaging with civil society have been cited. Among these are the questionable representationof constituencies; lack of independence and promotion of values and agendas of foreign
governments/entities, owing to their acceptance of foreign grant funds; identification with
opposition parties and agendas, and therefore having questionable motives and agendas.

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Scope of Civil Society Engagement in
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD) or QUADHigh expectations for people‘s participation in ASEAN, encouraged by the promise of‘a people-oriented ASEAN‘and the hope of approximating established practice at theUN system, are thus not met, leading to frustration amongst those in civil society who
have chosen to engage ASEAN at various levels. Civil society views ASEAN’s openness
to participation as very crucial. But the level of commitment of ASEAN is perceived to
be only on the level of rhetoric, and not as intentional, owing to the fact that enabling
environments are not present to facilitate people‘s participation.(9)Conclusion
Given that a vast range of activities and commitments come under the ambit of
the Quad, it is indeed emerging as one of the vital platforms for emerging strong,
especially in the post- pandemic era. Ranging from global health to climate change,from cybersecurity to quality education, the Quad covers it all. It also commits tosome of the major challenges that the civil society of India has also been striving tocombat since time immemorial. Although the civil society might not be a good fir
to address issues of cybersecurity, space and military activities, but it can definitely
explore the scope of participation in domains related to health and wellbeing, equal
vaccine access, quality education, skill development for the youth of the nation,
amongst other Quad’s focus areas.
To further the view points of the country, the Government usually voices its opinions
on various multilateral fora. Similarly, the Indian Government has also conducteddialogues with other Quad nations on issues that are common to all and need aunified approach to handle. India has undertaken three such consultations in thepast, one in 2017 and two in 2018.
As a result of these international dialogues, few common interest areas that emerged
were advancing connectivity, achieving the sustainable development goals, counterterrorism, non-proliferation and maritime and cyber security, in order to maintainpeace, non- violence and stability in the Indo- Pacific region and beyond.
As recognized by the 2030 Agenda, the civil society plays a critical role in
implementation of SDGs, given their wide connectivity with the communities. The
civil society is engaged in awareness building and mobilization, capacity building
with regard to SDGs, designing and implementation of projects with the help of thecommunities, providing research-based policy recommendations, data collection,and hold the government accountable for the promises made by them.

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The Scope of Civil Society Engagement
The role of the sector can be gauged by its previous engagements with similargroupings and the gaps that made those experiences deficient. Therefore, the civilsociety might be beneficial in playing the following roles:
Knowledge and information sharing: There is an evident lack of understanding andawareness about the existence of the Quad in the Indo-Pacific region, and there isalsoa significant gap in the networking efforts. Since, there is inability to reach out
to one another, therefore, there is a lack of information and knowledge exchange
amongst different bodies in the member countries, which needs to be filled in forenhancement of the effects and achievement of the desired results. This role can bewell played by the civil society, keeping in mind their expertise in capacity building
and networking.
Research and documentation: Learning from previous experiences and advancing
the efforts based on them, is always a good practice. The CSOs, owing to theirvast experience in conducting research studies, can prove beneficial in monitoring
the efforts of the Quad and build a database of good practices and highlight theinadequacies of the group. Research studies of this type will further develop andscale-up the efforts made by the Quad countries.Engagement with the civil society
will bring in more inputs and data from the ground that are not readily available togovernments.
First responders in a crisis: The civil society has always been the first ones to respondto a crisis and provide services in the remotest of areas. Playing this crucial rolefor
those in need and addressing the issues of local communities and the grassroots,
keeping in mindtheir closeness and proximity to the communities, put them in anadvantageous position over the governments. This feature of the civil societies willdefinitely prove handy in a problematic situation and helpful to the governments.
It is therefore evident that the contributions and engagement of the civil society may
prove as an important element in forwarding the agenda of the Quad. Therefore,
the Quad must try and involve the civil society in the process and seek inputs fromthem to advance their efforts. Allowing an opportunity to the civil society to provide
a meaning and back the efforts of the Quad, in certain focus areas, can be agreed
upon as essential to achieve the desired goals and amplify the process. Each Quadcountry is responsible for contributing to this space of mutual interest amongst the
Indo- Pacific region, and there is definitely some scope for the civil societies of therespective countries to take ownership and contribute to this process of making the
Indo- Pacific region, a free, open and inclusive space.
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References
1) https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/truth-lies-and-politics/quad-itssignificance-for-india/
2) https://www.csis.org/analysis/defining-diamond-past-present-and-futurequadrilateral-security-dialogue3) https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/12/
quad-leaders-joint-statement-the-spirit-of-the-quad/4) https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/09/24/
fact-sheet-quad-leaders-summit/
5) https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/truth-lies-and-politics/quad-itssignificance-for-india/6) https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/2528182/the-quadfactor-in-the-indo-pacific-and-the-role-of-india/7) https://www.orfonline.org/research/india-and-the-quad/8) https://th.boell.org/en/2017/07/12/new-perspectives-civil-societyengagement-asean
9) https://dvov.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/FULL-PAPER-ACSC-APFTen-Year-Review-2005-2015.pdf

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About Heinrich Böll Stiftung

The Heinrich Böll Stiftung is a German foundation and part of the Green movementthat has developed worldwide as a response to the traditional politics of socialism,
liberalism, and conservatism. We are a green think-tank and an international policy
network, our main tenets are ecology and sustainability, democracy and human rights,
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meaning social emancipation and equal rights for women and men. We are also
committed to equal rights for cultural and ethnic minorities. Finally, we promote
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open debate, and the valuation of art and culture as independent spheres of thought
and action. Our India Liaison Office was established in 2002 in New Delhi.

www.vaniindia.org
About VANI

As a platform, it promotes voluntarism and creates space for voluntary action.
As a network, it attempts to bring about a convergence of common sectoral issues
and concerns for building a truly national agenda of voluntary action in the country.
It also facilitates linkages of various efforts and initiatives of the voluntary sector.

Disclaimer: This publication was prepared with the support of the Heinrich Böll Stiftung. The views and analysis containedin the publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the foundation.