BULLETIN 39

The Metal Resources of
New Mexico and
Their Economic
Features Through 1954
A revision of Bulletin 7, by Lasky and Wootton, with detailed
information for the years 1932-1954

BY EUGENE CARTER ANDERSON

1957

STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES
NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGYCAMPUS STATIONSOCORRO, NEW MEXICONEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY
E. J. Workman, President

STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES
Alvin J. Thompson, Director

THE REGENTS
MEMBERS EX OFFICIOTHE HONORABLE EDWIN L. MECHEM………...Governor of New Mexico
MRS. GEORGIA L. LUSK ......................Superintendent of Public Instruction
APPOINTED MEMBERS
ROBERT W. BOTTS ....................................................................Albuquerque
HOLM O. BURSUM, JR. ..................................................................... Socorro
THOMAS M. CRAMER .................................................................... Carlsbad
JOHN N. MATHEWS, JR. ................................................................... Socorro
RICHARD A. MATUSZESKI ......................................................AlbuquerqueContents
Page
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1
Purpose and Scope of Bulletin ..................................................................................... 1
Other Reports Dealing With the Geology and Mineral Resourcesof New Mexico ....................................................................................................... 1
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................... 3
HISTORICAL REVIEW ................................................................................................ 4
METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO................................................................. 10
Summary of Geology and Ore Deposits .................................................................... 10
Occurrence and Distribution of New Mexico Ore Minerals ...................................... 13
Antimony .............................................................................................................. 14
Arsenic .................................................................................................................. 14
Beryllium .............................................................................................................. 14
Bismuth ................................................................................................................. 15
Cadmium .............................................................................................................. 15
Cobalt ................................................................................................................... 15
Columbium ........................................................................................................... 15
Copper .................................................................................................................. 15Gold ...................................................................................................................... 19
Iron ....................................................................................................................... 20
Lead ...................................................................................................................... 22
Lithium .................................................................................................................. 23
Manganese ............................................................................................................ 23
Molybdenum ......................................................................................................... 24
Nickel ................................................................................................................... 24
Silver ..................................................................................................................... 25
Tantalum ............................................................................................................... 26
Tellurium .............................................................................................................. 26
Thorium ................................................................................................................ 26
Tin ........................................................................................................................ 26
Tungsten ............................................................................................................... 26
Uranium ................................................................................................................ 27
Vanadium .............................................................................................................. 28
Zinc ....................................................................................................................... 28
Rare Earths ........................................................................................................... 29

Page
MINING DISTRICTS ............................................................................................... 30
Bernalillo County ................................................................................................... 30
Tijeras Canyon District ...................................................................................... 30
Catron County ........................................................................................................ 31
Black Range (Taylor Creek) Tin District ........................................................... 31
Mogollon (Cooney) District ............................................................................... 32
Chaves County ........................................................................................................ 33
Colfax County ........................................................................................................ 34
Baldy (Ute Creek) District ................................................................................. 35
Cimarroncito District ......................................................................................... 36
Elizabethtown (Moreno) District ....................................................................... 37
Ponil District ...................................................................................................... 38
Willow Creek District ........................................................................................ 39
Curry County .......................................................................................................... 39
De Baca County ...................................................................................................... 39
Dona Ana County ................................................................................................... 39
Black Mountain-Gold Camp District ................................................................. 41
Hembrillo-San Andrecito District ...................................................................... 41
Organ District .................................................................................................... 41
Rincon Manganese District ................................................................................ 43
Other Mining Districts ....................................................................................... 44
Eddy County ........................................................................................................... 44
Grant County ........................................................................................................... 44
Black Hawk (Alhambra, Bullard's Peak) District .............................................. 45
Burro Mountains (Tyrone, Cow Springs) District .............................................. 45
Cap Rock Mountain Manganese District ........................................................... 48
Carpenter District ............................................................................................... 48
Central Area ....................................................................................................... 48
Hanover (-Fierro) District ............................................................................. 51
Bayard District .............................................................................................. 59
Santa Rita District ......................................................................................... 62
Fleming (Bear Mountain) District ...................................................................... 67
Georgetown (Mimbres) District ......................................................................... 67
Gold Hill District ............................................................................................... 67
Hachita (Eureka) District ................................................................................... 69
Lone Mountain District ...................................................................................... 69
Malone District .................................................................................................. 69
Pinos Altos District ............................................................................................ 70
Silver City District ............................................................................................. 71

Page
Boston Hill Subdistrict .................................................................................. 71
Chloride Flat Subdistrict ................................................................................ 73
Steeple Rock District ........................................................................................ 76
Swartz (Carpenter) District ............................................................................... 77
Telegraph District ............................................................................................. 79
Tyrone District .................................................................................................. 79
White Signal District ........................................................................................ 79
Guadalupe County .................................................................................................. 80
Pastura (Pintada) District .................................................................................. 80
Harding County ....................................................................................................... 82
Hidalgo County ....................................................................................................... 82
Apache No. 2 (Anderson) District .................................................................... 82
Fremont District ................................................................................................ 84
Gold Hill District .............................................................................................. 84
Hachita (Eureka, Sylvanite) District ................................................................. 84
Lordsburg (Pyramid, Virginia) District ............................................................ 85
Red Hill (Gillespie) District .............................................................................. 88
Steins Pass-San Simon District ......................................................................... 88
Lea County .............................................................................................................. 89
Lincoln County ....................................................................................................... 89
Estey (Oscuro) District ..................................................................................... 90
Gallinas Mountains (Red Cloud) District ......................................................... 91
Jicarilla District ................................................................................................ 91
Nogal District ................................................................................................... 92
White Oaks District .......................................................................................... 92
Los Alamos County ................................................................................................ 93
Luna County ........................................................................................................... 94
Carrizalillo Hills District .................................................................................. 94
Cooks Peak District .......................................................................................... 95
Cooks Range Manganese District ..................................................................... 96
Florida Mountains District ................................................................................ 96
Fremont District ................................................................................................ 97
Little Florida Mountains (Manganese Valley) District ...................................... 97
Tres Hermanas District ..................................................................................... 97
Victorio (Gage) District .................................................................................... 98
McKinley County .................................................................................................... 99
Mora County ........................................................................................................... 99
Coyote Creek District ....................................................................................... 99
Other Districts .................................................................................................. 100

Page
Otero County ......................................................................................................... 100
Orogrande (Jarilla, Silver Hill, Brice) District ................................................. 101
Sacramento (High Rolls) District .................................................................... 102
Tularosa (Bent) District ................................................................................... 103
Quay County .......................................................................................................... 104
Rio Arriba County ................................................................................................. 104
Abiquiu District ............................................................................................... 104
Bromide-Hopewell (Headstone) District ......................................................... 105
El Rito Placer District ...................................................................................... 106
Gallina (Coyote-Youngsville) District ............................................................ 106
Nacimiento Mountains (Cuba) District ........................................................... 106
Petaca District ................................................................................................. 106
Rinconada (West Picuris) District ................................................................... 106
Roosevelt County .................................................................................................. 107
Sandoval County .................................................................................................... 107
Cochiti (Bland) District ................................................................................... 107
Jemez Springs District ..................................................................................... 108
Nacimiento Mountains (Cuba) District ........................................................... 108
Placitas District ............................................................................................... 109
San Juan County .................................................................................................... 109
San Miguel County ................................................................................................ 109
El Porvenir (Hermit Mountain) District .......................................................... 110
Rociada District ............................................................................................... 110
Tecolote District .............................................................................................. 111
Willow Creek (Pecos, Cooper) District ........................................................... 111
Santa Fe County ..................................................................................................... 113
Cerrillos District .............................................................................................. 113
Glorieta District ............................................................................................... 115
La Bajada District ............................................................................................ 115
New Placers (San Pedro) District .................................................................... 116
Old Placers (Ortiz, Dolores) District ............................................................... 117
Santa Fe District .............................................................................................. 118
Santa Fe Manganese District ........................................................................... 119
Sierra County ......................................................................................................... 119
Caballo Mountains District .............................................................................. 120
Chloride (Apache, Black Range, Cuchillo Negro) District……………………. 121
Derry Manganese District ................................................................................ 122
Fra Cristobal Range District ............................................................................ 122
Hermosa (Palomas) District ............................................................................ 123
Hillsboro (Las Animas) District ...................................................................... 123

Page
Hot Springs (Mud Springs) District ................................................................. 124
Kingston (Black Range) District ...................................................................... 125
Lake Valley District ......................................................................................... 126
Las Animas (Gold Dust) Placer District .......................................................... 127
Macho District ................................................................................................. 127
Pittsburg (Shandon) Placer District .................................................................. 127
San Mateo Mountains District ......................................................................... 128
Taylor Creek Tin District ................................................................................. 128
Tierra Blanca (Bromide) District ..................................................................... 128
Socorro County ...................................................................................................... 129
Cat Mountain District ...................................................................................... 130
Chupadera District ........................................................................................... 130
Council Rock District ...................................................................................... 130
Hansonburg (Carthage) District ....................................................................... 131
Hop Canyon District ........................................................................................ 132
Iron Mountain District ..................................................................................... 132
Jones Camp District ......................................................................................... 133
Joyita Hills (Canyoncito) District .................................................................... 133
Ladron Mountains District ............................................................................... 134
Lemitar Mountains District .............................................................................. 134
Luis Lopez Manganese District ....................................................................... 134
Magdalena District ........................................................................................... 135
Magdalena Mountains Manganese District ...................................................... 139
Mill Canyon District ........................................................................................ 139
North Magdalena District ................................................................................ 139
Ojo Caliente District ........................................................................................ 140
Rayo District .................................................................................................... 140
Rosedale District .............................................................................................. 140
San Andres Mountains District ........................................................................ 141
Goodfortune Creek Subdistrict .................................................................... 141
Grandview Canyon Subdistrict ................................................................... 142
Mockingbird Gap Subdistrict ...................................................................... 142
Salinas Peak Subdistrict .............................................................................. 142
Sulphur Canyon Subdistrict ........................................................................ 142
San Jose (Nogal, San Mateo) District .............................................................. 143
San Lorenzo (San Acacia) District ................................................................... 143
Scholle District ................................................................................................ 143
Socorro Peak District ....................................................................................... 144
Water Canyon District ..................................................................................... 144
Taos County ........................................................................................................... 145
Anchor (La Belle) District ............................................................................... 146
Picuris (Copper Hill) District ........................................................................... 146
Red River District ............................................................................................ 147

Page
Rio Grande Placer District ............................................................................... 148
Twining (Arroyo Hondo) District .................................................................... 149
Torrance County ................................................................................................... 149
Union County ....................................................................................................... 150
Valencia County ................................................................................................... 150
ECONOMIC FEATURES OF THE METAL MINING INDUSTRY IN NEWMEXICO .............................................................................................................. 151
URANIUM .............................................................................................................. 153
Discovery and Development of Ore Bodies ......................................................... 153
Geologic Horizons Favorable to Discovery .......................................................... 157
Uranium Minerals ................................................................................................. 157
Associated Minerals ............................................................................................. 157
Atomic Energy Commission ................................................................................. 158
Review by Counties .............................................................................................. 158
Summary .............................................................................................................. 165
PROSPECTING FOR MINERAL DEPOSITS AND LOCATING MINING
CLAIMS ............................................................................................................... 166
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 167
INDEX ..................................................................................................................... 171

Illustrations
TABLES
1. Production of metals in Bernalillo County, 1910-1954 .............................. 30
2. Production of metals in the Mogollon (Cooney) district, CatronCounty, 1880-1954 .................................................................................... 34
3. Production of metals in Colfax County, 1904-1954 ................................... 36
4. Production of metals in Dona Ana County, 1904-1954 ............................. 40
5. Production of nonferrous metals, Grant County, 1904-1954 ..................... 46
6. Production of metals — Central area (Bayard, Hanover, and Santa Rita
districts), Grant County, 1904-1953 ........................................................... 68
7. Production of metals in the Pinos Altos district, Grant County, 19321950 …………………………………………………………………….. 72
8. Production of manganiferous iron ore from Boston Hill, Silver City
district, Grant County, 1905-1954 ............................................................. 74

Page
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

Estimated production of silver ore from Chloride Flat, 18701937 ............................................................................................................ 75
Production of metals in the Steeple Rock district, Grant
County, 1932-1947 ..................................................................................... 77
Production of metals in Guadalupe County, 1925-1954 ............................. 81
Production of metals in Hidalgo County, 1920-1954 ................................. 83
Production of metals in Lincoln County, 1904-1954 ................................. 90
Production of metals in Luna County, 1904-1954 ...................................... 95
Production of metals in Otero County, 1904-1954 ................................... 101
Production of metals in Santa Fe County, 1904-1954 .............................. 114
Production of metals in Sierra County, 1904-1954 .................................. 120
Production of metals in Socorro County, 1904-1954 ............................... 130
Production of metals in the Magdalena district, 1904-1954 ……………... 138
Generalized geologic sections in New Mexico ......................................... 157
Production of metals in New Mexico through 1954………………Facing 150

FIGURES1.
2.
3.

Grant County mining areas ......................................................................... 49
Central mining area .................................................................................... 50
Hanover-Fierro stock .................................................................................. 56

PLATES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Metal mining districts and subdistricts, New Mexico —1955 .......... In pocket
Production of gold and silver in New Mexico, 1910-1954 …………In pocket
Production of copper in New Mexico, 1910-1954 ............................ In pocket
Production of lead and zinc in New Mexico, 1910-1954. ................ In pocket
Uranium in New Mexico .................................................................. In pocket

Introduction
PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF BULLETIN
In this bulletin an attempt has been made to assemble information of particular value
to those interested in developing and working the metalliferous deposits of New Mexico.
Brief descriptions are given of all known deposits in the State other than those of ironand manganese. The history, production, and geology of the districts in which these
deposits occur are treated in variable detail, depending upon the importance of the
district. The bulletin also contains a conspectus of the metallic minerals found in New
Mexico, together with a statement of their occurrence and distribution.
Uranium, which recently has become important in New Mexico, is treated in a
separate section of this report.
Only brief consideration is devoted to the deposits and production of iron ore. Thissubject has been covered adequately by Dr. V. C. Kelley, of the University of New
Mexico (1949). The discussion of manganese deposits and their production likewise isabbreviated, a separate report on this subject being in preparation by the New Mexico
Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources.
Some attention has been given to the economic features of the metals and minerals
produced in the State. These features are subject, however, to rapid change resulting
from fluctuations of supply and demand in the overall economy. The mining, milling,and smelting practices and costs which obtain today may become obsolete and disastrous
a year from now.
Since the original publication of this bulletin in 1932, the metal-mining industry of
New Mexico has undergone many changes. The peace- and wartime economies of theinterval between 1932 and 1954 stimulated production from both old and new mines.
New ore bodies were discovered, and new mines were brought into production. Somemines were depleted of ore and abandoned; even whole districts were mined out andbecame inactive.
The location and description of some old districts that were overlooked by Lasky
and Wootton (1933) in their original report are included in this revision, not because of
their past importance but because of their future possibilities in the light of new mining
methods and improved milling techniques.

OTHER REPORTS DEALING WITH THE GEOLOGYAND MINERAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO
The mineral resources of New Mexico have been described by several writers. An
early volume entitled "New Mexico Mines and Minerals," by Fayette A. Jones, waspublished in 1904, but the first comprehensive

2

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

description of the ore deposits of the State was the report of Lindgren, Graton, andGordon, "The Ore Deposits of New Mexico," issued in 1910. The report by James M.
Hill, "Mining Districts of the Western United States," published in 1912, contains asection on New Mexico, including a map of the State showing the location of eachmining district and noting its predominant metal. The map is accompanied by text
information giving for each camp a full list of the metals produced, the shipping point
for the camp, and a brief statement of the geologic formation and the kind of deposit.
The New Mexico School of Mines published a short report by F. A. Jones entitled "TheMineral Resources of New Mexico," in 1915. In 1917 the U. S. Geological Survey
published a bulletin entitled "Useful Minerals of the United States," which, among otherfeatures, gives concisely the location by states and counties of the principal deposits ofuseful minerals known at that time, thus affording a valuable supplement to Hill's report.
A map of the State showing the location of all known mining districts, prepared by
Stuart A. Northrop, was released by the University of New Mexico in 1942.
Unfortunately all the foregoing publications are now out of print and not available to thegeneral public except through public and semipublic libraries.
The annual volumes of "Mineral Resources of the United States," published until
1923 by the U. S. Geological Survey, and since then by the U. S. Bureau of Mines,
consist mainly of statistics of production and market conditions, although also
containing occasional geologic descriptions. In 1930 the University of New Mexico
published a bulletin called "New Mexico Mineral Deposits Except Fuels," which covers
briefly both metallic and nonmetallic deposits, except oil, gas, and coal.
The best general description of the geology of New Mexico is contained in twobulletins by N. H. Darton entitled " 'Red Beds' and Associated Formations in New
Mexico; With an Outline of the Geology of the State" (1928), and "Geologic Structureof Parts of New Mexico" (1922). Darton's geologic map of New Mexico (scale
1:500,000), published by the U. S. Geological Survey in 1928, is invaluable to studentsof the geology of the State. This map is now out of print, but a revised edition is inpreparation.
Older bibliographical summaries of the geologic literature of New Mexico by T. P.
Wootton (1930) and Robert L. Bates and Marian R. Burks (1945) have been supersededby Marian R. Burks and John H. Schilling, "Bibliography of New Mexico Geology andMineral Technology Through 1950," published by the New Mexico Bureau of Minesand Mineral Resources in 1955. The latter volume has been supplemented and brought
up to date by Constance F. and John H. Schilling (1956), "Bibliography of New Mexico
Geology and Mineral Technology, 1951-1956," published under the same auspices.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

3ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Like its predecessor (Lasky and Wootton, 1933), this volume is chiefly acompilation. Unless otherwise noted, production statistics for the period prior to 1932were compiled from the annual volumes of "Mineral Resources of the United States"
and the "Minerals Yearbook." For a listing of other sources employed in preparing theprevious edition, the reader is referred to the "acknowledgments" recorded in the earlier
volume.
In the preparation of the present revision, current scientific and technical periodicals
have been consulted freely, especially the bulletins on the geology and ore deposits of
Sierra and Dona Ana Counties by Harley (1934) and Dunham (1935) respectively, andan unpublished report on the mineral resources of Colfax County by Pettit. Geologic
summaries have been abstracted principally from publications of the U. S. Geological
Survey and the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources.
Production figures for the years 1932-1954 were derived from the "Minerals
Yearbook" and from the annual reports of the State Inspector of Mines. For mines thatare currently active, operational data were obtained from the files of the operatingcompanies; in the case of mines which are no longer active, former personnel and oldrecords were the sources of such information. We are especially grateful to the personnelof the U. S. Bureau of Mines at Silver City (office since removed to Tucson, Ariz.) for
their courteous assistance.

Historical Review
The early history of mining in New Mexico has been described (Lindgren, Graton,and Gordon, 1910, p 17), as follows:
Unlike the more northerly States, New Mexico was at the time of the discovery ofAmerica settled by tribes of semicivilized Pueblo Indians, who lived in well-constructed
cities and who practiced agriculture by the aid of irrigation. Mining was not extensively
developed among them, but they knew the value of turquoise, which occurs in various placesin the Territory and which was used by them for ornaments and probably also in some way
as money. There is also some evidence that they used gold for ornaments and that they
probably obtained some of it from placers within the region. The first white man who set footin the Territory is believed to have been Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, who reached it fromthe East in 1534. An expedition headed by Coronado explored the northern part of the
Territory in 1540 and 1541. Between 1580 and 1680 the Indians were converted toChristianity by Spanish monks, and a number of missions were established.
The early Spanish explorers speak of turquoise as being obtained in the country, and it is
now a generally accepted belief that the quarries containing turquoise in Cerrillos were
worked prior to the advent of the Spaniards. There is also some evidence that the turquoise
mines of the Burro Mountains and the Hachita Range were similarly worked at a very earlydate. The early missions were established principally by the Jesuits, and it is believed thatsome mining was done by the Indians under their direction. It is thought that gold was
obtained from the gravels near Taos, and there is some evidence of early attempts to open
silver mines. Traces of such ancient mining for silver are found in the Los Cerrillos district,as a prospect near Ojo Caliente, and possibly also in the Hachita Range. The evidence is,however, not conclusive.
In 1680 the Pueblo Indians revolted against the oppressive rule of the Jesuits, and the
Spaniards were obliged to abandon the country, returning, however, about twenty years later.
It is stated that on their return it was expressly stipulated by the Indians that the Spaniards
should not again engage in mining, but only in agricultural pursuits. At any rate, little mining
was done during the eighteenth century. F. A. Jones [1904, p 13] mentions a document foundin Santa Fe under date of 1713, which refers to an old covered-up mine in the "Sierra de San
Lazora." About the end of the eighteenth century the copper mines at Santa Rita, in thesouthwestern part of the Territory, were discovered, and they are said to have had a large
production for a time. It is worthy of note that these mines have been almost continuously
worked up to the present day.

The first systematic mining by white men in New Mexico was at the Santa Rita
copper deposits. The Santa Rita mines were among the earliest of the undergroundcopper mines in the United States. According to tradition, the Apaches mined andutilized the native copper of the Santa Rita deposits in the 17th century. In 1800 an
Indian showedMETAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

5

the deposits to a Spanish officer in return for some kindness that had been rendered, andin 1801 shipments of copper were started to Chihuahua, Mexico, and to Mexico City.
This production is said to have amounted to as much as 20,000 muleloads, or 4 million
pounds, per annum, during the early part of the century. The mines passed through anumber of hands and yielded a moderate production until the organization of the Chino
Copper Co. in 1909. Steam-shovel mining was instituted by this company, and extensive
production was begun in 1912. Since then the Chino mines have accounted consistently
for the major part of New Mexico's copper production. The property was acquired in
1924 by the Ray Consolidated Copper Co. of Arizona, which in 1926 became a part of
the Nevada Consolidated Copper Co. The Santa Rita copper mines are now known as
the Chino Mines Division of the Kennecott Copper Corp.
Gold was discovered in New Mexico in 1828 at the Old Placers, in the Ortiz
Mountains, south of Santa Fe, Santa Fe County. This is the first authentic record ofplacer mining in the United States west of the Mississippi River. Jones (1915, p 9) statesthat this discovery constituted the initial impulse toward development of the West. The
discovery of the Old Placers was made 20 years before the first gold excitement in
California and 30 years before the first discoveries in Colorado. Gold-quartz veins werediscovered near the Old Placers in 1833, and in 1839 the rich New Placers in Santa Fe
County were discovered.
Lead ore was found in the Organ Mountains in 1849. For several years a small
production was maintained, but here, as elsewhere, operations were handicappedseriously by the hostility of the Indians. Gold placers were discovered at Pinos Altos,
about 12 miles northwest of Santa Rita, Grant County, in 1859 or 1860, and vein
deposits were discovered there a few months later. Prospectors soon were forced by the
Indians to leave the area. Practically all mining work in the Territory was suspended
during the Confederate invasion under General Sibley in 1861 and 1862. Mining was
resumed in several districts in 1863, but in the Pinos Altos district this was delayed until
1867.
In 1863 a soldier by the name of Pete Kinsinger is said to have found rich silver ore
while stationed at Pueblo Springs near Magdalena, Socorro County. This is recorded as
the first silver discovery in the State. The lead-silver deposits of the Magdalena district
were found 3 years later by J. S. Hutchason, while hunting for Kinsinger's discovery. A
year later, in 1867, prospectors spreading out from Magdalena found silver veins in the
Socorro Peak district. At about the same time placer gold was found in the
Elizabethtown district, in Colfax County, by prospectors from Colorado.
The construction of the Southern Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe
railway lines through New Mexico was followed by a period of important mining
activity. Lindgren, Graton, and Gordon (1910, p 18) describe this period as follows:

6

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES
The surveying and construction of the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Atchison, Topeka
and Santa Fe Railway through the central and southern parts of the Territory, from 1879 to
1882, brought a large number of prospectors and miners. This was an epoch of great activity.
Practically all the mining districts now [1910] worked were then discovered and developed. It
was essentially an epoch of silver mining; copper and the other base metals were little sought
for, and even gold was less considered than silver. A great number of mills and small smelters
were erected; many of the latter were built at inconvenient places and operated on unsuitableores without much metallurgical knowledge. Rich silver ores were discovered, milled, orsmelted at Silver City and Georgetown: and it is reported that over $3,000,000 in silver was
obtained in a short time at Chloride Flat, near Silver City. Stamp mills were built at Pinos
Altos. Rich silver-lead ores were extracted from the Victorio district near Deming. Many new
discoveries were made in the Mimbres Mountains, or Black Range, for many years haunted byhostile Indians. In 1877 placers and gold-quartz veins were found near Hillsboro, and during
the few following years the Hermosa, Kingston, Apache, and Cuchillo Negro districts were
prospected and a considerable amount of silver ores extracted.
In 1878 were found the phenomenally rich silver mines of Lake Valley, which in a few
years yielded a total of 5,000,000 ounces of silver, but which were soon worked out. The
Mogollon Mountains, in western Socorro [Catron] County, close to the Arizona line, containone of the richest districts of the Territory, though one of the most difficult of access. Thisvicinity, now known as the Cooney district, was first prospected in 1875, but not until about
twenty years later was much progress made in the mining and reduction of the rich gold andsilver ores. Small lead smelters were built at Socorro, Los Cerrillos, Hachita, and a number ofother places. The Socorro plant was built [in 1881], and in 1887 another lead smelter was
erected at El Paso, Tex.

As noted above, deposits discovered in this period were mined chiefly for their silver
content. Most of them consisted of oxidized ores near the surface, and these were soon
exhausted. The gradual fall in the price of silver from $1.07 per ounce in 1885 to below
60 cents in the final years of the 19th century resulted in the closing of many of themines.
The increased demand for the base metals which developed at the beginning of thepresent century injected new life into the mining industry, and ores of these metals
began to be sought. The smelters at Socorro, N. Mex., and El Paso, Tex., were acquiredby the American Smelting 8c Refining Co., which dismantled the Socorro plant andenlarged the one at El Paso to permit the handling of copper ores. The copper smelter at
Douglas, Ariz., was built in 1902. These smelters provided a market for base-metal oresof the State and stimulated prospecting.
In 1903 high-grade zinc ores were discovered associated with the lead ores of the
Magdalena district. This district was for many years the chief producer of zinc in theState. In 1905 production of zinc ore began in the Central and Pinos Altos districts,
Grant County, and since then zinc has represented an important part of the State's metal
output.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

7

The Hanover district, Grant County, did not become an important producer of zinc until
1910, although zinc ore had been mined there since 1891 or earlier.
The low-grade copper deposits of the Burro Mountains district were discovered in1900 and yielded moderate amounts of copper for several years. The Phelps Dodge Co.,
now the Phelps Dodge Corp., entered the district in 1905. Some years later a large
tonnage of low-grade ore was developed by this company, and a concentrating mill witha capacity of 2,000 tons per day was constructed. An important production was maintained from 1916 to 1921, when the mines were closed. Considerable blocked-out ore
remained in the ground. Recently (1941-1955) leaching operations have resulted once
more in appreciable production.
The Lordsburg district, discovered in 1870, has been an important producer ofcopper since 1920, chiefly owing to the operations of the Calumet and Arizona Mining
Co. at the Eighty-five mine. This mine was acquired by the Phelps Dodge Corp. in 1931.
In recent years base-metal ores have become an important source of gold and silver
in New Mexico, but appreciable quantities of precious-metal ores have been sporadically
produced at the Aztec mine of the Maxwell Land Grant Co., in the Elizabethtown
district, Colfax County, and in the Mogollon district, Catron County, where the
Mogollon Mines Co., now defunct, was the chief company. Large-scale operations in the
Mogollon district were suspended in 1925, but the mine was reopened in 1931.
Substantial production was attained until 1943, when operations again werediscontinued.
The Pecos mine at Tererro, San Miguel County, was discovered in 1883. It was
acquired in 1925 by the American Metal Co. of New Mexico, a subsidiary of theAmerican Metal Co., Ltd. A modern concentrating mill was constructed, and large-scale
operations began in 1926. In 1927 this mine became, and continued to be, the largest
individual producer of zinc, lead, gold, and silver in New Mexico. It continued as such
until 1939, when it was closed down.
In 1928 a large body of complex ore was discovered at the Ground Hog mine in theCentral area, Grant County. This mine has yielded important amounts of zinc, lead,copper, and silver. A controlling interest in the mine was acquired in 1928 by the Asarco
Mining Co., a subsidiary of the American Smelting & Refining Co. Other mines thathave become important producers in the Central area since 1930 are the Bullfrog andSlate, Combination and Hobo, Kearney, Pewabic, Shingle Canyon, and Princess, all ofwhich have been important producers of lead and zinc.
The iron mines at Fierro, Grant County, had their first recorded production in 1891.
They were worked almost continuously from 1899 to 1931, except in 1904 and a part of1907-1908, when operations were suspended on account of labor difficulties. The
Hanover Bessemer Iron & Copper Co., which is controlled by the U. S. Smelting
Refining &8NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Mining Co., is the chief producer. During World War II these deposits again weremined. There was also some production of iron ore from Lincoln and Socorro Counties
during this period. All shipments went to the Colorado Fuel and Iron Co., at Pueblo,
Colorado. At the end of World War II all production was discontinued for a time.
Deposits at Boston Hill, near Silver City, Grant County, have yielded manganiferous
iron ore since the nineties; during recent years some 70,000 tons per year have been
shipped to iron furnaces at Pueblo, Colorado.
Numerous manganese deposits were worked during World War I, but only amoderate amount of ore was produced, and none of the properties which were active atthat time has developed into a large mine. A large manganese deposit has beendeveloped in the last few years in the Little Florida Mountains, Luna County; from it hascome a major part of the better grade manganese ore mined in New Mexico. During
World War II many of the manganese deposits of the State were worked again, but only
small production was attained. All operations, with the exception of one just south ofSocorro, were discontinued at the end of the war, but with the revival of theGovernment's stockpiling program, many properties have been reactivated.
The molybdenum deposits of the Red River district, Taos County, were recognizedin 1917. The deposits were worked for a brief period by the R. & S. Molybdenum Co.
and were acquired in 1920 by the Molybdenum Corporation of America. A
concentrating mill was built, and the property became the second largest producer ofmolybdenum in the United States, a position it held until the copper companies began
recovering molybdenum as a byproduct from low-grade copper ores. The mine continues
active, but known ore reserves are not large.
Metal mining in the State was stimulated greatly by World War I. The industry wasvery prosperous from 1916 to 1918, but the depression of 1921 closed most of themines, and production for that year was the lowest it had been since 1912. Rapid
recovery was evident in 1922 and 1923, and there was a steady expansion in the industry
until 1929, when the depression of the thirties began. Most of the metal mines of theState were closed by 1932. With the exception of the American Metal Company's Pecos
mine, such operations as were continued were on a very reduced production schedule.
The attention of miners turned to gold; many of the old producing districts, both placer
and lode, were reexamined, and activities resumed in many of them.
Recovery from the depression began in the industry toward the close of the thirties.
Evidence of the approaching new world conflict acted as a stimulant. With the beginningof hostilities in Europe in 1939, many mines had reopened or were preparing to do so, sothat by the time the United States entered the conflict in December 1941, nearly all themetal mines of the State were active. During the period from 1942 to 1945 there
occurred the greatest expansion in the mining industry New Mexico had everexperienced. The State contributed much to the war effort

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

9of those years. Economic conditions for several years following the ending of hostilities
were such that the mines of the State continued at maximum production. Between 1949and early 1950 mining activities declined, but increased world tension and the beginningof hostilities in Korea in mid-1950 brought about the rapid revival of the industry. By
the beginning of 1951 most mines were again producing at capacity, and old properties
that had been idle for many years were being reexamined for possible production.

Metal Resources of New Mexico
SUMMARY OF GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS
A short, graphic description of the geology and ore deposits of New Mexico by
Waldemar Lindgren appeared in a report by J. M. Hill (1912, pp 33-35). This description
is given below, supplemented by a number of revisions and additions, in brackets [ ],chiefly by S. G. Lasky:
The ore deposits of New Mexico form a gradually widening belt extending through thecentral portion of the State from Colfax County, at the north, to the southwest corner; in thissouthern part the districts are scattered over a wide area between El Paso and Silver City. . . .
Gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc are the principal metals of the output, and Grant, [SanMiguel, Socorro, and Hidalgo] are the principal productive counties.
New Mexico contains several well-defined geologic provinces. Over the smaller eastern
portion extend high plains or plateaus of horizontal or gently dipping Tertiary, Cretaceous,[Triassic,] and Carboniferous sediments. About the middle of the State these almost connect
with the similar strata of the plateau province which cover the northwestern part, theirmonotony being broken only by several minor uplifts like the Zuñi Mountains.
Through the center of the State and trending north and south are a succession of ranges.
Toward the Colorado boundary they are high and assume the type of the Rocky Mountain
uplifts, with a central core of pre-Cambrian rocks surrounded by the upturned edges of
Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata. Toward the south they are lower and are of the monoclinal
type of the Basin Ranges, being limited on the east or west side by prominent faults. The preCambrian is less prominently exposed and the sediments comprise a thick series. In the central[and southern] parts of the State a thin bed of Cambrian quartzite is covered by [several]
hundred feet of Ordovician [limestone], 200 feet of Devonian shale, [up to 200] feet ofMississippian, [from 900 to 2,000] feet of Pennsylvanian limestone and [shale], and [byPermian "Red Beds" and limestone which reach a thickness of over a mile in eastern New
Mexico]. Above this lies a small thickness of [Triassic and locally Jurassic] strata, and these
are in turn covered by [remnants] of Cretaceous coal-bearing sandstones and shales [up to
2,000 feet thick]. [Triassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary rocks are the surface rocks of most of thenortheastern part of the State.] The southwest corner of New Mexico is occupied by a numberof low ranges of the Arizona type, trending north-northwest, separated by wide desert plains
and built up of folded and faulted Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments [and Tertiary rocks];
these ranges rarely have pronounced monoclinal structure. Lavas of late Tertiary age, chiefly
andesitic and rhyolitic, cover a large space in the southwest, separating the province of thedesert ranges from the plateau province. These lavas also extend toward the northeast andoccupy large areas north of Santa Fe, but are here mainly basalts of . . . Quaternary age. Minor
intrusions of quartz monzonites [generally] of late

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

11

Cretaceous or early Tertiary age are known in nearly all the ranges and follow closely in theirdistribution the trend of the main mineral-bearing districts. [Some of these intrusions are later
than a part of the lavas.]
Deposits of pre-Cambrian age are known to occur in the northern ranges in Colfax, Taos,and Rio Arriba counties. [Zinc], copper, and gold are the principal metals. The deposits form
either lenticular quartz veins or disseminations [and fillings] of sulphides in [sheared] basic
igneous rocks. At the Hamilton mine [now the Pecos mine of the American Metal Co. of New
Mexico], in the Pecos district, Carboniferous strata cover the decomposed outcrops of a [zinc]
deposit of the latter kind. Many of the deposits contain minerals like garnet, tourmaline, andamphibole. The principal [localities are the Pecos district in San Miguel County] and the
Hopewell and Bromide districts, in Rio Arriba County, where veins of this kind . . . have been
mined.
In New Mexico, as elsewhere in the Western States, the most abundant deposits are thosewhich were formed at the end of the Cretaceous or in the earliest Tertiary and which stand inclose connection with granite or monzonite intrusions, surrounding them like metallic aureoles.
There are several subdivisions of this genetic class which yield ores of gold, silver, copper,lead, and zinc.
Contact-metamorphic deposits in the silicate zone between limestone and intrusive rocks
are more abundant than in any of the other States except possibly Arizona. They carry copperores in the Elizabethtown, San Pedro, Organ, Jarilla, Hanover, [Magdalena], and Hachita
districts; lead and zinc ores are developed in the Magdalena and Tres Hermanas districts; ironores at Hanover, Jones Camp, and other places. [At least fourteen] districts with such ores are
known. Magdalena, San Pedro, and Hanover have yielded a considerable production of basemetals.
Quartz veins almost invariably accompany the intrusions and are chiefly of the goldbearing pyritic type, though in places they also carry silver, lead, and copper. The principal
producing districts of this kind are Elizabethtown, Ortiz, White Oaks, and Pinos Altos. The
silver veins form a smaller group, most of them occurring in Grant County. Replacement deposits of argentiferous galena or silver ores are found at some little distance from the intrusive
contact and have been mined in the Organ, Hermosa, Kingston, Hillsboro, Lake Valley,
Georgetown, Victorio, Chloride Flat, and Granite Gap districts. [Copper-tourmaline deposits
occur in the Lordsburg district.]
In connection with this general type of mineralization near intrusive bodies, there are at a
few places, such as the Burro Mountains and Santa Rita in Grant County, disseminations ofcupriferous pyrite which are too poor to mine in themselves, but which have been enriched by a
Recent or late Tertiary deposition of chalcocite formed by descending waters. These deposits
now form large bodies of low-grade copper ore which are the main source of the copper
production of the State.
Placer deposits, [some of] which formerly were highly productive, are worked[sporadically] at Elizabethtown, in Colfax County, in the Ortiz and San Pedro Mountains, at
Hillsboro, at Pinos Altos, [in the Jicarilla Mountains, Lincoln County, and at Orogrande, in
Otero County]. Most of them are derived from veins of early Tertiary age.

12

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES
A distinctly later mineralization than that described above developed in some places in thelavas of middle or late Tertiary age, shortly after their eruption. It produced quartz veins
carrying chiefly gold and silver and with certain characteristics indicating deposits near thesurface. The principal districts are at Cochiti, in Sandoval County; at Hillsboro and in theBlack Range, in Sierra County; and in the Mogollon district, in [Catron] County. .. .
Concentrations of chalcocite in the sandstones of the "Red Beds" of Triassic or late
Carboniferous age are found at Tecolote and other places in San Miguel County; in theNacimiento and Zuni Mountains, in the northwestern part of the state; at Estey, in Lincoln
County; at Tularosa, in Otero County; [near Scholle, in Valencia County; at Pastura, inGuadalupe County;] and at several other places. [Lead mineralization also occurs in the "RedBeds."]1 The origin of these copper ores is still under discussion. . . . The deposits are in
general independent of igneous rocks.
The iron ores consist chiefly of magnetite, occurring in contact-metamorphic deposits.
They have been mined at Fierro [and near Santa Rita], in Grant County. A bed of limonite in
Cretaceous strata has also been mined near Glorieta, in Santa Fe County, [and manganiferous
iron ore has been mined at Boston Hill, in Grant County].
Bismuth ores occur in the San Andr[es] Range. Vanadium ores occur near Hillsboro and in
the Caballo Range; [at Vanadium, Grant County; and near Magdalena, Socorro County].

The following paragraphs will serve to supplement and bring this description up to
date:
Tungsten minerals occur at a number of places, notably the Victorio district of Luna
County; the White Oaks district, Lincoln County; the Apache No. 2 district, Hidalgo
County; and the Iron Mountain district of Sierra County. Molybdenum ore has been
mined since 1920 in the Red River district of Taos County, and is recovered as a
byproduct from the copper ores at Santa Rita, Grant County; other occurrences of lesser
importance also have been reported. Cobalt and nickel occur in silver ore in the Black
Hawk district, Grant County. Lode and placer deposits of tin have been found associatedwith rhyolite in the Taylor Creek district, in Catron and Sierra Counties.
Several kinds of manganese oxide ores have been mined, chiefly in Grant, Luna,
Sierra, and Socorro Counties. Several newly discovered manganese deposits wereopened up and produced during World War II. Antimony and arsenic occur chiefly as
subordinate constituents of other ores. Stibnite has been mined in the Hachita district,
Grant County.
Ore containing radium and uranium has been mined in the White Signal district,
Grant County. Uranium ores are presently being mined in the Shiprock area of San JuanCounty and in the Mount Taylor district of McKinley and Valencia Counties. Some
vanadium is recovered from the uranium ores.
1. Lasky (1932, pp 133-137).

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

13

Beryllium ores currently are being mined at the Harding mine in Taos County. This
mine also produces lithium and tantalum ores. Similar ores are also present in the
Rociada and Ribera districts, San Miguel County. The Petaca district, Rio Arriba
County, produces columbite-tantalite ores and some beryl. Bismuth also is found insome of the pegmatites of this district. Monazite and bastnaesite ores of rare earth
elements are produced in Lincoln and San Miguel Counties.

OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF NEWMEXICO ORE MINERALSThe known ore minerals of New Mexico are listed on the following pages,
alphabetically arranged under the different metals. The mineralogic and common
names, chemical composition, and geographic distribution by counties and districts arenoted.
The chemical symbols of the metals and other elements which unite in different
combinations to form the ore minerals are as follows:
Symbol Element
SymbolElement
AluminumAl
Manganese
Mn
Antimony
Sb
MolybdenumMo
Arsenic
As
NickelNi
BariumBa
Niobium
Nb
Beryllium
Be
NitrogenN
BismuthBi
OxygenO
BromineBr
PhosphorusP
Cadmium
Cd
Potassium
K
Calcium
Ca
SiliconSi
CarbonC
SilverAg
Chlorine
Cl
SulfurS
CobaltCo
Tantalum
Ta
Columbium
Cb
Tellurium
Te
CopperCu
Thorium
Th
Gold
Au
Tin
Sn
Hydrogen
H
Titanium
Ti
IodineI
TungstenW
Iron
Fe
UraniumU
Lead
Pb
VanadiumV
Lithium
Li
Zinc
Zn
RARE EARTHS
Cerium
ErbiumGallium
Germanium
IndiumRubidium

Scandium
Selenium
Tanthanum
Thallium
Yttriumand others

14

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

ANTIMONY
Antimony minerals are known in New Mexico chiefly as accessory constituents of other ores.
Antimony is an undesirable constituent of a smelting ore and should be removed by milling, if
possible, before the ore is shipped.
Bournonite. See under copper minerals.
Cervantite. Antimony trioxide and pentoxide (Sb2O3 • Sb2O5). Grant County: Central district.
Polybasite. See under silver minerals.
Stibnite (antimony glance). Antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3). Grant County: Hachita district, withsilver ores; reported near Santa Rita. Santa Fe County: Cerrillos district. Taos County: Twining
district (?).
Stephanite. See under silver minerals.
Tetrahedrite. See under copper minerals.

ARSENICThe general remarks concerning the occurrence of antimony apply also to arsenic. It is
produced chiefly by copper smelters as a byproduct from arsenical copper ores.
Annabergite. See under nickel minerals.
Arsenopyrite (mispickel). Sulfarsenide of iron (FeAsS). Hidalgo County: Lordsburg district,
reported. San Miguel County: Dalton Canyon and La Posada areas. Santa Fe County: Old Placers
district, reported.
Chloanthite-smaltite. See under nickel minerals.
Domeykite. See under copper minerals.
Enargite. See under copper minerals.
Erythrite. See under cobalt minerals.
Mimetite. See under lead minerals.
Niccolite. See under nickel minerals.
Pearceite. See under silver minerals.
Proustite. See under silver minerals.
Stromeyerite. See under silver minerals.
Tennantite. See under copper minerals.
Xanthoconite. See under silver minerals.
Arsenic occurs in the lead-silver ores of the Victorio district, Luna County; in the Hachita
district, Grant County; in the San Simon district, Hidalgo County; and in the copper-silver ores of
the Jicarilla district, Lincoln County; but its mineral combination at these places is unknown.
Copper arsenates of undetermined composition occur in the Hansonburg district, Socorro County.

BERYLLIUM
Beryllium. The ores of beryllium, chiefly beryl (Be3Al2SiO6O18) and helvite[3Be(Mn•FeZn7)SiO4 + (Mn • Fe • Zn)S], occur in the pegmatites of Rio Arriba, Taos, San Miguel,and Santa Fe Counties and in the Iron Mountain district of Socorro County. The only commercial
production so far has come from theMETAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

15

Harding mine, of the Picuris district, Taos County, and the Old Priest mine, in San Miguel County.

BISMUTH
Bismuth (native). An element (Bi). Dona Ana County: Organ district, at places in commercial
quantities, associated with other ores. Grant County: Big Burro Mountains, reported. Luna County:
Fremont district, rare with silver ores. Sierra County: Grandview district, rare, with bismuth ores.
Bismuthinite (bismuth glance). Bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3). Dona Ana County: Organ district,associated with copper-silver ores in workable quantities; Gold Camp district, in quartz-pyrite veins.
San Miguel County: El Porvenir district, with molybdenum and tungsten minerals. Sierra County:
Grandview Canyon district, San Andres Mountains, mined with other bismuth minerals andscheelite. Rio Arriba County: Petaca district.
Bismutite. Basic bismuth carbonate (Bi2O3 • CO2 • H2O). Sierra County: Grandview district.
Grant County: Big Burro Mountains. Probably accompanies every occurrence of bismuth minerals,of which it is an oxidation product.
Tetradymite. Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3). Colfax County: Baldy district, with gold ores.
Hidalgo County: Sylvanite district, with free gold. Sierra County: Hillsboro district, rare.
Bismuth has been recovered from ores of the Apache No. 2 district, Hidalgo County, but themineralogy is not known.

CADMIUMThe usual occurrence of cadmium is in greenockite associated with certain minerals in zinc
deposits.
Greenockite. Cadmium sulfide (CdS). Grant County: reported from Hanover and Pinos Altos
districts. Socorro County: Magdalena district, in very minor quantity with smithsonite.

COBALT
Chloanthite-smaltite. See under nickel minerals.
Erythrite (cobalt bloom). Hydrous cobalt arsenate (Co3As2O8 • 8H2O). Grant County: Black
Hawk district, with silver ores.

COLUMBIUM
The columbium-bearing minerals recognized as being of importance are the columbite-tantaliteores [(FeMn)(CbTa)2O6] occurring in many of the pegmatites of the northern part of the State,especially in the Petaca district, Rio Arriba County.

COPPER
Copper minerals occur, at least in traces, in nearly every district in New Mexico.

16

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Aurichalcite. A basic carbonate of zinc and copper [2(Zn,Cu)CO3 • 3(Zn,Cu)(OH)2]. An
unusual mineral. Socorro County: Magdalena district.
Azurite. Basic copper carbonate [2CuCO3 • Cu(OH)2]. Occurs in most districts in whichcopper minerals are present. Generally in very small amounts, except in deposits in "Red Beds," inwhich it is one of the principal minerals. Catron County: Mogollon district, with silver ores. Dona
Ana County: Hembrillo district. Eddy County (?). Grant County: Burro Mountains and Central
districts; Pinos Altos district with lead-silver-zinc ores; Santa Rita district. Guadalupe County:
Pastura district, important. Hidalgo County: Apache No. 2 and Fremont districts; Hachita district,with lead-silver ores; Lordsburg and San Simon districts. Lincoln County: Estey district, important;
Jicarilla district, with gold ores. Mora County: Coyote district. Otero County: Tularosa andSacramento districts, important. Rio Arriba County: Abiquiu, Bromide, and Gallina districts.
Sandoval County: Nacimiento district, important; Placitas district. San Miguel County: Rociada
district; Tecolote district, important. Santa Fe County: Glorieta district, important; La Bajada
district. Sierra County: Caballos Mountains, Chloride, Hillsboro, and Salinas Peak districts. SocorroCounty: Hansonburg district, with lead ores; Ladron Mountains, Magdalena, Mockingbird Gap, andWater Canyon districts; Chupadero, Rayo, and Scholle districts, important. Taos County: Red River
and Twining districts. Valencia County: Zuni Mountains district.
Bornite (peacock ore, purple copper ore). Copper-iron sulfide (Cu5FeS4). Catron County:
Mogollon district, with silver ores. Grant County: Santa Rita district. Hidalgo County: Lordsburg
and San Simon districts. Guadalupe County: Pastura district. Lincoln County: Estey district. Otero
County: Sacramento district. Rio Arriba County: Gallina district. Sandoval County: Nacimiento
district. San Miguel County: Rociada, Tecolote, and Willow Creek districts. Sierra County:
Caballos Mountains and Chloride districts; Goodfortune Creek district, rare; Hermosa and Hillsboro
districts, with silver ores. Socorro County: Joyita Hills district, rare; Magdalena and Scholle
districts. Taos County: Twining district.
Bournonite (wheel ore, cogwheel ore). Copper-lead sulfantimonite [3(Pb,Cu2)S • Sb2S3].
Grant County: Central district. Santa Fe County: Cerrillos district.
Brochantite. A basic sulfate of copper [CuSO4 • 3Cu(OH)2]. Dona Ana County: Organ district.
Socorro County: Magdalena district (?).
Chalcanthite (blue vitriol). Hydrous copper sulfate (CuSO4 • 5H2O). San Miguel County:
Willow Creek district. Socorro County: Magdalena district.
Chalcocite (copper glance). Copper sulfide (Cu2S). Catron County: Mogollon district, withsilver ores. Dona Ana County: Hembrillo district, principal ore mineral; Organ district. Eddy
County (?). Grant County: Burro Mountains district, principal ore mineral; Hanover-Fierro district,with iron and zinc ores; Santa Rita district, very important. Guadalupe County: Pastura district.
Hidalgo County: Apache No. 2 and Hachita districts. Lincoln County: Estey district; Jicarilla
district, with gold ores. Mora County: Coyote district. Otero County: Orogrande district; Tularosaand Sacramento districts, important. Rio Arriba County: Abiquiu district. Sandoval County:
Nacimiento district, principal ore mineral. San Miguel County: Rociada and Willow Creek districts;
Tecolote district, important. Santa Fe County: Glorieta and La Bajada

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

17

districts. Sierra County: Caballos Mountains, Chloride, and Hillsboro districts; Goodfortune Creek
district, principal ore mineral. Socorro County: Hansonburg district; Jones Camp, with iron ore;
Joyita Hills and Ladron Mountains districts, small; Magdalena, Mill Canyon, Mockingbird Gap,
and North Magdalena districts; Rayo district, chief ore mineral; Scholle district, important; Water
Canyon district, rare. Taos County: Picuris district. Valencia County: Zuni Mountains.
Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites, yellow copper ore). Copper-iron sulfide (CuFeS2). CatronCounty: Mogollon district, with silver ores. Colfax County: Cimarroncito, Elizabethtown, andBaldy districts, with gold ores. Dona Ana County: Gold Camp, in gold veins; Organ district, withcopper deposits only. Grant County: Burro Mountains and Central districts; Hanover-Fierro
district, with iron ores; Hachita district, rare; Pinos Altos and Santa Rita districts; Steeple Rockdistrict, in gold-silver veins; White Signal district, in gold veins. Hidalgo County: Apache No. 2,
Fremont, Hachita, Lordsburg, and San Simon districts; Steins Pass district, with silver ores.
Lincoln County: Estey district, in "Red Beds"; Nogal district, with gold ores. Luna County: Florida
Mountains district. Otero County: Orogrande district, with gold-bearing contact metamorphic ores;
Sacramento and Tularosa districts. Rio Arriba County: Bromide and Hopewell districts. SandovalCounty: Cochiti district, rare. San Miguel County: El Porvenir district, with tungsten andmolybdenum minerals; Rociada, Tecolote, and Willow Creek districts. Santa Fe County: Cerrillos,
Santa Fe, New Placers, and Old Placers districts. Sierra County: Caballos Mountains, Chloride,
Hermosa, Hillsboro, Kingston, and Tierra Blanca districts, chiefly with silver ores; Goodfortune
Creek district; Grandview Canyon district, with bismuth ore; Salinas Peak district. SocorroCounty: Hansonburg district; Joyita Hills and Lemitar Mountains districts, very small; Magdalena
and North Magdalena districts; Scholle district, in "Red Beds"; Water Canyon district. TaosCounty: Picuris, Red River, and Twining districts. Valencia County: Zuni Mountains.
Chalcotrichite. A variety of cuprite.
Chalmersite. Magnetic copper-iron sulfide (Cu2S • Fe4S5). Grant County: Hanover-Fierro
district, with contact-metamorphic iron ores.
Chrysocolla. Impure hydrated copper silicate (CuSiO3 • 2H2O). Catron County: Mogollon
district, with silver ores. Colfax County: Elizabethtown district, with gold ores. Dona Ana County:
Organ district. Grant County: Burro Mountains and Santa Rita districts. Hidalgo County: ApacheNo. 2, Lordsburg, and San Simon districts. Lincoln County: Jicarilla district, with gold ores. Otero
County: Orogrande district. Sandoval County: Nacimiento district. San Miguel County: Willow
Creek district. Santa Fe County: Santa Fe Mountains. Sierra County: Sulphur Canyon district.
Socorro County: Joyita Hills district, rare; Ladron Mountains; Magdalena district, rare; Mill
Canyon and Mockingbird Gap districts; North Magdalena district, common; Ojo Caliente and San
Lorenzo districts. Taos County: Picuris district.
Copper (native). An element (Cu). Grant County: Burro Mountains district, rare; Central
area; Pinos Altos district, rare; Santa Rita district, important. Rio Arriba County: Bromide district,rare. San Miguel County: Willow Creek district. Sierra County: Hillsboro district. Socorro County:
Magdalena, Mock-

18

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

ingbird Gap, San Lorenzo, and Water Canyon districts, rare. Valencia County: Zuni Mountains,rare.
Copper arsenates. See under arsenic minerals.
Copper-pitch ore. This is a secondary material of complex character and uncertain
composition (Emmons, 1917, pp 185 f). It may contain oxides of copper, zinc, and manganese, withconsiderable water and silica. Catron County: Mogollon district, with silver ores. Hidalgo County:
Fremont district. Otero County: Orogrande district. Socorro County: Magdalena district (?).
Covellite (indigo copper). Copper sulfide (CuS). Occurs as traces or very small quantities in
all its occurrences except one, as noted below. Grant County: Central area. Rio Arriba County:
Bromide district. Sierra County: Goodfortune Creek district. Socorro County: Hansonburg, Joyita
Hills, Ladron Mountains, Magdalena, North Magdalena, Scholle, and Water Canyon districts;
important in Mill Canyon district.
Probably occurs in all copper deposits, at least in microscopic amounts, but has been reported
only from the above districts.
Cuprite (red copper). Copper oxide (Cu2O). Catron County: Mogollon district, rare. Colfax
County: Elizabethtown district, with gold ores. Grant County: Burro Mountains and Santa Rita
districts. Lincoln County: Jicarilla district, with cupriferous gold ores. Rio Arriba County: Bromide
district. San Miguel County: Rociada district. Sierra County: Caballos Mountains district; Hillsboro
district, chalcotrichite. Socorro County: Magdalena, Mockingbird Gap, San Lorenzo, and Water
Canyon districts; important in Mill Canyon district. Taos County: Picuris district.
Cuprodescloizite. See under vanadium minerals.
Dioptase. Hydrated copper silicate (H2CuSiO4). Grant County: Santa Rita district.
Domeykite. Copper arsenide (Cu3As). Grant County: Central area (?) and Pinos Altos district(?).
Enargite. Sulfarsenate of copper (Cu3AsS4). Grant County: Central area (?) and Pinos Altos
district (?). Socorro County: Hansonburg district (?), trace.
Gerhardtite. Basic copper nitrate [Cu(NO3)2 • 3Cu(OH)2]. Socorro County: Magdalena district(?).
Libethenite. Basic copper phosphate [Cu3P2O8 • Cu(OH)2]. Grant County: Santa Rita district.
Linarite. Copper-lead sulfide [PbCu • (OH)2SO4]. Socorro County: Hanson-burg district.
Malachite. Basic copper carbonate [CuCO3 • Cu(OH)2]. Occurs in practically all districts
where copper minerals are present and is an important ore mineral in deposits in sandstone. CatronCounty: Mogollon district. Colfax County: Baldy, Cimarroncito, and Elizabethtown districts. Dona
Ana County: Hembrillo and Organ districts. Grant County: Burro Mountains, Central, Fierro, Pinos
Altos, and Santa Rita districts. Guadalupe County: Pastura district, important. Hidalgo County:
Apache No. 2, Fremont, Hachita, Lordsburg, and San Simon districts. Lincoln County: Estey andJicarilla districts. Luna County: Florida Mountains district. Mora County: Coyote district. Otero
County: Orogrande district; Tularosa and Sacramento districts, important. Rio Arriba County:
Abiquiu, Bromide, and Gallina districts. Sandoval County: Nacimiento

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

19

and Placitas districts. San Miguel County: El Porvenir district, with tungsten and molybdenum
minerals; Rociada district; Tecolote district, important; Willow Creek district. Santa Fe County:
Glorieta and La Bajada districts. Sierra County: Caballos Mountains, Chloride, Goodfortune Creek,
Grandview Canyon, Hillsboro, Salinas Peak, and Sulphur Canyon districts. Socorro County:
Chupadera, Hansonburg, Jones Camp, Joyita Hills, Ladron Mountains, Magdalena, Mill Canyon,
Mockingbird Gap, North Magdalena, Ojo Caliente, San Lorenzo, Socorro Peak, and Water Canyon
districts; San Jose district, rare in gold-silver veins; Rayo and Scholle districts, in sandstone copper
deposits. Taos County: Picuris district. Valencia County: Zuni Mountains.
Melaconite. A variety of tenorite.
Melanochalcite. Copper oxide similar to melaconite. Grant County: Burro Mountains district(?).
Pearceite. See under silver minerals.
Rickardite. See under tellurium minerals.
Tennantite (gray copper). Sulfarsenite of copper (Cu8As2S7). Hidalgo County: San Simon
district (?). Socorro County: Hansonburg district, most important copper mineral.
Tenorite. Copper oxide (CuO). Not a common mineral. Grant County: Burro Mountains
district, melaconite (?); Santa Rita district, melaconite. Hidalgo County: Fremont district (?).
Socorro County: Magdalena and San Lorenzo districts.
Tetrahedrite (gray copper, fahlerz). Sulfantimonite of copper (Cu8Sb2S7). Catron County:
Mogollon district, with silver ores. Dona Ana County: Organ district, in silver-lead veins. Hidalgo
County: Lordsburg (Pyramid) district, reported; San Simon district. Rio Arriba County: Bromide
district. San Miguel County: Willow Creek district. Taos County: Picuris district (?).

GOLD
Gold (native). An element (Au).
Gold occurs in lode deposits as follows:
Catron County: Mogollon district, rare. Colfax County: Baldy and Elizabethtown districts.
Dona Ana County: Gold Camp district. Grant County: Steeple Rock district. Hidalgo County: Steins
Pass and Sylvanite districts. Lincoln County: Jicarilla, Nogal, and White Oaks districts. Otero
County: Orogrande district. Rio Arriba County: Bromide and Hopewell districts. Sandoval County:
Cochiti district. Santa Fe County: New Placers and Old Placers districts. Sierra County: Chloride,
Hillsboro, and Tierra Blanca districts. Socorro County: Magdalena, Mill Canyon, and Water
Canyon districts, rare; Rosedale and San Jose districts. Taos County: Anchor, Red River, andTwining districts.
Gold occurs also as a constituent of base-metal ores in most districts, constituting a very
important part of the value of some ores. The districts in which gold occurs in auriferous sulfides inappreciable proportions, in addition to those listed above, are as follows:
Bernalillo County: Tijeras district. Catron County: Mogollon district. Colfax County:
Cimarroncito district. Dona Ana County: Organ district. Grant County: Burro Mountains, Central,Gold Hill, Malone, Pinos Altos, Santa

20

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Rita, and White Signal districts. Hidalgo County: Apache No. 2, Fremont, Lordsburg, and Red Hill
districts. Lincoln County: Gallinas Mountains district. Luna County: Tres Hermanas and Victorio
districts. Otero County: Tularosa district. Sandoval County: Jemez Springs and Placitas districts.
San Miguel County: Rociada and Willow Creek districts. Santa Fe County: Santa Fe district. Sierra
County: Tierra Blanca district. Socorro County: Cat Mountain, Magdalena, Mill Canyon, North
Magdalena, San Mateo Mountains, and Socorro Peak districts. Taos County: Picuris, Rio Hondo,
and Red River districts.
Gold is reported (Schrader et al., 1917, p 212) also in the Guadalupe Mountains, in Chaves,
Eddy, and Otero Counties.
Gold in placer deposits occurs as follows:
Bernallilo County: Coyote Canyon district. Chaves County: on the Rio Hondo. Colfax
County: Cimarroncito, Elizabethtown, and Ponil districts. Grant County: Gold Camp, Malone, andPinos Altos districts. Hidalgo County: Lords-burg and Sylvanite districts. Lincoln County:
Gallinas, Jicarilla, Nogal, and White Oaks districts, and along the Rio Hondo. Otero County:
Orogrande district, dry placers. Rio Arriba County: Abiquiu and Hopewell districts. SandovalCounty: Placitas district. San Miguel County: Willow Creek district. Santa Fe County: New
Placers, Old Placers, and Santa Fe districts. Sierra County: Hillsboro and Pittsburg districts, andCaballos Mountains opposite Derry. Taos County: Red River and Rio Hondo districts, and anumber of places along the Rio Grande.
Petzite. Silver-gold telluride [(Ag,Au)2Te]. A telluride, believed to be petzite, occurs in the
Red River district, Taos County.

IRON
Arsenopyrite. See under arsenic minerals.
Columbite. See under tantalum minerals.
Hematite. Iron oxide (Fe2O3). Common in oxidized ore throughout the State. The distributionof specularite, the crystalline variety, is listed separately. Mined at Boston Hill, Grant County, withmanganese and other iron oxides. Occurs in the following districts, possibly in commercial
quantities:
Colfax County: Elizabethtown district, prospected at Iron Mountain. Santa Fe County:
formerly mined in Glorieta district. Socorro County: Iron Mountain district (?).
Jarosite. Basic potassium-iron sulfate [K2Fe6(OH)12(SO4)4]. Grant County, Central area.
Sierra County: Goodfortune Creek and Grandview Canyon districts, common. Socorro County:
Hansonburg and Magdalena districts. Undoubtedly occurs in other districts also, but probably has
been included in reports under the term "limonite."
Limonite (brown hematite). Includes all the hydrated iron oxides. Limonite is a common
oxidation product of iron-bearing minerals and therefore generally occurs in the oxidized zone of
all lode deposits. Workable bodies of limonite occur in the Zuni Mountains, Valencia County.
Magnetite (magnetic iron ore). Iron oxide (Fe3O4). The principal mineral of New Mexico's
iron ores. Occurs most commonly in contact-metamorphic deposits. Colfax County: Cimarroncito
and Elizabethtown districts, in aurif-

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

21

erous contact-metamorphic ores. Grant County: Big Burro Mountains; Chloride Flat district, withsilver ores; Hanover-Fierro district, important; Santa Rita district. Lincoln County: Capitan
Mountain, Gallinas Mountains, Jicarilla (?), and Mite Oaks (?) districts, in iron-ore deposits. Otero
County: has been mined in Orogrande district. Rio Arriba County, Bromide district; forms an ironore deposit in Hopewell district. Santa Fe County: Old Placers district, in gold-quartz veins. Sierra
County: Chloride district, possible iron-ore deposit. Socorro County: principal mineral at JonesCamp and elsewhere on the Chupadera Mesa; Magdalena district, with lead-zinc deposits.
Melanterite (copperas). Hydrous iron sulfate (FeSO4 • 7H2O). Socorro County: Magdalena
district, uncommon.
Plumbojarosite. See under lead minerals.
Pyrite (iron pyrites, fool's gold). Iron sulfide (FeS2). Pyrite is the most common metallic
constituent of lode deposits, in some of which it is auriferous. Catron County: Mogollon district.
Colfax County: Baldy, Cimarroncito, and Elizabethtown districts. Dona Ana County: Gold Camp
and Organ districts. Grant County: Burro Mountains, Carpenter, Central, Hanover-Fierro, Fleming,
Gold Hill, Pinos Altos, Santa Rita, Steeple Rock, and White Signal districts. Hidalgo County:
Apache No. 2, Hachita, Lordsburg, San Simon, and Steins Pass districts. Lincoln County: Estey
district, with copper in Red Beds; Jicarilla, Nogal, and White Oaks districts. Luna County: Cooks
Peak, Tres Hermanas, and Victorio districts. Otero County: Orogrande district; Tularosa district,with copper in Red Beds. Rio Arriba County: Bromide and Hopewell districts. Sandoval County:
Cochiti district. San Miguel County: Rociada and Willow Creek districts; Tecolote district, withcopper in Red Beds. Santa Fe County: New Placers (rare) and Old Placers districts. Sierra County:
Chloride, Goodfortune Creek, Grandview Canyon, Hermosa, Hillsboro, and Kingston districts.
Socorro County: Ladron Mountains, Magdalena, Mill Canyon, Rosedale (?), San Jose, and Water
Canyon districts; Scholle district, with copper in Red Beds. Taos County: Anchor, Picuris, Red
River, and Twining districts. Valencia County: Zuni Mountains.
Pyrrhotite (magnetic pyrites). Iron sulfide (Fe7S8). Colfax County: Elizabethtown district,
locally with pyrite and other minerals in cupriferous gold deposits. Grant County: Santa Rita
district. Santa Fe County: New Placers district; rare with chalcopyrite in contact-metamorphic ores;
Santa Fe district, with copper ore in amphibolite. San Miguel County: Willow Creek district.
Socorro County: Magdalena district (?), rare.
Specularite (specular iron, micaceous hematite). A crystalline variety of hematite, iron oxide(Fe2O3). Specularite is always a primary mineral and is common in contact-metamorphic deposits
generally associated with magnetite. Catron County: Mogollon district, occasionally in copperbearing veins; Taylor Creek district, with cassiterite. Colfax County: Cimarroncito andElizabethtown districts. Dona Ana County: Organ district. Grant County: Burro Mountains andCentral districts; Hanover-Fierro district, with magnetite in iron ore; Pinos Altos district, withcopper and gold ores; Santa Rita district, sparingly with copper ores; Steeple Rock district, withauriferous pyrite. Hidalgo County: Lordsburg district, in copper-tourmaline veins. Luna County:
Tres Hermanas district. Otero County: Orogrande district, important in iron ore. Rio Arriba County:
Bromide and Hopewell districts, locally. Santa Fe County: New

22

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Placers district; Old Placers district, with gold-quartz veins. Sierra County: Chloride district, withmagnetite; Lake Valley district, in gold-quartz veins, rare. Socorro County: Ladron Mountains
district; Magdalena district, abundant in contact zone. Taos County: Red River district.

LEAD
Altaite. See under tellurium minerals.
Anglesite. Lead sulphate (PbSO4). Anglesite is common in deposits which contain galena, fromwhich it is derived. Dona Ana County: Organ district. Grant County: Central area. Luna County:
Cooks Peak and Victorio (?) districts. Sierra County: Caballos Mountains district. San MiguelCounty: Willow Creek district. Socorro County: Hansonburg, Joyita Hills, Magdalena, Mockingbird
Gap, and Water Canyon districts. Anglesite undoubtedly occurs in most other districts in which
galena is present, but probably as an inconspicuous coating.
Bournonite. See under copper minerals.
Cerussite (white lead ore). Lead carbonate (PbCO3). Cerussite is most common in leaddeposits in limestones. Dona Ana County: Organ district. Grant County: Central, Georgetown, Gold
Hill, and Hanover-Fierro districts. Hidalgo County: Fremont, Hachita, and Lordsburg districts; San
Simon district, principal ore mineral. Luna County: Cooks Peak district, principal ore mineral;
Florida Mountains, Fremont, and Victorio (?) districts. San Miguel County: Willow Creek district.
Santa Fe County: New Placers district, with manganese ore. Sierra County: Caballos Mountains andChloride districts, unimportant; Goodfortune Creek district, small; Hermosa and Kingston districts,
principal ore mineral; Hillsboro district, with cerussite; Lake Valley district, small, very rich insilver; Salinas Peak and Tierra Blanca districts. Socorro County: Chupadera district, in Red Beds;
Hansonburg, Joyita Hills, Lemitar Mountains, Magdalena, Mill Canyon, Mockingbird Gap, North
Magdalena, Socorro Peak, and Water Canyon districts. Taos County: Red River district. Valencia
County: Zuni Mountains.
Massicot. Lead monoxide (PbO). Grant County: Chloride Flat district (?).
Melanotekite. Lead-iron silicate (3PbO • 2Fe2O3 • 3SiO2). Rare. Sierra County: Hillsboro
district (?).
Mimetite. Lead chlorarsenate [Pb4(PbCl)(AsO4)3]. Socorro County: Socorro Peak district.
Minium (red lead). Lead oxide (Pb3O4). An uncommon mineral. Sierra County: Hillsboro
district, on the Stuck claims.
Plumbojarosite. Basic lead-iron sulfate [PbFe6(OH)12(SO4)4]. Grant County: Central area.
Luna County: Cooks Peak district. Socorro County: Magdalena and Water Canyon districts.
Plumbojarosite is more common than at one time supposed and probably occurs in other districts.
Pyromorphite (green lead ore). Lead chlorophosphate [(PbCl)Pb4(PO4)3]. Grant County:
Central area. Sierra County: Caballos district, reported.
Vanadinite. See under vanadium minerals.
Wulfenite. See under molybdenum minerals.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

23

LITHIUM
Lithium. A member of the alkali family; the lightest of the known metals. Only recently has its
importance in the metallic field been recognized. It has many uses, serving principally as an alloy ofaluminum and as an essential element in the welding fluxes for aluminum. Lepidolite andspodumene are the chief ores of lithium; both are found in abundance in some of the pegmatites ofnorthern New Mexico. Production has come chiefly from Taos and San Miguel Counties.

MANGANESE
The primary ore of many deposits includes an appreciable amount of manganese. On oxidation
the manganese is converted to the different oxides and is concentrated in this form by residualenrichment. Many of the manganese deposits of New Mexico have been formed in this manner.
Alabandite. Manganese sulfide (MnS). An uncommon mineral. Santa Fe County: New Placers
district. Sierra County: Kingston district, fairly common.
Ankerite. A carbonate of calcium, magnesium, iron, and variable proportions of manganese[CaCO3 • (Mg,Fe,Mn)CO3]. Common in the Silver City district, Grant County, and probably
occurring in the primary ore of other manganese deposits.
Chalcophanite. See under zinc minerals.
Mallardite. Hydrous manganese sulfate (MnSO4 • 7H2O). Sierra County: Lake Valley district(?).
Manganiferous calcite. Black calcite containing manganese oxide occurs in many manganesedeposits. The districts in which this material is prominent are: Luna County: Little Florida
Mountains district. Sierra County: Derry Manganese district. Socorro County: Luis Lopez andMagdalena Mountains Manganese districts.
Manganite (gray manganese ore). Hydrous manganese oxide (Mn2O3 • H2O). Dona Ana
County: Rincon Manganese district (?). Grant County: Hanover-Fierro and Silver City districts.
Luna County: Little Florida Mountains. Sierra County: Lake Valley district, mined with silver ore
and independently as manganese ore.
Psilomelane. Manganese hydrate, probably H4MnO5. Dona Ana County: Rincon Manganesedistrict. Grant County: Cap Rock Mountain Manganese district. Luna County: Cooks Range
Manganese, Florida Mountains, and Little Florida Mountains districts. Santa Fe County: Santa Fe
Manganese district. Sierra County: Hot Springs district; Lake Valley district, mined for silver andindependently as an ore of manganese. Socorro County: Luis Lopez Manganese district; Magdalena
district, with oxidized lead-zinc ores; Luis Lopez-Socorro Manganese, Magdalena Mountains
Manganese, and San Lorenzo districts.
Pyrolusite. Manganese dioxide (MnO2). Very common in oxidized zones, generally associatedwith limonite. Catron County: Mogollon district. Grant County: Burro Mountains, Chloride Flat,
Hanover-Fierro, and Silver City districts. Hidalgo County: Fremont, Lordsburg, and San Simon
districts. Lincoln County: White Oaks district. Luna County: Little Florida Mountains Manganesedistrict. Santa Fe County: New Placers district, with lead24

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

and manganese ores; Santa Fe Manganese district. Sierra County: Derry Manganese district;Hillsboro district, with lead and manganese ores; Kingston district, with silver-lead, copper, andmanganese ores; Lake Valley district with silver and manganese ores. Socorro County: Magdalena
district, with oxidized lead-zinc ores; Magdalena Mountains Manganese district; Mill Canyon
district, with manganiferous calcite; Luis Lopez-Socorro Manganese, Mockingbird Gap, San
Lorenzo, and Water Canyon districts.
Rhodochrosite. Manganese carbonate (MnCO3). Sierra County, Kingston district.
Wad. A mixture of manganese oxides. Grant County: Hanover-Fierro and Silver City districts.
Luna County: Little Florida Mountains district. Sierra County: Derry Manganese district; Hillsboro
district, with oxidized lead and manganese ores; Hot Springs district; Kingston and Lake Valley districts, with oxidized ores. Socorro County: Magdalena district, with oxidized lead-zinc ores;
Magdalena Mountains Manganese district; Ojo Caliente district, with oxidized lead ore; Ladron
Mountains and San Lorenzo districts.

MOLYBDENUM
Molybdenite. Molybdenum sulfide (MoS2). Colfax County: Baldy district. Dona Ana County:
Organ district, reported. Grant County: Burro Mountains, reported; Hanover-Fierro district,occasionally with iron ore; Santa Rita district, small quantities with copper ore. Hidalgo County:
Lordsburg district, sparingly. Rio Arriba County: Bromide district, locally. San Miguel County: El
Porvenir district, with copper and tungsten minerals, mined; Rociada district, reported. Santa Fe
County: Old Placers (?) and Santa Fe districts. Taos County: Red River district, important deposits;
Twining district.
Molybdite (ferrimolybdite). Hydrous ferric molybdate (Fe2O3 • 3MoO3 • 7H2O). San MiguelCounty: El Porvenir district, with molybdenite. Taos County: in the oxidized zone of the Red River
district molybdenum deposit.
Wulfenite. Lead molybdate (PbMoO4). Common in some oxidized lead ores. Dona Ana
County: Organ district, has been mined as molybdenum ore. Grant County: Central area. Hidalgo
County: Lordsburg district. Lincoln County: Gallinas district. Luna County: Victorio district. SantaFe County: Cerrillos district, reported. Sierra County: Caballos Mountains district, reported;
Hillsboro district, prominent.

NICKEL
Annabergite. Hydrous nickel arsenate (Ni3As2O8 • 8H2O). Grant County: Black Hawk district.
Chloanthite-smaltite. Chloanthite is essentially nickel diarsenide (NiAs2). Smaltite is
essentially cobalt diarsenide (CoAs2). Each usually contains some of the other. Grant County: Black
Hawk district, with native silver and other silver minerals.
Niccolite (copper nickel). Nickel arsenide (NiAs). Occurrence same as chloanthite-smaltite.
Nickel-skutterudite. Nickel-cobalt-iron arsenide [(Ni,Co,Fe)As3]. Grant County: Black Hawk
district, type locality.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

25

SILVER
Although silver is present in the form of recognizable silver minerals in certain types ofdeposits, most of the silver production of the State comes from base-metal deposits which carry thesilver combined with certain of the base-metal sulfides.
Argentite (silver glance). Silver sulfide (Ag2S). Argentite is usually a product of secondary
enrichment. Catron County: Mogollon district. Dona Ana County: Organ district, rare. Grant
County: Black Hawk, Chloride Flat (?), Fleming, Georgetown, Lone Mountain, Pinos Altos, Steeple
Rock, and Telegraph districts. Hidalgo County: Lordsburg (?) and Steins Pass districts. Luna
County: Florida Mountains district. Sandoval County: Cochiti district. San Miguel County: Willow
Creek district. Sierra County: Chloride, Hermosa, Kingston, Lake Valley (rare), and Tierra Blanca
districts. Socorro County: North Magdalena and Socorro Peak districts. Taos County: Picuris
district, reported.
Bromyrite. Silver bromide (AgBr). Grant County: Georgetown district. Rio Arriba County:
Bromide district. Sierra County: Tierra Blanca district, not common.
Cerargyrite (horn silver). Silver chloride (AgCI). Catron County: Mogollon district. Dona
Ana County: Organ district, rare. Grant County: Black Hawk, Burro Mountains, Chloride Flat,
Fleming, Georgetown, Lone Mountain, and Pinos Altos districts. Hidalgo County: Apache No. 2,
Fremont, Hachita, Lordsburg, and Steins Pass districts. Luna County: Florida Mountains district.
Rio Arriba County: Bromide district. Sierra County: Chloride, Hermosa, and Hillsboro districts;
Kingston district, locally; Lake Valley district, chief silver mineral, in large bodies; Tierra Blanca
district, not common. Socorro County: San Jose and Socorro Peak districts. Taos County: Picuris
district.
Embolite. Silver chlorobromide [Ag(Br,CI)]. Sierra County: Lake Valley district. SocorroCounty: Socorro Peak district (?).
Hessite. Silver telluride (Ag2Te). Sierra County: Tierra Blanca district, principal mineral at the
Lookout mine.
Iodyrite. Silver iodide (AgI). Grant County: Georgetown district, reported. Sierra County:
Lake Valley district.
Pearceite. Sulfarsenite of silver (9Ag2S • As2S3). Socorro County: Magdalena district.
Petzite. See under gold minerals.
Polybasite. Sulfantimonite of silver (9Ag2S • Sb2S3). Grant County: Telegraph district (?).
Proustite (light-ruby silver). Sulfarsenite of silver (3Ag2S • As2S3). Grant County:
Georgetown district. Sierra County: Kingston and Lake Valley districts. San Miguel County:
Willow Creek district.
Pyrargyrite (dark-ruby silver). Sulfantimonite of silver (3Ag2S • Sb2S3). Catron County:
Mogollon district, rare. Grant County: Black Hawk, Georgetown, and Gold Hill districts. Sierra
County: Kingston district.
Silver (native). An element (Ag). Native silver is usually the result of secondary enrichment.
Catron County: Mogollon district, rare. Grant County: Black Hawk, Chloride Flat, Fleming,
Georgetown, Gold Hill, Lone Mountain,

26

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

and Pinos Altos districts. Hidalgo County: Lordsburg and San Simon districts. Luna County:
Victorio district. Sierra County: Chloride, Hermosa, Hillsboro, Kingston, Lake Valley (rare), andTierra Blanca districts. Socorro County: Cat Mountain (reported), Magdalena, North Magdalena(reported), San Jose, and Socorro Peak districts. Valencia County: Copperton district.
Stephanite (brittle silver ore). Sulfantimonite of silver (5A2S • Sb2S3). Hidalgo County:
Fremont district (?). Rio Arriba County: Bromide district. Sierra County: Lake Valley district.
Socorro County: San Jose district (?).
Stromeyerite. Silver-copper sulfide [(Ag,Cu)2S]. Catron County: Mogollon district, importantore mineral.
Xanthoconite (rittingerite). Silver sulfarsenate (3Ag2S • As2S5) Santa Fe County: Cerrillos
district.

TANTALUM
Columbite-tantalite. Niobate and tantalate of iron and manganese [(Fe,Nm)(Nb,Ta)2O6]. Rio
Arriba County: Petaca district, mined. San Miguel County: Rociada, Ribera, and Tecolote districts.
Tabs County: Harding mine.

TELLURIUM
Tellurium occurs in New Mexico chiefly in combination with some other more valuable
element.
Altaite. Lead telluride (PbTe). Reported from Organ Mountains, Dona Ana County.
Hessite. See under silver minerals.
Petzite. See under gold minerals.
Rickardite. Copper telluride (Cu4Te3). Reported from Organ Mountains, Dona Ana County.
Tellurium (native). An element (Te). Cation County: Mogollon district. Reported from Burro
Mountains, Grant County, and said to be gold-bearing.
Tetradymite. See under bismuth minerals.

TIN
Cassiterite (tin-stone, tin ore, stream tin). Tin oxide (SnO2). Catron County: Taylor Creek
district, in lode and placer deposits. Sierra County: Chloride district, in extrusive porphyries and as
stream tin.

TUNGSTEN
Cuprotungstite. Hydrous copper tungstate (CuWO4 • 2H2O). Rio Arriba County: Rinconada
district (?), with wolframite.
Ferberite. Iron tungstate (FeWO4). Colfax County: Elizabethtown district. San Miguel County:
El Porvenir district, with scheelite and bismuth, molybdenum, and copper minerals.
Hübnerite. Manganese tungstate (MnWO4). Hidalgo County: Hachita district (?). Lincoln
County: Nogal (Parsons) district; White Oaks district, mined

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

27

with gold ore and as a tungsten ore. Luna County: Victorio district, with wolframite.
Scheelite. Calcium tungstate (CaWO4). Hidalgo County: Apache No. 2 district, in contactmetamorphic ore, in considerable quantities at one place; Fremont district (?), at the Daisy mine.
Luna County: Victorio district (?), with wolframite. San Miguel County: El Porvenir district. Sierra
County: Grandview Canyon district, with bismuth ore. Socorro County: San Andres Mountains
districts, with bismuth ore.
Wolframite. Iron manganese tungstate [(Fe,Mn)WO4]. Colfax County: Baldy district. Hidalgo
County: Hachita district, reported with argentiferous galena and other sulfides. Lincoln County:
White Oaks district. Luna County: Victorio district, small quantity mined. Rio Arriba County:
Rinconada district. Taos County: Picuris district.
Production of tungsten ore has been reported (Finlay, 1922, p 82) from the Orogrande district,but the mineralogy of the occurrence is not known.

URANIUM
Autunite (lime uranite). Hydrous calcium-uranium phosphate [Ca(UO2)2P2O8 • 8H2O]. Grant
County: White Signal district, with torbernite. Socorro County: San Lorenzo district (?).
Calcocarnotite. McKinley and Valencia Counties: Grants district.
Carnotite. Hydrous potassium-uranium vanadate (K2O • 2U2O3 • V2O5 • 3H2O). With
vanadium minerals at Carrizo Mountains, Catron County. Socorro County: Scholle district. San
Juan County: Chuska district. Oxides of uranium and vanadium have been reported from one placein the Cochiti district, Sandoval County, but the mineralogy of the occurrence is not known. It is
probably carnotite.
Gummite. [(Pb,Ca,Ba)O • 3UO3 • SiO2 • 5H2O]. An alteration product of uraninite. Rio
Arriba County: Petaca district, in pegmatite with other radioactive minerals.
Samarskite. A columbate and tantalate of iron, calcium, uranium, cerium, yttrium, etc. Rio
Arriba County: Petaca district, in pegmatite.
Torbernite (copper uranite). Hydrous copper-uranium phosphate [Cu(UO2)2P2O8 • 12H2O].
Grant County: White Signal district, with autunite. Socorro County: San Lorenzo district (?).
Tyuyamunite. A calcium-uranium vanadate [Ca(UO2)2(VO4)2 • nH2O]. McKinley County: all
districts.
Uraninite (pitchblende). A complex uranium mineral containing also rare earths, radium,
lead, helium, nitrogen, and other elements. Rio Arriba County: Petaca district, in pegmatite withsamarskite and other uranium minerals. McKinley and Valencia Counties: Grants district, withcalcocarnotite.
Uranophane. Hydrous calcium-uranium silicate (CaO • 2UO3 • 2SiO2 • 6H2O). Rio Arriba
County: Petaca district, with other uranium minerals in pegmatite. Socorro County: San Lorenzo
district (?).
Other new complex minerals of uranium are being identified frequently in deposits in
McKinley, San Juan, and Valencia Counties.

28

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

VANADIUM
Vanadium minerals are common in New Mexico in certain oxidized lead deposits and withmost of the uranium minerals.
Copper vanadate. Torrance County: Scholle district, with copper ores in Red Beds,
mineralogic character unknown.
Cuprodescloizite (psittacinite). A basic vanadate of lead, zinc, and copper [2PbO • 2(Cu,Zn)O• V2O5 • H2O]. Grant County: Bayard district, near Vanadium, with vanadinite. Otero County:
Sacramento district, with galena ores in Red Beds. Sierra County: Caballo Mountains, in leadvanadium ores. Socorro County: Hansonburg district.
Descloizite. Basic lead-zinc vanadate [4(Pb,Zn)O • V2O5 • H2O]. Grant County: Georgetown
district. Sierra County: Lake Valley district. Socorro County: North Magdalena district.
Endlichite. A variety of vanadinite containing considerable arsenic. Grant County: Central
area. Sierra County: Hillsboro and Lake Valley districts.
Vanadinite. Lead chlorovanadate (9PbO • 3V2O5 • PbCl2). The most common vanadiummineral in New Mexico. Dona Ana County: Black Mountain district, associated with galena andbarite; Memphis mine, Organ Mountains. Grant County: Georgetown district, with silver ores; at
Vanadium, near Santa Rita. Sierra County: Caballos Mountains, Hillsboro, and Lake Valley
districts. Socorro County: North Magdalena district, in lead veins in volcanic rocks. Valencia,
McKinley, and San Juan Counties: with uranium ores.

ZINC
Aurichalcite. Basic zinc-copper carbonate [2(Zn,Cu)CO3 • 3(Zn,Cu)(OH)2]. Socorro County:
Magdalena district.
Calamine. Hydrous zinc silicate (H2ZnSiO5). Grant County: Hanover-Fierro district, important;Central and Pinos Altos districts. Luna County: Tres Hermanas district, important. Socorro County:
Magdalena district; Ojo Caliente district, rare.
Chalcophanite. Hydrous manganese-zinc oxide. [(Mn,Zn)O • 2MnO2 • 2H2O]. A rare mineral,valuable as mineralogic specimens. Socorro County: Magdalena district, mined with smithsonite.
Gahnite (zinc-spinel). Zinc aluminate (ZnAl2O4). Santa Fe County: Cerrillos district.
Goslarite. Hydrous zinc sulfate (ZnSO4 • 7H2O). Grant County: Central area. Sierra County:
Kingston district. Socorro County: Magdalena and Water Canyon districts.
Hydrozincite (zinc bloom). Basic zinc carbonate [3Zn(OH)2 • 2ZnCO3]. Luna County: Tres
Hermanas district, with willemite and smithsonite. Socorro County: Magdalena district, withsmithsonite.
Monheimite. Ferriferous smithsonite. Occurs in the Magdalena district, Socorro County, andprobably also in other districts where smithsonite is common.
Smithsonite (dry-bone ore). Zinc carbonate (ZnCO3). The common product resulting from theoxidation of zinc ores in limestone. Grant County: Carpenter and Central districts; Hanover-Fierro
district, important; Pinos Altos district.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

29

Luna County: Cooks Peak, Florida Mountains, and Tres Hermanas districts. San Miguel County:
Willow Creek district. Santa Fe County: Cerrillos district. Socorro County: Magdalena district,
important as ore and for museum specimens; Lemitar Mountains district.
Sphalerite (zinc blende, blende, black jack, mock-lead, false galena). Zinc sulfide (ZnS).
Catron County: Mogollon district, with silver-copper ores. Dona Ana County: Organ district. Grant
County: Burro Mountains, Carpenter, and Central districts; Hanover-Fierro district, very important;Gold Hill, Pinos Altos, Steeple Rock, and White Signal districts. Hidalgo County: Fremont,
Hachita, Lordsburg, and Steins Pass districts. Lincoln County: Nogal district. Luna County: Cooks
Peak, Florida Mountains, and Tres Hermanas districts. Rio Arriba County: Bromide district, rare;
Hopewell district. Sandoval County: Cochiti district. San Miguel County: Rociada district (?);
Willow Creek district, most important mineral. Santa Fe County: Cerrillos, New Placers, and Santa
Fe districts. Sierra County: Kingston and Lake Valley districts. Socorro. County: Magdalena
district, very important; Lemitar Mountains, Mockingbird Gap, and Water Canyon districts. TaosCounty: Red River and Twining districts.
Tallow clay. A brown tallowlike clay containing zinc, locally in economic amounts. SocorroCounty: Magdalena district.
Willemite. Zinc silicate (Zn2SiO4). An uncommon mineral. Grant County: Central area. Luna
County: Tres Hermanas district, in oxidized zinc ores. Socorro County: Magdalena district, at one
locality, associated with cerussite and native gold; Socorro Peak district (?). Probably morecommon as an oxidation product of zinc minerals than generally supposed.
Zincite (red oxide of zinc). Zinc oxide (ZnO). Luna County: Tres Hermanas district, reported.

RARE EARTHS
Rare-earth minerals are scattered widely over the State. Their most common ores are monazite(Ce, La, Pr, Nd)PO4 (with thorium, yttrium, and silica) and bastnaesite (Ce, La, Di, etc.)CO3. Not
until recently have these ores become of importance in New Mexico.
Bastnaesite. Lincoln County: Gallinas district, occurring with purple fluorspar.
Monazite. Rio Arriba County: Petaca district. San Miguel County: Manzanares Creek area andRibera district, in pegmatites. This mineral also occurs in many granites, being especially noticeablein zones of alteration and along contacts.

Mining Districts in New Mexico
BERNALILLO COUNTY
Bernalillo County, in the central part of the State, lies astride the Rio Grande. Until
Los Alamos County was established in 1949, it was the smallest county in New Mexico.
It has an area of 1,163 square miles, and the 1950 population was 146,013. Albuquerque,the largest city in the State, is the county seat.
The portion of the county west of the Rio Grande lies at the east edge of the Plateau
province and is underlain mainly by Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. The river valley ortrough contains Tertiary and Quaternary sediments and volcanic rock. The part east of
the river contains the westward facing scarps of the Sandia and Manzano Mountains andother portions of those mountain ranges.
The known occurrences of metallic ores are restricted to mountainous areas, andproduction has been of only slight economic importance. The only metal mining district,
the Tijeras Canyon district, has been inactive since 1941.
TIJERAS CANYON DISTRICTThis district includes the Coyote, Hell Canyon, Soda Springs, and La Luz
subdistricts in the Sandia and Manzano Mountains, which are separated by Tijeras
Canyon.
The ores found are those of lead, silver, and gold. Exploration and development
work was carried on for many years, but production has been slight. Except for annual
assessment work on a few unpatented claims, the district has been idle in recent years.
TABLE 1. PRODUCTION OF METALS IN BERNALILLO COUNTY, 1910-1954
Year

Gold
(value)Silver(ounces)Lead(pounds)

Total
Value

1910
1938
1940
1941
1942-1954*

$ 490
154
245
140
—

134
3
7
1,014
—

42,638————$2,792
156
278
861
—

Total
* No production$l,0291,158

42,638$4,087The ore occurs in veins in granite and allied rocks of Precambrian age and inoverlying Magdalena (Pennsylvanian) limestone (Ellis, 1922, p 40). The veins areassociated with a system of faults which traverse the west front of the mountains. At thepresent time almost the entire area

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

31

covered by this mining district is included in the Sandia military base and is notaccessible to prospector or operator.

CATRON COUNTYCatron County, separated from Socorro County in 1921, covers an area of 6,900
square miles at the western edge of the State between Socorro County and the State of
Arizona. The county has a population of 3,315. Reserve, a town of 500 people, whose
nearest rail connection is 85 miles away, is the county seat.
The surface rocks are chiefly Tertiary volcanic flows. The entire metal output of thecounty, with the exception of tin and a few tons of ore from the Wilcox area, has comefrom the Mogollon (Cooney) district.
BLACK RANGE (TAYLOR CREEK) TIN DISTRICT2The Black Range tin deposits are scattered over an area of about 450 square miles on
the west slope of the Black Range in southeastern Catron County and northwestern
Sierra County. Claims were first located in 1919 on Taylor and Squaw Creeks, and in
1920 on Hardcastle Creek.
The tin occurs as cassiterite in veinlets in soft, kaolinized rhyolite, and as local
disseminations in the walls. The cassiterite is chiefly the dense botryoidal variety, but red
tabular crystals intimately mixed with specularite also occur. The veins are small and not
persistent. The rhyolite, which is the oldest rock in the district, is overlain by tuff,
breccia, and thin basalt flows; sandstone and conglomerate; and sand and gravel. Muchof the stream gravels of the district carries placer tin derived from the veins.
As part of the strategic-minerals program in 1939, the U. S. Bureau of Mines
sampled the more promising lode and placer occurrences of tin in the district. Some ofthe deposits were resampled by the Bureau in 1942 and 1943. No appreciable tonnage ofcommercial-grade tin-bearing lode or placer material was revealed by the exploration.
According to Fries (1940, p 355), the stringers are too small to be mined separately, andthe deposits would have to be mined by bulk methods. In the areas sampled no sizable
deposit has been found that contains as much as 1 pound of tin per ton. Placer deposits
have been found only in the vicinity of bedrock deposits. The best placer deposit
sampled contains about 4,000 cubic yards of gravel that averages about 2 pounds of tin
per cubic yard. The gravel in the other deposits sampled averages less than 0.05 pound,and a large part of it averages less than 0.005 pound.
The total output from the area has been small. The production between 1940 and1943 was estimated by the U. S. Bureau of Mines to be
2. Hill (1922); Fries (1940); Volin et al. (1947).

32

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

around 11 tons of concentrates, with an average assay of close to 50 percent tin. This
was the most active period in the district.
MOGOLLON (COONEY) DISTRICTThe Mogollon (Cooney) district is in the southwest part of Catron County and isabout 85 miles northwest of Silver City, the nearest railhead. It is located in the
Mogollon Mountains, near the western border of the State.
The first claims were located in 1875 by James Cooney. Owing to Indian troubles noore was shipped until 1879, after which date mining activity increased rapidly in the
district. Production, which is valued at about 25 million dollars, has been almost entirely
in gold and silver. The district has been a very important contributor to the State's outputof these metals since 1880. During the period 1904-1942 the district accounted for 40
percent of all the silver and 25 percent of all the gold produced in New Mexico.
Production prior to 1904 had a value of approximately $5 million, and from 1904 to
1930 it amounted to $14,633,923. The district reached its maximum importance in 1913,
when it produced gold, silver, and subordinate amounts of copper and lead valued at$1,409,912.
The early production in the district came primarily from the Cooney, Little Fanny,
Last Chance, and Maud S veins. Since 1904 practically all production has come from the
Little Fanny, Last Chance, and Champion mines. Production declined rapidly after 1917;
late in 1925 the district was shut down almost completely.
A revival of mining occurred in 1931, when Ira L. Wright and associates, of Silver
City, New Mexico, known as the Wright Leasing Co., began operations on the Little
Fanny and Johnson group of claims. In 1933 the Black Hawk Consolidated Mines Co.
took over the Wright Leasing Co. and continued production until 1942, when the
Government order restricting the operation of gold mines caused an almost total
shutdown of the district. In the period October 1931 to June 1942 the Wright Leasing
Co. and the Black Hawk Consolidated Mines Co. produced 513,255 tons of gold andsilver ore valued at approximately $5 million.3 Most of the ore mined during this period
came from the Queen vein. Although this is the main vein of the district, very little ore
was mined from it prior to 1933.
In 1935 the Mogollon Consolidated Mines Co. reopened the Deadwood-Last Chancegroup and built a 150-ton flotation mill to treat the ore. The mill operated until 1937.
In February 1943 the Silver Creek Mining Co. leased the Bearup group of claims
located north of Silver City, 3 miles west of Mogollon. During the years 1943 to April
1947, this company produced 5,862 tons of ore containing 3,329 ounces of gold and210,316 ounces of silver (Minerals Yearbooks, 1943-1947).
3. W. J. Weatherby, Mogollon, New Mexico; personal communication, 1948.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

33

During the years 1947-1949 exploration work was done in the district by several
companies, especially by the Bradley Mining Co., of San Francisco, and an explorationcompany also financed by California investors. Both of these exploratory efforts were
aimed at possible extensions of ore bodies in the Queen vein. No ore of commercial
value was discovered in either of these efforts.
Prior to the introduction of cyanidation as a treatment for gold ores in 1905, stamp
milling followed by gravity concentration and amalgamation was the method used forrecovering values from all ores in the district. Recoveries in these early operations werereported to have been only 50-70 percent of the total value of the ores. After 1905
cyanidation or gravity concentration followed by cyanidation has been the chief methodof treatment. This method improved recoveries to as much as 90 percent of the crude-ore
values.
Ore treated prior to 1905 probably contained $20 or more of gold and silver per ton.
In the period 1905-1926 ores valued at $10-$15 per ton were mined. Ores treated by the
Wright Leasing Co. and the Black Hawk Co. in more recent operations are reported tohave averaged 0.14 ounce of gold and 6.94 ounces of silver per ton.4
The ore deposits of the Mogollon district are in fault veins in the Tertiary volcanic
rocks, consisting of rhyolite, quartz latite, andesite, and accompanying pyroclastic rocks.
The region is crisscrossed by faults which follow two main directions, one a little east ofnorth and the other a little north of west, and which have broken the area into irregular
blocks. With the exception of a large, recent fault on the western mountain front, every
important fault shows some mineralization. Most of the veins have prominent outcrops.
The productive area is less than 2 miles long by 1 mile wide and lies west of the town ofMogollon.
The ore occurs in shoots, commonly from 300 to 600 feet in drift length and about
the same along the dip, and usually from 5 to 15 feet wide. Most of the deposits show
sharp changes from ore containing 8 ounces or more of silver to low-grade material
carrying 3 ounces of silver or less. In the average ore of the district the ratio of silver togold is about 50 to 1.
Quartz and calcite are the chief gangue minerals. Fluorite is also present. The mostabundant metallic minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, bornite, argentite,
stromeyerite, and chalcocite. The ores show fine colloform texture.

CHAVES COUNTY
Chaves County, located in the southeastern quarter of the State has an area of 6,094
square miles and a population of 39,884 (1950). Roswell is the county seat.
This county is practically devoid of known metal resources. Placer
4. W. J. Weatherby, Mogollon, New Mexico; personal communication, 1948.

34

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESTABLE 2. PRODUCTION OF METALS IN THE MOGOLLON (COONEY)
DISTRICT, CATRON COUNTY, 1880-1954
Gold(value)Silver(ounces)

Copper(pounds)

Lead(pounds)

Total
Value

$5,662,409
14,96766,44154,817111,790
243,116
282,576
264,558
313,614
269,780
341,635
275,940
116,445
26,06037,41549,525
11,1652,275-

13,306,141
38,800136,869
126,020
121,357
274,172
364,816
310,450
429,847
381,013547,020489,943
210,243
47,36861,34991,78618,187
3,938-

944,601
1,100
1,000
3,000
4,300
1,000
5,000
1,800
500
900
1,700
600
1,700
1,200
1,000
-

14,687
400
400
1,000
1,000
1,000
-

-

$ 5,000,000*
14,633,923
26,319105,113
99,131
190,624440,300
565,632504.909591,544528,501
730,834
624,415
266,170
58,90081,176
114,495
25,8605,839-

Totals$8,143,528* Gold and silver; estimated.
† No production.

16,959,319

969,401

18,987$24,593,685

Year
Prior to1904
1904-1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948-1954†

300
200
-

gold is reported to occur along the Rio Hondo (Schrader et al., 1917, p 214), presumably
derived from the deposits of Lincoln County, which adjoins Chaves County on the west.
No metal production has ever been reported from the county.
COLFAX COUNTY
Colfax County, in northeastern New Mexico, borders the State of Colorado. It
contains 3,765 square miles and in 1950 had a population of 16,356. Raton, the largest
town, is the county seat. The western boundary, separating Colfax from Taos County,
lies along the crest of the Rocky Mountains, here known as the Sangre de Cristo Range.
The rest of the county lies at the edge of the vast plateau that extends eastward from thefoot of the range.
The main part of the Sangre de Cristo Range south of Elizabethtown is composed
chiefly of Carboniferous strata, but north of this place Precambrian rocks predominate.
East of the main mountains is the Cimarron Range, which attains its greatest elevation in
Baldy Peak near Elizabethtown and extends north and south for about 30 miles. It is
composed mainly of monzonite porphyry, which domes the overlying

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

35

sedimentary rocks. South of the monzonite are great basalt flows, which rest on
Cretaceous strata. These strata extend across most of the remaining parts of the county.
In the northeastern part the Cretaceous rocks locally are covered by remnants of basalt
flows.
The metal-mining activities in Colfax County have been in the area of Baldy Peak or
not far removed from it. The region has been essentially a producer of gold. The igneous
intrusions of monzonite porphyry which penetrated the sedimentary rock produced two
types of gold deposits; namely, quartz veins and contact metamorphic deposits in thecalcareous sedimentary rocks. Placer gold derived from the primary gold deposits has
been the source of much of the gold mined in the county.
Lode deposits, including the famous Aztec mine, were discovered in 1868. Within a
few years the new area attained an estimated production of $1.2 million, principally froma pocket or bonanza struck in the Aztec mine in the early state of its development. The
production of the county in the years from 1881 to 1912 was small. Between 1912 and1920 there was considerable activity in the Elizabethtown district, the Aztec mine
producing $1,680,718 and $245,079 in bullion and concentrates respectively. The output
between 1920 and 1935 again was small, although the amalgamation and gravityconcentration plants installed on the property during earlier years continued to operate
periodically on a reduced scale, and some placer operations were conducted. In 1935 a
flotation plant was installed on the property of the Aztec mine. This mill continued tooperate until 1940, during which period the production from Colfax County again rose toa value of over $100,000 per year. Since 1940 production has amounted to only a few
thousand dollars each year.
Production in the county prior to 1904 was about $4.4 million, and the total
production to 1948 approximated $10 million. Nearly all this output was lode and placer
gold, of which about one-half was from lode deposits. Table 3 shows the combined lodeand placer production of gold and silver from 1868 to 1945 (Pettit, unpublished report).
BALDY (UTE CREEK) DISTRICT5
This district lies to the east of Baldy Mountain in the valley of Ute Creek and on ahigh ridge to the south known as Black Horse Mountain. The district comprises the
Aztec, Rebel Chief, Montezuma, Bull of the Woods, and Black Horse mines and someless important claims.
The Aztec mine has been by far the most important metal producer in Colfax
County. The ore has come from veins parallel to the bedding in a quartzitic sandstone oflower Tertiary age, or from veins which followed the contact between the sandstone andunderlying shale. In some instances large ore shoots extended into the sandstone or the
shale. The total production of the Aztec mine is estimated to exceed 4 million
5. Pettit, unpublished report; Lee, 1916, pp 325-330; Chase and Muir, 1923, pp 270-281.

36

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESTABLE 3. PRODUCTION OF METALS IN COLFAX COUNTY, 1904-1954

Year

Gold
(value)Silver(ounces)

1904-1914*
1915-1919
1920-1924
1925-1929
1930
1931-1932†
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948-1954‡$ 360,464
1,627,114
223,038
126,850
248
7,176
40,07481,091
107,786
126,331
118,559
98,00044,55524,605
10,570
770
105
175
175
385
-

3,597
11,181
1,674
1,105
83
150
292
2,528
2,724
1,205
1,196
280
97
38
3
4
1
6
-

Copper(pounds)
24,06023,942592
1,937
105,200
11,20027,50028,500
1,200
-

Total
$2,998,071
26,164
224,131* Production prior to 1904 is estimated at $4,400,000.
† Production not reported by counties in U.S.B.M. Minerals Yearbook.
‡ No production.

Lead(pounds)
2,470
1,717
800
300
5,287

$

Total
Value
365,948
1,641,029
224,791
127,800
248
7,205
40,195
81,633
119,422
145,915122,047
101,776
44,89024,674
10,597
772
105
178
176
390
$3,059,791*

dollars. The property has remained idle since 1940, and most of the workings have cavedin.
The Rebel Chief, Montezuma, Bull of the Woods, and Black Horse mines arelocated within about a mile of the Aztec mine, their discovery dating back to the earlydays of the district. Some high-grade ore has been taken from these mines, but the total
output has been relatively small. In the aggregate, however, they probably have produced
well over half a million dollars in gold, the Montezuma being the chief contributor.
Ute Creek was one of the important placer-mining sections in the Baldy Mountainarea. In 1941 a large washing plant operated in Ute Creek for a short time. Mining
operations were conducted to within a mile of the Aztec mill.
CIMARRONCITO DISTRICTThe Cimarroncito district is about 14 miles southeast of Elizabethtown and lies near
the crest on the east side of the Cimarron Range. No extensive bodies of good ore havebeen found, and production has been slight.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

37

The explored mineral deposits of the district consist almost wholly of contactmetamorphic deposits in limestone near masses of intrusive monzonite porphyry. Quartz
veins in the intrusive rock have been developed at one or two places. The intruded
sediments are Pennsylvanian and Cretaceous in age. The contact-metamorphic ores are
typical of the general class and are characterized by andradite garnet, epidote, quartz,
calcite, specularite, magnetite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite. The gold content is somewhat
higher than is typical for ore of this class. Some ore contains up to $10 in gold and 3 or 4
ounces of silver to the ton, and as much as 8 to 10 percent of copper, but very little ore ofsuch grade has been found.
ELIZABETHTOWN (MORENO) DISTRICTThis district comprises a narrow strip of country extending east and west across the
Cimarron Range. It includes the town of Elizabethtown, 35 miles northeast of Taos. The
district lies on the west slope of Baldy Mountain and is a western continuation of the
Baldy district. The general geology of the two districts is essentially the same.
The rocks exposed in the Elizabethtown district consist of Upper Cretaceous
sediments (chiefly Pierre shale) which have been faulted and later intruded by numerous
dikes and sills of monzonite and quartz monzonite porphyries. The igneous rocks arepart of the same general intrusion which is exposed in the Baldy and Cimarroncito
districts, and which extends as far north as Costilla Peak (Darton, 1928-a).
The gold deposits are of three types: quartz veins, contact-metamorphic deposits, andplacers. The veins occur both in the monzonite and at the contact of sills of monzonite
with the shale, the contact apparently being the more common location. The veins are
simple fissures and lodes in which several narrow, parallel veinlets constitute anindividual ore body. The lodes are more common in the porphyry. The veins range froma fraction of an inch to a few inches in thickness, and may be traced up to a half mile inlength. In composition they are essentially auriferous quartz-pyrite veins, althoughchalcopyrite and galena are present here and there in small amounts. Pyrrhotite isintergrown with pyrite in the shale. Oxidation is well advanced; as a result, a large partof the gold is free. Much of the recovered ore is said to have averaged $10-$20 a ton.
Contact-metamorphic deposits are less abundant and economically less important
than the veins. The calcareous shales in contact with thick sills and stocks of porphyry
are altered to dark crystalline rocks largely composed of diopside and scapolite and some
epidote, calcite, amphibole, and magnetite. Pyrite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite are intergrown with magnetite. The ores on the whole are of low grade.
The Red Bandanna, Empire, Moreno, Centennial, Galena, and American Flag claims
comprise a group, now called the Red Bandanna,

38

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

which was worked intermittently from the time of their discovery in the 1880's until justbefore World War II. Although these claims lie in Grouse Gulch and probably
contributed much to the rich placer gold found in this gulch, they have not been
particularly important as lode claims. Prior to 1941 a cyanide mill, with a capacity offrom 25 to 50 tons, was in operation on the Red Bandanna group. The mill operated for atime on Red Bandanna ore. When this ore proved too low grade for profitable treatment,ore from the Iron Mountains prospect in the southern part of the district was substituted.
The Chester claim lies high on the ridge that separates the headwaters of Big Negro
Gulch from those of Pine Gulch. The mine has not been worked since 1881.
An exploration tunnel started near the Chester workings was driven completely
through Baldy Mountain. This work, which was completed in 1937, revealed many
mineralized zones, but none of present commercial importance. North of the Chester
claim, at the head of Pine Gulch, is the Golden Era group, which includes the War
Eagle, Golden Era, Fairfax Twin, and City View claims. Some high-grade ore wasproduced from this group and treated in an arrastra in the adjoining Ute district. There
have been no recent mining operations.
The Elizabethtown district is important chiefly for its output of placer gold. Rich
placer gold was found in the district in 1866 by prospectors who were sent to doassessment work on claims upon which copper float had been found. The resulting boom
lasted many years. Grouse Gulch and Humbug Gulch, west flowing tributaries of theMoreno River, each yielded over a million dollars in placer gold and silver. Anothermillion dollars in placer gold and silver has been recovered from the valley of theMoreno River. To work the gravels of Grouse and Humbug Gulches, a 41-mile aqueduct
was constructed to bring water from the headwaters of the Red River into the Moreno
area. This aqueduct was built in 1868 at a cost of nearly a quarter of a million dollars.
Referred to as the "Big Ditch," it served the district for many years. The bulk of the
production was attained before 1881.
PONIL DISTRICTThis district lies north and northeast of Baldy Mountain. It includes the valley ofSouth Ponil and Placer Creeks, and intervening ridges and spurs known as French Henry
Mountain and North Baldy Ridge (Pettit, unpublished report).
A number of properties have been operated in this district, some since the earliest
days of mining in the county, but the output from lode mines has been small. Several
milling plants were installed, including a modern flotation plant placed on the French
Henry mining property in 1938. Their operations were not successful.
Some placer mines were operated in this district, but they were not very productive.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

39

WILLOW CREEK DISTRICT6
This district lies southeast of Baldy Mountain, in the drainage area of Willow Creek.
It is bounded on the east and north by high ridges extending outward from Baldy
Mountain, and on the west by the divide that separates Willow Creek drainage fromAnniseta Gulch and other westward flowing tributaries of the Moreno River.
The district has not been an important producer of lode gold, but has contributed
greatly to the output of placer gold from Colfax County. Approximately $1 million ingold and silver has come from the Willow Creek placers.
A copper property, the Mystic mine, has been worked intermittently for years, themost recent operation being in 1937 and 1938. Some high-grade copper ore was shippedfrom the mine.

CURRY COUNTYCurry County, in the east central part of the State, is bounded on the east by the Stateof Texas. It lies within the Great Plains. It has an area of 1,403 square miles, and its
population is 23,174 (1950). Clovis, the county seat, is the largest town.
No metallic resources have ever been reported from this county.

DE BACA COUNTYDe Baca County, located in east central New Mexico, has an area of 2,358 square
miles. Its population in 1950 was 3,460. Ft. Sumner, the largest town, is the county seat.
This county has no recorded production of metallic ores. Although small low-grade
gold placers were reported in the early days, no attempt has been made to prove or
exploit them.

DONA ANA COUNTY
Dona Ana County occupies an area of 3,804 square miles in central southern New
Mexico and has a population of 39,044 (1950). It is bordered by Mexico and the State ofTexas on the south, Luna and Sierra Counties on the west, Sierra County on the north,and Otero County on the east. Las Cruces is the county seat. The Rio Grande flows diagonally across the county from northwest to southeast, and then out of the State into
Texas.
Most of the county lies in the Rio Grande Valley. In the southwest part is a fairly
large area of Quaternary basalt known as the West Potrillo Mountains. In the northwest
part there is a similar area of Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic rocks known as the Sierrade las Uvas. These mountains are a short distance south of the southern end of the Sierra
Caballos, which extends into Dona Ana County nearly
6. Pettit, unpublished report.

40

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

to Rincon. Near the eastern edge of the county a chain of mountain ranges extends, with
but a single interruption, the full length of the county. This chain, from north to south,
consists of the San Andres, Organ, and Franklin Mountains.
The San Andres Mountains, partly in Sierra County, extend from the north boundaryof Dona Ana County to San Augustin Pass, a distance of 36 miles. The Organ Mountains
continue from San Augustine Pass to Target Range Gap, approximately 18 miles. The
Franklin Mountains continue from the Gap to El Paso, lying within Texas for the greaterpart of their length.
Almost the entire metal production of Dona Ana County has come from the Organ
district, which comprises the northern part of the Organ Mountains and the extreme
southern end of the San Andres Mountains. The first known mining in this area started in
1849. Although early records are not available, the production from the county from
1849 to 1948 is estimated to have been close to $2.5 million.
TABLE 4. PRODUCTION OF METALS IN DONA ANA COUNTY, 1904-1954
Year

Gold
(value)Silver(ounces)19044914*
1915-1919
1920-1924
1925-1929
1930
1931-1932†
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953-1954‡
Totals$ 7,938
3,136
44
195
3,113
332
280
245
3,914
2,450
3,885
3,220
70
70
35
175
$29,102138,510
71,375
6,168
23,152
1,587
2,060
2,673
736
22
477
322
392
509
97
938
180
110
1,792
1,548
201
1,687
1,306
179
256,021

Copper(pounds)
1,473,340
894,056
177,746
83,27817,000
3,000
1,900
800
6,500
2,800
2,800
6,200
15,000
400
1,100
2,000
28,00030,00010,0002,755,920

Lead(pounds)

Zinc(pounds)

5,011,146
1,863,291
154,740
794,386
11,00080,00063,000
200
300
7,900
4,600
2,300
12,0005,000
1,200
51,00032,0004,000
16,0006,000
8,000
8,128,063

30,000220,679
26,852
12,000211,000
363,000
4,000
18,00040,000512,000
256,000
1,693,531* Production prior to 1904 is estimated at $1,000,000.
† Production not reported by counties in U.S.B.M. Minerals Yearbook.
‡ No production.

Total
Value
$
611,055
409,92152,134
81,380
6,484
4,069
4,518
537
34
1,175
4,786
3,233
4,678
1,653
23,59342,196
278
525
9,267
10,027
11,29082,666
51,407
1,612$1,418,518

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

41

BLACK MOUNTAIN-GOLD CAMP DISTRICT7This district is in the southern end of the San Andres Mountains, several miles northof San Augustin Pass, and about 8-10 miles east-northeast of Organ. It is generally
considered a part of the Organ district.
Small production is reported from this district. The Mountain Chief mine, located in
1883, is believed to have yielded $12,000 in gold. The high-grade ore, said to have beena mixture of limonite and coarse calcite with free gold, apparently was removed entirelyby the original owner.
In Gold Camp the country rock is Precambrian granite. The ore occurs in narrow,
sharply defined, quartz-filled veins, which strike eastward and dip steeply. The ore
contains auriferous pyrite and subordinate chalcopyrite. Free gold occurs near thesurface in a shallow zone of oxidation. Bismuth minerals are reported to occur withsome of the ores.
In Black Mountain lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks rest on a basement ofPrecambrian granite and schist. Along the steep southern face of the mountain thecontact between Fusselman dolomite and Percha shale is well exposed. The known ore
deposits occur in the dolomite below this contact.
HEMBRILLO-SAN ANDRECITO DISTRICT8This district, not far from the Sierra-Dona Ana County line, includes San Andrecito,
Deadman, Lostman, and Hembrillo Canyons and the east slope of the San Andres
Mountains between the canyons. No accurate data on the production of this district areavailable. The Green Crawford mine in San Andrecito Canyon and the prospects in
Hembrillo Canyon were developed during the closing years of the last century, and there
may have been a small output of copper ore at that time. Some ore was shipped from theGreen Crawford mine between 1920 and 1930. It is unlikely that the total production
from the district exceeded $10,000.
Chalcocite is the principal ore mineral in Hembrillo Canyon; in the Green Crawfordmine chalcopyrite, covellite, chalcocite, and cuprite have been noted.
ORGAN DISTRICTThe Organ district comprises that section of the Organ-San Pedro Range which
extends from about 6 miles south of Organ to about 4 miles north of Organ.
The Organ Mountains consist mainly of a large intrusive mass of quartz monzonite.
Precambrian granite overlain by westward dipping Paleozoic strata occurs at the northend of the mountains, and Missis7. Dunham (1935, pp 262-263).
8. Dunham (1935, pp 252-257).

42

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

sippian and Pennsylvanian limestones are exposed over a large area. An excellent
account of the geology, mineral deposits, and mines of the Organ Mountains is given by
Dunham (1935).
The ore deposits of the Organ district may be classified as follows: pegmatites, veins
cutting the Tertiary batholith, veins cutting Precambrian rocks, deposits in the TorpedoBennett fault zone, and replacement deposits in limestones and dolomites.
Pegmatites
Three metal mines developed in the pegmatites are the Ben Nevis, the Gray Eagle,
and the Quickstrike. To date these mines have not been important producers.
Veins Cutting the Tertiary Batholith
Deposits of this type are found at the Big Three, Dave King, Galloway, Poor Man's
Friend, and Silver Coinage mines, the Crested Butte prospect, and the Hawkeye andTexas Canyon groups of claims. The ore deposits occur in mineral areas cutting the
intrusive monzonites. Considerable prospecting has been done on veins of this type, but
up to the present the production has not been large.
Veins in Precambrian Rocks
Mines in the Precambrian strata include those of the Black Hawk, Buck Deer,
Dummy B, Eureka, Green Girl, Pagoda, Pharmacist, Rock of Ages, and Santa Cruzprospects, and the Dona Dora, Maggie G, Mormon, Sally, and Sunol mines.
The Mormon mine is the only one of this group from which there has been
appreciable production. The largest mine is reported to have produced about $40,000 ingold between 1880 and 1910. From 1938 to 1941 the Mormon mine was operated on asmall scale by the Donalco Mining Co. This company was liquidated in 1941.
Deposits Related to the Torpedo-Bennett Fault Zone
The greater part of the metal production from the Organ district, and therefore fromthe county, has come from mines located on or near the "Torpedo-Bennett" fault zone,
the north-south trending fault system which extends along the west side of the Organ
Mountains from Hardscrabble Hill to Dripping Springs.
The Stevenson-Bennett mine is the most productive mine in the fault zone. This
mine has been worked on a large scale, and for a time a mill of 300 tons daily capacity
was in operation at the deposit. Dunham (1935, p 221) estimates the total production
from the time of discovery in 1847 to 1935 at around $1,200,000, mostly in silver andlead. There has been no appreciable production since 1920, although considerable
development work was done on the property in 1940.
The Torpedo mine on the fault zone north of the Stevenson-Bennett mine wasdiscovered in 1899 and has produced several hundred thou-METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

43

sand dollars in copper during several periods of operation since that time. There has
been no recent production.
The Modoc property is located on a southward continuation of the Torpedo-Bennett
fault zone. The production, estimated to be as high as $200,000, was almost entirely inlead. The period of activity was from 1879 to 1905.
A fourth mine, the Orejon, and a few prospects are also included in the class ofdeposits related to the Torpedo-Bennett fault zone.
Replacement Deposits in Limestones and Dolomites
The most important mine belonging to this class is the Memphis. The deposit wasworked actively during a number of periods after its discovery in 1882, and produced,
according to local estimates, over $200,000 in copper, zinc, and silver. No importantwork has been done on the property since 1929.
Other metal deposits occurring in metamorphosed limestone are those of the
Excelsior and Merrimac mines. The Excelsior mine has produced a small amount ofcopper. The ore in the Merrimac deposit contains sphalerite and pyrite, with subordinate
amounts of chalcopyrite and galena. During 1942 and 1943 ore from the Merrimac mine
was shipped to the lead-zinc-copper custom mill of the American Smelting and Refining
Co. at Hanover, and for a time the mine was under lease by that company. Ira L. Wrightand Associates, of Silver City, operated the mine for several months in 1951, producing
25-50 tons of high-grade zinc ore per day. The ore was trucked to the American Smelting and Refining Co. mill at Deming. An expansion of the White Sands Proving Groundbrought the property within that reservation, and mining was discontinued in June 1951.
Other deposits belonging to this classification, but which are replacements inlimestones not previously metamorphosed, are found in the Little Buck, Rickardite, Hill
Top, Black Prince, Homestake, Philadelphia, Smith Silver Jim, and Devil's Canyon
mines. There have been no large producers from this group.
RINCON MANGANESE DISTRICTThe manganese deposits in the vicinity of Rincon occur in Tertiary sandstone andconglomerate in the southern foothills of the Caballos Range. The ore consists ofmanganese oxides, chiefly psilomelane, in a gangue of barite and calcite, and occurs
along numerous fault fissures of small displacement and along minor parallel fractures.
Recent sand and gravel deposits derived from the adjacent slopes occur south of the vein
deposits; some of this detrital material contains considerable fragmental psilomelane.
Small shipments of manganese-bearing rock were made from this district during
World War I and World War II.

44

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

The deposits were explored further in 1952 and 1953, and a small amount of ore wasdelivered to the Deming stockpile.
OTHER MINING DISTRICTS9
Some mining has been done for gold, silver, and the base metals in the NorthernFranklin, Potrillo, and Dona Ana Mountains, and in San Andres and Bear Canyons in the
San Andres Mountains. However, there has been no significant yield from these
districts.
There are some bodies of hematite in the Iron Hill district, in the low hills west of
Robledo Mountain, northwest of Las Cruces. Although a possible source of iron in the
distant future, these deposits are too inaccessible for present exploitation.

EDDY COUNTY
Eddy County is in the southeastern part of the State, bordering Texas on the southand Lea County on the east. It has an area of 4,163 square miles and a population of
40,421 (1950). Carlsbad is the county seat. The Pecos River flows from north to south
through the county, dividing it into almost equal parts. The western half of the county
ranges from rolling foothill and plateau country to moderately rugged mountains in theextreme southwest, where the peaks of the Guadalupe Range attain an elevation of 8,000
feet. The eastern half is rolling desert country, with many sinks, dry lake beds, and large
depressions caused by slumping of the subsurface formations over the huge salt beds.
The metallic resources of Eddy County, insofar as is known at the present time, areunimportant. The only deposits reported occur in the Chupadera limestones northwest ofCarlsbad, where low-grade copper has been found, and in the Caprock escarpment justeast of Artesia, where small amounts of lead, zinc, copper, gold, and silver have beenfound in a brecciated quartzite.
The only metal production reported from the county to date came from the copper
deposits northwest of Carlsbad, which produced 500 pounds of copper and 3 ounces ofsilver in 1941, and 700 pounds of copper in 1947.

GRANT COUNTY
Grant County, in southwestern New Mexico and adjacent to the State of Arizona,has an area of 3,970 square miles and a population of 21,561 (1950). Silver City is thecounty seat. It is bounded by Catron County on the north, Sierra and Luna Counties on
the east, and Luna and Hidalgo Counties on the south. Hidalgo County was a part ofGrant County until July 1920. The boundary between Grant and Sierra Counties follows
the crest of the Mimbres or Black Range, which may be said
9. Dunham (1935, pp 243-262).

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

45

to form the eastern margin of the Plateau province. In this region the general plateau
character is due to thick Tertiary volcanic flows into which the Gila and Mimbres Rivers
and their tributaries have cut deep valleys. In the region around Silver City, Pinos Altos,
Santa Rita, and Hanover, erosion has exposed the underlying Cretaceous and Paleozoic
sediments which are broken by faults and intruded by masses of quartz diorite andgranodiorite porphyry. The Big Burro Mountains, an extensive mass of Precambrianrocks, rise out of the alluvium southwest of this area.
Grant County is by far the most important metal-producing county in New Mexico.
Of the State's total metal production from 1880 to 1954, valued at about 900 million
dollars, over 700 million dollars has come from Grant County. Production figures for theyears 1904 to 1954 are given in Table 5.
In addition to silver, gold, copper, lead, and zinc, a large tonnage of iron ore andmanganese ore has been mined. In recent years a considerable amount of molybdenum
has been produced as a byproduct of the Chino copper deposit. Other metals occurring in
the county are radium, uranium, vanadium, bismuth, cobalt, and nickel.
BLACK HAWK (ALHAMBRA, BULLARD'S PEAK) DISTRICTThe old camp of Black Hawk is in the northern part of the Burro Mountains, about
12 miles northwest of Tyrone and about 15 miles west of Silver City. Rich silver float issaid to have been discovered here in 1881. The district was booming from 1885 to 1887.
Mining continued up to 1893, but nothing of consequence has been done since that date.
Production of the camp amounts to perhaps one million dollars (Lindgren et al., 1910, p
324).
The deposits of the district are veins in Precambrian gneiss, some of them parallel toor otherwise associated with dikes of diorite porphyry. The ore is said to have consistedof dolomite and barite associated with much native silver and argentite and a little hornsilver. Nickel and cobalt occur with the silver ore (Hillebrand, 1889, p 46; Waller andMoses, 1892, p 49).
The veins are narrow and the metal content erratic. The principal vein has been
opened to a vertical depth of almost 700 feet, and native silver is said to have been foundat that depth.
The U. S. Government did some core drilling on this property in 1953, trying tolocate cobalt-nickel ore of commercial grade and volume. Nothing of importance wasfound.
BURRO MOUNTAINS (TYRONE, COW SPRINGS) DISTRICT10
Copper was discovered in the Burro Mountains in 1871, and several periods ofactivity and idleness followed. Two smelters were erected, but
10. Paige (1911, pp 131-150; 1916, pp 15-17; 1922); Somers (1915, pp 604-644); Minerals
Yearbooks.

TABLE 5. PRODUCTION OF NONFERROUS METALS, GRANT COUNTY, 1904-1954
Year
1904-1914*
1915-1919*
1920-1924
1924-1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954

Gold
(value)Silver(ounces)$1,264,683
1,702,647
315,865574,068
79,30075,65145,55137,044
106,565
99,27567,550343,819
306,768
362,915548,660
517,755
204,890108,780
99,75093,27566,88534,89552,15037,59080,39589,60061,46034,50024,7701,964,753
2,221,349
475,871
893,462
413,379
437,400
480,370409,580
362,572
325,003444,475
520,667
307,426
671,045716,376
737,003
298,323
234,064
268,307
241,079
145,932
196,623
249,047
179,262
201,075
291,945337,916
81,44427,723

Total$7,437,056
14,133,471* Production from Hidalgo County included.

Copper(pounds)
187,544,972
408,660,678
219,413,319
385,524,609
57,604,600
56,328,000
26,527,000
25,160,000
21,826,600
3,148,000
4,451,300
59,020,000
33,161,400
84,728,000
130,050,000
137,814,000
152,837,000
145,739,000
133,814,000
110,644,000
97,707,000
116,469,500
145,640,000
106,578,000
127,406,000
143,176,000
148,088,000
139,742,000
122,448,000

Lead(pounds)

Zinc(pounds)

7,344,371
12,783,407
5,135,990
19,249,960
8,047,500
6,848,000
7,056,800
1,610,240
5,829,100
3,876,700
5,418,000
4,726,000
825,400
6,566,000
7,188,000
8,168,000
7,134,000
8,301,000
10,383,000
12,030,000
6,885,000
7,470,000
8,620,000
5,788,000
5,138,000
7,108,000
9,676,000
3,048,000
296,000

11,945,421
49,947,307
37,588,280
78,508,000
30,783,000
14,099,000
10,241,000
22,507,000
18,218,000
16,807,000
21,436,000
24,500,000
33,421,000
48,221,000
60,157,000
70,473,000
86,086,000
107,473,000
92,197,000
74,382,000
65,179,000
78,040,000
72,884,000
54,040,000
74,648,000
83,358,000
97,280,000
25,674,000
14,000

Total
Value$ 31,489,607
104,937,535
36,143,360
64,506,517
9,607,008
6,117,483
2,371,152
2,993,732
3,086,134
1,488,731
2,142,344
89,110,486
5,397,501
12,446,218
19,903,024
23,054,778
27,394,284
31,483,571
29,696,534
24,790,159
24,715,635
35,189,954
43,117,982
28,828,182
35,216,472
51,767,257
53,910,903
43,566,043
36,481,823

3,531,250,978

202,550,468

1,460,107,008$880,954,409

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

47

they were unsuccessful. Interest was revived in the region by important discoveries in1902. In 1905 the Phelps Dodge Co. (now the Phelps Dodge Corp.) purchased theproperty of the Burro Mountain Copper Co. at Leopold and in 1912 acquired theproperty of the Chemung Copper Co. of Tyrone. The mines were developed for largescale operations, and a concentrating mill with a capacity of 2,000 tons per day wasconstructed. The district reached its maximum importance in 1918, when it produced 17
million pounds of copper.
The Burro Mountains mine of the Phelps Dodge Corp. was shut down in March
1921. During the period from 1921 to 1929 the activity in the district consisted mainly ofleaching operations conducted on the mine dumps and some small-scale leasing. In 1928
and 1929 a small leaching plant treated mixed oxide and sulfide ores. The Burro Mountains mine itself remained idle from 1921 to 1941, when the mine was prepared forunderground leaching. From 1941 to 1950 inclusive the mine produced 30 million
pounds of copper by this method, which consists of percolating water through the former
mine workings and precipitating the dissolved copper from the return solutions. The
method continued to be used until 1950.
Since 1950 the company has been doing extensive core drilling in the old mine area
and adjacent country. It is reported that a large-scale open-pit operation is in theplanning stage.
The Burro Mountains are made up of two distinct mountain masses separated by the
Mangas Valley. The Little Burro Mountains are on the northeast side of the valley andnorth of Tyrone. They trend northwest along a tilted fault block that has been elevatedon its west side by a strong northwest trending fault. The range consists of Precambrian
granite and Cretaceous sediments intruded by andesitic and rhyolitic rocks and overlain
by Tertiary volcanic flows.
The Big Burro Mountains are southwest of the valley and consist of a Precambrian
granite complex intruded by a large mass of quartz monzonite porphyry. Part of thequartz monzonite mass is covered by Quaternary gravel, but the exposed part is about 5
miles long and 4 miles wide.
Three classes of ore deposits occur in the district: (1) quartz veins, (2) irregularsulfide-impregnated fracture zones in the Precambrian rock, and (3) secondarily
enriched deposits of disseminated sulfides in highly fractured parts of the quartzmonzonite and adjacent granite. Class 3 is by far the most important.
Quartz veins have been mined chiefly at the southeastern end of the Little Burro
Mountains, about 1¾ miles north of Tyrone. These veins are simple, well-defined
fissures in Precambrian granite. The ores contain pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena,and silver chloride. Manganese oxides are locally very abundant, and enrichment of goldand silver has been important in the upper parts of the veins. Silver and gold are thechief metals produced.

48

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Iron and copper sulfides and gold occur in fairly well-defined fracture zones at anumber of places within the Precambrian area. Bismuth minerals are present locally. The
gold-bearing quartz-sulfide stringers have been surficially enriched, but the zone ofoxidation is shallow.
The secondarily enriched copper deposits in monzonite and granite, which haveyielded nearly all the copper produced, and to which the district owes its importance, arein the northeast foothills of the Big Burro Mountains. The quartz monzonite porphyry
and the adjacent granite are intensely fractured in places. The area of fractured rock isroughly triangular, with the apex southwest of Leopold. The zone of greatest fracturinglies between Leopold and Tyrone and forms roughly the northwest side of the triangle.
The primary ore was deposited in these fractures and in the wall rock between.
Fracturing diminishes toward the south, and the richness of the disseminated ores
likewise diminishes in this direction.
Sulfides have been leached from the ore-bearing rock near the surface, and much ofthis rock has been thoroughly cleansed of its copper. Leaching extends locally to depthsof 700 feet or more and is deepest near strong veins and faults. An irregular chalcocitezone having a maximum thickness of 300 feet underlies the zone of oxidation andleaching. The chalcocite ore carries about 2-3 percent of copper. A number of
unconnected ore bodies of this type were explored by churn drilling. They range in size
from half a million to several million tons. Below the chalcocite zone is low-grade
primary material (protore) carrying pyrite and very small amounts of chalcopyrite andsphalerite. A little molybdenite is also present.
The chalcocite ore also has been subjected to some oxidation and leaching. The
present water level stands at 300-500 feet below the surface and shows no close relation
to the zone of chalcocite enrichment. Chalcocite ore is found above and below the waterlevel. The depth to which oxidation has penetrated the rocks increases northeastward
from Leopold to Tyrone. At Tyrone the chalcocite zone lies at considerable depths,
whereas at Leopold this zone is at some places 50 feet or less from the surface.
CAP ROCK MOUNTAIN MANGANESE DISTRICTThe Cap Rock Mountain district is about 20 miles north of Lordsburg, in the vicinityof Cap Rock Mountain. The manganese ore occurs as veins in quartzite and Gilaconglomerate. It is largely psilomelane.
No production figures are available.
CARPENTER DISTRICT
See Swartz district, Grant County.
CENTRAL AREAThe Central Mining area (Spencer and Paige, 1935), in eastern Grant County,
comprises the mining districts around the towns of Central,

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

49

Fig. 1GRANT COUNTY MINING AREAS.

50

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Fig. 2CENTRAL MINING AREA.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

51

Bayard, Fierro, Hanover, Georgetown, and Santa Rita. The location of the area is shownin Figure 2.
The Central area is well known both within and without the State of New Mexico, its
productivity having exceeded that of all the other metal-mining districts in the State
combined. It appears likely that the district will maintain this dominant position, its
production continuing, possibly on an increased scale, for many years.
The geology and mining operations of the area are described by districts. Production
statistics for the various districts, however, generally are combined. This procedure has
been followed in Table 6, wherein statistics are given for the entire Central area for theyears 1904-1954.
Hanover (-Fierro) District
General statement. The Hanover district11 embraces the northern part of the Central
area and includes the districts sometimes described separately as Hanover, Fierro, andCopper Flat. Iron and zinc have been the chief metals produced. Although copper ores
are said to have been mined on a fairly large scale about the middle of the 19th century
and possibly earlier, they have been of minor importance in recent times.
Large outcrops of magnetite attracted the attention of the early prospectors, andsystematic mining of iron ore near Fierro began in 1891, when the Atchison, Topeka andSanta Fe Railway reached Hanover. During the early years the ore was used as flux by
the smelters at El Paso, Texas, and Socorro, New Mexico. Ore shipments were made to
the Colorado Fuel and Iron Co., at Pueblo, Colorado, about 1900, and mining was
almost continuous from then until 1932. During this period approximately 4 million tonsof iron ore was produced. Production of iron ore from the Hanover district since 1932
has been relatively small.
Deposits of oxidized zinc ore were mined in the vicinity of Hanover in the early
1890's. According to Blake (1895), shipments by rail from Hanover up to June 1894
amounted to 1,358 tons. Production remained small, however, until 1910. Zinc
production from the Central area between 1904 and 1948 increased markedly.
In the years from 1904 to 1930 over 90 percent of the zinc produced in the Central
area came from the Hanover district, chiefly from the mines of the New Jersey Zinc Co.
After 1930 several other large companies began mining in the Hanover area: The Peru
Mining Co. and its subsidiary, the New Mexico Consolidated Mining Co.; the Black
Hawk Consolidated Mines Co.; the Kennecott Copper Corp.; and the United States
Smelting Refining and Mining Co. After 1930, mines of the Bayard area, described later,
also contributed substantially to the total zinc production of the Central area.
The sedimentary rocks in the vicinity of Hanover and Fierro are intruded and domed
up by a large stock of granodiorite known as
11. Blake (1895, pp 187-195); Mullen and Storms (1948); Bacon and Joesting (1945).

52

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Hanover-Fierro stock (see fig 3). The exposed part of the stock is about 2½ miles long,north to south, and about one mile wide. The sedimentary rocks consist of the Blisssandstone (Cambrian), El Paso and Montoya limestones (Ordovician), Fusselman
limestone (Silurian), Percha shale (Devonian), Lake Valley limestone (Mississippian),
Magdalena limestone (Pennsylvanian), Abo formation (Permian), Beartooth quartzite(Upper Comanchean), and Colorado formation (Cretaceous). The sedimentary rocks areunderlain by Precambrian rocks, chiefly granite and schist. A laccolithic sill of quartz
diorite porphyry has intruded the Percha shale on the west flank of the dome, and othersmaller sills occur at several horizons. These are earlier than the stock. The sedimentaryand igneous rocks have been intruded by many granodiorite dikes and by postore
Tertiary quartz latite dikes. The rocks are much faulted, the important faults trending
northeast or north. Many of the dikes were intruded along fault fissures.
The sedimentary rocks surrounding the stock have been subjected to profoundigneous metamorphism, and large replacement sulfide and iron-oxide ore bodies havebeen formed. The metamorphic zone is from a few hundred feet to several thousand feetwide. The contact silicates include garnet, hedenbergite, epidote, zoisite, diopside,wollastonite, serpentine, and ilvaite. The ore minerals include magnetite, specularite,
pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, chalmersite, sphalerite, and galena. In general, thesilicates were formed in the early stages of metamorphism and ore deposition, the ironoxides next, and the sulfides during the later stages. The limestones and dolomites of thesedimentary rocks were affected most, but some of the earlier dikes were also metamorphosed. The chief alteration minerals in the igneous rocks are zoisite, epidote, sericite,and quartz. Serpentine and wollastonite are confined largely to the lower Paleozoic
dolomitic sediments, whereas garnet, epidote, ilvaite, and hedenbergite occur chiefly in
the Lake Valley and Magdalena limestones. Magnetite and specularite as a rule occur
adjacent to or within a short distance of the stock, and the sulfides at varying distancesfrom it. Magnetite and sulfides are found in all the sedimentary rocks. Sphalerite is mostabundant at distances of a few hundred to a thousand feet from the intrusion, but inplaces nearly pure sphalerite bodies have formed at greater distances. Galena isprominent here and there in the outer part of the sphalerite zone. Sphalerite and galena
occur in the outermost zone of mineralization, and silver is moderately important.
Silicification and recrystallization of the limestones have occurred in places, and theupper crinoidal member (Hanover limestone) of the Lake Valley limestone is coarsely
crystalline in nearly all parts of the district.
In the Copper Flat subdistrict, limestone and shales of Mississippian andPennsylvanian age were intruded by a quartz diorite laccolith during late Cretaceoustime, and subsequently by a granodiorite porphyry stock during late Cretaceous or early
Tertiary times. The sediments and the laccolith dip gently away from the stock.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

53

The uppermost sedimentary formation in the Copper Flat district is thePennsylvanian Middle Blue limestone (Magdalena formation), which is about 400 feetthick and consists of limestone with occasional shale partings. Conformably underlying
the Pennsylvanian rocks is the Mississippian Hanover limestone (Lake Valley
formation), of unknown thickness in the Copper Flat district.
Intruding both the sediments and the laccolith is the Copper Flat plug, a granodiorite
porphyry stock of late Cretaceous or early Tertiary age. It is roughly circular inhorizontal section, and its diameter decreases with depth. In places, near the present
surface, the intrusion mushrooms into nearly flat, sill-like offshoots from the main stock.
Surrounding the stock is a prominent replacement zone in the Middle Bluelimestone. Its width is greatest where the walls of the stock are deepest, and least where
they are nearly flat.
Sphalerite and magnetite deposits, together with replacement silicates, are found in
the replacement zone. Magnetite generally is associated with the sphalerite, but thereverse is not always true, because high-grade magnetite deposits containing nosphalerite have been found in the northwest part of the area. The deposits of economic
size and grade occur in the wider parts of the replacement zone, adjacent to the steeper
walls of the porphyry stock.
The Copper Flat laccolith has been little altered at its contact with the stock. Little is
known concerning replacement of the underlying Hanover limestone, because of its
relatively great depth. However, since the principal ore horizon in the nearby areas is in
this formation, it is likely that deep drilling will encounter metalliferous deposits
analogous to those in the shallower Middle Blue limestone.
Iron ore deposits. The iron ore deposits12 of the Central area are arranged about the
periphery of the Hanover-Fierro stock at or near the contact of the stock withsedimentary beds. The principal production of ore has come from the Union (Republic)
mine, on the western edge of the intrusion, about midway between Hanover and Fierro,
and the Jim Fair mine, at the northern end of the granodiorite mass, just above Fierro.
Much of the recent (World War II) production, amounting, however, to a relatively small
tonnage, came from the El Paso claim at the eastern contact between the granodiorite
and the sedimentary rocks, and from an isolated deposit lying about a mile southeast of
the southern end of the intrusive mass, near the Kearney zinc mine.
The iron ores consist largely of magnetite and subordinate specularite. Some bodies
of nearly pure magnetite have been mined. Chalmersite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite,and molybdenite are present locally in minor amounts. The magnetite ore normallycontains about 0.6 percent copper, and at many places secondary ores of copper, representing copper leached from the primary magnetite bodies, lie between the iron ore andthe igneous rock. An average partial analysis of con12. Paige (1908, pp 199-214); Spencer and Paige (1935, p 10); Minerals Yearbooks.

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

centrates obtained from ore mined near the surface is as follows: iron, 51 percent;phosphorus, 0.058 percent; silica, 7.28 percent; manganese, 0.72 percent; alumina, 1.42
percent; lime, 1.41 percent; magnesia, 13.38 percent; copper, 0.37 percent; sulfur, 0.38
percent. The magnesia presumably represents the original magnesia content of the
dolomitic sedimentary rocks.
The production of iron ore, according to information supplied by the U. S. Bureau of
Mines, includes 44,500 long tons mined by the Hanover Bessemer Iron Association andits successor, the Hanover Bessemer Iron and Copper Co., in the period 1896-1931.
Part of the ore was run through a magnetic cobbing plant at Fierro, which raised theiron content about 10 percent. Since 1919 the Hanover Iron and Copper Co. properties
have been a part of the U. S. Smelting Refining and Mining Co. holdings.
The iron mines were inactive from 1931 to 1941 except for a period during 1936 and
1937, when a small tonnage (30,000 tons of ore averaging above 56 percent iron) was
mined and shipped.
During the war years 1942-1945 the St. Louis Smelting and Refining Co. produced
about 150,000 tons of iron ore from the El Paso claim and the deposit near the Kearneymine, leased from the Kennecott Copper Corp.
There is a small deposit of manganese-iron ore located about 2 miles northeast of
Fierro. The ore, which consists of manganite, wad, limonite, and a little manganiferous
calcite, occurs along a fissure and as replacement bodies in the Fierro limestone. Only asmall amount of ore has been exposed.
Empire Zinc Company operations. The Empire Zinc Co.,13 a subsidiary of the New
Jersey Zinc Co., has been an important producer of zinc ore in New Mexico for many
years. The mines at Hanover have been in nearly continuous operation since 1902
except for several periods when the demand for zinc was low. Most of the earlier mined
ore was probably zinc carbonate ore, and important amounts of zinc carbonate weremined until 1918. An electromagnetic mill was built in 1916 and continued in operation
on sulfide ore until 1927, when it was replaced by a flotation mill. In 1920 the Empire
Zinc Co. increased its holdings in the immediate vicinity of Hanover by the purchase of
the Republic mine and the Welch group of 90 acres, adjoining their other property
south of Hanover. From 1902 to 1931 the mines of the Empire Zinc Co. at Hanover are
credited with an output of 500,000 tons of sphalerite ore, having an average content of
15 percent zinc, in addition to considerable amounts of high-grade carbonate ore
produced in the earlier years.
In the years from April 1931 to June 1937 the mines were closed, but after reopening
they remained in operation until September 1948.
13. Spencer and Paige (1935); Minerals Yearbooks.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

55

Production from these mines in the period between June 1937 and January 1, 1948, wasapproximately 250 million pounds of zinc and about 4 million pounds of lead. The ores
have been treated in the company-owned 300-ton flotation mill near Hanover. During
the last few years the production of the company's Hanover mines has been appreciably
curtailed, and the mill has treated a large tonnage of custom ore, mostly from theOswaldo mine in the Hanover area, owned by the Kennecott Copper Corp., and the
Kelly mine at Magdalena, owned by the Empire Zinc Co., which was operated bylessees.
The ores of the Empire Zinc Co. lie south and west of the Hanover-Fierro intrusive
mass, within a zone of intensive alteration that adjoins the intrusion (see fig 3). The
typical ore bodies occur in the upper part of the Lake Valley limestone and are confinedlargely to a massive limestone member about 120 feet thick, locally known as the"white crinoidal limestone." The deposits are typical replacement deposits in limestone.
The ore occurs in tabular, veinlike, podlike, and pipelike bodies. It consists ofmassive sphalerite, associated with which are small amounts of pyrite, chalcopyrite,
and galena. Garnet, epidote, and particularly hedenbergite are characteristic gangueminerals. Commonly, the ore occurs adjacent to bodies of massive garnet or along dike
contacts.
In the last few years much of the ore taken from the Hanover mines of the Empire
Zinc Co. has come from an open-pit mine. All production of zinc ores was discontinued
in 1953 because of a price decline that made it unprofitable to operate the mines.
Peru Mining Company operation. In 1927 the Peru Mining Co.,14 a subsidiary of theIllinois Zinc Co., acquired the holdings of the Hanover Copper Co., about a half mileeast from the town of Hanover. The holdings, which consisted of about 25 claims, havebeen known as the Pewabic group. For the most part, the ore mined has been lead-freezinc sulfide occurring in pod-shaped bodies and in areas along vertical channels inhighly metamorphosed limestone lying close to and east of the massive granodiorite
intrusion. Large bodies averaging 10 percent zinc have been mined.
A 100-ton selective flotation mill to treat the Pewabic ore and do custom milling wasconstructed early in 1928 at Wemple, 3½ miles northwest of Deming. The capacity ofthe mill was increased to 300 tons in the following year. In 1935 the mill capacity was
rated at 500 tons of ore daily; by 1945 this had been increased to 1,000 tons.
Since it was taken over by the Peru Mining Co. in 1928, the Pewabic mine has been
one of the most important zinc producers in the State of New Mexico. The production
is estimated at around 300 million pounds of zinc, valued at $20-25 million. For themost part, zinc has been the only metal produced.
14. Mullen and Storms (1948); Minerals Yearbooks.

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Fig. 3HANOVER-FIERRO STOCK.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

57

The New Mexico Consolidated Mining Co., a subsidiary of the Peru Mining Co.,
holds a number of claims in the Copper Flat area, a region located about 2½ miles westsouthwest of the town of Hanover and about 4 miles northeast of Central. This group ofclaims has been worked through the Copper Flat mine.
The Copper Flat subdistrict first was prospected for copper about 1900. According
to a local resident, the Calumet and Arizona Co. sank most of the shafts at that time.
Later a small tonnage of iron ore was mined from surface deposits. The Empire Zinc
Co. held the claims under lease for a number of years. After acquiring the property, theNew Mexico Consolidated Mining Co. carried on extensive exploration anddevelopment work and began production of zinc ore in 1942.
During the early years of World War II, the New Mexico Consolidated Mining Co.
also developed the Kearney mine located about a mile southeast of the town ofHanover, close to the Oswaldo mine. Ore from the Copper Flat and Kearney mines wastreated at the Wemple mill near Deming. Operation of the Copper Flat mine continued
until May 1947, and the Kearney mine was still producing in 1948. The combined
production of the two mines from 1942 through 1947 was between 40 and 50 million
pounds of zinc and between 2 and 3 million pounds of lead, with a combined value ofaround $5 million.
All operations were discontinued in 1953 because of a decline in the prices for leadand zinc.
Black Hawk Consolidated Mines Company (Hanover unit). The Black Hawk
Consolidated Mines Co. (Minerals Yearbooks) was incorporated in 1919. The property
owned by the company consisted of the Lucky Bill claim in the Bayard district and the
Combination-Hobo group of claims located midway between the towns of Vanadiumand Hanover. For the history of the Lucky Bill claim and the record of its production,
see page 61.
In the period from 1925 to 1928 a moderate amount of ore was developed in the
Hobo and Combination mines. In 1928, the Black Hawk Consolidated Mines Co. built
a flotation mill to handle both this ore and custom ore from other mines in the district.
In the 10-year period 1928-1938, the mill treated approximately 600,000 tons of ore
and produced as concentrates around 100 million pounds of zinc, 40 million pounds oflead, 25 million pounds of copper, and 2.5 million ounces of silver. The bulk of thefeed to the mill was custom ore from the Ground Hog and San Jose mines of theAmerican Smelting and Refining Co. in the Bayard area. However, the Black Hawk
mill also treated a considerable tonnage of ore from its own Combination-Hobo mines.
The American Smelting and Refining Co. began operating the Black Hawk millunder lease in 1938. Several years later the capacity of the mill was increased from 200
to 400 tons daily. From 1938 to 1946, the lessee treated as custom ore approximately
130,000 tons of ore from the

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Combination and Hobo mines. It is estimated that about 25 million pounds of zinc and5 million pounds of lead were produced from the Combination-Hobo group in this 8year period.
The United States Smelting Refining and Mining Co. purchased the CombinationHobo property from the Black Hawk Consolidated Mines Co. in 1946. Development
work was performed in 1947, and in February 1948 the Hobo and Combination mines
were producing close to 200 tons of ore daily.
These properties have not been worked since 1953.
Kennecott Copper Corporation (zinc property).15 In 1942 the Kennecott Copper
Corp. began development of its Oswaldo zinc property located about a mile southeastof Hanover and northwest of the Santa Rita open pits, near the boundary of thecompany's property. Some zinc-lead ore was treated in the Empire Zinc Co. mill at
Hanover in 1944 and 1945. In 1946 Kennecott became the fourth largest producer ofzinc in the State, and in 1947 it ranked second, with a combined production for the twoyears of around 30 million pounds of zinc. Operations were on two levels connected tothe surface with a shaft 500 feet deep. Practically all the ore was mined from simple
open stopes, as the ground stands well in open chambers.
In 1948 Kennecott was producing zinc ore at a rate of from 200 to 250 tons daily.
The ore in August 1948 averaged about 15 percent zinc, and was treated in the Empire
Zinc Co. mill.
Considerable exploration was carried out at this property, and some exploration
work was done on the Ivanhoe property southwest of the Oswaldo and near the westernend of the company property. Both properties were closed down in 1953.
The United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company mines.16 In 1919 the U. S.
Smelting Refining and Mining Co. acquired controlling interest in the property of the
Hanover-Bessemer Iron and Copper Co., covering an area from Hanover to a point
north of Fierro. Most of the claims lie west and north of the Hanover-Fierro stock. A
description of the geology of this region is given on page 59. The company producediron ore until 1931. Since World War II, as during the war period, this property has
been operated as the Hanover-Bessemer section of the U. S. Smelting Refining andMining Co., producing complex ore containing gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc. The
chief mines have been the Pearson and the Continental.
In 1946 the U. S. Smelting Refining and Mining Company purchased the
Combination and Hobo mines from the Black Hawk Consolidated Mining Co. andbegan exploration and development. These mines became part of the Bull Frog section,
which includes the company's mines
15.
16.

Minerals Yearbooks and unpublished reports.
Duriez and Neuman (1948); Minerals Yearbooks.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

59

in the Bayard area. In 1948 the Combination and Hobo mines were contributing
substantially to the production of the company.
A third area held by the company is known as Shingle Canyon. This area, acquiredin recent years, is east and northeast of Fierro. Some production of complex ore
containing gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc came from the Shingle Canyon mines
during the war years and in 1946 and 1947.
The ore bodies on the properties of the U. S. Smelting Refining and Mining Co.
occur along a northeast striking fault system. The faults within the system are strong
and normal and have vertical throws of as much as 1,000-2,000 feet. Granodiorite
porphyry dikes, locally termed "bird's-eye" dikes, have been injected into this orebearing fault system. Ore bodies of two types are recognized. The first consists oflenses that occur along faults. In this type, ore shoots may be over 1,000 feet inmaximum length and up to 25 feet in width (4-6 feet average), and generally occur
where the faults cut through one of the thick quartz diorite sills that intrude theCretaceous Colorado shale. The second type of commercial deposit consists of
replacement of favorable limestone horizons adjacent to the fissures and granodiorite
porphyry dikes. This type of deposit is usually 10-100 feet thick and 25-100 feet wide,and may occur along the dike or fissure for 1,000 feet or more.
The Mississippian Hanover limestone is the most favorable horizon for replacement
ore bodies; other favorable horizons occur in the upper Magdalena limestone(Pennsylvanian), where it has been intruded by quartz diorite sills. The contacts at the
top and bottom of the sills generally show the strongest mineralization.
In the Central area most of the mining is done underground. Vein-type ore bodies
are stoped by shrink, shrink-fill, or cut-and-fill methods, depending upon the conditionsof the ground. Replacement-type ore bodies in the limestone are mined withconventional room-andpillar methods.
The mines of the U. S. Smelting Refining and Mining Company are discussed
further in connection with the Bayard district.
Bayard District
General statement. The Bayard district (Lasky, 1936), in the southern part of theCentral area, includes the towns of Central, Vanadium, and Bayard (sometimes referred
to as Bayard Junction). There are a number of important mines in this area, from whichgold and silver, copper, lead, and zinc have been recovered. Mines operated by twolarge companies, the American Smelting and Refining Co. and the United States
Smelting Refining and Mining Co., have accounted for most of the metal output.
During World War II the Peerless mine, operated by the New Mexico Ore Processing
Co., also contributed substantially to the production of the area.

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

The American Smelting and Refining Company mines.17 The San Jose and theGround Hog, the most extensively worked mines in the Bayard district, have been
operated by the Asarco Mining Co., a subsidiary of the American Smelting andRefining Co., since 1928. The workings of the two mines are on the same vein, locateda half mile southeast of the town of Vanadium. The San Jose mine was worked
profitably for gold, silver, and copper prior to 1869 (Raymond, 1870, p 404). After thattime it was worked sporadically, producing chiefly argentiferous lead, carbonate ore,
and a little high-grade galena ore. The San Jose mine was taken over by the American
Smelting and Refining Co. in 1928.
The Ground Hog claim, adjoining the San Jose claim, was located in 1900. Records
indicate that there was very little metal mined prior to 1914. From 1914 until 1928,
when it was taken over by the American Smelting and Refining Co., this mine
produced close to $1 million in silver, lead, and copper.
Since 1928 the San Jose and Ground Hog mines have been operated as a unit,
production in the period 1928 to 1947 inclusive amounting to around $35 million insilver, lead, copper, and zinc. During most of these years the- production was divided
rather evenly between the two mines. In 1947, however, the total production from theunit came from the Ground Hog mine. From the standpoint of tonnage, zinc, which was
first produced in 1928, has been the important metal mined.
For the last 10 years the ores have been milled in a 200- to 400-ton differential
flotation mill leased from the Black Hawk Consolidated Mining Co. (See HanoverFierro district.) Prior to 1938 the ores were treated as custom ore in the same mill.
During 1948 the American Smelting and Refining Co. was sinking a 2,000-foot fourcompartment shaft in preparation for mining the reserves discovered by diamond
drilling. The 1947 operations were principally between the 1,200- and 1,800-foot levelsof the mine. Square-set stoping and filling has been the mining method practiced by thiscompany at the Ground Hog mine.
The Ground Hog deposit is situated in a saddle underlain by quartz diorite. Dikes of
granodiorite porphyry cut the quartz diorite. The saddle is bounded on the east and west
by Tertiary rhyolite, and by gravels and tuffs that are later than the ore. The ore occurs
along a wide, gently dipping fault zone parallel to a general northeast trending fault
system that is characteristic of the district. One large vein and a number of smaller
parallel veins in the fault zone have been developed. Other veins occur in the adjacentquartz diorite.
The ore is chiefly in the dikes of quartz diorite, but locally granodiorite forms one orboth of the walls. The Colorado shale-sandstone series is present at places in the fault
zone near the veins. Adjacent to the vein the quartz diorite is silicified, sericitized, andpyritized, and generally altered beyond recognition. The granodiorite, however, at mostplaces is comparatively fresh.
17. Lasky (1936); Minerals Yearbooks.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

61

The primary ore consists of a massive intergrowth of sphalerite, chalcopyrite, andgalena. The galena is argentiferous. Pyrite is common in the ore, and the nonsulfide
gangue is chiefly quartz.
The Lucky Bill claim was located in 1900, the same year in which the Ground Hog
claim was discovered. It adjoins the latter on the southwest, and its workings arelocated on the same vein system as those of the Ground Hog and San Jose mines. In the
period from 1906 to 1932 the production from the Lucky Bill was $1,370,000. The ore
produced was chiefly argentiferous lead carbonate. In 1911 some lead vanadate
occurring with the oxidized lead ore was mined and shipped from this deposit.
The United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company operations. The UnitedStates Smelting Refining and Mining Company (Duriez and Neuman, 1948; Broughand Gillaspie, 1948) has holdings covering a belt roughly 1 mile wide by 10 miles long,extending throughout the length of the Bayard and Hanover districts, from the villageof Bayard on the south to a point 3 miles northeast of the town of Fierro. Although thegreater part of the holdings is in the Hanover area, the bulk of the production has comefrom the Bullfrog mine in the Bayard area. The Bullfrog mine is located about 1 mile
northwest of the Ground Hog workings of the American Smelting and Refining Co.
The Bullfrog, first known as the Owl mine, was worked on a small scale prior to1905. It was idle from 1905 until taken over, along with other nearby prospects, by the
U. S. Smelting Refining and Mining Co. in 1940. After a period of exploration thiscompany began mining the blocked-out ore in March 1943.
The ore is milled in a 600-ton differential mill originally built as a 250-ton
concentrator. This plant, located on company property, has been in operation since
production began in March 1943.
Zinc and lead have been the chief metals produced, with minor amounts of copper,
silver, and gold. The company was the leading producer of zinc in the State during theyears 1944, 1945, and 1946; and the leading producer of lead in 1945, 1946, and 1947.
The zinc production from 1943 to 1947 amounted to over 100 million pounds, and thelead production for the same period was around 17 million pounds. The total metal
production for 1943-1947 had a gross value of around $15 million. A small part of thisproduction came from the mines operated by the company in the Hanover area.
These properties have all been idle since the middle of 1953.
Peerless mine. The Peerless mine (Soule, 1947) is one-fourth mile east of the townof Central. It adjoins the southern boundary of the Fort Bayard Military Reservation.
The early history of the mine is unrecorded. A few shallow stopes and shafts
indicate a small amount of work, probably done in search of gold ore.

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

The first notable mining of these deposits was done by the Peerless Mining andMilling Co. in 1937 and 1938. The New Mexico Ore Processing Co. leased the property
in 1943 and operated it until October 1945, by which time all known ore bodies were
exhausted. The company began shipping ore to the Black Hawk mill at Hanover earlyin 1943, later purchasing a mill in Silver City. Ore was shipped to Silver City from
April 1944 to February 1945, when this mill was closed, and the ore again was shippedto the Black Hawk mill.
The U. S. Bureau of Mines explored deeper parts of the Peerless vein in 1946. No
new ore bodies were found, but zinc mineralization was noted in a favorable horizon
about 1,800 feet below the surface.
Prior to 1943 the production of the Peerless mine amounted to 4,000 tons of ore
containing 102 ounces of gold, 12,000 ounces of silver, 32,000 pounds of copper,
806,000 pounds of lead, and 1,012,000 pounds of zinc. The production by the New
Mexico Ore Processing Co. from 1943 to 1945 inclusive was 20,918 tons of ore
containing 518 ounces of gold, 32,698 ounces of silver, 58,000 pounds of copper,
3,514,000 pounds of lead, and 5,384,000 pounds of zinc.
A quartz diorite porphyry sill about 400 feet thick constitutes the surface rock in thearea around the Peerless mine. Underlying the sill in the following downward sequence
are about 360 feet of sandstone and shale of Upper Cretaceous age; about 110 feet ofBeartooth quartzite and shales, also Upper Cretaceous; 580 feet of limestone and shaleof Permian age; and the Lake Valley series of limestones of Mississippian age.
Santa Rita District18
The Santa Rita district is in eastern Grant County. The town of Santa Rita, about 12
miles east-northeast of Silver City, is near the center of the district. It is the terminus ofa branch line of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway leaving the Deming-Silver
City branch at Whitewater. The Santa Rita district adjoins the Hanover district of theCentral area on the north and west and the Bayard district of the Central area on thewest.
The only copper mining of importance in the United States antedating operations at
Santa Rita was at the native copper deposits of northern Michigan. Mining at Santa Rita
by the Spaniards began in 1801, the copper being shipped to Chihuahua and Mexico
City under contract to supply metal for Mexican coinage. Production during this early
period is said to have amounted to 4 million pounds of copper annually. It has been
estimated that production up to 1904 amounted to 80 million pounds. From 1904 to
1909, when the Santa Rita mines were purchased by the Chino Copper Co., annual
production averaged 3½
18. Paige (1916, pp 16-17); Spencer and Paige (1935); Luther (1946); Benjovsky (1947);
Minerals Yearbooks.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

63

million pounds of copper. The output dropped during the next 2 years, presumably
because of preparations for steam shovel operations. These were started late in 1910,
and the first ore was milled a year later. Operations were continuous from 1911 to
October 1934, when they were suspended because of the adverse market conditions
prevailing at that time. Resumed in January 1937, operations have continued since thatdate.
Production from 1911 to 1934 amounted to about 1 billion, 15 million pounds ofcopper valued at approximately $190 million. From 1937 to 1954 the copper production
amounted to over 1 billion, 972 million pounds. In addition, some gold and silver was
produced, and a v ery appreciable amount of molybdenite.
The Santa Rita mines now are owned by the Kennecott Copper Corp., which in 1933
acquired all the assets of the Nevada Consolidated Copper Co. and organized a wholly
owned subsidiary, the Nevada Consolidated Corp., to operate the property. The Chino
Copper Co., which purchased the Santa Rita mines in 1909 and began steam shovel
operations in 1910, was taken over by the Ray Consolidated Copper Co. The latter was
taken over in turn by the Nevada Consolidated Copper Company in 1926.
The mines of Santa Rita occupy an extensive area in which large bodies of lowgrade ore occur. The average grade of ore mined in 1911 and 1912 was somewhat over
2 percent. This had decreased to around 1.5 percent by 1925, and in 1947 and 1948 theaverage grade of ore mined was less than 1 percent. Much development work has been
done underground, but open-pit methods have been used to mine the great tonnage ofore that has been removed since 1911. Large tonnages of waste material have had to be
removed. A new stripping program begun in 1947 and completed in 1952 madeavailable for pit mining a very large tonnage of ore just east and southeast of the thenoperated pit. Also plans were being made to move the town and camp of Santa Rita
from "the island" in the present pit to a site some distance north. This would makeavailable the large ore reserves contained in "the island." In recent years much copper
has been recovered by leaching the waste dump with a weak acid solution.
The milling plant, built at Hurley in 1910, had a daily capacity of 5,000 tons. The
capacity has more than quadrupled since that time, and an average of about 20,000 tonsof ore was treated daily during the war years 1942-1945 inclusive.
Prior to 1938 the concentrate was hauled to El Paso for smelting. A company-owned
smelter, erected at Hurley in 1938 and the early part of 1939, began operating in May
1939. Later a fire-refining section was installed and placed in operation in May 1942.
Since that date most of the copper has been in the form of fire-refined products. A newreverberatory furnace was added in 1950.
Production of molybdenum concentrates began late in 1937, and a considerable
amount of molybdenite has been recovered each year since

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

then. Molybdenite is recovered as a byproduct in the concentration of the copper ores.
Although no definite figures have been published, it is known that very large ore
reserves remain at Santa Rita, and mining can be expected to continue for many years.
Santa Rita lies in a well-defined basin formed by a local widening of Santa Rita
Valley. The rim of the basin is highest at Santa Rita Mountain, which has an elevationof 7,365 feet, about 1,600 feet above Santa Rita Creek. The mountain rises along asteep erosional escarpment 400 to 1,200 feet high and is cut by many steep gulches andcanyons. A continuation of the escarpment forms the eastern rim of the basin. The
remainder of the basin rim was formed originally by a series of hills rising 100 to 450
feet above the basin floor, but some of these hills have been removed, wholly or in part,by steam shovels.
The rocks that crop out in the Santa Rita district consist of Pennsylvanian, Permian,
Cretaceous, and Tertiary sedimentary rocks, Cretaceous intrusive porphyries, andTertiary lavas and tuffs. The Pennsylvanian rocks are underlain by older Paleozoic andPrecambrian rocks, which crop out to the north and east of the district.
The Pennsylvanian strata belong to the Magdalena formation and consist of
limestone and shale in nearly equal amounts. The Magdalena formation, called theUpper Fierro limestone in earlier reports, ranges in thickness from about 600 to 825 feetin the vicinity of Santa Rita. A series of red beds, consisting chiefly of shales, crops out
at several places in the district and has been correlated tentatively with the Abo formation of Permian age. It is definitely absent at most places, and its maximum thickness isabout 200 feet. The Cretaceous sedimentary rocks are divided into the Comanchean
Beartooth quartzite and the Benton (Lower Colorado) formation. The Beartoothquartzite consists chiefly of massive vitreous quartzite, but also contains sandstone andshale. It is 40-135 feet thick. The Benton formation rests upon the Beartooth quartzite.
It forms the present erosion surface over a large part of the district; its full thickness is,therefore, not present. The maximum thickness exposed is about 585 feet. The
formation consists essentially of sandstone and shale and includes a few limestone andcalcareous layers. Shale predominates in the lower 175-225 feet of the formation. The
Tertiary sedimentary rocks of the district consist of accumulations of tuffaceous gravels
and sands interlain with volcanic tuffs. They were deposited upon an uneven erosion
surface of Cretaceous and other rocks and are as much as 400 feet thick in places.
The intrusive rocks at Santa Rita include sills, stocks, and dikes. Most of the
intrusives were injected probably in late Cretaceous time, but there are a few postore
Tertiary dikes. The earliest intrusions were of quartz diorite porphyry and occur as sills
and sill-like sheets. The largest of these is a great sill-like mass near the base of theColorado formation, which contains numerous engulfed blocks and lenses of theMETAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

65

sedimentary rocks. It is nearly 1,500 feet thick in places, but this apparently great
thickness is in part due to faulting. Smaller sills occur at the other horizons in the
Colorado formation and in the underlying rocks; some of them are remarkably
persistent.
The sedimentary rocks and the sills were intruded and domed by a large granodiorite
porphyry stock, but the doming effect as a rule extends less than 1,000 feet from thestock. Satellitic dikes extend beyond the stock to the northwest and southeast, and anortheast trending system of granodiorite porphyry dikes cuts all the pre-Tertiary rocksof the district.
Extensive erosion followed the period of intrusive activity and uncovered the
intrusive rocks at several places. The Tertiary sedimentary rocks were deposited on the
resulting surface. Explosive volcanic activity was current at this time and added
considerable fragmental volcanic material to the sediments. Upon the Tertiary
sediments was deposited a thick series of flow rocks, which now form the main mass ofSanta Rita Mountain. Rhyolite is dominant in the lower part of the series, but andesite
prevails near the top. Several discontinuous layers of tuff are included in the flow
series. The Tertiary rocks occur now only in the southern part of the district, though
they doubtless covered all the area at some time.
The Santa Rita region is traversed by a complex network of faults. A northeast
system is particularly prominent, but there are also a number of faults that strike inother directions. Faulting was operative over a considerable period of time, but thedisplacements are moderate as a rule. The earlier faults were intruded by some of the
granodiorite dikes; the later ones have displaced the thick volcanic flows.
Igneous metamorphism of some of the sedimentary rocks is locally profound near
the stock, but as a general feature of the district is less pronounced than laterhydrothermal alteration. Igneous metamorphism is present also in some of the older
igneous rocks. Adjacent to the granodiorite stock and to some of the dikes, theMagdalena limestone has been replaced by great volumes of iron oxides, garnet,
epidote, chlorite, and other silicates. The Colorado formation has been changed to acompact porcelainlike rock. Silicification and sericitization are pronounced features of
all the rocks in the district and are particularly intense in the mineralized area. Largevolumes of rock, both igneous and sedimentary, are so thoroughly changed that theiridentification is difficult or impossible.
Primary mineralization for the most part followed the intrusion of the granodiorite
dikes. Three types of deposits were formed: (1) contact-metamorphic deposits, (2) vein
deposits, and (3) disseminated deposits in porphyry. The contact-metamorphic deposits
are of little economic importance and are mined only as encountered in the course of
steam shovel operations on the disseminated ore. At and very near the surface of someof these deposits, where the sulfides have been completely oxi-

66

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

dized, the remaining magnetite and hematite constitute potential iron ores. The vein
deposits lie outside the immediate vicinity of Santa Rita and are discussed under theCentral area. They generally consist of mixed sulfides in a quartz gangue.
The Santa Rita district owes its importance to the low-grade "disseminatedporphyry" copper deposits. Primary mineralization of these deposits consisted ofabundant pyrite, subordinate chalcopyrite, and meager amounts of magnetite,
specularite, molybdenite, pyrrhotite, and sphalerite. The minerals were deposited along
an intricate network of fractures and also were disseminated in the rock between thefractures. Most of the copper ore occurs in the granodiorite porphyry stock, but thequartz diorite south of the stock and the sedimentary rocks of the contact zone also aremineralized. Mineralization is more pronounced in the Magdalena limestone than in theother sedimentary rocks.
The material now mined as ore owes most of its value to secondary chalcocite
enrichment. Chalcocite is the chief mineral of the sulfide ore. It occurs as disseminatedparticles, as larger solid masses, and as small seams and stringers. Enrichment has
shown a general preference for chalcopyrite over pyrite. The chalcocite zone extends
for many hundred feet below the water table along major faults and other rock contacts
where supergene circulation has been vigorous. Bodies of impervious rock practically
free of enrichment have been found at several places adjacent to or over these deeper
enriched zones. The Santa Rita ores contain much less silver and gold than is usual inores of this type.
The thickness of the overlying oxidized zone is erratic. Here and there, in strongly
fractured areas, tongues of oxidized ore extend several hundred feet below the waterlevel. Elsewhere the bottom of the oxidized zone lies some distance above this level. In
general, copper carbonates and chrysocolla are most abundant in the upper part of theoxidized zone, cuprite in the middle part, and native copper in the lower part. Native
copper and copper oxides are exceptionally abundant, particularly along the more
pronounced fractures. Native copper constituted a larger proportion of the ore at Santa
Rita than at any of the other large similar deposits of the Southwest. The overlap ofoxidized and chalcocite zones in which native copper and chalcocite are both abundant
extends through a vertical distance of 100 feet or more.
The leached zone above the ore bodies is variable in thickness but generally shallow.
It is absent in the northern part of the area but is about 150 feet thick in the southern
part. It is usually much thicker in the igneous than in the sedimentary rocks and may
extend to relatively great depths along strong fracture zones.
The ore body has not yet been completely delimited. In the main part it is at least
600 feet thick, but ore has been cut in some of the drill holes at depths of 1,000 to 1,600
feet. As at present known, the ore body forms a horseshoe-shaped mass around the
granodiorite stock, with a few isolated bodies at the open northwest side of thehorseshoe. The width

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

67

of the horseshoe band is irregular; it is 1,000 feet on the northeast, 2,000 feet on thesoutheast, 1,200 feet on the southwest, and 400 feet on the northwest.
The leached zone over the ore is too small to have furnished the enriching copper forthe secondary ores. It is supposed by some that this copper came from overlying
disseminated and probable contact deposits stripped away prior to the extrusion of the
Tertiary lavas.
The ore of the Santa Rita deposits is somewhat richer than the disseminated ore inseveral other districts in the Southwest. As in all deposits of this class, the line between
ore and waste is an economic one controlled by the price of the metal and the cost of
production.
FLEMING (BEAR MOUNTAIN) DISTRICT
Fleming Camp (Paige, 1916, pp 14-15) is about 5 miles northwest of Silver City.
Most of the mining at this place occurred in the eighties and early nineties. Total
production probably amounts to about $300,000.
The ore is reported to have occurred in many irregular pockets in the Beartooth(Cretaceous) quartzite, which at Fleming Camp overlies the Fusselman (Silurian)limestone. The silver, which was the important metal, was in the form of silver
chloride, native silver, and argentite.
This district has not been active in recent years.
GEORGETOWN (MIMBRES) DISTRICTThe Georgetown district (Paige, 1916, p 14) is about 3 miles east of Fierro and justwest of the Mimbres River. Silver was discovered here in 1866. The camp wasbooming in 1875, but mining was stopped with the fall in the price of silver in the early
1890's. The principal mines were the Naiad Queen, Commercial, and MacGregor, allowned by the Mimbres Mining Co. Ore of grade too low to be shipped was treated in aconcentrating mill. The early production is estimated to have had a value of about $3½
million.
The ore mined occurred in the Fusselman limestone directly below the Percha shale
and along and near dikes. The limestone is much silicified and is vuggy in places. The
ore was pockety, and the stopes as a result are irregular in shape and direction. The ore
was oxidized silver ore, which was valuable chiefly for its cerargyrite content, but it
contained some native silver and argentite. Argentiferous galena was mined in small
amounts. Other minerals reported include cerussite, bromyrite, pyrargyrite, andvanadinite.
There has been very little mining activity in this district, and practically no
production, since the nineties.
GOLD HILL DISTRICTThe Gold Hill district is about 16 miles northeast of Lordsburg, in the large area ofPrecambrian rocks south of the Big Burro Mountains. Gold is said to have been
discovered in this district in 1884. Two stamp

TABLE 6.
PRODUCTION OF METALS - CENTRAL AREA (BAYARD, HANOVER, AND SANTA RITA DISTRICTS), GRANT COUNTY,
1904-1953
Year

Gold
(value)Silver(ounces)

Copper(pounds)

Lead(pounds)

Zinc(pounds)

1904-1930
1931-1932*
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
195
1951
1952
1953
1954*

$1,558,691
41,75937,12180,9326,512
120,433
71,351
169,015
302,050
241,255
143,220
95,79581,44556,31542,35027,02042,07030,41570,24560,30547,40534,580-1,882,866
414,711
318,910
286,097369,141
303,483
52,648420,769
481,095
476,138
224,914
181,264
216,554204,127
131,911
167,538
197,056
136,483
151,480
236,484
306,236
81,444-

1,142,372,443
25,000,142
21,000,790
3,094,650
4,426,500
58,928,800
33,114,400
84,687,500
129,981,600
135,454,500
145,448,900
141,256,000
131,040,400
110,394,200
97,611,500
114,142,900
145,568,000
106,958,000
127,388,000
143,051,500
148,016,000
139,742,000-

43,109,659
6,000,816
5,692,500
3,781,150
5,378,000
4,562,200
679,500
5,881,300
6,489,000
7,804,600
6,411,000
7,142,200
8,857,000
10,757,300
6,398,600
6,889,900
7,480,000
4,958,000
4,629,500
6,265,900
8,971,000
3,048,000-

Totals$3,360,284

7,241,349

3,188,678,725

171,187,125* Figures not available.

Molybdenum(pounds)

Total
Value

188,907,338
22,000,440
18,000,218
16,807,000
21,412,000
23,773,000
33,389,000
47,354,000
59,145,000
69,297,000
84,747,200
104,431,500
89,296,000
72,489,600
64,557,000
76,309,800
70,279,000
52,751,000
53,793,500
83,768,900
96,086,000
25,674,000-

125,537
267,031
1,273,769
2,562,910
2,254,044
2,738,564
2,014,302
1,615,629
910,998
1,082,599
805,508
1,356,000
712,000
1,378,000
1,322,000
1,367,000
1,100,000-$215,466,222

1,374,268,496

22,885,891$730,468,206-

2,973,573
2,983,814
1,362,306
2,017,638
9,382,831
5,166,107
12,892,595
21,176,705
23,738,360
28,075,726
31,812,252
29,961,294
25,003,819
25,271,565
34,923,468
43,336,219
28,832,291
35,619,486
51,963,037
54,326,243
44,182,655-

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

69

mills were erected and operated until the oxidized ores appeared to be mined out. Latercyanidation was used successfully.
The district has not been very active in recent years, although small ore shipments
have been made occasionally.
The veins, which are believed to be of Precambrian age, are small, containing
massive quartz and, at places, much pyrite and some galena. The ore is partly oxidized.
Early mining in this district was of ores said to have run $15 to $40 a ton in gold.
According to E. H. Wells (private report) only a small amount of gold occurs in thenorthern part of the camp; the veins are mined for their silver content. The ore minerals
are of argentiferous galena, pyrite, sphalerite, native silver, and cerussite. At mostplaces in the sulfide zone the highest grade silver ore is associated with abundant galena
and pyrite; in the oxidized zone it is associated with cerussite and limonite.
Concentrates and ore, which netted about $43,000, were shipped from the northern partof the district in 1920 and 1921 by the Cooperative Mining Co.
No production has been reported for this district in recent years.
HACHITA (EUREKA) DISTRICTThis district is described under Hidalgo County.
LONE MOUNTAIN DISTRICT
Lone Mountain is an isolated group of three low hills about 6 miles southeast of
Silver City. Rich silver ore is said to have been discovered in these hills in 1871. Somemining was done, and a mill was erected, but mining ceased after 2 or 3 years. Anothersilver deposit was discovered in 1920, and ore was shipped in 1921-1923 from thisdeposit. Lead was produced with the silver during these 3 years. After 1923 production
from this district almost ceased. There has been no activity in recent years.
The ore lies chiefly in fractures in the Fusselman (Silurian) limestone. The mostcommon ore mineral was silver chloride, and the richest ore also carried wire silver andargentite (?). The veins are narrow, and the metal content not persistent.
Manganiferous iron ore similar to that at Boston Hill occurs in the Lone Mountain
district. A small amount of this ore was mined during World War I.
MALONE DISTRICTMalone is about 13 miles nearly due southwest from Tyrone and near the Hidalgo
County line. Most of the mining activities occurred in the latter part of the nineteenth
century. The camp has been inactive for many years. Jones (1904, p 63) reports thatplacer mining was active in this district about 1884, prior to the discovery of lodedeposits.

70

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

The ores (Leach, 1928, p 5) occur as quartz veins in Precambrian granite along andtransverse to a fault contact between granite and Tertiary volcanic rocks. They containgold and silver in the ratio of about 1 to 8. Lead and zinc sulfides were found in theveins below the gold and silver.
PINOS ALTOS DISTRICT19
The Pinos Altos district lies in the Pinos Altos Mountains, a small range extending
about 5 miles in a north-south direction and about 3 miles wide. The district is 8 miles
north-northeast of Silver City.
Placer gold was discovered on the east side of the Pinos Altos Mountains about
1860. Gold lodes were found shortly thereafter, and gold mines in the area were
productive until the early part of the 20th century. Some mines of note in this early
period were the Pacific, Mountain Key, Deep-Down-Atlantic, Silver Cell, Ohio, Kept
Woman, Mogul, and Aztec.
Other than prospecting, little was done prior to 1910 on the western side of themountain. A few tons of oxidized surface ores were shipped, and a small gold property
was operated. The Empire Zinc Co. acquired the Cleveland mine in 1913, and from1915 to 1919 the company mined about 125,000 tons of zinc-lead ore, treating it in amagnetic separation mill. This was the most productive period of the Pinos Altos
district.
Production prior to 1904 is said to have amounted to about $4.7 million (Jones,
1904). From 1904 to 1929 the production 604,233 ounces of gold, 454,753 ounces ofsilver, 1,933,900 pounds of copper, 1,896,100 pounds a lead; and 17,961,900 pounds ofzinc, valued at $3,228,600. From 1929 to 1947 inclusive the production was approximately 12,000 ounces of gold, 140,000 ounces of silver, 350,000 pounds of copper,
1,100,000 pounds of lead, and 5,700,000 pounds of zinc, valued at about $1.2 million.
Each year from 1932 to 1940 inclusive there were numerous small operations, bothlode and placer, conducted in the district. The production, however, remained small,averaging around $50,000 total value per annum, with gold being the most important
metal produced. Placer operations yielded about 18 percent of the total gold. During
1939, 1940, and 1941 dragline dredges operated in Bear Creek and Santo Domingo
Gulch.
From 1941 to 1947 inclusive zinc was the most important metal mined in the Pinos
Altos district. Most of this came from the Cleveland property. In 1941 and 1942 theproduction was largely from the retreatment of old tailings, and in 1943-1945 most of
the production came from the mining of new ore. The Cleveland mine was not operated
in 1947.
Other important producers in the last 15 years have been the Hazard, Silver Hill,
Houston Thomas, and Sangston mines.
19. Soule (1948-b); Paige (1916, pp 14,17); Lindgren et al. (1910); Minerals Yearbooks.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

71

The crest and eastern part of the Pinos Altos Mountains consist of igneous rocks, ofwhich granodiorite, diorite, and diorite porphyry are the most prominent. These havepenetrated part or all of the sedimentary rocks and tilted them at varying angles to thewest. Rhyolite and other lavas later than the veins cover the intrusive rocks on thenorth.
The oldest rocks exposed on the western slopes are the Magdalena limestone ofPennsylvanian age. These are overlain by the Beartooth quartzite of Cretaceous age,which in turn underlies the Colorado sandstones and shales, also of Cretaceous age. The
diorite intrusives occur as irregular dikes and sills and possibly as stocklike masses ofvarying size. The diorite underlies all known ore-bearing areas, but data are notavailable to show the nature of the intrusive mass.
Three classes of ore deposits occur in the district: (1) veins in the intrusive rock, (2)replacement bodies in the limestone, and (3) gold placer deposits. The veins form anortheast system which cuts both granodiorite and diorite porphyry masses. They aretraceable for distances ranging from a few hundred to about 4,000 feet and die out at
the ends by splitting into numerous branching veinlets. The average width is about 2½
feet. They are fissure fillings and contain chiefly pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena,gold, and silver in a quartz gangue. Native silver, argentite, and cerargyrite were thechief minerals of one important vein.
The replacement deposits in limestone are in the Magdalena limestone(Pennsylvanian). There are two important ore-bearing strata, 12 and 25 feet thickrespectively, separated by 4-15 feet of limestone and cut by a number of dikes. The ore
consists of an intimate intergrowth of sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, andquartz, and is chiefly valuable for its zinc content. Extensive oxidized ore bodies havebeen mined near the surface.
The important placer deposits are gulch or creek placers along Bear Creek, Rich
Gulch, and gulches near the old Gillette shaft. The gold is about 750 fine.
SILVER CITY DISTRICTThe Silver City district comprises the area within a short distance surrounding thetown of Silver City, and includes the Chloride Flat and Boston Hill subdistricts. The
town has long been known as the mining capital of New Mexico. Although the centerof mining operations has shifted eastward to the Central area, the town of Silver City
still retains its prestige as the most important metal-mining town in New Mexico.
Boston Hill Subdistrict
Boston Hill is a low hill which lies at the southeastern extremity of the Silver City
range of mountains, and is just southwest of Silver

72

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESTABLE 7. PRODUCTION OF METALS IN THE PINOS ALTOS DISTRICT,GRANT COUNTY, 1932-1950

Year
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951-1954*Gold(ounces)Silver(ounces)

Copper(pounds)

Lead(pounds)

Zinc(pounds)

Total
Value

654
551
1,146
2,026
788
777
703
974
1,528
1,169
343
99
221
92
266

3,280
4,755
11,583
14,258
6,425
10,157
7,195
11,107
8,952
4,683
2,420
19,18818,585
10,426
2,729
30,573
5,588
4,656
-

13,10018,00028,60037,45018,50033,20011,90015,70024,40010,50011,00072,80026,20014,4004,300
61,00015,0006,200-

13,40057,000134,400
94,40037,90094,90081,800119,700
117,700
62,10031,00081,400304,300
116,000
29,100636,000
186,000
132,800-- $67,00024,000672,000
147,000
410,000
1,089,000
79,4001,337,000
1,015,400
595,200
161,000
2,111,000
486,000
287,100-

15,688
19,11854,80888,052
37,18888,34734,18556,532
94,318130,699
24,518177,075
164,588
91,00235,026461,649
101,226
64,550-176,560

422,250

2,329,900

133
94
10
-

Totals
11,574* No production reported.

8,481,100$1,738,569

City. The first mining in the area occurred in the early seventies. The similarity of theores to some of those found in the neighboring silver districts of Chloride Flat andFleming Camp, which were active at the time, led to considerable prospecting forsilver, but very little of this metal was obtained. Copper was found in the southern partof the hill, but not in commercial quantities. The ore20 was mined chiefly as manganiferous iron ore. A considerable quantity of fluxing ore was shipped to the smelters
at El Paso, Texas, and Socorro, New Mexico, in the early nineties. Operations
continued to supply the Silver City smelters until they finally closed in 1907.
The mining of manganiferous iron ore for use in the steel industry was commenced
in 1916, when R. I. Kirchman and associates started work on the Legal Tender andSilver Spot groups on the eastern slope of Boston Hill. Numerous surface pits were
worked over the entire Boston Hill mining district, and small tonnages of ore were
removed at Chloride Flat. Except during 1921 mines were operated continuously from1916 until 1931. A total of 409,145 long tons of manganiferous iron was shipped from
1916-1931 inclusive. The Colorado Fuel and Iron Co. operated the Silver Spot group
under lease, churn-drilling part of the area during 1926 and 1927.
20. Entwistle (1944); Soule (1948-a); Minerals Yearbooks.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

73

During 1937 manganiferous iron ores were again shipped to the Pueblo, Colorado,
smelter of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Co. by the Luck Mining and Construction Co.,
which leased the Boston Hill group of claims. This group lies west of the Silver Spotand Legal Tender groups in the central and western part of Boston Hill. From 1939 to1947 inclusive the Luck Mining and Construction Co. shipped a considerable tonnageof ore to the Pueblo smelter. Since 1937 all ore produced in the district has been minedby this company. The mine was active only a short time in 1954, because of curtailmentof steel production. The open-pit and underground methods of mining have been
employed.
Production of manganiferous iron ore at Boston Hill is given in Table 8.
Boston Hill consists of Lower Paleozoic sediments and Cretaceous shales cut off on
the east by a large mass of quartz monzonite porphyry. A large fault separates the shalefrom the Paleozoic rocks. A banded felsitic intrusion occurs in places along the contact
between the porphyry and the limestone and forms sills in the limestone. All the sedimentary rocks at Boston Hill, except those of Quaternary age, have been cut by sills
and dikes. The Silurian and Ordovician dolomites are the host rocks for much of themanganiferous iron ore.
The principal ore minerals are hematite and pyrolusite, which in some places areclosely intermingled. Small quantities of magnetite nearly always are present in theores. Specularite, the micaceous variety of hematite, occurs throughout the Boston Hillarea, but appears to be more abundant in the eastern and southeastern parts. Gangueminerals are quartz, calcite, dolomite, and barite.
Chloride Flat Subdistrict21
Chloride Flat is a narrow, shallow valley 1½ miles nearly due west of Silver City.
Much of the early growth of Silver City was influenced by the discovery and mining of
bonanza silver ore in this area.
The discovery of ore in Chloride Flat was made by John Bullard and others in thespring of 1870. The area was prosperous until 1893, when the price of silver dropped to
62 cents per ounce.
During the 23 years 1870-1893 much of the silver was smelted locally in crude
adobe furnaces, and much silver bullion was marketed. Some silver was concentrated
by the "patio process" and some by amalgamation in rotating barrels. At first the ore
was crushed in arrastras, but soon several stamp mills were operating. At Breman's millthe crushed ore was mixed with salt and then roasted to produce silver chloride. At
other mills silver chloride was dissolved in brine, and the metal precipitated withmetallic copper.
On May 12, 1893, the Silver City, Deming and Pacific Railroad was completed to
Silver City, thus simplifying the transportation of heavy
21. Entwistle (1944, pp 34-35); Paige (1916).

74

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESTABLE 8. PRODUCTION OF MANGANIFEROUS IRON ORE FROM BOSTON
HILL, SILVER CITY DISTRICT, GRANT COUNTY, 1905-1954

Year

Long Tons

Before 1904
1905-1906
1907
1908-1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931-1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954

80,000 (est.)
none
7,000
none
16,574
15,59032,832
12,19819,259none
28,623
6,759
23,246
40,84881,44030,71019,081
67,55814,427none
17,861
5,113
31,37936,83555,000 (est.)
65,000 (est.)
72,967
100,683
85,744
72,79972,00071,00055,00060,00048,00042,00039,0008,200

Grade
Mn (percent)Fe (percent)(For flux at copper and lead smelters)
6*10-35*
46
10-35**
10-35**
10-35**
10-35**
10-35**
10-35**
15*
13*
10-35*
*
10-15
30-38
10-25
*
8
27
9.75
26.4
12
40
12.7
41.2
13
38
13.2
*
13 (est.)37 (est.)13 (est.)37 (est.)
12
*
12.7
*
12
*
12
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Total
1,434,726* Grade of ore not available.

machinery. By the following year a smelter was in operation. Although the original
intention to build a railroad from Silver City to Mogollon was never realized, a narrowgauge line, called the Silver City, Pinos Altos and Mogollon Railroad, connected thesmelter with Pinos Altos by way of Boston Hill and Chloride Flat. The rails were torn
up finally in 1913.
By 1904 two smelters were operating in Silver City, and the demandMETAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

75

for limy ores to be used as flux in the smelting of copper and lead was great. Even withthe low price of silver the mines at Chloride Flat could operate profitably because of the
low treatment charges. While the mining of relatively low-grade silver ores was being
pushed energetically, Manuel Taylor made two strikes of high-grade ore on the Grand
Center claims at Chloride Flat. The first strike was in 1902 and the second in 1906.
Although this good fortune encouraged more prospecting, no further high-grade
deposits were found, and the Silver City smelters finally were closed in October 1907.
The mining of silver ore continued at a reduced rate until 1914.
Some silver ore was mined at Chloride Flat from 1921 to 1923. The high lime
content and the artificial price of silver set by the Pittman Act allowed mining of 10ounce silver. During this period the Bohemian Mining Co., operating the Grand Centerand Mary Belle claims, shipped approximately $75,000 worth of silver ore. A shipmentof lead ore assaying 12 ounces of silver per ton and 16 percent lead was also made.
When Government purchases of silver stopped on June 2, 1923, mining ceased.
Until 1934 Chloride Flat was idle, but after the subsidy of the silver mining industry
by the Silver Purchase Proclamation (effective April 24, 1935) interest in the Chloride
Flat mining district was renewed. The Cardinal Gold Mining Co. made a geologic
examination at Chloride Flat, but no ore was mined. In 1937 the H. J. Byron interests,of New York, started exploration work on the "76" mine, and a few small shipments
were made. Work in the area was largely discontinued when the artificial price was
reduced on December 31, 1937, less than 100 tons of ore having been mined from 1938
to 1948 inclusive.
TABLE 9. ESTIMATED PRODUCTION OF SILVER ORE FROM CHLORIDE
FLAT, 1870-1937
Year
1870-1905
1905-1914
1921-1923
1934-1937
TotalsShort Tons
100,000
30,00018,0001,000
149,000

Estimated Value$3,000,000
200,000
85,0008,000$3,293,000

Chloride Flat is one of the few places in New Mexico where an excellent section oflower Paleozoic rocks is exposed. The Precambrian basement is overlain successively
by Cambrian quartzite, Ordovician and Silurian limestones, Devonian shale,
Carboniferous limestone, and Cretaceous quartzite and shale, all of which dip to theeast. The strata are cut by porphyry dikes and sills.
The ore bodies are extremely irregular and occur mainly in the upper part of theFusselman (Silurian) limestone, immediately beneath the Percha (Devonian) shale.
Various oxidized lead and silver minerals, abundant pyrolusite, and some galena,magnetite, and limonite occur

76

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

in the ores. Silver chloride was the chief silver mineral mined; native silver andargentite (?) also were present in the ores. Lead was not an important constituent.
STEEPLE ROCK DISTRICTThe Steeple Rock district (Lindgren et al., 1910) is in western Grant County, 4 miles
from the Arizona line. The nearest railroad point is the town of Duncan, Arizona, about
17 miles southwest.
The district has had two periods of major production. The first period began with thediscovery of ore in the region about 1880 and ended with the closing of the Carlisle
mine in 1897. The Carlisle was the most important producer in the district, the property
having been worked vigorously for many years. Its production up to 1897 is reported tohave been around $3 million.
After 1897 small lots of ore were shipped. In the period between 1910 and 1920,
however, attempts were made to operate mines in the district in conjunction withconcentrating plants. From 1920 to 1932 practically no ore was mined in the district.
Production figures from 1897 to 1932 are not available, but the total production isbelieved to have been small.
The second period of productive activity began in 1932 and ended in 1947. In 1947
the district output was 203 ounces of gold, 3,765 ounces of silver, 33,700 pounds ofcopper, 193,000 pounds of lead, and 133,250 pounds of zinc, having a total value of$66,822. Annual production from 1932 to 1947 is shown in Table 10.
Most of this production resulted from activities of the East Camp Exploration
Syndicate (name later changed to Exploration Syndicate, Inc.), which began producing
ore from the East Camp group of claims in 1934. Gold and silver ores, containing somecopper and lead, were mined from this group of claims until 1942. Until 1940 the ore
was shipped to smelters, but from April 1940 to 1942 the ore was treated at the mine ina 50- to 75-ton cyanide mill. From 1943 to 1946 inclusive the Exploration Syndicate,Inc., operated the Carlisle group of mines under lease, producing complex gold-silvercopper-lead-zinc ores. Before converting the East Camp cyanide mill to flotation, a stepwhich was completed in September 1944, the ores were milled in a selective flotation
mill at Duncan, Arizona, owned by the Southwest Minerals Co. Mining by the
Exploration Syndicate ended in 1946. The production of the company from 1934 to1946 inclusive was around 17,000 ounces of gold, 1 million ounces of silver, 800,000
pounds of copper, 3 million pounds of lead, and 3 million pounds of zinc.
Much of the remaining production from the district came from the workings of theCarlisle mines by Veta Mines, Inc., and other lessees from 1936 to 1941, and by theSouthwest Minerals Co. in 1941 and 1942. The latter treated its ore in the companyowned mill at Duncan, Ari-

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

77

zona. In addition to newly mined ore, dump material and old tailings were mined fromthe district.
In the region about Steeple Rock chiefly exposed are effusive rocks, the mostimportant being a reddish, medium-grained variety that resembles in appearance thesoda rhyolite of the Mogollon Mountains. In some of the canyons and mine workingsother rocks are found, which appear to be intermediate in composition between andesite
and basalt. A purplish diorite porphyry is exposed in the canyon just below the Carlisle
mine, and rocks corresponding to diorite porphyry were encountered in the mine.
The ore deposits of the Carlisle district belong in the class of Tertiary deposits andare similar to those at Mogollon, Cochiti, and elsewhere. The veins, which are part of acomplex system, commonly are marked by prominent siliceous outcrops. Quartz is thechief gangue mineral, but more or less calcite is present also.
TABLE 10. PRODUCTION OF METALS IN THE STEEPLE ROCK DISTRICT,GRANT COUNTY, 1932-1947
Year

Gold
(ounces)Silver(ounces)Lead(pounds)

Zinc(pounds)

780
94
21,141
19,49054,173200,863
239,119
237,030
216,374
252,50960,22020,87021,181
25,494
8,797
3,765
-

Copper(pounds)
1,700
2,200
5,600
57,55033,30013,00020,90053,20029,000202,800
210,800
232,200
87,80033,700-500
300
68,17538,50019,00074,000226,000
86,700683,000
838,500
1,079,500
405,200
193,000--

703,500
944,000
1,156,400
328,800
133,250
-

Total
Value
493
64
28,55328,41472,222364,258
358,654
320,183
349,418
432,697
100,791
177,158
228,541
309,004
119,893
66,822
-

1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948-1954*

13
2
421
407
850
5,552
5,687
4,487
5,414
6,685
1,390
250
295
963
408
203
-

Totals33,027* No production reported.

1,381,900

983,750

3,712,375

3,320,950$2,957,165

55,000-$

SWARTZ (CARPENTER) DISTRICT22The Swartz district is on the western slope of the Black Range, close to the Sierra
County line. It is about 6-7 miles southwest of Kingston, and about 25 miles east ofSanta Rita.
The district has been known for many years, but mining and development work
have been confined largely to two groups of claims, with the bulk of this work having
been performed in recent years.
22. Hill (1946); Minerals Yearbooks.

78

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

The Royal John group of claims, known as the Royal John mine, has been known
since prospecting began in the Black Range during the latter part of the last century. A
mill, built in 1907 to concentrate the ore by jigs and tables, was unsuccessful. In 1928 theAmerican Smelting and Refining Co. leased the property and operated the mine, shipping
the ore to its Hanover mill.
Records of production from the Royal John group prior to 1904 are not available.
The output for the years 1916-1946 inclusive, as taken from Government publications,
was around 27,600 tons of ore, containing 10 ounces of gold, 38,000 ounces of silver,
10,000 pounds of copper, 1,570,000 pounds of lead and 2,470,000 pounds of zinc.
Production from this mine was small in 1951-1953.
The Grandview group of claims also was prospected at an early date, but apparently
little metal was produced until 1937, when a shipment of 110 tons of base-metal ore wasmade. Later the Black Range Development Co. leased the Grandview mine and madeshipments of ore each year from 1938 to 1945 inclusive. The production during thisperiod was 18,949 tons of ore, containing 15 ounces of gold, 13,963 ounces of silver,
92,999 pounds of copper, 1,758,490 pounds of lead, and 3,254,085 pounds of zinc.
The Black Range Development Co. also operated the Columbia mine, located ashort distance from the Grandview, and shipped about 2,000 tons of ore from this mine in1943 and 1944.
The basement rocks of the Black Range are granites, gneisses, and schists overlain
by Paleozoic strata and capped by late volcanics. The formations range from El Paso
limestone through the Montoya limestone, with possibly a small amount of Fusselman
dolomite; they also include the Percha shale and Lake Valley limestone. The top of therange is capped by late rhyolites, andesites, and other volcanic rocks. In many places
large faults and dikes have cut through the formations. Scattered ore deposits are found inseveral parts of the range. The ore bodies usually occur as replacement deposits in thelimestone near faults or dikes. Zinc and lead are the common metals, with some silver,
copper, and a small amount of gold. Smithsonite and cerussite are the principal minerals
in the oxidized zone, being supplanted at depth by sphalerite and galena.
At the Royal John mine the known ore deposits are confined to a horst between twolarge premineral faults, the Mimbres on the west and the Owens on the east. Within thisarea are a number of known faults and probably some that are not known, as in many
places the area is heavily wooded and covered with surface detritus.
At the Grandview mine the ore is found near the Grandview fault, which in turn is
not far from the large Mimbres fault. The area is considerably broken up, which has
allowed formation of ore deposits over a greater vertical span than at the Royal John
mine.
Both the Grandview and Royal John mines began production again

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

79

in 1950 and are shipping lead-zinc ore to the American Smelting and Refining Co. mill at
Deming.
TELEGRAPH DISTRICTThe Telegraph district is on the Gila River about 20 miles west of Silver City. Silver
ore was discovered in the district in 1881, but the deposit soon was exhausted. A small
lot of high-grade silver ore was shipped from the Bronx mine in 1920, and small lots oflead-silver and silver ore were shipped from the Calard No. 2, Cora Miller, and Slate
Creek claims in 1941.
The district lies in an area of Precambrian granite and gneiss. In places remnants of
sedimentary rocks are found, which seem to be narrow blocks faulted into the granite.
Both granite and sedimentary rocks are cut by porphyry dikes. The silver ore occurs inoxidized fluorite-bearing quartz-pyrite veins.
The district has been inactive since 1941.
TYRONE DISTRICT
See Burro Mountain district, Grant County.
WHITE SIGNAL DISTRICTThe White Signal district is on the south side of the Big Burro Mountains, about 8
miles south of Tyrone. The country rock is Precambrian granite intruded by granodiorite
porphyry. A number of quartz veins occur in the granite (Lindgren et al., 1910, pp 323324). They are much oxidized but contain residuals of pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, andlocally sphalerite. Bismuth minerals are present in small amounts. A fair gold content issaid to have been found in places.
The district has been prospected rather extensively for gold, silver, lead, and copper.
Small shipments of ore were made nearly every year over a period of 20 or more years
prior to World War II. From 1932 to 1941 there was also some placer mining, which
produced several ounces of gold. The total production of the district is probably not over
$50,000.
The White Signal district is notable chiefly because of the occurrence of theuranium minerals torbernite and autunite. These minerals thus far have been discoveredin an area of approximately 1 square mile, located about 1 mile west of the White Signal
post office. Uranium minerals have been found in some of the veins. They had been
confused with the green copper carbonate stain which is locally present, until their true
nature was recognized in 1918 by Mrs. A. A. Leach. Considerable exploratory work wasdone on the veins, but according to Hess (1922, p 416) "not enough torbernite could befound to make a valuable • radium ore, even with hand picking."
The district has yielded a small amount of radium-uranium ore, which has been usedin drinking and bathing water and in the preparation of facial packs, toothpaste, andsalves.

80

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

During the latter part of World War II the entire area was examined for uranium
deposits by the U. S. Geological Survey. Since the war some prospecting for uranium has
been carried on by private companies and individuals.
The country rock in the vicinity of the uranium deposits consists of Precambrian
granite cut by a few felsite and pegmatite dikes and by numerous diabase dikes. Porphyry
similar to the granodiorite porphyry of the Central districts occurs near the west end of
the area. Many of the diabase dikes are very narrow in the uppermost outcrops, but widen
considerably within a very short distance laterally and vertically. The uranium minerals
occur in flakes in numerous small fractures and in small vugs; they seem to be mostabundant in the thin decomposed edges of the diabase dikes, but equally good ores also
occur at places in the adjacent granite. Gouge and seams of talcky material are prominent
locally and are commonly ore bearing.
Mine workings extend to a maximum depth of 150 feet, at which depth uranium
minerals are said to persist. Pyrite is present from a depth of about 80 feet down.
Some interest in the district was shown by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1950,
when it was examined as a possible source of uranium ore. The findings of thecommission have not been made public.
The Atraminas Mining Co., of Silver City, activated the Hummer and Lone Jack
mines in 1952 and 1953. It is reported that this company shipped two cars of uranium ore
to the Bluewater mill late in 1954.

GUADALUPE COUNTYGuadalupe County occupies an area of 2,998 square miles in the east central part of
the State. It has a population of 6,752. Santa Rosa, the largest town, is the county seat.
There is only one metal-mining district in the county, the Pastura, or Pintada,
district. This district has produced 11,333,300 pounds of copper and 7,363 ounces ofsilver in 18 years of operation since 1925.
The ore is a sandstone containing chalcocite, azurite, malachite, and tenorite. It owes
much of its value to the fact that it is low in sulfur (0.3 percent) and high in silica (80percent). Production from the district reflects the need of this type of ore by the copper
smelter at El Paso. Two mines have been worked in the district, the Stauber and the Pastura. The Stauber, the older and larger of the two, was discovered in 1915. It produced
only 5,485 pounds of copper and 48 ounces of silver prior to 1925, when the property
was acquired by I. J. Stauber, of El Paso, Texas.
PASTURA (PINTADA) DISTRICTThe Pastura mining district is located 17 miles southwest of Santa Rosa and 7 miles
northeast of Pastura, both of which are serviced by

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

81

the Southern Pacific Railroad. Guadalupe siding on the same railroad is 2 miles from themines of the district. All ore has been loaded on cars at this point for shipment to thesmelter of the American Smelting and Refining Co., at El Paso.
The land and mineral rights on which the known ore bodies occur are privately
owned. The mines are in the Plains region, at an altitude of about 5,300 feet, in acountry devoted primarily to cattle and sheep raising. The winters are mild, andprecipitation is light (about 14 inches in a normal year). Water suitable for humanconsumption is scarce.
TABLE 11. PRODUCTION OF METALS IN GUADALUPE COUNTY, 1925-1954
Ore(dry tons)
Year
1925
3,268
1926
6,667
1927
6,511
1928
11,5891929
16,187
1930
10,4291931-1939*
1940
2,604
1941
2,411
1942
7,498
1943
17,327
1944
8,864
1945
1,850
1946
1947
1948
1949
5,526
1950
18,469
1951
1952
1953
1954
Totals119,200* No production.
† Includes $2,160 for lead.

Copper Copper Recovered(percent)(pounds)
5.24
34,3005.10
680,000
4.60
599,000
4.56
1,056,000
4.75
1,537,000
4.88
1,018,000
230,000
4.40
204,000
3.86
611,000
1,258,000
595,000
93,000152,000
640,000
960,000
964,000
602,000
100,000
11,333,300

Silver(ounces)
111
232
789
1,889
308
3,991
43
7,363

Total
Value
$
26,51924,23774,492
164,953
80,544
12,55533,556135,317†
228,867
271,402
163,206
27,107$1,242,395

The copper-bearing sandstone belongs in the Santa Rosa member of the Dockum
series. The mineralization is confined to one bed only, which varies in thickness from a
few to 18 feet. It is not regular in its intensity or in its distribution in the sandstone. In
some places the entire thickness of the bed may be ore, in others only the lower few feet
may be mineralized sufficiently to be ore. Frequently the entire bed is barren or only
slightly mineralized.
The Stauber mine was operated from 1925 until 1930, and was again in production in
1940. It was closed down at the end of World War II. Production was resumed in 1949and continues at this time. Some 300 tons of ore per day is being shipped to the El Paso
smelter. This mine

82

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

has accounted for over 90 percent of the total production from the district.
The Pastura mine is located on an isolated body of ore a short distance from the
Stauber property. It produced during 1943 and 1944, but has not been active since that
time.
There are many occurrences of copper in the Red Beds of New Mexico, but the
Pastura district is the only occurrence that has yielded an important amount of ore. The
genesis of the copper in the Guadalupe County deposits is not known.

HARDING COUNTY
Harding County is situated in the northeast quarter of the state. It has an area of
2,136 square miles, and its population is 3,039. Mosquero, the county seat, is the largest
town. It lies on the Dawson branch of the Southern Pacific Railroad and is a noted cattle
shipping point.
Harding County has no mining district, although on several occasions someexcitement has been engendered by the reports of placer gold finds in the sands of Ute
Creek, the principal drainage channel of the area. These periods of excitement have beenshort lived, as the reports were never substantiated.
In the southern part of the county, along the Canadian River escarpment, somecopper mineralization is known to occur in a bed of shaly sandstone. The mineral foundis chalcocite and occurs as a cementing material in the sandstone. The exposedmineralization has not been sufficiently strong to justify intensive prospecting. A few
shallow pits are found along the outcrop.

HIDALGO COUNTY
Hidalgo County, separated from Grant County in July 1920, is in the extreme
southwest corner of the state. It occupies an area of 3,447 square miles and has apopulation of 5,110. Lordsburg, located on the main line of the Southern PacificRailroad, is the county seat. This area is part of the Basin and Range province and ischaracterized by a number of sharply marked, narrow mountain ranges, which trend
north and south and are separated by wide, gently sloping, arid valleys. The
metalliferous deposits are scattered and differ widely in character. Copper, gold, silver,
and lead are the principal metals produced.
Production prior to 1920 is included in statistics for Grant County. The
accompanying table gives the annual production since 1920.
APACHE NO. 2 (ANDERSON) DISTRICT23
The Apache No. 2 district lies at the southwestern base of the Apache Hills, a small
group of rounded hills 6 miles south-southeast of Hachita.
23. This district is not to be confused with the Apache (Chloride) district in Sierra County.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

83

The mineralized zone is said to extend into the Sierra Rica group of hills in Mexico.
Production from this district has been small.
The Apache Hills (Darton, 1928-a) consist mainly of intrusive quartz porphyry
overlain by Tertiary volcanic rocks to the north and in contact with Comanche andMagdalena limestones to the south.
TABLE 12. PRODUCTION OF METALS IN HIDALGO COUNTY, 1920-1954*
Zinc
CopperLead
Gold
Silver(pounds)(pounds)(value)(ounces)(pounds)
654,404
15,868,154
1,008,086
1920-1924 $ 701,946
1925-1929 1,099,622
657,384
22,894,157
3,133,825
1930
289,943
194,104
4,863,500
504,200
1931-1932†
1933
2,297
1,849
21,00024,0001934
23,603
10,38635,60024,0001935
34,75016,17889,00047,500
1936
48,49632,417
817,000
91,0001937
74,91975,196
3,807,000
53,2001938
144,606
138,736
6,380,400
159,600
1939
154,210
135,982
6,376,000
52,6001940
87,57081,9456,561,000
157,000
1941
47,49567,815
7,468,800
221,000
80,000
1942
48,090135,045
6,716,000
292,000
197,000
1943
51,69598,259502,300
278,000
87,0001944
81,095
115,051
4,718,000
349,000
78,000
1945
49,38592,3472,294,000
690,000
1946
55,370100,963
2,392,000
215,000
1947
64,645
192,643
3,540,900
713,500
96,6001948
59,500178,853
3,342,600
354,000
322,000
1949
69,545
156,641
3,870,000
762,000
72,0001950
24,99096,295
4,124,000
310,000
8,000
90,806
3,042,000
466,000
66,0001951
26,425
1952
28,70072,6062,950,000
288,000
118,000
1953
42,420101,222
3,988,000
132,000
4,000
1954
29,03097,575
4,412,000
Totals$3,340,347
3,594,702 121,073,411 10,321,011 1,128,600* Prior to 1920 production from Hidalgo County was included with Grant County.
† Production figures not available.
Year

Total
Value
$ 3,684,886
5,061,958
1,022,138
5,176
33,88655,665
152,953
597,077
866,915912,089
895,562
995,634
994,643804,804
836,651
484,084
547,887
1,097,008
1,071,005
1,103,027
1,012,320
937,403874,268
1,296,339
1,246,303$26,589,681

The ore occurs in oxidized contact-metamorphic deposits. These deposits generally
follow certain strata which have been recrystallized to coarse calcite. Some horn-silver
ore was shipped in the early days of the district, but the main production prior to 1939
was low-grade oxidized copper ore containing gold and silver. Scheelite occurs in someof the deposits in appreciable quantities, but none has been produced commercially.
Bismuth is reported also in some of the ore.
In 1937 the United States Smelting Refining and Mining Exploration Co. instituted
exploratory work in the Monarch and Copper Crown claims of the Apache group. This
work was completed in June 1938, and the lease terminated.

84

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

The district produced a small amount of ore in 1934, but was not credited withfurther production until 1942, when a car of high-grade zinc ore was shipped to theOzark Smelting and Mining Co., at Coffeyville, Kansas. Small shipments of high-grade
copper-lead-gold ore were made to the El Paso smelter in 1943 and 1944. No ore
production has been reported from this district since 1944.
Some interest was shown in the district in 1950, but no production developed.
FREMONT DISTRICTThe Fremont district is about 20 miles southeast of Hachita, in the northwestern
foothills of the Sierra Rica. The junction of the Luna-Hidalgo County line and theinternational United States-Mexico boundary line lies within the district. Most of themineralization is in Mexico.
The rocks of the region consist of Pennsylvanian and Cretaceous limestone (Darton,
1928-a, p 348) cut by intrusions of granite porphyry and lamprophyre. The ore deposits
on the American side of the line occur as replacement bodies in the limestone and as
quartz veins along faults. The replacement bodies generally are oxidized and carrycopper, lead, and zinc minerals intermixed with quartz and oxides of iron andmanganese.
The quartz veins generally follow a northeast fault system. Iron and manganeseoxides are prominent in the outcrops, and carbonate and sulfide ore minerals are present
in the upper parts of the veins. The valuable minerals are galena, chalcopyrite, and gold.
The district has long been idle, and no record of production is available prior to1947, when 54 tons of high-grade copper-gold-silver ore was shipped from the Yucca
claim. In 1948, 90 tons of ore was produced from the same claim.
GOLD HILL DISTRICTThe Gold Hill district, north of Lordsburg, produced a small amount of ore between
1934 and 1940. Most of the ore came from the Oro Grande, Bob Cat, and Lost
Prospector mines. The value of the production from this district is not available.
HACHITA (EUREKA, SYLVANITE) DISTRICTThe Hachita district is in the Little Hatchet Mountains, about 12 miles southwest of
the town of Hachita. It includes the two smaller districts of Eureka and Sylvanite. Theline between Hidalgo and Grant Counties crosses the range between the two districts.
The ore deposits of the Little Hatchet Mountains are varied, but none has proved ofgreat economic importance. A detailed study of the geology and mineral occurrences in
the region was made by Samuel G. Lasky (1947), of the U. S. Geological Survey.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

85

The Hachita district was discovered in 1880. In 1908 a gold boom was started in the
Sylvanite district when placer gold was discovered while work was being done on someof the copper claims. The total output from the district has been less than $1 million. A
car of arsenic ore was shipped from the district in 1924. Sporadic production has continued from the area to the present time. Most of the placer production occurred during
the short boom period. The total value of the gold recovered from gravels was not great.
The Eureka district is at the northern end of the Little Hatchet Range. The chiefminerals found are argentiferous galena, zinc blende, pyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite,and stibnite. The deposits occur as veins and as bedded and irregular bodies in Paleozoic
limestone and Cretaceous strata. Minor intrusive porphyry masses are abundant, and thesedimentary rocks are locally metamorphosed. The tungsten ore wolframite occurs insome zones. The gangue is chiefly calcite and garnet.
The Sylvanite district adjoins the Eureka district on the south. The ores of the two
districts are similar, but the occurrences differ. In the Sylvanite district themineralization occurs chiefly in quartz veins in a large mass of quartz monzonite cut bylamprophyre and syenite dikes, and in the Magdalena limestone which adjoins theporphyry on the south. The ores near the surface contain free gold associated withtetradymite in sericite, as well as in iron-stained quartz. Chalcopyrite and pyrite appear
at a depth of about 30 feet. The district also contains a deposit of pyrrhotite andchalcopyrite replacing the cement in a quartzitic sandstone.
This district has produced small amounts of copper-gold-silver ore each year since1933. The ore has come from many groups of claims, the more important being theBarney, Hardscrabble, Last Chance, Little Mildred, and Rincon. In 1934 the Hidalgo
Gold Mines Co. erected buildings, installed mining equipment, and did extensive
exploratory work in the Hardscrabble group. That year some 650 tons of ore wasshipped from the district to the smelter at El Paso. Subsequent annual production has notbeen so large. The last shipments of ore reported from the district came from the Hornet
mine in 1953.
LORDSBURG (PYRAMID, VIRGINIA) DISTRICTThe Lordsburg district is in the northern part of the Pyramid Mountains, 3-10 miles
southwest of Lordsburg. It includes two subdistricts, the Shakespeare (or Virginia) at thenorth and the Pyramid at the south. Prospecting in the district began in 1870. Silver was
the metal chiefly sought, and rich ores of this metal were found in the Leidendorf (Venus,
Viola) and the Last Chance mines in the Pyramid district. Copper, lead, and gold also
were produced. A smelter was built in 1881 in the Virginia district and a stamp mill at
the Leidendorf mine the following year, but neither operated for long. During the present
century the district has

86

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

been chiefly a copper producer, the production of other metals being incidental. The
importance of the district as a copper producer was established chiefly by the Calumet
and Arizona Mining Co. through the production of its Eighty-five mine. In 1930 thismine produced at an average monthly rate of 800 ounces of gold, 8,600 ounces of silver,and 390,000 pounds of copper (Youtz, 1931). The mine was acquired by the Phelps
Dodge Corp. in 1931. Operations were suspended, and pumps drawn, on January 1,
1932.
In 1933 the Bonney mine was the chief producer. This mine, together with theMiser's Chest and the Hope, Faith, and Charity group, accounted in 1934 and 1935 forall the production from the district. In 1936 the Banner Mining Co. leased the Bonneygroup of claims, erected a 200-ton flotation mill, and in August began producing
concentrates. This mine immediately became the most important producer in the county.
In 1937 the capacity of the mill was increased to 500 tons per day, and a large-scale
prospecting and development program was initiated. Many improvements were made in
the surface plant. In 1941 the company leased the old Anita mine, about 5 miles away.
This was brought into production the following year, the ore being trucked to theBonney mill. The same company acquired the Miser's Chest mine in 1945 and has
steadily maintained its position as the major copper producer in Hidalgo County. Largescale production from the Bonney group continues to the present time.
From 1933 until 1939 there was some ore production from several properties otherthan the Banner Mining Co. holdings, the most notable contributors being the Miser's
Chest, Atwood, Battleship, Belle, Depression, Nellie Bly, and Silver Dollar. The Miser's
Chest Mining and Milling Co., Inc., was organized in 1939, operating the Miser's Chest
mine until it was acquired by the Banner Mining Co. in 1945. The National Zinc Co.
leased the Ruth mine in 1942, shipping ore to the custom mill at Hanover.
Late in 1942 the U. S. Bureau of Mines started an exploratory diamond-drilling
program on the Atwood group of claims. After the old shaft and workings were
repaired, this mine came into production in 1943. The Waldo and Tom groups also
produced that year. Operated soon thereafter by C. H. and S. A. McIntosh, the Atwoodmine within a short time became the largest producer of gold and silver, and the second
largest producer of copper, in the county. The Waldo was operated as the Millsite mineby the Lordsburg Mining Co. in 1947. In the same year the Walrich Mining Co.
operated the Tom group. Some production also is being obtained from lesser properties
in the district, including some ore sorted from the dump of the Eighty-five mine, whichis still being held idle by the Phelps Dodge Corp.
The Lordsburg district not only is the most important district in Hidalgo County, but
it has made that county the second most important producer of metals in the State,surpassed only by Grant County.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

87

The rocks of the Lordsburg district are of igneous origin. They consist of basaltic
andesite and subordinate associated volcanic rocks intruded by an irregular granodiorite
stock of late Cretaceous or early Tertiary age. Tertiary volcanic tuffs, sands, andbreccias fringe the northern part of the area and are said to be predominant in the
Pyramid district, particularly near the Last Chance mine at the south end. Quartz latite
plugs cut the fragmented rocks. A large part of the Pyramid district is covered by
Quaternary debris, and rock exposures are few.
Vein outcrops are prominent in the Virginia district, where they form bold, wall-likeledges locally called siliceous dikes. They strike northeast and east, but members of thetwo sets join, cross, and change in strike from one set to another. In the Pyramid districtvein outcrops are uncommon, owing to the gravel cover, and are inconspicuous. Nearly
all veins dip steeply and are faults of small throw. Movement along them has beennearly horizontal. They have been cut and offset slightly by postmineral faults that strikeat about right angles to the veins. Movement along these postmineral faults has been
approximately along the dip.
The deposits of the Virginia and Pyramid subdistricts differ in character andpresumably in origin. In the Virginia district they are the copper-tourmaline type of deepvein zone, one of the few occurrences of this type in the United States. The veins arechiefly fissure fillings along shear zones which were reopened repeatedly during mineraldeposition. Five periods of reopening have been identified, the latest movement being
contemporaneous with the postore faulting. Each reopening was accompanied by arecognizable change in the material deposited. The resulting vein filling is commonly ahighly vuggy and drusy mass, in which mineral sequences are fairly clear. Postore
movement has occurred along all veins, almost invariably following the wall andforming thick masses of gouge and breccia along them.
The Emerald vein of the Eighty-five mine, in the Virginia district, has been of
notable importance. Traced on the surface for over 5,000 feet, it was mined from thesurface to a vertical depth of 1,900 feet and for an average of 2,300 feet along the strike.
Ore was encountered in development work for an additional 300 feet of depth.
The productive part of the Emerald vein lies within the granodiorite stock, about 95
percent of all ore mined having come from where granodiorite formed one or both walls.
The vein is fairly regular and has an average width of about 5 feet. The grade of ore has
been remarkably constant. The primary ore minerals consist of chalcopyrite and minor
amounts of pyrite, sphalerite, and galena. Sphalerite and galena are locally prominent.
The gangue is predominantly drusy quartz. Calcite, some of it manganiferous, isconspicuous here and there, and small amounts of specularite, barite, and tourmaline arepresent. Wall-rock alterations consist of replacements by quartz, sericite, and chlorite
and impregnations of specularite and tufts of tourmaline. The depth of sec-

88

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

ondary alteration and the location of secondary and oxidized ore bodies are erratic.
Secondary ores have been mined as deep as 1,500 feet below the outcrop and 1,200 feetbelow the present water level. The secondary minerals are chiefly azurite, malachite,and chalcocite, and include also native copper, cuprite, chrysocolla, covellite, and a little
wulfenite.
In the Pyramid district to the south the veins contain gold and silver minerals alongwith the copper, which is the chief metal of economic importance in the district. The
gangue consists largely of quartz but includes some barite and the carbonates
rhodochrosite, siderite, and calcite. In the early days of the district cerargyrite was theimportant ore mineral, but chalcopyrite has been the chief ore mineral since 1930. The
principal mines of the district are the Bonney, Miser's Chest, Atwood, Waldo, Ruth, andAnita. The Atwood is the chief producer of gold and silver in the district.
RED HILL (GILLESPIE) DISTRICTThe Red Hill district is in the Animas Mountains, about 30 miles southwest ofHachita and 22 miles south of Playas. A small production was reported from the district
yearly from 1905 to 1913, and again from 1920 to 1930.
The production for these periods came chiefly from a single mine, the Red Hillgroup. The Red Hill Mining Co. operated this property in 1938, shipping lead-silvergold ore to the smelter at El Paso. The Hope Mining Co. shipped 88 tons of ore from thesame group in 1941. Shipments of ore were reported also in 1945, and again in 1947, the1947 shipments including 762 tons of old mill tailings.
The country rock in the district is primarily Tertiary volcanics, and the ores areoxidized lead ores containing gold, silver, and copper.
STEINS PASS-SAN SIMON DISTRICT
These two districts are here combined because the production statistics and general
information contained in the U. S. Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbooks treat them as
one district.
The Steins Pass district is in the northern extension of the Peloncillo Mountains. It
lies close to the Arizona line, just north of the pass traversed by the main line of theSouthern Pacific Railroad and U. S. Highway 80. The San Simon district begins at theabove-mentioned pass and extends southward along the west slope of the Peloncillos
about 10 miles to Granite Gap.
These districts have been known since 1875. Prior to 1930 they had produced
approximately $11/2 million in gold, silver, lead, and copper. Since 1930 there has beensome production almost every year. Among the producing mines have been the "66,"
Bob Montgomery, Hattie Lee, Carbon Hill, Painted Horse, McGhee, Central, Silver
Hill, Crosby, Sweet, and others. In 1943 the Shattuck Denn Mining Co. operated the
McGhee under lease for several months. This mine seems to have been

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

89

the most consistent recent producer in the district. It operated intermittently until June
1948, when fire destroyed the headframe, shaft timbers, and surface buildings.
The ores produced in the two districts have been lead, zinc, copper, gold, and silver.
These have been milled in the district, shipped to custom mills or smelters, or sold to orebuyers in Douglas, Ariz., or Silver City.
The principal rocks in the Steins district are rhyolite, diorite porphyry, andmonzonite porphyry. The monzonite porphyry forms the prominent dikes. Some faulting
has taken place. The veins follow silicified brecciated zones in the country rock. Most of
the ores are oxidized, but pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite are present. Silver
and gold account for most of the values.
The ores of the San Simon district occur as replacement bodies in limestone along ornear the porphyry dikes. The ore bodies are pockety and irregular. The ore is mostly
oxidized and consists mainly of argentiferous cerussite. A little copper, zinc, and arsenic
are also present, as are much limonite and plentiful manganese oxides.
Some contact-metamorphic deposits occur in the district. The metamorphosed
limestone is characterized by garnet, wollastonite, and pyroxene.

LEA COUNTY
Lea County is the most southeasterly county of the State. It is bordered by Texas on
the east and south. The county has an area of 4,393 square miles, and a population of
30,577. The county seat is Lovington. Hobbs, the largest city, is the "oil capital" of New
Mexico. Both communities are located on a branch line of the Texas and Pacific
Railway.
Lea County has no mining districts and no known occurrence of metallic ores.
Nonmetallic mineral deposits are important.

LINCOLN COUNTY
Lincoln County occupies an irregular area of 4,859 square miles in south central
New Mexico. It has a population of 7,731. Carrizozo, located on the Southern PacificRailroad, is the county seat. The White, Jicarilla, Capitan, and Gallinas Mountains
occupy the central and southern part of the county. These mountains consist of
monzonite porphyry intrusive into Paleozoic and Cretaceous sediments. The northernand eastern parts of the county are underlain chiefly by strata of the Chupadera(Permian) formation.
The principal mineral deposits are gold bearing, and all occur in the mountain belt.
Both lode and placer deposits have been worked. Production prior to 1930 was valued at
between $3 million and $4 million, most of which came before 1904.

90

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESTABLE 13. PRODUCTION OF METALS IN LINCOLN COUNTY, 1904-1954

Year

Gold
(value)$ 28,596
118,930
215,529
86,614
51,241
989
133
14,54236,406
31,26914,935
7,182
5,852
9,205
11,585
8,085
1,260
-

Prior to 1904
1904
1905-1909
1910-1914
1915-1919
1920-1924
1925-1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
35
1947
1948
35
1949
1,400
1950
1,680
1951-1953*
1954
2,014
Totals$647,517* No production reported.
† Estimated.

Silver(ounces)
2,576
9,284
3,809
2,739
17,590
2,381
179
289
512
455
594
357
458
84
675
758
4
5
854
21
43
43,667

Copper(pounds)
16,29932,86848,158321,260
7,391
700
1,000
4,400
2,000
250
100
100
100
10,00
444,626

Lead(pounds)
2,261
15,488220,796
13,2771,290,113
33,21812,900140,000
139,000
179,000
200
5,800
200
200
1,000
74,0002,127,453

Zinc(pounds)
16,00016,000Total
value$3,000,000†
30,183
127,461
232,358
101,289
190,268
5,375
938
15,22537,60332,47015,869
7,482
6,425
9,262
12,086
8,635
1,263
148
18,352
1,420
1,719
2,014
3,857,845

ESTEY (OSCURO) DISTRICT
Estey is 14 miles northwest of Oscuro, a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad. Itlies at the southeastern edge of the Oscuro Mountains, which extend southward fromSocorro County. Although the presence of copper minerals had been known for many
years, it was not until 1900 that an effort was made to mine them. The district has been
idle since about 1910.
The ore occurs in the Abo Red Beds formation, which is repeated at the surface
several times because of a number of faults. Ore is found in three horizons, the mostimportant of which is the arkose at the base of the Red Beds. The copper-bearing layers
are thin, for the most part only a few inches to 3 feet thick. Ore also occurs in crossfractures and prominent joints. Malachite is the chief ore mineral. The small amount ofsulfide ore consists chiefly of chalcocite, which has replaced the calcite

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

91

cement of the arkose and sandstone. The chalcocite is associated commonly with a coaly
material in the arkose. The ores carry a small amount of gold and silver. Small amountsof coal and other carbonaceous matter have been noted in the gangue material.
GALLINAS MOUNTAINS (RED CLOUD) DISTRICTThe Gallinas Mountains are about 10 miles west of Corona, a station on theSouthern Pacific Railroad at the north edge of the county. In the early days of this
district, ore was hauled by ox team nearly 100 miles to the Socorro smelter. In recent
years the ore has been shipped to the smelter at El Paso.
The most important producers have been the Deadwood and Red Cloud mines. The
Red Cloud shipped 1,015 tons of lead-zinc-copper-silver ore in 1948 and 91 tons oflead-silver ore in 1949. Small production of ore from the district has continued to thepresent time. No accurate production figures for the district are available.
Since 1950 this district has produced small amounts of bastnaesite, an ore of rareearth elements.
JICARILLA DISTRICTThe Jicarilla district is in the Jicarilla Mountains, about 8 miles southeast of Ancho,
the nearest railroad station on the Southern Pacific. Certain stream beds of the district
are said to have been worked for placer gold as early as 1850, but prospecting for lodedeposits was not undertaken until the eighties.
Only a small part of the placer deposits has been worked, and operations have beenintermittent and on a small scale. The placers produced small amounts of gold each year
from 1931 to 1942. They were again active in 1948 and 1949. The gold-bearing gravels
occur at numerous places in the district and were derived from weathering of nearby
lode deposits. The gold is fine grained and angular, and some particles still adhere to bitsof vein quartz. It has a fineness of about 920. The chief producing placer deposits havebeen the Ancho, the Rico, and the Warners Gulch properties.
The gold lode deposits occur in the quartz-monzonite porphyry that forms the main
mass of the Jicarilla Mountains. The porphyry is traversed by many joints, and quartz
and auriferous pyrite occur along the fracture planes. Some of the veins contain copperand silver in addition to the gold. The lodes range in width from a few inches to over 40
feet. Water level and limits of oxidation change from place to place, and free gold occurs
only where the pyrite has been oxidized. Some copper ore has been found in thelimestone. In places limestone has been replaced by pyrite, which by oxidation has
yielded high-grade iron ore.
The Lucky Strike and a few other lode prospects yielded 130 tons of gold ore in
1933. This is the last production of lode ore reported from the district.

92

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESNOGAL DISTRICTThe Nogal district is rather indefinite in extent and is generally considered to include
the subdistricts of Vera Cruz, Nogal, Parsons (Bonita), Schelerville (Church Mountain),
Alto (Cedar Creek), and several isolated prospects in the same region.
The district lies mostly on the eastern side of the Sierra Blanca, which in this vicinity
consists mostly of monzonite porphyry. The monzonite is cut by dikes of finer grained
diorite porphyry, and andesite flows and tuffs occur locally.
Placer gold was found in the Nogal district as early as 1865, and lode claims werelocated in 1868. Active prospecting did not really begin until 1882, when the region waswithdrawn from the Mescalero Indian Reservation.
Production from the entire district prior to 1910 was valued at $250,000. There waslittle mining activity in the district from 1910 to 1931. Small-scale operations wereresumed in 1933 and were continued through 1940. The Helen Rae lode produced goldore from 1933 to 1937; most of the ore was milled at the property. Some placer gold,
also, was recovered during these years. The chief placer producers were the DuganDixon and those located in Dry Gulch.
In 1936 the Great Western property was equipped with a 75-ton mill and amalgam
plates, and development work was started at the Silver Plume and Bonita properties. The
Great Western milled gold ore in 1937, and small lots of ore from the Bonita wereshipped to the El Paso smelter. Development work continued at the Silver Plume, and at
the Gold Pick and Crown Gold-Silver groups of claims.
The Great Western yielded 30 tons of good gold ore in 1938 and 84 tons in 1939.
The concentrates were shipped to El Paso. Twelve tons of ore was recovered from theSilver Plume and other prospects during 1938 and 1939. A small amount of work wasdone in the Cedar Creek subdistrict in 1940 and 1941, and a little lead-silver ore wasproduced from the Silver Cap No. 2 lode. Since that period, the district has been idle.
Most of the ore in the district occurs in stringers and lodes in the porphyry andcontains chiefly gold, pyrite, and sphalerite in a gangue of quartz and dolomite. Galena
and chalcopyrite occur sparingly. Gold also occurs in veins in the andesite, which arealmost free from sulfides other than pyrite, and in low-grade deposits in alteredporphyry. Several copper and lead-silver prospects have been worked in addition to thegold deposits.
WHITE OAKS DISTRICTWhite Oaks is about 10 miles northeast of Carrizozo, a division point on theSouthern Pacific Railroad. A small amount of placer gold was produced from the White
Oaks area in the fifties and sixties, but lode deposits were not discovered until 1879.
Mining was conducted with

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

93

considerable vigor during the eighties and nineties, several mills being erected to treat
the ore. Production to 1904 was valued at $2,860,000. Since that time production has
been comparatively small, probably not greatly exceeding $3 million by 1930.
The Old Abe was the most important producer in the district. The veins of this mine
were worked to a depth of 1,400 feet, but the richest ore occurred near the surface inhigh-grade pockets and shoots. The Homestake stamp-amalgamation mill treated ores
from the North Homestake and South Homestake mines and produced small amounts ofbullion each year until 1926.
There was some production from the district from 1933 through 1941. The Little
Mack and the Smuggler were the chief producers in 1933 and 1934. Most of the ore wasshipped to El Paso, but the Little Mack Mining Co. milled 100 tons of gold ore at theproperty.
In 1934 the El Aviador Gold Mining Co. shipped ore from the Little Nell and the
Smuggler. The Homestake mill burned in 1934. Some placer gold was recovered during
this period from Baxter and White Oaks Gulches.
The El Aviador company shipped 612 tons of ore to El Paso and milled 117 tons at
the Little Mack mill in 1935. Small shipments of ore were made by the Lincoln County
Mining and Milling Co. in 1936-1938, and the Big Four Gold and Tungsten Mines Co.
sank 100 feet of inclined shaft and drove 75 feet of drift, from which 100 tons of goldsilver ore was recovered in 1939. Small shipments of gold ore also were made in 1940.
Some placer mining was carried on in Baxter and White Oaks Gulches throughout
the period 1933 to 1941.
The district has been idle since 1941. The gold deposits of the White Oaks district
are found in a fine-grained monzonite, which is intruded into Cretaceous shales. Bothigneous and sedimentary rocks are cut by lamprophyre dikes. The deposits form narrow
stringers and moderately wide lodes, which cut the monzonite, the dikes, and the shale.
They contain an unusual association of minerals; albite, wolframite, hübnerite,
tourmaline, fluorite, and gypsum are present in addition to quartz, gold, and auriferous
pyrite.

LOS ALAMOS COUNTY
Los Alamos is the smallest and youngest county in the State. It has an area of 110
square miles and a population of 10,467, thus being, with the exception of Bernalillo, themost densely populated of all the counties. It was established in 1949. The county seat,and only town in the county, is Los Alamos.
The only industry is atomic research and development. There are no known metallic
mineral resources in the county.

94

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESLUNA COUNTY
Luna County occupies a rectangular area of 2,957 square miles in southwestern New
Mexico. It borders Mexico on the south, Hidalgo and Grant Counties on the west, Grant
and Sierra Counties on the north, and Dona Ana County on the east. Two lines of theSouthern Pacific Railroad cross the county from east to west. A branch of the Atchison,
Topeka and Santa Fe Railway enters Deming from the northeast and continues to Silver
City, in Grant County. The county has a population of 8,640. Deming is the county seat.
The southern termination of the Mimbres Mountains, or Black Range, lies in thenorth central part of the county, nearly due north of Deming, and is known as Cooks
Range. The rest of the county is topographically similar to Hidalgo County, though themountain ranges are not so well marked and regular. The most prominent ranges in thesouthern half of the county are the Big and Little Florida Mountains, just southeast of
Deming. Other ranges are the Cedar, Tres Hermanas, and Potrillo Mountains, neither
extensive nor high, yet contrasting sharply with an otherwise gently rolling plainscountry. Precambrian granite and Paleozoic sediments are the principal rocks in the
Florida Mountains and the western part of the Mimbres Mountains. Most of the othermountains and hills consist predominantly of Tertiary and Quaternary lavas.
Eight mining districts are recognized in the county, but only four have been sourcesof important production. In 1930 only one district was active. Lead ores have been
mined in the Cooks Peak district, lead-silver-gold ore in the Victorio and Tres Hermanas
Mountains, and manganese in the Florida Mountains. Minor mineralization occurs insome of the ranges. The Empire Smelting and Refining Co. operated a lead smelter at
Deming for several years prior to 1917. The Peru Mining Co. constructed a custom
selective-flotation concentrating mill at Wemple, near Deming, in 1928, and theAmerican Smelting and Refining Co. constructed a large-capacity selective-flotation
mill in 1948-1949. Located near Deming, the latter also is a custom mill. Both mills
were active until the middle of 1952.
The total value of the metals, exclusive of manganese and tungsten, produced in
Luna County prior to 1931 was nearly $6.2 million, about $4.3 million of which was
produced before 1904.
CARRIZALILLO HILLS DISTRICTThe Carrizalillo Hills are in southwestern Luna County adjacent to the Mexican
border. The chief rocks are extrusive volcanics. The area has been prospected at many
points, and small shipments of high-grade copper-gold ore have been reported.
There has been very little activity in the district for many years.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

95

TABLE 14. PRODUCTION OF METALS IN LUNA COUNTY, 1904-1954
Year

Gold
(value)Prior to 1904
1904
$ 1,695
1905-1909
17,3651910-1914
17,128
1915-1919
22,377
1920-1924
10,034
1925-1929
1,783
1930
306
1931
1932
1933
6
1934
32
1935
217
1936
147
1937
3,276
1938
13,9091939
15,925
1940
3,955
1941
490
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
875
1948
70
1949
1950
35
1951
350
1952
105
1953
1954†
Totals$110,080* Approximation.
† No production reported.

Silver(ounces)
8,549
33,09072,66663,63922,632
12,499
904
143
1,245
380
745
3,722
13,676
17,397
4,175
218
339
26
3,093
958
221
336
2,970
1,222
57
264,902

Copper(pounds)
16,000
7,049
5,495
11,691
7,157
7,902
500
200
250
3,000
6,000
9,500
2,600
200
2,900
6,000
2,000
88,444

Lead(pounds)

Zinc(pounds)

671,772
3,128,363
2,800,161
2,612,348
938,625
1,033,400
51,00020,00049,1007,400
16,70074,400256,700
332,800
107,000
26,40032,0006,000
134,500
14,67838,00010,000464,000
190,000
4,000
13,019,347

328,836
1,954,210
5,717,320
45,326
189,300
9,000
49,00022,00042,000522,000
188,000
9,066,992

Total
Value
$4,300,000*
37,605
197,128
294,906
947,047
104,657
107,786
3,269
796
2,670
786
1,515
10,90835,14644,832
15,655
1,684
5,851
2,826
21
28,806
15,615
6,204
1,689
179,766
63,493581$6,411,242

COOKS PEAK DISTRICTThe Cooks Peak district is on the north side of Cooks Peak, the highest mountain of
the range. It is about 19 miles north of Deming. Ore was discovered about 1876, but theimportant deposits were not located until 1880. The rich oxidized lead ores wereparticularly desired by the smelters, and the district was very active for some time.
Production up to 1904 has been valued at about $3 million, of which four-fifths
represents lead and one-fifth silver. The district was much less active after 1904, andwas shut down in 1928. Production from 1904 to 1927 is valued at $896,901.
The district was partly revived in 1933, when the Faywood mine shipped ore to the
El Paso smelter. The Ethel 85 began shipping small

96

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

amounts of ore in 1935, and continued making small shipments each year until 1942.
The Lookout mine sold a small amount of high-grade lead-zinc ore to the Ozark Pigment
Co., at Coffeyville, Kansas, in 1938. This mine, together with several prospects in the
district, made frequent small shipments to the Ozark Co. through 1942. The prospects
contributing to these shipments were the Busted Banker, Gladys, Graphic, and Mickey
groups.
In 1947 the Ethel 85, Gladys, Montezuma, Goodwill, Ray Parker, and Wallace
properties produced 77 tons of high-grade lead-silver ore. Production was increased to
408 tons in 1948, but dropped to only 69 tons in 1949. In 1951 and 1952 the Mahoneygroup, including the Superior, Silver Queen, and Copper King, produced 13 ounces ofgold, 4,161 ounces of silver, 8,000 pounds of copper, 646,000 pounds of lead, and683,400 pounds of zinc.
Cooks Peak is a massive body of granodiorite porphyry, intrusive chiefly into lower
Paleozoic limestone and shales, but locally penetrating the Cretaceous beds. The ore
deposits occur under broad arches in the upper silicified part of the Fusselman (Silurian)limestone, locally called the Mimbres limestone, just below the Percha (Devonian) shale.
The ore bodies are characteristically irregular in size, shape, and distribution. The ores
contain cerussite, smithsonite, limonite, galena, sphalerite, and pyrite. The silver content
is appreciable.
COOKS RANGE MANGANESE DISTRICTThe manganese deposits of the Cooks Range district are at the southern end of therange, a few miles northeast of Mirage, a station on the Deming-Rincon branch of theAtchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Small amounts of ore were marketed during
World Wars I and II.
The ore occurs in veins and as replacement bodies in andesite, and as a cementing
material of andesite breccia. Most of the ore consists of psilomelane. Manganiferous
calcite is present in places, and fluorite shows in some of the workings. Some
concentrates were obtained by treating the surface debris, which contains a little
psilomelane float.
FLORIDA MOUNTAINS DISTRICTThe Florida Mountains are about 15 miles south-southeast of Deming. Many mining
claims have been located in these mountains, but ore deposits of economic importancehave been found on only a few. No authentic reports are available as to the value of theore production from this district; however, it is thought to amount to not over $100,000,
most of which was recovered in the early days of the district.
A small amount of copper ore was shipped in 1934-1936 and 1937, and two tons ofhigh-grade lead ore was mined in 1948 by Rhea and Moore.
The principal ores of the district were partly oxidized silver-bearing lead and zincminerals in limestone. Several small lodes of copper sulfide

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in shattered zones in granite also have been worked. Manganese-bearing outcrops are
numerous in the limestone areas, but as a rule are rather small. The manganese ore
occurs for the most part as pockety replacement bodies in the limestone at several
horizons.
FREMONT DISTRICTThis district is described under Hidalgo County. In 1947, 129 tons of lead ore fromthe International mine was credited to Luna County by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in its
Minerals Yearbook for that year.
LITTLE FLORIDA MOUNTAINS (MANGANESE VALLEY) DISTRICTThe Little Florida Mountains are a small range just north of the main Florida
Mountains. They are composed chiefly of volcanic agglomerate. Important deposits ofmanganese have been developed and exploited during and since World War I. This
district, together with the Lake Valley district, in Sierra County, accounted for most of
the manganese produced in New Mexico prior to 1951.
The manganese deposits occur in an agglomerate on the east side of the range, alonga strongly brecciated zone. The ore occurs chiefly as fissure and breccia filling andsubordinately as a replacement of the associated rock.
The ore occurrences in the district are described more completely by Lasky (1940),
and by Evans (1949).
TRES HERMANAS DISTRICTThe Tres Hermanas Mountains are about 25 miles south of Deming and 10 miles
northwest of Columbus. The mineral deposits of the district have been known for many
years, but no production of great importance has ever been attained. The value of
production up to 1908 was estimated at possibly $200,000, chiefly in lead, gold, andsilver. Oxidized zinc ore was discovered in 1904, and some of this was shipped in 1905.
The district was idle for many years, but there was a renewal of activity during theperiod 1933-1949. About one car of lead-silver-gold ore was shipped each year from1934 to 1936. Six tons of high-grade ore was shipped from the Red Bird mine in 1940.
All ore went to the El Paso smelter.
In 1943, 61 tons of high-grade zinc ore was shipped to the Ozark Pigment Co., at
Coffeyville, Kansas. Again in 1947 and 1948 small shipments were made from theCalumet and other properties. In 1951 ore shipments were made from the Mahoney, Big
Silver, and MeasdaySchoepf mines.
The Tres Hermanas Mountains consist largely of intrusive rocks flanked by small
masses of Gym (Permian) limestone and later volcanics. Contact metamorphism isclearly evident. Garnet, diopside, and wollastonite are present in the metamorphosed
sediments, and the rare

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

mineral spurrite also is present. The spurrite at this deposit was identified in 1928 by A.
H. Koschmann.
The ore deposits consist of veins in rhyolite and intrusive porphyry and oxidized
contact-metamorphic deposits in limestone. The veins contain ores of lead, silver, andgold. The contact-metamorphic deposits consist of oxidized ores of zinc containing leadand a little silver, and occur in part interbedded in the limestone and in part incrosscutting veins. The zinc minerals include smithsonite, calamine, hydrozincite, andthe unusual anhydrous silicate willemite.
VICTORIO (GAGE) DISTRICTThe Victorio Mountains are in west central Luna County, about 3 miles from Gage,a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad about 19 miles west of Deming. The greatest
activity in the district was from 1880 to 1886. Up to 1904 it produced oxidized
argentiferous lead ore valued at $1,150,000. Almost the entire production came fromtwo mines, the Chance and the Jessie. From 1904 to 1929 the district produced gold,
silver, lead, copper, and zinc ore valued at $443,408.
There is no record of any production between 1929 and 1936. Ore was shipped fromthe Silver Branch Charm in 1936. In 1937 the Victorio mine shipped 1,009 tons of gold,
silver, lead, iron, and lime ore to the El Paso smelter. Shipments of this type of ore were
continued until May 10, 1940. The Victorio mine was developed by a 300-foot verticalshaft, 700 feet of adit, and over 40,000 feet of other workings. The mine was reopened in
1947, and the Carson Sanburg Mining Corp. shipped approximately 1,500 tons of zinclead-silver ore from the Victorio mine and two cars of ore from the Progresso Estrellagroup of claims. In 1948, 119 tons of ore from the Mahoney mine dump and a small
amount of ore from the Victorio were sent to the El Paso smelter. No production has
been reported since 1948.
The lead-silver-gold ores of the Victorio district occur in a detached limestone hill,
known as Mine Hill, at the southeastern extremity of the Victorio Mountains. The main
mass of these mountains consists of andesite and agglomerate flanked on the south by
Paleozoic sediments. The rocks at Mine Hill are fine-grained dolomitic Montoya andFusselman limestone. The ores occur in fairly distinct veins, which are generally tight,
but which here and there widen abruptly into irregular bodies of galena in brecciatedrock. The outcrops as a rule are inconspicuous. The ore is partly oxidized. The higher
grade ores contained 15-22 percent lead, and some ores contained as much as 50 ouncesof silver and 2 ounces of gold. All the ores contain arsenic.
A quartz-wolframite vein cuts the Montoya limestone in the main ridge. The vein is
1-5 feet wide. Small amounts of pyrite, galena, wulfenite, scheelite, and a little gold arealso present. It is reported that the tungsten ore grades into copper ore at depth.

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McKINLEY COUNTY
McKinley County is located in the northwest quarter of the State. It borders Arizonaon the west and has an area of 5,456 square miles. The population is 26,920, about 40
percent being Navajo Indians. Gallup, located on the main line of the Santa Fe Railway,
is the county seat.
The county long has been thought devoid of commercial metallic ore deposits,
although some low-grade copper deposits in the Zuni Mountains are known. The recent
discovery of extensive uranium deposits in the south central part of the county may
change the picture entirely. The ore is found in the southern extension of the so-called
Colorado Plateau region, and occurs in the Todilto limestones, the Morrison sandstones,
and other formations. The minerals are chiefly carnotite, uranophane, and tyuyamunite,which contain small amounts of vanadium. The deposits are being explored by the Santa
Fe Railway, on whose lands much of the mineralization occurs, the Anaconda Co., andmany others. Ore production has been substantial, and appreciable reserves are reported
as proven. The deposits extend into Valencia County.

MORA COUNTYMora County is in the northeastern part of New Mexico, between Colfax County on
the north and San Miguel County on the south. It has an area of 1,942 square miles and a
population of 8,604. Mora, a village of 1,400 people, is the county seat. The Santa Fe
Railway passes through the county from north to south. Several paved highways serve
the county.
COYOTE CREEK DISTRICTThe Coyote Creek mining district is situated in the valley of Coyote Creek, about 12
miles northeast of Mora and near the village of Guadalupita. Copper deposits occur inthe red shales and red and gray sandstone on the west side of Coyote Creek. They arefound for a distance of approximately 10 miles. The sandstone and shale beds, of theDockum age, stand vertically, or nearly so, along the valley. The most highly
mineralized member of this formation is greenish-gray shaly sandstone averaging about
6 feet thick.
The principal mineral is chalcocite, which has replaced plant remains and otherorganic material in the shale and sandstone. Chalcocite also occurs in small veinlets
cutting across the beds.
There is no record of production from the district. Numerous pits, tunnels, andshallow shafts on the deposits attest, however, some mining activity. It is reported thatone shipment of 40 tons of handsorted ore was sent to the El Paso smelter during WorldWar I. The district has been inactive since that time.
Recently it has been discovered that uranium minerals occur with

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

the chalcocite. The U. S. Geological Survey and the U. S. Bureau of Mines have been
cooperating with the Atomic Energy Commission in investigating the deposits as asource of uranium, with the recovery of copper as a byproduct.
OTHER DISTRICTS
The Rio la Casa district, about 9 miles west of Mora, covers an area of slightmineralization, in which much prospecting was done in the early days. The chief mineralsought was gold, which occurs in small, widely scattered veinlets of quartz in
Precambrian rock. Some small specimens, very rich in gold, have been brought from the
district. The workings in the district consist of small pits and open cuts. The ore wascrushed and panned. No record of production is available. The district has not been
active for many years.
The Rio la Casa placers are located just west of Mora, near the village of Cleveland,and close to the junction of Rio la Casa with the Mora River. The placer area was notlarge and was completely mined out in the early days. There is no record of production
from this deposit. Reports of exceedingly rich pockets still circulate among oldtimers in
the area. The gold undoubtedly came from the veinlets in the Rio la Casa district.
The Upper Rociada district, which is an extension of the San Miguel County districtof the same name, is in the southwest corner of the county. The minerals of this district
are contained for the most part in the pegmatite dikes, which are very numerous in thatarea. Some copper has been reported in the Precambrian schists.
The only known production from the district came in 1946, when a few carloads oflithium and tantalum ores were mined by Ted Chapman and associates. Other minerals
occurring in the pegmatite are columbite and beryl. These have not been produced
commercially.
Many occurrences of titanium-bearing ores have been reported from the county, butthere is no reported commercial production.

OTERO COUNTY
Otero County is located in the south central part of the State, lying to the east of
Dona Ana County and bordering Texas on the south. The county has an area of 6,638
square miles and a population of 14,709. Alamogordo, on the Southern Pacific Railroad,is the county seat. The western part of the county is covered by the sands of the Tularosa
Valley, much of the area being occupied by the famous "White Sands." The Jarilla Hills
rise abruptly from the valley. The foothills of the Organ Mountains lie to the west andsouthwest, and the Hueco and Cornudas Hills are in the extreme south, extending into
Texas. The Sacramento Mountains occupy the east and northeast portion of the county,
and the Guadalupe Mountains are in the southeast. All theMETAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

101

mountains and ranges of hills rim the huge Tularosa Basin, which is occupied at thepresent time largely by military reservations.
Otero County has only three recognized mining districts. Copper, gold, and ironhave been mined in the Orogrande (Jarilla) district, copper from sandstone in the
Tularosa district, and copper and lead from sandstone in the Sacramento Mountains.
Most of the ore mined has come from the Jarilla Hills. Production from 1904 to 1930
had a value of $1,683,105; from 1930 to 1949 the value was $82,141.
OROGRANDE (JARILLA, SILVER HILL, BRICE) DISTRICT
Orogrande is a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad, in southwestern Otero
County. The Jarilla Hills are a few miles northwest.
TABLE 15. PRODUCTION OF METALS IN OTERO COUNTY, 1904-1954
Year

Gold
(value)1904$ 2,619
1905-1909
53,2581910-1914
119,284
1915-1919
124,226
1920-1924
5,617
1925-1929
12,5801930
405
1931-1932*
1933
4,081
1934
4,541
1935
9,054
1936
3,297
1937
2,324
1938
406
1939
315
1940
1,015
1941†
1942
1943†
1944†
1945
1946
1947
700
1948
1949
1950
1951-1954†
Totals$343,695* Figures not available.
† No production reported.

Silver(ounces)
164
7,141
16,717
21,200
774
2,819
426
20
11
18
9
13
1
87
211
10
10
11
313
72
9
50,036

Copper(pounds)
14,4001,596,509
1,398,422
3,123,255
9,481
262,555
32,0006,600
16,000
1,400
2,000
4,000
46,00020,0002,000
6,534,622

Lead(pounds)
10,72331,299325,229
708,126
285,600
100
1,700
4,000
206,000
38,00010,00048,0001,668,777

Zinc†(pounds)
-

Total
Value
$ 4,586
322,742
333,759
869,530
31,587
101,892
19,009
4,088
4,548
9,067
3,304
2,334
407
1,065
3,058
444
277
657
40,307
11,207
1,580
6,904$1,772,352

Prospecting first was begun in the Jarilla Hills in 1879, but no real mining was done
until about 20 years later. A 250-ton matte furnace was operated at Orogrande from1907 to 1909. Iron ore from the Cinco

102

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESde Mayo, Iron Duke, Lincoln, Seven Come Eleven, and Three Bears claims was shippedto Pueblo, Colorado, intermittently from 1916 to 1921. A jigging plant for treating theseores was operated in 1921. Up to 1904 the district yielded approximately $100,000 ingold and copper. Of this amount about $8,000 came from dry placer operations.
The district was active from 1933 to 1940 inclusive and again in 1947. The inactive
periods 1941-1946 and 1948-1949 were due to several causes, shortage of manpower,
the "gold order" of 1942, and the price of metals as compared with the high cost of
production. In 1933 all production came from placer mines, Center, Little Joe, Cotton
Top, and Orogrande being the chief producers. In 1934 the Flying Eagle lode produced
340 tons of high-grade lead-silver-gold ore.
Production in 1935-1938 all came from small placer deposits. In 1939 and 1940
there was some production from the two lode mines, the Flying Eagle and the Garnet.
Three or four small prospects in addition to the placer workings also were producing
during this period. Approximately 1,000 tons of lead-silver-gold ore was produced fromthe By Chance, Delusion, Crown Point, and Providence claims in 1947, but the whole
district became idle at the end of that year, and has remained so to date. A small amountof tungsten ore was produced from the district in the early days.
The Jarilla Hills consist of an irregular mass of fine-grained monzonite porphyry,
which has intruded carboniferous limestone. The limestone is metamorphosed near thecontact and contains iron oxides and typical contact silicates. The ores occur as contactmetamorphic deposits in the limestone and follow bedding planes and fracture zones
across the strata. They contain pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, gold, and silver. Quartzpyrite veins with indefinite boundaries are typical of deposits in the metamorphic rocks.
The ores are partly oxidized.
Placer deposits, the gold of which was derived from some of the lode deposits, havebeen worked on the southeastern slopes of the hills. The gravels are reported to assay
about $1.00 per cubic yard. Water is very scarce, most of the gold having been recovered
with some form of dry washer. The gold is about 940 fine.
SACRAMENTO (HIGH ROLLS) DISTRICTThe Sacramento district is in the Sacramento Mountains, east of Alamogordo, andincludes an area about 6 miles long between Alamogordo and Cloudcroft. The shipping
point is La Luz on the Southern Pacific Railroad, 5 miles north of Alamogordo. It isestimated that about 1.6 million pounds of lead and 100,000 pounds of copper were
produced to 1932. Most of the production immediately prior to 1932 came from the
Stewart and Holmes property.
The district was active in 1933, 1939, 1940, 1942, and during the period 1945-1949
inclusive. A small amount of gold ore which went to the El Paso smelter was produced
in 1933. In 1939 there were small

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shipments of copper-silver ore from the La Luz No. 1 claim and about 20 tons of copperlead-silver ore from High Rolls. The district shipped 20 tons of copper-silver ore in
1940, and in 1945 the Courtney mine, near High Rolls, shipped 59 tons of copper-silverore. In 1946, 4,000 pounds of copper and 11 ounces of silver were recovered from thissame mine. In the same year the Warnock and Courtney mine produced 2,055 tons oflead-copper ore. The district was idle in 1947, but in 1948, 644 tons of copper-lead ore
was shipped to El Paso. Production dropped to 46 tons in 1949.
An extensive diamond-drilling program in 1947 and 1948 apparently failed todisclose substantial ore bodies.
The ores occur chiefly as disseminations of chalcocite and galena in Abo (Permian)arkose and grit. Minute amounts of chalcopyrite and bornite are present locally. Copper
carbonate and nodules of chalcocite occur in some of the interbedded shales. In places
the sulfides have replaced the cement of the rock completely, and the ore consists ofgrains of quartz and feldspar in a matrix of chalcocite or galena. Carbonaceous matter isscarce and bears no obvious relationship to the sulfides. The lead and copper ores occur
in separate bodies; each is said to contain about 8 percent of either lead or copper. The
silver content is very low.
TULAROSA (BENT) DISTRICTThe Tularosa district is near the southwestern base of the Sierra Blanca. The mines
are in the vicinity of Bent, a camp about 10 miles northeast of Tularosa. Development of
the mines began in 1904, and operations were essentially continuous until 1917.
The country rock of the Tularosa district consists of Pennsylvanian and Permian
sediments, which have been arched near the mines by a mass of diorite porphyry.
The ores occur as disseminated particles in sandstone and in veins in the diorite
porphyry and limestone. According to Darton (1928-b) the camp of Bent is situated in anarea of Chupadera limestone. The deposits presumably occur in the sandy beds of thisformation.
The ores in the sandstone are in general of the Red Beds type. Malachite, azurite,and chalcocite are disseminated through certain parts of the rock and along the crossfractures. Scattered grains of pyrite and chalcopyrite are present. The known ores are not
far distant from the diorite porphyry outcrop.
The diorite porphyry and limestone are cut by veinlets and stringers of quartz,
dolomite, and barite that contain a moderate amount of chalcocite and very little pyriteand chalcopyrite. A little chalcocite is disseminated in the porphyry between thestringers. The ores contain some silver and a little gold, in addition to the copper.
Production figures for the district are not available. Because of the low metal
content, the actual amount of metal produced cannot have

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

been great, in spite of the apparently large tonnages of ore removed. There has been noreported production from the district in recent years.

QUAY COUNTY
Quay County is at the eastern edge of New Mexico. It has an area of 2,883 square
miles and a population of 13,912. Tucumcari, located on the Southern Pacific and theRock Island railroads, is the largest town and the county seat.
No metallic mineral production ever has been reported from this county, althoughsome Red Bed copper deposits have been noted and prospected to a limited extent near
Logan, on the Canadian River, northeast of Tucumcari. These deposits are similar to
those found in the Pastura district of Guadalupe County, some 70 miles to the west, but
the mineralization is much weaker.
Uranium ores have been found in the vicinity of Tucumcari and to the east andnorth. No production has come from the county as yet.

RIO ARRIBA COUNTY
Rio Arriba County covers an area of 5,855 square miles in the northwest quarter of
the State. It borders the State of Colorado on the north, San Juan County on the west,
and Taos County on the east. The county has a population of 24,543. Espanola, locatedin the Rio Grande Valley 25 miles north of Santa Fe, is the principal town, and Tierra
Amarilla is the county seat.
Several small mountain ranges, some with peaks reaching elevations of 10,000 feetand more, emphasize the ruggedness of the central and eastern parts of the county. The
metalliferous deposits lie within these mountainous areas, where rocks ranging from
Precambrian to Tertiary in age are exposed. The western portion of the county belongs
to the Plateau province and is underlain by flat-lying sedimentary rocks of Tertiary andCretaceous age, which contain large coal deposits and some gas and oil.
Rio Arriba County has been noted more for its livestock industry than for its mineralproduction. Production from the county has not been large, and few deposits ofeconomic importance have been found. However, metallic minerals to the value of about$500,000 have been recovered from its mountains. Currently, moreover, much interest is
being shown in the possible recovery of the ores of beryllium, columbium, and the rareearth metals cerium and thorium from the numerous pegmatites in the Petaca and Picuris
regions. Since 1904 overall production has not exceeded $50,000 in value.
ABIQUIU DISTRICT
Abiquiu is on the Rio Chama, about 25 miles northeast of Espanola and 50 miles
from Santa Fe, the nearest railroad point. The deposits

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of this district probably are not extensive and have not been profitable to operate. They
are chiefly copper deposits of the Red Bed type and low-grade placer deposits.
BROMIDE-HOPEWELL (HEADSTONE) DISTRICTThe Bromide district is located about 10 miles west-northwest of Tres Piedras, asmall community 24 miles south of the Colorado state line, on paved highway 285. Ore
was discovered in 1881, but the district never attained great importance. Total
production, principally in copper and gold, did not exceed $50,000.
The ore deposits occur in Precambrian amphibolite schist and are believed to be ofPrecambrian age. They consist of lenticular quartz-pyrite veins and impregnations ofsulfides along certain zones in the schist. The sulfide minerals are chiefly auriferous
pyrite and chalcopyrite. Galena, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, molybdenite, magnetite, andspecularite are present locally. Garnet, epidote, hornblende, and tourmaline occur in thewall rock. The deposits generally have a low gold content; some contain a moderateamount of silver.
The district has been idle for many years, although occasional interest has beenshown in some of the deposits by prospective investors or promoters.
The Hopewell district is a westward extension of the Bromide district. The orebodies of the two districts are similar in most respects. The principal difference is in thekind and relative amounts of metals present. In the Hopewell district gold has been thechief metal recovered, copper and silver being subordinate. Pyrite is more abundant, andchalcopyrite less so, than in the Bromide district. Some native gold has been found in theoxidized ores. The ores range widely in value.
A deposit of iron ore, consisting mostly of magnetite, was opened in the
Precambrian schist, and rich gold placer deposits were worked in the western part of the
district. The district first received attention as a result of the discovery of the placer
deposits, which are said to have yielded $175,000 in the first 3 years. The value of thetotal output of the district was probably about $300,000.
Sporadic attempts have been made since 1930 to revive the district, the most noted
effort being that of the Amarillo Gold Mining Co., which came into the area in 1938,
built a mill, and treated several hundred tons of ore late that year and in 1939. Small
amounts of gold were recovered from the placers, and a few tons of gold ore wereshipped to the Golden Cycle mill at Colorado Springs each year from 1931 to 1940.
A small amount of core drilling was done in the district in 1948 or 1949, but no orebodies of importance were encountered. Interest in the district continues, but presently
no organized effort is being made to explore the deposits further.

106

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESEL RITO PLACER DISTRICTThe so-called El Rito district is north of the town of El Rito, in the Chama Basin. It
lies largely between El Rito Creek and the Arroyo Seco.
The gold-bearing material of the district consists of conglomerate and minor
sandstone beds of the Santa Fe (Tertiary) formation. The series attains a maximum
thickness of 1,000 feet and is hundreds of feet thick over much of the El Rito area. The
conglomerate is well cemented, and much of it is colored red by iron oxides. Gold isdistributed sparingly through parts of the conglomerate in the fine-grained matrix. The
material contains only about 10 cents a ton in gold and a trace of silver. It is so wellcemented that blasting, crushing, and grinding would be required to release the gold. The
deposits appear to have little commercial value.
GALLINA (COYOTE-YOUNGSVILLE) DISTRICTThe Gallina district includes a number of widely scattered prospects which occur ina large area in the vicinity of Gallina, a small village near the north end of theNacimiento Mountains. Low-grade copper deposits occur in a micaceous sandstone andconglomerate grit of Permian and Triassic age. The ore consists principally of copper
carbonates scattered through the rock in irregular bodies, thin sheets, and stringers. A
few thin seams of bornite are present. Occasionally small amounts of chalcocite also arefound. Barite is present locally.
A shipment of lead ore was reported from this district in the early days. The UnitedStates Geological Survey also noted a shipment of copper-silver ore in 1916.
NACIMIENTO MOUNTAINS (CUBA) DISTRICT
See Sandoval County.
PETACA DISTRICTThe Petaca district lies in the east central part of the county. The rocks of the district
are Precambrian quartz-mica schists, which enclose a large group of pegmatite dikes.
Some radioactive minerals, chiefly monazite and monazite sands, have been noted.
Several hundred pounds of columbite was shipped from the district by Philip S. Hoyt in
1931, and Martinez and Slater shipped 1,550 pounds of ore in 1953-1954.
RINCONADA (WEST PICURIS) DISTRICTThis district is really the western tip of the Picuris district of Taos County.
Wolframite, associated with tourmaline, quartz, and copper minerals, occurs in apegmatitic vein near Rinconada.
No production has been reported from this district.

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ROOSEVELT COUNTY
Roosevelt County is in eastern New Mexico. Its eastern border is the Texas stateline. The county has an area of 2,455 square miles and a population of 16,391. Portales,
an agricultural center, is the county seat.
No metallic mineral production ever has been reported from Roosevelt County, andno indications of metallic mineral deposits have been noted.

SANDOVAL COUNTY
Sandoval County covers an area of 3,717 square miles in north central New Mexico.
Bernalillo County lies to the south and Rio Arriba County to the north. The Rio Grande
cuts across the southeast portion of the county. The population of Sandoval County is
13,898. Bernalillo, the largest town, is the county seat.
The known metalliferous deposits occur in the central and eastern parts of thecounty, chiefly in the Nacimiento and Jemez Mountains. The Nacimiento Range is an
overthrust block (Renick, 1931) about 30 miles long in the central part of the county,
extending northward into Rio Arriba County. Precambrian granite is exposed on its steep
western scarp. The Jemez (or Valle) Mountains are in the northeastern part of the county
and are composed largely of volcanic rocks. The east and south fringes of thesemountains are marked by huge lava flows, and deep canyons cut through the volcanic
flow rocks.
The production of metallic ores from this county has not been great in recent years.
The total output since 1904 is valued at less than $150,000. Ores of copper, gold, silver,
and lead have been produced. The chief values have been in gold.
COCHITI (BLAND) DISTRICTThe Cochiti district is in the southern foothills of the Jemez Mountains. The town ofBland, now deserted, was the principal camp of the district. It is located about 30 miles
west-northwest of Santa Fe.
Production from this district began in 1894 and amounted to slightly over $1 million
by the end of 1904. After 1904 production declined rapidly and ceased entirely within a
few years. The district was revived in 1914, when a mill was constructed and operated
during part of that year. It was productive for short periods in 1915 and 1916. With the
exception of short periods of minor activity, about the only work done in the district
between 1916 and 1946 was assessment work. A few tons of silver and gold ore wereshipped each year from 1931 to 1934, and in 1946 and 1947. In 1946 a new attempt wasmade to revive the district. A mill was built and a small amount of ore processed, but theoperation was unsuccessful. At the present time some interest is being shown in

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

the area because of the reported occurrence of uranium mineralization in the vicinity of
the Bland mine.
The principal rocks of the Cochiti district are rhyolite flows. The underlying
monzonite is exposed in a canyon in the vicinity of Bland. The ores seem to have been
confined to the monzonite and nowhere are known to extend into the overlying rhyolite.
The ore bodies consist of quartz veins and lodes in a complex system of fractures andbreccia and as replacement of the walls. Replacement ore rarely extends more than 10feet from the open channels or fractures and usually is of lower grade than that occurringin the channel filling. Some of the ore bodies are wide but of low grade. The value of theore decreases with depth, becoming economically worthless at about 600 feet. Small,rich pockets were found frequently.
The principal metals recovered were gold and silver, the chief ore mineral being
finely divided argentite. Sphalerite and pyrite were the most abundant sulfides; galena
and chalcopyrite occurred sparingly. None of these sulfides was sufficiently abundant to
be of economic importance. Oxides of vanadium and uranium are reported as forming
the cementing material in a silicified volcanic breccia at one place.
JEMEZ SPRINGS DISTRICT
Jemez Springs lies in the valley between the Nacimiento and the Jemez Mountains
and is about 15 miles west-northwest of Bland and the Cochiti district. The district is notold, and ore bodies of importance have not yet been discovered. The ores are siliceous
sulfides of copper, containing some gold and silver.
Several cars of ore were shipped from the district to the El Paso smelter in 1929, andin 1937 the Burnett Mining Co. shipped a car of ore from the Spanish Queen group ofclaims. No production has been reported from the district since that time.
NACIMIENTO MOUNTAINS (CUBA) DISTRICTThe copper deposits of the Nacimiento Mountains occur in Permian and Triassic
Red Beds which consist of sandstone, marl, conglomerate, and shale. The principal ore
mineral is chalcocite, although considerable bornite, azurite, malachite, and chrysocollaalso are present. Some of the ore minerals are finely disseminated through the rocks, but
generally they are associated with wood and plant remains which have been wholly or
partly replaced by the copper minerals.
These deposits were discovered originally by Indians and Mexicans early in the lastcentury. An effort was made systematically to mine the deposits in the 1880's, but lackof continuity of the ore made operations difficult. All ore mined in the early days was
smelted locally.
Only very limited production has come from the district since 1900.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

109

Some interest is being shown in the district at the present time. The possibility ofreworking the old dumps is being investigated. Production from the district has
amounted to about $700,000.
PLACITAS DISTRICTThe Placitas district is located at the north end of the Sandia Mountains, just east of
the Rio Grande. It is an extension of the Tijeras Canyon district of Bernalillo County.
Activity in the district has not advanced beyond the prospect stage.
The mineralization discovered so far occurs in veins and lodes. The ore metals arecopper, lead, and silver. Small gold placers have been worked in the Placitas-Tijon
region at the north end of the Sandia Mountains.

SAN JUAN COUNTYSan Juan is the most northwesterly county of the State. It covers an area of 5,515
square miles, more than half of which is Navajo Indian land. The county has apopulation of 18,113. Aztec is the county seat.
The entire county is underlain by coal beds, and the largest gas fields of the State arelocated in the San Juan basin, but the area has never been considered favorable formetallic mineral occurrence. Small amounts of silver and gold were recovered from thegravels of the San Juan, Animas, and La Plata Rivers in the early days. No production ofimportance, however, was attained.
The growing importance of uranium has extended the search for uraniferous ores
over the entire Colorado Plateau area. Some deposits of carnotite ore have been
discovered in the Morrison and other sandstones west of Shiprock. A considerable
tonnage has been mined during the past 2 years and shipped by truck to Durango,
Colorado, for processing. This ore contains appreciable amounts of vanadium.
Production figures are not available.
A large mill for processing uranium ores has been built at Shiprock by the KerrMcGee Uranium Co. This plant began operating in November 1954.

SAN MIGUEL COUNTYSan Miguel County occupies an area of 4,749 square miles in the northeastern
quarter of the State. It has a population of 26,411. Las Vegas, the largest town, is thecounty seat. The northwestern portion of the county, in which Precambrian,Pennsylvanian, and Permian rocks are exposed, lies in the Rocky Mountain province.
The rest of the county lies in the Great Plains province and is covered chiefly by Triassic
and Cretaceous strata.
Known metallic mineral deposits other than those of uranium are

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

confined to the mountain area. Most of them are believed to be of Precambrian age. The
deposit at the Pecos mine of the American Metal Co., located at the confluence ofWillow Creek with the Pecos River, was one of the most important in the State. Before
this deposit was brought into production in 1927, the value of ores and minerals recovered in the county was negligible. The Pecos mine operated from 1927 to May 29, 1939,
and produced over 5 milllion tons of zinc-lead-copper and gold-silver ore valued atabout $40 million. A small amount of oxidized surface ore was shipped from this deposit
during World War II, but no attempt was made to reopen the mine.
EL PORVENIR (HERMIT MOUNTAIN) DISTRICTThe El Porvenir district is located in the Gallinas-Holinger Canyon country, some 14
miles northwest of Las Vegas. It is an area of much scattered mineralization, but noimportant deposits have been developed. The chief mineral sought by the earlyprospectors was gold, but showings of lead, zinc, copper, and molybdenum are
numerous.
A deposit of molybdenite in a pegmatitic gangue of quartz, feldspar, and fluorite was
opened up on the Bert Hoover Mining Lode No. 1 by a vertical shaft 75 feet deep and a
600-foot tunnel driven in from a side canyon. The deposit is in a saddle high on thesouth side of Hermit Mountain. The molybdenite occurs in small scattered pockets andblebs and is associated closely with chalcopyrite. Other associated minerals arescheelite, bismuthinite, and malachite. No production of ore is recorded from this
district.
ROCIADA DISTRICT
Rociada is located in the foothills of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in northwestern
San Miguel County, only a short distance from the Mora County line. Mineral deposits
were discovered in the area in 1900, but only a small amount of development was
attempted prior to 1930. During the 1930's considerable work was done by Dr. W. G.
Smith, of Tererro, New Mexico, on the more promising copper showings, but no orebodies of commercial grade were uncovered.
Most of the deposits are of Precambrian age and consist of fillings in small fissureveins in the ancient gneisses and schists. Some disseminated copper carbonates,
accompanied by a little chalcocite, occur locally in the basal carboniferous grit. The
Precambrian quartz veins contain gold, silver, and various copper minerals, as well as
lead and zinc. The veins are generally parallel to the foliation of the country rock. The
wall rock commonly is altered, and contact-metamorphic minerals occur locally. The
lithium ores lepidolite and spodumene are found in some of the pegmatites in the
district. These ores usually carry small amounts of microlite. A small production of theseores was obtained in 1945-1946.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO111

TECOLOTE DISTRICTThe Tecolote district occupies a large portion of the country southwest of Tecolote
Mountain, a prominent butte 6 miles south and west of Las Vegas. The district includes
the Tecolote, Salitre, San Pablo, Mineral Hill, and San Miguel subdistricts. The principal
mineral that occurs in these subdistricts is copper. Attempts at mining were made about
1900, and about 5,000 pounds of copper was produced from a local leaching plant. The
district is considered of minor importance, and no attempt has been made to develop it inrecent years.
The surface rocks of the district are strata of Permian and Pennsylvanian age, underwhich are Precambrian gneisses and schists. The mineral deposits consist of copper
minerals disseminated through certain beds. These minerals are chalcocite, bornite,chalcopyrite, and their oxidation minerals, malachite and azurite. The sulfides have
replaced the carbonate cement of arkosic sandstone and to some extent the kaolinized
feldspar grains. In some places the copper is fairly evenly distributed through the rock,but more commonly it is confined to narrow bands parallel to the bedding.
WILLOW CREEK (PECOS, COOPER) DISTRICTThis district is located on the east side of the Pecos River Canyon at the mouth of
Willow Creek, some 14 miles north of the town of Pecos. Until quite recently, thedistrict was known as the Pecos (or Cooper) district, and all the patented mineral groundis described in the surveys and records as being in the Pecos (or Cooper) district. Thereis a much older Willow Creek district in Colfax County.
The importance of this district was due entirely to the operations of the Americal
Metal Co. of New Mexico at the Pecos mine, one of the most important mines of theState during its life — 1927 to 1939. Tererro, a town of some 3,000 people at the peak of
its existence, was the mine camp, built by the company. It was located in the Pecos
River Canyon, adjacent to the mine. Glorieta, a station on the main line of the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, was the nearest railhead. The concentrating plant, a 600ton selective-flotation mill, was located at Alamitos, a small community in asemienclosed canyon, about 6 miles northeast of Glorieta and 12 air miles from themine. The mill was not located at or near the mine, because of the lack of suitableground and space for the disposal of tailings and the impracticability of constructing arailroad through the canyon to serve the mill. A 4-mile branch road was built from themain line of the Santa Fe to the mill at a reasonable cost. Ore was transported from themine to the mill by an aerial tramway 12 miles long, which crossed canyons andmountains in a direct line between the two operations.
The Pecos mine deposits were located first in 1882 and were originally known as the
Hamilton (or Cowles) mine of the Pecos River Mining Co. Small amounts of high-grade
copper ore from near the surface

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

were hauled by wagon to Glorieta for shipment to the El Paso smelter. This project was
unprofitable and soon abandoned. Development work was intermittent until 1916, when
the property was acquired by the Goodrich-Lockhart Co. An extensive program ofprospecting and development was interrupted by World War I; after the war, work wasresumed. Much core drilling and underground development was done, resulting in theproving up of several million tons of ore.
The American Metal Co., Ltd., of New York, took the property over in 1926 andorganized the American Metal Company of New Mexico to operate it. The mine wasplaced in production in January 1927 and continued as a large producer of zinc, lead,copper, gold, and silver until May 29, 1939, when ore reserves of minable grade weredepleted. The mining operations were very expensive, owing to heavy ground and excessive water. At the close of operations it was determined that an average of over 14
tons of water had been pumped for every ton of ore recovered, and that the averagetimber consumption had been over 6 million board feet per year. The operation was notvery profitable for the company, because of abnormally low metal prices during most of
the life of the mine and the high costs of production.
The ore deposits occurred in a highly sheared zone of a Precambrian diabase mass.
The Precambrian rocks in the area are exposed only in the Pecos River Canyon and thecanyons of its tributaries where the streams have cut through the overlying beds oflimestone and arkose. At only a few places did the ore bodies reach the overlying
sedimentary rocks, and nowhere did they extend into them, although in one stope the ore
had a width of over 30 feet where it came against the overlying arkose. The predominantPrecambrian rock of the area is granite, but large blocks or masses of diabase occur.
Both rocks have been faulted and sheared, resulting in large zones of schistose material.
The diabase is metamorphosed to chlorite and garnetiferous amphibolite schists, and thegranite to quartz-sericite schist. A strong east-west premineral fault lies just north of theore bodies, and the ore faded out in the debris of this fault zone. Some evidence of slight
postmineral movement was found in the zone and in the ore bodies near the zone. No
mineralization was found north of the "Big Fault."
Two main ore bodies were worked in the mine, one overlapping the other. About 60
feet apart at the extreme interval, they approached each other toward their ends and werejoined as they entered the "Big Fault" zone.
The total depth of the mine was 1,750 feet. Little commercial ore was found below
the 1,200-foot level, and none was mined below 1,350 feet. The ore was a complex andintimate mixture of sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, gold, silver, and pyrite. Minor
quantities of pyrrhotite, tetrahedrite, bornite, argentite, and pyrolusite were identified.
The gangue consisted of quartz, tourmaline, minerals of the schists, and a very small
amount of fluorite. The depth of oxidation is shallow; sec-

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

113

ondary chalcocite enrichment was noted in places, and a few fragments of native copper
were found. Oxides of lead, zinc, and copper occurred in small amounts near the northend of the deposits.
With the closing of the Pecos mine in 1939, San Miguel County lost its place as amajor producer of metals. It is probable that new discoveries will be made, and thecounty again may become an important producer of metals. The Sangre de Cristo
Mountains surely hold other deposits similar to those of the Pecos mine.

SANTA FE COUNTY
Santa Fe County is in north central New Mexico between Sandoval County on thewest and San Miguel County on the east. It occupies a rectangular area of 1,927 square
miles and has a population of 37,582 (1950). Santa Fe, the State capital, is also thecounty seat.
The principal mineral deposits are contained in groups of hills near the westernboundary, named from north to south the Cerrillos Hills, Ortiz Mountains, and San
Pedro Mountains. These hills consist of laccolithic intrusions into Carboniferous andCretaceous strata. Placer gold deposits in this area were important at one time. From1904 to 1930 mines in Santa Fe County produced gold, silver, copper, lead, and zincvalued at almost $3 million, about 90 percent of which was derived from the deposits of
the New Placers district. From 1930 to 1954 the mines produced ore valued at$1,075,592, of which about 75 percent came from the San Pedro mines.
A plant for the production of zinc oxide from carbonate ores was built by the
Grubnau Chemical Co. at Waldo, on the main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
Railway, in 1917. It operated intermittently from 1917 to 1922. Part of the ore treatedcame from Mexico. Toward the end of World War II, a mill was built in the Los
Cerrillos district by the Moline Mine and Milling Co. to concentrate lead-zinc ores. Thismill treated small amounts of ore in 1945 and 1946.
The Raskob Mining Interests, Inc., acquired the San Pedro mine near Golden in1938. The peak of production from this mine was attained in 1940.
Gold, in small amounts, was recovered from placer and lode deposits in the Ortiz
and San Pedro districts each year between 1930 and 1953.
CERRILLOS DISTRICTThe Cerrillos Hills are a few miles north of Cerrillos. a station on the Santa Fe Ry.
Ore was discovered in the district in 1879, but some mining may have been done by the
Indians and Spaniards at a much earlier date. The district has been active in varying
degrees most of the time since its discovery. Official production statistics included
production of this district with that of the Ortiz (Old Placers) district until 1930. It isestimated that the value of ores recovered from the Cerrillos

114

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESTABLE 16. PRODUCTION OF METALS IN SANTA FE COUNTY, 1904-1954

Year

Gold
(value)Silver(ounces)
253,392
49
99
182
62
1,781
2,718
8,881
32,597
17,384
242
557
599
1,789
2,016
13
1,139
938
643
853
295
326,229

Prior to 1904
1904-1930 $282,806
1931-1932*
1933
6,904
1934
8,193
1935
7,035
1936
6,398
1937
8,659
1938
11,242
1939
53,2001940
109,060
1941
40,495
1942
9,555
1943
1,575
1944
105
1945
490
1946
2,030
1947
1,015
1948
1,505
1949
735
1950
2,205
1,750
1951
1952
280
1953-1954‡
Totals$555,183* Figures not available.
† Estimated.
‡ Production very small; not reported.

Copper(pounds)
9,829,155
1,000
700
11,0003,500
87,00088,800671,200
2,789,000
1,437,000
300
800
1,200
2,000
6,000
500
2,000
16,00046,0008,000
6,000
15,007,155

Lead(pounds)

Zinc(pounds)

4,581,548
5,000
100
700
39,400200
11,80032,00037,800102,000
140,000
58,00030,00058,00054,0005,150,548

5,202,482
14,00046,00057,000120,000
79,00038,00014,00076,00072,0005,718,482

Total
Value
$3,500,000†
2,992,629
6,985
8,498
8,083
6,768
20,60523,513129,042447,397
222,423
11,856
9,443
10,21524,60429,5291,132
18,406
13,325
12,35528,32423,188$7,548,320

district amounted to $175,000 between 1904 and 1930. Very little production was
obtained from the district between 1930 and 1940.
In 1942 the Cerrillos Lead and Zinc Co., operating the Pennsylvania and Tom Payne
mines, produced a few cars of ore. All production went to the American Smelting &Refining Co.'s custom mill at Hanover, Grant County. The Tom Payne continued insmall production in 1943 and 1944. In 1944 Franklin Mines, Inc., leased the Franklin
and Cash Entry groups of claims and did considerable exploratory and development
work, making tests of the ore in a small pilot mill. The Moline Mining and Milling Co.
acquired these leases in 1945, producing ore from the Franklin, Cash Entry, and Chicago
claims, and treating 1,500 tons of ore in its own mill on the property. In the same year
the Cerrillos Lead and Zinc Co. shipped 291 tons of high-grade ore from the Pennsylvania and other claims to the Hanover custom mill. The Tom Payne also produced asmall amount of ore in that year.
The Moline Mining and Milling Co. operated until August 1946, and produced
2,000 tons of ore from the Franklin group. The Cerrillos Lead and Zinc Co. operated thePennsylvania group until August 15

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

115

of that year, producing 166 tons of high-grade ore. No production was reported from the
district in 1947, but in 1948, 1,024 tons of ore was mined from the Cash Entry-Franklin
group. In 1949 a few cars of ore were shipped from the district. Further small shipments
were made in 1950-1951 and 1952.
The ores of the district are chiefly lead, zinc, and silver. Some gold has been
recovered also.
The Cerrillos Hills consist of Cretaceous sandstone and shales, which are intruded
by a laccolithic mass of monzonite. Numerous small, narrow veins containing lead, zinc,and silver occur in the main part of the monzonite; some of them cut across the contact
into the surrounding Cretaceous rocks. Argentiferous galena, sphalerite, and a little
chalcopyrite are the principal ore minerals. The prevailing gangue minerals are quartz
and carbonates. Tourmaline is present at places, and wulfenite is reported. The upperparts of the veins are somewhat oxidized.
GLORIETA DISTRICTThe Glorieta district covers a large area in the vicinity of the village of Glorieta, asmall community at the pass of the same name which divides the watersheds of the Rio
Grande and the Pecos River. It is one of the highest points on the Santa Fe Ry. The
mineral deposits of the district are of three types: the iron deposits, the copper deposits,
in the Red Beds, and the vein deposits of copper, lead, and zinc minerals. The iron ore
occurs near the rim of Glorieta Mesa, about 5 miles southwest of Glorieta, and consistsof a dark-red, earthy hematite. The bed is 3-4 feet thick and occurs near the top of the
Red Beds. Several thousand tons of fluxing ore were shipped to the El Paso and Socorro
smelters prior to 1905, and some ore was shipped to the steel mills of the Colorado Fuel
& Iron Co. at Pueblo, Colorado, during World War I. The ore is of such color andtexture as to suggest its possible use as a pigment in paints or enamelware.
The Red Bed copper deposits occur on La Cueva Creek in what are probably upper
Pennsylvanian strata. Chalcocite, azurite, and malachite occur in a coarse sandstone or
arkose bed; also some chalcocite as grains in the overlying crinoidal limestone. The
minerals seem to be most abundant where the rock contains the most organic remains.
The vein deposits occur in the Precambrian granite and diabase schist zones of theregion north of Glorieta. Considerable work has been done to explore these deposits, but
no commercial bodies of ore have been found.
LA BAJADA DISTRICTThe La Bajada district is 18 miles southwest of Santa Fe, in the La Majeda land
grant. The copper deposits are exposed in the walls of a canyon on the old Santa FeDomingo highway. The La Bajada Cop-

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

per Mining Co. was organized in 1923 to develop the deposits, but very little work wasdone. Chalcocite, chalcopyrite, and oxidized copper minerals occur along a rhyolitelimestone contact and as disseminations in porphyry. In addition to copper, the ore
contains some silver, a little gold, and traces of uranium. A small shipment of coppersilver ore was made in 1928.
NEW PLACERS (SAN PEDRO) DISTRICTThe New Placers (San Pedro) district, so named in contrast with the Old Placers
district discovered a few years earlier and lying some miles to the north and east, wasdiscovered in 1839. It is located in the San Pedro Mountains and has been one of therichest placer districts of the State. In addition, it contains important lode deposits ofgold, copper, lead, and manganese ores. No figures on the early production from this
district are available, but the total value was undoubtedly large. From 1904 to 1930 the
production of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc had a value of $2,783,520, representing
about 95 percent of the total production for the county during that period.
The San Pedro copper mine, one of the largest mines in the district, has been worked
intermittently since 1889. A smelter, built near the mine in 1899, was operated atirregular intervals until 1918. The Carnahan Mines Co., operating several properties,
including the Amazon, Anaconda, and the Lincoln-Lucky group, was the most important
producer during the late twenties. It operated a selective-flotation mill on complex leadzinc ores from 1925 to 1928 and shipped large quantities of lead-silver and zincconcentrates. The Santa Fe Gold & Copper Co. owned and operated the San Pedro
during about the same period.
Records of operations in the district for 1931 and 1932 are not available. Since thattime the records indicate continuous activity, although production for some years wasquite small. Some production of gold ore was obtained from the Santa Fe mine each year
from 1933 to 1936. Most of the ore was treated in a Huntington mill near the mine, butseveral carloads were shipped to the El Paso smelter. Production came mostly fromsmall, high-grade quartz veins.
The San Pedro mine shipped ore to El Paso in 1937, as did the Old Timer, Delgado,
and Vijely. The San Pedro was purchased by John J. Raskob interests in 1938, and an
intensive exploratory and development program was undertaken. Some ore was shippedfrom this mine and from the Lincoln-Lucky-Amazon lease during the year. The Raskob
Mining Interests, Inc., began building a flotation mill in 1939 and started processing ore
late that year. This mill had a capacity of 150 tons per day and operated continuously
until August 15, 1941. It treated about 60,000 tons of ore and produced approximately 6
million pounds of copper. Other properties producing intermittently in the district during
this period were the Old Timer, Candelaria, Santa Fe, Live Oak, Mascot, and Shamrock.
Some of these properties also operated at intervals until 1949. The Shamrock Gold
Mining Co. operated a concentrat-

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

117

ing-amalgamation plant on ore from the Padilla mine for 2 weeks in 1946. About 100
tons of ore was treated. The San Pedro mine presently is owned by Col. C. F. Williams,
of Santa Fe.
During the entire period 1931 to 1952, placer gold was being recovered in small
amounts from the placers of the district. The most consistent producer was the Lazarus.
The San Pedro Mountains are largely the result of erosion of a granodiorite porphyrylaccolith intruded into Pennsylvanian and Permian strata. Contact metamorphism of thesediments is pronounced, especially in the roof of the laccolith. Gold-bearing veins areabundant both in the porphyry and in the altered sediments. Contact-metamorphic
copper deposits were formed in the limestone adjacent to the laccolith, and replacement
deposits of galena and associated sulfides occur in the limestone farther away. Goldbearing gravels have accumulated in the erosion debris at the foot of the hills.
The veins carry free gold and pyrite in a quartz-calcite gangue and consist of fracturezones and filled fissures, in which the gold is restricted to seams and stringers. They arevery narrow, and the gold is distributed erratically. The depth of oxidation rarely
exceeds 100 feet.
The contact-metamorphic copper deposits in limestone are confined to the lower partof the sedimentary rocks which form the roof of the laccolith. The limestone has beengarnetized and recrystallized. Chalcopyrite is the chief ore mineral, and the ores containa small amount of silver and gold. Oxidation is shallow.
The replacement deposits of galena, sphalerite, and associated sulfides occur aschimneys and irregular bodies in the limestone. Alabandite, the rare manganese sulfide,is reported to occur.
The placer gold is contained in detrital forms of subangular material at the foot of
the San Pedro Mountains, particularly on the north, south, and west. A partial
concentration of gold has taken place along the creeks and gulches that cut into thegravel beds. The gravels contain 20 cents or more in gold value per cubic yard, muchhigher values being found near bedrock. The overburden is 10-40 feet thick, and the goldis generally coarse and rough and is said to be 920 fine. Water for the treatment of thegravels is scarce. It can be obtained sometimes by drilling wells. Some of the deeper
wells have yielded up to 25 gallons per minute.
OLD PLACERS (ORTIZ, DOLORES) DISTRICTThe Old Placers (Ortiz) district is in the Ortiz Mountains between the San Pedro
Mountains and the Cerrillos Hills. The first gold found in New Mexico was in this
district. The placer deposits were discovered in 1828, and the gold-quartz veins 5 years
later. Placer production to 1904 probably amounted to $2 million, but no reliable
estimate of lode production prior to that year has been noted. Combined production of
the Old Placers and the Cerrillos districts from 1904 to 1928 is valued at $207,772. The
Ortiz mine, in Cunningham Canyon, was the chief producer from lode deposits, and thelargest ore shoot is said to have

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

been mined between 1854 and 1864. Much of the ore was treated by stamp mill.
The district was idle for several years. The American Metal Co. of New Mexico
sampled the Cunningham Lode in 1936, and the Ortiz Mining Co. renovated the Ortiz
mine shaft and shipped several cars of ore to El Paso that year. The Ortiz mine was
acquired by the Santa Cruz Mining Co. in 1937. This company made extensive repairs to
the shaft and underground workings, but there is no record of its having produced anyore. A small amount of ore was produced from the Cord mine in 1938. A small amountof gold was recovered from placer operations during the same year.
The Universal Placer Mining Co. leased the Ortiz placers in 1939 and operated a
21A-cubic-yard dragline that year and until April 22, 1940. The gold was recovered by adry-separation process. A small amount of gold-copper ore was shipped from the districtin 1941, and a few ounces of gold was recovered from placer deposits both in 1941 andin 1942.
Shortly after World War II, Potter and Sims Mining Co., from the Tri-State region,acquired the mineral rights on the entire Ortiz Grant. Since that time extensive
prospecting and experimental work have been done on both the placer and lode deposits
under the supervision of Mr. G. R. Griswold. No ore production has been reported.
The Ortiz Mountains are composed chiefly of laccolithic intrusions of diorite or
monzonite porphyry. The intruded Cretaceous rocks are somewhat metamorphosed. Theore deposits are of three kinds: quartz veins, contact-metamorphic deposits, and placer
deposits.
The placer deposits, from which the district takes its name, at one time constituted
one of the most important sources of placer gold in the State. The placer gravels form amesa which is the upper part of an old alluvial fan. They occupy a large area andincrease in thickness with distance from the mountains. In places they are over 100 feetthick. The gold, some of which is coarse, is said to be 918 fine. Each cubic yard ofgravel yields, in addition to the free gold recoverable by placer methods, from 3 to 75
pounds of "black sand" containing $4-$30 a ton in gold. Mining of these placer deposits
has been handicapped severely by lack of water. There is not enough water available forwet methods of recovery, and the gravels are too damp for dry methods.
SANTA FE DISTRICTThe Santa Fe district comprises that portion of the Sangre de Cristo Range just eastof the city of Santa Fe, including the areas in the vicinity of the Santa Fe River andPenacho Peak on the west side of the range, and the headwater areas of Dalton andMacho Creeks on the east side of the range. The rocks of the region are chiefly
Precambrian granites, diabase, and schists.
No important ore bodies have been discovered in the district to date. A small amountof placer gold is reported along the upper reaches ofMETAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

119

the Santa Fe River and its tributaries, but no production has been reported. In the
Mikado subdistrict, on the south side of the Santa Fe River, gold-silver and copper
mineralization occurs in fissures in aplitic gneiss and in schists. Galena and sphalerite
are present locally. Small deposits of copper, carrying some gold, occur on Penacho
Peak.
In the area on the east side of the range, around the head of Dalton, Macho, andIndian Creeks, strong mineralization occurs in the shear zones in the diabase and along
the diabase granite contacts. No ore bodies of importance have been developed, butmuch interest has been shown in the district because of its geological similarity to thePecos mines area, a few miles away. A few small pegmatite dikes in the Dalton Creek
area contain columbite and monazite in small amounts.
SANTA FE MANGANESE DISTRICT
Manganese deposits have been found in sedimentary rocks in the foothills of theSangre de Cristo Mountains, about 4 miles northeast of Santa Fe. The ore occurs largely
as replacement bodies along the bedding planes in soft shale beds. It forms small
irregular pockets; some of it has a nodular structure. Very little ore has been produced.
Only in periods of national emergency, such as World Wars I and II, has any interest
been shown in the district.

SIERRA COUNTY
Sierra County, in southwestern New Mexico, has an area of 4,159 square miles and a
population of 7,174. Truth or Consequences, formerly Hot Springs, is the county seat.
The Rio Grande traverses the eastern part of the county from north to south. SocorroCounty lies to the north, Dona Ana and Luna Counties to the south, and Grant County to
the west. The narrow, longitudinal Fra Cristobal and Caballos mountain ranges lie
directly east of the river and extend the entire length of the county. The crest of theMimbres (Black) Range marks the boundary between Sierra and Grant Counties.
In January 1951 the long, narrow southward extension of eastern Socorro County
was annexed to Sierra County. This area of approximately 1,125 square miles includes
the northern part of the San Andres Mountains, which are continued to the northeast as
the Oscura Mountains. This region also contains a large portion of that long, waterlesssection of country called by the Spaniards "Jornada del Muerto," and dreaded by theearly caravans between Mexico City and Santa Fe because of its lack of water. No
production from the mining districts in this "panhandle" area has been recorded since1920. For statistical purposes it seems better to continue the listing of this area under
Socorro County.
Sierra County was at one time one of the chief metal-producing counties of theState. The principal deposits were discovered in the late seventies and early eighties, inthe period of great mining activity that

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followed the construction of the railroads in the State. Kingston, Lake Valley, andHillsboro were the most important districts. Prior to 1904 the Kingston district producedore having a value of about $6,250,000, the Lake Valley district about $5,300,000, theHillsboro district about $6,750,000, and the other districts about $1,500,000. The
production of the county from 1904 to 1930, exclusive of manganese ores, was valued at$1,201,263, and values from 1931 to 1954 amounted to $1,210,364. During this period
approximately 40,000 tons of manganese ore was produced, most of which was placed in
the U. S. Government stockpile at Deming.
Detailed descriptions of the ore deposits of Sierra County are presented in acomprehensive report by G. T. Harley (1934).
TABLE 17. PRODUCTION OF METALS IN SIERRA COUNTY, 1904-1954
Year

Gold
(value)Silver(ounces)

Copper(pounds)
528,323
3,000
15,20022,00022,00032,20017,40032,40035,30023,4003,600
44,00030,000
1,000
1,000
8,300
16,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
2,000
863,123

Lead(pounds)

Zinc(pounds)

Prior to 1904
1904-1930 $ 337,169
803,921
1,362,668
47,037
1931-1932†
1933
14,812
1,291
600
1934
66,217
10,1153,400
1935
125,252
4,341
19,000
1936
157,451
4,341
19,000
1937
112,196
10,90590,70080,0001938
91,392
9,283
42,10035,000
1939
118,440
12,702
23,700
1940
104,195
22,64956,4001941
53,130
5,118
7,400
1942
21,4201,139
14,00012,000
1943
805
13,673125,000
176,000
1944
700
11,807101,000
131,000
1945
35
1,246
16,000
1946
820
1,135
6,000
1947
385
7,314
171,000
1,600
1948
455
7,689
144,000
1949
1,680
2,738
78,000
4,340
1,033
8,000
1950
1951‡
10,3002,928
44,000
8,000
4,795
5,001
32,00048,000
1952‡
1953‡
9,485
907
8,000
10,0001954§
Totals$1,235,474
947,875
2,365,668
548,637* Estimated.
† Figures not available.
‡ Figures unaffected by the annexation of territory from Socorro County in 1951.
§ No production except manganese.

Total
Value
$19,800,000*
1,201,263
15,47874,098130,962
170,004
135,078
102,715
131,546
127,110
60,237
24,72044,631
36,1602,432
2,013
33,56536,662
16,876
7,187
23,18622,925
12,504$22,211,352

CABALLO MOUNTAINS DISTRICTThe Caballo Mountains are on the east side of the Rio Grande, just south of Truth orConsequences (Hot Springs). The district, which

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121

includes mines and prospects in all parts of the mountains, has never been a large
producer of ores and has been practically inactive for many years. Small shipments oflead ore were made by F. J. Cox in 1937, and from the Adobe and Badger claims in
1948. A small amount of ore yielding 8 ounces of gold, 74 ounces of silver, 2,800
pounds of copper, and 8,000 pounds of lead was shipped from the Regina and Black
Rock properties in 1951.
Prospecting for uranium ores has been active since 1950. A large number of claims
have been staked. There is no record of production from the district.
The mountain range is a monoclinal block bounded on the west by a scarplike front
showing exposures of Precambrian granite overlain by almost a complete succession of
Paleozoic strata (Darton, 1928-a). The range is cut by a system of transverse fault
fissures.
Copper deposits, which occur chiefly along the westward facing slope of the range
south of Palomas, consist of bornite, chalcopyrite, and their oxidation productions in aquartz gangue. The deposits are small and occur mostly in the basal Cambrian quartzite
just above the granite contact. Galena-fluorite-barite ore occurs in fissures in theoverlying carboniferous limestone. The ores contain very little gold and silver.
Vanadinite and cuprodescloizite occur in some of the lead veins at and near Palomas
Gap (Hess, 1913). Galena, cerussite, and copper carbonate are present; the gangueminerals are calcite, fluorite, barite, and quartz. Pyromorphite and wulfenite are present
in some of the veins south of the vanadium-bearing area. A plant was erected at Cutter
for making vanadium oxide and lead sulfate, but it operated only a short time.
Considerable fluorspar occurs in the Caballo Mountains region, but it is associatedso intimately with barite that it has received little attention as a possible commercial
source of this material.
CHLORIDE (APACHE, BLACK RANGE, CUCHILLO NEGRO) DISTRICTThe Chloride district is in the northwestern part of the county, on the east side of theBlack Range. It includes the Apache, Cuchillo Negro, and Black Range subdistricts; allare along the east slope and in the foothills of the range. The town of Chloride is about
28 miles northwest of Truth or Consequences. Ore was discovered in the region in 1879,
and some production has come from the district almost continuously to the present time.
The value of production amounted to about $500,000 by 1930. Since 1930 total
production has not exceeded $100,000 and has come from many small mines. The Great
Republic mine produced the most ore, but the St. Cloud, Colossal, Fortuna, Ivanhoe,
Vindicator, and many small prospects contributed to the overall production.
Several mining companies operated in the district intermittently during the period
1931-1949, notably the Nina Maria Mining Co., the Great Republic Mining Co., theEmpire Mines & Metal Co., Andrew B.

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Stewart & Associates, and the Deming Mining Co. All produced some ore from various
properties. In 1950-1952 small shipments of ore were made from the Big Bug, Dobie,
Minnehaha, Bald Eagle, and St. Cloud properties.
The rocks of the district consist of carboniferous strata partly covered by volcanic
flows and locally intruded by monzonite porphyry. In the Black Range area the ores
occur chiefly as vein deposits in the flow rocks and, in general, are of two kinds: goldsilver ores and copper ores. Most of the gold-bearing veins occur in a northward trending
belt which follows approximately the contact between the limestone and the flow rocks.
The veins are fairly persistent. The gold ores are free-milling and usually contain somesulfides. The gangue is made up of quartz and subordinate barite. The silver-copper ores
occur west of the gold belt in nonpersistent shear zones which carry silver-bearing
copper sulfides.
In the Sierra Cuchillo considerable copper ore has been mined from deposits ofcontact-metamorphic origin. Deposits of iron ore consisting of magnetite and hematite
also have been found in the contact zones in garnetiferous rocks. Most of these deposits
occur just over the county line to the north (see Iron Mountain district, Socorro County).
Extensive prospecting has been done in search of replacement deposits in limestone, andpromising evidence of such deposits along the monzonite contact on the east slope of therange has been noted. Prospecting has been carried on in the cassiterite-bearing,
extrusive porphyries along the eastern and southern slopes of the Black Range.
DERRY MANGANESE DISTRICTThe Derry district (Wells, 1918) is on the west side of the Caballo Mountains, about
6 miles northeast of the town of Derry and 13 miles north of Hatch, a station on the
Rincon-Deming branch of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway. The manganeseore occurs in fissures in limestone along the crest and limbs of a northward trending
anticline. The ore consists of manganiferous and ferruginous calcite accompanied bysecondary oxides of manganese and iron, and forms fissure fillings and replacements inbodies of fractured limestone.
Little production has been obtained from the district, although some development
work was done during World War II.
FRA CRISTOBAL RANGE DISTRICTThe Fra Cristobal Range extends along the east side of the Rio Grande from near
Truth or Consequences northward for about 25 miles. Numerous mineral deposits havebeen reported from these mountains, but the land lies mostly within the old, Spanish
Pedro Armendaris Grant and is not open for mineral prospecting and development byothers than the owners. It is reported that the latter are having their entire holdings
mapped and examined for mineral deposits that may be of commercial value.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO123

HERMOSA (PALOMAS) DISTRICTThe town of Hermosa is about 15 miles south of Chloride and 40 miles west ofEngle, the nearest railroad station. It lies at the southern end of the Cuchillo Mountains.
The district was the scene of great activity in the eighties and early nineties, but themines were rapidly worked out, and there has been very little activity in the area since
the turn of the century. Sporadic attempts have been made to reopen some of the mines,
but no new ore discoveries of importance have been made in recent years. Production
from the district prior to 1904 is said to have amounted to about $1,250,000. Production
since that time has been slight.
In 1936 the Pelican group of claims produced 10 tons of high-grade lead-silver ore,
and again in 1942 this group produced 6 tons of the same type of ore. The Yankee-Girl,
Palomas Chief, and Wilford No. 1 produced a few tons of lead-silver ore in 1943 and1944, and the Vulture produced a truckload, possibly 10 tons, in 1948. The Pelicangroup was worked by Ferguson and Jones in 1950-1951. In 1952 the district produced 1
ounce of gold, 2,898 ounces of silver, and 8,000 pounds of lead.
The rocks of the region consist of volcanic flows flanked on the east by a narrow
band of sedimentary rocks which have been exposed by faulting and erosion of theoverlying flow rocks. The ore deposits occur just below a shale bed along a flat arch inlower Magdalena limestone. They form irregular pockets, lenses, and pipes along theintersections of certain fractures. The ores are silver-bearing sulfides of lead, copper, andiron in a gangue of talcose clay. Native silver is common, but in the high-grade ore,
which runs as much as 700 ounces of silver per ton, the silver is contained inargentiferous galena and bornite.
HILLSBORO (LAS ANIMAS) DISTRICTThe district takes its name from the town of Hillsboro located on State Highway 180,
15 miles south and 18 miles west of Truth or Consequences. Lying in the foothills of theBlack Range, Hillsboro is the center of one of the more important mining districts in
Sierra County. Gold was discovered in this district in 1877. The overall value of production prior to 1904 is estimated at $6,750,000. The Bonanza and Rattlesnake (Snake)mines were the most important producers. Since 1904 operations have been intermittent
and as a rule on a small scale.
In 1933 many small shipments of gold ore were made to the El Paso smelter. In 1934
silver, gold, and copper ore valued at $60,109 was produced from 27 small lode deposits
and 12 placer deposits. In 1935 the Hallett Construction Co. began large-scale operations
on the placer ground in Gold Run, 6 miles east of Hillsboro. These operations continued
until the Gold Order of November 5, 1942. This company handled about 100,000 cubic
yards of gold-bearing sand and gravel per year. The William Little Co. handled about
70,000 cubic yards of gravel in 1935, and the Hoot Owl Co. about 40,000 cubic yards.

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Lode mines that operated at intervals during the period 1935-1938 were the BiglowEmpire-Bonanza, the Portland-Sherman-Caballero, and the Snake-Opportunity groups,
as well as the Wicks, Litel-King, M.K.T., and Ready Pay. A small amount of ore fromthe Conner Boy-Bank and Sherman was treated in a mill at Hillsboro in 1937.
In 1940 Dunzer and Everheart shipped ore from the Wicks mine. In the following
year the Black Dome Mining Co. built a 60-ton gravity-flotation-amalgam mill on
Percha Creek, one mile east of Hillsboro, and in 5 months treated 4,300 tons of ore andold tailings. The ore for this mill came from the Snake, Litel King, Golden Era, andBiglow properties. The Black Peak Mining Co. operated the Wicks mine in 1941 andshipped ore to El Paso. Other producers were the Duke, Tressness, and Tremont.
There was little activity in the district from 1942 until 1949. A small amount of goldsilver ore was shipped from the Snake and Bonanza mines in 1948. The Anderson
Extension, Biglow, El Oro, Snake, Black Peak, and Portland properties were worked forshort periods in 1950 and 1951. In 1952 the district produced 125 ounces of gold.
The rocks of the Hillsboro district consist of lower Paleozoic sediments cut by
monzonite porphyry and capped by Tertiary andesite or latite flows. Three kinds ofdeposits occur in the district: (1) oxidized ores in the Mimbres limestone containing lead,manganese, iron, vanadium, and molybdenum; (2) ores containing gold, silver, and copper in veins or shear zones in the andesite; and (3) placers.
The oxidized ores, in which lead and vanadium are the important minerals, containcerussite, wulfenite, and vanadinite and form lenses distributed along the contact
between the limestone and the overlying Percha shales. They occur at a number of places
over an area of several square miles but apparently do not extend far from the surface. A
considerable amount of manganese is associated with the ore, and deposits consisting
primarily of manganese minerals occur locally. Some siliceous limonite ore has been
mined for fluxing purposes.
The gold-silver ores constitute the principal deposits of the district. They occur inquartz veins and consist chiefly of copper sulfides carrying gold and silver, but thequartz also carries a little free gold. Most of the veins are narrow but of high grade. They
appear to converge toward an intrusive mass of monzonite porphyry at Copper Flat near
Animas Peak.
The more important placers occur in the area just east of the Wicks mine and northof Percha Creek. The gold concentrations are found in the old channels of the draws or
arroyos that come down from the Animas Hills. The overburden is thick, and water for
operations is scarce.
HOT SPRINGS (MUD SPRINGS) DISTRICTThe Hot Springs district is west-northwest of the town of Truth or Consequences.
Large low-grade manganese deposits occur on the west-

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

125

ern edge of the town. Soft sandstone beds of Santa Fe and later age locally containconsiderable psilomelane and wad. The psilomelane is the more abundant and occurs as
cementing material and as a replacement of individual grains of sand, changing thenormally loosely consolidated sandstone to a hard, compact, very abrasive rock.
Several thousand tons of this ore was delivered to the U. S. Government's manganesestockpile at Deming during World War II. The Tower Mining Co. erected aconcentrating plant near the deposit in 1951 and successfully treated the ores. The
concentrates were sent to the Deming stockpile. The deposit was depleted by late 1954,
and the mill was moved to Socorro County.
Copper- and silver-bearing ores occurring in veins along the southwest face of the
Mud Springs Mountains, in the western part of the district, have been prospected andproduced to a minor extent. Pods of chalcopyrite, bornite, and oxidized copper minerals
have been found in the basal part of the Bliss (Cambrian) quartzite along several transverse fissure veins. The veins are richer in silver in the upper part of the quartzite and in
the overlying El Paso limestone, and these portions are credited with a production ofhorn silver valued at about $40,000. The known deposits have been worked out, and no
production has come from this area for many years.
KINGSTON (BLACK RANGE) DISTRICTKingston is on the east slope of the Black Range, 8 miles west of Hillsboro and near
the head of Percha Creek. The Kingston mining district is extensive. It covers the area
north, west, and south of the town and includes several old subdistricts. Silver was
discovered here in 1880, and large production came from the district during the eighties
and early nineties. The principal mines were the Lady Franklin, Kangaroo, Caledonia,
Comstock, United States, Illinois, Calamity Jane, and Brush Heap. The production up to1904 was valued at about $6,250,000, nearly all in silver, making this district one of thelargest producers of silver in New Mexico up to that time. Owing to the depletion of thericher deposits and the decline in the price of silver in the early years of the present
century, the camps of the district became largely inactive, as were the other silver campsof the country. Production declined to a mere carload or two of ore per year.
During the years in which silver was the most sought-for metal, little attention was
paid to the occurrences of base-metal ores. The base metals have been sought in recent
years and have accounted for most of the production from the district since 1915.
Especially is this true of the period 1930-1949. Small shipments of silver-lead ore weremade to the El Paso smelter in 1934-1936, the ore having come from the Keystone,
Miner's Dream, Smiling Jane, and several unnamed prospects. In 1937 the Iron Kingbegan shipping lead ore to the Hanover mill. During the following year J. H. Moffit
operators shipped seven cars of lead-silver ore to the El Paso smelter. The Virginian,Iron King, Southern Cross,

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Independence, and Morris made intermittent shipments during 1939-1941. The Percha
mine began shipping ore in 1942 and was the principal producer during the next 3 years.
Small shipments were made from various properties in the district each year thereafter
until 1952. The last reported production (other than manganese) was in 1952. In that year
3 ounces of gold, 1,666 ounces of silver, 1,400 pounds of copper, 21,000 pounds of lead,and 48,000 pounds of zinc were recovered from ores shipped from this district.
The ore deposits of the Kingston district are similar to those of the other districts in
the Black Range. In addition to silver they contain lead, copper, and manganese. The
ores are distributed along fractures in the limestone and occur in pockets and pipes alonglow, gently pitching arches in Ordovician limestone, below a silicified zone adjacent to
the overlying Percha shale. The principal ores consist of lead, copper, and manganeseminerals containing silver and gold in a clay gangue. Sphalerite is generally present andthe manganese sulfide alabandite is found occasionally. Argentite, native silver, andcerargyrite occur. Rhodochrosite and rhodonite are among the primary gangue minerals.
Oxidation of the manganese minerals has formed impure bodies of manganese oxides,
and it is estimated that many thousands of tons of low-grade manganese ore exist in the
district. Some of this ore was mined during World War II, and there is some production
at the present time. All the manganese ore goes to the Deming stockpile.
LAKE VALLEY DISTRICT
Lake Valley is located 17 miles south of Hillsboro and 13 miles north of Nutt, asmall station on the Rincon-Deming branch of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
Railway. The district is famous for its production of silver during the 1880's and early
1890's. Silver ore was discovered here in 1878, and the famous "Bridal Chamber," one of
the richest single bodies of silver ore ever discovered, was found in the early eighties.
The mines were closed in 1893. During this short period of intensive activity over 5
million ounces of silver were recovered, about half of this coming from the "Bridal
Chamber." Small shipments of iron-manganese-silver ore have been made to the El Paso
smelter from time to time since 1900. The ore is used as a flux in the lead smelter.
During the early days of mining, most of the ore came from the Sierra Grande, Sierra
Bella, and Sierra Apache mines.
Large bodies of manganese oxide ores occur in the mines. Most of the ore is of such
grade as to require concentrating before being marketable. During World War I some ore
was shipped to the steel mills, and during World War II approximately 30,000 tons ofore was sent to the stockpile at Deming. During the war period large reserves ofmanganese ore were proven by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, and studies were made ofmethods for concentrating the ore. (See Apell et al., 1947; Dean et al., 1948.) In 1953
Haile Mines, Inc. erected a sink-float concen-

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

127

trating plant at Lake Valley, which presently is treating such ore successfully.
The ores of the district occur in the Lake Valley (Mississippian) limestone, usually inthe lower beds, but in some places along the contact with the overlying shale; they
commonly follow the bedding of the rocks. They occur near the surface in a zone several
hundred feet wide and are close to a prominent intrusion of porphyry. The ore bodies are
irregular in size and shape and are almost completely oxidized. Cerargyrite is the chiefmineral of the silver ore, but other silver minerals are present. Some of the ore contains
highly argentiferous cerussite and galena, but sulfides other than galena are rare. Ironand manganese are abundant as gangue minerals, coloring the silver ores brown or black.
The manganese ore consists largely of manganite, pyrolusite, psilomelane, and wad. The
silver content of the ore runs as high as 500 ounces per ton, and the manganese ranges
from 12 to 40 percent. Zinc, copper, and gold occur in very small amounts.
LAS ANIMAS (GOLD DUST) PLACER DISTRICTThe Las Animas Placer district in recent years has been considered a part of theHillsboro district. All production since 1930 has been reported as coming from the latter.
The production by the Hallett Construction Co., William Little, and the Hoot Owl Co.
between 1937 and 1942 is described on page 123.
MACHO DISTRICTThe Macho district is about 5 miles southwest of Lake Valley. Approximately 1,700
tons of lead-silver-gold ore was shipped from this district in 1926-1928. No production
has been reported from the district since that time.
The prevailing rock of the district is andesite, which is cut by a number of radiating
dikes of latite. The ore occurs in narrow veins along the dikes. The important minerals
are cerussite and galena. Sphalerite is present in small amounts.
PITTSBURG (SHANDON) PLACER DISTRICTThe Pittsburg Placer district lies east of the Rio Grande, near the southwestern tip of
the Caballo Mountains. It is about 20 miles northwest of Rincon, the nearest rail station.
Gold is distributed in a granite detrital material and occurs in a limited area west of
the granite escarpment of the Caballo Mountains. The gold is coarse and unworn. It
becomes less abundant toward the escarpment.
It is estimated that the Pittsburg placers yielded about 2,500 ounces of gold prior to1930. During the thirties several attempts at a major operation were made. In 1933-1935
the Consolidated Mines Co., operating with a dragline and "Ainlay bowls," recovered
gold from the Shan-

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

don and other placers, 669 ounces being reported in 1935. Several smaller operators eachrecovered a few ounces during that period.
In 1936 most of the work in the district was being done by the Pittsburg Placer
Mining Co. and W. T. Warnick. The Caballo Construction Co. worked the Pittsburg
ground in 1937, and William Little worked the property in 1939. Limited amounts ofgold were recovered by small operators and individuals each year until 1942. The gold
was sold to merchants in Hatch.
SAN MATEO MOUNTAINS DISTRICTThe southern end of the San Mateo Mountains, which extend into Sierra County
from Socorro County, is made up of basal flows of andesite, andesite breccia, andoverlying rhyolite tuffs, breccias, and flows.
Some prospecting has been done in the region, principally in the Goldsboro district,
where a few tons of silver-bearing galena was mined and shipped to El Paso. Most of theprospecting has been for gold, but no deposits of commercial importance have beenfound. On the southwest flank of the range, near the Red Rock ranger station, copper
prospects have been partly developed in andesite in what seems to be an extension of
the Negro Diggings area in Socorro County.
Some prospecting has been done at Quartz Mountain, a small mountain of silicified
rhyolite south of the main range. Quartz veins containing $4-$6 in gold per ton arereported. A small amount of work has been done at this place, but no shipments of ore
have been reported.
TAYLOR CREEK TIN DISTRICTThis district is described under Catron County.
TIERRA BLANCA (BROMIDE) DISTRICTThe Tierra Blanca district is just south of Kingston and about 15 miles northwest of
Lake Valley. Both silver and gold ores occur in the district. The history of this camp issimilar to that of other camps of the Black Range. Mining was carried on vigorously
during a brief initial period of discovery and development. Production soon declined,
however, and the district has been idle for many years. In 1939, 1940, and 1942 L. E.
Cleveland made small shipments of silver ore from his Silver Bell claims.
The silver ores occur in pockets and pipes in the Lake Valley limestone, just beneathor only a short distance below a bed of shale. The silver occurs in native form and incopper and lead sulfides. It also occurs subordinately as argentite, silver chloride, andsilver bromide. Gold is found in the upper silicified part of the Mimbres limestone.
Small pockets of hessite intergrown with native gold have been mined in the Lookout
mine. Gold is said to occur in quartz gangue in a pipe-like body in Precambrian (?)
granite in this district.

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

129

SOCORRO COUNTY
Socorro County lies in the southwest central part of the state. It has an area of 6,647
square miles, and the population is 9,665. Socorro, the largest town, is the county seat. It
is located on the Rio Grande in the central part of the county and is one of the principal
stations on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway between Albuquerque and El Paso.
The county is in an area of desert basins, out of which a number of mountain peaks
and ranges rise abruptly. The Rio Grande Valley roughly bisects the county from northto south, separating it into two distinct parts geologically as well as physically. East of
the river the prealluvium rocks consist chiefly of Carboniferous and Cretaceous sedimentary formations and the usual underlying Precambrian complex. The nonalluvial area
west of the river is floored mostly by volcanic rocks.
The west side of the Rio Grande valley is bounded by the Ladron, Lemitar, Socorro,and San Mateo Mountains, named from north to south. The Magdalena Range, thelargest range in the area, is located in the west central part of the county, just behind theSocorros. On the east side of the river are the Joyita and the Carthage Hills, lying about
15 miles north and about 12 miles southeast of Socorro respectively.
Owing to production from the Magdalena district, Socorro County has been one ofthe principal producers of metals in New Mexico. Gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc
have been the chief minerals produced. A little bismuth has been marketed. Tin andvanadium also occur, but very sparingly.
The total production of the county from 1904 to 1930 was valued at $22,225,489, of
which zinc accounted for over $17 million. Production since 1930 has amounted to$17,235,502, divided among the metals as indicated in the accompanying table.
Although many of the 28 mining districts and subdistricts of the county are old, there is
no record of the value of production prior to 1904. Socorro County included CatronCounty until 1922. Production from the Catron County area is credited to SocorroCounty up to that year.
The boundary between Sierra and Socorro Counties was changed in 1951. Fourmining districts (Goodfortune Creek, Grandview Canyon, Salinas Peak, Sulphur
Canyon) formerly located in Socorro County are now included within the borders ofSierra County. As noted in Tables 17-18, production statistics for the two counties
subsequent to 1950 are not affected by this transfer of territory.
The ore deposits of Socorro County have been described in detail by S. G. Lasky(1932).

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

CAT MOUNTAIN DISTRICTCat Mountain, about 13 miles southwest of Magdalena, is an island of Tertiary lavas
within the alluvium. In this district low-grade gold-quartz in short, inconspicuous
exposures crops out in andesite and rhyolite. Production from the district has been small,and there has been little activity or interest in the area since 1903.
CHUPADERA DISTRICTThe Chupadera district is about 6 miles northeast of Socorro, on the east side of the
Rio Grande. The minerals showing are mostly copper carbonates, which occur in a thinbedded sandstone layer in the Magdalena formation. In the same general area galena,barite, and fluorite occur sparsely in a calcareous sandstone member of the Chupadera
formation.
The amount of work done in the district has been insignificant. No production has
been reported.
COUNCIL ROCK DISTRICTThe Council Rock district is about 10 miles northwest of Magdalena, at the edge of
the Tertiary lavas bordering the San Agustin Plains.
TABLE 18. PRODUCTION OF METALS IN SOCORRO COUNTY, 1904-1954*
Year

Silver(ounces)

CopperLead
Zinc(pounds)(pounds)(pounds)
1904-1930 $133,343
784,177
8,912,835
44,419,683 224,623,111
1931-1932†
1933
143
120
925,000
2,012,000
1934
5,627
1,949
7,600
458,300
1,132,000
1935
19,2815,938
1,000
277,200
701,000
1936
63,4345,791
1,000
211,500
566,000
1937
61,5307,219
12,300287,300
1,510,000
1938
3,808
268
700
14,200435,000
1939
5,145
1,905
9,000
200,000
633,000
1940
700
962
2,600
129,000
411,000
1941
6,930
8,235
7,500
904,000
5,159,000
1942
2,695
29,99822,8001,728,000
6,370,000
1943
4,935
64,852
218,000
2,641,000 10,579,000
1944
4,480
66,081
245,000
3,240,000
8,948,000
1945
3,255
36,838104,000
2,486,000
6,088,000
1946
4,375
69,614
272,000
2,547,000
6,948,000
1947
4,550
110,096339,900
4,020,000 10,025,200
1948
5,390
97,061254,000
5,904,000
9,726,000
1949
1,785
34,251130,000
2,584,000
4,526,000
1950
4,375
32,261
342,000
2,754,000
3,358,000
9,100
52,196
100,000
3,512,000
4,552,000
1951‡
1952‡
7,700
61,495
114,000
3,794,000
4,244,000
3,430
18,357110,000
2,654,000
1,038,000
1953‡
1954‡
105
470
28,0003,528,000
16,000Totals$356,116
1,494,134 11,234,235
89,218,183 313,600,311* Production from Catron County included until 1922.
† Figures not available.
‡ Figures unaffected by the cession of territory to Sierra County in 1951.
Gold(value)

Total
Value
$22,225,989
118,914
73,12865,564106,040
183,703
25,58349,69034,021
452,124734,972
1,419,999
1,363,818
957,4071,229,966
1,967,493
2,498,727
1,027,890
956,955
1,540,780
1,406,282
518,658
503,888$39,461,591

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

131

The earliest discovered ore, which is said to have consisted of argentiferous leadcarbonates, occurred locally along silicified fault zones. These veins were worked in theearly eighties; there is no record of the value of the ore produced.
Within recent years renewed interest has been shown in the district, a little
prospecting having been done on a low-grade copper showing and lead-zinc showings ashort distance south of the old workings in the district. The copper occurs as a cementing
material in a highly brecciated rhyolite or porphyry. The lead-zinc showings have beenfound in shear zones in the limestone just north of the rhyolite exposure. No production
has come from these prospects, and the amount of work done has been slight.
HANSONBURG (CARTHAGE) DISTRICTThe Hansonburg district is at the east edge of the Jornada del Muerto, about 30 air
miles east and slightly south from San Antonio, a station on the Albuquerque-El Paso
branch of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway. The copper ores of the district first
attracted attention in 1872. The lead ores were discovered later. With the exception of
the last 6 years, operations in the district have been intermittent since its discovery. A
dry concentrating mill built in 1916 to treat the lead ores at the McCarthy mine was notentirely successful. About 15 cars of copper ore and several cars of lead concentrates
were shipped from the district prior to 1930.
Production from 1930 until 1948 continued sporadic. In 1937 one car of coppersilver ore was shipped. In 1938 the Louise-Halstead group was worked 36 days, andsome high-grade lead-silver-gold ores were shipped to El Paso. In 1939 the GlobeMining Co. shipped 9 tons of lead-silver ore. No further activity was reported from the
district until 1948.
The Portales Mining Co. was organized in 1947, acquired large holdings in the
district, and built a gravity-type concentrating plant for the recovery of lead. The plant
was constructed in the Rio Grande Valley alongside Highway 380, 1 mile east of San
Antonio. The scarcity of water in or near the mine made it necessary to locate the mill in
the river valley. The ore haul amounted to about 38 miles. The company began
production in 1948. About 5,700 tons of ore was milled that year, with the recovery of
239,151 pounds of lead. The ore was galena associated with barite and fluorspar. No
attempt was made to recover the latter minerals. The concentrates were sold chiefly to
the Ozark Smelting 8c Mining Co., of Coffeyville, Kansas. Almost continuous
production was maintained until the mill was destroyed by fire late in 1954. This mine is
now inactive.
In 1948 the Royal Flush mine shipped 354 tons of ore, and the Mex-Tex Co. madesome shipments from the Mountain Canyon group of claims. The Mex-Tex Mining Co.,
Inc., organized in 1949, acquired 8 claims in the Royal Flush group and 50 claims fromthe old Mex-Tex

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Co. This company had just completed a barite grinding plant 1 mile south of San
Antonio and immediately began the construction of a concentrating mill designed torecover both barite and lead from the ores of its newly acquired properties. The company
did a large amount of development work during the winter of 1949-1950 and began
production in the spring of 1950.
The new mill was designed to treat 500 tons of ore per day, recovering the barite andlead by jig and table separation. No attempt was made to recover the fluorspar thatmakes up about 15 percent of the ore. The lead concentrates are sold to various smelters,
and the barite is ground and sold to the drilling-mud industry.
A third operator came into the district in 1950, when the Hurlow Mining Co.
acquired the Major Jones group of claims and erected a jigging plant at the mine. Water
for the operation of the plant was transported by truck. The operation was short lived.
The Portales Mining Co. processed 14,377 tons of ore in 1950, and the Mex-Tex
probably half that much. The Hurlow Co.'s production was insignificant. This district
was the chief producer of lead in New Mexico in 1954.
The ore deposits of the Hansonburg district occur as cavity fillings in localized areas
along members of the fault zone that controls the western face of the northern Oscura
Mountains. They are chiefly in the Magdalena limestone. The deposits show normal
primary zoning of copper and lead, with widely varying amounts of barite and fluorspar.
The mineralization along the cavity zone is discontinuous, and the ore bodies arepockety.
The lead ore is essentially argentiferous galena in a fluorite-barite gangue in a highly
silicified limestone. A small amount of chalcopyrite is sometimes present, as are several
oxidation products of the lead and copper sulfides.
Tennantite is the chief mineral of the deposits in which copper predominates. It
occurs in a dolomite gangue and is of minor importance. Lead is entirely absent in these
deposits. The ore is stained with copper arsenates and carbonates. No copper ores havebeen produced in recent years.
HOP CANYON DISTRICTThe Hop Canyon district is on the west side of the Magdalena Mountains, about 3
miles south of Kelly. A small amount of prospecting has been done along the shear
zones in the volcanic rocks that show slight mineralization. No ore bodies have beenfound.
IRON MOUNTAIN DISTRICTThe Iron Mountain district is in the eastern foothills at the north end of the Cuchillo
Mountains, about 12 miles north of Winston. The district was prospected for many years,
but no ore bodies of commercial

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

133

importance were discovered. The principal minerals are the iron ores magnetite,
hematite, and limonite. Several other minerals were noted early in the history of the
district, among the most prevalent being helvite, an ore of beryllium, and scheelite, anore of tungsten. These minerals are distributed sparsely throughout a large area. They
were long considered of no importance, but during World War II, when both were ofgreat strategic importance and in scarce supply, the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the U. S.
Geological Survey undertook a major investigation of the Iron Mountain district (Jahns,
1944).
Haile Mines, Inc. did extensive development work on the more promising scheelitezones in 1951 and 1952. Several hundred tons of fair-grade tungsten ore was recovered,but no shipments were made.
The limestone of the district has been intruded by an elongated body of porphyry andhas been strongly metamorphosed adjacent to the intrusion. The iron ores occur in thelimestone near the contact with the porphyry. As exposed at the surface, the main ore
bodies are roughly lens-shaped, ranging from 60 to 250 feet in width and averaging
about 1,200 feet in length. They are overlain by beds of nearly pure garnet, and a little
garnet occurs in the ore. The average grade of the ore bodies that have been sampled isabout 45 percent iron.
JONES CAMP DISTRICTThe Jones Camp iron deposits are near the northern Oscura Mountains, about 47
miles east of San Antonio and 20 miles from Carrizozo, in Lincoln County, the nearest
railroad station.
Discovered about 1900, the deposits were named after Fayette A. Jones, thenpresident of the New Mexico School of Mines and prominent in the mining industry of
the territory. The deposits were prospected by pits and trenches and proved fairly
extensive. There was little or no production, however, until 1942 and 1943, whenapproximately 5,500 tons of ore was shipped to the steel mills at Pueblo, Colorado.
During the early years of World War II the deposits were examined and described indetail by the U. S. Geological Survey (Kelley, 1949).
Magnetite is the dominant ore mineral. The deposits are fairly large and of good
grade, but carry small seams of gypsum.
JOYITA HILLS (CANYONCITO) DISTRICTThe Joyita Hills consist of a Precambrian granite core between Carboniferous strata
and Tertiary volcanic flows. These hills form a short longitudinal range about 5 miles
long on the east side of the Rio Grande, about 18 miles northeast of Socorro and 5 miles
east of San Acacia, a station on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway. The hills aretotally within the La Joya Grant, a large Spanish land grant currently owned by Gen.
Thomas C. Campbell, of Albuquerque. The mineral deposits of the district have not beendeveloped beyond the prospect stage, although some promising occurrences have beenfound.

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

The ore deposits occur as fillings in fissure veins in the Precambrian rocks and as
open-space fillings and replacement bodies in the Magdalena limestone. They show a
distinct relationship to the granite core. Galena, containing a little silver, is the chief ore
mineral. A small amount of copper is found locally. Gangue minerals of the vein
deposits are fluorite, barite, and quartz.
LADRON MOUNTAINS DISTRICTThe Ladron Mountains are about 25 miles northwest of Socorro. They consist
essentially of a large mass of Precambrian granite bordered on the west slope by
sedimentary rocks and nearly surrounded by Tertiary sands and conglomerate andQuaternary alluvium. Several small copper mineral exposures have been found, andappreciable manganese deposits occur in the limestone along the southwest flank of themountain. At one of the copper showings chalcocite and oxidized copper minerals occur
in a quartz fluorite gangue as open-space fillings in a brecciated granite adjacent to anandesite dike. In another exposure the copper minerals occur disseminated in loosely
cemented Tertiary arkose and in an adjacent basaltic dike which separates the arkose
from the Precambrian granite. Copper carbonates and silicate are found as cementing
material in the arkose. No production of these ores has been reported.
The manganese deposits had been ignored until this material became critical during
World War II. Several carloads of sorted ore were shipped in 1943. The deposits
currently are receiving attention as a possible source of ore for the Deming stockpile.
LEMITAR MOUNTAINS DISTRICTThe Lemitar district is about 9 miles northwest of Socorro and about 3½ miles westof Polvadera.
Lead ore occurs as fissure filling in small scattered zones along the contact of granitewith schists and with basic dikes in the Precambrian area at the east base of themountains. The ore contains galena and in a few places small amounts of chalcopyriteand sphalerite. The gangue minerals are quartz, barite, and fluorite. The only recorded
production from the district came from a small pocket of oxidized zinc ore.
LUIS LOPEZ MANGANESE DISTRICTThe Luis Lopez district is 5 miles west of the village of Luis Lopez, which is about 6
miles south of Socorro.
The principal ore-bearing rocks are strongly faulted, highly brecciated rhyolite orlatite flows, in which the ore occurs as the cementing material along the fissures andcracks. Considerable calcite is associated with the manganese oxide ores pyrolusite andpsilomelane.
Little attention was given to this district until the need for manganese became criticalduring World War II. The U. S. Bureau of MinesMETAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

135

inaugurated a core-drilling program in 1942. Based on the findings of this work, adevelopment and production project was financed by the U. S. Government and a small
amount of private capital.
The property came into production in 1944, about 125,000 tons of ore being
processed by the end of 1945. Intermittent production continued until 1948. Since thattime three different companies have attempted to operate the property. Apparently theventures were unprofitable until recently, when selective mining procedure wasfollowed. In 1954 a new mill using the sink-float method of concentration was erected
and is proving very successful. The average grade of the ore is reported to be about 6.5
percent manganese, with zones that are much richer. The property is developed as an
open-pit mine. Proven ore resources are large.
Within the past 2 years several new deposits have been discovered in the district.
Some of these appear promising.
MAGDALENA DISTRICTA detailed study of the geology and ore deposits of the Magdalena district has been
made by the U. S. Geological Survey and the State Bureau of Mines and Mineral
Resources under a cooperative agreement (Loughrin and Koshmann, 1942).
The Magdalena district is near the north end of the Magdalena Mountains, lying
mostly on the west slope. The mining camp of Kelly was adjacent to the most productive
area and was the largest camp in the district. The town of Magdalena is about 3 miles
from the principal mines and about 2 miles from the ore-concentrating plant. It is at theend of the branch line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway which leaves themain line at Socorro. A spur runs from Magdalena to the mill.
Ore was first discovered in the area in 1866 by Col. J. S. Hutchinson. The first ores
mined were oxidized lead. These were smelted locally in an adobe furnace, and the metal
was hauled to Kansas City by ox teams. In 1881 a smelter was built at Socorro, which
treated ores from the Kelly and other mines in the area. After this smelter closed in 1893,
the Graphic Smelter was built at Magdalena in 1896, treating the ores from the district
until 1902. From 1894 to 1902 the Kelly and Graphic mines, the chief properties of the
district, were worked with fair regularity.
Zinc carbonate ores were discovered in 1903. This discovery resulted in a marked
increase in mining activity. The Graphic mine was purchased by the Ozark Smelting &Mining Co., a subsidiary of the Sherwin Williams Paint Co., and the Kelly and Nitt
mines were acquired by the Tri-Bullion Mining & Development Co. Zinc carbonate ores
constituted most of the production of the district from 1903 to 1906. From 1907 to 1920
the chief production came from zinc-lead sulfide ores, which were milled in the districtor shipped direct to smelters outside the State.

136

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

During this period the Nitt mine produced a moderate amount of sulfide ore. The Kelly
mine was purchased by the Empire Zinc Co. in 1913.
Mining operations were curtailed greatly in the district following World War I, butmoderate production, mostly of carbonate ores, was maintained from 1922 to 1928. The
Ozark Smelting & Mining Co. produced and milled a considerable tonnage of sulfide
ores in 1926-1927. After being idle in 1931, the district had a limited production in 1932
and a substantial increase in 1933.
In 1934 ore was produced from the Kelly, Morning Star, and two other properties.
The Kelly mine operated throughout 1935 and until December 15, 1936. All production
from the Kelly mine went to the Ozark Co.'s plant, at Coffeyville, Kansas, whereas theore from the other producers went to the American Smelting & Refining Co.'s smelter at
El Paso. The Ozark Smelting & Mining Co. reopened its Waldo mine in April 1937; ore
was produced until March 1938 and again from September 1939 to March 1940. The
Kelly group produced intermittently during this period, and small lots of lead-silver ore
were recovered from various dumps in the district. The Papa property shipped a few tonsof silver-gold ore to El Paso, as did the Mistletoe and others.
In 1941 the Raskob Mining Interests, Inc., acquired a lease and option on the Waldo
mine and mill. After repairing the mill and unwatering the mine, this company produced
20,211 tons of ore, which was treated at the mill. The Kelly mine shipped zinc-lead ore
to the Hanover mill, in Grant County, and to the Ozark Co.'s plant, at Coffeyville, Kansas. The Victor Papa mine shipped 264 tons of lead, silver, gold, and copper ore to El
Paso, and a few lots of ore were shipped from other properties.
The district produced 6,370,000 pounds of zinc and 1,728,000 pounds of lead in
1942, most of which came from the Raskob operations at the Waldo. The lease andoption on this property were relinquished by the Raskob Interests on July 1, the property
reverting back to the Sherwin Williams Co. This mine and mill were producing again in
October 1942. The American Smelting & Refining Co. purchased the property in April
1943, and the mine and mill were operated continuously until June 1949. Production
from the district was high throughout the period of World War II. Properties other thanthe Waldo that were active either continuously or intermittently were the Kelly and
Lynchburg, belonging to the Empire Zinc Co., the Nitt, Blue Stone, Blue Hill, East Star,La Plata, Juanita, West Star, Papa, and others. Most of these were operated by lessees.
The Waldo was the only producing mine of importance in the district between theend of World War II and 1947. In 1947 many of the other properties were producing
again. These included the Nitt, Lynchburg, Kelly, Juanita, Queen, Blue Stone, andEsperanza. Most of these mines were producing in 1948 and 1949. The Waldo milltreated custom ore in the latter part of 1949 and early in 1950. The mill was sold by

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

137

the American Smelting & Refining Co. in the spring of 1950 for dismantling.
The Lynchburg mine, belonging to the Empire Zinc Co. and under lease to Carl
Alayer and associates, was the chief producer in the district in 1950. Some production
also came from the Nitt, Juanita, Kelly, and Queen mines that year. Much of the ore went
to the American Smelting & Refining Co.'s new mill at Deming.
The Magdalena district was the principal source of zinc in New Mexico for many
years. Over 46 percent of the zinc output of the State from 1904 to 1928 came from this
district. For the same period it accounted for 34 percent of the lead production. The
overall value of production from this district since its discovery has been about$44,389,792 (see table).
In the Magdalena district the Magdalena Mountains consist of a core of Precambrian
granite and argillite overlain by westward dipping sedimentary rocks of Mississippian,Pennsylvanian, and Permian age. The dip of the sedimentary rocks on the west side of
the range is somewhat greater than the average surface slope. East of the crest Precambrian rocks predominate. To the south the sedimentary strata are overlain by flow rocks,
which form the most prominent part of the range. Several large stocks and dikes of
Tertiary monzonite and related rocks occur in the northern part of the district. Faults are
numerous and are important structural features of the area.
The Lake Valley (Kelly) limestone of Mississippian age is the basal sedimentary
formation of the district. It is crystalline crinoidal limestone about 125 feet thick, with athin bed of quartzite at the base. Near the middle of the formation is the "Silver Pipe"stratum, a gray to black, sublithographic dolomitic limestone 5-10 feet thick. The Lake
Valley limestone is overlain by rocks of the Magdalena group. The upper part of thisgroup consists chiefly of massive limestone and smaller amounts of shale and quartzite,
and is called the Madera limestone. The lower part consists of shale, quartzite, andsubordinate limestone, and is known as the Sandia formation. The Permian Abo
formation, consisting of sandstone and shale, overlies the Magdalena group in places.
The principal mineralization is confined to a zone in the sedimentary rocks which
begins at the contact of a monzonite stock in the north central part of the district andextends southward nearly 4 miles. Almost all the known ore bodies are replacement
deposits in the Lake Valley limestone. They commonly are adjacent to and above or
below the "Silver Pipe" member. Several other ore horizons occur in the Lake Valley
limestone and in the Magdalena group. A little mineralization occurs in monzonite, in
extrusive igneous rocks, and in Precambrian rocks, but these deposits are unimportant.
Both primary and secondary ores occur in the district. Near the monzonite contact
the primary ores are of the contact-metamorphic type. Adjacent to the contact they
consist principally of specularite, magnetite, and subordinate sulfides; in places thesulfides, chiefly pyrite,

138

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

sphalerite, and chalcopyrite, are economically unimportant. Pyroxene, amphibole, andchlorite are prominent in the outer part of the contact-metamorphic zone, and garnet ispresent locally. The contact-metamorphic ores grade into typical lower temperature
replacement bodies of sphalerite, galena, and minor chalcopyrite. Lead becomes moreabundant, and zinc less abundant, as distance from the contact increases. Gangueminerals, which consist chiefly of quartz and calcite, occur in small amounts only. Barite
is present locally in the sulfide zones but
TABLE 19. PRODUCTION OF METALS IN THE
MAGDALENA DISTRICT, 1904-1954
Gold(value)Silver(ounces)

Copper(pounds)

Before 1904
1904-1930 $19,367
1931-1932†
1933
30
1934
220
1935
2,128
1936
1,195
1937
1,371
1938
2,782
1939
490
1940
525
1941
4,655
1942
2,595
1943
4,935
1944
4,440
1945
3,255
1946
3,990
1947
4,550
1948
5,265
1949
1,750
1950
4,270
1951
8,905
1952
7,525
1953
3,220
1954

777,872
177
62
910
319
3,969
163
648
459
7,972
29,99864,852
66,081
36,83869,607
109,945
96,776
33,61834,924
48,37357,695
15,507-

8,783,551
50
1,000
1,000
6,300
150
1,800
2,600
7,500
22,800218,000
245,000
104,000
271,800
339,800
254,000
130,000
340,500
196,800
110,800
106,700
28,00044,340,284 224,623,102
925,000
2,012,000
453,600
1,132,000
262,900
701,000
211,500
566,000
285,800
1,510,000
11,200435,000
181,000
633,000
129,000
411,000
847,400
5,159,000
1,728,000
6,370,000
2,641,000 10,579,000
3,240,000
8,948,000
2,486,000
6,088,000
2,546,000
6,948,000
3,973,600 10,025,200
5,651,000
9,712,000
2,323,000
4,526,000
1,851,200
3,354,000
2,007,000
4,552,000
2,284,000
4,244,000
1,144,000
1,038,C00
16,000

Total
Value$ 6,560,000*
22,080,013
118,789
65,72344,22539,563
120,215
24,29742,54033,844446,436
734,972
1,419,999
1,363,818
957,4071,229,499
1,960,655
2,451,285
986,044832,882
1,275,971
1,144,282
253,849
203,484

1,456,765

11,172,151

79,522,484 313,582,302$44,389,792

Year

Totals$87,463* Estimated.
† Figures not available.

Lead(pounds)

Zinc(pounds)

is most abundant beyond the limits of intense mineralization. Fluorite is present here andthere and is locally abundant in outlying parts of the district. Primary ore deposition probably
occurred in Tertiary time. Secondary oxidized ores derived from the primary ores occur near
the surface. During oxidation the lead and zinc were segregated into different bodies, thezinc carbonate ore forming a more or less regular shell partly enclosing lead carbonate ore ofhigh purity. Smithsonite and cerussite were the most important oxidized minerals, but others

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

139

present included anglesite, cuprite, malachite, azurite, aurichalcite, goslarite, andchalcanthite.
MAGDALENA MOUNTAINS MANGANESE DISTRICTThe manganese-bearing area of the Magdalena Mountains is in the southeastern partof the range, from Water Canyon southward. The mouth of Water Canyon is about 16
miles west of Socorro and 4½ miles south of the Water Canyon station on the Magdalena
branch of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway.
This part of the Magdalena Mountains is composed almost entirely of Tertiary
volcanic rocks, chiefly rhyolite and associated tuffs and breccias. Manganese veins are
numerous, but most of them are unimportant. The ore is mainly in rhyolite and occurs infissures and brecciated zones. The veins range in thickness from a fraction of an inch to
4 feet. At the Water Canyon mine, where the most important veins of the district were
found, the best ore was at a depth of 20 to 60 feet below an inconspicuous outcrop. The
ore consisted of manganese oxides associated with limonite and manganiferous calcite.
During World War I the Water Canyon mine produced 864 tons of high-grade ore andwas then apparently mined out. The only other known occurrence of importance inthe district is in the Negro Head mine located at the mouth of Six Mile Canyon,
about 3 miles southeast of Water Canyon mine. At the Negro Head mine the ore
occurs as a cementing material in a rhyolite breccia. This mine produced a very small
amount of ore before World War II. During the war the U. S. Bureau of Mines
completed a rather extensive core-drilling and trenching program on the deposit,
reporting about 50,000 tons of medium- to low-grade ore (Russell and Calhoun,1947). The mine produced a few cars of ore during the war period.
MILL CANYON DISTRICTThe Mill Canyon district is 13 miles, by road, south of Magdalena. It is near the crestof the Magdalena range, on the west side. Copper and lead mineralization occur
sparingly in the volcanic rocks, which consist chiefly of andesite. The principal ore bodyfound occurred in shattered andesite porphyry and contained considerable cuprite. At
depth this graded into a mixture of oxide and sulfide minerals of copper containing a
notable proportion of covellite. The ores contained some gold.
Production from the district was never large, and none has been reported for many
years.
NORTH MAGDALENA DISTRICTThe North Magdalena district is in the low range of mountains just northwest of thetown of Magdalena. The district includes a number

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of prospects and undeveloped mineral claims in the volcanic rocks of the area.
Nearly all the veins have long outcrops and are of the shear-zone, fault-contact type.
The deposits consist of copper-silver and lead-vanadium ores. The copper-silver ores
contain oxidized copper minerals, chalcocite, covellite, and a worthwhile amount ofargentite. They occur in small pockety shoots and fill fissure and breccia openings. The
lead-vanadium ores occur along fault fissures which locally follow basic dikes. Galena is
the chief ore mineral, but vanadinite, descloizite, and copper minerals are locally present.
In some veins the type of mineralization exposed seems to bear a decided relationship to
the kind of wall rock or breccia in the vein. Some gold has been mined from similarveins in the district, but these contain only traces of the base metals. No production has
come from this district in recent years.
OJO CALIENTE DISTRICTThe Ojo Caliente district is at the southwest edge of the San Mateo Mountains, about
2 miles from old Fort Ojo Caliente and about 16 miles north of the Chloride district. A
small prospect, known as the Taylor prospect, shows most evidence of attempts at
mining.
The ore is completely oxidized and occurs in a vein in an altered andesite. Cerussite
is the chief ore mineral. Oxidized copper and zinc, together with manganese and ironoxides, accompany the cerussite. Copper minerals apparently increase in amount withdepth. The ore contains about 13 ounces of silver and a small amount of gold per ton. No
production has been reported from the district.
RAYO DISTRICT
Rayo is about 12 miles south of Scholle, a station on the Belen-Clovis cutoff of theAtchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway. The ores of the district consist of copper
carbonate and chalcocite, which occur in gray, loosely cemented Abo sandstone.
Carbonaceous matter does not seem to be present.
The workings consist mostly of trenches and open cuts. A small amount of ore takenout in the course of prospecting seems to have been the only production from the district.
ROSEDALE DISTRICTThe Rosedale district is on the east side of the San Mateo Mountains, about 25 miles
southwest of Magdalena. Gold was discovered here in 1882, and mining operations werefairly continuous until 1916. Most of the ore mined during this period was treated byamalgamation and cyanidation in a 10-stamp mill.
In 1934 the Black Bear Mining Co. shipped 58 tons of ore to the El Paso smelter.
Early in 1935 the property was sold to the Rosedale Mining Co. This company
completed a mill and treated 2,972 tons of

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ore that year. Production was increased to 16,200 tons the following year, and in 1937,
30,500 tons of ore was treated between March 15 and December 2, when the mine wasclosed down. The ore was treated by tables and cyanidation, the table concentrates being
shipped to the El Paso smelter. The most recent production from the district came in1941, when a small amount of gold (35 ounces) and silver (128 ounces) was recoveredfrom the Rosedale mine.
The ore in the district occurs in well-marked brecciated and shear zones in rhyolite
porphyry and contains free-milling gold. Much manganese oxide is present locally and issaid to be associated with the higher grade ore. Silver is present in small quantities.
SAN ANDRES MOUNTAINS DISTRICTThe San Andres Mountains in eastern Socorro County begin at San Augustin Pass,northeast of Las Cruces, in Dona Ana County, and extend nearly due north to
Mockingbird Gap, in Socorro County, a distance of almost 75 miles. Numerous mineraldeposits are scattered throughout the length of the range, but few have been developed
beyond the prospect stage. The range contains five subdistricts: Goodfortune Creek,
Grandview Canyon (San Andres), Mockingbird Gap, Salinas Peak, and Sulphur Canyon.
With the exception of Mockingbird Gap (Socorro County), these subdistricts lie detachedfrom Socorro County in territory annexed to Sierra County in 1951. The continued
listing of the four "panhandle" districts under Socorro County is more convenient,however, for statistical purposes. The five subdistricts are described individually in
discussing the San Andres Mountains district.
The range is structurally a westward dipping monocline consisting of a succession of
Paleozoic rocks overlying the Precambrian complex, which is exposed on the steep east
face. The strata are cut by faults and intruded by masses of monzonitic rock. Practicallyall the deposits occur along the eastern side of the range. For the most part they are
fissure veins along small faults. Deposits of copper, lead, zinc, bismuth, and tungsten
occur.
The whole region lies within the White Sands-Alamogordo military reservation andis not accessible for further prospecting or development.
Goodfortune Creek Subdistrict
The Goodfortune Creek district is about 45 miles west of Tularosa, on the steep east
slope of the San Andres Mountains. The veins follow transverse faults and fissures. The
ores consist chiefly of silver-bearing secondary chalcocite and copper oxidation products
and are most abundant at the contact between the Precambrian granite and the Cambrianquartzite.
There are no records of the early production from the district. In 1934 a carload ofcopper-silver ore was shipped to the El Paso smelter, and again in 1937 and 1938 small
shipments were made.

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Grandview Canyon Subdistrict
Grandview Canyon is on the east slope of the San Andres Range, about 40 miles
west of Tularosa. The ore bodies lie within the Precambrian rocks, chiefly granite andschist, and contain bismuth, tungsten, and copper. The bismuth minerals are found inpockets of various sizes enclosed within quartz lenses in schist. The ore minerals are bismuthinite, native bismuth, and bismutite. A small body of scheelite was found with thebismuth ore at one place. Pyrite and chalcopyrite are present locally in small amounts.
The copper ores occur in a sheared hornfelslike rock as pods and veinlets of chalcopyriteand calcite in isolated shoots and bunches.
No records of production from this subdistrict are available.
Mockingbird Gap Subdistrict
Mockingbird Gap is the pass between the Oscura and San Andres Mountains. Mostof the mineral deposits of the district lie in the San Andres Mountains, south of the gap.
Copper and lead-zinc ores are found in the fault fissures in the Precambrian andPaleozoic rocks. The copper ores occur near the granite-sedimentary contact and aresimilar to the ores of the Goodfortune Creek district, though in general much moreoxidized. The lead-zinc ores consist of galena and sphalerite, partly oxidized, in a
calcite-quartz-barite gangue. A moderate quantity of silver is present. Production fromthe district apparently was not great, although no records are available covering early
operations. In 1934 and 1939 small shipments of lead ore were made to El Paso. In 1941
the Mockingbird Mining Co. produced 811 tons of ore, which was treated in a jig mill.
Because of lack of water at or near the mine, the mill was located at Tokay, 28 miles
from the mine. The district is not accessible at this time.
Salinas Peak Subdistrict
Salinas Peak is an intrusive porphyry mass in the northern part of the San Andres
Mountains, about 30 miles west of Three Rivers. Copper-lead ore occurs along a fault
contact between the porphyry and the Magdalena limestone. The vein is several feetwide and contains galena and chalcopyrite and their oxidation products, as well as somesilver.
A small shipment of lead-silver ore was made from the Smith group of claims in
1937. In 1947, 130 tons of ore was recovered from the Black Hawk-Latham andChenowith groups. The Night Hawk mine produced 331 tons of ore in 1948, and a small
amount of ore was sent from the Harding mine to the Hanson mill at Hot Springs.
Sulphur Canyon Subdistrict
Sulphur Canyon is about 4 miles north of Grandview Canyon. The copper ore of the
district occurs in the Precambrian schist and consists

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of oxidized copper minerals in a schist of coarsely crystalline chlorite. The single ore
body seems to have been worked out entirely. There is no record of the production fromthe district.
SAN JOSE (NOGAL, SAN MATEO) DISTRICTThe San Jose (Nogal, San Mateo) district is near the crest of the rugged
southeastern part of the San Mateo Mountains, 20 miles south of the Rosedale district.
The gold-bearing veins of the region have been known for many years but received little
attention until 1930, when a little high-grade gold-silver ore was discovered on theoutcrop of the Pankey vein. The entire production of the district prior to June 1932 camefrom the Pankey outcrop and consisted of 160 tons of ore, valued at $1,387.
In 1934 the Springtime Mining Co. and T. B. Everheart shipped some gold-silver
ore to El Paso. In the following year the Springtime Mining Co. completed a 40-ton milland treated 1,295 tons of ore from the Pankey mine. Other prospects shipped 35 tons ofore to El Paso. The Pankey mill was operated until late 1936, and a car of "cleanup"
concentrates from the mill was shipped in 1937.
The Pankey mine was reopened late in 1938 and produced and milled 48 tons of ore
in 1939. The mill was closed down and a final cleanup made in 1940. Other small
producers of ore during this period were the Victorio mine and claims owned by Ellison
Warren. The Warren property produced 52 tons of ore in 1950. Prospecting anddevelopment work have been done during the past 3 years at the Melva mine, but no ore
shipments have been made.
SAN LORENZO (SAN ACACIA) DISTRICTThe San Lorenzo district is west of San Acacia, in the northern continuation of the
Lemitar Mountains. Small outcrops of oxidized copper minerals occur in a wide
brecciated fault zone in the volcanic rocks. Manganese ore occurs in the vicinity of thecontact between the volcanic rocks and the later Tertiary sandstone. The manganese ore
occurs as a replacement and cementing material in irregular bodies of andesite
conglomerate and in fissures in the andesite.
SCHOLLE DISTRICTThe Scholle district is at the junction of Socorro, Valencia, and Torrance Counties
and includes a part of all three. The ore deposits are in the Abo sandstone and are similar
to the typical copper deposits in Red Beds. The copper occurs as carbonates in the shale
beds; as sulfides, chiefly chalcocite, associated with plant remains and fossil wood inarkose; and as nodules and lenses of sulfides, which replace the cement and feldspar of
the arkose. Silver is present in small amounts. In places the oxidized ores contain
vanadium, probably as a copper vanadate. Some occurrences of low-grade uraniumoxide have been noted.

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The district produced a small amount of ore steadily from 1915 to 1919, but
production since then has been very erratic. The approximate total production from the
district, all of which is credited to Torrance County in official reports, amounted to
10,380 tons of ore, containing 1,006,068 pounds of copper, 7,872 ounces of silver, andabout $200 worth of gold, having a total value of $224,143. A negligible amount of lead
was reported in the shipments. Several small leaching plants have been built in the
district at various times, but they were unsuccessful.
SOCORRO PEAK DISTRICT
Socorro Peak is approximately 4 miles west of Socorro. Silver ore was discovered in
the district in 1867, and the period of greatest mining activity was from 1880 to 1895. A
custom smelter was constructed at Socorro in 1881. It was dismantled about 20 years
later. Some of the ore from the district was treated at a stamp mill in Socorro. The mines
have been shut down since about 1900, except for sporadic, small-scale operations. The
production from the district has been estimated at from $760,000, to $1 million.
Socorro Peak is composed mainly of volcanic rocks, chiefly rhyolite and trachyte
and associated tuffs and breccias. A considerable thickness of Pennsylvanian strata is
exposed on the eastern face of the mountain, and at one place in the sedimentary area
there is a small exposure of Precambrian argillite. A long tunnel in the sedimentary area
exposed a large mass of monzonite porphyry, which, however, does not appear at thesurface. The eastern face of the mountain is much faulted and fractured.
The principal ore deposits are in narrow veins in the volcanic rocks. The ore consistsof silver halides in a quartz-barite gangue. Only a trace of base-metal mineralization ispresent.
Weak, scattered mineralization occurs in the sedimentary area, chiefly along the
major fault zones. It consists essentially of small amounts of galena in an abundant barite
gangue. Manganese oxides occur in brecciated zones and fault fissures.
The Socorro Peak district is presently not accessible to the general public.
WATER CANYON DISTRICTThe Water Canyon district adjoins the Magdalena district to the southeast. It is on
the east slope of the Magdalena Range. The rocks consist of the Lake Valley limestone(Mississippian), Magdalena formation (Pennsylvanian), basal Precambrian argillite, andoverlying Tertiary volcanic rocks. The formations are greatly faulted.
The most important ores of the district are in limestone and contain lead, copper, andzinc, accompanied by minor amounts of gold and silver. They occur most commonly as
replacement bodies at intersections

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of fissures with certain favorable horizons in the Lake Valley limestone. The ore bodies
generally are rather small.
Some manganese has been produced from the district. The Water Canyon mine
produced a small tonnage of high-grade ore during and subsequent to World War
I. During World War II the Negro Head mine, at the mouth of Six Mile Canyon,
produced several cars of medium- to low-grade ore for the Deming stockpile and theLuis Lopez district mill. The U. S. Bureau of Mines did considerable core drilling andtrenching at the Negro Head mine during the war and proved the existence of a
substantial amount of low-grade ore.
Considerable work was done at the Open Cut mine, in the Silver Hill subdistrict, asouthern extension of the Water Canyon district. The Balakohna, the Rose Quartz, and
La Plata mines were worked between 1933 and 1947. The minerals sought were gold andsilver. Very little production has been obtained from this subdistrict.

TAOS COUNTYTaos County is in central northern New Mexico. It lies between Rio Arriba Countyon the west and Colfax County on the east, and its northern boundary is the Colorado
state line. Its area is 2,256 square miles, and the population is 17,305. Taos is the county
seat.
The Rio Grande traverses the central part of the county from north to south. The
river is confined to a narrow gorge, over 1,000 feet deep, in its entire passage across thecounty. From the river westward the county is mainly a basalt plateau. No metallic
minerals have been found in this area. Eastward from the river the county is occupied,first, by several miles of basalt plateau, then by foothills, and finally by the main rangeof the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The crest of this range forms the boundary between
Taos and Colfax Counties. It is also the divide between the Rio Grande and Mississippi
River drainage basins. The mountains consist chiefly of Precambrian granites and schists
and Pennsylvanian limestones.
The county contains five mining districts, all confined to the mountain areas and thegravel beds in the canyons and at the foot of the range. With the exception of themolybdenum deposits in the Questa area of the Red River district and the Harding mine,of the Picuris district, all known deposits are of secondary importance insofar as present
workings and exploratory efforts indicate. The gold, silver, copper, and lead produced in
Taos County prior to 1923 had a value of less than $100,000, and there has been very
little production of these metals from the county since that time.
The production of molybdenum from the Red River district has been continuous
since 1922, with the exception of very short periods. This district has accounted for mostof the metal produced in the county.

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The Harding mine has produced ores of beryllium and lithium since 1943.
The mineralized areas of Taos County were prospected primarily for gold in theearly days, little or no attention being paid to the base metals. Consequently, thepotential of these metals in the mining districts is still unknown. Some prospecting and alittle development work have been done in recent years on some of the copper-bearing
outcrops, but no ore bodies have, as yet, been uncovered. The amount of work done has
been small when compared with the area involved and the mineralization that is known.
The Red River district, the largest and most promising in the county, is handicappedby its remoteness from rail transportation and its poor highways.
ANCHOR (LA BELLE) DISTRICTThe Anchor district is on the west slope of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, about 8
miles north of the village of Red River. The deposits are oxidized auriferous pyritequartz veins in a highly decomposed monzonite and diorite porphyry. The veins are
narrow and irregular. Most of the pyrite has been oxidized. The resulting hematite andlimonite enclose, in a free state, the small amounts of gold originally contained in the
pyrite. No record of the production from this district is available. The mines have been
idle for many years.
PICURIS (COPPER HILL) DISTRICTThe Picuris district is in the extreme south central part of the county and is reached
by way of State Highway 75. The rocks of the district are metamorphosed Precambriansediments and pegmatite dikes.
The district was first worked in the late nineties and early 1900's, when very
extensive exploratory work was done on veins of glassy quartz carrying copper and gold.
Several hundred feet of tunnels and shafts are in excellent condition today. At one time asmall mill was erected and some ore treated, but the venture proved unsuccessful, andthe copper-gold properties have been abandoned since 1917.
Some of the pegmatite dikes in the district contain very appreciable amounts ofseveral of the so-called "rare earth" minerals, which were long considered unimportant.
The Harding mine in recent years has produced ores of tantalum, beryllium, and lithiumin important amounts.
Wolframite has been mined near Penasco, a few miles south of Picuris (Hess, 1917,
p 28). Wolframite, with cuprotungstite, occurs near Rinconada (see Rinconada district,
Rio Arriba County).
The Harding mine is the only active property in the district at this time.

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147

RED RIVER DISTRICTThe Red River district includes a considerable area around the town of Red River, on
the western slope of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The town is 13 miles east of
Questa, at the confluence of several tributaries of the Red River, a short stream thatflows westward into the Rio Grande.
The rocks of the Red River district consist mainly of intrusive porphyries, volcanic
tuffs and flows, and the Precambrian complex that forms the main Sangre de Cristo
Range in this region.
Prospecting in this district is said to have started in 1869, shortly after the gold
strikes in the Elizabethtown district of Colfax County, some 20 miles to the east. Goldwas recovered from both lode and placer deposits. A smelter, built in 1879 at the site of
Red River, was operated only a short time.
The mineral deposits in the district occur most commonly in the intrusive rocks, but
in places occur in the later volcanic rocks. The veins are generally narrow anddiscontinuous, and are variable in width and direction. Pyrite is the most abundant of thesulfides, but galena and sphalerite are common. Chalcopyrite and molybdenite occur insmall amounts, and petzite has been found in the Independence mine. The gangueminerals consist of quartz, calcite, and fluorite in various proportions. Many of the veins
contain much silicified and pyritized breccia fragments of country rock.
The ores are valued chiefly for their gold content, but in one or two deposits lead isthe chief metal. Production of gold from this district has not been great, and the recovery
of base metal other than molybdenum has been negligible.
The important molybdenum deposits were recognized about 1917. The veins had
been discovered many years earlier, but the molybdenum was mistaken for graphite, andthe yellow molybdic ocher was thought to be sulfur. The Western Molybdenum Co.,
organized to develop the deposits, accomplished very little, relinquishing its holdings to
the R. & S. Molybdenum Mines Co. in 1918. Production began on a small scale in 1919,
the ore being treated at a remodeled gold mill nearby.
In 1920 the mines were taken over by the Molybdenum Corporation of America,
which was organized for this purpose. Operations continued on a small scale until a new
flotation mill was completed in 1923. Since then production has been continuous, except
for brief shutdowns due to labor trouble or equipment breakdowns. The mine normally
produces 40-60 tons of ore per day, the average grade of which has been 2-3 percent
molybdenum sulfide (MoS2). In recent years great improvements have been made in
milling the ore; recovery has been so improved that much of the old tailings dump is
being remilled. Total production from this deposit has been approximately 30 million
pounds of molybdenum sulfide, most of which was converted into ferromolybdenum or
calcium

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molybdate at company plants in the East. Known ore reserves now are so limited that themill and mine are expected to close down permanently in the near future, unless new ore
is found during the extensive exploration now being carried on.
The veins that carry the molybdenum occur in eastward trending sheeted zones
several hundred feet wide along the margin of soda granite stock. No commercial veinshave been found in the intruded volcanic rocks, although small veins and stringers arecommon in this rock. The larger veins follow the stronger shear lines and are joined
together by a network of branching and intersecting veinlets and stringers. The veins are
faulted by numerous barren transverse fractures. Displacement is rarely great, but its
direction and amount are so erratic that considerable difficulty is experienced indeveloping the ore veins.
The vein filling consists mostly of quartz, but may contain a large proportion ofmolybdenite. Some pyrite and a little chalcopyrite, fluorite, biotite, rhodochrosite, andcalcite also may be present.
Molybdenite mineralization has been found in several places in the Red River
district, other than in the area being mined, but exploratory work, so far, has not
uncovered ore of commercial grade.
Other mining operations that produced ore in the early days of the district were theBlack Copper, Memphis, Independence, Midnight, Caribel, Big Five, and Anchor,
together with many lesser prospects. The principal values were in gold. Several of theseproperties have received attention in recent years. Work has been done on the more
promising deposits, but no successful operation has resulted. The working of small
placer deposits close to the town of Red River was attended with little success.
Many private geologic reports have been prepared covering properties in the district,but venture capital for carrying out recommendations has been scarce.
RIO GRANDE PLACER DISTRICT
Placer gold occurs here and there in the sand and gravel deposits of the Rio Grandevalley in Taos County. These deposits occupy an area of many square miles and areseveral hundreds of feet thick in places. The most promising part probably begins near
the mouth of the Red River, in the northern part of the county, and extends southward as
far as Embudo, in Rio Arriba County, a distance of about 40 miles. The river flows in amoderately deep gorge for a considerable distance in the gravel area.
The placer deposits of the area consist of bench placers, river-bar placers, and deepriver placers. The bench deposits are the most extensive, but the gold probably does notoccur in them in commercial amounts. Large areas of the placers are capped by basalt,
and basalt flows are interbedded with the gravels. The basalt forms the rims of thecanyon through which the river flows. The river-bar deposits, althoughMETAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

149

much smaller than the bench deposits, have yielded practically all the meager amount ofgold recovered. Several tests of the river gravels have been made, and gold in
encouraging amounts was found in places. During the early thirties a company headed byformer Vice President Charles Curtis attempted to recover gold from the river channel
near the Taos Junction bridge. A floating dredge was constructed and operated for a few
weeks. It was soon discovered, however, that the gravel beds did not respond to bucket
dredging, owing to the large amount of basalt fragments present in the deposits. The
operation was short lived.
The depth of the river gravels is not known, but it is probably very great in mostplaces. Undoubtedly the basalt, or malpais, fragments are present throughout thedeposits, making successful dredging operations impossible.
TWINING (ARROYO HONDO) DISTRICTThe Twining district is located about 15 miles northeast of Taos. The rocks of the
district are Precambrian granite and schists cut by prominent monzonite porphyry dikes.
The principal deposits are in amphibolite and chloritic schist and contain disseminatedpyrite, chalcopyrite, and bornite. The ore is of very low grade. A number of small veinsclose to the porphyry dikes are said to contain galena, stibnite, gold, chalcopyrite,
sphalerite, and molybdenite.
The principal mine in the district is known as the Frazier copper prospect (Lindgren
et al., 1910, p 84). Considerable work was done on this property, but the operation was
not profitable, and the mine was closed about 1904 or 1905. During 1942-1943 parts of
the old workings were cleaned out, but very little new work was done. All the rather
extensive tunnels and shafts are now caved.
There is no record of any production from this district.

TORRANCE COUNTYTorrance County has an area of 3,340 square miles and a population of 8,057. It is
located in the center of the State. The county seat is Estancia. The chief industries arefarming and the raising of livestock, but there has been some metal production from the
Manzano Mountains area, along the west edge of the county. This production has notbeen great, amounting in all to about $225,000. Some of the earliest mining dates back toSpanish colonial days.
The only mining district is located in the extreme western part of the county, near thevillage of Scholle, a small community on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway. All
production of metallic ores (chiefly copper) has come from the Scholle district (listed
under Socorro County). The ore minerals are chalcocite, malachite, and azurite, which
occur in the Red Bed sandstones. The ore-bearing beds are fairly flat and vary inthickness from 1 to 12 feet. The mineralization is very

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irregular; concentrations are scattered and seldom of sufficient richness to be classed asore.
No production has come from this county for many years. At the present time,
however, renewed interest is being shown in the Scholle district, because of the
discovery of uranium ores in the area. These have not yet been developed.

UNION COUNTY
Union County is situated in the northeast corner of the State. It borders Texas andOklahoma on the east and Colorado on the north. The county has an area of 3,817 square
miles and a population of 7,275. Clayton, located on the Colorado and Southern
Railroad, is the county seat.
There are no mining districts in this county, nor is there any record of the productionof metals or metallic ores. In early colonial days, when the Santa Fe Trail was still themain travel route between New Mexico and the East, occasional reports of placer gold
along the Dry Cimarron River were heard in Santa Fe. No authentic discoveries, however, were recorded.

VALENCIA COUNTY
Valencia County, in western New Mexico, extends from Torrance and Bernalillo
Counties westward to the Arizona state line. It straddles the Rio Grande Valley in theeast and laps far over the Continental Divide in the west, having an area of 5,637 square
miles and a population of 22,574. Los Lunas, in the Rio Grande valley and on the El
Paso branch of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, is the county seat.
Most of the county is covered with Cretaceous strata, but there are large areas ofPermian and Triassic Red Beds and Quaternary basalt.
Metalliferous ore deposits in the county were generally considered unimportant prior
to the discovery of uranium ore in the Grants-Mount Taylor area. A small amount ofcopper was produced prior to 1930 from the Red Bed deposits southwest of Grants andfrom similar deposits east of the Rio Grande. In recent years sporadic efforts have been
made to mine a siliceous copper ore suitable for the needs of the El Paso smelter, but it
has been impossible to maintain the required grade of ore.
The uranium ore deposits, discovered in 1950, are being prospected and developed
under Atomic Energy Commission supervision. The ore is uraninite and tyuyamunite,occurring in the Todilto limestone and the Morrison and other sandstones in the southern
extension of the Colorado Plateau region.
Total metal production from the county, other than recently produced uranium, has
had a value of less than $10,000.

Economic Features of the Metal
Mining Industry in New Mexico
The mining of metallic ores always has been a major industry in New Mexico, but
at no time has it been more vital to the economy of the State than at the present.
Employment in the mines, mills, and smelters has increased steadily, and the value ofthe metals produced has reached all-time highs during the past few years. Wages haveincreased, and working conditions have improved greatly.
Table 21 provides an overall record of metal production, and the accompanying
charts (figs 1-5) illustrate the production and value of the more important ores andmetals between 1910 and 1954. A study of these charts reveals the influence of periodsof national and world emergency, and of business booms and depressions, on the
production and value of metals.
Between 1910 and 1941 production of the precious metals, gold and silver, was not
as greatly affected by world conditions as was that of the base metals. In fact, during thedepression years of the thirties, gold and silver production increased, while that of othermetals reached new lows. This was due chiefly to the 1932 increase in the price of gold
and to the fact that many unemployed persons in the Western states turned to gold
mining as a means of livelihood. Since 1941 practically all the gold and silver producedin the State has been recovered as byproducts of base-metal mining. Today there are nogold-silver mines in operation in New Mexico.
The base-metal charts show the effects of the depression years following WorldWar I and following the boom period of the late twenties. It is of special interest to notethat in the years following 1929, there was a rapid decline in production until 1937,
when general world unrest foreshadowed the approach of World War II. During thisperiod the production of zinc and lead declined only moderately as compared withcopper. This, it appears, can be attributed to the fact that the greatest production of these
metals at that time came from mines of the American Metal Co., at Tererro, San MiguelCounty, where mining conditions were such that to curtail or discontinue production
was not economically feasible. The enormous amount of water and the extremely heavy
ground encountered made continuous operation necessary, if the mine was not to beabandoned and lost entirely. The most economical operational program was determinedby trial during the early months of the depression period, and production wasmaintained on this schedule throughout the remaining life of the mine.
During World War H there was a tremendous expansion of the mining industry in
the State. This has continued through the postwar years. The years 1951 and 1952 saw
production totals and value figures

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far beyond any known before. This, of course, means more rapid depletion of known ore
reserves. It also means that many low-grade mineral deposits that have heretofore been
considered economically unimportant will be reappraised, and that a more intensive
search will be made for new ore bodies in active mining districts.
The discovery and proving up of extensive reserves of uranium-vanadium ores in thenorthwest quarter of the State have added substantially to the mineral wealth and thefuture economy of New Mexico.

Uranium
DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ORE BODIESThe minerals torbernite and autunite were the first uranium-bear. minerals
recognized as occurring in New Mexico. They were found associated with the copper,lead, and zinc ores of the White Signal district, in Grant County, where they were
confused originally with the green copper carbonate which is locally present. The true
nature of the green mineral was first recognized by Mrs. A. A. Leach in 1918, andconsiderable effort was made to develop and exploit the deposits in order to recover thesmall amount of radium that was thought to be present. The project was not successful.
Oxides of uranium and vanadium were recognized in a small zone in the Bland mine,in the Cochiti (Bland) mining district of Sandoval County, about 1919 or 1920. The
minerals are reported to occur as filling in fractures in a silicified volcanic breccia. No
particular attention was given this occurrence at the time.
A third occurrence of uranium-vanadium minerals was reported from the Scholle
mining district of Socorro-Torrance-Valencia Counties, in the early 1930's, by T. B.
Everheart, who was mining sandstone copper ore in the area at that time. The minerals
occur here with carbonaceous debris in thin shale seams between the beds of hard Abosandstone.
Undoubtedly many other occurrences of the bright yellow uranium minerals werenoted by early prospectors and mine operators, but they were probably thought to be
sulfur or yellow iron ochre.
After the nature of the Manhattan Project was made public, and the critical need fordomestic sources of uranium was realized, intensive prospecting was initiated in the
Colorado Plateau region of southwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah, an area inwhich vanadium-uranium ores had been mined for many years, the vanadium being recovered and the uranium minerals discarded. With the inception of the Manhattan
Project, the old dumps and tailings ponds of the district were reworked for the uranium.
It was generally thought in the early years of prospecting that the Colorado-Utah area of
the Plateau was the only region in the United States in which uranium minerals of therequired richness and volume could be found. It was also thought that the mineral
concentrations occurred only in sandstone rocks of the Jurassic geologic age. Both ofthese ideas were soon discredited by discoveries in other geologic horizons, in rocks
other than sandstone, and in sections outside the then recognized Colorado Plateau area.
Following World War II the United States Atomic Energy Commission set up an
attractive schedule of ore prices and incentive bonuses

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

for the discovery and production of uranium ores. Almost overnight uranium became amagic word, and prospectors swarmed to the Plateau country. The stampede surpassed
anything witnessed before in a mining country; the gold rushes to California and Alaska
were dwarfed by comparison.
New Mexico, as a promising hunting ground for uranium, was relatively ignored byprospectors during the first year or two of the rush. Even native prospectors were notmuch interested in looking for the ore locally, in spite of the fact that a large section of
the so-called Colorado Plateau region was known to extend well into the northwest quarter of the state. After the first discovery was made in that area, it was learned thatgeologic mapping parties had stumbled over outcrops of the ore and either had notrecognized the minerals or had considered them of no importance!
The first discovery of uranium ore in the State occurred in the spring of 1950, andwas made by a Navajo Indian, Paddy Martinez. The discovery was made on land
belonging to the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co., on a small mesa or butte
known as "Haystack Mountain," located a few miles north of the village of Prewett, in
McKinley County. The mineral occurred in a limestone, later identified as the Todilto
formation of Jurassic age. Until this discovery limestone was not considered a favorable
host rock for uranium minerals.
The railroad company, upon being informed of the Haystack Mountain discovery,
quietly launched an exploratory and evaluation program on its lands, and numerous othershowings soon were located. A drilling and development program proved up substantial
bodies of commercial-grade ore in the limestone, and discoveries were made also insandstone members in the area. The Morrison and Dakota formations were found tocarry concentrations of uranium minerals of ore grade.
News of this discovery spread rapidly, and the northwest quarter of New Mexico
soon became the mecca for prospectors from all parts of the United States. Much of thearea is owned by Indian tribes and by the State. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe
Railway Co. also owns considerable acreage in this area. These lands are subject tolease, but not to mineral location by discovery and claim. Some confusion developed
early as to ownership status in the region, and a scramble began for leases on State andIndian lands. The railroad company early indicated that it intended to prospect its own
lands and would develop and produce all ore bodies found.
The Atomic Energy Commission investigated the discoveries in the Grants-Prewettarea and concluded that the district had promising possibilities. It established a branch
office at Grants in the fall of 1950 and set up a depot for buying ore near Bluewater,
about 8 miles west of Grants. An agreement was negotiated with the Anaconda Copper
Mining Co. for the construction of a mill near Bluewater to treat the ores

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

155

and to recover both the uranium and vanadium minerals. This mill, it was realized,
necessarily would be different from other concentrators operating in the Plateau region,
because of the type of ore to be treated. Limestone ores made up practically all known
reserves in the area at the time the agreement was made.
Entering the district in 1951, the Anaconda company immediately began a broad,intensive program of prospecting on lands leased from the State, the Indians, and private
ownership. While the Bluewater mill was under construction, this company discoveredand delineated several large ore bodies in both limestone and sandstone, and it soon
became apparent that a second mill, for the treatment of sandstone ores, would be
required in the district.
The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co., upon proving sufficient ore reserves
to justify a long-range operation, organized the Haystack Development Co. to develop
and produce the ore bodies discovered on its lands. Many smaller companies andindividuals also made important ore discoveries. Many of these properties were either inproduction or ready for production by early 1953.
The ore-buying depot at Bluewater originally was intended to handle limestone-typeores. As, however, the production potential of the district developed, and this depot
began receiving sandstone ores for stockpile, a second buying depot was established, at
Shiprock, in northwestern San Juan County. An agreement was negotiated by the A.E.C.
with the Kerr-McGee Oil Co. to construct a mill at that location to process sandstone ore.
This mill was completed in 1954 and presently is operating at capacity on ores produced
in New Mexico and northeastern Arizona.
At about the time that the Kerr-McGee contract was negotiated, a second agreement
was made by the A.E.C. with Anaconda, the latter contracting to double the capacity of
its limestone-ore mill and to erect a mill of much larger capacity to treat the sandstoneores that were being produced and stockpiled in ever greater volume in the GrantsBluewater area. The enlargement of the original mill has been completed and is inproduction. The mill to treat sandstone ores is expected to be operating by January 1956.
Many large mining and oil companies came into the state in 1953 and 1954,
acquiring either operating properties or leases of large tracts of land on which toprospect. New companies were organized, and small holdings were consolidated.
Fantastic deals were made for leases.
The Haystack Development Co., under the able "pioneer" management of T. O.
Evans, discovered and developed several large ore bodies in both sandstone andlimestone formations. The most important of the discoveries appears to be the Poison
Canyon deposit in the Morrison sandstone. The mining operations of this company arecarried on both as open-pit and underground production projects. This company is one

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of the two largest producers in the district. Its ore reserves are reported to be very large.
The Anaconda company acquired, along with many other prospecting permits andleases, the rights to prospect the Laguna Indian lands. A discovery was made in thenortheast quarter of the reservation that, after being drilled and developed, appears to be
the most important uranium discovery in the entire United States to date. The ore occurs
in two horizons of the Morrison sandstone. It is of excellent grade, and the proven ore
reserves are very extensive. Other important ore bodies were found in the immediate
area, and more recently an extension to the larger ore body has been discovered. The
mine developed on the large deposit is called the Jack Pile, the new discovery being
known as the Jack Pile Extension. The Jack Pile mine has been developed as an open-pit
operation. Overburden to a depth of over 100 feet in places is being removed to expose
the ore body for selective mining.
Other mines in the vicinity of the Jack Pile are the Hanosh, Wind Whip, andWoodrow. The Anaconda company, with John B. Knaebel as general manager, has
carried on an aggressive campaign of prospecting not only in the Grants area, but inother sections of the State.
Airborne detection instruments are being used by many of the operators andprospectors in both planes and helicopters. Followup ground crews are, of course,
necessary in aerial exploration work. Extensive drilling programs, for proving up surface
indications and for prospecting blind ground considered promising, have been carriedforward by all the operating companies and the more affluent prospectors. This work is
being done with both core drills and rotary drills. When the rotary drill is used, thedrilling is done dry, and the cuttings are recovered by injecting blasts of compressed air
into the bottom of the hole at intervals to clear out the cuttings. The cuttings are caught
and tested by Geiger or scintillator counter. Whichever type of drill is used, the holes
usually are drilled large enough to permit a probe to be lowered to the bottom.
At present the more important ore producers, other than Haystack and Anaconda, are
the Holly Uranium Corp., Amuranium Corp., South Peak Mining Co., Manol Mines,
Glenn and Edith Mine, and Hanosh Mines, Inc. These are all operating in the northwest
quarter of the State. Over 50 producing properties are registered with the State Mine
Inspector.
Although the occurrence of uranium ores has been reported from 25 counties, morethan 90 percent of all ore production to date has come from Valencia, McKinley, and
San Juan Counties. Minor shipments of ore have been made from Socorro, Sierra, Grant,
Sandoval, and Rio Arriba Counties. Small stockpiles of ore are being accumulated also
at mines under development in several other counties. The exploration and developmentof promising prospects continue throughout the State on a. broad scale.

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157

GEOLOGIC HORIZONS FAVORABLE TO DISCOVERY
Uranium ores have been found in New Mexico in 15 geologic formations, as
indicated in the following table:
TABLE 20. GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC SECTIONS IN NEW MEXICOAGENORTHWESTERN N.M.

TERTIARY†Wasatch fm.
Nacimiento fm.
†Ojo Alamo ss.
†Mesaverde gp.
CRETACEOUS
Mancos sh.
*Dakota ss.

JURASSICTRIASSICPERMIAN*Morrison fin.
*Summerville fin.
*Todilto Is.
Entrada ss.
Wingate ss.
†Chinle fin.
Shinarump congl.
San Andres fm.
Glorieta ss.
Yeso fm.
†Cutler fm.
†Abo fin.

PENNSYLVANIAN †Madera fin.
Sandia fin.
* Principal producing zones.
† Small production or prospects.

NORTHEASTERN N.M. CENTRAL N.M.
Ogallala fm.
†Santa Fe fm.
†Santa Fe fm.
Datil volcanic†Galisteo fm.
†Baca fm.
Poison Canyon fm.
Raton fm
Vermejo fin.
Pierre sh.
Niobrara fm.
Carlile sh.
Greenhorn Is.
Graneros sh.
†Dakota ss.
Purgatoire fm.
Morrison fin.

Mesaverde gp.
Mancos sh.
Dakota ss.

Wanakah fin.
Entrada ss.
†Chinle fm.
Santa Rosa ss.
San Andres fin.
†Glorieta ss.
Yeso fin.

Chinle fin.
San Andres fm.
Glorieta ss.
Yeso fin.

Abo fin.
Sangre de Cristo fm†Abo fin.

Madera fm.
Sandia fm.

Madera fin.
Sandia fin.

URANIUM MINERALSThe minerals of principal importance in the current uranium-ore production in thisState are tyuyamunite and metatyuyamunite, pitchblende and uranite, uranophane andbeta-uranophane, and carnotite. Other minerals that are known to occur are torbernite
and metatorbernite, autunite, uraniferous asphaltite, novacekite, and cuprosklodowskite.
In addition, fergusonite, euxenite, and samarskite are found sparsely in many of thepegmatites of the northern part of the State.

ASSOCIATED MINERALSThe more commonly associated minerals are carbonaceous debris, bones ofprehistoric animals and petrified wood, pyrite and marcasite in158

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sedimentary rocks, purple fluorite, copper sulfides and carbonates in shales andsandstones, hematite and limonite-stained zones in fractured sedimentary rocks, andbleached zones in sedimentary rocks. Structural settings favorable for uranium mineraldeposition are not limited or predictable. The ore has been found in so many geologic
phases and attitudes that it would be unwise to deny the possibility of its occurrence inany structure. However, some of the structural features that appear favorable are areas
marginal to major faulting; sedimentary channels and facies in channel changes,
especially where carbonaceous debris is evident; rolls and downwarped zones in
sediments; faults in both sedimentary and igneous rocks; major and minor joints; shear
zones that carry other mineralization; veins; dikes; and sills (pegmatites).

ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
The Atomic Energy Commission established a second field office in New Mexico in1953. Its present address is 301 Washington SE., Albuquerque. This office has generalsupervision over the entire State, except the northwest quarter. It is staffed to giveassistance to prospectors in evaluating mineral discoveries. It activates and supervises
limited drilling programs on some of the more promising deposits. It also carries on aflying program over areas thought to be favorable for ore deposits and releases anomaly
maps showing its findings.

REVIEW BY COUNTIESBERNALILLO COUNTYThe occurrence of uranium minerals associated with carbonaceous material in thePennsylvanian and Madera limestone has been reported from sec. 23, T. 10 N., R. 5 E.
Uranium also occurs with copper minerals in Abo sandstone and shales, sec. 2, T. 9 N.,
R. 5 E.
There has been no production of ore from either of these occurrences. A core-drilling
program on the Abo showing is planned.
CATRON COUNTY
Discoveries of uranium-bearing minerals have been reported from the Apache
National Forest, the Reserve area, and the north portion of the Gila National Forest.
Specimens of materials from these areas have been brought to the Bureau, but thebearers were unwilling to provide positive identification of the location of the
discoveries. All specimens showed some radioactivity. Some might be classed possibly
as low-grade ore. The Apache and Reserve specimens were igneous rocks; the Gila
specimen was sandstone.
COLFAX COUNTY
Two occurrences of radioactive material have been reported. No samples or
specimens of the material have been received at the Bureau.

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159

One occurrence, about 30 miles southeast of Raton, is being drilled by a group from
Houston, Texas.
DONA ANA COUNTYUranium minerals occur with the dark-purple fluorite in the Bishop's Cap area. No
deposits of commercial importance have been developed.
Radioactive minerals also occur in some of the old hot-springs residue near lava
flows and intrusives, east of Hatch and Mesquite. In some areas the waters of presently
active hot springs carry trace amounts of radioactive materials.
EDDY COUNTYThe Rocky Arroyo area, about 40 miles northwest of Carlsbad, contains several
showings of uranium-bearing minerals. The material is a black, asphaltic mineraloccurring in fracture seams and as blebs and specks in limestone. Ore of commercial
grade and volume has not been developed. Over 400 mineral claims have been staked in
the area.
GRANT COUNTYThe White Signal district has been the locale for most of the uranium activity in Grant
County. Extensive prospecting and development have been carried out in an attempt todevelop a commercial ore body in or adjacent to the old mine workings. The Atriminas
Mining Co. has shipped two carloads of ore to the mill at Bluewater. The grade of theore has not been made public. Many new claims have been staked in the district.
Uranium mineralization has been found at various places in the Burro Mountains.
The minerals are associated with purple fluorite at the Langford, Hines, and Purple Rockmines. Minor amounts of autunite and uranophane are present at the Hines and Langford
properties. Extensive showings of low-grade uranium mineralization have been found in
the Little Burro Mountains.
Uranium and thorium mineralization has been found associated with pegmatite dikesof Precambrian age in the Gold Hill district. Euxenite, allanite, and samarskite have been
noted.
In the Black Hawk district a uranium mineral, possibly pitchblende, has beenreported as occurring with the nickel-cobalt-silver mineralization in both the Black
Hawk and the Alhambra mines.
GUADALUPE COUNTYUranium mineralization has been reported from an area northeast of Santa Rosa; also
from the vicinity of the asphalt-sand deposits.
HARDING COUNTYExtensive prospecting is being carried out in the area just west of Ute Creek. Some
promising showings have been found, but most of the

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anomalies mapped have been near old bone yards. Radioactive skeletons of dinosaurs
have been found.
HIDALGO COUNTYUranium-bearing deposits are being prospected and developed along the Mexican
border, just east of the Big Hatchet Mountains. The possibilities of these deposits havenot been determined.
LEA COUNTY
A showing of radioactive minerals has been reported from the Cap Rock country,
southwest of Lovington, and a discovery has been made in the San Simon sink area,
southwest of Eunice. No production has come from the county.
LINCOLN COUNTYUranium and thorium minerals have been found in the Capitan Mountains, north ofCapitan. Also, a showing has been noted in a highly altered granite breccia northeast of
Capitan. Small amounts of uranium ore occur along the edges of some of the iron ore
bodies, north of Carrizozo.
None of the deposits has proven of commercial grade or volume.
LUNA COUNTYRadioactive fluorspar occurs in the Cooks Peak area, and similar occurrences havebeen reported south of the Little Florida Mountains. No commercial deposits have beendeveloped.
MCKINLEY COUNTY
The first uranium-ore discovery in the State was made at Haystack Mountain, in thiscounty. The discovery was of tremendous interest, because it marked the first known
occurrence of uranium minerals in limestone in the Colorado Plateau area. It alsoushered in the wildest era of prospecting New Mexico has ever known. Many hundredsof mineral locations were staked on the public domain, and State and Indian lands wereleased wherever conditions were thought favorable for finding uranium ores.
Numerous ore discoveries have been made, and at this time there are 15 producing
mines and a hundred or more promising prospects in the county. The most important
producers are the Haystack and Poison Canyon mines of the Haystack Development Co.
Other good producers are the Glenn and Edith, Hanosh, Inc., Manol, and South Peakmines, the Amuranium Corp., and the Holly Uranium Corp.
Most of the ore from the county goes to the mill and stockpile at Bluewater.
MORA COUNTYUranium ore has been found with the copper mineral chalcocite in Permian shales
and arkose in a discontinuous belt 4-5 miles in length

METAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

161

along Coyote Creek, near Guadalupita. Discoveries a few miles to the south and west
also have been reported. Other "hotspots" are reported from the pegmatite-dike area inthe western part of the county. No production has come from the county to date.
OTERO COUNTY
Minor amounts of uranium minerals have been found in the old copper workingsnear Orogrande. Prospecting in the county is limited because of the very large land areas
included in the military reservations.
QUAY COUNTYUranium ore has been found at several localities in the vicinity of Tucumcari andsouthwest of San Jon. The mineral occurs in the Chinle sandstone and conglomerates.
No ore bodies of importance have been developed to date. The more interesting finds arein T. 9 N., R. 33 E.; T. 10 N., R. 33 E.; and T. 11 N., R. 32 E. Areas of high anomaly are
indicated in T. 10 N., R. 29 E.; T. 11 N., R. 30 E.; and T. 13 N., R. 31 E.
Many bone yards of prehistoric animals are found in the general area around
Tucumcari. Most of these are highly radioactive, as are some plant fossils.
RIO ARRIBA COUNTYProspectors have been active in Rio Arriba County, and some promising locations
have been made. Only small amounts of ore have been produced and shipped toBluewater for testing.
Greatest activity has been in the Abiquiu-Youngsville-Coyote area, and south to
Sandoval County. Many hundreds of claims have been staked, and all available State andprivate lands have been leased for prospecting.
Much drilling, tunnel, and open-pit work is being done in an effort to prove up
commercial ore bodies. The ores in this area have been found in carbonaceous shales,
sandstone, and siltstones.
The Petaca mining district, located in the easternmost part of the county, has long
been known for its pegmatite dikes, which sometimes carry small amounts of theradioactive minerals pitchblende, uraninite, and monazite. The uranium minerals are so
scattered, and occur in such small amounts, that the district is not believed to havefavorable uranium possibilities.
SANDOVAL COUNTYUranium mineralization was reported from the Bland district about 1920, marking
one of the earliest discoveries in the State. No particular attention was given to this
discovery at that time, nor has much interest been shown in the district recently.
The Nacimiento Mountains region and the shale beds and sandstone formations
around La Ventana, Cuba, and Cabezon have been prospected very actively. A numberof good ore showings have been found,162

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

and development work is under way to prove up commercial ore bodies. Ore shipments
have been made from one or two properties. Increased production is expected from thecounty in the near future.
SAN JUAN COUNTY
The western half of San Juan County is occupied by the Navajo Indian Reservation.
Prospectors have leased large tracts of land from the Tribal Council, and numerous ore
discoveries have been made. Eight mines are producing ore, and a large number of
discoveries are in the prospect-development stage.
An ore-buying depot was set up at Shiprock by the A. E. C. in 1952 to receive orefrom the Four Corners area (see p 155). On the basis of ore received and the oreproduction potential in the area, the A. E. C. in 1953 contracted with the Kerr-McGee
Oil Co. to construct a mill at Shiprock to treat the stockpiled ores and ore produced fromits own mines, and to continue the ore-purchase program for San Juan County andnortheastern Arizona. This mill presently is operating at capacity.
Ore discoveries have been made in areas other than the reservation, and prospecting
continues at a rapid pace. The more important discoveries have been made in the
Morrison, Summerville, Dakota, Mesaverde, and Chinle formations.
SAN MIGUEL COUNTY
Carnotite-type uranium mineralization of ore grade has been found in the Sabinosa
area in sandstone, shale, and conglomerate lenses in the Chinle formation. Much activity
is evident in this area and in the Canyon Largo district, a short distance to the southwest.
Although no shipments of ore have been reported from this region as yet, appreciable
stockpiling of ore from development work is reported. The country is cut by the Moraand Canadian Rivers and by the Canyon Largo Arroyo, which have developed deepcanyons, exposing thick sections of the flat-lying sedimentary formations. Some
discoveries have been made in the canyon walls.
Radioactivity has been noted in a highly altered granite zone in Gallinas River
Canyon, about 14 miles northwest of Las Vegas. Many of the pegmatite dikes near theheads of the Gallinas and Sapello Rivers also show some radioactivity.
SANTA FE COUNTYUranium minerals have been found at two places on the San Cristobal Grant, a few
miles southeast of the village of Galisteo. Carnotite-type mineralization occurs in alimestone conglomerate and in sandstone of the Chinle formation. No attempt has been
made to develop the deposits.
G. T. Griswold reported finding low-grade uranium mineralization on the Ortiz
Grant, 30 miles southwest of Santa Fe. It is associated with carbonaceous lenses in the
Tertiary Galisteo formation.

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163

Two occurrences have been found in the La Bajada Hill area. One, containing bothuranium and thorium, was found in sandstone and shale. The other discovery was in a
Tertiary andesitic sill. Some autunite is present. Small deposits, some of ore grade, havebeen reported from the so-called "badlands" southeast of Santa Cruz.
No ore production has been reported from the county to date.
SIERRA COUNTY
Highly radioactive materials have been found near the south end of the Caballo
Mountains, southeast of the Caballo reservoir. Uranium and, in places, thorium
mineralization occurs in interstitial chlorite and in seams and fractures in a highly altered
granite mass. Some fluorspar and minor amounts of galena are present. Minor uranium
mineralization occurs at many other scattered points along the Caballo Mountains.
An occurrence of pitchblende-type mineralization has been found in minor amounts
along a thin shear zone in Precambrian schists at the southern limits of Truth orConsequences.
Uranium mineralization has been discovered at the Terry Brothers property (alsoknown as the Hanosh prospect), near Monticello. Mineralization occurs in dark-purple
fluorite and includes some uranophane.
Other uranium occurrences are reported from the Winston, Hermosa, and Cuchillo
areas. These showings are mostly in veins of fluorite and in brecciated silicified dikes.
No ore shipments have been reported.
SOCORRO COUNTYUranium ore has been found in several widely scattered areas in Socorro County.
One of the earliest discoveries was made on the Hook ranch, about 18 miles northwest of
Magdalena. The mineralization here is spotty over a large area. It occurs in
conglomerate, shale, and sandstone of the Baca formation. A large number of claims
have been staked in the vicinity of the discovery, and some leases have been madecovering private lands. The original discovery was made on land owned by the Atchison,
Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. No production has come from the district to date.
A discovery was made on the northeast flank of Ladron Peak during the summer of1954. The ore occurs here in material in a large fault zone in a granite mass. About 70
tons of ore have been produced from open-pit operations at the discovery site. The
discovery was made on public domain under lease to Charles Jeeter, and the mine is
known as the Jeeter mine. Several hundred claims have been located in the area, andmuch drilling and open-pit prospecting are being done. Low-grade uranium ore wasfound in a zone of dikes just west of Lemitar,

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

some 12 miles south of the Jeeter mine, but drilling and pit exploratory work have notdisclosed ore of commercial grade.
Several occurrences have been reported from the La Joya (Servilleta) Grant, owned
by Gen. Thomas Campbell, but little information regarding the deposits is available.
A more recent discovery (April 1955) was made by the Holly Uranium Co. near the
Del Curto ranch, about 10 miles east of Socorro. This deposit is being developed. It
occurs in brecciated limestone.
TAOS COUNTY
Several occurrences of uranium in Precambrian pegmatite dikes have been reported
from the Red River area and east of Costilla. No commercial ore bodies have beenfound.
TORRANCE COUNTY
Small seams of carnotite-type ore occur in thin sandy shale and conglomerate zones
of copper-bearing Permian sandstones in the area north of Scholle. Large, discontinuous
zones of low uranium content extend along Priest Canyon in a belt more than 1 mile inlength.
No ore production has been reported from the county.
VALENCIA COUNTYUranium ore was found in Valencia County within a few months after the nearby
Haystack Mountain discovery in McKinley County. Twelve operators are producing orefrom about 20 properties in the county at this time. The jack Pile and Jack Pile Extension
mines of the Anaconda Co. are the largest producers. Located on the Laguna Indian
Reservation, these mines are operated as open-pit projects and are reported to containvery large ore reserves. The ore occurs in the Morrison sandstone.
Other producers in the county include Calumet and Hecla, Inc., the Continental
Divide Uranium Co., the Colmar Corp., the All States Uranium Corp., the AmuraniumCorp., and the Permian Basin Uranium Corp. The Laguna and Acoma Indian
Reservations are totally within the county, and a small portion of the Zuni Reservation
extends into the northwest corner. All these lands have been leased for prospecting, as
have all State-owned lands and much of the privately owned land. Prospecting has been
carried on over most of the county, and many promising discoveries have been made.
Most of the ore has been found in sandstone.
Anaconda's uranium-processing mill is located at Bluewater. A spur from the mainline of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway serves the plant. A paved roadconnects the mill with U. S. Highway 66.

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165

SUMMARYIn spite of a late start, as compared with Colorado and Utah, the production of
uranium ores in New Mexico has forged ahead at a tremendous pace and undoubtedly
will equal or surpass that from other states at an early date. Known ore reserves are verylarge, and new discoveries continue to be made. Production statistics and ore-reserve
estimates are restricted information. It is permissible, however, to state that the value ofthe ore produced during the last half of 1953 and the first half of 1954 exceeded $3
million.

Prospecting for Mineral Deposits
and Locating Mining Claims
Many letters are received annually by the State Bureau of Mines and Mineral
Resources requesting information regarding prospecting for minerals and the procedure
for locating mining claims.
The mining laws of New Mexico are given in Bulletin 16 of the State Bureau of
Mines and Mineral Resources, by C. H. Fowler and S. B. Talmage. Entitled "Mining,
Oil, and Mineral Laws of New Mexico," this bulletin was released in 1941 and is acompilation of all the mineral laws of the State in effect at that time. Few changes in themining laws have been made since the publication of this summary, but the oil and gas
regulations have been revised materially. The State laws and the Federal laws do notcoincide entirely, and it is suggested that the requirements of both be studied. Both laws
prevail on the public domain.
The State Land Office has certain regulations with which prospectors operating on
State lands must comply. Copies of these can be obtained from the Commissioner of
Public Lands, at Santa Fe.
Answers to the most common questions regarding methods of prospecting, thelocation of mineral claims, and allied subjects are provided in Information Circular
7535, issued by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. This circular has been reprinted by the State
Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources and can be obtained free of charge upon
application to the Bureau's office in Socorro.

References
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County, N. Mex., U. S. Bur. Mines Rpt. Inv. 4099, 9 pp, 30 pls. incl. index, topog. maps.
Bacon, L. O., and Joesting, H. R. (1945) Magnetic and resistivity surveys in the Copper Flat area,
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Bates, R. L., and Burks, M. R. (1945) Geologic literature of New Mexico through 1944,
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Benjovsky, T. D. (1947) Contributions of New Mexico's mineral industry to World War II, N. Mex.
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Blake, W. P. (1895) The zinc ore deposits of southwestern New Mexico, Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans.,
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Burks, M. R., and Schilling, J. H. (1955) Bibliography of New Mexico geology and mineraltechnology through 1950, N. Mex. Inst. of Min. and Tech., State Bur. Mines and Mineral Res.
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Chase, C. A., and Muir, D. (1923) The Aztec mine, Baldy, New Mexico, Am. Inst. Min. Met. Eng.
Trans., v 68, pp 270-281.
Darton, N. H. (1922) Geologic structure of parts of New Mexico, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 726, pp
173-275, 21 pls incl. maps, 33 figs.
----- (1928-a) "Red beds" and associated formations in New Mexico; with an outline of the geologyof the state, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 794, 356 pp, 62 pis incl. maps, 173 figs.
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Dean, D. C., Iverson, H. G., and McAllister, J. A. (1948) Concentration of Lake Valley mines oxidemanganese ore at Deming, New Mexico, U. S. Bur. Mines Rpt. Inv. 4186,1 p.
Dunham, K. C. (1935) The geology of the Organ Mountains; with an account of the geology andmineral resources of Dona Ana County, New Mexico, N. Mex. School of Mines, State Bur.
Mines and Mineral Res. Bull. 11, 272 pp, 14 pls incl. geol. maps, 21 figs incl. maps.
Duriez, L. H., and Neuman, J. V., Jr. (1948) Geology and mining practice at the Bayard, N. Mex.,
property, Min. and Met., v 29, n 502, pp 559-561, illus. incl. index map.
Ellis, R. W. (1922) Geology of the Sandia Mountains, N. Mex. Univ. Bull. 108, geol. ser., v 3, n 4,
45 pp, 4 pls, 2 figs, map.
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148 pp.
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168

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Entwistle, L. P. (1944) Manganiferous iron-ore deposits near Silver City, New Mexico, N. Mex.
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figs incl. index map.
Evans, A. M. (1949) Investigation of manganese deposits, Little Florida Mountains mining district,
Luna County, New Mexico, U. S. Bur. Mines Rpt. Inv. 4536, 11 pp, 11 figs.
Finlay, J. R. (1922) Report of appraisal of mining properties of New Mexico, Santa Fe, N. Mex.
State Tax Commission, 154 pp.
Fowler, C. H., and Talmage, S. B. (1941) Mining, oil, and mineral laws of New Mexico,
N. Mex. School of Mines, State Bur. Mines and Mineral Res. Bull. 16, 251 pp.
Fries, C., Jr. (1940) Tin deposits of the Black Range, Catron and Sierra Counties, N. Mex.; apreliminary report, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 922-M, pp iii, 355-370, 9 pls incl. geol. maps, 2
figs (index maps).
Garcia, J. A., 36th-39th annual reports of the State (N. Mex.) Inspector ,of Mines, N. Mex. Schoolof Mines, State Bur. Mines and Mineral Res.
Harley, G. T. (1934) The geology and ore deposits of Sierra County, New Mexico, N. Mex. Schoolof Mines, State Bur. Mines and Mineral Res. Bull. 10, 220 pp, 9 pls incl. geol. map, 19 figsincl. maps.
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N. Mex. School of Mines, State Bur. Mines and Mineral Res. Bull. 15, 104 pp, 5 pls incl. index
and geol. maps, 11 figs incl. geol. map.
Hess, F. L. (1913) Vanadium in the Sierra de los Caballos, New Mexico, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull.
530, pp 157-160.
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Hill, J. M. (1912) The mining districts of the western United States, with a geologic introduction by
Waldemar Lindgren, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 507, 309 pp, 16 pls.
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1 fig.
Hill, R. S. (1946) Exploration of Grey Eagle, Grandview, and Royal John claims, Grant and Sierra
Counties, N. Mex., U. S. Bur. Mines Rpt. Inv. 3904, 31 pp, 7 pls incl. index, topog. maps.
Hillebrand, W. F. (1889) Mineralogical notes, Colo. Sci. Soc. Proc., v 3, pp 38-47.
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Jones, F. A. (1904) New Mexico mines and minerals, Santa Fe, 349 pp.
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Bull. 1, 77 pp, map.
Kelley, V. C. (1949) Geology and economics of New Mexico iron-ore deposits, N. Mex. Univ. Pub.,geol. ser., n 2, 246 pp.
Lasky, S. G. (1932) The ore deposits of Socorro County, New Mexico, N. Mex. School of Mines,
State Bur. Mines and Mineral Res. Bull. 8, 139 pp, 4 pls incl. map, 21 figs.
-----, and Wootton, T. P. (1933) The metal resources of New Mexico and theirMETAL RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

169

economic features, N. Mex. School of Mines, State Bur. Mines and Mineral Res. Bull. 7, 178
pp, 2 pls, 4 figs.
----- (1936) Geology and ore deposits of the Bayard area, Central mining district, N. Mex., U. S.
Geol. Survey Bull. 870, 144 pp, 17 pls incl. geol. maps, 21 figs incl. index and geol. maps.
----- (1940) Manganese deposits in the Little Florida Mountains, Luna County, N. Mex.; apreliminary report, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 922-C, pp 55-73, 3 pls incl. geol. and topog.
maps, 10 figs incl. index map.
----- (1947) Geology and ore deposits of the Little Hatchet Mountains, Hidalgo and Grant Counties,
N. Mex., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 208, 101 pp, 27 pls, 18 figs incl. index, geol. maps.
Leach, A. A. (1928) The geology and history of the Malone mines, Ariz. Min. Jour., v 12, pp 5-6,
34.
Lee, W. T. (1916) The Aztec gold mine, Baldy, New Mexico, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 620, pp 325330.
Lindgren, W., Graton, L. C., and Gordon, C. H. (1910) The ore deposits of New Mexico, U. S. Geol.
Survey Prof. Paper 68, 361 pp, 22 pls.
Loughlin, G. F., and Koschmann, A. H. (1942) Geology and ore deposits of the Magdalena mining
district, New Mexico, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 200, 168 pp, 38 pls incl. geol. map, 28
figs.
Luther, L. A. (1946) Chino copper, Compressed Air Mag., v 51, n 11, pp 286-291, illus.
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Minerals Yearbooks, 1932-1950, U. S. Bur. Mines, Washington, D. C.
Mullen, D. H., and Storms, W. R. (1948) Copper Flat zinc deposit, Central mining district, Grant
County, New Mexico, U. S. Bur. Mines Rpt. Inv. 4228, 8 pp, 5 figs.
Paige, S. (1909) The Hanover iron-ore deposits, New Mexico, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 380, pp 199214, map.
----- (1911) Metalliferous ore deposits near the Burro Mountains, Grant County, New Mexico, U. S.
Geol. Survey Bull. 470, pp 131-150, 1 pl.
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Silver City folio, n 199, 19 pp, 1 sheet of illus., 3 maps.
----- (1922) Copper deposits of the Tyrone district, New Mexico, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper
122, 53 pp, 10 pls incl. maps, 29 figs.
Pettit, R. F. (ca. 1947) The mineral resources of Colfax County, State Bur. Mines and Mineral Res.,
unpubl. rept.
Raymond, R. W. (1870) Statistics of mines and mining west of the Rocky Mountains (2d Rpt.), U. S.
Treasury Dept., pp 381-418, Washington, D. C.
Renick, B. C. (1931) Geology and ground-water resources of western Sandoval County, New
Mexico, U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 620, 117 pp, 10 pls incl. map, 3 figs.
Russell, P. L., and Calhoun, W. A. (1947) N
head manganese deposit, Socorro County, New
Mexico, U. S. Bur. Mines Rpt. Inv. 4084, 7 pp, 4 pls incl. index maps.
Schilling, C. F., and Schilling, J. H. (1956) Bibliography of New Mexico geology and mineraltechnology, 1951 through 1955, N. Mex. Inst. of Min. and Tech., State Bur. Mines and MineralRes. Bull. 52, 136 pp.
Schrader, F. C., Stone, R. W., and Sanford, S. (1916) Useful minerals of the United States, U. S.
Geol. Survey Bull. 624, 412 pp.

170

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Somers, R. E. (1916) Geology of the Burro Mountains copper district, New Mexico [withdiscussion], Am. Inst. Min. Eng. Trans., v 52, pp 604-644, maps.
Soulé, J. H. (1947) Peerless lead-zinc mine, Grant County, New Mexico, U. S. Bur. Mines Rpt.
Inv. 4044, 8 pp, 4 pls incl. index map.
----- (1948-a) Silver Spot manganese-iron-zinc deposits, Grant County, New Mexico, U. S. Bur.
Mines Rpt. Inv. 4217, 5 pp, illus. incl. index map.
-----(1948-b) West Pinos Altos zinc-lead deposits, Grant County, New Mexico, U. S. Bur. Mines
Rpt. Inv. 4237, 8 pp, illus. incl. index, geol. map.
Spencer, A. C., and Paige, S. (1935) Geology of the Santa Rita mining area, N. Mex., U. S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 859, 78 pp, 6 pls incl. geol. map, 1 fig.
Volin, M. E., Russell, P. L., Price, F. L. C., and Mullen, D. H. (1947) Catron and Sierra Counties
tin deposits, New Mexico, U. S. Bur. Mines Rpt. Inv. 4068, 60 pp, 25 figs incl. index maps.
Waller, E., and Moses, A. J. (1892) A probably new nickel arsenide, School of Mines Quart., v 14,
pp 49-51.
Wells, E. H. (1918) Manganese in New Mexico, N. Mex. School of Mines, Mineral Res. Survey
Bull. 2, 85 pp, map.
Wootton, T. P. (1930) Geologic literature of New Mexico, N. Mex. School of Mines, State Bur.
Mines and Mineral Res. Bull. 5, 127 pp.
Youtz, R. B. (1931) Mining methods at the Eighty-five mine, Calumet and Arizona Mining
Company, Valdeon, New Mexico, U. S. Bur. Mines Inf. Circ. 6413, 26 pp, 18 figs.

IndexAbiquiu district, 104-105, 161
Abo formation, 64, 90, 137, 158
Acknowledgments, 3
Acoma Indian Reservation, 164
Adobe mine, 121
Alabandite, 23, 117
Alayer, Carl, 137
Alhambra district, see Black Hawk district
Alhambra mine, 159
Allanite, 159
All State Uranium Corp., 164
Altaite, 26
Alto (Cedar Creek) district, see Nogal(Lincoln County) district
Amarillo Gold Mining Co., 105
Amazon mine, 116
American Flag claim, 37-38
American Metal Co., Ltd., 7
American Metal Co. of New Mexico, 7, 8,
111, 112, 151
American Smelting & Refining Co., 6, 7, 43,
57, 59, 60, 61, 78, 79, 81, 94, 137
Amuranium Corp., 156, 160
Anaconda Copper Mining Co., 99, 154, 156,
164
Anaconda mine, 116
Ancho mine, 91
Anchor (La Belle) district, 146
Anchor prospect, 148Anderson district, see Apache No. 2 district
Anderson Extension property, 124Anglesite, 22, 139
Anita mine, 86, 88
Ankerite, 23
Annabergite, 24
Antimony, 12, 14
Apache district, see Chloride district
Apache No. 2 (Anderson) district, 82-84
Appel, G. A., et al., cited, 126
Argentite, 25
Arroyo Hondo district, see Twining district
Arsenic, 12, 14
Arsenopyrite, 14
Asarco Mining Co , 7, 60
Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway,
uranium exploration, 99, 154-155, 163
Atomic Energy Commission, 80, 100,
153, 154, 158

Atraminas Mining Co., 80, 159
Atwood mine, 86, 88
Aurichalcite, 16, 28, 139
Autunite, 27, 79, 153, 157
Aztec mine, 7, 35-36, 70
Azurite, 16, 139
Bacon, L. 0., and Joesting, H. R., cited, 51
Badger mine, 121
Balakohn mine, 145
Bald Eagle property, 122
Baldy (Ute Creek) district, 35-36
Banner Mining Co., 86
Barite, 131, 132, 134, 138
Barney claim, 85
Basin Ranges, 10
Bastnaesite, 13, 29
Battleship mine, 86
Bayard district, 59-62
Bear Mountain district, see Fleming district
Beartooth quartzite, 62, 64, 67, 71
Bearup claims, 32
Belle mine, 86
Benjovsky, T. D., cited, 62
Bent district, see Tularosa district
Benton formation, 64
Bernalillo County, 30
uranium, 158
Beryl, 100
Beryllium, 13, 14-15, 104, 133, 146
Beta-uranophane, 157
Big Bug property, 122
Big Burro Mountains, 47-48"Big Ditch," 38
Big Five prospect, 148
Big Florida Mountains, 94
Big Four Gold and Tungsten Mines Co., 93
Big Hatchet Mountains, 160
Biglow-Empire-Bonanza mines, 124Biglow property, 124
Big Silver mine, 97
Big Three mine, 42
Bishop's Cap area, 159
Bismuth, 13, 15, 41, 129, 142
Bismuthinite, 15
Bismutite, 15Black Bear Mining Co., 140
Black Copper prospect, 148

172

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Black Dome Mining Co., 124
Black Hawk Consolidated Mines Co., 32,
33, 51, 57-58, 60
Black Hawk (Alhambra, Bullard's Peak)
district, 45
Black Hawk-Latham claim, 142
Black Hawk mill, 57, 62
Black Hawk mine, 42, 159
Black Horse mine, 35, 36
Black Mountain-Gold Camp district, 41
Black Peak Mining Co., 124
Black Peak property, 124
Black Prince mine, 43Black Range, 6, 94, 122Black Range Development Co., 78
Black Range district, see Chloride andKingston districts
Black Range (Taylor Creek) tin district, 3132
Blake, W. P., cited, 51
Bland district, see Cochiti district
Bland mine, 108, 153
Bliss quartzite, 125
Blue Hill mine, 136
Blue Stone mine, 136
Bluewater uranium mill, 154-155, 164
Bob Cat mine, 84
Bob Montgomery mine, 88
Bohemian Mining Co., 75
Bonanza mine, 123
Bonita mine, 92
Bonney mine, 86, 88
Bornite, 16, 125
Boston Hill subdistrict, 8, 71-73
Bournonite, 16
Bradley Mining Co., 33
Breman's mill, 73
Brice district, see Orogrande district
Bridal Chamber, 126
Brochantite, 16
Bromide district (Sierra County), see Tierra
Blanca district
Bromide-Hopewell (Headstone) district, 105
Bromyrite, 25
Bronx mine, 79
Brough, P. V., and Gillaspie, K. B., cited, 61
Brush Heap mine, 125
Buck Deer prospect, 42
Bullard, John, 73
Bullard's Peak district, see Black Hawk
district
Bullfrog mine, 7, 58, 61
Bull of the Woods mine, 35, 36

Burro Mountain Copper Co., 47
Burro Mountain mine, 47
Burro Mountains, 47-48, 159
Burro Mountains (Tyrone, Cow Springs)
district, 7, 45-48
Busted Banker prospects, 96
Byron, H. J., 75
Caballo Construction Co., 128
Caballo Mountains, 120-121, 127, 163
Caballo Mountains district, 120-121
Caballo reservoir, 163
Cabezon, 161
Cadmium, 15
Calamine, 28
Calamity Jane mine, 125
Calard No. 2 claim, 79
Calcocarnotite, 27
Caledonia mine, 125
Calumet & Arizona Mining Co., 7, 57, 86
Calumet and Hecla, Inc., 164
Calumet-New Mexico (Mogul Grande)
mine, 97
Cambrian, 10, 52
Campbell, Gen. Thomas C., 133, 164
Candelaria mine, 116
Canyoncito district, see Joyita Hills district
Capitan Mountains, 160
Cap Rock, 160
Caprock escarpment, 44
Cap Rock Mountain manganese district, 48
Carbon Hill mine, 88
Carboniferous, 10, 34, 113, 129
Cardinal Gold Mining Co., 75
Caribel prospect, 148
Carlisle mine, 76, 77
Carman, J. B., cited
Carnahan Mines Co., 116
Carnotite, 27, 99, 109, 157, 162, 164
Carocito district, see Scholle district
Carpenter district, see Swartz district
Carrizalillo Hills district, 94
Carson Sanburg Mining Corp., 98
Carthage district, see Hansonburg district
Carthage Hills, 129
Cash Entry mine, 114
Cassiterite, 26, 34
Cat Mountain district, 130
Catron County, 31
uranium, 158
Cedar Mountain, 94
Centennial claim, 37-38
Center mine, 102

INDEX
Central area (Grant County), 7, 48-67
Central mine, 88
Cerargyrite, 25, 127
Cerium, 104
Cerrillos district, 113-115
Cerrillos Hills, 113, 117
Cerrillos Lead & Zinc Co., 114
Cerussite, 22, 127, 138, 140
Cervantite, 14
Chalcanthite, 16, 139
Chalcocite, 12, 16, 41, 48, 66, 140, 141
Chalcophanite, 28
Chalcopyrite, 17, 121, 147
Chalcotrichite, 17
Chalmersite, 17Champion mine, 32
Chance mine, 98
Chase, C. A., and Muir, D., cited, 35
Chaves County, 33
Chemung Copper Co., 47
Chenowith claim, 142
Chester claim, 38
Chicago claim, 114
Chino Copper Co., 5, 62
Chino mines, 5Chloanthite-smaltite, 24
Chloride (Apache, Black Range, Cuchillo
Negro) district, 121-122
Chloride Flat (Silver City) subdistrict, 6, 7376
Chrysocolla, 17
Chupadera district, 130
Chupadera limestone, 44, 103
Cimarroncito district, 36-37
Cinco de Mayo mine, 101-102
City View claim, 38
Cleveland, L. E., 128
Cleveland mine, 70
Cobalt, 12, 15
Cochiti (Bland) district, 107-108, 161
Colfax County, 34
uranium, 158
Colmar Corp., 164
Colorado formation, 64-65
Colorado Fuel & Iron Co., 8, 51, 72, 73, 115
Colorado Plateau, 150, 153, 160
Colorado shale, 59, 60
Colossal prospect, 121
Columbia mine, 78
Columbite, 13, 26, 100, 119
Columbium, 15, 104
Combination and Hobo mines, 7, 57-58
Commercial mine, 67
Commissioner of Public Lands, 166
Comstock mine, 125

173
Conner Boy-Bank mine, 124
Consolidated Mines Co., 127Continental Divide Uranium Co., 164Continental mine, 58
Cooks Peak district, 95-96, 160
Cooks Range manganese district, 96
Cooney, James, 32
Cooney district, see Mogollon district
Cooperative Mining Co., 69
Cooper district, see Willow Creek district(San Miguel County)
Copper:minerals, 15-19
native, 17, 18
production, 7, 45-48, 62
Copper arsenates, see Arsenic, 18
Copper Crown claim, 83
Copper Flat subdistrict, 52-53, 57
Copper Hill district, see Picuris district
Copper King mine, 96
Copper-pitch ore, 18
Copper vanadate, 28
Cora Miller claim, 79
Cornudas Hills, 100
Costilla, 164
Cotton Top mine, 102
Council Rock district, 130-131
Covellite, 18
Cow Springs district, see Burro Mountains
districtCox, F. J., 121
Coyote Creek, 161
Coyote Creek district, 99-100
Coyote subdistrict, 30
Coyote-Youngsville district, see Gallina
district
Crested Butte prospect, 42
Cretaceous, 10, 30, 37, 45, 62, 64, 87, 104,
109, 129, 150, 157
Crosby mine, 88
Crown Gold-Silver mine, 92
Cuba, 161
Cuba district, see Nacimiento Mountains
district
Cuchillo Mountains, 123, 132, 163
Cuchillo Negro district, see Chloride district
Cunningham Lode, 118
Cuprite, 18
Cuprodescloizite, 28, 121
Cuprosklodowskite,
157
Cuprotungstite, 26, 146
Curry County, 39
Curtis, Charles, 149
Darton, N. H., cited, 37, 83, 84, 103

174

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Dave King mine, 42
Deadwood-Last Chance mines, 32
Dean, D. C., et al , cited, 126
De Baca County, 39
Deep-Down-Atlantic mine, 70
Del Curto ranch, 164
Delgado mine, 116
Deming Mining Co., 122
Depression mine, 86
Depression of thirties, influence on mining,
8, 151
Derry manganese district, 122
Descloizite, 28, 140
Devil's Canyon mine, 43
Devonian, 52
Dioptase, 18
Dobie property, 122
Dolores district, see Old Placers district
Domeykite, 18
Dona Ana County, 39
uranium, 159
Dona Ana Mountains, 44
Dona Dora mine, 42
Donalco Mining Co., 42
Duke mine, 124
Dummy B prospect, 42Dunham, K. C., cited, 41, 42, 44Dunzer and Everheart mine, 124
Duriez, L. H., and Neuman, J. V., Jr., cited,58, 61
East Camp claims, 76
East Camp Exploration Syndicate, see
Exploration Syndicate
East Star mine, 136
Economic features, 151, 152
Eddy County, 44
uranium, 159
Eighty-five mine, 7, 86, 87-88
El Aviador Gold Mining Co., 93
Elizabethtown (Moreno) district, 5, 11, 3738, 147
Ellis, R. W., cited, 30
El Oro property, 124
El Paso claim, 53
El Paso limestone, 78, 125
El Porvenir (Hermit Mountain) district, 110
El Rito placer district, 106
Embolite, 25
Emerald vein, 87-88
Emmons, W. H., cited, 18
Empire claim, 37-38
Empire Mines & Metal Co., 121
Empire Smelting & Refining Co., 94
Empire Zinc Co., 54-55, 57, 70, 136, 137

Enargite, 18
Endlichite, 28
Entwistle, L. P., cited, 72, 73
Erythrite, 15
Esperanza mine, 136
Estey (Oscuro) district, 90-91
Ethel 85 mine, 95
Eureka district, see Hachita district
Eureka prospect, 42
Euxenite, 157, 159
Evans, A. M., cited, 97
Evans, T. 0., 155
Everheart, T. B., 143
Excelsior mine, 43
Exploration Syndicate, 76
Fairfax Twin claim, 38
Faywood mine, 95
Ferberite, 26
Ferguson and Jones, 123
Fergusonite, 157
Fierro district, iron production, 7
Fierro limestone, 54
Fleming (Bear Mountain) district, 67
Florida Mountains, 94, 96
Florida Mountains district, 96-97
Fluorite, 134, 138, 163
Fluorspar, 121, 131, 132, 160
Fort Bayard Military Reservation, 61
Four Corners area, 162
Fowler, C. H., and Talmage, S. B., 166
Fra Cristobal Range, 122
Fra Cristobal Range district, 122Franklin claim, 114 Franklin Mines, Inc.,
114
Franklin Mountains, 40
Frazier mine, 149
Fremont district, 84, 97
French Henry mine, 38
Fries, C., Jr., cited, 31
Fusselman dolomite, 41, 78
Fusselman limestone, 67, 69, 75, 96, 98
Gage district, see Victorio district
Gahnite, 28
Galena, 131, 134, 140, 147
Galena claim, 37-38
Gallina (Coyote-Youngsville) district, 106
Gallinas Mountains (Red Cloud) district, 91
Galloway mine, 42Geology of State, summary of, 10-13
Georgetown (Mimbres) district, 67
Gerhardtite, 18
Gillespie district, see Red Hill district

INDEX
Gillette mine, 71
Gladys prospect, 96
Glenn and Edith mine, 156, 160
Globe Mining Co., 131
Glorieta district, 115
Gold, 5Government restrictions, 32
minerals, 19-20
native, 19, 128
production, 8Gold Camp (Black Mountain) district, 41
Golden Cycle mill, 105
Gold Dust district, see Las Animas placer
districtGolden Era claim, 38
Gold Hill district, 67, 69, 84
Gold Pick mine, 92
Goldsboro subdistrict, 128
Goodfortune Creek subdistrict, see San
Andres Mountains district, 141
Goodrich-Lockhart Co., 112
Goodwill mine, 96
Goslarite, 28, 139
Grand Center claims, 75
Grandview Canyon subdistrict, see San
Andres Mountains district, 142
Grandview mine, 78
Grant County, 44-80
uranium, 159
Graphic mine, 96, 135
Great Republic Mining Co., 121
Great Western mine, 92
Green Crawford mine, 41
Green Girl prospect, 42
Greenockite, 15
Griswold, G. R., 118
Griswold, G. T., 162
Ground Hog mine, 7, 57, 60, 61
Grubnau Chemical Co., 113
Guadalupe County, 80-82
uranium, 159
Guadalupe Mountains, 100
Gummite, 27
Gypsum, 133
Hachita (Eureka, Sylvanite) district, 84-85
Haile Mines, Inc., 126, 133
Hallett Construction Co., 123, 127
Hamilton mine, see Pecos mine
Hanosh mine, 156, 160, 163
Hanosh Mines, Inc., 156
Hanover Bessemer Iron & Copper Co., 7, 54
Hanover Copper Co., 55

175
Hanover-Fierro district, 7, 51-59
Hanover Iron and Copper Co., 54
Hanover limestone, 53, 59
Hansonburg (Carthage) district, 131-132
Hanson mill, 142
Harding County, 82
uranium, 159
Harding mine:
Socorro County, 142
Taos County, 13, 145, 146
Hardscrabble claim, 85
Harley, G. T., cited, 120
Hattie Lee mine, 88
Hawkeye claim, 42
Haystack Development Co., 155, 156, 160
Haystack mine, 160
Haystack Mountain, 154, 160, 164
Hazard mine, 70
Headstone district, see Bromide-Hopewell
district
Helen Rae mine, 92
Hell Canyon subdistrict, 30
Hematite, 20
Hembrillo-San Andrecito district, 41
Hermit Mountain district, see El Porvenir
district
Hermosa (Palomas) district, 123, 163
Hess, F. L., cited, 79, 121
Hessite, 25, 128
Hidalgo County, 82-89
uranium, 160
Hidalgo Gold Mines Co., 85
High Rolls district, see Sacramento district
Hill, J. M., cited, 10, 31, 77
Hillebrand, W. F., cited, 45
Hillsboro (Las Animas) district, 11, 120,123-124
Hill Top mine, 43
Hines mine, 159
History of mining, 4-9
Hobo mine, see Combination and Hobo
mines
Holly Uranium Corp., 156, 160, 164
Homestake mine, 43
Hook ranch, 163
Hoot Owl Co., 127
Hop Canyon district, 132
Hope, Faith, and Charity group, 86
Hornet mine, 85
Hot Springs (Mud Springs) district, 124
Houston Thomas mine, 70
Hoyt, Phillip S., 106
Hübnerite, 26-27
Hueco Hills, 100

176

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Hummer mine, 80
Hurley mill, 63
Hurlow Mining Co., 132
Hutchinson, Col. J. S., 135
Hydrozincite, 28Illinois mine, 125
Illinois Zinc Co., 55
Independence mine, 126, 148
Iodyrite, 25
Iron:minerals, 20-22
ores, 12, 53-54, 122
production, 7-8, 51, 54, 133
Iron Duke mine, 102
Iron Hill district, 44
Iron King mine, 125
Iron Mountain district, 132-133
Ivanhoe mine, 58, 121
Jack Pile Extension mine, 156, 164
Jack Pile mine, 156, 164
Jahns, R. H., cited, 133
Jarilla district, see Orogrande district
Jarilla Hills, 100, 101-102
Jarosite, 20
Jeeter, Charles, 163
Jeeter mine, 163, 164
Jemez Mountains, 107Jemez Springs district, 108
Jessie mine, 98
Jicarilla district, 91
Jicarilla Mountains, 11
Jim Fair mine, 53
Johnson claim, 32
Jones, F. A., 133
cited, 69, 70
Jones Camp district, 133
Jornada del Muerto, 119, 131
Joyita Hills, 129, 133
Joyita Hills (Canyoncito) district, 133-134
Juanita mine, 136
Jurassic, 153, 157
Kangaroo mine, 125
Kearney mine, 7, 53, 54, 57
Kelly mine, 55, 135, 136
Kelley, V. C., cited, 133
Kennecott Copper Corp., 51, 54, 55, 58, 63
Chino Mines Division, 5
Kept Woman mine, 70
Kerr-McGee Oil Co., 155, 162
Kerr-McGee Uranium Co., 109

Keystone mine, 125Kingston (Black Range) district, 120, 125126
Kirchman, R. I., 72
Knaebel, John B., 156
Koschmann, A. H., 98
La Bajada Copper Mining Co., 115-116
La Bajada district, 115-116, 163
La Belle district, see Anchor district
Ladron Mountains district, 134
Ladron Peak, 163
Lady Franklin mine, 125
Laguna Indian Reservation, 164
Lake Valley district, 6, 120, 126-127
Lake Valley limestone, 52, 62, 78, 137, 144,
145
La Luz subdistrict, 30
Langford mine, 159
La Plata mine, 136, 145
Las Animas district, see Hillsboro district
Las Animas (Gold Dust) placer district, 127
Lasky, S. G., cited, 10, 59, 60, 84, 97, 129
Last Chance mine:
Hachita district, 85
Lordsburg district, 85, 87
Mogollon district, 32
La Ventana, 161
Laws, see Mining laws
Lazarus mine, 117
Leach, A. A., cited, 70
Leach, A. A. (Mrs.), 79, 152
Lea County, 89
uranium, 160
Lead:minerals, 22
production, 61, 95, 131-132
Lee, W. T., cited, 35
Legal Tender group, 72, 73
Leidendorf (Venus, Viola) mine, 85
Lemitar, 163
Lemitar Mountains, 143
Lemitar Mountains district, 134
Lepidolite, 110
Libethenite, 18
Limonite, 20
Linarite, 18
Lincoln County, 89-93
uranium, 160
Lincoln County Mining and Milling Co., 93
Lincoln-Lucky group, 116
Lincoln mine, 102

INDEX
Lindgren, W., quoted, 10-12, 149
Lindgren, W., et al., quoted 4, 5;
cited, 45, 70, 76, 79
Litel-King mine, 124
Lithium, 13, 23, 100, 110, 146
Little Buck mine, 43
Little Burro Mountains, 47, 159
Little Fanny mine, 32
Little Florida Mountains, 94, 97, 160
manganese deposits, 8, 97
Little Florida Mountains (ManganeseValley) district, 97
Little Hachet Mountains, 84-85
Little Joe mine, 102
Little Mack mine, 93
Little Mack Mining Co., 93
Little Mildred claim, 85
Little Nell mine, 93
Live Oak mine, 116
Lone Jack mine, 80
Lone Mountain district, 69
Lookout mine, 96, 128
Lordsburg (Pyramid, Virginia) district, 7,
85-88
Lordsburg Mining Co., 86
Los Alamos County, 93
Lost Prospector mine, 84
Loughlin, G. F., and Koschmann, A. H.,
cited, 135
Louise-Halstead group, 131
Luck Mining and Construction Co., 73
Lucky Bill mine, 57, 61
Lucky Strike prospect, 91
Luis Lopez manganese district, 134-135
Luna County, 94-98
uranium, 160
Luther, L. A., cited, 62
Lynchburg mine, 136
MacGregor mine, 67
Macho district, 127
Magdalena district, 5, 6, 129, 135-139
Magdalena limestone, 52, 59, 71, 134, 142
Magdalena Mountains, 137-139
Magdalena Mountains manganese district,
139
Maggie G mine, 42
Magnetite, 20, 51, 133
Mahoney mine, 97, 98
Major Jones claim, 132
Malachite, 18-19
Mallardite, 23
Malone district, 69-70

177
Manganese:minerals, 23-24, 96, 97, 119, 126, 143,
145
production, 8, 12, 43-44
stockpiling, 8, 120, 125, 134
Manganese Valley district, see Little Florida
Mountains district
Manganiferous calcite, 23
Manganite, 23, 127
Manhattan Project, 153
Manol Mines Co., 156, 160
Manzano Mountains, 149
Marcasite, 157
Martinez, Paddy, 154
Martinez and Slater, 106
Mary Belle claim, 75
Mascot mine, 116
Massicot, 22
Maud S mine, 32
Maxwell Land Grant Co., 7
McCarthy mine, 131
McGhee mine, 88-89
McIntosh, C. H. and S. A., 86
McKinley County, 99
uranium, 160
Measday-Schoepf mine, 97
Melaconite, 19Melanochalcite, 19Melanotekite, 22Melanterite, 21
Memphis mine, 43, 148
Merrimac mine, 43
Mescalero Indian Reservation, 92
Mesozoic, 10
Metatorbernite, 157
Metatyuyamunite, 157
Mex-Tex Co., see Mex-Tex Mining Co.
Mex-Tex Mining Co., 131-132
Mickey prospect, 96
Microlite, 110
Middle Blue limestone, 53Midnight prospect, 148
Mikado subdistrict, 119
Mill Canyon district, 139
Millsite mine, 86
Mimbres district, see Georgetown district
Mimbres limestone, 96, 124, 128
Mimbres Mining Co., 67
Mimbres Mountains, 6, 94
Mimetite, 22
Mine Hill, 98
Mineral Hill subdistrict, 111
Minerals, occurrence and distribution, 13-29

178

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES
National Zinc Co., 86
Navajo Indian Reservation, 162
Miner's Dream mine, 125
Nellie Bly mine, 86
Mining districts, 30-150
Nevada Consolidated Copper Co., 5, 63
Mining laws, 166
New Jersey Zinc Co., 51, 54
Minium, 22
New Mexico Consolidated Mining Co., 51,
Minnehaha property, 122
57
Miser's Chest mine, 86, 88
New Mexico Ore Processing Co., 59, 62
Miser's Chest Mining and Milling Co., Inc.,
New Placers (San Pedro) district, 5, 113,
86
Mississippian, 10, 41-42, 52, 59, 62, 137
116-117
Mistletoe mine, 136
Niccolite, 24
M. K. T. mine, 124
Nickel, 12
Mockingbird Gap subdistrict, see San
minerals, 24
Andres Mountains district, 142
Nickel-skutterudite, 24
Mockingbird Mining Co., 142
Negro Diggings, 128
Modoc mine, 43
Negro Head mine, 145
Moffit, J. H., 125
Night Hawk mine, 142
Mogollon Consolidated Mines Co., 7, 32
Nina Maria Mining Co., 121
Mogollon (Cooney) district, 6, 7, 31, 3233
Nitt mine, 135, 136
Mogul mine, 70
Nogal district:
Moline Mine and Milling Co., 113, 114
Lincoln County, 92
Molybdenite, 24, 147
Socorro County, see San Jose district
Molybdenum:
Northern Franklin Mountains, 44
minerals, 24, 124, 147-148
North Homestake mine, 93
production, 8, 12, 45, 63-64, 145
North Magdalena district, 139-140
Molybdenum Corporation of America, 147
Novacekite, 157
Molybdite, 24
Monarch claim, 83
Ohio mine, 70
Monazite, 13, 29, 106, 119, 161
Ojo Caliente district, 140
Monheimite, 28
Old Abe mine, 93Montezuma mine, 35, 36, 96
Old Placers (Ortiz, Dolores) district, 5, 113,Monticello, 163
117-118
Montoya limestone, 78, 98
Old Timer mine, 116
Mora County, 99-100
Open Cut mine, 145
uranium, 160
Opportunity mine, 124
Moreno claim, 37-38
Ordovician, 10, 52, 73, 126
Moreno district, see Elizabethtown district
Orejon mine, 43
Mormon mine, 42
Organ district, 40, 41-43
Morning Star mine, 136
Organ Mountains, 5, 40, 41-42,100
Morris mine, 126
Orogrande, 161
Morrison sandstone, 99, 109
Orogrande (Jarilla, Silver Hill, Brice)
Mountain Canyon claim, 131
district, 11, 101-102
Mountain Chief mine, 41
Orogrande mine, 102
Mountain Key mine, 70
Oro Grande mine, 84
Mud Springs district, see Hot Springs
Ortiz district, see Old Placers district
district
Ortiz mine, 117, 118 Ortiz Mining Co., 118
Mullen, D. H., and Storms, W. R., cited, 51,
Ortiz Mountains, 5, 11, 113, 118
55
Oscura Mountains, 119, 132, 133, 142
Mystic mine, 39
Oscuro district, see Estey district
Nacimiento Mountains, 107, 108, 161
Oswaldo mine, 55, 57
Nacimiento Mountains (Cuba) district, 108Otero County, 100-104
109
uranium, 161
Naiad Queen mine, 67
Owl mine, see Bullfrog mine, 61

INDEX
Ozark Pigment Co., 96, 97
Ozark Smelting & Mining Co., 84, 131, 135,
136
Pacific mine, 70
Pagoda prospect, 42
Paige, S., cited, 45, 53, 62, 70, 73
Painted Horse mine, 88
Paleozoic, 10, 41, 45, 64, 73, 75, 94, 96,
121, 124, 141
Palomas Chief mine, 123
Palomas district, see Hermosa district
Pankey mine, 143
Papa mine, 136
Parsons (Bonita) district, see Nogal (Lincoln
County) district
Pastura (Pintada) district, 80-82
Pastura mine, 80, 82
Pearceite, 25
Pearson mine, 58
Pecos district, see Willow Creek district(San Miguel County)
Pecos mine, 7, 8, 11, 110
Pecos River Mining Co., 111
Peerless mine, 59, 61, 62
Peerless Mining and Milling Co., 62
Pegmatites, 42
Pelican, 123
Penacho Peak, 119
Pennsylvania mine, 114
Pennsylvanian, 37, 42, 52, 53, 64, 71, 103,
144, 157
Percha mine, 126
Percha shale, 41, 52, 67, 75, 78, 96, 124,
126
Permian, 52, 64, 103, 137, 150, 157
Permian Basin Uranium Corp., 164
Peru Mining Co., 51, 55, 57, 94
Petaca district, 106, 161
Pettit, R. F., cited, 35, 38, 39
Petzite, 20, 147
Pewabic mine, 7, 55
Pharmacist prospect, 42
Phelps Dodge Corp., 7, 47, 86
Philadelphia mine, 43
Picuris (Copper Hill) district, 146
Pierre shale, 37
Pinos Altos district, 5, 11, 70-71
Pintada district, see Pastura (Pintada) district
Pitchblende, 157, 161, 163
Pittsburg (Shandon) placer district, 127128
Pittsburg Placer Mining Co., 128
Placer deposits, 5, 11
Elizabethtown district, 38

179
Lincoln County, 91-92
Otero County, 102
Santa Fe County, 116-118
Sierra County, 123, 124, 127-128
Taos County, 147, 148-149
Union County, 150
Willow Creek district, 39
Placitas district, 109
Plateau province, 30, 45, 104
Plumbojarosite, 22
Poison Canyon mine, 155, 160
Polybasite, 25
Ponil district, 38
Poor Man's Friend mine, 42
Portales Mining Co., 131, 132
Portland property, 124
Portland-Sherman-Caballero mines, 124
Potrillo Mountains, 44, 94
Potter and Sims Mining Co., 118
Precambrian, 10, 11, 30, 34, 41, 42, 45, 47,
64, 79, 107, 110, 118, 121, 134, 141, 144,
147
Priest Canyon, 164
Princess mine, 7
Production figures:
Bernalillo County, 30
Colfax County, 36 Dona
Ana County, 40 Grant
County, 46
Boston Hill subdistrict, 74
Central area, 68
Chloride Flat subdistrict, 75
Pinos Altos district, 72
Steeple Rock district, 77
Guadalupe County, 81
Hidalgo County, 83
Lincoln County, 90
Luna County, 95
Mogollon (Cooney) district, 34
New Mexico, table 21
Otero County, 101
Santa Fe County, 114
Sierra County, 120
Socorro County, 130
Magdalena district, 138
Progresso Estrella claims, 98
Prospecting, general information andregulations, 166
Prospects, development and sale of, 91
Proustite, 25
Psilomelane, 23, 48, 125, 127, 134
Purple Rock mine, 159
Pyramid district, see Lordsburg district

180

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Quartz Mountain, 128
Quaternary, 10, 30, 39, 47, 73, 94, 134, 150
Quay County, 104
uranium, 161
Queen mine, 136
Queen vein, 32, 33

Rio la Casa district, 100
Rociada district, 110
Rock of Ages prospect, 42
Rocky Arroyo area, 159
Roosevelt County, 107
Rosedale district, 140-141
Rosedale mine, 141
Rosedale Mining Co., 140
Rose Quartz mine, 145
Royal Flush mine, 131
Royal John mine, 78
Ruth mine, 86, 88

Radium, 12, 79
Railroads, construction of, 5, 73-74, 120
R. & S. Molybdenum Mines Co., 8, 147
Rare earths, 13
minerals, 29
Raskob Mining Interests, Inc., 113, 116, 136
Rattlesnake (Snake) mine, 123, 124
Ray Consolidated Copper Co., 5, 63
Raymond, R. W., cited, 60
Rayo district, 140
Ray Parker mine, 96
Ready Pay mine, 124Rebel Chief mine, 35, 36
Red Bandanna claim, 37-38
Red beds, 64, 82, 90, 103, 108, 115, 143,
149, 150
Red Bird mine, 97
Red Cloud district, see Gallinas Mountains
district
Red Hill (Gillespie) district, 88
Red River district, 145, 146, 147-148, 164molybdenum deposits, 8, 147-148
Red Rock ranger station, 128
Regulations, see Mining laws
Renick, B. C., cited, 107
Republic mine, see Union (Republic) mine
Rhea and Moore, 96
Rhodochrosite, 24, 126
Rhodonite, 126
Rickardite, 26
Rickardite mine, 43
Rico mine, 91
Rinconada (West Picuris) district, 106
Rincon manganese district, 43-44
Rincon mine, 85
Rio Arriba County, 104-106
uranium, 161
Rio Grande placer district, 148-149

Sacramento (High Rolls) district, 102-103
Sacramento Mountains, 100, 102
Salinas Peak subdistrict, see San Andres
Mountains district
Salitre subdistrict, 111
Sally mine, 42
Samarskite, 27, 157, 159
San Acacia district, see San Lorenzo district
San Agustin Plains, 130
San Andrecito district, see Hembrillo-San
Andrecito district
San Andres Mountains, 40, 44, 119, 141,
142
San Andres Mountains district, 141-143
Sandia military base, 31
Sandia Mountains, 109
Sandoval County, 107-109
Sangre de Cristo Mountains, 110, 113, 118,
119, 146, 147
Sangston mine, 70
San Jon, 161
San Jose (Nogal, San Mateo) district, 143
San Jose mine, 57, 60
San Juan County, 109
uranium, 162
San Lorenzo (San Acacia) district, 143
San Mateo district, see San Jose district
San Mateo Mountains, 128, 140, 143
San Mateo Mountains district, 128
San Miguel County, 109-113
uranium, 162
San Miguel subdistrict, 111
San Pablo subdistrict, 111
San Pedro district, see New Placers district
San Pedro mine, 113, 116-117
San Pedro Mountains, 11, 113, 116-117
San Simon sink area, 160
Santa Cruz, 163

Pyrargyrite, 25
Pyrite, 21
Pyrolusite, 23-24, 127, 134
Pyromorphite, 22, 121
Pyrrhotite, 21

INDEX
Santa Cruz Mining Co., 118
Santa Cruz prospect, 42
Santa Fe County, 113-119
uranium, 162
Santa Fe district, 118-119
Mikado subdistrict, 119Santa Fe Gold & Copper Co., 116
Santa Fe manganese district, 119Santa Fe mine, 116
Santa Rita district, 62-67
Santa Rita mines, 4, 62-63
Scheelite, 27, 133
Schelerville (Church Mountain) district, see
Nogal (Lincoln County) district
Scholle district, 143-144, 153, 164
Schrader, F. C., et al., cited, 34Seven Come Eleven mine, 102"Seventy-Six" mine, 75
Shamrock Gold Mining Co., 116
Shamrock mine, 116
Shandon district, see Pittsburg placer district
Shattuck Denn Mining Co., 88
Sherman mine, 124
Sherwin Williams Paint Co., 135, 136
Shingle Canyon mine, 7, 59
Shiprock uranium mill, 109, 162
Sierra Apache mine, 126
Sierra Bella mine, 126
Sierra Blanca, 92, 103
Sierra Caballos, 39
Sierra County, 119-128
annexation of territory, 119, 129
uranium, 163
Sierra Cuchillo, 122
Sierra de las Uvas, 39
Sierra Grande mine, 126
Silurian, 52, 73
Silver:discovery, 125, 126
fall in price, 6minerals, 25-26
native, 25-26, 123
production, 75
Silver Bell claim, 128
Silver Branch Charm mine, 98
Silver Cap No. 2 mine, 92
Silver Cell mine, 70
Silver City district, 71-76
Silver Coinage mine, 42
Silver Creek Mining Co., 32
Silver Dollar mine, 86
Silver Hill district, see Orogrande district
Silver Hill mine, 70, 88

181
Silver Hill subdistrict (Socorro County), see
Water Canyon district"Silver Pipe" member, 137
Silver Plume mine, 92
Silver Queen mine, 96
Silver Spot group, 72, 73"Sixty-Six" mine, 88
Slate Creek claim, 79
Slate mine, 7
Smelters, 6, 45, 47, 74, 116, 135, 147
Smiling Jane mine, 125
Smith, W. G., 110
Smith Silver Jim mine, 43
Smithsonite, 28-29, 138
Smuggler mine, 93
Snake mine, see Rattlesnake mine
Socorro County, 129-145
cession of territory, 129
uranium, 163
Socorro Peak district, 5, 144
Soda Springs subdistrict, 30
Somers, R. E., cited, 45
Soul, J. H., cited, 70, 72
Southern Cross mine, 125South Homestake mine, 93South Peak mine, 160
South Peak Mining Co., 156
Southwest Minerals Co., 76
Specularite, 21-22
Spencer, A. C., and Paige, S., cited, 48, 53,
54, 62
Sphalerite, 29, 147
Spodumene, 110
Springtime Mining Co., 143
Spurrite, 98
State Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources, 166
State Land Office, 166
Stauber, I. J., 80
Stauber mine, 80, 81-82
St. Cloud prospect, 121, 122
Steeple Rock district, 76-77
Steins Pass-San Simon district, 88-89
Stephanite, 26
Stevenson-Bennett mine, 42
Stewart, Andrew B., & Associates, 121-122
Stewart and Holmes mine, 102
Stibnite, 12, 14
St. Louis Smelting and Refining Co., 54
Stromeyerite, 26
Sulphur Canyon subdistrict, see San Andres
Mountains district, 142
Sunol mine, 42
Swartz (Carpenter) district, 77-79

182

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Sweet mine, 88
Sylvanite district, see Hachita district
Tallow clay, 29
Tantalite, 13
Tantalum, 13, 100, 146
minerals, 26
Taos County, 145-149
uranium, 164
Taylor Creek district, see Black Range tin
district
Taylor, Manuel, 75
Taylor prospect, 140
Tecolote district, 111
Telegraph district, 79
Tellurium
minerals, 26
native, 26
Tennantite, 19, 132
Tenorite, 19Tererro, 7, 111
Terry Brothers, 163
Tertiary, 10, 11, 12, 30, 31, 33, 39, 45, 47,
52, 53, 60, 64, 70, 87, 94, 104, 124, 134,
157
Tetradymite, 15
Tetrahedrite, 19
Texas Canyon claim, 42
Thorium, 104, 163
Three Bears mine, 102
Tierra Blanca (Bromide) district, 128
Goldsboro subdistrict, 128
Tijeras Canyon district, 30-31, 109
Tin, 12, 31-32, 129
minerals, 26
Titanium, 100
Todilto formation, 154
Todilto limestone, 99, 150
Tom mine, 86
Tom Payne mine, 114
Torbernite, 27, 79, 152, 157
Torpedo-Bennett fault zone, 42-43
Torpedo mine, 42-43
Torrance County, 149-150
Tower Mining Co., 125
Tremont mine, 124Tres Hermanas district, 97-98
Tres Hermanas Mountains, 94, 97-98
Tressness mine, 124
Triassic, 10, 109, 157
Tri-Bullion Mining & Development Co.,
135
Tucumcari, 161
Tularosa (Bent) district, 103-104

Tungsten, 133
minerals, 12, 26-27
Twining (Arroyo Hondo) district, 149
Tyrone district, see Burro Mountains district
Tyuyamunite, 27, 99, 157
Union County, 150
Union (Republic) mine, 53, 54
United States mine, 125
United States Smelting Refining and Mining
Exploration Co., 83
Universal Placer Mining Co., 118
Upper Comanchean, 52
Upper Rociada district, 100
Uraniferous asphaltite, 157
Uraninite, 27, 161
Uranite, 157
Uranium, 12, 79, 99-100, 143, 153-165
Atomic Energy Commission, 150geologic horizons favorable to discovery, 157
minerals, 27, 108, 109, 121, 153, 157
Uranophane, 27, 99, 163
U. S. Bureau of Mines:
Information Circular on prospecting
and location of claims, 166
Minerals Yearbooks, cited, 32, 39, 45,
53, 54, 55, 57, 58-59, 60, 62, 70, 72,
88, 97
strategic-minerals program, 31, 45, 62,
86, 100, 126, 133, 134-135, 145
U. S. Geological Survey:
cited, 106
strategic-minerals program, 133
uranium exploration, 80, 100
U. S. Smelting Refining & Mining Co., 7,
51, 54, 61
Ute Creek, 159
Ute Creek district, see Baldy district
Valencia County, 150
uranium, 164
Vanadinite, 28, 121, 140
Vanadium, 12, 99, 108, 109, 121, 124,
129,143
minerals, 28
Venus mine, see Leidendorf (Venus, Viola)mine
Vera Cruz district, see Nogal (Lincoln
County) district
Veta Mines, Inc., 76
Victorio (Gage) district, 6, 98
Victorio mine, 98, 143

INDEX
Victorio Mountains, 94, 98
Victor Papa mine, 136
Vijely mine, 116
Vindicator mine, 121
Viola mine, see Leidendorf (Venus, Viola)
mine
Virginia district, see Lordsburg district
Virginian mine, 125
Volin, M. E., et al., cited, 31
Vulture mine, 123
Wad, 24, 125, 127
Waldo mine, 86, 88, 136
Wallace mine, 96
Waller, E., and Moses, A. J., cited, 45
Walrich Mining Co., 86
War Eagle claim, 38
Warners Gulch mine, 91
Warnick, W. T., 128
Warnock and Courtney mine, 103
Warren, Ellison, 143
Warren, Ellison, property, 143
Water Canyon district, 144-145
Weatherby, W. J., cited, 32, 33
Welch claims, 54
Wells, E. H., cited, 69
Wells, E. H., and Wootton, T. P., cited
Wemple mill, 55, 57
Western Molybdenum Co., 147
West Picuris district, see Rinconada district
West Potrillo Mountains, 39West Star mine, 136
White Oaks district, 92
White Sands Proving Ground, 43

183
White Sands-Alamogordo military reservation, 141
White Signal district, 79, 153, 159
Wicks mine, 124
Wilcox area, 31
Wilford No. 1 mine, 123
Willemite, 29
William Little Co., 123, 127
Williams, Col. C. F., 117
Willow Creek district (Colfax County), 39
Willow Creek (Pecos, Cooper) district (San
Miguel County), 1 1 1 -113
Wind Whip mine, 156
Winston, 132, 163
Wolframite, 27, 106, 146
Woodrow mine, 156
World Wars I and II, influence on mining, 8Wright, Ira L., 32
Wright, Ira L., and Associates, 43
Wright Leasing Co., 32, 33
Wulfenite, 24, 121
Xanthoconite, 26
Yankee-Girl mine, 123
Youtz, R. B., cited, 86
Yucca claim, 84
Zinc:minerals, 28-29
production of, 6, 51, 54-57, 60, 61
Zincite, 29
Zuni Reservation, 164