BULLETIN 76

Molybdenum Resources of
New Mexico
by JOHN H. SCHILLING

1965

STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES
NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGYCAMPUS STATIONSOCORRO, NEW MEXICONEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING Sc TECHNOLOGY Stirling
A. Colgate, President

STATE BUREAU OF MINES AND MINERAL RESOURCES Alvin J.
Thompson, Director

T HE REG ENT S
MEMBERS Ex OFFICIOThe Honorable Jack M. Campbell .................................. Governor of New Mexico
Leonard DeLayo ................................................ Superintendent of Public Instruction
APPOINTED MEMBERS
William G. Abbott ........................................................................................ Hobbs
Eugene L. Coulson, M.D. .......................................................................... Socorro
Thomas M. Cramer ................................................................................... Carlsbad
Eva M. Larrazolo (Mrs. Paul F.) ...................................................... AlbuquerqueRichard M. Zimmerly ................................................................................. Socorro

For sale by the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources
Campus Station, Socorro, N. Mex.—Price $2.00

Contents
Page

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 3
Methods of investigation ................................................................................. 3
Previous work .................................................................................................... 3
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................ 4
ECONOMICS ....................................................................................................... 5
History ................................................................................................................ 5
Properties and uses ........................................................................................... 7
Mining ................................................................................................................. 8
Concentration .................................................................................................... 8
Processing and marketing ................................................................................ 9
Present production and consumption ........................................................... 9
Future outlook and resources ....................................................................... 11
GEOLOGY OF MOLYBDENUM ................................................................ 13
Mineralogy ........................................................................................................ 13
Molybdenum minerals ................................................................................ 13
Rhenium in molybdenite ............................................................................ 16
Types of deposits ............................................................................................ 17
Porphyry-copper deposits .......................................................................... 18
Porphyry-molybdenum deposits ............................................................... 18
Quartz veins .................................................................................................. 19
Contact-tungsten deposits .......................................................................... 20
Oxidized lead-zinc deposits ....................................................................... 20
Pegmatites and aplites ................................................................................. 21
Bedded uranium deposits ........................................................................... 22
Geographic distribution ................................................................................. 22
New Mexico mineral belt ........................................................................... 22
Texas lineament ........................................................................................... 23
Capitan cluster .............................................................................................. 23
Grants uranium belt .................................................................................... 24
NEW MEXICO MOLYBDENUM OCCURRENCES .............................. 25
Petaca mining district, Rio Arriba County .................................................. 25
Kiawa Mountain ........................................................................................... 25
Russian Ranch .............................................................................................. 25
Poso Spring ................................................................................................... 25

Page

Other occurrences, Rio Arriba County .................................................. 26
Near El Rito ........................................................................................... 26
Bromide mining district ........................................................................ 26
Red River belt, Taos County .................................................................... 26
Questa molybdenum mine ................................................................... 28
Questa porphyry deposit ...................................................................... 30
Log Cabin (Fibbs—Nogle, Steve's) prospect .................................... 34
Bear Canyon prospect ........................................................................... 34
BJB (Wilde, Goat Hill Gulch) prospects ........................................... 34
Hercules (Bueno Vista) prospect ........................................................ 35
Bernhardt prospects .............................................................................. 35
Copper King mine ................................................................................. 35
Granite (Munden) prospect ................................................................. 36
Jacks and Sixes prospect ....................................................................... 36
Colfax County ............................................................................................. 36
Baldy tunnel ............................................................................................ 36
Grants uranium belt, McKinley and Valencia counties ....................... 36
Sandstone deposits ................................................................................ 38
Limestone deposits ................................................................................ 39
Pipe deposits ........................................................................................... 40
Bernalillo County ....................................................................................... 40
Hells Canyon mining subdistrict ......................................................... 40
Cerrillos—San Pedro cluster, Santa Fe County .................................... 40
Mina del Tiro .......................................................................................... 40
Cerrillos porphyry-copper deposit ...................................................... 41
Cummington Hill ................................................................................... 41
San Pedro mine ...................................................................................... 41
Other occurrences, Santa Fe County ...................................................... 42
Santa Fe mining district ........................................................................ 42
Las Vegas Range Belt, San Miguel County ............................................ 42
Azure—Rising Sun mine ...................................................................... 42
Romero mine .......................................................................................... 43
Tecolote mining district ........................................................................ 43
Socorro County .......................................................................................... 43
Magdalena mining district .................................................................... 43
Socorro Peak mining district ................................................................ 44
Hansonburg mining district ................................................................. 44
Nogal mining district, Lincoln County ................................................... 45
Rialto prospect ....................................................................................... 45
Water Dog prospect .............................................................................. 45
iv

Page

Other occurrences, Lincoln County ........................................................ 46
Gallinas Mountains mining district ..................................................... 46
Jicarilla mining district ........................................................................... 46
Catron County ............................................................................................ 46
Schwarz Cabin ........................................................................................ 46
Tyrone cluster, Grant County .................................................................. 46
Eccles Canyon ........................................................................................ 46
Pacemaker prospect ............................................................................... 47
Beaumont mine ...................................................................................... 47
Bolton & Wilson property .................................................................... 47
Tyrone porphyry-copper deposit ........................................................ 47
Santa Rita—Pinos Altos cluster, Grant County .................................... 48
Portland mine ......................................................................................... 50
Fierro iron deposits ............................................................................... 50
Bayard area .............................................................................................. 50
Santa Rita mine ...................................................................................... 51
Other occurrences, Grant County ........................................................... 53
Grandview mine ..................................................................................... 53
Lake Valley—Macho zone, Sierra County ............................................. 53
Lake Valley mining district ................................................................... 53
Macho mining district ........................................................................... 54
Other occurrences, Sierra County ........................................................... 54
Iron Mountain mining district ............................................................. 54
Hermosa mining district ....................................................................... 55
Hillsboro mining district ....................................................................... 55
Silver Tail prospect ................................................................................ 56
Palomas Gap (Caballo Mountains) mining district .......................... 56
Salinas Peak mining district .................................................................. 56
Organ cluster, Dona Ana County ............................................................ 56
Bear Canyon mining district ................................................................ 56
Stevenson—Bennett mine .................................................................... 57
Texas Canyon mine ............................................................................... 57
Otero County .............................................................................................. 58
Tularosa (Bent) mining district ............................................................ 58
Orogrande mining district .................................................................... 58
Peloncillo Mountains, Hidalgo County ................................................... 58
Hilltop mine ............................................................................................ 59
Baker—Standard prospect ................................................................... 59
Scheelite prospect .................................................................................. 59

Page

Little Hatchet Mountains, Hidalgo County ................................................ 59
Eagle Point prospect ................................................................................... 59
Cactus prospect ............................................................................................ 60
Santa Maria tunnel and Faria shaft ........................................................... 60
Other occurrences, Hidalgo County ............................................................ 60
Lordsburg mining district ........................................................................... 60
Luna County .................................................................................................... 61
Irish Rose mine ............................................................................................ 61
GUIDES FOR MOLYBDENUM EXPLORATION ................................. 62
General guides to ore ..................................................................................... 62
Structures ...................................................................................................... 62
Intrusive rocks .............................................................................................. 62
Alteration ...................................................................................................... 63
Specific guides for molybdenum .................................................................. 63
Molybdenum occurrences .......................................................................... 63
Gossans ......................................................................................................... 63
Wall rock ....................................................................................................... 64
Alteration ...................................................................................................... 64
Associated metals ......................................................................................... 64
Trace element anomalies ............................................................................ 65
Selection of favorable regions ....................................................................... 65
Favorable regions ......................................................................................... 65
Unfavorable regions .................................................................................... 67
Other considerations ...................................................................................... 68
REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 69
BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 74
INDEX ................................................................................................................. 75

Illustrations
TABLE

Page

1. Chemical and physical properties of molybdenum minerals ......................14
FIGURES
1. World production of molybdenum by countries ......................................... 6
2. Price of molybdenite concentrates .............................................................. 10
3. Rhenium content of molybdenite from different types of Russian deposits ................................................................................................... 17
4. Generalized geologic map of the Red River belt and environs,
Taos and Colfax counties ............................................................................ 27
5. Generalized geologic map of the Grants uranium belt, McKinley and Valencia counties ...................................................................... 37
6. Generalized geologic map of the Santa Rita—Pinos Altos—Tyrone region, Grant County .......................................................................... 49
7. Diagrammatic map showing mineral belts and cluster andphysiographic subdivisions of New Mexico ............................................ 66
PLATES
1.

Molybdenum occurrences of New Mexico .................................. In pocket

2.

Distribution of molybdenum occurrences in New Mexico in relation to cover and intrusive rocks .................................. In pocket

Abstract
Molybdenum minerals are widely distributed in New Mexico; seventyfour occurrences have been reported. Molybdenite [MoS 2 ] is the mostcommon molybdenum mineral, as it is throughout the world; wulfenite[PbMoO 4 ], jordisite [amorphous MoS 2 ], ferrimolybdite [Fe 2(Mo0 4 ) 3 .8H 2 0], ilsemannite [Mo 3 O 8 •nH 2 O], powellite [Ca(Mo,W)04],
and molybdian scheelite [Ca(W,Mo)0 4 ] also are found in the state.
There are seven types of molybdenum deposits in New Mexico (thenumber of occurrences of each type is given in brackets):
1. molybdenite in pegmatite dikes [4]2. molybdenite with or without other sulfide minerals in quartz veins[30]
3. molybdenite as disseminated grains and in quartz-stockwork veinlets
in porphyry-copper deposits [6]4. molybdenite as disseminated grains and in quartz-stockwork veinlets
in cooper-poor porphyry-molybdenum deposits [1]5. powellite, molybdenite, and/or molybdian scheelite in contacttungsten deposits [13]6. wulfenite in oxidized lead bodies [17]7. jordisite in bedded uranium deposits [3 districts].
Ferrimolybdite is present in many of the occurrences as an oxidation
product of molybdenite; ilsemannite is found in the uranium deposits
as an oxidation product of jordisite. Deposits of types 1 through 5 innearly all instances are closely associated with granitic (granite toquartz diorite) intrusive rocks. Nearly all the molybdenum deposits
elsewhere in the world are of these same seven types and, for theworld as a whole, occur in roughly similar proportions. The ore
subtype that is not found in New Mexico but is important elsewhere is
the tin-and/or tungsten-bearing quartz veins common in Asia.
Although production was small, New Mexico was one of the major
sources of molybdenum during the early part of this century when
wulfenite was mined from the Stevenson—Bennett mine, Dona Ana
County, and the Palomas Gap and Hillsboro mining districts, Sierra
County. The largest, and presently the only, molybdenum producer in
New Mexico is the Santa Rita porphyry-copper mine, Grant County,
from which more than 32 million pounds of molybdenite have been
recovered as a by-product of copper mining. The second largest producer was the Questa molybdenum mine, Taos County, which yielded
more than 20 million pounds of molybdenite from quartz veins. Although the high-grade veins have been mined out, a large low-grade
porphyry-molybdenum deposit associated with the veins is now being
readied for large-scale mining.

2

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Because of its versatility and abundance, the demand for molybdenum will continue to increase rapidly. New Mexico will remain an
important producer. The Santa Rita and Questa deposits both havelarge reserves, and the possibility of finding other minable molybdenum deposits in the state is good. The uranium deposits of theGrants area are another potentially important source of the metal.

Introduction

This report briefly describes each occurrence of molybdenum minerals in New Mexico; compares these occurrences to one another and toother deposits of the world; describes their geographic distribution andrelation to other geologic features; and gives guides for exploration. It
also provides background information on the history, uses, mining,
concentration, processing, marketing, present production and consumption, future outlook, and resources of molybdenum in the state andworld.
This bulletin brings together the extensive, scattered data on
molybdenum in New Mexico. Much previously unpublishedinformation is included that would not be readily available otherwise.
It is intended to be a summary, and no attempt was made to include
all the detailed data.
It is hoped that the information herein will provide a foundation for
more detailed studies that will lead to the discovery of minable
molybdenum deposits, as well as deposits of associated mineral commodities. I will appreciate receiving information about other molybdenum occurrences in New Mexico, as well as additional data or corrections for the occurrences described.
METHODS OF INVESTIGATIONAs a result of the writer's interest in the geology of molybdenum, anumber of New Mexico molybdenum deposits were examined by himfrom 1950 through 1960. Data from this source, as well as publisheddata and unpublished information from a variety of sources, were summarized for each occurrence. Individual punch cards were then prepared, making it possible readily to compare the occurrences to eachother and to other geologic features in a variety of ways. Punch cards
previously made for most of the major, and many of the minor, molybdenum deposits throughout the world were compared to those of New
Mexico deposits.
PREVIOUS WORK

Numerous publications mention molybdenum occurrences in New
Mexico or describe the geologic setting in which they occur. These arelisted under References. Many contain more detailed information thanis given in this report. The reader also is referred to the general references, Anderson (1957), Dane and Bachman (1957, 1958, 1961, and1962), Burks and Schilling (1955), and Schilling and Schilling (1956,
1961).

4

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The writer is deeply indebted to his wife, Constance, who did thesecretarial work, and to George Griswold, who has helped in so many
ways to make this report possible. Their cheerful and unstinting assistance is greatly appreciated.
Grateful acknowledgment is made to Alvin J. Thompson, director,
and Frank Kottlowski, economic geologist, of the New Mexico Bureauof Mines and Mineral Resources and to Vernon E. Scheid, director, andS. E. Jerome, associate director, of the Nevada Bureau of Mines fortheir encouragement and support. Miss Teri Ray and Robert H. Weber,also of the New Mexico Bureau, Frank E. Kottlowski, and S. E. Jerome
read the manuscript and made many constructive suggestions. Roland
Wilson drafted Figures 1 through 3.
Brook Adams, Kennecott Copper Corporation; Elliot Gillerman,
University of Kansas; Stuart Northrop, University of New Mexico; E.
William O'Toole, Kermac Nuclear Fuels Corporation; Joseph Wargo,
Bear Creek Mining Company; and Robert Wright, American Metal
Climax, supplied important information.
The help of the many other individuals who have not been mentioned by name is gratefully acknowledged.

Economics
HISTORY
The word molybdenum is derived from the Greek word molybdaina,
meaning leadlike. This term and the later modifications such as molybdena,
molybditis, molybdos were applied to all soft, leadlike materials, including theminerals now known as galena, graphite, stibnite, and molybdenite. Stilllater, the word molybdaena was used to mean only graphite andmolybdenite.
In 1778, Karl Scheele, the Swedish chemist for whom scheelite wasnamed, identified molybdenite as a distinct mineral (Scheele, 1778).
Four years later, in 1782, J. J. Hjelm isolated the metal itself. The
Knaben mine in southern Norway probably produced small amountsof molybdenite as early as the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century. Molybdenum was then being used in certain chemicals and dyes.
In 1894, Schneider and Company of France used molybdenum as analloy in making steel armor plate. The first commercial use of molybdenum as an alloy was in 1898, when the Sanderson Steel Company of
the United States began producing self-hardening molybdenum toolsteel. Although this use stimulated considerable interest, the erratic
performance of the early molybdenum tool steel due to improper heat
treating discouraged further development of molybdenum in the UnitedStates as an alloying element.
Molybdenum production remained small and sporadic until WorldWar I (fig. 1). Molybdenite was mined in the Knaben area of Norway
and from several areas in Australia. Wulfenite was produced in Arizona and New Mexico. In 1913, the Kvina mine in Norway began
using a flotation method to recover molybdenite, making it possible toexploit lower grade and more complex ores.
At the start of World War I, total world production of molybdenum
amounted to 200,000 pounds a year. During the war, increasing demand
for the new alloying metal led to extensive exploration, reopening of oldmines, and opening of new ones. The Climax mine in Colorado, theQuesta molybdenum mine in New Mexico, and the Moss mine in
Canada were brought into production. By 1918, world production ofmolybdenum had risen to nearly 2 million pounds.
Large stockpiles and decreasing demand caused a collapse of themarket for molybdenum at the end of World War I. Nearly all the mines
had closed by 1921. Research efforts to develop peacetime uses formolybdenum were greatly expanded, particularly by Climax. The auto
industries began to use increasing amounts of molybdenum steels, andthe Questa and Climax molybdenum mines were reopened in 1923 and1925, respectively. These two mines dominated world production.
Except for a slump after World War II, world production of molyb-

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

7denum has continued to increase rapidly (fig. 1). In 1933, the first byproduct recovery of molybdenum from copper ores began at Cananea,
Mexico. In 1936, molybdenum by-product recovery was started at the
Bingham Canyon mine, Utah. The following year, by-product recovery
of molybdenum began at the Santa Rita copper mine in New Mexico.
Many other porphyry-copper mines now produce by-product molybdenite. In 1939, recovery of molybdenum as a coproduct of tungsten
mining began at the Pine Creek mine in California.
Although molybdenum is still used mainly as an alloy of steel andiron, its use as a metal, in chemicals, and as a lubricant is expanding
rapidly. By 1963, world production had increased to almost 100 million
pounds annually.
PROPERTIES AND USES
Molybdenum is a silvery gray metal having a higher melting point(2622° C) than all the elements except carbon, rhenium, tungsten, andtantalum. It is somewhat softer than steel. Chemically, it has valences of
2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 in stable compounds. Molybdenum does not occur freein nature. It has good thermal conductivity (about half that of copper), ahigh modulus of elasticity, and one of the lowest coefficients ofexpansion of all the pure metals (Northcott, 1956).
Molybdenum is one of the most versatile alloying elements and isextensively used in iron and steel production to increase hardness,
strength, and corrosion resistance, particularly at elevated temperatures.
It is a strong carbide-forming element, and much of its alloying effect is
imparted through the formation of carbides. More than 90 per cent of
the molybdenum consumed in recent years has been used in alloys(Schneider, 1963, p. 67-70; McInnis, 1957, p. 53-60).
Molybdenum metal has a small (5 per cent) but rapidly increasing use
in the electronic, missile, and nuclear energy industries. Its use has been
restricted by high production and fabrication costs, and the difficulty of
preventing excessive oxidation, particularly at high temperatures. In theelectronic industries, molybdenum metal is used in electronic tube
supports, cathodes, glass-metal joints, and ceramic-metal seals, inelectrical contacts, and in thermocouples, where a high melting point,strength at high temperatures, low vapor pressure, low electronic
emissivity, or low thermal expansion is needed. The metal has foundwide use in nozzles, leading edges of control surfaces, re-entry cones,
heat-radiation shields, pumps, and other missile parts that are exposed tohigh temperatures. Molybdenum has been fabricated into heat exchangers, piping, and structural parts for nuclear reactors because of themetal's ability to absorb thermal-neutron radiation and to withstand hightemperatures (Schneider, p. 74-79; McInnis, p. 51-52).
Molybdenum compounds are used as a lubricant (molybdenum disulfide), as an orange pigment (lead molybdate-chromate), in fertilizers

8

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES(sodium molybdate or molybdic oxide), as chemical reagents, and as
catalysts by the petroleum industry (Schneider, p. 80-84; McInnis, p. 6163).
MININGThe methods used to mine molybdenum ore depend largely on thetype of deposit. Nearly all the molybdenum presently being produced
comes from low-grade, disseminated deposits of the porphyry type.
These deposits are universally mined by high-volume, mass-mining
methods—by open-pitting if the amount of barren overburden is not too
great or by block-caving underground. The Santa Rita mine is a benched
open pit with truck-skip haulage.
More selective, smaller scale methods are used in exploiting the veinand oxidized lead-zinc deposits. Cut-and-fill stoping was used at Questa,
New Mexico (Carman, 1931).
CONCENTRATION
In nearly all instances, the crude ore must be concentrated before it
can be sold or turned into useful products. The method of beneficiation
depends largely on which molybdenum minerals and, to a lesser extent,other ore minerals and gangue are present.
Molybdenite. Molybdenite is universally upgraded by flotation (McInnis, p. 26-36). When the molybdenite is a by-product of copper mining, a molybdenum-copper flotation concentrate commonly is first
produced and the molybdenite then separated from the copper byselective flotation (Hernlund, 1961). At the Big Pine mine in
California, much of the molybdenum is recovered by flotation;
however, some molybdenum (mostly as molybdian scheelite andpowellite) is present in the scheelite (tungsten) concentrate and isrecovered by digesting the concentrate in an alkaline solution andprecipitating the molybdenum as a sulfide. At a few mines, byproducts are being produced from molybdenite ore. At the Climax
mine, Colorado, pyrite, tungsten (huebnerite), and tin (cassiterite) arerecovered from the tails by gravity separation with Humphrey spirals;
at the La Come mine, Canada, bismuth is recovered from molybdenite
flotation concentrates by acid leaching.
Wulfenite. No wulfenite presently is being produced. When wulfenite
ores were being mined, they were beneficiated by gravity or flotation
methods.
Oxides. Molybdenum has never been recovered from secondary
minerals; however, plans are under way to do so at the Climax mine,
Colorado. In the pilot plant, flotation tailings from which the molybdenum has been removed are treated to solubilize the molybdenumbearing minerals, ferrimolybdite, goethite, and jarosite. Activatedcharcoal pellets are then added to absorb the molybdenum. The molyb-

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

9denum is stripped from the charcoal with ammonia, and the solution
evaporated to crystallize ammonium molybdate. The ammonium
molybdate is then roasted to produce molybdic oxide (Mining World,
1963, v. 25, n. 7, p. 44).
PROCESSING AND MARKETINGThe plants that convert the raw materials to useful products almost
always receive the molybdenum as molybdenite concentrates frommills at the mines. The concentrates contain 50 to 95 per cent molybdenite, but 90 per cent is considered a standard grade for price quotations. The concentrates must contain more than 80 per cent molybdenite and less than 1.0 per cent copper, less than 0.3 per cent lead,and less than 0.2 per cent combined phosphorus, tin, and arsenic to be
acceptable to most buyers. The present (January, 1965) price for concentrates containing 90 per cent molybdenite is $1.55 a pound of contained molybdenum plus the cost of the container (fig. 2).
Virtually all the molybdenite (MoS 2 ) concentrates are roasted tomolybdic oxide (MoO 3 ), which in turn is the starting material inproducing most other molybdenum products. Technical grade (roasted
concentrate) molybdic oxide in bags presently (January, 1965) sells for$1.74 a pound of contained molybdenum.
For use in alloys, the molybdic oxide is made into briquettes orconverted to ferromolybdenum, calcium molybdate, or molybdenum
silicide. The molybdic oxide is reduced to molybdenum metal powder($3.55 a pound), which is used to fabricate metal parts, or increasingly is
reduced to metal, which is cast directly into parts. The oxide also isconverted into sodium and ammonium molybdate. Schneider (p. 57-66)
describes the conversion methods used in American plants.
PRESENT PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTIONThe United States consumes 50 per cent of the molybdenum used in
the world; European countries, the U.S.S.R., and Japan consume muchof the rest. By 1963, world production of molybdenum had risen toalmost 100 million pounds. The United States produces 70 per cent of
this total, other Free World nations 10 per cent, and the Communist bloc
20 per cent (fig. 1).
The Climax mine in Colorado presently supplies 50 per cent of theworld's and 75 per cent of the United States' production. Much of theremaining world output is recovered as a by-product from porphyrycopper mines in the United States (Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, andNevada), the U.S.S.R., Chile, Peru, and Canada. Significant amounts ofmolybdenum also are recovered as a coproduct from tungsten mines in
California and the U.S.S.R. and from vein deposits in Canada, Japan, andNorway.

10

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

New Mexico presently ranks fifth among the states (after Colorado,Utah, Arizona, and California) in molybdenum production, but it supplies only some 0.3 per cent of the world output. All the state's current
production is from the Santa Rita mine, Grant County, making it oneof the major molybdenum (and copper) mines of the world.

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

11

FUTURE OUTLOOK AND RESOURCES
Because of its versatility and abundance, there is no doubt that thedemand for molybdenum will continue to increase rapidly. UnitedStates' needs will continue to rise, but consumption in Europe, theU.S.S.R., and Japan will increase at a proportionately bigger rate. The
metal's consumption in alloy steels will remain its major use becauseof a marked increase in demand for these steels, particularly abroad.
Other uses of molybdenum are expected to consume increasing, andproportionately greater, amounts of the metal. The producers,
especially American Metal Climax, can be expected to stimulate demand by continued aggressive research.
The United States for some time will remain the largest producer
and supplier in the world. The Communist bloc, especially Russia, israpidly expanding exploration and development efforts and, within
the next decade, could rival the United States as a source. Chile,
Canada, and Peru will have increasing production and continue to beimportant suppliers. A number of other nations that presently are notmining molybdenum can be expected to become significant, and insome instances important, producers.
The Climax mine will continue to dominate world production andreserves, but to a decreasing extent. Plans are presently under way togreatly expand output; proved reserves are conservatively estimated at
455 million tons of ore containing more than 2 billion pounds ofmolybdenum (1962 Annual Report, American Metal Climax, Inc.).
Other porphyry-molybdenum deposits being explored or readied for
production have substantial reserves and will be major producers;
these include the Questa porphyry deposit, New Mexico, the Uradmine, Colorado, and the Hall property, Nevada.
By-product recovery of molybdenum from porphyry-copper ores
will continue to increase and remain the second most important sourceof the metal. A number of mines (including Bingham Canyon, Utah)
are increasing ore production; others (including Santa Rita, New
Mexico) are improving recovery; some mines (including Bethlehem,
British Columbia; Mission, Arizona; and Toquepala, Peru) have added
molybdenum recovery units; and a number of other deposits (including
Ithaca Peak, Arizona) are being readied for production. Reserves ofmolybdenum in this type of deposit are huge.
Coproduct and by-product recovery of molybdenum from tungsten
ore will probably remain a relatively small but significant source of themetal. An important part of future Russian production probably will befrom this type of deposit. Large amounts of molybdenum could berecovered as a by-product from many of the tungsten deposits of thewestern United States; the possibility of exploiting these potentially
important reserves has not been given the attention it deserves.

12

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Veins and oxidized lead-zinc deposits are not expected to be important future sources of molybdenum.
An intensive worldwide search is under way for new porphyry-copperand porphyry-molybdenum deposits. The Russians also are actively
exploring and developing molybdenum-bearing tungsten deposits, but
this type of occurrence is being neglected in other countries. Mass-mining plus recovery of molybdenum (as molybdenite, powellite, andmolybdian scheelite), copper, and other by-products could lead to the
profitable mining of tungsten-contact deposits in the western UnitedStates as well as elsewhere in the world.
Other ways will be found to increase molybdenum output. There aremany potential sources of molybdenum, including bedded uranium
deposits and molybdenum-bearing shales. Secondary molybdenum minerals, which currently are being wasted, will increasingly be recovered.
And improved flotation methods and new techniques such as leaching
will be used to recover molybdenum now lost during beneficiation.
New Mexico will remain an important producer. The new Questa
open-pit mine, Taos County, tentatively is scheduled to begin production late in 1965 at an initial rate of 10 million pounds of molybdenum
a year (1963 Annual Report, Molybdenum Corporation of America). If
this objective is met, New Mexico will supply more than 10 per cent of
the world output of molybdenum and by itself will be a bigger producer
than any nation in the world except the United States and the U.S.S.R.
The Santa Rita and Questa mines both have large reserves. The
possibility of finding other minable molybdenum deposits in the state isgood. The state's output could also be increased substantially if some
way were found to recover the molybdenum associated with theuranium deposits of the Grants area.

Geology of Molybdenum
MINERALOGYMOLYBDENUM MINERALS (TABLE 1)

Molybdenite (MoS 2 ). Molybdenite is the most common molybdenum
mineral and presently is the only important source of the metal. Fortyseven of the seventy-four molybdenum occurrences in New Mexico
contain molybdenite. It closely resembles graphite in color (lead-gray),softness, and flaky structure. It occurs widely throughout the world, thewestern United States, and New Mexico, usually as soft, lead-graytabular hexagonal plates and flakes. Molybdenite is a primary mineral; it
is found as an accessory mineral in granitic rocks, in pegmatites andaplites, in quartz veins, in porphyry-copper deposits, in quartz
stockworks and disseminations containing no copper, in contactmetasomatic tungsten deposits, and in lead-zinc replacement bodies.
Wulfenite (PbMoO 4 ). Wulfenite is the second most abundant
molybdenum mineral. Before World War I, wulfenite was the mostimportant source of molybdenum, but presently little wulfenite is being
mined. The mineral is common in the southwestern United States andelsewhere in the world, but it is less widespread than molybdenite.
Seventeen of the seventy-four molybdenum occurrences in New Mexico
contain wulfenite. It usually occurs as orange or yellow tabular crystals in
the oxidized parts of lead-zinc replacement bodies in limestone.
Powellite (Ca(Mo,W)0 4 ). Powellite, although rare, is a more common
molybdenum mineral than is generally supposed. It has never been
economically important as a source of molybdenum. Powellite nearly
always is impure with up to 10 per cent tungsten. It usually occurs as
powdery white replacements of molybdenite in tungsten-contact deposits and probably also is present as a primary mineral in some of thesesame deposits. Powellite fluoresces golden yellow; this is the mostwidely used method of identification. Unfortunately, molybdian scheelite also fluoresces yellow. As a result, in many instances, powellite hascome to mean any mineral in the powellite-scheelite series that fluoresces yellow. Known occurrences of powellite are rare in New Mexicoand uncommon elsewhere, probably at least in part because of its inconspicuous appearance which leads to its being easily overlooked.
Powellite has been reported from five localities in New Mexico.
Ferrimolybdite (Fe 2 (Mo0 4 ) 3 .8H 2 0). Ferrimolybdite is common inmolybdenite-bearing deposits. It has been only a minor source of molybdenum. Ferrimolybdite generally is impure and mixed or associated withlimonite. It is an oxidation product of molybdenite and usually occurs as
fine, sulfur-yellow needles or earthy aggregates at or within a few feet ofthe molybdenite from which it was derived. It is the "limo-

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

15nite" of the molybdenum minerals and frequently is mistaken forlimonite or jarosite. Although ferrimolybdite has been noted at only
four localities in New Mexico, it undoubtedly is present in many of theother occurrences containing molybdenite.
Ilsemannite (Mo 3 0 2 .nH 2 0). Ilsemannite, a dark blue double oxide ofmolybdenum, is rare and has never been utilized as an ore of molybdenum. Its composition is uncertain and what has been called ilsemannite may actually be several distinct minerals. Most mineralogists haveapplied the term ilsemannite to any molybdenum compound or mixture that is water-soluble and blue in solution. It reportedly is formedby the oxidation of molybdenite, jordisite, or wulfenite. Because it ishighly soluble in water, it generally is found only in arid regions. Ilsemannite is fairly common in the uranium deposits of the Colorado
Plateau (Rankama and Sahama, 1949). In New Mexico, ilsemannite isrelatively abundant in the drier parts of the Grants uranium belt deposits, but it has not been reported from any deposit in the state that
contains molybdenite or wulfenite.
Jordisite (MoS 2 ). Jordisite, a powdery black amorphous form ofmolybdenum sulfide, is a rare mineral, but it is more abundant than
was realized until recently. It has never been utilized as an ore of molybdenum. Jordisite is common in the uranium deposits of the Grants uranium
belt; it has not been reported elsewhere in New Mexico.
Other molybdenum minerals. There are a number of molybdenum
minerals which are rare and have not been utilized as molybdenum
ore. None is known to occur in New Mexico. These rare minerals-include chillagite [3PbW0 4 .PbMo0 4 ], koechlinite [Bi0 2 •Mo0 4 ], lindgrenite[Cu 3 (Mo0 4 ) 2 (OH) 2 ], umohoite [UO 2 •Mo0 4 .2H 2 0], belonesite[magnesium molybdate], pateraite [cobalt molybdate], eosite [leadmolybdate-vanadate], and achrematite [lead chloride-arsenate-vanadate].
Molybdian minerals. Other minerals contain significant amounts ofmolybdenum. Scheelite commonly contains up to several per centmolybdenum in place of part of the tungsten, and a complete series may
exist between scheelite (more tungsten than molybdenum) and powellite(more molybdenum than tungsten). The percentage of molybdenum inscheelite can be readily determined by the color it fluoresces;
scheelite containing no molybdenum fluoresces blue-white, with thecolor changing to pale yellow as the molybdenum content increases(Greenwood, 1943). Although molybdian scheelite has not been utilized
except on a small scale as an ore of molybdenum, it is a potentially important source of the metal. Yellow-fluorescing scheelite has been reported from ten of the twenty-five scheelite localities in New Mexico.
The limonite and jarosite in deposits containing molybdenum
usually contain appreciable amounts of the metal. Although molybdenum has not been produced from this source, plans are under way

16

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

at the Climax mine, Colorado, to recover molybdenum from theseminerals.
RHENIUM IN MOLYBDENITE

There are no rhenium minerals, and although trace amounts of thisrare metal are found in many minerals, it is particularly abundant inmolybdenite, which contains up to 0.4 per cent. Essentially, all therhenium now being produced is recovered from flue gas and dust
resulting from the roasting of molybdenite concentrates from porphyrycopper deposits. Only a few hundred pounds of rhenium are consumed
annually in the United States, but it is estimated that some 15 tons of themetal could be recovered from molybdenite concentrates presently being
produced in this country.
The rhenium in molybdenite is of interest not only as the sole important source of the metal but also because the amount of rhenium inmolybdenite from different types of deposits varies systematically.
Molybdenites from porphyry-copper deposits are rhenium-rich; thosefrom tungsten-contact (skarn) deposits are rhenium-poor; those from
porphyry-molybdenum deposits and copper-barren quartz veins containintermediate amounts of rhenium.
This systematic variation was first reported by Zhirov and Ivanova(1959) (fig. 3) and has since been confirmed by others. Unfortunately,
extreme discrepancies exist among rhenium analyses made in different
laboratories. However, analyses from a number of laboratories showinternal consistencies, although the results obviously can not all be absolute; that is, they do not give the true rhenium content. There is agreat need for the development of a simple and cheap, yet accurate,
analytical method for determining rhenium. In the meantime, it would
be helpful to have one laboratory run rhenium analyses on several
molybdenite samples from as many important occurrences throughout
the world as possible.
Rhenium has been extracted by the Kennecott Copper Corporationfrom molybdenite concentrates produced at its porphyry-copper openpit mines in the western United States, including Santa Rita, New
Mexico. Molybdenite from the Santa Rita porphyry-copper mine reportedly contains 0.1 per cent rhenium; in contrast, molybdenite fromthe copper-barren quartz veins of the Questa molybdenum mine contains 0.03 per cent rhenium.* The rhenium content of molybdenite
from other New Mexico deposits is not known.
* Determinations by Hiskey and Meloche (1940) give the rhenium content of molybdenite fromSanta Rita as 0.00175 per cent (one sample) and from Questa molybdenum as 0.00088 per cent(average of five samples). Their analyses from other deposits also are systematically lower than thoseof most workers.

18

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

grade, minability. The following grouping takes into account all thesefactors, providing categories that are both economically and geologicallysignificant.
PORPHYRY-COPPER DEPOSITSThe most important source of molybdenum is the porphyry-copper
deposits of the United States, Chile, the U.S.S.R., Peru, and Canada.
These deposits presently supply more than half the total world output
as a by-product of copper mining. The Bingham Canyon (Utah) mine,
the largest copper mine in the world, has produced 8 million tons ofcopper and half a billion pounds of molybdenite (Cook, 1961). Other
porphyry-copper mines that have produced molybdenum are theBethlehem mine, British Columbia, Canada; the Bagdad, Esperanza,
Miami, Morenci, San Manuel, and Silver Bell mines, Arizona; Ely(Ruth), Nevada; Cananea, Mexico; Toquepala, Peru; Braden, Chuquicamata, El Salvador, and Portrerillos, Chile; and the Agarak, Kodzharan, and Kounrad mines, the U.S.S.R. These mines use mass-mining
methods, open-pitting or block-caving.
The Santa Rita mine, Grant County, which is the only active mine ofthis type in New Mexico, has produced 2.3 million tons of copper and 32
million pounds of molybdenite. The Cerrillos deposit, Santa Fe County;
the Rialto deposit, Lincoln County; the Tyrone deposit, Grant County;
the Copper Flat deposit in the Hillsboro district, Sierra County; and thedeposit at Bent in the Tularosa district, Otero County, are otheroccurrences of this type (pl. 1). All except the Cerrillos deposit are in thesouthern part of the state.
In these deposits, chalcopyrite and other primary copper minerals,
pyrite, and, in most instances, molybdenite occur as disseminatedgrains and in stockworks of crisscrossing quartz veinlets usually inhydro-thermally altered, acid-to-intermediate intrusive bodies and the
intruded country rock. The deposits are structurally rather than stratigraphically controlled, the degree of fracturing being the importantfactor. Oxidation generally has taken place at the surface, and much of
the copper has migrated to a zone of enrichment, while the molybdenum usually has remained in place after being converted to an oxide.
The deposits presently being exploited contain from 0.5 to 2.0 per centcopper and 0.1 to less than 0.01 per cent molybdenum. (See Parsons,1933 and 1957, and Jerome, 1963, for more detailed discussions ofporphyry-copper deposits).
PORPHYRY-MOLYBDENUM DEPOSITSThe porphyry-molybdenum deposits differ from the porphyry-copper
deposits principally in containing little or no copper and from

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

19

the quartz veins in consisting of stockworks and disseminations rather
than distinct, throughgoing veins. One mine of this type, the Climax inColorado, has produced more than a billion pounds of molybdenite,
more than half the total world output of molybdenum (Wallace et al.,1960). The Climax mine, which is the largest underground mine in the
United States with a daily production of 40,000 tons of ore, presently
exploits ore containing 0.4 per cent molybdenite. No other porphyrymolybdenum deposits are presently being mined in this country,
although production is expected to begin soon at Urad, Colorado, andQuesta, New Mexico. The Questa porphryry deposit is the only known
porphyry-molybdenum deposit in New Mexico.
QUARTZ VEINS

Molybdenite commonly occurs in distinct, throughgoing quartz
veins with or without other sulfide minerals. Pyrite and chalcopyrite
usually are associated with the molybdenite, and many veins also contain fluorite, galena, and/or sphalerite. In Asia, tungsten (scheelite andwolframite), tin (cassiterite), and molybdenite occur together in quartz
veins; this association is rare elsewhere in the world. In many
instances, acid-to-intermediate intrusive bodies are associated with themolybdenite-bearing quartz veins. The veins show no preference as totype of wall rock but are controlled by the availability of open space.
The wall rock next to many of the veins is hydrothermally altered.
The largest mine of this type, the Questa molybdenum mine, TaosCounty, New Mexico, produced more than 20 million pounds of molybdenite from quartz veins that contained 1 to more than 20 per cent
MoS 2 but no other values. Although many other mines throughout theworld have produced molybdenite from quartz veins, this type ofdeposit is not a major source of molybdenum. Selective undergroundmethods are used to mine these deposits.
Some thirty of the seventy-four molybdenum occurrences in New
Mexico are of this type; they are not concentrated in one area but are
scattered throughout the same region in which the other types of molybdenum occurrences are found (pl. 1). In addition to the major
production at the Questa molybdenum mine, small amounts of molybdenite have been recovered from quartz veins at the Romero and possibly from the Azure—Rising Sun mines, San Miguel County.
Most of the molybdenite-bearing quartz veins in New Mexico are
Tertiary in age; however, those in the Petaca mining district, Rio Arriba
County; in the Santa Fe district, Santa Fe County; in the Las Vegas
Range, San Miguel County; and possibly some in the Big Burro
Mountains, Grant County, are Precambrian in age.

20

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESCONTACT-TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS

Molybdenite and powellite commonly occur in tungsten (scheelite)bearing contact-metasomatic deposits (tactites or skarns) developed inlime-rich rocks adjacent to granitic intrusive bodies. And the scheelitein some of these deposits contains up to several per cent molybdenumin place of part of the tungsten. The molybdenite generally is disseminated through the skarn as scattered flakes or in quartz veinlets.
Although the deposition of the scheelite and skarn is mainly stratigraphically controlled, the deposition of the molybdenite is structurally
controlled by fractures and faults and is superimposed on the tungsten
mineralization and skarn. Pyrite and chalcopyrite generally areassociated with the molybdenite.
In most instances, the molybdenum minerals are present in suchsmall amounts that they can be recovered only as by-products. The
Pine Creek mine, California (Bateman, 1956), Tyrny-Auz mine, theU.S.S.R., and Azeguar deposits, Algeria, are the only important producers of this type. Both selective and mass-mining methods have beenused to exploit these deposits.
There are relatively few occurrences of this type in New Mexico,
thirteen of the seventy-four. Molybdenum-bearing tungsten-contact
deposits are not concentrated in one area but are scattered over thesame region in which the other molybdenum deposits occur (pl. 1).
Two of the deposits contain molybdenite, powellite, and molybdian
scheelite; two contain molybdenite and powellite; one contains only
powellite; and eight contain only molybdian scheelite. None has produced molybdenum.
OXIDIZED LEAD-ZINC DEPOSITS
Wulfenite is present in the oxidized parts of some lead-zinc veins
and replacement bodies. These deposits usually are in limestones andare stratigraphically controlled and structurally localized. Before WorldWar I, this was the most important source of molybdenum, but atpresent, little or no molybdenum is recovered from this type ofdeposit. Production of wulfenite from any mine has been relatively
small; the Mammoth mine, Arizona, which has been by far the largestof this type, has produced less than a million pounds of molybdenum(Peterson, 1938). These deposits generally have been mined by
selective underground methods.
The ores of these deposits are complex. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, barite,
and vanadium minerals are present in many of the deposits. Sulfide (primary), carbonate (secondary), oxide (secondary), and mixed ores of lead,zinc, copper, gold, and silver have been mined together or in

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

21

various combinations. Usually, the wulfenite has been recovered as a byproduct or coproduct.
The wulfenite (PbMoO 4 ) is believed to have formed either (1) by
the interaction of oxidized lead (galena) deposits and molybdenumbearing thermal waters that derived the molybdenum from wall rocks orhydrothermal sources or (2) by the interaction of the oxidation productsof galena with those of molybdenite or molybdenum-bearing minerals.
The first theory was proposed because of the apparent rarity ofmolybdenite and other molybdenum-bearing minerals in deposits
containing wulfenite. However, molybdenite is present in many morelead-zinc deposits than was once realized. Its absence in other deposits
probably is due to the completeness with which molybdenite, likesphalerite, is destroyed by oxidation processes. Many lead-zinc deposits
in which wulfenite is found either are entirely in or have not been explored below the zone of oxidation, and they contain no sphalerite or
molybdenite, though some of the galena remains unoxidized. At threeout of the seventeen wulfenite occurrences in New Mexico, molybdenite is known to occur in the unoxidized parts of the same deposit; infour of the remaining occurrences, sphalerite is absent but secondary
zinc minerals are present. Work by Newhouse (1934) and Claussen(1934) has shown that pyrite, sphalerite, and galena from lead-zinc deposits commonly contain molybdenum (and vanadium), providing
another potential source. It therefore seems likely that wulfenite (and its
companion, vanadinite) is formed entirely by the oxidation of the leadzinc deposit in which it occurs.
Seventeen of the seventy-four molybdenum occurrences in New
Mexico are of the oxidized lead-zinc type. Small amounts of wulfenite
have been produced from the Stevenson—Bennett mine, Dona Ana
County, and the Hillsboro and Palomas Gap districts in Sierra County.
The deposits containing wulfenite are concentrated in the southwestern part of the state (pl. 1).
PEGMATITES AND APLITES

Molybdenite is present in some aplite dikes and pegmatite bodies
as disseminated flakes and pods. Some have been mined on a small
scale, but this type of deposit has never been a major source of molybdenum. Many aplites, pegmatites, and quartz veins are in or nearlarge granitic bodies and apparently are end-stage differentiates fromthe bodies. The pegmatites and aplites usually are genetically related
to the quartz veins and in some cases can be seen to grade laterally
into the veins.
Molybdenite occurs in Precambrian pegmatites in Rio Arriba, San Miguel,and Santa Fe counties, north-central New Mexico. These peg-

22

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

matites grade into molybdenite-bearing quartz veins, and on Plate 1,
they have been grouped with the quartz veins. Parts of the Tertiary
quartz veins at the Questa molybdenum mine, Taos County, are pegmatitic and composed of coarse quartz, orthoclase, biotite, and molybdenite.
BEDDED URANIUM DEPOSITS

Jordisite and ilsemannite occur in many of the uranium deposits of theColorado Plateau. Both minerals are widespread and relatively abundant inmany of the deposits of the Grants uranium belt (Society of Economic
Geologists, 1963).
This type differs markedly from the other types of molybdenum deposits that have been described. The other types of deposits are closely
related to one another, belong to overlapping categories that are intergradational, and are simply variations of one class of deposit. They
differ from the uranium deposits in being associated spatially andgenetically with acid-to-intermediate intrusives; in containing molybdenite rather than jordisite; in containing significant amounts of copper, lead, zinc, and tungsten but no uranium; and in being veins andirregular bodies rather than bedded deposits. The origin of theseuranium deposits remains uncertain.
Although molybdenum has not been recovered from bedded uranium
deposits, the deposits of the Grants uranium belt are a potentially importantsource.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
The known molybdenum occurrences in New Mexico are not distributed
randomly but are concentrated in belts and clusters (fig. 7).
N E W M E XI C O M I NE R A L B E L T

A large part of the molybdenum occurrences in the state, as well as
the Tertiary acid-to-intermediate intrusives and associated hydrothermal ore deposits, is along a north-northeast-trending zone, the New
Mexico mineral belt. High-angle faults and Precambrian foliation having this same trend are common locally within the belt. A study (Burnham, 1959) of the sulfophile trace elements in sphalerite and chalcopyrite from the southwestern United States reveals that the belt is a zoneof high trace-element content.
From north to south, the belt passes through the Questa mine, Cerrillos district, Ortiz district, San Pedro mine, Tijeras district, Magdalena district, Iron Mountain district, Hermosa district, Fierro irondeposits, Santa Rita mine, Bayard area, Tyrone deposit, Lordsburg dis-

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

23

trict, and Peloncillo district, as well as a number of lesser districts. In
terms of dollar value, considerably more than three quarters of all themetal (excluding uranium), and virtually all the molybdenum, produced in New Mexico have come from this zone.
The mineral belt cuts diagonally across the generally north-trending
mountain ranges of the state, occupies "basin-and-range," "plateau," and"rocky mountain" type of environments, and seems to be independent of
the present mountain structures. It may follow an ancient zone of
weakness, as does the parallel Colorado (Front Range) mineral belt tothe north (Tweto and Sims, 1963). During Laramide—Tertiary
orogenies, magma invaded this zone of weakness, forming the definitive
features of the belt, igneous bodies and associated ore deposits. Fault
movements accompanied and followed intrusion of the magma.
TEXAS LINEAMENT

A number of molybdenum occurrences, other ore deposits, andacidto-intermediate intrusives in New Mexico are concentrated along
the Texas lineament, a broad belt of structures, related intrusives, andore deposits that extends (Mayo, 1958) west-northwest from transPecos, Texas, through southern New Mexico and Arizona, to theTransverse Ranges of southern California. High-angle faults and aligned
or elongate intrusions form individual strands within the belt. It also
cuts diagonally across the generally north-trending mountain ranges andpostore alluviated basins. Like the New Mexico mineral belt, it may bean ancient zone of weakness.
From east to west in New Mexico, the lineament passes through the
Orogrande district, Lake Valley district, Cooks Peak district, Santa Rita
mine, Tyrone deposit, Telegraph district, and a number of lesser
districts; the Tres Hermanas, Vittorio, Hachita, Lordsburg, and San
Simon districts are along strands to the south.
CAPITAN CLUSTER

Several molybdenum occurrences and a number of Tertiary intrusives and associated ore deposits are clustered around Capitan in Lincoln County. The Nogal, White Oaks, Jicarilla, Gallinas Mountains,
Hansonburg, and Salinas Peak districts are in the cluster. Why thiscluster is where it is, is not clear. There are no obvious structural controls. Mayo mentions a "vague" northeast-trending lineament extending from Bisbee, Arizona, through Santa Rita to the northern end of
the Tularosa Basin (and the northwestern edge of the cluster). And
intrusive bodies, molybdenum occurrences, and other ore deposits arevaguely aligned along a narrow trend extending northeast from theHachita district, through the Cooks Peak, Macho, Lake Valley, and24

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Palomas Gap districts, then through the Salinas Peak, Hansonburg,and Gallinas Mountains districts which form the northwestern limitsof the Capitan cluster. Whether these trends are major zones of weakness or in any way control the location of the cluster is not clear.
G RANT S URANI UM BELT

All the molybdenum occurrences of the bedded uranium type are in
the Grants uranium belt which extends northwest along the south edgeof the San Juan Basin. It differs markedly from the New Mexico mineral belt and the Texas lineament in containing uranium-molybdenum
deposits, no other types of molybdenum occurrences or other ore deposits, and no granitic intrusives. However, although other metal deposits are absent, the Grants belt has produced more than 90 per cent of
the uranium mined in the state. All the uranium deposits in whichmolybdenum is known to occur lie within the Grants belt.
The uranium deposits, some jointing, and the general strike of the
Mesozoic rocks are the only aligned features. Faults having the same
trend as the belt are exceedingly rare. The belt is relatively short, andthere is little or no evidence of possible extensions to the northwest or
southeast. The lack of aligned structural features suggests that the belt
is not along a zone of weakness. However, the Zuni Mountains a few
miles to the south of the belt are bound by northwest-trending faults
and are along a lineament (Mayo) extending from Utah to southeastern
New Mexico.

New Mexico Molybdenum Occurrences
The molybdenum deposits and mineral localities in New Mexico,grouped geographically, are described in this section in varying detail.
The coverage is not exhaustive but summarizes our present knowledgeof each occurrence. Plate 1 shows the location of the various occurrences.
PETACA MINING DISTRICT, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY
Numerous pegmatite bodies and quartz veins occur in the Petaca
district. Although molybdenum minerals are not present in most ofthese, molybdenite does occur sparsely in a few of the bodies andveins. The pegmatites are Precambrian in age. Structural relationships
and similarities in the sequence of deformation and late-stage
mineralization strongly suggest that the veins are contemporaneouswith and/or slightly younger than nearby pegmatites, and that the veinsrepresent an end stage of the formation of the pegmatites. Some veins
grade into pegmatite bodies. The three molybdenum occurrences in the
district are all in T. 27 N., R. 8 E.
KIAWA MOUNTAIN

Small amounts of molybdenite are disseminated as flakes in quartz
veins (Jahns, 1946, p. 265) at several places on the northeast slopes ofKiawa Mountain (probably in sec. 3, T. 27 N., R. 8 E.). Several small pits
have been dug into the deposits, but there has been no production.
RUSSIAN RANCH

Small amounts of molybdenite occur as disseminated flakes andstreaks with hematite in quartz veins and thin quartz-rich pegmatites(Jahns, 1946, p. 128, 260) along both sides of an old wagon road that
extends south and south-southeast along a prominent ridge 0.3 of a mileeast of the Russian Ranch in SE1/4 sec. 26, T. 27 N., R. 8 E. Several
small pits expose the occurrences; there has been no production.
POSO SPRING

Small hexagonal flakes of molybdenite are associated with pyrite andother sulfides in an albite-rich pegmatite (Just, 1937, p. 69; Jahns, 1946, p.
260) about 0.2 of a mile south of Poso Spring at the bottom of La Jarita
Canyon in NEJANDA sec. 27, T. 27 N., R. 8 E. There has been no
development or production.

26

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESOTHER OCCURRENCES, RIO ARRIBA COUNTYNEAR EL RITO

Wulfenite(?) was reported from a volcanic plug six miles south of El
Rito (Northrop, 1959, p. 560).
BROMIDE MINING DISTRICTIn the Bromide mining district ten miles west-northwest of Tres
Piedras, several small mines have produced some copper and gold fromlenticular quartz veins and impregnations of sulfide minerals in shear
zones in Precambrian amphibolite schist. Auriferous pyrite andchalcopyrite are common; galena, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, molybdenite,magnetite, and specularite are present locally. Garnet, epidote, hornblende, and tourmaline occur in the wall rock. There has been no
molybdenum production (Anderson, p. 105).
RED RIVER BELT, TAOS COUNTY
A number of molybdenum deposits are concentrated in a belt of eastto northeast-trending, high-angle faults that form a prominent
downfaultcd trench extending east-northeast across the Taos Range (fig.
4). The canyons of Red River and Bitter Creek form the southern limitsof this zone; Cabresto Creek forms the northern boundary.
Within this downfaulted belt, Precambrian metamorphic rocks andTertiary volcanic rocks have been irregularly faulted and brecciated. The
more highly brecciated areas served as conduits for hydro-thermal
solutions which altered (silicified, sericitized, argillized, and pyritized)
the rocks; later weathering and erosion formed distinctive, bare, yellowstained areas. These altered and distinctively weathered, eroded areas
are restricted to the faulted zone; large areas of the same volcanic andmetamorphic rocks north of the downfaulted zone are completely
unaffected. Soda (albite-rich) granite stocks, rhyolite dikes and plugs,
and quartz monzonite dikes were intruded along the zone during thelate stages of igneous activity. These igneous rocks apparently were thesource of the hydrothermal solutions that formed the altered areas andthe ore deposits associated with the stocks and dikes.
The evidence strongly suggests that the extrusion of the volcanic
rocks, downfaulting and brecciation, hydrothermal alteration, intrusionof the granitic rocks, and formation of the ore deposits all occurred
during the same period of Miocene(?) igneous activity. All thesefeatures are concentrated within the east-west zone and are lacking orrare to the north and south. (See Schilling, 1960, p. 17-18, 20,

28

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

and Schilling, 1956, p. 23-30, 34-38, for a more detailed discussion of thefeatures of the downfaulted zone.)
The ore deposits are fissure veins, stockworks, and disseminationsin brecciated rock formed during the downfaulting and in the brecciated and sheared margins of the soda granite stocks. The wall-rock
type does not appear to have had any chemical control of deposition.
(See Schilling, 1960, p. 23-27, for a more detailed discussion of theore deposits.) The deposits are spatially associated with the intrusives
and show a zonal mineralogical pattern around the larger intrusives.
The molybdenum-bearing veins, stockworks, and disseminations arepresent in or near the soda granite bodies, usually within several
hundred feet of the contact. Like the soda granite intrusives, the molybdenum deposits are concentrated in the east-west downfaulted andaltered zone. Tertiary hornblende quartz monzonite stocks in the Taos
Range north and south of the belt that were intruded earlier than thesoda granite have no spatially associated molybdenum deposits.
The veins are up to seven feet thick, although thicknesses of morethan a foot are uncommon. They are largely quartz, molybdenite, andpyrite, with locally abundant biotite, fluorite, chalcopyrite, calcite, andrhodochrosite; the wall rock usually is silicified, pyritized, argillized, andsericitized. The stockworks consist of molybdenite films and vein-lets
containing quartz and pyrite. Disseminated molybdenite flakes generally
occur with the stockworks.
Molybdenite also is widespread in the altered areas away from thesoda granite intrusives. Here the molybdenite occurs almost exclusively ingray quartz veins as fine-grained flakes; the volcanic rocks contain little orno disseminated molybdenite even along molybdenum-rich veins. The
andesitic rocks of the altered areas contain 3 to 10 per cent pyrite,
whereas the rhyolitic rocks contain only 1 per cent. The pyrite is present
in veins and as small disseminated cubes and, less commonly,
octahedrons and pyritohedrons. The pyrite contains up to 36 ppm ofmolybdenum, as well as appreciable copper. Nearly all the copper in thealtered areas is intimately associated with the pyrite. Chalcopyrite
generally is rare, although locally abundant (Ratcliff, 1962).
The molybdenite occurrence at Baldy Tunnel, Colfax County, may bean eastern extension of this molybdenum-bearing belt, although it issouth of the projected eastward trend of the zone.
QUESTA MOLYBDENUM MINEThe Questa (Moly, R and S) molybdenum mine has been the second largest producer of molybdenum in New Mexico, having yielded
more than 20 million pounds of molybdenum sulfide (MoS 2 ). It is
unique among the major molybdenum-producing mines of the worldin having produced high-grade molybdenite ore from throughgoingMOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

29

fissure veins, in contrast to most of the other mines which exploit lowgrade, disseminated deposits. The mine is in sec. 1, T. 28 N., R. 13 E.
and sec. 36, T. 29 N., R. 13 E.; the mill, camp, and main haulage adit
are along the Red River five to six miles east of Questa; the adits to theolder workings are along Sulphur Gulch, which extends north fromRed River between the mill and haulage adit.
History. The true nature of the veins was first recognized in 1916,
when Jimmy Fay (or Fahy) had a sample assayed for copper, gold,and silver; the assayer mentioned the presence of molybdenite and its
value. The Western Molybdenum Company was organized; however,
little was done to develop the deposit. In 1918, the R and S (Rappand Savery) Molybdenum Company was formed and acquired sevenclaims of the Western Molybdenum Company. Additional claims werelocated, and development work was done. Production began in thespring of 1919; the ore was treated in a converted gold mill four
miles east of the mine.
In 1920, the present owners, the Molybdenum Corporation of America, acquired the property. Mining was discontinued during the depression of 1921, then was on a small scale until 1923, when a mill was built
on the present site. In 1942, a haulage adit was driven north from the
Red River for one mile, connecting with the lowest level in the mine andgreatly improving haulage, ventilation, and drainage. By 1955, theworkings had reached a point 240 feet below the adit.
In recent years, the old tailing dumps were remilled, supplementing
the decreasing production of the mine. Mining ceased in 1958; however, an extensive exploration program had already been started in asearch for more ore (see Questa Porphyry Deposit).
Mining and milling. The mine has more than 36 miles of workings,
with a vertical extent of 1200 feet (for details, see Schilling, 1956, pls. 1
and 2). Ore shoots were located by following the veinlets encountered
until they opened up; most ore shoots occurred in the granite near its
contact with altered volcanic rocks. Mining was by overhand,horizontal slicing in stull-supported or open stopes; the irregularities ofthe ore required selective mining. The grade of the ore has varied from
1 to 40 per cent MoS 2 . The flotation process was used to produce
molybdenite concentrates (Carman, 1932).
Geology. Larsen and Ross (1920), Vanderwilt (1938), and Kuellmer(1961) have described the geology. A more detailed description is given
by Schilling (1956), from which the following information is abstracted.
The ore occurs in the Miocene(?) Sulphur Gulch soda granite stockalong a locally east-west-striking, south-dipping contact with propylitized volcanic rocks. Most of the veins are on the contact or in the
granite within 50 feet of and roughly parallel to the contact. The orezone is more than 1500 feet long at the surface but decreases in lengthwith depth.

30

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

In detail, the veins are complex. Dips range from vertical to horizontal but average 45 degrees. Usually, they pinch and split. At places,
they cross the granite contact and pass out into the softer volcanic
rocks, where they die out; elsewhere, they follow granite dikes, which
extend outward from the granite stock. The veins cut across any irregularities of the granite contact. Individual veins are not continuous
downdip or laterally, but their general position along the contact istaken by other veins. Numerous faults offset the veins for short distances.
The veins range from thin films locally called "paint" to more thanseven feet in thickness. Steeply dipping veins are commonly thicker
than gently dipping ones, and therefore contain most of the ore shoots.
These ore shoots are lenticular. A few cylindrical ore shoots occur atvein intersections. Numerous thin, irregular veinlets occur in brecciatedareas along the contact; these zones are part of the porphyry-molybdenum deposit described below.
The veins are largely quartz and molybdenite, with locally abundantbiotite, fluorite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, calcite, and rhodochrosite, andminor amounts of chlorite, galena, sphalerite, huebnerite, ferrimolybdite, limonite, and malachite. The apparent order of deposition
was (1) quartz; (2) quartz molybdenite, and biotite; (3) pyrite and chalcopyrite; (4) fluorite; and (5) calcite and rhodochrosite. This sequence
is often repeated completely or in part.
Wall-rock alteration is not intense, usually extending only a few
inches from the veins. Silicification is widespread, feldspar is locallyaltered to clay and sericite, and disseminated pyrite is scattered throughthe wall rock.
The veins were deposited as fissure fillings, probably during late
Tertiary time, and on the basis of their mineralogy are classified asmesothermal.
QUESTA PORPHYRY DEPOSIT

A large zone of the porphyry-molybdenum type of mineralization
lies west and northwest of the Questa molybdenum mine workings.
Within the deposit, there are two sizable bodies of much-above-average
grade: (1) the Southwest Zone in N y 2 sec. 2, T. 28 N., R. 13 E., westsouthwest of the lower workings of the old mine, and (2) the Northeast
Zone in east-central sec. 35, T. 29 N., R. 13 E., north-northwest of thelower workings of the old mine at the confluence of Sulphur and Iron
gulches.
History. The possibility that the deposits of the Questa molybdenum mine extended west of their known limits had been considered
for many years (J. B. Carman, personal communications). By 1954, thevein deposits were nearing exhaustion, and an exploration programMOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

31

was initiated by the Molybdenum Corporation of America to locate
westward extensions of the known deposits (Mining Engineering, January1961). Brecciated zones containing molybdenite-bearing stock-works
had been exposed in the upper, northwesternmost, and lower,
southwesternmost, workings, and other zones were exposed by the exploration program. Although the exposed stockworks were too smallor of too low grade to be commercial, they pointed to the possibility oflarge, low-grade molybdenite deposits around the margins of the
Tertiary granite stocks, especially in the Questa molybdenum mine area
(Schilling, 1956, p. 77, 78).
From June 1957 to July 1960, exploration work was conducted withthe financial assistance of the Defense Minerals Exploration Administration. A geochemical survey was made, a crosscut was extended a mile
to the west from the lowest level of the old workings, some 11,000 feetof lateral drifts were driven, and about 30,000 feet of drill core were cut
from the surface and underground. More than 260 million tons of ore
averaging 0.25 per cent MoS 2 were found (Mining Engineering, January1961).
By the end of 1961, further exploratory work had extended theboundaries of the deposit and had disclosed "two sizable areas of muchabove-average grade" (1961 Annual Report, Molybdenum Corporationof America).
In 1962, it was decided to concentrate on the development of theNortheast Zone. The main access tunnel already had been extended
into the area, and $633,000 were spent panel drilling, surface drilling,raising, and drifting (1962 Annual Report, Molybdenum Corporationof America).
During 1963 and the first six months of 1964, more than $4,000,000
were spent on continued development of the Northeast Zone,
providing new mine services and plants and acquiring land for housing,tailing disposal, and milling. By the end of 1964, more than 28,000 feetof underground drilling, 123,000 feet of surface drilling, and 8000 feetof drifting and crosscutting had been done, and 33,000 tons of ore had
been removed for sampling and bulk testing (Metal Mining dr Processing,
December 1964).
Mining and milling. In April 1964, the Molybdenum Corporation ofAmerica announced plans to spend $18,000,000 to $20,000,000 tobring the mine into production (letter to stockholders, April 20, 1964).
A mill design and construction contract was awarded to Western—
Knapp Engineering Division of Arthur G. McKee and Company for aplant "capable of producing 10,000,000 pounds of molybdenum annually" and having a "capacity of about 8000 tons of ore per day." It is
expected that production will begin in September 1965 and that full
capacity will be reached by the end of the year.
The Northeast Zone (northeast of the southwest body, but north-32

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

west of vein deposits previously mined) will be mined initially by openpit methods. The pit as planned will have a roughly circular shape withan average diameter of about 1600 feet and average depth of 500 feet(bottom at 8400-foot elevation). Open-pit reserves are estimated at
20,509,000 tons of ore averaging 0.297 per cent MoS 2 , assuming acutoff grade of 0.13 per cent MoS 2 . Some 71,000,000 tons of wastematerial will be removed. Later, it is planned to mine the lower parts of
the ore body, and possibly the Southwest Zone, using undergroundmethods. About 23,000,000 tons of ore averaging 0.35 per cent MoS 2(assuming a cutoff grade of 0.21 per cent MoS 2 ) have been developedfor underground mining in the northeast Zone (Metal Mining &Processing, December 1964).
The mill will concentrate the molybdenite by conventional flotation methods; recovery is expected to be 85 to 89 per cent. The possibility of recovering additional molybdenum by leaching of tailings,
waste dumps, and low-grade material is being studied (Bhappu, Reynolds, and Stahmann, 1963; Bhappu and Roman, 1964). Low-grade
material will be stockpiled during open-pit mining.
Geology. The porphyry-molybdenum mineralization and the molybdenum-bearing quartz veins at Questa actually are overlapping partsof the same huge deposit. The BJB, Hercules, and Bernhardt
prospects explore parts of the same deposit. The two types ofoccurrences are similar mineralogically but differ mainly in that theveins are in a few, wider open, more throughgoing fissures in contrast
to the stockwork fissures which are relatively tight, short, andirregular, yet numerous and closely spaced. Like many of theporphyry-copper deposits, the high-grade veins were first selectively
mined, and little was done to exploit the low-grade disseminatedmineralization until the veins were exhausted.
The porphyry-molybdenum mineralization is along the western
flank of the Miocene(?) Sulphur Gulch soda granite stock and occurs in
the granite and overlying volcanic rocks which the granite intruded.
Here a "buried saddle" connects the Sulphur Gulch stock with the Flag
Mountain stock to the west, and the granite-volcanics contact is relatively flat. in contrast to the steeper dips where the contact is exposedat the surface and in the workings made while mining the vein
deposits. The southwestern part of the deposit is covered by more thana thousand feet of barren rock, whereas the northeastern part reaches
the surface. The richer sections of the deposit are in the most highly
shattered rock.
Molybdenite occurs in stockworks and as disseminations in the adjacent wall rock. The molybdenite is present in the stockwork fissuresin quartz veinlets with pyrite, some purple and green fluorite, andminor biotite and chalcopyrite; as thin films ("paint"); and as streaks

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

33

in fault gouge ("mud"). Cubes, pyritohedrons, and irregular grains of pyrite
are disseminated through the wall rock.
Faulting and fracturing during the forceful emplacement of the intrusives, and the subsequent downfaulting along the east-west belt, weresuperimposed on regional structures to form the structural pattern inthe mine area. Zones of intensive alteration are associated with themineralization and granitic intrusives. Silicification, pyritization, sericitization, kaolinization, and propylitization have taken place. Later
weathering and oxidation have modified the alteration and mineralization.
Several secondary molybdenum-bearing minerals have been formed
during oxidation (Bhappu and Roman, p. 16). Some 60 per cent of themolybdenum in the oxide minerals is contained in ferrimolybdite. The
canary-yellow ferrimolybdite is locally abundant and occurs as tiny
acicular crystals disseminated through the rock, as tufts and powdery
coatings on molybdenite, and as late crosscutting veinlets. Much of
the rest of the secondary molybdenum is in molybdenum-bearinghydrous iron oxides, with only a minor amount contained in clay as a
crystalline precipitate of aluminum molybdate hydrate and as absorbed
molybdenum. Partly oxidized molybdenite occurs at the surface and isincreasingly common with depth. There apparently has been little
vertical change in the molybdenum grade due to oxidation and leaching.
Tentatively, the following sequences of events are believed to havetaken place (Schilling, 1956, 1960; Carpenter, 1960): (1) extrusion ofintermediate volcanic rocks from feeder fissure dikes and central vents;(2) extrusion of most of the rhyolitic volcanic rocks; (3) emplacement of
the soda granite stocks with accompanying shattering and hydrothermal
alteration of the volcanic and older rocks; (4) emplacement of aplite
dikelets and replacement (K-feldspathization) of the volcanic rocks andgranite by aplitic fluids during late stages of emplacement and cooling of
the granite stocks; (5) intrusion of rhyolite porphyry dikes and plugs,
which may have been feeders for the youngest rhyolite volcanics, during
the last stages of the cooling of the granite stocks; (6) sericitization andkaolinization, followed by kaolinization, succeeded by silicification,
probably beginning during (3) and continuing at least through (5); (7)continuing faulting and shattering of the volcanic and intrusive rocks; (8)deposition of barren quartz veinlets containing minor pyrite and rarepotash feldspar and biotite; (9) continued shattering with the depositionof quartz veinlets containing molybdenite and pyrite; (10) continued
shattering and the formation of veinlets and large quartz veins
containing molybdenite, pyrite, fluorite, calcite, and rhodochrosite; (11)continued shattering with the deposition of molybdenite films and minor
quartz and fluorite along the fissures; and (12) continued down-

34

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

faulting, forming the east-west structural trench across the Taos Range.
The sequence of events described under (2) through (11) took place
during a geologically short period of time and was a continuous, overlapping, locally repetitious and even regressive process that has been
greatly oversimplified in this description. The granite, aplite, rhyolite
porphyry, and rhyolite volcanics, as well as the hydrothermal fluids thatcaused the alteration and mineralization, all apparently are differentiatesfrom the same parent magma. The soda granite bodies appear to havebeen localized where pretrench north-south faults cross the east-west
trench, providing avenues of weakness along which the magma wasintruded.
LOG CABIN CANYON (FIBBS—NOGLE, STEVE'S) PROSPECT

A long adit, several short adits, and two diamond drill holes in thebottom of Nogal Canyon (sec. 8, T. 28 N., R. 13 E.) two miles
southeast of Questa transect a deposit consisting of a number of 1- to
3-inch-wide quartz-molybdenite-pyrite veins and some veins containing
gouge streaked with molybdenite. The veins cut both granite andcountry rock along the irregular southwest contact of the Flag
Mountain soda granite stock. They strike east to northeast and dip
vertically. Intense brecciation and bleaching along the contact,accompanied by deposition and later oxidation of disseminated pyrite,
make identification of the various rock types difficult. There has beenno production (Schilling, 1960).
BEAR CANYON PROSPECTOn Red River, just west of Bear Canyon (sec. 4, T. 28 N., R. 13 E.),two connected adits with more than 750 feet of workings expose several
molybdenum-bearing veins in the Bear Canyon (Horseshoe, Cisneros,
Mexican, Mammoth) prospect. There has been no production, althoughsome low-grade molybdenite ore was stockpiled on the dump. Veins
consisting of quartz, with some molybdenite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, andminor biotite, fluorite, and huebnerite ranging from films to three feet inthickness, with numerous "splits" and "pinches," trend east-west and dip
steeply in the late(?) Tertiary Flag Mountain soda granite stock. In
contrast to the Questa molybdenum mine, the veins exposed here are
not near the granite contact, and fractures and veins are less common,tighter, and form a less definite pattern (Schilling, 1960).
BJ B (W ILDE, G OA T HILL G ULCH) P R OSP ECT S

Small, irregular pyrite-chalcopyrite-fluorite-molybdenite veins andmolybdenite films along fractures in altered Tertiary volcanic rocks

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

35

are exposed in two adits along the west side of Goat Hill (Alum) Gulch,which extends north from Red River four miles east of Questa (sec.
3(?), T. 28 N., R. 13 E.). This occurrence is above, and probably is anoffshoot of, the Southwest Zone described under the Questa porphyry
deposit. There has been no production. (Schilling, 1960)
HERCULES (BUENO VISTA) PROSPECT
Three short adits, now caved, north of the Questa porphyry depositat the head of Sulphur Gulch (sec. 35, T. 29 N., R. 13 E.) expose small
fluorite-pyrite-chalcopyrite-molybdenite veins, quartz-molybdenite
veins, and molybdenite films along fractures and shear zones in alteredand brecciated Tertiary volcanic rocks. A Tertiary soda granite dikecuts the volcanic complex. There has been no production. This occurrence probably is an offshoot of the Northeast Zone of the Questa
porphyry deposit (Schilling, 1960).
BERNHARDT PROSPECTS
The Bernhardt prospects, consisting of several adits totaling morethan 300 feet, are in sec. 1, T. 28 N., R. 13 E., just north of the Red
River and west of Sulphur Gulch. They are bounded on the north andwest by workings of the Questa molybdenum mine. There has been no
production. In the main southern adit, several thin veins containing
molybdenite, quartz, and pyrite are exposed; several other thin veins
containing specularite, quartz, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, andgalena also are exposed. These veins are in the late(?) Tertiary Sulphur
Gulch soda granite stock; the granite is not highly fractured. In thenorthern adit (in the west side of Sulphur Gulch several hundred feetnorthwest of the mouth of the gulch), molybdenite films coat
fractures in a shear zone striking N. 80° E. and dipping vertically inhighly altered and brecciated soda granite of the late(?) Tertiary
Sulphur Gulch stock. Small quartz veins are accompanied bysilicification, pyrite is disseminated through the rock, and feldspar
phenocrysts are altered to clay. These occurrences are offshoots of theQuesta vein deposit (Schilling, 1960).
COPPER KING MINE
The Copper King (Anaconda, Paxton) mine is in sec. 35, T. 29 N.,
R. 14 E., just north of the Red River opposite the mouth of Bitter
Creek at the town of Red River. The mine workings consist of twoconnecting adits with more than 1000 feet of workings, a 50-footshaft, a 30-foot adit, and churn drill holes made while exploring forand mining copper ore. There has been no molybdenum production.

36

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Malachite, azurite, and some tenorite fill open spaces in several shear
zones that either follow late(?) Tertiary quartz monzonite dikes in altered Tertiary volcanic rocks or cut a large body of quartz monzonite inwhich the silicified shear zones have prominent dikelike outcrops.
Chalcopyrite and molybdenite reportedly were encountered some 600
feet below the surface in a churn drill hole (Schilling, 1960).
GRANITE (MUNDEN) PROSPECT

A 50-foot, caved adit in sec. 36, T. 29 N., R. 14 E., about half a mileeast of the town of Red River and a quarter of a mile north of State
Highway 38, exposes chalcopyrite and molybdenite in a prominenteast-west, steeply north-dipping shear zone cutting altered, late(?)
Tertiary granite (Schilling, 1960). There has been no production.
JACKS AND SIXES PROSPECTThe Jacks and Sixes prospect consists of several open cuts, a 135foot adit, and a 190-foot adit in sec. 29, T. 29 N., R. 15 E., one andone-half miles east of Red River at a point half a mile north of Bobcat
Creek, high on the west slope of a side canyon that extends north from
Bobcat Canyon one and one-fourth miles northeast of the mouth ofthe latter. Here, quartz-molybdenite veins cut Precambrian metamorphic rocks and late(?) Tertiary granite along the northeast margin of the
granite body. There has been no production. (Schilling, 1960)
COLFAX COUNTYBALDY TUNNELThe Baldy (Deep) tunnel (now caved) was driven east-west completely through Baldy Peak exploring for gold and copper. Baldy Peakis in the Cimarron Range five miles north-northeast of Eagle Nest. A
minor footage of lateral and vertical workings follows shears andquartz veins. The tunnel penetrates Cretaceous Pierre Shale andTertiary sediments that have been intruded by large diorite andmonzonite porphyry sills. The Pierre Shale strikes N. 10° E. and dips
50°-60° NE. Near the west portal, molybdenite occurs in numerous
quartz stringers (Everitt, 1953a; Pettit, 1946). There has been no
molybdenum production.
GRANTS URANIUM BELT, MCKINLEY AND VALENCIACOUNTIES
The uranium deposits of the Grants uranium belt form a strip 100 miles
long and 20 miles wide that extends from Gallup east-southeast-ward to
Laguna (Society of Economic Geologists, 1963) (fig. 5). More

38

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

than half a billion dollars worth of uranium have been produced, principally from the Grants and Laguna districts. The deposits are in a 1000to 1500-foot-thick sequence of sedimentary rocks ranging in age from
Late Jurassic to Cretaceous (Hilpert, 1963). The Late Jurassic Todilto
Limestone and Morrison Formation have yielded most of the ore andcontain nearly all the reserves.
Miocene to Recent volcanic rocks are present in and near the Grants
belt and are considered by some to be genetically related to the uranium
deposits. Except for dikes and plugs related to the volcanic rocks,
intrusives are conspicuously absent. The sandstones of the Morrison
Formation have been universally altered in the vicinity of the uranium
deposits; the evidence suggests that the alteration may bepenecontemporaneous with, and related to, uranium deposition (Austin,1963).
SANDSTONE DEPOSITSIn Westwater Canyon Member, Morrison Formation. Most of the depositsof the Ambrosia Lake and Poison Canyon trends of the Grants district
and of the Smith Lake district are in sandstones of the West-water
Canyon Member of the Morrison Formation. These sandstones
contain two types of unoxidized uranium deposits: (1) the primary,prefault deposits formed before the rocks were appreciably faulted orjointed and (2) the unoxidized, postfault deposits that probably resulted from the redistribution of the prefault deposits and are thus
secondary (Granger et al., 1961; Granger, 1963).
The prefault deposits are west-northwest elongate, lens-shaped
bodies up to 20 feet thick, several hundred feet wide, and 3000 feetlong. The ore bodies apparently are not controlled by tectonic structures
but are related to sedimentary structures, lithology, and textures. They
contain coffinite (uranium silicate), jordisite, and pyrite in a gangue ofcarbonaceous matter which cements the sandstone; vanadium occurs in
the carbonaceous matter and selenium is closely associated with thejordisite. The amorphous molybdenum sulfide jordisite occurs as tiny
grains or sand-grain coatings on the fringes of the uranium deposits,
usually in nearly carbon- and uranium-free sandstone that has beencolored jet black or dark brown by the mineral (Granger). The uraniumores contain up to several hundredths of a per cent molybdenum incontrast to the jordisite-rich sandstone which contains a tenth to morethan a half per cent molybdenum.
The postfault deposits are less common but more varied in shape andmineralogy. They contain coffinite, uraninite, vanadium minerals, pyrite,
marcasite, barite, calcite, and the selenium mineral ferroselite;
carbonaceous matter is uncommon or absent, and molybdenum min-

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

39

erals are extremely rare. Where faults and joints are the dominant
control, the bodies are elongate parallel to the structure; where stratigraphic controls predominate, they parallel the trend of the prefault
bodies.
Oxidized ores occur in the near-surface deposits. The oxidation of
vanadium-poor ores has resulted in the leaching of uranium from therock or, less commonly, in the formation of uranium silicates andphosphates; yellow uranium vanadates formed in the vanadium-rich ores.
Native selenium, barite, calcite, gypsum, and manganese oxides also havebeen produced.
Efflorescent minerals form rapidly on the mine walls. These include
uranium, vanadium, molybdenum, iron, sodium, and calcium sulfates,
carbonates, and bicarbonates. Dark blue stains of the molybdenumhydroxide ilsemannite, a postmine oxidation product of jordisite, arecommon on mine walls and are locally disseminated through the rock.
Ilsemannite is quite water-soluble and thus is found only in the drier
mines.
In Jackpile Sandstone, Morrison Formation. The deposits in the Laguna
district are in the Jackpile Sandstone of the Morrison Formation. Mostof the deposits are tabular, elongate uraniferous-carbonaceous bodies
that are similar to the deposits in the Westwater Canyon Member(Kittel, 1963; Granger). Coffinite, uraninite, pyrite, and marcasite arecommon; selenium, molybdenum, and vanadium minerals are present
but apparently in smaller amounts than in the Westwater Canyon
deposits. Most of the tabular bodies are oxidized to some extent andhave mineral assemblages similar to those of near-surface Westwater
Canyon deposits. Postmining minerals are rare in the open-pit mines,
such as the Jackpile.
LIMESTONE DEPOSITS
Numerous, small uranium deposits occur in the Todilto Limestone,
mainly along the south edge of the Grants district (McLaughlin, 1963;
Granger). Production has been less than one per cent of that from thesandstone. Most known deposits have been mined out and little exploration is being done. The primary deposits are narrow, irregularly
elongate bodies along the axes of minor anticlines, and contain uraninite (abundant), coffinite (relatively rare), vanadium oxides, fluorite,
pyrite, hematite, marcasite, galena, and barite. Fluorite is present in
only a few of the Todilto deposits and apparently is absent wherecoffinite or vanadium minerals are abundant. Northrop (p. 357) mentions that a "minute quantity of molybdenite" occurs in the Haystackarea of the Grants district. Many of the Todilto deposits have been
oxidized; uranium vanadates and silicates are common.

40

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESPIPE DEPOSITSThe uranium deposit at the Woodrow mine in the Laguna district isin a steeply dipping, 30-foot-diameter, pipelike, cryptovolcanic(?) or
collapse(?) structure cutting the Morrison Formation. It differs markedly in shape and mineralogy from the sandstone deposits of the Grants
belt (Wyle, 1963). There is a similar, but relatively unmineralized, pipeat the Jackpile mine (Hilpert and Moench, 1960). The Woodrow pipe
contains coffinite, uraninite, pyrite, marcasite, barite, and galena and is
unique among the deposits of the Grants belt in locally containing
chalcopyrite, covellite, sphalerite, wurtzite, and cobaltite. The ore ispartly oxidized to a depth of about 100 feet; uranium sulfates arecommon, but uranium vanadates are absent because of the very small
amount of vanadium present.
BERNALILLO COUNTYHELLS CANYON MINING SUBDISTRICT

Pyrite, chalcopyrite, and minute flakes of molybdenite occur in quartz
stringers in shattered and silicified Precambrian schist at the Star Lodeand other prospects along Hells Canyon in the northern Manzano
Mountains (Statz, 1912). The prospects are small. There has been no
molybdenum production.
CERRILLOS—SAN PEDRO CLUSTER, SANTA FE COUNTY
Molybdenum mineralization is associated with a cluster of Tertiary
granitic intrusives in southwestern Santa Fe County. Molybdenite, wulfenite, powellite, and molybdian scheelite are present.
MINA DEL Two

The Mina del Tiro is in the NW1/4 sec. 8, T. 14 N., R. 8 E. one andthree-quarters miles north of Cerrillos. The mine consists of a numberof shafts and prospect pits made while mining lead-zinc ore. A vuggy
quartz vein up to six feet wide contains thick streaks and disseminations of galena and sphalerite. Even though the galena and sphalerite
have been only slightly affected by weathering, small, tabular, yellowish
gray crystals of wulfenite are abundant on the primary minerals where
cracks and vugs provide open space. The vein, which can be traced formore than 1300 feet at the surface, lies on the footwall of a shear zone
striking N. 45° E. and dipping steeply northwest in Tertiary
hornblende monzonite porphyry. A number of other similarly oriented
shear zones with accompanying lead-zinc veins are exposed in thesurrounding area (Disbrow and Stoll, 1957).

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

41

CERRILLOS PORPHYRY—COPPER DEPOSIT

A porphyry-copper deposit is exposed in north-central sec. 8, T. 14
N., R. 8 E. two miles north-northeast of Cerrillos, between the Mina del
Tiro to the west and the Cash Entry mine to the northeast. The deposit
was diamond-drilled while exploring for copper, but there has been no
further development or production. The porphyry-copper mineralization
is in monzonite porphyry and syenite (corresponding roughly to the
Tertiary intrusive unit Ti i and to a minor extent Ti 4 of Disbrow andStoll) forming a 600-foot-wide annular ring nearly enclosing a small,circular, coarse-grained monzonite stock (Wargo, 1963). The stock itself
is unmineralized except for a thin zone at its contact. This rock typeapparently has not been recognized elsewhere in the Cerrillos mining
district; the stock is not shown on Disbrow and Stoll's plate 1. The
deposit consists of malachite and chrysocolla at the surface anddisseminated grains and thin veinlets of chalcopyrite and rare bornite
below the zone of oxidation. There has been no secondary enrichment;
the copper grade is approximately the same in both the unoxidized andoxidized parts of the deposit but varies from 0.2 to 1.0 per cent. Molybdenite occurs as rare, thin stringers cutting the copper mineralization.
Galena and sphalerite veinlets also cut the copper mineralization.
CUMMINGTON HILLAt Cummington Hill, sec. 24, T. 13 N., R. 7 E., in the Old Placers(Ortiz) mining district, yellow-fluorescing (molybdian) scheelite, pyrite,and minor chalcopyrite form irregular bodies and disseminations along
steeply dipping, northeast- to east-trending faults and tension fracturesin the Ortiz monzonite porphyry laccolith and adjacent silicated (garnetized) limestone and shale. The minerals also occur as tabular bodies
along flat to gently dipping bedding planes in the garnetized limestone(Dale and McKinney, 1959). Powellite reportedly is associated with thescheelite in these contact deposits (Kelley, 1952). Molybdenite occurs in
the district (Northrop, p. 358), probably in the same deposits.
SAN PEDRO MINEThe San Pedro mine is in the New Placers mining district, fourteen
miles by road south of Madrid and one mile east-northeast of San
Pedro. Extensive underground workings were made mining coppergoldsilver ore; there has been no molybdenum production. Chalcopyrite
associated with garnet, calcite, specularite, quartz, pyrite, and locallysome scheelite occur as irregular replacement deposits in metamorphosed limestone beds and locally in interbedded shales of thePennsylvanian Madera Formation. The sediments, which dip gently tothe east, have been intruded by rhyolite porphyry sills and a syenitemonzonite laccolith and offshoot dikes and sills. Locally, the limestone

42

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

and shale overlying the laccolith have been altered to garnet-rich tactite;
outward or beyond the tactite, the limestone has been marmorized andthe shale changed to hornfels. The ore is between the tactite and marble
in a zone up to 130 feet wide and 90 feet thick that has been mined fora length of 2400 feet. East-west fractures and faults apparently localized
both the mineral deposits and the tactite.
Small amounts of molybdenite are exposed in the lower workingsof the mine as tiny dendritic crystals and lumps up to 2 inches acrossat the contact between garnet and chalcopyrite. Pyrrhotite and rarechalcopyrite are disseminated in the syenite in the Swan Tunnel level(Smith et al., 1945).
Kelley reports that powellite is associated with the scheelite in the
mine.
OTHER OCCURRENCES, SANTA FE COUNTY SANTAFE MINING DISTRICT
Molybdenite reportedly occurs in the Santa Fe mining district(Northrop, p. 358) probably in Precambrian pegmatitic veins similar
to those in San Miguel County to the east.
LA S V E GA S RA N GE BE LT , S A N MI G UE L CO UN T Y
Numerous pegmatite dikes and white quartz veins cut the Precambrian rocks that form the core of the arcuate, north-trending Las Vegas
Range of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Many of these dikes andveins locally contain molybdenite and other sulfides.
The pegmatites usually are simple in composition and contain only
feldspar, quartz, and muscovite. Many of the quartz veins grade into
pegmatite dikes, and some contain feldspar and muscovite. No dikes orveins cut the Pennsylvanian and younger sedimentary rocks of the area,and most are spatially associated with the Precambrian granites,
strongly suggesting that the pegmatites, veins, and sulfides are late-stage
differentiates of the same magma as the granite intrusives.
The molybdenite-bearing pegmatites and quartz veins of the Petaca
mining district are similar in age, environment, and probable genesis to thosein the Las Vegas Range.
AZURE—RISING SUN MINE
The Azure—Rising Sun mine is in the Rociada mining district, four
miles southwest of Rociada and some twenty miles northwest of Las
Vegas. The mine was developed by 160- and 172-foot shafts withmore than 600 feet of workings on two levels. Calcite, pyrite, bornite,chalcopyrite, and molybdenite occur in a group of white quartz veins,striking N. 20° W. and dipping 75° E, in Precambrian quartz-biotite

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

43

schist. The veins average 5 feet in width and extend for more than 3000
feet along their strike. Epidote, garnet, amphibole, specular hematite, andtourmaline are present in the vein walls and locally in the veins
themselves. Quartz veins and pegmatites containing pyrite, chalcopyrite,
sphalerite, galena, and minor molybdenite cut Precambrian rocks elsewhere in the district. A small amount of molybdenite may have been
produced (Harley, 1940, p. 52).
ROMERO MINE

The Romero (Santo Nino, Hoover) mine is in the Porvenir mining
district, two miles north of Porvenir and fifteen miles northwest of Las
Vegas, in a saddle high on the south side of Hermit Mountain (sec. 36,
T. 18 N., R. 14 E.). Several hundred pounds of coarse, high-grade
molybdenite ore were shipped in 1914; 25 tons of molybdenite orereportedly were mined in 1916 but apparently not shipped. The mineconsists of a 90-foot shaft and 800-foot adit (200 feet below the shaft).
Molybdenite, chalcopyrite, scheelite, and bismuthinite occur together
as small, scattered pockets in a white, coarse-grained pegmatitic quartz
vein striking N. 60° E. The vein cuts pink, coarse-grained granite (orquartz monzonite) and contains some orthoclase, muscovite, and fluorite. Abundant brown limonite and canary-yellow ferrimolybdite andsome malachite and azurite are present at the surface. Other quartz
veins and pegmatites containing molybdenite and chalcopyrite occur inthe surrounding area (Bush, 1915; Horton, 1916, p. 78; Harley, 1940,
p. 56; Everitt, 1953b).
TECOLOTE MINING DISTRICT

Small amounts of pyrite, chalcopyrite, molybdenite, and other sulfides are present in pegmatite dikes and white quartz veins cutting
Precambrian granite, gneiss, and schist in the Tecolote mining district(Harley, 1940, p. 57) which is three to fourteen miles northwest ofChapelle on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway and fourteen
miles southwest of Las Vegas. There has been no molybdenum production.
SOCORRO COUNTYMAGDALENA MINING DISTRICTThe Magdalena mining district is at the north end of the Magdalena
Mountains. The district has been a major producer of lead, zinc, andcopper, as well as some gold and silver. Austin (1960) reports thatscheelite occurs as disseminated grains in silicated limestone (skarn)
and to a limited extent as scattered grains along weakly mineralized
joints in the granitic intrusives. The skarn is adjacent to the granitic

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

stocks of the district except at the Linchburg mine, where a shallowly
buried stock is believed to underlie the area. The scheelite is
associated with galena, sphalerite, and pyrite. The scheelite wasformed early, either during or immediately following silication, andthe galena and sphalerite then replaced the host rock. Most of thescheelite is molybdian and fluoresces creamy yellow; however, somegrains show alternating blue and creamy yellow bands when exposed
to ultraviolet radiation.
Horton (p. 77) mentions that molybdenite occurs in quartz breccia "nearMagdalena."
SOCORRO PEAK MINING DISTRICT

Wulfenite(?) reportedly occurs in the lead deposits on Socorro Peak,four miles west of Socorro (Northrop, p. 56). Narrow veins containing
silver halides in quartz-barite gangue cut Tertiary volcanic rocks consisting chiefly of rhyolite and trachyte flows and pyroclastics. Small
amounts of galena in abundant barite gangue are disseminated along
major fault zones in Pennsylvanian sediments. Faulting and fracturing iscommon and widespread in the district. A large mass of monzonite
porphyry is exposed underground (Anderson).
HANSONBURG MINING DISTRICTThe barite-galena-fluorite deposits of the Hansonburg (Bingham)mining district are on the west face of the Oscura Mountains near their
north end, twenty-eight miles east of San Antonio and four miles southsoutheast of Bingham post office on U.S. Highway 380. A number ofopen cuts and some underground workings were made while mining
barite-galena-fluorite ores. Copper ores have been mined from theHansonburg Hills several miles to the west. Barite, fluorite, galena, andquartz fill the open-space fissures, fault breccia, and small caves along
fractures and faults in Pennsylvanian Madera Limestone. The massive,noncherty limestone beds are the most favorable host rocks, as they areintensely shattered along faults, whereas the less massive beds are foldedor have broken cleanly. Solutions dissolved open spaces along the joints
and faults and silicified the walls. The silicification apparently sealed off
the wall rock and prevented replacement of the limestone by the ore
minerals which then were deposited as unusually large and perfect
crystals in the open spaces. Galena and fluorite were deposited first,
barite later. Microscopic blebs of chalcopyrite are enclosed in the galena.
Small amounts of anglesite, cerussite, covellite, malachite, azurite, andnumerous other supergene minerals including rare wul-

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

45

fenite (Northrop, p. 561) also are present locally. Hornblende diorite sills
and dikes intrude the limestones, but not in the immediate vicinity of thedeposits (Kottlowski, 1953).
NOGAL MINING DISTRICT, LINCOLN COUNTYThe Nogal mining district lies principally on the east flank of the
Sierra Blanca southeast of Carrizozo. The Sierra Blanca is an igneouscomplex, which consists of a thick sequence of predominantly andesitic
Tertiary volcanic rocks that have been intruded by small monzonite
stocks and later dikes ranging from rhyolite to lamprophyre and basalt incomposition.
Lead-zinc-silver-gold deposits occur as simple veins and breccia zones
striking east-west or, less commonly, north-south in the volcanic rocks.
Sphalerite, galena, pyrite, calcite, and/or quartz are common.
The molybdenum occurrences are in or near a monzonite stock.
They contain disseminated molybdenite and pyrite but no sphalerite or
galena. The Bear Creek Mining Company reportedly is exploring amolybdenum occurrence a few miles to the south in the south-central
part of T. 10 S., R. 11 E.
RIALTO PROSPECTThe Rialto prospect in sec. 27, T. 9 S., R. 11 E. is developed by the380-foot Fulmer adit, a small pit, a shallow shaft, and four diamond
drill holes totaling 2319 feet. The inner 100 feet of the Fulmer adit
and the drill holes contain molybdenite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite as
small veinlets and disseminated grains in a sericitized and silicified
Tertiary monzonite stock; the mineralized interval in the adit averages
0.18 per cent MoS 2 . A small pit, some 1500 feet southeast of the
Fulmer adit, exposes molybdenite, pyrite, and minor copper stain in
brecciated monzonite in the hanging wall of a small fault. The dumpof a shallow shaft, half a mile north of the Fulmer adit, contains a few
specks of molybdenite in highly pyritic monzonite. A thick mantle ofsoil covers almost the entire area (Griswold and Missaghi, 1964).
There has been no production.
WATER DOG PROSPECT

The Water Dog prospect in sec. 36, T. 9 S., R. 12 E. consists ofan old adit and four drill holes, ranging from 50 to 150 feet deep. A
minute amount of molybdenite occurs in two of the drill holes. All
the drill holes are in highly altered, brecciated, and silicified Tertiary
latite volcanics containing 1 to 5 per cent pyrite (Griswold, 1959).

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESOTHER OCCURRENCES, LINCOLN COUNTY GALLINASMOUNTAINS MINING DISTRICT

Anderson (p. 24) mentions that wulfenite occurs in the Gallinas
Mountains mining district, which is about ten miles west of Corona at thenorth edge of Lincoln County.
JICARILLA MINING DISTRICTIn the Jicarilla mining district (T. 5 S., R. 12 E.), some powellite andscheelite occur in small areas of skarn in the limestones of the San Andres
Formation immediately adjacent to the contact with a laccolith(?) of
monzonite and monzonite porphyry (Griswold, 1959).

SCHWARZ CABINC A T R O N C O UN T Y

Molybdenite reportedly occurs near the old Schwarz cabin (Fayette
Rice claims) on Little Dry Creek in the Mogollon Mountains, southwestern Catron County (Elliot Gillerman, written communication,1964). Specular hematite occurs here as rosettes and hexagonal plates
associated with pyrite in vesicles in andestite; probably the hematite was
misidentified as molybdenite (Robert H. Weber, written communication, 1964).
TYRONE CLUSTER, GRANT COUNTY
Molybdenum mineralization is present at a number of places in the
Big Burro Mountains near Tyrone. There are two types of occurrences:(1) molybdenite in Precambrian pegmatites and Precambrian(?) quartz
veins and pods that cut Precambrian rocks and have no apparent relation to the Tertiary intrusive rocks and (2) molybdenite in the Tyrone
porphyry-copper deposit which is in a Tertiary quartz monzonite stockand surrounding Precambrian granite, and in more throughgoing quartz
veins that probably are offshoots of the porphyry-copper deposit.
ECCLES CANYON
Hewitt (1959, p. 75) states that "About two handfuls of molybdenite
were found in the blast debris from a prospect pit [in Eccles Canyon, inthe eastern part of R. 17 W. or the western part of R. 16 W., T. 19 S.] . .
. . Apparently the mineral occurred in a small lens as a primary sulfide
accessory to the pegmatite, or else it was related to a small quartz veinthat transects the pegmatite." The Precambrian pegmatite consists ofquartz, microcline, and oligoclase with minor biotite and muscovite.
Scheelite occurs in quartz veins in this area; most of it is molybdian

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

47

and fluoresces brilliant yellowish white; however, the scheelite in a few of theyounger veins fluoresces bluish white.
Extremely rare molybdenite was also found in other pegmatite dikes
near the old Bar 6 windmill on the Tyrone—Redrock road (Elliot Gillerman, personal communication, 1964), which is in the same generalarea.
PACEMAKER PROSPECT

The Pacemaker prospect is in the northeast corner of T. 19 S., R.
16 W., 300 feet south of State Highway 25 3.4 miles southwest of thejunction with the Mangas Creek road. Shallow shafts, open cuts, andtrenches were dug exploring for tungsten. Molybdenite occurs in aquartz inclusion in the Precambrian granite about 300 feet north of themain workings. In the main workings, sporadic scheelite is present inquartz pods and along shears striking N. 50° E. in the granite (Daleand McKinney).
BEAUMONT MINE

The Beaumont mine is five miles west of Tyrone in the E1/ 2 sec.
13, T. 19 S., R. 16 W. It is developed by workings from a 350-footinclined shaft made while mining silver ore. Abundant molybdenite
occurs in the deeper parts of the mine in a quartz vein on the hanging
wall of the main vein. The main vein strikes N. 70° E., dips 60°-75° SE,
and contains argentite, native silver, argentiferous galena, and pyrite(Gillerman, written communication, 1964). There has been no molybdenum production.
BOLTON & WILSON PROPERTY

Paige (1911) reports that a little molybdenite fills fractures at one
point on the Bolton & Wilson property. In the same area, quartz, pyrite,
chalcopyrite, chalcocite, and copper carbonates occur in ill-defined
shear zones and fractures trending north to northeast. The country rockis Precambrian granite cut by quartz monzonite porphyry and a few
mafic dikes. There is no reported molybdenum production.
What is now referred to as the Bolton & Wilson property consists ofseveral shafts and pits five miles west-southwest of Tyrone on the eastside of Iron Gulch in the NW1/4 sec. 24, T. 19 S., R. 16 W., one half to
one mile south of the Beaumont mine. The molybdenum occurrence
could not be located in the field. It is likely that the Bolton & Wilson
property at one time included the Beaumont mine, and thus it ispossible that Paige was referring to the Beaumont occurrence.
TYRONE PORPHYRY—COPPER DEPOSITThe Tyrone porphyry-copper deposit includes a roughly circulararea in the Big Burro Mountains, which is more than two miles in

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

diameter, with Tyrone on the northern edge. Extensive undergroundworkings were made while mining high-grade parts of the copper deposit;
later, extensive drilling was done which outlined a large, low-grade,copper ore body. There has been no molybdenum production.
The porphyry-copper deposit is in Precambrian Burro Mountain
Granite and the Tyrone quartz monzonite stock which intrudes thegranite. The mineralization shows no apparent preference as to hostrock. Blebs and specks of chalcopyrite and rare sphalerite and molybdenite occur in a stockwork of pyrite-quartz veinlets, with pyrite as disseminations in the wall rock adjacent to the stockwork fractures.
Fluorite around the edges of the deposit was deposited later than thesulfides. Abundant sericite, quartz, and kaolinite, and smaller amountsof chlorite and epidote have been formed by hydrothermal alterationof the wall rock.
The copper minerals chrysocolla, malachite, azurite, cuprite, native
copper, turquoise, and tenorite(?) have been formed in the oxidized,
upper parts of the deposit. Here, chrysocolla is the most abundant copper mineral. Limonite, hematite, jarosite, manganese oxides, and chalcedony also are common in the oxidized zone. An irregular blanket ofsupergene chalcocite up to 500 feet thick represents an enriched zone
between the oxidized and primary parts of the deposit and constitutes
the bulk of the ore (Paige, 1922; Gillerman, written communication,1964).
SANTA RITA—PIN OS ALTOS CLUSTER, GRANT COUNTY
A number of ore deposits, as well as the Late Cretaceous—Tertiary
granitic bodies with which they are associated, are exposed in an eastwest elongate window of pre-Tertiary rocks within a block bounded bynorthwest-trending, high-angle fault systems. North and south of thewindow, Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic rocks and alluvium cover theolder rocks (fig. 6).
The rocks exposed in the window are largely Paleozoic limestones anddolomites divided into lower and upper sequences by the Devonian
Percha Shale. There are no Triassic or Jurassic rocks, but Cretaceous
sandstones and shales are present.
A period of intense igneous activity occurred during Late Cretaceousand Tertiary time. The most significant event was the emplacement of
the large granodiorite and quartz monzonite bodies at Pinos Altos,
Copper Flat, Fierro—Hanover, and Santa Rita. The intruded sediments
were uplifted, steeply folded, and pushed aside by these bodies. A
complex sequence of dikes, sills, laccoliths, and plugs was intruded before and after the large igneous bodies. The final phase of this igneous
activity was the extrusion of the lavas and pyroclastic material thatcover the areas to the north and south of the window.

50

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Extensive north- to northeast-trending high-angle faults wereformed before the intrusion of the large igneous bodies. Recurring
movement took place along many of these faults until after the final
phase of igneous activity.
Important amounts of copper, zinc, lead, molybdenum, iron, manganese, gold, and silver have been produced from deposits in the window. The most important of these are the Santa Rita porphyry-copper
deposit and the Fierro—Hanover iron and zinc deposits, which are in ornear large granitic bodies, and the Bayard lead-zinc veins, which are in
the north- to northeast-striking faults.
PORTLAND MINEAt the Portland mine, near Pinos Altos in the Pinos Altos mining
district, large blades of molybdenite locally are associated with 0- 11copyrite (Elliot Gillerman, written communication, 1964) in northeasttrending quartz veins in a hornblende quartz monzonite stock. The
veins also contain pyrite, sphalerite, and galena. There has been no
molybdenum production.
FIERRO IRON DEPOSITS

A number of open-pit and underground iron mines are located in
the vicinity of Fierro in T. 17 S., R. 12 W. The Union (Republic) mine isin the NEN sec. 16, the Jim Fair mine is in the NWIA sec. 10, and the
El Paso mine is in the northern part of sec. 15. These mines exploitedcontact metasomatic magnetite bodies that replace Ordovician El Paso
Limestone, and to a limited extent other limestones, at or near thecontact of the Hanover—Fierro granodiorite stock. The iron ore
consists largely of magnetite and subordinate specularite; chalmersite,
pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and molybdenite are present locally,
commonly in veinlets cutting massive magnetite. The ore normally contains about 0.6 per cent copper. Elsewhere around the stock, the limestones contain large replacement bodies of sphalerite and skarns ofgarnet, hedenbergite, epidote, zoisite, diopside, wollastonite, serpentine,
and ilvaite. The sphalerite is most abundant at distances of a few
hundred to a thousand feet from the stock. The skarns were formed
first, the magnetite bodies next, and the sphalerite bodies last (Anderson). There has been no molybdenum production.
BAYARD AREAThe Ground Hog, Bull Frog, Lucky Bill, and other mines in thevicinity of Bayard and Vanadium in the southwestern part of theCentral mining district have produced lead, zinc, copper, silver, andMOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

51

minor vanadium (Lasky, 1936; Lasky and Hoagland, 1948). There has
been no molybdenum production. In the area, Cretaceous quartzites,
sandstones, and shales were intruded by Late Cretaceous or Early
Tertiary quartz diorite sills. Numerous, steeply dipping faults andgranodiorite porphyry and quartz latite dikes cut the older rocks; a few
of the faults offset Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary rocks that cover
the older rocks. Nearly all the faults and dikes trend northeast, forming
a zone several miles wide. Fissure veins occur along many of the faults.
There were three periods of mineralization; each was preceded by the
injection of igneous rocks followed by rock alteration that passed as acontinuous process into vein formation. The sequence of events was asfollows: (1) intrusion of quartz diorite sills; (2) faulting; (3) formationof quartz-pyrite veins; (4) injection of granodiorite dikes in the Bayard
area and of granodiorite stocks at Santa Rita, HanoverFierro, andCopper Flat elsewhere in the Central mining district; (5) faulting; (6)formation of quartz veins containing important amounts of pyrite,
chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena; (7) erosion, oxidation, leaching,and enrichment resulting in the formation of locally abundantchalcocite, cerussite, limonite, manganese oxides, wulfenite, endlichite,and some bornite, covellite, azurite, malachite, chrysocolla, anglesite,plumbojarosite, pyromorphite, calamine, smithsonite, willemite, andcuprodescloisite; and (8) subsequent volcanic activity, intrusion ofquartz latite dikes, renewed faulting along some of the earlier breaks,
minor quartz-pyrite mineralization, and erosion. Albitization,
propylitization, silicification, calcitization, and sericitization preceded
and accompanied vein formation.
Wulfenite was one of the last minerals formed and is common in theoxidized zone of nearly all the veins as orange to yellow tabular crystals
associated with the vanadium minerals in drusy cavities and embedded incerussite. At the Bull Frog mine, the wulfenite occurs at the surface and diesout at a depth of 10 feet; in the Ground Hog mine, wulfenite is present to
depths greater than 400 feet.
SANTA RITA MINEThe Santa Rita (Chino) porphyry-copper mine is the largest producer of copper and molybdenum in New Mexico, as well as being amajor world producer of both metals. More than 2.3 million tons ofcopper and 32,000,000 pounds of MoS 2 have been produced through
1963.
History. The Spanish began mining the deposit about 1800. At first,
only native copper was mined, but later a crude smelter was built totreat the ore. The copper was shipped to Mexico for use in coinage.
Underground mining continued until 1910, when open-pit operations

52

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

began. The mine, mill, and smelter are operated by the Chino Mines
Division of the Kennecott Copper Corporation.
Mining and milling. Some 23,000 tons of ore and 45,000 tons of waste
are mined daily from the benches of a circular open pit more than amile across and a thousand feet deep, using shovels, trucks, and skip
hoisting. Until recently, train haulage was used. The mine-run ore
contains 0.85 per cent copper and 0.010 to 0.016 per cent MoS 2(Burke, 1964). The ore is shipped ten miles by rail to the mill andsmelter at Hurley, where a concentrate of copper minerals andmolybdenite is produced by flotation. The molybdenite is separated
from the copper by further flotation. Molybdenite was not recovered
prior to 1937. Formerly, only some 60 per cent of the molybdenite in
the ore was being recovered; a new molybdenum recovery plant was
built recently to improve production.
Geology. This porphyry-copper deposit is in a biotite granodiorite
porphyry stock and to a lesser extent in the adjacent Pennsylvanian toCretaceous limestones, shales, and sandstones. The mineralization occurs
as stockwork veinlets and disseminated blebs forming an irregular bodythat is circular in plan and up to 600 feet thick. Prior to mining, the ore
body was partly covered by an oxidized and leached capping up to 400
feet in thickness.
Magnetite was deposited first in the shattered rocks, followed byquartz, pyrite, and molybdenite. Chalcocite occurs as replacements ofand coatings on the pyrite. The chalcocite may be entirely supergene or
partly hypogene. Although Kerr et al. (1950) mention that chalcopyrite
appears to be rare, Leroy (1954) states that it apparently is relatively
common as specks in the pyrite. The molybdenite occurs as tiny,
flattened grains along the edges of quartz veinlets and in the adjacentcountry rock.
The stock has been extensively shattered and altered. The copper
mineralization is spatially associated with late argillic-hydromica alterationin which the biotite is converted to hydromica and the feldspars areargillized. Copper mineralization is absent to rare in the less altered rockand in the highly silicified and sericitized areas.
Oxidation has resulted in the formation of minor native copper,
cuprite, malachite, azurite, and chrysocolla. The chalcocite may havebeen formed by secondary enrichment processes, possibly by the oxidation and leaching of an upper section of the deposit which was later
removed by erosion, or it may have been deposited, at least in part, by
late-stage hydrothermal solutions. Oxidized copper minerals have beenfound at a depth of twelve hundred feet; chalcocite has been noted to adepth of one thousand feet in prospect drill holes. (Ballmer, 1953; Kerret al.; Leroy; and Ordonez, Baltosser, and Martin, 1955).

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

53

OTHER OCCURRENCES, GRANT COUNTYGRANDVIEW MINE
The Grandview mine, in the Swartz (Carpenter) mining district, is in
Grandview Canyon seven miles southwest of Kingston on the west
slope of the Black Range. The mine is developed by undergroundworkings made while mining lead-zinc ore. Quartz, pyrite, galena,
sphalerite, and some chalcopyrite occur as irregular replacement bodies
and stringers along a 30-foot-wide shear zone (Grandview fault) striking N. 55° E. in limestone. Smithsonite and cerussite supplant the
sphalerite and galena in the oxidized zone at the surface (Anderson).
Molybdenite reportedly is present in the mine, but nothing is known of
the mode of its occurrence.
LAKE VALLEY—MACHO ZONE, SIERRA COUNTY
The lead-zinc deposits of the Lake Valley, Macho, and Old Hadley(Graphic) mining districts lie along a N. 35° E.-striking zone of fracturesand faults. Veins of the Macho and Old Hadley districts are in thesestructures. The veins and the ore bodies at Lake Valley occur wherecross faults cut the zone.
The source of the mineralizing solutions is not evident. The nearest
exposed intrusive body is eight miles away. Early(?) Tertiary latite dikes
parallel the mineralized zone on the north at the Macho district.
LAKE VALLEY MINING DISTRICT
Most of the mines of the Lake Valley mining district are in the
SW1/4 sec. 21, T. 18 S., R. 7 W., half a mile north of the town of Lake
Valley. The district contains extensive surface and underground workings made while mining silver and manganese ore. There has been no
molybdenum production. Bedded, manganiferous silver-lead deposits
replace the basal layers of the "crinoidal limestone member" and theupper layers of the "blue limestone member" of the Mississippian Lake
Valley Formation. The deposits occur mainly in a drag zone along a
fault striking N. 40° W. Faults with minor displacements strike N. 45°
E. The primary minerals are argentiferous galena, manganiferous ankerite, chert, and some silver sulfantimonides and pyrite. Oxidation andsecondary enrichment have transformed much of the primary mineralization into abundant manganese oxides, limonite, manganiferous
calcite, and gypsum, some cerargyrite, cerussite, and smaller amountsof embolite, native silver, vanadinite, and wulfenite. Little zinc, copper,or gold is present (Jicha, 1954).

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

MACHO MINING DISTRICTThe Macho mining district is mainly in sec. 20, T. 19 S., R. 7 W.,
about eight miles southwest of Lake Valley. Lead-silver ores weremined underground from veins up to 2 feet wide that follow fracturesand faults trending N. 30°-40° E. in Early(?) Tertiary porphyritic
pyroxene andesite flows, breccias, and tuffs of the Macho Formation.
Chloritization, silicification, and sericitization occur along the veinsand in parallel barren fractures and faults. The veins consist chiefly ofquartz, barite, and galena with considerable pyrite, calcite, manganeseoxides, limonite, vanadinite, cerussite, sphalerite, anglesite, hemimorphite, and wulfenite (Jicha).
OTHER OCCURRENCES, SIERRA COUNTY IRON
MOUNTAIN MINING DISTRICTThe Iron Mountain mining district is on Iron Mountain at the northend of the Sierra Cuchillo. The surface and underground workings in
the district were made exploring for tungsten and beryllium. Contactmetasomatic beryllium and tungsten deposits occur in irregular bodies
of dark-colored, iron-rich silicated rock (tactite) replacing Paleozoic
limestone and calcareous shale at or near contacts with mid-Tertiary(?)
sills, dikes, and pluglike masses of rhyolite, granite, and aplite. The
tungsten deposits are in massive-bedded tactite consisting of coarsely
crystalline magnetite and andradite garnet, locally abundant scheelite,
powellite, hedenbergite, specular hematite, and small amounts offluorite, apatite, diopside, iron-rich amphibole, quartz, feldspar, spinel,
idocrase, biotite, chlorite, willemite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, andgalena. Powellite has been reported at the Scheelemite, Parker Strike,
Lucky Strike, and Scheelite Gem prospects in NW1/ 4 sec. 2, T. 10 S., R.
8 W. (Jahns, 1944, pl. 18) and the Black Bed prospect in the SW% sec.
11. A few grains of molybdenite were noted during milling tests in acomposite sample of scheelite ore from the district (Dale and
McKinney, p. 65). Most of the minor constituents are distinctly younger
than the magnetite and garnet. Scheelite and powellite commonly occur
as disseminations or fracture fillings. The scheelite is molybdian,containing 3 to 12 per cent molybdenum and fluorescing pale golden
yellow to rich creamy white. At the Scheelite Gem prospect, molybdian
scheelite is accompanied near the surface by orange to canary-yellow
crusts of tungstite and ferrimolybdite (Jahns, 1944).
In the Goat Hill Canyon area, NW1/4 sec. 14 (Jahns, 1944, pl. 17),
several bodies in the tactite contain. smithsonite, willemite, hemimorphite,
wulfenite, anglesite, cerussite, and copper oxides and carbonates.

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO55

HERMOSA MINING DISTRICTThe lead-silver mines and prospects of the Hermosa (Palomas) mining district are at the south end of the Sierra Cuchillo. Argentiferous
galena and bornite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and native silver in a gangue of
talcose clay form irregular pockets, lenses, and pipes along the intersections of certain fractures just below a shale bed along a flat anticline
in lower Magdalena Limestone. Wulfenite is present locally in the deposits as small cubes. There has been no molybdenum production(Anderson).
HILLSBORO MINING DISTRICTThe Hillsboro mining district is near the town of Hillsboro in the
NW1/ 4 T. 15 S. and SE1/ 4 T. 16 S., R. 7 W. The numerous mines andprospects were opened mainly while mining gold-silver-copper ore.
Sanford and Stone (1914) report that some wulfenite was mined in the
district prior to 1917; apparently molybdenum was recovered from thisore.
At Copper Flat, an inverted funnel-shaped quartz monzonite porphyry body intruded early(?) Tertiary andesite volcanic rocks; latite
dikes radiate outward from the main intrusive mass. A porphyry-copper
deposit occurs in a brecciated and sericitized zone in the southern partof the intrusive body and to a lesser extent in the intruded andesite
volcanics. The deposit consists of disseminated grains and stringers ofpyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, azurite, malachite, and cuprite and ofquartz stockworks locally containing abundant pyrite, chalcopyrite, andsome molybdenite and bornite. Biotite and feldspar occur in the quartz
at several spots (Kuellmer, 1955).
Quartz fissure veins follow shear zones in and along the latite dikes
and less commonly in the volcanic rocks. Chalcopyrite, pyrite, and,more rarely, galena and sphalerite are locally abundant in these veins.
Molybdenite is common in the parts of the veins nearest to the Copper
Flat intrusive. Like the dikes, most of the veins trend northeast, converging toward the Copper Flat intrusive body, and are continuous overdistances of up to several miles (Harley, 1934, pl. 6).
In the southernmost part of the district, small, irregular pockets ofoxidized replacement ore consisting of manganese oxides, cerussite,
anglesite, wulfenite, vanadinite, galena, endlichite, limonite, calcite,and quartz occur in the Fusselman Dolomite along the contact withthe overlying Percha Shale. The bodies apparently do not extend far
from the surface. Wulfenite is abundant, usually as yellow tabular
crystals up to an inch long (Harley, 1934).

56

NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCESSILVER TAIL PROSPECTThe Silver Tail prospect is ten miles southwest of Hillsboro in theE1/2 sec. 21, T. 17 S., R. 8 W. in the Black Range. Silver and tungsten
ores have been mined from two interconnected adits containing some
500 feet of workings. Molybdenum-bearing scheelite is present as disseminations and in thin quartz-calcite veinlets in highly altered andfractured andesite (Dale and McKinney).
PALOMAS GAP (CABALLO MOUNTAINS) MINING DISTRICTIn the vicinity of Palomas Gap in the Caballo Mountains (SWIA T.
14 S., R. 4 W.), there are a number of prospects and several small
mines made exploring for or mining lead, vanadium, and fluorite. The
deposits consist of galena, fluorite, barite, quartz, calcite, cerussite,
anglesite, copper carbonates, and locally abundant vanadinite, wulfenite, cuprodescloizite, descloizite, and pyromorphite in fissure veins
cutting Magdalena Limestone (Harley, 1934). Molybdenum was produced from a small amount of wulfenite mined from the Gladys claimin 1914 (Horton, p. 34).
SALINAS PEAK MINING DISTRICT
Northrop (p. 237, 258) mentions that molybdenite and ferrimolybdite
reportedly occur at Taylor Canyon.
ORGAN CLUSTER, DONA ANA COUNTY BEARCANYON MINING DISTRICTThe Bear Canyon mining district is northeast of Organ in the
SW1/4 sec. 28 and NW1A sec. 33, T. 20 S., R. 5 E. in the southern partof the San Andres Mountains. Small workings were made while mining
lead and barite; there has been no molybdenum production. Highly
irregular replacement deposits of abundant barite, some galena andfluorite, and minor quartz occur along a thrust fault, both in limestonefault breccia and in Ordovician El Paso Limestone in both plates of thefault. Although some limestone occurs in the lower plate, which ismainly Precambrian granite and schist, most of the limestone in thearea is in the upper plate. Galena and fluorite occur next to the limestone walls and fragments; barite makes up the rest of the mineral
assemblage. Cerussite, anglesite, vanadinite, and wulfenite are present
in the oxidized parts of the deposits. Other barite-galena-fluorite replacement deposits occur in Silurian Fusselman Dolomite two and one-

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

57

half miles northeast, near the crest of the San Andres Range, but contain no
vanadinite or wulfenite (Dunham, 1935).
STEVENSON—BENNETT MINEThe Stevenson—Bennett mine (SE% sec. 11 and NE1/4 sec. 14, T. 22
S., R. 3 E.) in the Organ mining district consists of extensive undergroundworkings made while mining lead-silver ores. Molybdenum was recoveredfrom wulfenite in 1918 (McInnis, p. 47).
Tabular and irregular lead-zinc replacement deposits occur in Silurian
and Ordovician dolomite associated with faults, fractures, andbrecciation in the north-trending Torpedo—Bennett fault zone; themineralization is limited on the north and south by postmineralization,
east-west faults. A sheet of quartz monzonite porphyry cuts the dolomite
but is offset by the faults of the zone. About 300 feet east of the fault
zone, Tertiary quartz monzonite intruded the Precambrian granite that
forms the east wall of the zone.
The Bennett ore body, the largest in the mine, is in a fracture zone
striking north and dipping 70° W. It is tabular, has a maximum lengthof nearly 500 feet, is 10 to more than 20 feet wide, and has a known
vertical extent greater than 600 feet. Near its top, where the fractures
cut the porphyry sheet, little primary ore was deposited, and above thesheet, the ore body becomes irregular and does not extend to thesurface. Laterally, the ore body passes into barren fractures in silicified
dolomite. Below the zone of oxidation, the ore body consists of pyrite,
galena, sphalerite, quartz, and silicified dolomite. The oxidized part ofthe body contains limonite, cerussite, wulfenite, and minor anglesite
and smithsonite. Wulfenite, though somewhat less common than cerussite, was locally abundant and was one of the most important ore minerals (Dunham). Koning (1948) has described the wulfenite; Hess
(1924, pl. 9) has a photograph of wulfenite from this deposit.
Sanford and Stone mention that molybdenite is "associated with the leadand silver ores at Organ."
TEX AS CANY ON MINEThe Texas Canyon mine is in secs. 34 and 35, T. 22 S., R. 4 E. on
the east flank of the Organ Mountains, seven miles southeast of Organ.
The underground workings were made mining gold ore and exploring
for gold-silver-copper ore; there has been no molybdenum production.
A 2- to 6-foot-wide vein, striking N. 75° E. and dipping steeply north,in monzonite and quartz monzonite contains abundant quartz, considerable barite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite, and some molybdenite, tetradymite, and argentite. The oxidation zone extends only to a depth of
20 feet (Dunham).

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

59

molybdenum-bearing scheelite is present in contact-metasomatic deposits in limestone adjacent to an irregular quartz monzonite intrusive
body.
HILLTOP MINE
The Hilltop (Dome, Sunrise, Granite Gap) mine is in the SWIA sec.
35, T. 25 S., R. 21 W. at Granite Gap in the Peloncillo Mountains.
There are several shafts (the deepest 250 feet), pits, and trenches madeexploring for tungsten and lead-copper-silver mineralization. Molybdenum-bearing scheelite occurs as disseminations in silicated (garnetized) limestone on or near the contact with a quartz monzonite stock,
and at a few places in quartz veins cutting the intrusive body (Dale and
McKinney).
BAKER—STANDARD PROSPECT
The Baker—Standard prospect is a mile north of Granite Gap in secs.
23, 26, and 27, T. 25 S., R. 21 W. Blue- and yellow-fluorescing(molybdian) scheelite occurs as disseminations and veinlets along a
bedding-plane fault striking N. 30° W. and dipping 55° SW in silicated(garnetized and epidotized) limestone several hundred feet northeast of
the quartz monzonite stock. At this point, there is no tactite in thelimestone along the edge of the stock (Dale and McKinney).
SCHEELITE PROSPECTThe Scheelite prospect is in secs. 27- and 28, T. 25 S., R. 21 W. on
the west slope of Cienega Peak in the Peloncillo Mountains. A 20-footadit has been driven into one of several discontinuous pockets of massive garnet-tactite along the contact between a pendant of limestone
and the quartz monzonite stock. Small crystals of molybdenumbearing scheelite are disseminated through the tactite, and thin veinlets
of scheelite cut the granite within five or six feet of the contact (Daleand McKinney).
LITTLE HATCHET MOUNTAINS, HIDALGO COUNTY
In the Sylvanite mining district, which is in the southern part of the
Little Hatchet Mountains, copper-gold-silver-bearing quartz veins cut
the large, irregular Sylvanite quartz monzonite porphyry stock, andtungsten-bearing contact-metasomatic bodies are present in the limestone adjoining the intrusive.
EAGLE POINT PROSPECT
The Eagle Point claims are in sec. 22, T. 29 S., R. 16 W. on thesouthwestern slope of the Little Hatchet Mountains. The workings
consist of a 70-foot-long open cut, an inclined adit, and numerous

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

trenches made exploring for tungsten. Molybdenum-bearing scheelite
occurs as tiny veinlets and small, disseminated grains in masses ofsilicated (garnetized) limestone in a roof pendant(?) in the quartz monzonite intrusive body. The pendant is a limestone member of theCretaceous Playas Peak Formation (Dale and McKinney).
CACTUS PROSPECTAt the Cactus prospect, in the NEIA sec. 10, T. 29 S., R. 16 W. on thewest side of the southern spur of the Little Hatchet Mountains, shallow
shafts, pits, and trenches have been made exploring for tungsten. Yellowfluorescing molybdian scheelite and pyrite occur in a 5- to 15-foot-wide,
1500-foot-long zone of silicated (garnet-epidote-quartz) limestone
striking N. 50°-75° W. and dipping steeply southwest along the edge ofthe quartz monzonite intrusive body (Dale and McKinney).
S A N T A MAR I A T U NN EL AN D F A RI A S H A F T

The Santa Maria tunnel and Faria shaft, also known as the Bader
property and Little Hatchet mine, are in sec. 21, T. 28 S., R. 16 W., southof Livermore Spring in the Sylvanite mining district.
The Santa Maria tunnel transects badly broken ground in the footwall of a north-northeast-trending, west-dipping part of the Copper
Dick fault. Contact-metamorphosed shale, limestone, andconglomerate of the Lower Cretaceous Broken Jug Formation, andintrusive monzonite of the Sylvanite stock are cut by lamprophyredikes. A few hundred feet from the fault, a vein consisting of quartz,
calcite, barite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite follows sheeting in alamprophyre dike trending northeast; northwest-trending, offshootfaults from the Copper Dick fault offset the vein. Molybdenite isdisseminated in the vein walls and forms films along joints at one
place in the tunnel (Lasky, 1947, pl. 27). Powellite reportedly occurs in
the tunnel (Northrop, p. 407).
In the Faria shaft, several hundred feet southeast of the Santa Mariatunnel, a one- to two-foot-wide, north-trending, steeply north-dipping
vein in sediments in the bottom of the shaft consists of stringers of calcite veined and intergrown with epidote and containing threads, blebs,
and disseminated grains of pyrite, pyrrhotite, and molybdenite.
One quarter of a mile east of the Santa Maria tunnel in a small
prospect, molybdenite occurs in contact-metasomatized rock.
OTHER OCCURRENCES, HIDALGO COUNTYLORDSBURG MINING DISTRICTThe Lordsburg mining district is in the vicinity of Valedon, three
miles southwest of Lordsburg. There are several large base-metal minesMOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

61

in the district, as well as smaller mines and prospects. There has been no
molybdenum production.
East- and northeast-trending, steeply dipping quartz veins occur in
faults in the margins of an irregular, horseshoe-shaped body of granodiorite and in adjacent Lower Cretaceous basalt flows which the diorite
intruded. The veins contain abundant chalcopyrite, some galena,
sphalerite, and pyrite, and small amounts of barite, fluorite, calcite,rhodochrosite, tourmaline, and specularite. Molybdenite reportedly ispresent in small amounts (Northrop, p. 500). The deposits are of thecopper-tourmaline type. Malachite, azurite, chrysocolla, chalcocite,
covellite, cerussite, anglesite, hemimorphite, and some wulfenite andcuprodescloizite occur in the zone of oxidation and enrichment. At theAnita mine, wulfenite was found in the vein outcrop (Kelly, 1958). The
order of deposition was (1) tourmaline and specularite in the veins andwall rock; (2) quartz and pyrite; (3) quartz and chalcopyrite; (4) quartz,
sphalerite, galena, and barite; (5) quartz, rhodochrosite, calcite, andfluorite; and (6) the supergene minerals resulting from the oxidation,leaching, and enrichment of the primary minerals. Sericitization andsilicification of the wall rock occurred during deposition of (2), (3), and(4) (Lasky, 1938).
LUNA COUNTYIRISH ROSE MINE
The Irish Rose (Morlock, Brinkman, Kimmic) mine is in the westcentral sec. 29, T. 24 S., R. 12 W. in the middle hills of the Victorio
Mountains. The mine consists of a 125-foot inclined shaft with several
hundred feet of workings on two levels and several pits and trenches,made while mining and exploring for tungsten. There has been no
molybdenum production.
A 0.5- to 3-foot quartz vein, containing some muscovite, limonite,
pyrite, wolframite, scheelite, beryl, cerussite, wulfenite, and fluorite,
strikes due north and dips 50°-60° E in Ordovician El Paso Limestone.
The vein is exposed for 500 feet on the surface; to the south, it terminates against a Tertiary alkalic granite porphyry dike that trends northnorthwest (Griswold, 1961).

Guides for Molybdenum Exploration
The following discussion is intended to encourage prospecting formolybdenum in the state by providing guides for exploration; that is, bydescribing briefly the areas and environments in which minable
molybdenum deposits are most likely to be found. Although the conclusions given here are applied specifically to molybdenum in New
Mexico, much of what follows is applicable also to other metals andother areas. This is not the last nor the complete word; to find molybdenum mines, these general concepts and opinions must be supplemented and modified. Some basic concepts of mineral exploration,
obvious to the exploration geologist, are included for the benefit ofthose less familiar with the nature of exploration.
GENERAL GUIDES TO ORE
STRUCTURES

Faults, fractures, and brecciation are important factors in localizinghydrothermal mineralization. Magmas follow such ruptures as avenuesof least resistance; they are conduits along which hydrothermal solutions
travel, and they provide open spaces in which the ore minerals can bedeposited. Particularly favorable situations include zones ofconcentrated faulting that are persistent in extent and time; intersections
including faults with faults, faults with folds, and faults with favorable
host rocks; large areas of shattering or brecciation; and domes. Areas
where these features are absent are relatively unfavorable.
INTRUSIVE ROCKS

The presence of Mesozoic and Tertiary acid-to-intermediate intrusive rocks is a guide to molybdenum, as well as to other metal deposits. Most molybdenum deposits of the quartz-vein, contact, andporphyry types occur in or close to intrusive bodies of granite, syenite,
quartz monzonite, monzonite, granodiorite, and quartz diorite. No
apparent preference is shown for rocks of a particular composition.
Stringham (1958) suggests that most of the Cretaceous—Tertiary metal
deposits in the western United States are closely associated with"aphanite porphyry" that (Stringham, 1960) has been intruded passively and has sharp crosscutting contacts, weak flowage and coolingfeatures, and a uniform composition (many geologists do not agreewith this theory). As a general rule, large intrusive bodies with relatively small outcrops—those that have not been eroded deeply enoughMOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

63

to remove the ore deposits commonly concentrated in the upper marginsof the body—are the most favorable (Butler, 1915).
The Late Cretaceous—Tertiary, acid-to-intermediate intrusive rocksof the state are concentrated in the New Mexico mineral belt, Texas
lineament, Capitan cluster, and Santa Rita cluster (pl. 2).
ALTERATION

Argillization, sericitization, silicification, propylitization, feldspathization, and other types of hydrothermal alteration are common in many
metal deposits, including those containing molybdenum, and have been
widely used as guides to ore. Alteration, such as argillization andsericitization, that whitens and tends to decompose the rock is readily
recognizable; however, alteration types such as silicification andfeldspathization tend to "freshen" the rock and thus are more easily
overlooked. The complete or near absence of alteration is an unfavorable
feature.
SPECIFIC GUIDES FOR MOLYBDENUM
MOLYBDENUM OCCURRENCES
The presence of widespread molybdenum mineralization in an area
makes it more likely that there also are minable molybdenum deposits.
Conversely, the absence of molybdenum occurrences is unfavorable. As
noted below, however, molybdenum-bearing outcrops of many deposits
are comparatively inconspicuous and may have escaped recognition.
GOSSANS

In contrast to the oxidized sections of copper, zinc, and lead deposits, the gossans of most molybdenite deposits are not distinctive, andtheir color and appearance can not be used as a guide to ore. The mostcommon oxidation products of molybdenite (ferrimolybdite, molybdianlimonite, molybdian jarosite) can not be distinguished visually from theoxidation products of pyrite and other sulfide minerals which occur withthe molybdenite. And in most instances, molybdenite box-works are notdistinctive. The secondary molybdenum minerals wulfenite, powellite,
and ilsemannite can be more readily recognized by their tabular crystals,
yellow fluorescence, and dark blue color, respectively, but are absent orrare in most molybdenum deposits.
Although considerable copper, lead, and zinc usually are removed
from ore deposits during oxidation, molybdenum, when oxidized, generally is not transported more than a few feet, and there is little leach-

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

ing or enrichment. Thus, the molybdenum grade in the gossan commonly isessentially the same as that of the primary ore.
WALL ROCK

There are three characteristics of rock which determine its suitability as a host for ore: (1) the amount, spacing, and continuity of the open
space formed when the rock is ruptured or shattered; (2) its permeability; that is, the amount of connected open space where the rockis unruptured; and (3) its chemical reactiveness. Molybdenum deposits
occur in every conceivable type of wall rock. Porphyry-type deposits
occur in acid-to-intermediate igneous bodies but commonly extend into
the surrounding intruded rocks without showing a particular preference
as to type. Most of the lead-zinc bodies containing wulfenite or
molybdenite are in limestone. Nearly all contact-tungsten deposits arein silicated limestone or other limy rocks. The molybdenum-bearing
bedded uranium deposits are in sandstone.
ALTERATION

No one variety of alteration is uniquely associated with molybdenum mineralization. There is some suggestion that silicification ismore common, widespread, and intense in deposits containing abundant molybdenite, compared to similar deposits in which molybdenite
is rare or absent.
Silicated limestone (tactite, skarn) is a guide to contact-tungsten deposits, many of which contain minable amounts of molybdenum, copper, and other metals.
ASSOCIATED METALSMinable deposits of molybdenum usually contain appreciable
amounts of copper, tungsten, or uranium. If minerals of these metals
are present, the possibility of finding molybdenum in the sameenvironment is increased. If the copper is in a porphyry-type deposit,
the tungsten in a contact deposit, or the uranium in a bedded deposit,
the possibilities are further improved.
Lead, zinc, gold, silver, and tin deposits generally contain somemolybdenum but seldom in minable quantities. Iron, manganese,
cobalt, nickel, platinum, beryllium, antimony, and mercury deposits
rarely contain molybdenum. The presence of appreciable amounts ofany of these metals in environments that are copper-, tungsten-, anduranium-poor is an unfavorable feature.

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

65

TRACE ELEMENT ANOMALIESDuring the formation of a hydrothermal ore deposit, small amountsof certain metals are dispersed in the surrounding country rock; as thedeposit is weathered, oxidized, and eroded, trace amounts of thesesame and other metals are further dispersed in surface and groundwaters, soil and rocks, plants, and air. These primary and secondary
halos are clues to exploration targets. (For the techniques of geochemical prospecting, see Hawkes and Webb, 1962.) Molybdenum is an excellent tracer element and is useful in narrowing the search for copper,
tungsten, and uranium, as well as for molybdenum deposits.
Conversely, primary copper, tungsten, uranium, and tin halos andsecondary copper and uranium halos may be indicative of molybdenum
mineralization; except in placers, tungsten and tin are too widelydispersed by secondary processes to be useful guides. Rhenium also is
an indicator of molybdenum, but apparently it is present in such small
amounts in most halos that more refined analytical methods must be
developed before it can be a useful exploration tool.
SELECTION OF FAVORABLE REGIONS
Before a favorable district or target can be found, it is necessary tonarrow the search by eliminating unfavorable areas from consideration and
by delineating the possible molybdenum-bearing regions in which the search
can be concentrated.
FAVORABLE REGIONS
A number of lineaments crisscross the Southwest. These structural
belts consist of faults, foliation, aligned and elongate intrusive bodies,fold axes, and other features forming strands in and parallel to the trendof the lineament. Because ore deposits and other helpful guides areconcentrated along some of the more clear-cut lineaments, such as the
Colorado mineral belt, or at the intersection of several prominent
lineaments, such belts and their intersections represent advantageous
regions (fig.7).
Postore (Late Tertiary—Quaternary) cover blankets large areas
within the favorable regions (pl. 2). Much of the cover is either bolsonfill clastic sediments (so-called alluvium or valley fill) of the intermontane basins or volcanic rocks of the Datil Plateau and other smallerareas. In most instances, the areas where the cover is thin have not beendelineated; such delineation must be the first step in the search forminable deposits. It is obviously useless to hunt for ore deposits where
they are so deeply buried that profitable mining would be impossible.
Hopefully, buried deposits in areas of thin cover can be pinpointed byprojecting guides and trends into the covered area and/or using ap-

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

propriate geophysical and geochemical methods. Finding buried ore
deposits remains difficult and expensive, and there is a great need forcheaper, more reliable, and definitive techniques. However, because
most covered areas are essentially unexplored, the possible rewards also
are great. The pediments (planed rock surfaces, partly or completely
covered with alluvium) that flank many of the mountain ranges in New
Mexico warrant special attention.

MOLYBDENUM RESOURCES OF NEW MEXICO

67

Once the search has been narrowed to a favorable region, the next
step is to locate districts (mineralized areas), then targets (specific localities), that are worth examining in detail (McKinstry, 1948). The generaland specific guides are used to locate new districts and new targets in
known districts, as well as to re-evaluate known targets. Many districts
and localities, even in the most attractive areas, have not been examinedin sufficient detail to disclose all the ore deposits they contain. The orebearing potentialities of such areas should not be overlooked, eventhough many have been considered barren of molybdenum
mineralization. There are any number of localities where the second,
third, or even a tenth look found ore.
Most favorable regions. The five most favorable regions for molybdenum
exploration in New Mexico are the
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

New Mexico mineral belt,
Texas lineament,
Grants uranium belt,
Capitan cluster, andSanta Rita cluster.

These are described under Geographic Distribution.
The Santa Rita cluster in southwest New Mexico at the intersectionof the Texas lineament and the New Mexico mineral belt is a particularly favorable region because the features of both belts are present,
and the localities worth exploring are more numerous and closely
spaced than anywhere else in the state. Of course, this region has been
more intensively examined than other parts of New Mexico, which atleast partly offsets its attractiveness.
Other favorable regions. The parts of the Rocky Mountains (northcentral New Mexico), Basin and Range (southwestern, central, andsouth-central New Mexico), and the Datil Plateau (west-central New
Mexico) that are not included above also warrant exploration. These
regions (fig. 7) are considered less favorable, but only because regionalguides and trends are lacking or vague and advantageous environments
are fewer and farther between. Here, it is first necessary carefully toevaluate the regional setting before concentrating on finding targets(Jerome, 1959). As new geologic data and better maps become available,
the use of lineaments in defining favorable regions should be increasingly fruitful as well as controversial. Mayo has described a number ofprobable lineaments that traverse New Mexico.
UNFAVORABLE REGIONS
Several large areas in the state lack features suitable for molybdenum
mineralization.

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NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES

Great Plains. The Great Plains, or eastern third of New Mexico, areby far the least favorable region (fig. 7). Molybdenum occurrences,hydrothermal ore deposits, and granitic intrusive rocks are absent.
There are large areas of postore (Late Tertiary—Quaternary) cover, but
no indication that there are any hidden favorable environments. It is
unlikely that future technological developments will open up new
possibilities in this region.
San Juan Basin. The San Juan Basin, encompassing most of thenorthwest quarter of New Mexico, contains only molybdenum depositsof the bedded uranium type. Granitic intrusive rocks and molybdenum
occurrences of the quartz-vein, porphyry, contact-tungsten, and oxidized-lead types are absent, and there are only a few, relatively small
areas of postore cover.
Thick cover. In many other areas of the state, postore cover (Late
Tertiary—Quaternary) is so thick that deeply buried ore deposits would
be extremely hard to find and profitable mining would be impossible
under current conditions. Until new techniques such as leaching inplace make deeper mining possible, such areas obviously are unattractive for exploration. Unfortunately, the areas of thick versus thin cover
have not been delineated except in the roughest way. Much of the Datil
Plateau or west-central part of the state; the basins of the Basin andRange, which include the southwestern and south-central parts of thestate; and the Rio Grande trough, which extends north-south throughthe southern Rocky Mountains and Basin and Range, are mantled bythick cover (pl. 2).
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
It is not enough that those involved in mineral exploration becompetent geologists; they must also be practical mineral economists.
Changing technology and market patterns, new uses and substitutes,
and the political climate all (Ridge, 1962) have just as great an effecton what can be mined at a profit as do the grade, tonnage,
distribution, and mineralogy of the molybdenum in the ground. If amolybdenum deposit is particularly large or high grade, it should not
be ignored because it can not be exploited under present conditions.
Nor is it always enough to gain and retain possession of a deposit in
the vague hope that a technological break-through or increased
demand will make mining profitable; it may be worthwhile to develop
whatever new techniques or markets are needed. The huge Climax
deposit could not be mined until extensive and expensive researchdeveloped a market for molybdenum. Men make mines.

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