Fremantle Prison
Research Library
Library No: 3 : 1 k 0••••+••••REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICALINVESTIGATIONS ASSOCIATED
WITH THE FREMANTLE PRISON CELL
RECONSTRUCTION PROJECTWINDOW"tatt:itift:

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RED PLASTIC *HOP GREEN GLOSS •Prepared by
Gaye Nayton B Sc (Hons) AACAIFor
The Department o f Contract and Management Services
andThe Fremantle Prison Trust1998* * • • • • •••a 0(

F R E M . A N T L E PRISON

Gaye Nayton
10 Central Ave
MAYLANDS W A 6051

Dear Gaye" ••A t last I have had the. opportunity to look into the box o f goodies you left for me. We THE TER.RACE •1 had a n exhibition opening here last Friday, so all week was pretty much taien up with FREMANTLE
all the-early on that is always attached to those kind o f events.
WESTERN•-•

AUSTRALIA

I haVe looked at t h e material in relation to the report you have provided. Although I 6160
have-not scoured it with.a fine toothcomb, there are several things I was unsure o f or TELEPHONE
9473found confusing. I was wondering i f you could address the following for m e please : 0 8 9 3 5
FACSIMILE 1 •
••
•
, •
. •
0 8 9430.6115
Y o u have given m e 1 b a g o f dram 1 material and o f draiii-2 but there is no
EMAI L
indication o f what or,where:drain 4 and drain•2 are/were_- in the report (413.5
irema'ntiepris
details the contents b u t not the location)•• ••. • clothand—.iiewspaper,
are
items
There
several bagged
piece o f woold with-metalWEBE
W h i a l b a f c 4 1 9 6 0 s Stailf.
Written on them; but 'there is no reference in the text b r "htt;://wviw.citn
illustrations to 4.19.60S stash
4iiiiumbei
o f b a g s a r e marked M'is:Oppose4 tO _FP .---_.feinantle Gaol?.
•-.Anninb0 o f bags marked 1970s Stash do not indicate where the material came
theresonie way w e canfrom -(A20aT3
this?
•
•
„
the
A l l Ofmaterial indicated m Appendixes 14_is'ourrentlybeint.held b y S*4'
(IJWA Honours student)? : •I t is very disappointing that the tennis balls were lost as:we have no others with••_ as to-why there is in
D o you have any suggestions
essence no 20' century
archaeological material present except for the 1970s, when there is quiteasubstantial amount from the 19th century? O n page 49 you suggest `1970s .
assemblages represent all disturbances which have occurred within the cell since
early this century.' Can this explain this dearth o f material?_
O n page 25 you refer to the new floorboards in the cell above A20— "Theoffloorboards
indicatedthat the 1990 fire had extended into the cellpresence
newabove A20 damaging the original boards." Do you have any evidence to show thatthe 1988 fire caused the damage to the floorboards? As most o f the damage 'wasdone to the top floor o f 4 division, it is unlikely that this kind o f damage would
have affected a cell in this position. There has been evidence o f termite damage ina number o f other areas in the MCB necessitating the replacement o f boards;
perhaps this was also the case in this cell?
L
ICON1111Fulr•
SERVICEThe information from the report and the associated materials form an invaluable
record and research base for the Prison. I look forward to your reply to make thisuseful resource even more worthwhile.
Thanking you in anticipation.
Regards

Anne Brake
Curator4 June 1998
CC:

Phil Griffiths
Considine & Griffiths Architects P/L-Gaye Nayton B Sc (Hons) AACAI APHR
Historical Archaeologist
10 Central Ave
Mayl ands
Perth 6051

Telephone (08) 92711277

Anne Brake
Curator Fremantle Prison
1, The Terrace
Framantle 6160
18/9/98
Dear Anne

I am sorry it has taken m e so long to reply to your letter. In answer to your queries mosto f the problems y o u have with labelling stem from the fact that the material you have
was not used to any great extent in the Cell Reconstruction Project report. It therefore
still has its field labelling on it. All material labelled Stash is from the prisoners stash
found in A20aT3 which was a distinct one-off feature which did not need any more
precise labelling in the field. At the time the field crew labelled the bags we did not havea exact date for the Stash but we knew it was modern ca 1960s or 1970s. The dating of
the field bags was designed as a n informal prompt in the later sorting and datingprocess.
The confusion between F P and F G is again because they are field bags and some field
workers labelled the bags Fremantle Prison and some Fremantle Gaol. On a large
project like this one it is more usual for the site director not to excavate so that they canidentify and correct such little deviations in the field. However, this job as you know
was done under a tight budget and time frame so I have to combine excavating with site
supervision. Only small discrepancies such as F G instead o f F P occurred however, myfield crew were too experienced to make any real mistakes in labelling.
The Drain 1 material is from the 1st Offenders yard and the Drain 2 material is fromthe probation yard.
Sarah has all the material which you do not have. She is a UWA Honours student andher Honours report would be due in October. You should get the rest o f the material
back after that. I have not spoken to her since I handed the material over so I presume
the work has gone well. You can contact her through the UWA Centre forArchaeology.

I suggested in the report P74 that the lack o f twentieth century material other thanmaintenance items was due to some sort o f floor covering being laid over thefloorboards. It is evident that something blocked the passage o f artifacts through thefloor board gaps and that this was not due to changes in the boards as almost half werestill original boards. A floor covering is the most likely answer however there is noevidence to suggest what the covering was.
Some o f the floorboards in the cell above A20 appeared to be very new. The fireappears a likely explanation but it should have been framed as a suggestion. I re-readpage 25 and it does read like an assertion which it was not actually intended to be.
I hope this clears up your questions satisfactorily.

Regards

This report has been prepared by
Gaye Nayton B Sc (Hons) AACAI
10 Central Ave
Maylands 6051
P h 08 9271 1277

Historical Archaeologist

Fax 08 9271 1277

ARCHAEOLOGICAL TEAM
Site Director
Archaeological monitor
Field AssistantLaboratoly AssistantLaboratory AssistantLaboratory Assistant

Gaye Nayton
Darren Cooper
Ryan Hovingh
Christine Martin
Monique PasquaPaul Raaff

This Project was carried out in Association with:

ARCHITECTS

Considine a n d Griffiths
Architects Ply Ltd

BUILDING CONTRACTORS

W. Isherwood & Co.

FREMANTLE PRISON TRUST

Anne Brake

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank Toni Gregory for volunteering to sort artifacts and chatto site visitors during the field season. Thanks also go to Nathan, Frank and Fred forvolunteering information on building materials and construction techniques. Thanks
also to the Fremantle Prison Trust staff and Prison Guardians for their lively interest in
the project.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
An archaeological component was included in the cell reconstruction project inDivision 3, Fremantle Prison to ensure the reconstruction was as authentic as possible.
The archaeologists brief was to supervise the removal o f fabric from the cells and toinvestigate the revealed surfaces to aid understanding o f cell construction and help
determine the location o f fixtures and fittings. The investigations fell into three parts,
monitoring o f accretion removal in cells A20 and A21, further investigation o f fixturesand fittings in cells D38 and B37, and excavation o f the under floor space in cell A20.
Information was uncovered which allowed insights into original cell construction, cell
modifications over time, cell layout until ca 1910 and prisoner activities within the cells.
It was found that structural elements in the eastern and western walls o f A20 spanned
the width o f two original cells. However, they were constructed so that the elements inthe west wall spanned an alternative set o f cells to those in the east wall. Furnishings
were also alternated. The hammocks being part o f the set o f elements associated withthe west wall and the two cells its elements spanned. The table, wash basin, stool andbucket were arranged to conform with the elements in the east wall and the twodifferent cells spanned by those structural elements.
Archaeological evidence determined that hinged tables were centrally fixed onto bothsides o f the wall separating A20A and A20B, placing them on different sides o f theactual cell spaces. A small oil lamp was placed on the table and possibly sometimes on
the window ledge. Evidence for the distribution o f smoking and shaving items suggeststhat this table was replaced by a movable table located under the foot o f the hammockin the 1880s or early 1890s and moved more centrally within the enlarged cell after theturn o f the century. The same evidence suggests that the prisoner's may have moved
the stool under the window when they were smoking during the 1860s possibly becauseo f the poor ventilation. It also suggests that the bucket was kept to the left o f the wall
mounted table during the 1870s.
Hammocks were slung using triangular rings with rounded ends between four hooks
sunk deeply into a timber backing rail. The hammock in A20A was to the left o f thedoor while that in A20B was to the right. The location o f several classes o f artifacts
suggests that the hammocks were hung so that prisoners lay head to tail to each other.
The wash basin was placed on either side o f the central wall under the window.
Archaeological evidence in the form o f bone toothbrushes show that one activity thebasins were used for was to clean teeth. Bone toothbrushes and tooth powder wererelatively expensive and therefore not in general use during this time period. Finding
toothbrushes in both cells suggests that the prison was either providing the toothbrushes to enforce hygiene standards or catered for a number o f gentlemanly inmates.
In the planning stages care seems to have been taken to provide plumbing andventilation to each cell. However, the ventilation system actually installed on the groundfloor o f Division 3 placed a higher priority on air circulation around the wooden joiststhan on good circulation within the cells to benefit prisoner's health. The artifactual
evidence found within A20 suggests that before modifications carried out in the 1880s
or 1890s this may have created a real problem within the ground floor cells leading toless use o f the cells without an air vent connection to the outside air.
Other aspects o f original cell construction posed security risks. The ceiling vent design
was vulnerable to tampering that would have allowed prisoners to exchange items ortalk. Similarly, the wooden casing around the wash basin pipes could be tampered withto create hiding places for small items. The gap under the cell doors also allowed
communication, a problem which was solved by added solid door sills further reducing
ventilation within the cells.
The archaeological evidence points firmly to the plaster and lath ceiling in A20 having
been installed after ca 1870. Similarly archaeological evidence suggests the wash basins
were removed during the same time period. In view o f this, the time period represented
by cell A20B in the reconstruction project is more properly the 1870s rather than the1860s. A20A represents both the cell as built in 1859 and its first period o f occupationin the 1860s. The archaeological evidence also suggests that a floor covering was added
to A20 soon after it was formed from the two smaller cells. However, thearchaeological evidence does not suggest what type o f covering this was and further
historical research would be needed before such a detail could be confidently added tothe display in A21.
Archaeological evidence and independence analysis by paint specialists show thatfinishes within the cells were anything but standardised. This may have been due to theeconomic realities o f running a prison in a isolated colony but the evidence suggeststhat variation rather than standardisation has been the theme through most o f theprisons operating life time. This suggests a prison authority culture which did not highly
value standardisation.
Artifacts relating to the prisoners within the cells also suggests a regime which becameless standardised throughout the nineteenth century with differences in clothing
hardware and a growing variation in the number and function o f prisoner related
artifacts within the cells. Eating and drinking within the cells appears to have either
been condoned or unpreventable. Bottle glass found throughout the deposits, despite its
potential for use as a weapon, suggests the former. However, only one bottle had been
flaked deliberately to form several pieces with cutting edges suggesting the prisoner's
were not abusing the privilege by using the glass in escape bids.
Slate pencils and reading materials were also found throughout the assemblages during
a time period when adult illiteracy was high. This suggest prisoners with moreeducation may have been grouped together forming a minimum security division or
enclave. The men are likely to have been part o f the burgeoning middle classes where
there was a strong push for self improvement through reading and writing in the second
half o f the nineteenth century.
The evidence relating to prisoners suggests an interpretation o f A20 as part o f aminimum security area during the nineteenth century. The last artifact assemblage
dated to ca 1904 however, shows a sudden reduction in variation which may relate to asterner regime and stricter security after the turn o f the century.

Recommendations arising out o f this report are:
Recommendation 1 It is strongly recommended that in future projects requiring
the removal o f fabric or older layers o f finishes different methods are used whichpeel back the layers one at a time.
Recommendation 2 It is recommended that provisions are made for archaeologicalmonitoring o f all projects carried out within the prison which involve the removalo f historic fabric or the disturbance o f ground surfaces.
Recommendation 3 It is recommended that further historical research is carriedout into the social status, crimes and security rating o f the prisoners in Division 3.
Some smaller questions on furnishings could also be undertaken to make thereconstruction presentation more authentic.
Recommendation 4 It is recommended that the photographic archive, artifacts
and a copy o f the report are kept at the prison for interpretation and display
purposes.

TABLE O F CONTENTS
Page
Study TeamAcknowledgments
Executive Summary
BRIEF
METHODOLOGY
Monitoring
Archaeological Investigation o f Cells D38 and B37
Archaeological Excavation
RESULTSORIGINAL C E L L C O N S T R U C T I O NFoundations
Cell Floor Drainage
Bearers and Joists
Under Floor Vents
Cell Walls
Flooring
Window
Doors
Ceiling
Ceiling Vents
Furnishings
Corridor Flooring
C E L L M O D I F I C A T I O N AND MAINTENANCE
Cell Enlargement
Flooring
Wall Finishes
Window
Doors
Ceiling
Furnishings
A R T I F A C T ANALYSIS
Changes I n Assemblages Through Time.

1
1
1
2
3
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
12
12
12
12
21
24
24
25
26
35
35

Changes I n Activities Through Time
Conclusions
RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
Appendix 1 1860s assemblage
Appendix 2 1870s assemblage
Appendix 3 1880s assemblage
Appendix 4 1900s assemblage
Appendix 5 Yard drain assemblages

64
74
77
79

TABLE OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1. Location Plan
4
Figure 2. Plan O f Excavation Trenches
5
Figure 3. West And East Wall Sections Showing Former Location Of
Demolished Wall
15
Figure 4. Plan O f Floor Boards In Cell A20
16
Figure 5. Hypothesised Construction O f Ceiling Vent Cover
17
Figure 6. Location O f Bone Toothbrushes In Cell A20
18
Figure 7 B37: Table And Wash Basin Features
19
Figure 8 Hypothesised Construction O f Wash Basin
And Plumbing
20
Figure 9. Density O f Dressed Limestone And Washed Limestone 29
Figure 10. Location O f Samples O f Early Finishes
31
Figure 11. Microscopic Paint Analysis
33
Figure 12. Total o f Artifacts Grouped B y Function
37
Figure 13. Distribution O f Red Plastic And Hop Green Gloss
40
Figure 14. Artifacts Through Time
42
Figure 15. Number O f Artifacts Summed Per Assemblage
43
Figure 16.1860's Artifact Classes
44
Figure 17.1870's Artifact Classes
45
Figure 18.1880's Artifact Classes
46
Figure 19.1900's Artifact Classes
47
Figure 20.1970's Artifact Classes
48
Figure 21. Distribution O f Match 1
51
Figure 22. Distribution O f Match 2
52
Figure 23. Distribution O f Match 3
53
Figure 24. Distribution O f Straight Pins
54
Figure 25. Non Construction Artifact Classes
55
Figure 26. Non Construction Artifact Classes
56
Figure 27. Functional Classes Through Time
57
Figure 28. Prisoner's Stash Ca 1973
59
Figure 29. Artifacts In Drain Sediments
68
Figure 30. Distribution O f Charcoal Over Time
69
Figure 31. Distribution O f Eating And Drinking Through Time
70
Figure 32. Distribution O f Leisure Items Through Time
71
Figure 33. Distribution O f Smoking Items Through Time
72
Figure 34. Distribution O f Clothing Items Through Time73

T A B L E O F PLATES

Plate 1. Cell Drain During Excavation
Plate 2. Cell Drain Fully Excavated
Plate 3. Bearer Under Joists
Plate 4. Inside Under Floor Vent
Plate 5. Original Floorboard And Nail
Plate 6. Original Window Lintel
Plate 7. Score Marks In Window Sill
Plate 8. Door Lintels
Plate 9. Original Door Stop
Plate 10. Joist And Ceiling Boards
Plate 11. Ceiling Vent
Plate 12. Hammock Hooks, Cell A21
Plate 13. Wear Marks O n Hammock Hooks
Plate 14. Table Bracket, Cell B37
Plate 15. Brick And Mortar, Cell B37
Plate 16. Lead Pipes, Cell B37
Plate 17. Drain Outside Cell A20
Plate 18. Wash Basin Area, Cell B37
Plate 19. Pipe Channel, Cell B37
Plate 20. Wrought Spike From Pipe Bracket
Plate 21. Corridor Demonstration Panel
Plate 22. Tongue And Groove Floorboard
Plate 23. Joist Repair
Plate 24. Overlapping Floorboard
Plate 25. Battens Over Joists
Plate 26. Hammock Wear
Plate 27. Orange Coating On Door
Plate 28. Blue Finish Near Ceiling
Plate 29. Paint Stripe West Wall
Plate 30. Paint Strip
Plate 31. Door Lintel
Plate 32. Repaired Joist
Plate 33. Older Electrical Wiring
Plate 34. Before Excavation Photo Mosaic
Plate 35. Prisoner Stash
Plate 36. After Excavation Photo Mosaic
Plate 37. Clay Pipes
Plate 38. Typical Clothing Items
Plate 39. Flaked Glass From A 20B
Plate 40. Bone Toothbrushes
Plate 41. Floorboard Lid For Stash

Page
14
14
14
14
14
14
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
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28
28
28
30
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58
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REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH
THE FREMANTLE PRISON CELL RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT.

BRIEF

Five cells within Division 3 o f Fremantle Prison were chosen for a reconstruction project
designed to demonstrate changes within the cells over the life o f the prison (Fig 1). Cells
A20 and A21 show the earliest chosen periods o f the 1850s, 1860s and ca 1918. Thesecells required the greatest amount o f accretion removal and fabric reconstruction to allow
them to demonstrate the chosen periods. To ensure the reconstruction was as authentic as
possible, the archaeologists brief was to supervise the removal o f fabric from the cells toensure archaeological evidence was not compromised or destroyed in the process andsecondly to investigate the revealed surfaces to aid understanding o f cell construction andhelp determine the location o f fixtures and fittings.
The conversion o f Cell A20 into the two earliest time periods required more extensivealterations. Archaeological investigation was expected to concentrate on this cell. Removalo f plaster allowed the investigation o f wall construction and fittings while the removal of
the ceiling allowed investigation o f the ceiling joists. The timber floor within the cell wasthought to be a later replacement and was also planned for removal allowing archaeologicalinvestigation o f the under floor space for evidence o f fixture locations and social activities
within the cells.

METHODOLOGY

The archaeological investigations fell into three parts. Monitoring o f accretion removal incells A20 and A21, further investigation o f fixtures and fittings in cells D38 and B37, andexcavation o f the under floor space in cell A20. During the field season two drains in theoutside exercise yards were cleaned out by plumbers. The archaeologist was asked tomonitor the cleaning and record artifacts recovered.
Monitoring
Monitoring o f the accretion removal took place between the 10th and 27th March 1997. Incell A21 only the cement rendering was removed. Cell A20 was stripped o f all modern
ceiling material, wall plaster, shelving, electrical fittings, paint and brick work. An
archaeologist observed and recorded the work as it progressed, building a photographic
record o f work in progress and materials removed. Photographs o f the builders at work
were taken at each stage o f material removal to demonstrate the tools and methods usedduring site works. The photographic record has been archived separately to this report.

2
Monitoring required close cooperation with the builders who were doing the accretion
removal to ensure evidence was not lost or compromised during site works. Prior to theremoval o f wall plaster, samples o f paint were taken and areas showing paint in situ
photographed. In some instances, photographs o f particular paint profiles were taken as thecolours shown were not observed elsewhere in the cell. All photographs o f site works areincluded in the photographic archive.
Removal o f the plaster revealed hidden features such as timber plugs and details o f cell
construction. The location o f these features was recorded and a photographic reference
was included in the photographic archive. Samples o f lime plaster and paint were kept andan appropriate sub sample was chosen by Errol Tovey for further analysis o f paint profiles.
A sample o f the window sill material was also kept for future reference. The details o f how
the demolished wall, which once separated A20 into two cells, was keyed into the east andwest walls was recorded in a measured drawing.
The removal o f floor boards was monitored on the 27th March. The boards were
numbered and photographed on removal. The type and size o f floorboard and the type ofnail fixing the board to the joists was recorded. A photo mosaic was taken o f the revealed
deposit before excavation. Site works which occurred within the corridor were also
observed and recorded. Corridor works included monitoring the removal o f plaster from aselected section o f wall and the removal o f a section o f granolithic flooring to reveal theoriginal flagstone floor.
The cleaning o f two drains by plumbers in the out side excise yards adjacent to Division 3
was also monitored. Sediment recovered from the drains was wet sieved and recovered
artifacts bagged. About thirty, slit open tennis balls were noted but not kept for analysis.
Archaeological investigation o f Cells D38 and B37
Further investigation o f the location and construction o f the 1850s table and washbasin
necessitated investigation o f cells D38 and B37 (for location see Fig 1). Work was carriedout at various times between the 16th o f April and the 19th o f May 1997. Both cells
retained their original cell size and therefore the wall missing in cell A20 was present in
both. A timber table bracket was visible on this wall in both cells. In D38 plaster was
removed from selected areas around the table bracket by Brian Leicester under thesupervision o f the archaeological site director. A paint scrape was taken from the tablebracket by Brian Leicester for further analysis by Errol Tovey and paint profiles surveyed
in situ by Brian Leicester using a paint inspection gauge.
In cell B37 initial plaster removal around the table bracket and the north east lower cornero f the cell was by Brian Leister under supervision o f the archaeological site director.
Further removal was by the archaeological team. Plaster was removed from the westernside o f the table bracket to reveal details o f its construction. A sample o f the removed
material was kept for further reference. Investigation o f the former location o f the washbasin in the north west corner o f the cell necessitated the removal o f two modern shelves,cement filling from a narrow channel set in the corner o f the wall, brick and mortar filling3from a depression on the north wall and limestone rubble and plaster which was part o f thewall construction. The spike from a pipe bracket found during site works was recorded andremoved for further investigation. A photographic record was kept o f work in progress andfeatures revealed and included in the photographic archive. Revealed features wererecorded in a measured drawing.

Archaeological Excavation
Excavation o f the under floor deposits in cell A20 was carried out between the 27 marchand the 8th April 1997. The cell was divided into three sections for excavation. Section A(A20a) being the left hand side o f the cell between the southern wall and the remains o f aparallel demolished wall running across the centre o f the cell (part o f cell to be returned to1850s condition). Section B (A20b) being the right hand side o f the cell between thenorthern wall and the central demolished wall (part o f the cell to be returned to 1860s
condition). Section C (A20c) was the central area covered by the remains o f thedemolished wall (to be reinstated). Each section was excavated in five trenches locatedbetween the joists. They were orientated north south and demarked by the presence o f ajoist timber on the east and west (Fig 2).
As material could be expected to vary across the trenches each bucket o f deposit wasrecorded and sorted separately. A station for sieving deposits was set up in cell A21 tominimise the effect o f dust on the general division. Deposit was sieved through 5nun andl m m meshes, the remaining residue was then sorted and artifacts bagged at a sorting
station located in the division corridor. As the majority o f deposit was made up of
construction materials from the demolished wall these materials were sampled with one
example o f each type o f construction material (other than nails) present in each bucket kept
for reference.
Bagged artifacts were identified, catalogued and the information entered into a
Geographical Information System (GIS) data base for analysis. A site plan o f cell A20 was
also entered into the GIS program to assist in analysis.

FIG 1. L O C A T I O N PLAN

11

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CONTRACTORS ACCESSaJ

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3 DIVISIONPRISON CELLS
No. A20-A25
REVISIONS
1. 7 JAN 97: GENERAL REVISION. 4 1

DEPARTMENT OF

CONTRACTAND

MANAGEMENTSERVICESDUMAS HOUSE
2 Haselock Street
W e s t PerthW. A. 6005
Tel 2 2 2 5555
Fax 2 2 2 5055

D O C U M E N T A T I O N BY:CONSIDINE AND GRIFFITHS ARCHITECTS
PTY LTD6 • 8 9 FORREST STREET COTTESLOE W A . 6011
TEL 3 8 3 3 1 6 6 • FAX 3 8 4 2822

LOCATION PLAN

Modified from Considine and Griffiths: Set o f working drawings.

DRAWN

REDUCTION

DESIGNED

J.R.

PRINCIPALCHECKEDAPPROVEDSCALEDATE a NOV 96

1:500
08N0.

. E NO...3761/96.

__

DRAWING NO

FIG 2. PLAN OF EXCAVATION TRENCHESI A20C

A20A

I

A20B

WINDOA
VENT...mroraiiirsillmIllMrle-NEM-NW

w r i m m m i o n s soft

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 111111111=1

111111=11
III
II INIMMII M MOTRENCH 2—

TRENCH 3

TRENCH 3

DOOR

DOOR

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6

RESULTSORIGINAL CELL CONSTRUCTION

Accretion removal, monitoring and excavation carried out within cell A20 enabled a clearer
picture to emerge of the construction details o f this cell.
Foundations
Although it is known from historical sources that the limestone for Fremantle Prison was
quarried from on site and the prison built up on the leveled bedrock this was not evidenced
during the excavation o f cell A20. Under the archaeological deposit a thick layer o f sandwas discovered at a depth of 27 cm under the flooring, this was excavated to a further
depth of 30 cm (57 cm in total) in places without encountering bedrock.
Artifacts were found only in the top layers o f sand and rubble (to ca 25 cm depth). Cellfloor drainage uncovered during the archaeological investigations began at the level that
artifacts disappeared from the matrix. Limestone boulders were encountered deeper within
the sand but were not associated with artifacts at these deeper levels. This could suggest
two hypotheses, either Division 3 was not built on bedrock but on a sand and limestoneboulder matrix, or that the sand was added after the cell floor drainage and wall footings
were constructed. The cell was not excavated to the base of the wall footings to answer thisquestion as this was not a primary focus of the project, which was concerned largely withcell furnishings and fittings.
Cell Floor Drainage
Archaeological investigation revealed a drain channel within the sand matrix 660 - 810 cm
from the cell door threshold lying parallel to the corridor wall. The width of the channel
was difficult to determine as only one side was clearly defined, being that adjunct to thecorridor which was formed by a vertical wall o f dressed limestone. The further side o f thechannel was indicated on the left hand side of the cell by the presence of a lime
conglomerate formed by water action which had consolidated both alongside the drain andpartly over it before the collapse o f the drain (Plate 1). A timber lining is indicated by theabsence of a stone lining on both sides and the presence of wrought nails with large flatheads. Such nail heads are used for holding panelling particularly thin panelling where thewood might spit if a smaller head was used.

7
A 10cm diameter channel, cut through the limestone wall for the continuation of the drain,
was discovered through both the north and south cell walls at a depth o f 57cm below floor
height (Plate 2). The channel was clear for the approximate distance of the limestone walls
but was blocked beyond it. At the same depth a dark deposit o f sediment containing
artifacts was found which denoted the location o f the bottom o f the drain. This deposit was
not on a noticeably gradient. Whilst the channel was found in both the north and south
walls, a similar opening was not convincing displayed through the demolished cell wall.
After discussions with Alan Kelsall a hypothesis was formulated suggesting that the cellfloor drain was formed in short sections each o f which serviced two cells then fed throughthe corridor wall to a corridor drain found running parallel with the cells when the corridor
concrete was lifted. If this hypothesis is correct then cell A20 contains the left and righthand parts of two different drain sections. Neither showed evidence o f a connection
through to the corridor therefore if the hypothesis is correct the corridor connection lies
inside the limestone walls. This possibility could not be pursued during the course o f thisproject.
The cell floor drain complex was found not to be connected to the water pipes from theformer wash basin. It is likely that it was installed to cope with any water collecting under
the flooring from washing the floor boards or natural water run off.
Bearers and Joists
Once the footings were laid, flat bearers were placed along the east west orientated wall
footings and six joists laid at right angles across them, parallel to the external and corridor
walls (Plate 3). Each joist spanned at least two original sized cells, I f they spanned two cells
then they would have started and ended within a cell wall. The configuration was such thatcell A20 now contains a single set of joists with the end o f the beams probably buried
within its north and south walls.
Under Floor Air Vents
Under floor air vents between cells were formed by laying short boards over and under theends of the 3rd and 4th joists in every second wall. With the timber joists positioned oneach side this procedure formed a wood lined vent through the wall (Plate 4) under thelevel o f the floorboards with the lintels of the vents just visible above the floorboards. The
external (western) wall also had a similar under floor vent in every second cell. The
positioning o f these vents meant that once cell A20 had been formed out o f the two earlier
cells it had three under floor vents being located in the northern and southern internal walls
and the north western corner o f the external wall.
Water action has dissolved lime out of the limestone and redeposited it within the under
floor vent and under floor space of A20a. Within the vent (in the southern wall), lime
formed a soft white plaster while across the floor it has penetrated the top layers o f sandand formed a hard capping. The vent has over time became clogged with lime to the levelo f the wall demolition material forming a false floor.

8

Cell Walls
Once the vents had been formed the cell walls were then built around and over the joists.
The walls are of limestone much of which was only very roughly dressed. The demolishedeast west wall offers further clues on how the east west oriented walls were keyed into thewalls running north south. The areas where the wall abutted the east and west wall o f thecell contains both dressed and undressed stone. While the dressed stone may have been cut
prior to being built into the wall it is more likely that they were the stones keying the threewalls together and were cut through when the missing wall was demolished. The noticeablegrouping o f the cut stones reinforces this interpretation (Fig 3). On this evidence the walls
appear to be more firmly keyed into the eastern (corridor) wall then to the external wall.
Cut stones appear only at the bottom o f the west wall and under and above the window,
while on the east wall all the visible stones are cut to above the door lintel.
Flooring
Floor boards were laid oriented east west at right angles to the joists. Three different typesof floor boards fixed with three different nail types were found in A20 (Fig 4). Boards 3 to10, 10a and 18,19 are surviving original boards 17 cm wide with no tongue and groove(Plate 5). They formed the bulk o f the floorboards in A20a (to be returned to 1850s state)
and the two boards nearest the north wall in A20b (to be returned to 1860s state). These
two boards lay under the line o f the hammock, away from the door on the line o f least
wear. All boards but board 3 were fixed with two cut brads in each joist and some werecalved underneath where they passed over the joist to insure a level floor. Board three was
fastened with later rose headed nails.
Window
Investigation o f wall, door and window finishes and original door and window construction
was carried out prior to archaeological work commencing (Considine and Griffiths 1996).
The archaeological report will therefore confine itself to commenting on confirming
evidence and illustrating additional evidence.
The prison windows in Division 3 originally spanned two cells, in A20 the window wasonce divided by the demolished wall. The present window in A20 appears to have been
modified over time, however parts of the original construction were uncovered dining
accretion removal. A thin sheeting o f timber was removed from the lintel above the metalframe revealing two wide planks forming the original lintel (Plate 6). The lintel was built
into the limestone wall spanning the length o f the window and extending for a shortdistance either side. Beneath the window frame the top o f the wall was rendered with lime
plaster. Slate was packed along the top o f the wall forming a level base for a sloping
limestone window sill. The top o f the window sill was scored in a diamond pattern(Plate 7), this may be purely decorative but is more likely to be a later modification to assist
in the adhesion of a layer of cement render.

9
Doors
The doors in A20 have also been modified over time nevertheless, details o f the original
construction of the door frame were apparent. Like the window lintels, door lintels werebuilt into the walls and spanned two cells, however, the door lintels spanned an alternative
set of cells to the window lintels. This means that the two doors within cell A20 do notshare a common lintel (Plate 8). Slate packing was used between the limestone wall andthe timber to form a horizontal level for the lintel. Above the lintel, limestone blocks wereused to form an arch, however the southern arch stone over the door to A20a was toolarge and extended past the door opening. The face o f the stone forming the corridor
facade has been scored across to present the appearance of two stones evening up theappearance of the arch. Built into the piers between the cell doorways are three angle ironbrackets to secure the door frame. The original door cill, formed by a 7x7 cm squared
timber (Plate 9) was located underneath the present cull. Its location means that originally
there was a gap for ventilation between the cill and the bottom o f the door.
Ceiling
A modern plaster-glass ceiling was removed from A20. Upon removal part of a timber
picture frame was found lodged between the modern ceiling and the flooring of the cell
above. Ceiling joists run at right angles to the floor joists being positioned between theexternal and corridor walls. A 4 by 4 cm timber batten is fixed using wrought nails to theinside face o f each joist which abuts the cell side walls forming a barrier between the joist
and the limestone. The walls were then built between the ceiling joists completing the wallsin A20. Although not observable it is likely that bearers were laid along the external andcorridor walls under the ceiling joists in a similar manner to that used for the floor joists.
The floorboards o f the cell above then formed the ceiling o f cell A20 (Plate 10).
Ceiling Vents
Two ceiling vents are located on the western (external) wall between the ceiling joists at theextreme left and right hand sides of cell A20. Historical evidence (Considine & Griffiths
1996:4) points to these vents being connected to the under floor vent in the same wallwithin A20, to the ceiling vents in the adjoining cells and to the floor and ceiling vents inthe cells above A20. However, while the vents are connected to the adjoining cells andthose above they are not connected by a vertical channel to the under floor vents in A20.
The vents are located between two ceiling joists which initially form the walls o f the vent,with the floor boards o f the cell above forming its roof (Plate 11). Further into the vent thewalls and roof are o f limestone carved to form a semi circular channel between the two
adjoining cells. At a point along this channel furthest from the cells is a vertical shaft
leading to the higher cells but there is no evidence of a shaft leading downwards to theunder floor vents.
There is evidence o f a former vent cover in the ceiling joists on either side o f the opening
in the form o f two wrought nails, one in either joist. There is also a gap approximately 4

10
cm wide between the floor boards and the start o f the limestone roof. The wrought nails
are set behind this gap suggesting that i f the top o f the vent cover was secured by insetting
it into the gap, the bottom o f the cover than sloped backwards into the vent and was fixed
into place by the wrought nails driven through a tab on either side (Fig 5).
Furnishings
The major items o f furnishings were built into the cell as part of cell construction.
Hammocks were fitted along both the north and south walls o f A20, each hung from four
hooks, two at each end. The hammock hooks were threaded and screwed into a timberbacking rail built into the limestone walls and finished flush with them. Backing rails forthe hammock hooks were built into the western (external) wall spanning the same two cells
as the floor joists and the window lintels. In the corridor wall the backing rails, like thedoor lintels, spanned alternate cells (Plate 12). Historical sources suggest several methods
o f securing hammocks to the hooks but triangular wear patterns on the hooks (Plate 13)
could only be made by triangular metal rings with rounded points.
Historical sources raised the possibility of small corner shelves located above thehammocks in the pre 1870s period (Bosworth 1996). Removal of accretions from the wallsof cell A20 did not reveal evidence of shelving from this period on any of the extant walls.
It is considered unlikely that corner shelves were placed on the demolished wall due to thepresence o f the window on one side and the door on the other making such a shelf
awkward to build and use.
There was also no evidence found on the extant walls in A20 o f the wash basin and table
known to have been provided when the cell was constructed. Archaeological evidence, inthe form o f bone toothbrushes excavated from cell A20, suggested that the wash basin
may have been located on the western end of the demolished wall (Fig 6). Prison staff andarchitectural consultants examined cells within the prison which were still the original sizefor visual evidence of the fixtures. T shaped table brackets were noted in cells D38 andB37 (Plate 14) and these cells were chosen for further archaeological investigation.
The cross piece of the T shaped table bracket would have formed part of the table top. It is
fixed to a timber backing rail set into the limestone wall by two large wrought nails one ca
10 cm from each end (Fig 7). The top o f the cross piece is at a height of 68 cm and it is 30
cm thick, 66 cm long and 7.5 cm wide. It has two tapered bolt holes each 9 cm long withan internal screw thread set into the wood approximately 20 cm from each end of the crosspiece. These holes would have held a tapered bolt which fixed the hinge for the table flap
to the cross piece. The upright is formed from a smaller timber being only 15 cm thickwith its top dove tailed into the cross piece and its bottom end fixed to the wall by a large
wrought nail.
There is a timber stop fixed to the upright with wire nails in D38. Four small nail holes,
two larger screw holes and a saw cut were found in the same position in B37. While thewire nails indicate the present stop is not an original fixture it is the only evidence for how
the table leg was fixed to the table. It indicates a short leg was fixed to the table flap and11propped on the stop to hold the table in the upright position. The size o f the table flap andthe length o f the leg was assessed by using the location and angle o f the stop to calculate aright angled triangle. On this basis a design was prepared and a table made to match thisevidence.
Evidence o f the wash basin was found in B37 when plaster was removed from the northeast corner o f the cell. A concrete and brick fill was uncovered which delineated both adrain channel in the cell corner and a roughly quarter circle shaped concrete and brickfilled depression on the north wall (Plate 15). Accretion removal revealed that there isessentially a gap between the two walls at the point where they should join to form acorner. The bottom 90 cm of this gap has been bridged with a discoloured limestone slab
recessed and set at an angle (Fig 7). The limestone may have been discoloured by damp as
a lead waste water pipe, cut off at a height o f 35 cm, lies against it (Plate 16). The bottom
end of the pipe passes through the external wall possibly to the adjunct drain in theexercise yard. Outside A20 similar lead pipes at the same height as the bottom of the pipein B37 can be seen empting into a open drain running along the base of the building(Plate 17).
Two other lead pipes are set into the internal wall under the wash basin area (Plate 16).
Both extend downwards for a short distance towards the pipe in the external wall. Their
position suggests that they carried waste water from the basins in the cells above B37. Bothwould have emptied into the waste water pipe leading from the wash basin in B37 andhence into the outside drain. Two nail holes in the discoloured limestone at 70 and 75 cm
suggest that the pipes were originally encased in a timber casing (Fig 7). This agrees withhistorical evidence that pipes within the cells were encased in wood (Bosworth 1996:6).
The wash basin appears to have been located on the internal wall at a height of 85 cm
where a hour glass shaped depression with two deep holes and the remains of wood caught
behind the later plaster were uncovered. At the same height on the adjunct external wall awood filled hole was discovered (Plate 18). This evidence suggests that the wash basin wasbolted onto a timber batten set into the wall with the bolts passing right through the woodand into the wall behind. The batten appears to have passed across the recessed limestoneslab and plugged into the gap between the two walls.
A limestone block 60 mm by 180 mm is located directly above the depression with a large
squared block directly above that. This contrasts with the area of rubble and mortar below
the basin. This rather weak area may have been the result o f infilling around the lead pipes
during wall construction or the result o f patching damage to the wall caused by pipes
bending out o f shape when the wash basin was accidentally thrust out of position. Lefroy
complained o f this happening frequently due to design faults with the method o f fixing thebasins to the wall (Bosworth 1996:6). The method employed appears similar to thatsuccessfully used for the table, however the table flap when lifted was supported by a leg,
reducing strain on the wall fixtures. If the wash basin was simply bolted straight onto thebatten without any support for the outer rim, weight applied to the edge o f the basin
furthest from the wall would have applied stress to the wall fixtures leading to the problems
described.

12

The gap between the walls appears to have been utilised for the cold water pipe and tap.
Directly above the discoloured limestone slab the gap is filled with rubble and mortar but
above the hammock backing rail it divides into two distinct sections with the section on theleft in Figure 7 being filled with rubble and mortar while that on the right forms a distinct
channel lined with lime wash (Plate 19). This channel starts directly over the backing railand continues up the wall to just under the window where it curves to the left and petersout. Above that height the gap is filled with more rubble and mortar. At 2.30 m a wrought
spike was set into the rubble and mortar (Plate 20). The top o f the spike is broken o f f but it
curves out just before the break suggesting that it may have been a bracket to hold thewater pipe against the wall. At 1.62 m a hole made by a fixture was located in the rubble
and mortar beside the pipe channel (Plate 19). The hole is too shallow to haveaccommodated a wrought pipe bracket suggesting it was made by a bolt possibly fixing asecond timber casing to the wall below the window (Fig 7). Figure 8 is a hypothesisedreconstruction o f the wash basin and its associated plumbing.
Corridor Flooring
The removal o f concrete for a demonstration panel in the corridor (Plate 21) revealed theoriginal flooring o f compact Yorkshire stone flagstones. Small off cuts o f this stone were
found in A20a near the vent in the southern wall.

CELL MODIFICATION AND MAINTENANCE

Cell Enlargement
The rubble under the floor boards came from the demolition o f the internal wall. The nails
used to fix the new floor boards over the demolished wall suggest the wall was not
demolished prior to 1895. Button types found in the deposit on top o f the demolished wall
have respectively a manufacturing start date o f circa 1907 and end o f popularity date ofcirca 1900 suggesting the wall was demolished in the early 1900s. The largely even spreado f lime washed stone suggests both sides o f the wall were lime washed, however, theclustering o f untreated dressed stone in A20a (Fig 9) suggests that the demolished wall had
different treatments above and below the dado line on its southern face. The wall material
is too mixed by the process o f pushing the rubble under the floor boards to access whether
the wall was lime washed above the dado line or below it.
Flooring
Cell A20A retained its original boards, the boards in A20B and the centre o f the room
have however, been replaced. Boards 12 to 17 form the bulk o f the flooring for cell A20B.
They are 17 cm wide with a square shaped groove on the bottom surface and a tongue andgroove system for interlocking the boards (Plate 22). They were fastened with rose headed
nails except for board 17 which also had one modern square headed wire nail. The type of

13nail used can be identified from previous research as a type popular between 1870 andcirca 1900 (Varman 1987: type Rita). Two artifact layers have been defmed as fallingwithin this period. Their mean dates are 1875 and 1885. The 1875 deposit contains three
metal buttons dating from 1880 and these indicate that the changeover date between thetwo deposits is after 1880.
Both deposits contain three rose headed nails and some wrought nails but only the 1875
deposit contains cut brads which were used to pin the original floor boards. The nails
within the 1875 deposit are also more evenly distributed while those in the 1885 deposits
are clustered in trenches which have been affected by later disturbance suggesting that they
are the result o f some mixing o f the layers. The evidence suggests that floor boards 12 to
17 were installed between 1870 and ca 1880.
Board three in cell A20A has been disturbed and refastened with later rose headed nails.
Wrought nails and cut brads are found within the A20A assemblage with a mean o f 1883
but not in the lower assemblage with a mean o f 1870 suggesting the refastening o f board
three occurred within the time period covered by the 1883 assemblage.
Joist 2 also showed evidence o f repair in A20A having a short batten fixed to the westernside o f the southern end o f the beam (Plate 23). The repair batten has a wrought nailprotruding from it but it is fastened to joist 2 by rose headed wire nails. These are the same
nails used to pin floor boards 12 to 17 and to refasten board 3. Given the temporal locationo f the wrought nails in A20A already discussed, this repair is likely to date from the samegeneral period as that o f board three.
Boards 1,2 and 11 lie across the demolished internal wall and would have been installed
immediately after the demolition. They are 11.60 cm wide with a V shaped groove on theunderside and an overlapping system for interlocking the boards (Plate 24). They were
fastened with rhomboid headed wire nails which can be dated to between 1895 and 1950
(Varman 1987: type R H llc and per. comm. Fred Colum). Flat battens were pinned acrossthe joists under the floor boards to insure the thinner boards formed the same floor heightas the older boards (Plate 25). Both the type o f nails used and the artifactual evidence
found lying across the demolished wall's footing (discussed in Cell Enlargement above)
suggest that the wall was demolished in the early 1900s.
Artifact deposits found under the floor boards were analysed into chronological groupings
using a modified South Mean Analysis described within the artifact analysis section.
Deposits from cell A20A could be divided in groupings with means o f 1860, 1870, 1883
and 1978. Those from A20B divided into slightly different periods o f 1860, 1875, 1885
and 1978. The 1970s deposits are from localised disturbances, only one joint layer could
be distinguished across both cells. This layer had a mean date o f 1904.
Since this dating clearly suggests that artifacts have been falling through both the original
floorboards and the 1880s tongue and groove flooring they should have continued to do sountil the 1990s when the cells were fmally unoccupied. However, evidence from after theturn o f the century is clustered in nature and relates clearly to localised disturbances

Plate 1. Cell drain during excavation
-- ,

-—

•

o,

Plate 2. Cell drain fully excavated

Plate 3. Bearer under joists

Plate 5. Original floorboard and nail

Plate 6. Original window lintel.

• ,-.4,

Plate 4. Inside under floor vent

F I G 3. W E S T AND EAST W A L L SECTIONS S H O W I N G F O R M E R LOCATIONO F D E M O L I S H E D WALL.

VV,
V

V
V

•

V

V

V
V

V

V

V

V
v

V

V

WINDOW
DOOR

DOOR

KEY

Dressed or cut stone

DWood
IIron
E
P
lower
Bracket

Point

4:=3

V

V

V

V

,

V

V

V

V

,

V

V

V

V

V

vVVVVv.
V

V

V

•.1

V
V

V

V

,

V

V

V
V

Width ofdemolished wall

VS/VS',

v

v

v
V

V

v

v

v
v

vvvv
v

VvvVV

Width ofdemolished wallvv

WINDOW

vatriota44943:w riposliza,

DOOR

DOOR

Vent cover

Vent coverV e n t coverF I G 5. H Y P O T H E S I S E D C O N S T R U C T I O N O F C E I L I N G V E N T COVER

Stone

Joist
•

I

Not to scale

FIG. 6 LOCATION OF BONE TOOTHBRUSHES IN CELL A20
WINDOW
VENT

11=11111VEIR

I N I M M I N I M I O N M S $

DOOR

*

DOOR

BONE TOOTHBRUSHESCEILING

FIG 7. B37 : TABLE AND WASHBASIN FEATURES

1,
WINDOW„ )Spike from pipe bracket•
KEY

Cement renderRubble and mortarr-Modern shelf
Channel or depression

/
0
I

10
I

20

Limestone blocks

30CM

Discoloured limestone

EAST WALLNORTH WALL

E
Modern shelfl.
Lead pipes

H A M M O C K BACKING RAIL
0
)

•

o

•

Wood

Coach bolts holes

Wrought nails
2i1A•
Modern shelf

Nails

F I G 8. H Y P O T H E S I S E D C O N S T R U C T I O N O F WASHBASIN AND
PLUMBING

Window

North wall

East wall

Hammockbacking rail

Not to scale

21
relating to cell maintenance. This pattern would only have occurred i f something waspreventing artifacts from falling through the gaps in the floor boards. A safety razor blade
within the deposit puts the timing o f the obstruction to after 1903 but no artifacts can be
firmly dated to after 1910 suggesting it was in place by this date. This evidence strongly
suggests that a floor covering was laid not long after the two cells had been turned intoone.
Six areas o f disturbance can be isolated. Three occurred after the cell was painted Frost
White which was the last coat o f paint before the cell was stripped for the reconstruction.
One o f these disturbances, located in A2OAT1 and T2 was for a white ant inspection
during which the western ends o f floorboards 8 and 9 were sawn through and lifted(Fig 4). A similar disturbance in A2OBT1 was for electrical repairs and this may have been
when floor board 12 was cut near its western end. The cause for a deep disturbance in
A2OBT5 cannot be determined but again this is likely to have been when board 14 was cut
at its eastern end.
The more centrally located cuts on boards 14, 16 and 17 are likely to have occurred when
A2OBT3 was disturbed. The dating o f this disturbance is not certain but it occurred when
the cell was painted Hop Green. Cell A20A was disturbed between 1911 and 1930 for
either the provision o f electrical services or the continued maintenance o f them. A different
kind o f disturbance occurred in the early 1970s when a prisoner cut part o f board 5 toform a lid under which he hid painting materials.
Wall Finishes
Initial work on identifying paint finishes was carried out by M r Brian Leicester prior tofield work commencing (Leicester 1996). He took paint samples from Cells A20, A21,
A22 and A23. During the archaeological field work he also examined cells D38 and B37.
During site works M r Errol Tovey took paint samples from cells A20 and A22 andexamined a timber chip from the table bracket in D38 (Tovey 1997). Both paint specialists
found that the common theme o f the prison painting scheme was variation. Not only did
different cells vary but paint sequences varied within the same cell. For this reason thepaint sequences will only be discussed in relation to the cells in which archaeologicalevidence can complement the work o f the paint specialists. Colours were identified using
the British Standards interior colour guide to allow comparison with the work o f M r Brian
Leicester.
Up to the early 1900s cell A20 appears to have been partly lime washed in white. Lime
washed coatings are largely 1 or 2 m m thick but vary up to 4 mm. Many o f the samples
have a flat inner suiface as well as a flat outer surface. Along with the relative abundanceo f dressed stone this suggests the demolished wall had quite smooth faces.
Evidence was found in cell A21 o f wear and subsequent patching on the north wall adjunctto the line o f the hammock (Plate 26). A large depression with a gently curved lower edge
had been worn into the limestone at the approximate position o f the slung hammock. This
had been patched with lime mortar and lime washed.

22

The excavated material from A20 also showed evidence o f coloured finishes. Almost all of
this material is very clustered and is associated with other evidence suggesting later
episodes o f localised disturbance. Two coatings were isolated which were also associatedwith artifact layers dated to the 1870s. This material was tested chemically which
determined that it was unlikely to be either paint or pigmented lime wash (Tovey 1997)
and its exact nature remains unknown. Only ten samples o f the orange coating and four ofthe brown coating were recovered along with one sample which showed Hop Green over
the orange. The nearest British Standards colour for the orange coating is Bronze Rose(matt) with Henna (matt) being the nearest for the brown.
The evidence for the two coatings is so scant that it is certain that they were not used for ageneral wall finish. Figure 10 shows that the evidence is also clustered being found near
one o f the doors, near the table in A20A and near either the window or the disused washbasin in A20B. The coating was also found on the door jamb o f the A20A door locked
since the cell was turned into two in the early 1900s (Plate 27). The evidence suggests thatthe orange coating was used on the door jambs o f both doors and on the table in A20A.
The brown coating may also have been used on the jambs o f both doors. It was not noted
during the removal o f fabric from the window in A20, this, and the small amount o f it
found, suggests it was used to coat the timber casing associated with the wash basin. Whileuse o f the wash basins was discontinued in the 1860s there is historical evidence that many
still remained in situ in 1866 (Bosworth 1996). The location o f the brown coating suggeststhat the basin in A20B may not have fmally been removed until the 1870s.
The work carried out in A20 prior to site works identified a blue gloss enamel, brown,
green and yellow paints on the walls, however, only BSIC Hop Green was identified more
precisely (Leicester 1996). Paint samples from A20B were examined under a microscopeand showed several layers o f colour (Tovey 1997). These colours were not able to becompared to British Standards. Archaeological evidence was examined by eye and such atechnique is not capable o f showing a sequence as detailed as the microscopic analysis.
While the archaeological techniques could not distinguish as many layers as microscopic
examination a less full sequence o f colours could be identified and dated against otherarchaeological evidence. The identified sequence from the limestone wall outwards is white
lime washes, Wedgwood, Norse Blue, Hop Green and an acrylic top coat o f Frost White.
White lime washes and bare stone were both in use until after the cell was modified into
one. Evidence was found on the east wall pointing to it having been coated with a Corinth
Rose (gloss) colour below the dado line prior to the cell conversion. Corinth Rose was only
uncovered in two places firstly to the north o f the north east door below the dado line andsecondly when the south east door was opened. Corinth Rose (gloss) was found on theplaster next to the door jamb which had been concealed by the locked door, dating thiscolour to before the cell conversion (Plate 27). The sample o f this colour which wasrecovered through excavation does not appear to have the texture o f paint. At present theexact nature o f the material remains unknown.

23
The next archaeologically discernible colour is Wedgwood (gloss), samples o f which were
found associated with non disturbed deposits dated to 1904. The Norse Blue (matt) is sodark it is almost black. This is possibly the black layer identified in the microscopic analysis
o f cell A20 but the black layer may be a later unidentified colour. Norse Blue can be dated
by it's association with disturbance for the installation or maintenance o f electrical wiring.
Historical evidence dates the provision o f electricity within the prison to 1911 (Bosworth1996) while the older style electrical clip would suggest a end date not later then ca 1940s.
The Hop Green gloss is associated with both modern disturbance which includes the latest
Frost White acrylic coat and with a disturbed area in A2OBT3. Associated artifacts include
twentieth centuiy artifacts but do not include any artifacts which can be definitely
attributed to a period later than ca 1904 which is the last datable layer in the site. The paintcannot then be assigned a date by association with other artifacts. One shard was however
found which showed Hop Green over Norse Blue suggesting that it came later which
would give an approximate date o f the 1950s. M r Brian Leicester choose Hop Green,
which he uncovered in both cells A20 and A22, as the typical paint colour used on cells in
the 1950s (1996).
Blue paint was found as a top coat on the strip o f plaster caught between the modern
plaster-glass ceiling and the original ceiling. The paint stops underneath the remains o f theintermediate lath and plaster ceiling (Plate 28) as does a layer o f white paint foundunderneath it. Both overlay Hop Green and the sequence suggests that the cell was painted
blue when the plasterglass ceiling was installed (installation is thought to be between 1970
and 1980, Considine and Griffith 1997) and was painted white before that. The latest
coating used on the cells was an acrylic Frost White gloss.
Monitoring o f fabric removal also uncovered evidence o f paint stripes along the bottom of
the west wall (Plate 29). There is evidence o f a blue stripe associated with a lighter blue. A
lower layer revealed a black stripe over an older pink stripe associated with a beige wallcoat. These colours cannot be dated archaeologically.
The area excavated near the north east door contained three paint colours not foundanywhere else in the cell. One colour is Arras (gloss) which is a green, found in A2OBT5
and A2OCT4. Paint scrapings o f the door bar carried out prior to site work commencing
had revealed it was once painted green (Leicester 1996) and this is likely to be the source
o f the Arras paint shards. The two other colours are Corinth Rose (gloss) which is a brightpinkish red and Pompadour (gloss) which is a blue. The dating and location o f the Corinth
Rose has already been discussed, the Pompadour however, may be from a mural.
During fabric removal a strip o f paint was peeled o f f the area north o f the north east door
revealing the Corinth Rose layer below the dado line under an overall coat o f what appears
to be Hop Green (Plate 30). The paint strip, which was mainly o f the paint layers above
the red coat, was examined by the paint specialist as his sample 96191-18 (Tovey 1997).
Four areas on the paint strip only centimetres apart were sampled revealing quite different
sequences prompting the suggestion that a mural had been located in the area.

24
The results o f the paint analysis has been tabled as Figure 11. Grouping the results as asingle table helps comparison between them. The first obvious thing about the table is that
there are different numbers o f layers within the four samples. Secondly although the lastcoat on the paint strip was Frost White (acrylic) in line with the rest o f the cell, under
microscopic analysis this colour has been determined as both cream and yellow. Thishighlights the problem that at this scale o f analysis slight variations within the same paintlayer may show up as different tones which are described differently such as a creamy
white being described as both cream and yellow. This can make the variation look greaterthan it actually is.
With this in mind an attempt was made to cross reference the samples using a thickobvious mauve layer as a starting point as it appeared in all four samples. Samples A and B
correlate perfectly back to grass green while samples C and D correlate back to Beige. Ifslight variations in tone are taken into account all four samples correlate back to a creamy
white layer marked on Figure 11 with a dot. Beyond this point not only are there severe
differences in tone but also differences in actual colour. This does suggest that there may
have been a mural painted over the lowest green coat (shown in samples A and B as paleolive green). This coat may be Hop Green which would suggest the mural was painted
some time after the 1950s. It may also be Wedgwood which would suggest the mural was
early twentieth century or it may be an undated colour. The remains o f the paint strip
should be classified against British Standards to confirm the colour sequences in a manner
which can be compared to both the archaeological work and the previous paint study.
Window
The steel window frame in cell A20 may not be the original frame. This is suggested bothby the bars being thinner then those observed by the builders and the archaeologicalmonitor in other cells and by the gap between the frame and the limestone wall on bothsides o f the frame. The frame in situ had a brick surround which was removed duringreconstruction. Brick fragments have been found under the floor boards close to thewindow. However, they are found exclusively in A2OBT3 and 5 both o f which have been
disturbed, respectively in the 1950s and recently. All that can be determinedarchaeologically is that the brick surround was in place by the 1950s.
The limestone walls o f the window opening have been rendered and painted over time as
had the rest o f the cell. The original limestone window sill had been covered with a layer of
cement render to form a second sloping sill. Cris crossing score marks in the limestone sill
may have been cut to key the cement to the limestone. The timber lintel had been covered
with a thin layer o f render then also covered with a thin sheeting o f wood. At the time of
fabric removal this had been painted Frost White (acrylic)Doors
The south east door was permanently locked when the two cells were modified into one.
Evidence o f paint finishes on the door frames at the time has already been discussed. Paint
scrapings carried out on the right hand door leaf and bar prior to site works identified a25
blue gloss finish to the door leaf and a green gloss finish to the door jamb (Leicester 1996).
Shards showing Arras gloss which is a dark green were found during excavation adjacentto this door and are likely to be from the jamb and the plaster immediately adjacent to it.
The material came from an area mixed by modern disturbance. It therefore cannot be
dated by association.
A second cull block with ventilation grooves had been installed on top o f the original cullunder both doors. When the locked door was opened the cill was found to have retained
traces o f the Corinth Rose coating. The evidence suggests both that the grooved cills dateprior to the cell conversion and that at the time o f the conversion this one was painted red
to match the door frame.
The door lintel has had various treatments through time (Plate 31). The sequence ofchanges which can be determined are firstly, a plate was fixed over the join between the
two timbers making up the lintel. Secondly the lintel was painted white. The plate o f thetimber join was then removed and the lintel was covered with a sheet o f Crown head tin
fixed with Rhomboid headed R H IIc nails dated to between 1895 and 1950 (Varman
1987, and per. comm. Fred Colum). The tin only extended to the locked door suggesting it
was put in place after the door was locked. The tin was later covered with a thin sheet of
timber which at the time o f site works was painted Frost White (acrylic). The top o f thedoor frame had also been covered with chicken wire to act as a key for render. The wire
was fixed with bullet head nails dated to after ca 1950 (per. comm. Fred Colum).
The door leaf o f the locked door had a ventilation grille and a large door lock. Thissuggests that these features were in use within the prison by the turn o f the century.
Ceiling
A modern plaster-glass ceiling was removed revealing the original ceiling joists. These
showed evidence o f an older plaster and lath ceiling nailed directly to the joists using smallrose headed nails spaced about 2 cm apart. O n the evidence o f the nails this ceiling would
date to after 1870. At this time the ceiling vent would have been modified by the provisiono f a vented cover in the plaster and lath ceiling. Ceiling joist 4 has been repaired withtimber reused from elsewhere. The beam has been repaired twice with timber which hasrose headed nails protruding from it and appears to be fastened with rose headed nails. The
repairs are again dated to after 1870 with the first repair further dated to before theprovision o f the plaster and lath ceiling as the marks caused by the laths extend across thisrepair (Plate 32). The second, which used a white painted timber, is dated to after theprovision o f the ceiling. This suggests that it is extremely unlikely that two nails protrudingfrom the timber above the window could have acted as hooks for an object suspended
below the ceiling.
The timber ceiling was formed by the floor boards o f the cell above. The presence o f new
floorboards indicated that the 1990 fire had extended into the cell above A20 damaging theoriginal boards. The picture frame found trapped between the modern ceiling and the26timber boards is also likely to have dropped below the floor o f the cell above either during
the fire or during the later repairs.
Furnishings
There was very little evidence o f shelving in cell A20. Evidence for two modern fittings
was uncovered on the south wall. The first was a series o f round pine wall plugs associatedwith a shelf which stretched across most o f the wall at door lintel height. The second wasthree square pine wall plugs located vertically down the centre o f the wall below the shelf.
These indicate the presence o f a fixed piece o f furnishing such as a cupboard. The alcove
formed by the locked door in A21 had been turned into a built in shelf unit but this did notoccur in A20. A21 also had a greater variety o f modern shelves.
Older fittings were located on the north wall o f A20. A square jarrah wall plug fixed with awire nail was located approximately 50 cm above the under floor vent. The wire nail dates
this fitting to after 1870 but it cannot be dated more precisely. Two other round jarrah
plugs with wire nails were also found low on the north wall. They are likely to have related
to a fitting positioned on the floor and bolted to the wall.
Older electrical wiring was found entering the cell through the east wall 10 cm under thehammock backing rail and approximately 2 cm from the north wall. Adjacent to the wiring,on the north wall, two wire nails were located. They are likely to be evidence o f the fixture
that the wiring was connected to (Plate 33). It has been suggested that this feature may be
the remains o f an intercom (per. comm. Fremantle Prison staff). Modern wiring was
located on the pillar between the two doors.
Two round holes were located under the window in the west wall (Fig 3). It is unlikely thatthe holes relate to the demolished wall and they are more likely the result o f a later fixture
being bolted onto the west wall. This would date the fixture to some time after the turn ofthe century but there is no evidence with which to refme this dating. The west wall also
showed evidence o f later repairs to the wall around the north end o f the hammock backing
rail in the form o f concrete infilling around the timber.
No fitting were revealed on the walls o f A20 which dated to 1850 or 1860. Investigation ofcell B37 determined that once the 1850s wash basin and the wood casing had been
removed the remaining lead pipe underneath the basin was mortared into the wall forming
a flush finish. The channel for the lead pipe leading to the tap was also mortared flush withthe wall once the pipe had been removed. Evidence for this fitting may still be therefore be
extant in the five cells chosen for the reconstruction project.
Examination o f fmishes on the timber table brackets in cells D38 and B37 are not directly
applicable to cell A20 as the prison painting scheme was not consistent from cell to cell.
Both were examined by M r Brian Leicester who determined the timber appeared to havebeen variously painted red, green and white in one cell and white, red, green, white andpink in the second. He did not think the original timber had been oiled (per. comm

Plate 7. Score marks in window sill

Plate 8. Door lintels

Plate 9. Original door stop

Plate 10. Joists and ceiling boards

Plate 11. Ceiling vent

Plate 12. Hammock hooks Cell A21-

Plate 13. Wear marks on hammock hooks

Plate 14. Table bracket, Cell B37

Plate 15. Brick and mortar, Cell B37

Plate 16. Lead pipes, Cell B37

Plate 17. Drain outside Cell A20

Plate 18. Wash basin area, Cell B37

FIG 9. DENSITY O F DRESSED LIMESTONE AND LIME WASHED LIMESTONEft,M47451Mr4"frat...NV:y4,gri....KIMPT,-.4.1.2aigt.trwtO

A2OLIME by number_4
L I M E WASHEDLIMESTONE•

1

A2OLIME by number
IM 3 to 5 (3)E l 2 to 3 (3)0 1 to 2 (4)0 to 1 (12)DRESSEDLIMESTONE

Plate 19. Pipe channel, Cell B37

Plate 20. Wrought spike from pipe bracket

Plate 22. Tongue and groove floorboard

Plate 21. Corridor demonstration panel-

Plate 23. Joist repair!Plate 24. Over lapping floorboard

Fig. 10 LOCATION OF SAMPLES OFEARLY FINISHESWINDOW
VEIT

DOOR

A

Orange coating*

Brown coating

DOOR

Plate 25. Battens over joists

Plate 26. Hammock wear

Plate 27. Orange coating on door

Plate 28. Blue finish near ceiling

Plate 29. Paint stripe west wall

Plate 30. Paint strip

FIG 11. MICROSCOPIC PAINT ANALYSIS
96191-18A Colour
Microns96191-18C Colour
Microns 96191-18B Colour
Microns96191-18D Colour
From wall Pale Olive Green 20-40 From wall Pale Olive Green 40-60 From wall Yellow
5-10
From wall Green
Pale Leaf Green 30-45
Lght Grey
20-30
Brown
10-25
Green
delamination
delamination
Light
Green15-45
Yellow
some
some
20-30
Cream
White
20-30
Dark Green 25-35
GreenBlue Green
10-15
Yellow
25-30
Light Green20-35
Red
Greyish Pink
30-5
Blue Grey
10-40
Cream
25-35
Beige
Blue Green
15-20
Sky Blue
10-25
Mauve
10-15
Green
15-2
Leaf Green
5-10
Blue
10-20
• CreamCreamGrass Green20-3
reyish Pink
20-45
Green
10-15
Green
Yellow
20-40
Leaf Green
20-25
Beige
10-20
Yellow
White
15-2
White
10
Green
50-6
White
Yellowish Green 20-4
Grass Green
10-15
White
10-15
Green
Pale Mauve
50-8
Cream
30-50
Green
5-20
Mauve
Brick Red
15-3
White
5-1
Yellow
30-45
White
Sky Blue
10-2
Yellow Green
30-35—White
20-35
Red
Black
10-20
Mauve
50-80
25-35
lue
reen
Cream
40-7
Brick Red
10-30
Mauve
50-80
Black
Sky Blue
10-20
Sky Blue
10-2
White
10-15
Cream
Cream
60-8
Black
5-1
Red
20-30
Blue
Z.Yellow
Cream
40-8
lue
5-20
Sky Blue
10-8
Black
5-35
Yellow
50-60
Cream
10-30
15-20
ream
Blue
5-15
Yellow80-12

Microns
30-50
30-50
25-35
10-15
10-15
15-20
10-20
10-15
20-30
30-65
20-50
15-20
50-70
10-15
15-25
15-30
5-30
40-70
25-35
50-80

Plate 31. Door lintel

Plate 32. Repaired joist

Plate 35. Prisoner stash

Plate 33. Older electrical wiring

35
Leicester 1997). Paint scrapings from the bracket in D38 were examined by M r Errol
Tovey who determined the presence o f two thick white paint layers (Tovey 1997).

A R T I F A C T ANALYSIS

Changes In Assemblages Through Time.
Artifacts removed from the outside exercise yard drains have been sorted, identified andcatalogued. The material is mainly modem in origin therefore only representative samples
were kept for the artifact collection. The full database o f drain artifacts will be included as
an appendix within the report but not analysed as this is outside the scope o f this project.
A database o f 1240 artifacts has resulted from the excavation o f cell A20. Artifacts havebeen sorted, identified and catalogued. They are catalogued by location, identification andfunction with many also having dating information included. Figure 12 shows the artifacts
grouped by function. Just over a third o f the material is associated with cell construction
and maintenance. The largest categories relating to the prisoners are smoking related items,
leisure items and items o f clothing hardware.
The excavated deposits consisted o f rubble from the demolished wall overlying a thin
deposit o f brown sediments. A photographic mosaic was taken o f the deposits before
excavation (Plate 34) to show the spread o f rubble and the location o f the 1973 prisoner's
stash which was found underneath a lid cut out o f the floor boards (Plate 35). Below the
rubble and brown deposits was a thick layer o f sterile sand which was not fully excavated.
The after excavation photographic mosaic shows clearly the footings for the demolishedwall and the two cell floor drainage channels (Plate 36). While it was evident that there has
been some disturbance to the deposits, this disturbance was not on a large scale as somelayering o f deposits could be discerned and a coherent chronology could be formed.
Both the artifact and feature databases were entered into a Geographical Information
System (GIS) program. This allowed artifact location to be plotted within maps o f the cells
to analyse information relating to construction and maintenance (Figs 6, 9 & 10) and to
identify activity loci.
The artifact data base was divided up into chronological groupings using methods devisedfor the Cossack Store site (Nayton 1992). These methods were designed to delineate shorttime periods within Australian historic sites. The method is a modified version o f South's
mean ceramic date formula (Nayton 1992:81-82). Mathematically the formula is quite
simple. Each type within the assemblage is multiplied by its frequency o f occurrence, theresulting numbers are then summed and divided by the total frequency o f the types to
produce the South Mean. Minimum numbers o f dateable artifact types present within eachbucket were used as the measure o f occurrence.

36
Currently unpublished research o f the Cossack Store assemblage has produced a refmed
method which recognises and circumvents factors that blur raw dates such as artifacts withvery long periods o f popularity which skew dates away from the assemblage mean,
artifacts such as nails which enter the archaeological record both during construction andthe demolition or modification o f the structure, and artifact types which because o f their
physical characteristics work their way down through sandy deposits to layers beneath thatto which they belong.
Deposits from cell A20A could be divided in groupings with means o f 1860, 1870, 1883
and 1973. Those from A20B divided into slightly different periods with means o f 1860,
1875, 1885 and 1978. Only one layer could be distinguished which could possibly relate tocell occupation after the cells were converted into one cell. This layer has a mean date of
1904. The 1970s deposits are from localised disturbances resulting mainly frommaintenance works.
The type o f maintenance activity could sometimes be determined by the artifacts such as
wooden plugs used to repair holes drilled for white ant treatments. The artifacts left behindduring the disturbance could usually be isolated through their more modern dating. The
dating o f some material was however, hard to determine and they were included with the
disturbance material on the basis o f association. A case in point is red plastic found in cell
A20B. This plastic was not obviously modern and therefore could not be placed in the1978 assemblage on that basis alone. However, Figure 13 shows that the red plastic has avery strong association with Hop Green paint shards. The paint shards entered the deposit
during a localised disturbance while the cell was painted Hop Green. The red plastic wasthen dated to the same disturbance through association. Similarly match type 4, safety pins,
red and blue crayon, clear and white plastic, a plastic button, a clothing rivet, lead pencils,
wool, string, egg shell and soft fruit pips could all be distinguished as relating to localised
twentieth century disturbances.
These procedures could be expected to filter out material deposited during the disturbance.
However, mixing o f older material during the disturbance is harder to determine. Somemixing can be discerned through artifact dating and others through association such asbone tooth brushes which can be clearly related by cluster analysis to the 1850s wash basin(Fig. 6). Bottle glass in the western half o f cell A20B is also clearly related with most of
the glass coming from two bottles, however, shards o f the bottles initially ended up withindifferent chronological assemblages. The chronological ordering o f the assemblages
suggests that this type o f mixing is not great and every effort has been made to distinguishthe affected artifacts. However, it may still lead to some anomalies surfacing during
analysis.
Figure 14 shows artifacts grouped by function for each o f the assemblages. Variation infunction is consistently greater in A20B with only the 1880s assemblages showing a similarlevel o f variation. The picture for quantity is more mixed (Fig. 15) with the 1860s
assemblage for A20B having a greater level o f both variety and quantity while the 1880s
assemblage has the same variety but a lot less artifacts than the same time period in A20A.
The lower number o f artifacts in this instance can be explained by disturbance within

A E344- ORE EXCAVAON Pr 0-0

MOSAICPLATE 36

AFTER EXCA VAT ON IPHO 0 MOSAIC

FIG. 12 TOTAL OF ARTIFACTS GROUPED BY FUNCTIONTOTAL BY FUNCTION
clothing
construction
container
drinking
eating

f
U
n
C
t
i
o
n

escapefire
fixtureshygieneleisuremoney
pharmaceuticalsmokingunidentified
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

sum_number

function

numbersum_numb

clothing

1103

construction

1477

container

14drinking

133

eating1

29

escape
fire

1

2

1

36

fixtures13

hygiene3

16

leisure

1

111

money
pharmaceutical

1

1

1

5

smoking1282

unidentified

1

138

350

400

450

500

TI N
A
DH
O
PG
R
EN GLOSSG
F
I 13. D
S
ITR
B
IUT
O
IN FORDE PLASCMO=
1N DOW

4*1:.

ust—abs.ga=r-aelewne

Immo
I m m o ammoI
I ainmi011111NEWIlagglt+ A W EDOOR

RED PLASTIC *HOP GREEN GLOSS A

DOOR___________

41
trenches 3 and 4 which occurred when the cell was painted Hop Green. The ensuing
artifact mixing has resulted in older levels not being readily discernible within thesetrenches therefore almost all artifacts were placed within the 1978 assemblage. The same
explanation does not hold for the greatly reduced numbers in the 1860s assemblage from
A20A where mixing has only happened in trench 2.
This picture can be looked at in more detail, era by era. Figure 16 compares the 1860s
assemblages where the variation is extreme. In cell A20A only three toothbrush fragments
and a clay pipe shard indicate that there was ever a prisoner within the cell, in A20B
thirteen classes o f artifacts relating to the cell occupant were found. A large percentage ofthese were found in the cell drain while artifacts relating to prisoners found in the drain for
A20A date more closely to the 1880s. This may indicate that less artifacts were available
during the early periods to wash into the drain in A20A biasing the assemblage to the1880s. However, even i f the artifacts found in the drains are taken out o f consideration thevariation is still greater in A20B. Ten artifacts from six artifact classes were found in A20B
against four artifacts from two classes found in A20A. This suggests that cell A20A may
indeed have been used less during the 1860s.
The same picture is not at first glance suggested for the 1870s (Fig. 17). There is only adifference in total artifact numbers o f nine and variation appears similar. However, there
are only 70 non construction items in A20A compared to 102 items in A20B. Again there
are no non construction artifacts in the A20A drain but 25 non construction items were
found in the A20B drain. The overall number o f artifact classes in both cells is identicalwith 20 in each but functional classes show greater variation. In A20A there are 7
functional classes while 11 functional classes were found in A20B. While 5 functionalclasses were found within the drain only one was exclusive to the drain (a rib bone fromthe functional class eating) altering the overall variation by very little. The variation in the1870s is clearly in quantity o f non construction items and the function o f these items. Bothcells have items relating to clothing, drinking, eating, fire, leisure, smoking and unidentified
pieces o f metal. A20B additionally had a lid tin (container) bristles from a shaving brush(hygiene) a sixpence (money) shards o f clear glass probably from the same medicine bottle(pharmaceutical) and some unidentified fibres. The greater number and variety o f items
relating to the cell's occupants suggest either that A20B was used more than A20A or its
occupants had a greater level o f material culture.
The reversal o f this picture initially shown by Figure 18 is more truly a reflection o f themethodical problem posed by layer mixing than a reflection o f lesser usage o f cell A20B.
The reduction o f total artifact numbers in A20B is reflected in a reduction in artifacts
classes with 17 classes represented against 22 found in A20A. The number and type offunctional classes is however almost identical with eight classes in each cell, seven o f which
are identical. A20A has a shard o f medicine bottle while no pharmaceutical items were
found in A20B and A20B has fibres thought to be from a coir mattress found in trench
four. It also has some unidentified fibres found in trench 1.
The range o f functional classes does not truly suggest that A20B was used less in the
1880s and 1890s but it also does not suggest that A20A was often left unoccupied which isFig 14. ARTIFACTS THROUGH TIME

1973
clothing
U construction
containerneating•escapefirehygiene•leisuresmokingOunidentified
0

1978
clothing
construction
container
drinking
eatingfire
fixtureshygieneleisureo pharmaceuticalsmoking
flunidentified
f

20

10
15

5

30
25

40
45

35

1904

sum_number0

clothingf
construction
drinking1
Ueating -InescapeCfire -11t
fixturesihygiene -IIleisure -IIOsmoking
n unidentified -MI

AMA

0clothing
construction
drinking
eatingfire
leisurei pharmaceuticalsmokingOunidentified
0

A20B
50

100

1885
clothing
U construction
drinking•
eatingfire
fixturesleisuresmokingounidentified

fl

20
10

30 40 50

sum_number

sum_number

1883

10 20

40
30

0

60
50

5

10

15

20

sum_number70

sum_number

1875
1870
clothing
construction
drinking•
eatingfire
leisure•smokingo unidentified
0clothing
construction
container
drinking
eatingfire
hygieneleisure•money
ci pharmaceuticalsmoking•unidentified
1.
•

•

20
10

40
30

60
50

sum_number

70

0

20
10

60

40
30

50

sum_number

1860
construction•

hygienesmokingunidentified

clothing
construction
drinking•
eatingfire
hygieneleisurei pharmaceuticalsmoking0
unidentified
I
I 30 I 40
010 20
515 25 35 45

sum_number

FIG 15. Number o f Artifacts Summed Per Assemblage.
1973 - 101
1883 - 184
1870 - 168
1860 - 19

1904 - 271

1978 - 116
1885 - 66
1875 - 159
1860 - 119

FIG 16. 1860s ARTIFACT CLASSES

A20A 1860bone
bone toothbrushbuilding slate
eleY Pipe
cut nail
f flat hd wrought naillime wash
lime washed I/stonecshaped wooda unidentified metal
wrought naili wrought nailfirg.hd.

0 1

2 3
0.5 1.5 2.5

Sum_number_

A20A SUM: 13

A2013 1860
black bottle glass
black layerbonebone buttonbone toothbrushboot eyelet
brick
Brown renderbuilding slate
charcoalclay pipe
clear glass
comb
glass stopper
granitelime washc lime washed listonematch
amatch 2
match 3•
Orange render0
screw
shaped woodshellslate pencil
straight pin
suspender buckle
unidentified metal
window glass
wrought nail
0

6

10

Sum_number_

A20B SUM: 35

FIG 17. 1870s ARTIFACT CLASSES

A20A 1870

A2013 1875

baton
bone
bone button
Brown renderbuilding slate
charcoalclay pipe
clear bottle glass
copper object
copper wire
dressed limestoneeating utensil
fibres unidentified
flag stone
floorboard
green bottle glassdhuman hairiron object•
lead sheeting
leather strap
leather thonglime
lime washc lime washed listone
limestoneamatch 1
match 2
match 3O
newspaper•
Orange renderpaperrosehead nailshaped woodshell
shell button
slate pencil
straight pin
unidentified metal
window glasswood
wood shavings
work button
wrought nailwrought naillirg.hd.

black layerbonebone buttonboot eyelet
brickbristlesbuilding slate
charcoalclay pipe
clear bottle glass
clear glass
copper wire
cut nailddressed limestone•nfibres unidentified

drinking glass
flat hd wrought nailgreen bottle glass
lid

lime wash•
lime washed l/stoneamatch 1
match 2onmatch 3
metal unidentified
newspaperrosehead nailshaped wood
silver sixpenceslate pencil
straight pin
unidentified metal
window glasswood
wood shavings
work button
wrought nail

l
0

10
5

l

I
0

20
15

Sum_number_

A20A SUM: 45

25

10
5

20
15

30
25

Sum_number_

A20B SUM: 54

FIG 18. 1880s ARTIFACT CLASSES

A20A 1883

A208 1885

black bottle glassbone
bone buttonboot eyelet
brickbuilding slate
charcoalclay pipe
clear bottle glass
copper wire
cut naildressed limestone
drinking glass
flat hd wrought nailfloorboard
lead sheeting
leatherleather strap
leather thonglime wash
lime washed listone
limestone
match 1
match 2
match 3anewspaper
Orange render
reading glasses
rosehead nailscrew
shaped woodshell
shell button
slate pencil
straight pin
stringunidentified metal
window glass
wood
work button
wrought nailwrought nail/Irg hd
wrought nail/Irg.hd.
0dblack bottle glassbone
bone buttonboot eyelet
building slate
charcoalclay pipe
coir mattressdressed limestoneefibres unidentified

graniteleather thonglime wash
lime washed I/stone
match 1•
match 2
match 3anewspaper
Orange render
quartzrosehead nail
O
screw
shell
slate pencil
stringunidentified metailunidentified metal
wire
work button
0

4

2
1

3

5

Sum_number_

5

10

15

Sum_number_

A20A SUM: 47

29

i
8

6

A20B SUM: 34

7

FIG 19. 1900s ARTIFACT CLASSES

1904

a

baton
Black layerbonebone buttonboot eyelet
brickbristlesBrown coatingbuilding slatecanvas material
charcoalclay pipe
clear bottle glass
copper discolour
copper nailcopper wire
cut naildressed limestone
flag stone
flat hd wrought nailflat head wire nailhacksaw blade
lead sheeting
leather lace
lime wash
lime washed I/stone
limestonemans boot heelmatch 1
match 2
match 3
metal link
metal pipemottled paintOrange coating
Rhomboid hd. nailrosehead nailsafety razor
shaped woodshellslate pencil
straight pin
unidentified metal
Wedgewood (gloss)
white painted wood
window glass
wire
wood
wood shavings
work button
wrought bolt
wrought nailwrought nail/Irg.hd.

0

10

20

30

Sum_nurnber_

A20 SUM: 78

40

50

FIG 20. 1970s ARTIFACT CLASSES
A20A 1973

•
C

a
•

o
n

A20B 1978

battery
bic birobonebrown thread
cardboardcement rendercharcoalcigarette papers
cigarette pckt. foil
cloth rag
clothing rivet
coffee tin
comb
cream wool
dressed limestone
egg shell
electric cables
electric wire clip
featherfibres unidentified
floorboard
Frost White (acrylic
grey wool
hair arid plaster
Hop Green (gloss)
kraft jarlead pencil
leather strap
lid
lime washed ffstonemans boot heelmargarine container
match 3match 4match box
mottled paintnewspaper
Norse Blue (Matt)
paint jarpaint tinpeach stonequill
red string
red woolsafety pin
shaped woodslate pencil
stringt-shirttobacco tin
unidentified metal
white ant plug
white tissue
window glass
wire
wood shavings
wrought naiffirg hd
wrought nailfirg.hd.
yale key0aaluminium
Arras (gloss)bone
Brown rendercardboardcharcoal
clear bottle glass
clear plastic
comb
discolour
copperCorinth rose (gloss)
corn plasterdressed limestone
egg shell
electric wire clip
fibres unidentified
flat hd wrought nail
Frost White (acrylic
Hop Green (gloss)
jam container
kapok
lead pencil
lime wash
lime washed l/stone
match 1
match 4
metal nut
metal unidentified
mottled paintnewspaper
Norse Blue (Matt)
Orange render
plastic buttonplum stone
Pompadour (gloss)
pumpkin seed
red crayon
red plasticrosehead nailsafety pin
shaped wood
silver foil
unidentified metal
Wedgewood (gloss)
Wedgwood (gloss)
white plastic
work button

5

10

15

Sum_number_

A20A SUM: 67

20

0

5

10

15

20

Sum_number_

A20B SUM: 10625

49
contrary to the trend in the earlier two decades. A possible explanation for this may havebeen problems with ventilation solved by the provision o f grooved cull blocks under the
doors. An improvement which the physical evidence firmly points to having occurred
before the two cells were turned into one. Originally the doors were built to have large
gaps underneath them but solid ails appear to have been installed in the 1860s to prevent
prisoners from communicating with each other (Bosworth 1996:5). This would have left
A20A with only an internal underfloor vent and a ceiling vent while A20B had two
underfloor vents one o f which was connected directly to the outside air.
The 1904 layer covers most o f A20B, all o f the early twentieth century material above thedemolished wall but only extends into one trench o f A20A. The top layers o f most of
A20A having been affected by later disturbance. The patterns are similar however to otherera's with 146 non construction items in 20 artifact classes (Fig. 19) and 10 functionalclasses.
The 1970s assemblages (Fig. 20) represent all the disturbances which have occurred within
the cell since early this century. The construction materials have already been discussed asthey are pointers to changes within the cells. Most other artifacts are modern and relate toeither to maintenance activities or to a prisoner who hid items under the floorboards in theearly 1970s. Only a slate pencil in A20A and metal work buttons in A20B are likely to befrom earlier assemblages. However, it is possible that undatable artifacts from this time
period may have worked their way down to the lower assemblages. Unpublished work
carried out at Cossack has established that long thin objects often move downwards
through sandy deposits therefore the distributions o f both matches and straight pins needed
to be studied.
Four types o f matches were found within cell A20. Match type 1 is a square sectioned
match o f light coloured softwood, identical in shape and material to modern matches.
Match type 2 is a flat sectioned wax vesta taper with an approximate date range o f 1832 to
1911. Match type 3 is a square sectioned match o f a dark softwood. It is smaller in section
than match type 1 and has a pointed tip. Match type 4 is a large modern Bar-b-que sizedmatch, few o f this type were found and they were exclusively related to areas o f modern
disturbance.
Figures 21 to 23 plot the distribution o f match types 1, 2 and 3 for all the assemblages. In
disturbed areas matches, like other artifacts, will be mixed through all the deposits affectedby the disturbance. In these areas they may occur in a later assemblage then their true
position. In undisturbed areas however, the matches can be expected only to work their
way downwards, therefore the level where they first appear is importance.
Match type 2 is confined mainly to the 1870s and 1880s appearing in the 1860s and 1900s
only in A2OBT5 which is a trench known to have been disturbed past the depth the match
included in the 1860s assemblage was discovered at. It is clear that this match type belongs
to the 1870s and 1880s with a slight increase in use in the 1880s.

50
The temporal distribution o f match type 3 is confused in trenches A2OBT3 to T5
appearing in all four assemblages. This is certainly a result o f later disturbances as trench
A2OBT5 is known to have a deep modern disturbance and trenches A2OBT3 and T4 were
disturbed when the cell was painted Hop Green. Outside o f this area the match is almost
exclusively found in the 1880s with one match in the 1900s.
Match type 1 is the only match type with the bulk o f the artifacts in the 1900s assemblage.
It is associated with the disturbances in A2OBT3 to T5, with the more minor disturbancesin A2OBT1 and A2OAT1 to T2. It is also found with and adjacent to the 1973 prisoner's
stash.
It appears that match type 3 phased out the early wax vesta matches (type 2), probably inthe later 1880s. Match types 1 and 4 are modern matches associated closely with
disturbances. As such they should be removed from the earlier assemblages. Also match
type 2 should be removed from the 1900s and 1860s assemblages and match type 3 should
be confined mainly to the 1880s assemblage.
While matches such as type 1 and 4 are quite likely to have entered the cell withmaintenance workers it is less likely that pins would have entered the archaeological record
this way. Figure 24 shows that pins are not directly associated with disturbances except in
A2OBT5 which is the only place where they appear in the 1900s assemblage. The eightpins associated with the 1860s assemblage in this trench have been mixed with the lower
drain deposits. Across the rest o f the square they are associated more strongly with the1870s and 1880s assemblages. The pins show a very clustered distribution and probably
represent three episodes o f use, one in A20A and two in A20B. Given the tendency ofthese artifacts to work their way downwards, the episodes o f use are probably associatedwith the higher 1880s deposit.
Figures 25 and 26 show artifacts classes within the time periods after matches and pins
have been adjusted and non construction classes which are definitely not related to theprisoners such as mouse bone and shell are removed from consideration. This still leaves
charcoal and unidentified metal in the assemblage. The metal is disintegrated to a point
where identification is confmed to whether it is wire, fragments o f thin metal sheet or froma heavier metal object. Much o f the wire is likely to be remnants o f post 1870 nails relating
to either construction or maintenance activities. Yet it cannot be removed fromconsideration because it cannot be definitely identified as construction materials. This gives
the category a strong presence in the assemblages, in some cases being the most numerous.
This would not occur i f the artifacts represented by the category were sorted into their trueclasses and functions. Because o f the uncertainty this category causes a blurring affectskewing the appearance o f the graphs therefore this distortion should be ignored whenpurely prisoner related activities are being considered.
Charcoal is also difficult to determine because it may have entered the archaeologicalrecord through the actions o f either prisoners or prison authorities. It consistently appears
in all the assemblages except the A20A 1860s assemblage and therefore is unlikely to berelated to a unique event such as a general prison fire. The amount o f charcoal is also

FIG 21. DISTRIBUTION OF MATCH 1
WINDOW
VENT

52
2

•

VENT

22
DOOR

14
4
4
2

1900s
1880s
1870s
1860S

DOOR

FIG 22. DISTRIBUTION OF MATCH 2

I
I

I

I

3 3 11= M I1
BEM=
DOOR

DOOR

I 1900s
1 1880s
1870s

2

1860s

FIG 23. DISTRIBUTION OF MATCH 3
SESK4K:. ..

VV1NDOW

mgoattim-rm

VENT

M I M I NM=
ii
116 1
'J
M E MI
%MAT

DOOR

1-

3

1*

1900s
1880s
1870s
1860s

11111Marf *eiSNA3gRai?..W.'
DOOR

FIG 24. DISTRIBUTION OF STRAIGHT PINSNDOWPITIRWAIUMg-r1------t&ZPINW-EITWW.71

VENT

ms—WIMMINEWIrmeriliaral=riminaw.

I

I
I

MIL

1=1.1

2

1
1

8

DOOR

1900s
1880s
1870s
1860s

DOOR

FIG 25. NON CONSTRUCTION ARTIFACT CLASSES

A208 1860
black bottle glassbone
bone buttontbone toothbrushboot eyelet
charcoalclay pipe
clear glass
comb
glass stopperaslate penciltsuspender buckle
1 unidentified metal

e
•

0

5

0

10

Sum_nurnber_

A208 1875

A20A 1870

•

a

bone
bone button
charcoalclay pipe
clear bottle glass
eating utensil
fibres unidentified
green bottle glass
human hairleather strap
leather thongmatch 21jcanewspaper
paper
shell button
slate pencil
O
unidentified metalnwork button0bonebone buttonboot eyelet
bristlescharcoalclay pipe
clear bottle glass
clear glass
drinking glass
fibres unidentified
green bottle glass
lid
match 2
newspaper
silver sixpenceslate pencil
unidentified metal
work button
0

0

10

5

1

2

3

5

4

6

27

Sum_nurnber_

Sum_nurnber_

A208 1885

A20A 1883dblack bottle glass•bone buttontclear bottle glass

1•

charcoalleatherfleather thong•match 3areading glassesaslate pencil

1

siring•O

work button

O
0

5

10

15

Sum_number_

20

black bottle glassbone
bone buttonboot eyelet
charcoalclay pipe
coir mattressfibres unidentified
leather thongmatch 2
match 3
newspaper
slate pencil
straight pin
siringunidentified metal
work button
0

10
5

20
15

40

30
25

Sum_number_

35

I
45

FIG 26. NON CONSTRUCTION ARTIFACT CLASSES

1904
bone
bone buttonboot eyelet
bristlescanvas material
charcoalclay pipe

i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
C
a
t
i
o
n

clear bottle glass
hacksaw blade
leather laceleather strap
mans boot heelmatch 1
match 3
metal linksafety razor
slate pencil
unidentified metal
work button

I
0

10

20

30

Sum_number_

40

50

Plate 37. Clay pipes

Plate 40. Bone toothbrushes

1 3 0 \ E 1 0 0 T 1 1 1 1 R E S I I E S F R O M .S20

Plate 38. Typical clothing items

Plate 39. Flaked glass from A 20B

Plate 41. Floorboard lid for stashFIG 27. FUNCTIONAL CLASSES THROUGH TIME

A208 1860
clothing
drinking
eatingfire
hygieneleisurepharmaceuticalsmokingounidentified
•

5

0

10

15

Sum_number_

A208 1875

A20A 1870
clothing

clothing

drinking

container
drinking

eatingeatingfire
hygieneleisurelire
leisuresmoking

n unidentified

0

Sum_nurnber_money
pharmaceuticalsmokingunidentified
0

5

10

Sum_nurnber_

A208 1885

AMA 1883
clothing
drinking
eatingfire
leisurei pharmaceuticalsmoking0
unidentified

clothingfdrinking
eatingfire
fixturesleisuresmokingO
ft unidentified
U
•

0

10

20
15

5

30
25

35

0

Sum_number_

10

20

30

40

Sum_number_

1904
•
•

•
O

clothing
drinking
eatingescapetire
fixtureshygieneleisuresmokingunidentified

0

10

20

30

40

60

Sum_number_

60

io

tic)

50

60

Fig 28. PRISONER'S STASH CA 1973
battery
bic birobonecement rendercharcoalcigarette papers
cloth ragcoffee tin
electric cables
fibres unidentified
kraft jarlidmargarine containeramatch 3match box

0

newspaper
paint jarpaint tinquill
shaped wood
stringt-shirttobacco tin
unidentified metal
wood shavings

0

0.6

1

1.5

Sum_number_

2

2.5

3

60
relatively consistent with it being found in between 5 to 10 buckets o f deposit within each
assemblage with its presence dropping slightly in A20B 1885 and 1904. Where thecharcoal was found might provide clues as to how it entered the archaeological record andthis issue will be pursued further in locational analysis.
The variety o f artifact classes which can be confidently linked to prisoners fluctuates but
has a general growth trend until 1904 when variety drops back to below 1870 levels. Twoclasses (toothbrushes and clay pipes) were found in A20A in 1860 levels with 11 found in
A20B (with charcoal and unidentified metal disregarded). The variety in the 1870s rises to
15 in both cells with A20A rising to 19 in the 1880s (variety in A20B is diminished bymethodical problems). In 1904 it drops back to 14 classes definitely related to the prisoners
rather than fixtures (canvas, metal link) or suspect because they may be related to either
prisoners or maintenance activities (hacksaw).
It is clear that numerically, smoking items dominate the prisoner related items and that thistrend has grown through time. There are no matches surviving from the 1860s, smoking
related items in this time period are confined to clay pipes. Shards o f four separate clay
pipe stems were found from this time period (Plate 37). Three show evidence o f a red
glaze with the stem from A2OBT5 B4 having a dark red glaze. This shard is also impressedwith the lettering N.NE on one side and No (short for number) on the other. The N.NE ispart o f the name B E N NEVIS, unfortunately most British pipe makers included a Ben
Nevis pipe in their range therefore this is not enough information to determine
manufacturer. It is also not enough information to refine the dating range although Ben
Nevis pipes are known to have been in production from at least the late 1860s. The fourthpipe stem is a unglazed stem and lip shard from a pipe with a curved stem.
Seven clay pipe shards from at least four clay pipes were found from the 1870s time
period (Plate 37). Two stem shards from A2OBT5 B3 are red glazed, the other stem andbowl shards are unglazed and unmarked. All the pipes are plain and unadorned but the
fragments are too small to determine i f they are from cutty or Dutch style pipes.
Accompanying the pipes were shards from type 2 matches, 7 o f which were found in eachcell.
The 1880s assemblages contained nine shards from at least four different pipes (Plate 37).
The pipes found in A20A were plain, unglazed and unmarked. Most shards were frompipe bowls but one in T4 was a thin straight stem piece with no defined lip. Again in A20B
only one shard was from a stem (found in Ti). The stem is larger and heavier with aunglazed lip and orange glazing towards the bowl. Part o f a decorative pipe bowl was also
recovered from A2OBT1. The bowl is decorated with ribs running from the bowl junction
towards the rim. The seam is decorated with a feather motif while part o f a scallop can beseen between the rim and the ribs.
Both type 2 and type 3 matches are associated with the pipes. In A20B almost all the type3 matches have been cut into small lengths. The number o f tips found was used to estimate
the numbers o f whole matches but under these conditions this can cause under estimation.
For example the type 3 matches in A2OBT5 B3 were cut into 35 small pieces but only five

61
tips were recovered. This behaviour o f cutting up the matches appears confmed to A20B
although there is some evidence for type 3 matches in A20A having been cut in half. It
also appears confined to the 1880s as most o f the type 3 matches in the 1904 assemblage
have not been cut. The exception to this is the deeply disturbed trench A2OBT5 where 25
pieces from an estimated 8 matches were recovered in bucket 1. It appears clear that thesematches are in the wrong assemblage and should be reassigned to the 1880s grouping. This
would not significantly alter the overwhelming domination o f matches in the 1904
assemblage. Only one small shard from a clay pipe bowl was recovered, however this isconsistent with the change to briar pipes and cigarette smoking which occurred after theturn o f the century.
Other trends are apparent in the assemblage but are easier seen i f the artifacts arecompared by function (Fig. 27). In functional classes unidentified metal and fibres are
combined to form the unidentified category and charcoal forms the fire category. As in theprevious discussion these two categories blur the picture and should for the moment beignored.
By 1904 items relating to clothing are well established as the second most important
artifacts category (Plate 38) but before the 1880s the picture is more confused. In the1860s assemblage, before the appearance o f matches in the deposit, smoking is not thedominate class. In A20B clothing dominates while the tiny A20A assemblage is dominatedby bone toothbrushes. Actually the hygiene and smoking numbers for both assemblages issimilar but A20A lacks the rest o f the A20B assemblage. The clothing category in A20B
consists o f 10 bone buttons, 6 boot eyelets and a suspender buckle. All but four o f these
items were found in the disturbed area o f A2OBT5 which also contains the under floor
drain. Either o f these factors may have introduced later material into the 1860s levels. If
the material in A2OBT5 is disregarded clothing still dominates the smaller data base, but
not to such a large extent, having 4 items compared to eating (2) leisure (2), smoking (1),and hygiene (1).
The number o f clothing items generally grows through time from about 10 to about 20
items in the assemblage. Bone buttons and boot eyelets dominate the clothing hardware of
the first two time periods. The bone buttons were standardised having either three or fourholes and being either 13 or 17 m m in diameter. The boot eyelets were also similar in
manufacturing details and size. A single tooth from a bone comb was also found in the1860s assemblage and one buckle from a suspender belt (Plate 38).
Pieces o f leather from clothing items appear in the 1870s and remain a part o f theassemblages from that period onwards. Metal work buttons appear from the 1870s anddominate the clothing hardware in the two later assemblages. There is more variety in themetal buttons with both iron and brass one piece buttons in three sizes. Except for one fourhole button the iron buttons are too corroded to determine the number o f holes. The brassbuttons are all four holed and fall into two main types. One type being an almost flat
button with a tapering rim and a slightly convex centre. They are plain buttons except for
one example which is engraved Clark & Co Fremantle around the rim. The second button
type has a flat rim and a concave centre. Two are plain, the others have writing engraved

62
around the rim. Almost all are engraved Best Ring Edge, the exception being engraved
Edward T Hope, Perth.
The first metal buttons in the 1870s assemblages were iron with only one brass Best Rim
Edge button. This button is in the disturbed deposits o f A2OBT5 and therefore may bedisplaced from later layers. The other engraved brass buttons are shared between the
1880s and 1904 assemblages with both plain brass and iron buttons also found throughout.
This suggests that the first metal buttons available to the prison were iron but later supplies
were sought from different places creating a degree o f variety.
No single functional class dominates either o f the 1870s assemblages. The A20B
assemblage is more varied with 9 functional classes directly relating to prisoners against 5
in A20A. Smoking and clothing are almost equally dominant with leisure related items also
showing a strong presence. The dominance o f bottle glass in A20B is partly produced by
the effects o f mixing and the spatial spread o f glass over more than one trench. There is atleast one green 3-piece moulded bottle, one clear bottle and one small thin medicine bottle
represented in the assemblage. The possible maximum is 10 bottles (2 medicine, 2 clear
and 6 green) but the true number is likely to be closer to the minimum o f three. A20B also
has shards o f a drinking glass while A20A has shards from at least two bottles. Black bottle
glass and a glass stopper representing two different bottles was found in the 1860s
assemblage from A20B and the 1885 assemblage had glass from one black glass bottle.
The matching 1883 assemblage from A20A had shards from at least one black bottle andtwo clear bottles. The 1904 assemblage has shards from a clear bottle but as they are in a
disturbed area they may relate to the 1875 assemblage. Whether this last item is mixed Or
not it is clear that prisoner's had bottles in their cells throughout the nineteenth century.
This is a surprising revelation despite the fact that nineteenth century black, green and clear
bottle glass did not always contain alcoholic beverages. Broken bottle glass can make aformidable weapon for hand to hand fighting and its consistent presence in prison cells
would not be expected for that reason. However, only one o f the bottles represented in theassemblages has been deliberately broken to form sharp edges. The green bottle shards arein the 1885 A20B assemblage and are spread over T i - T3 with most concentrated in Ti.
Unlike the other glass all the shards show evidence o f conchoidal fracturing which
produces a sharp edge. Two shards show conclusive evidence o f deliberate flaking while athird is a conchoidal flake which in a stone assemblage would be accepted as evidence of
manufacture (Plate 39). The techniques used to flake and shape the glass shards arerecognisably Aboriginal. However, this does not automatically mean that the person flaking
the glass was also Aboriginal. The possibility exists that the tool maker was a man who had
had enough contact with Aboriginal people to emulate their tool making techniques. It isbeyond the scope o f the present project to pursue which o f these possibilities is the most
likely.
Other prisoner related activities within the cells are leisure, hygiene and eating. Hygiene
related most strongly to the first and last assemblages with bone toothbrushes (Plate 40) in
the 1860s and bristles and safety razors in the 1904 layers. Two bristles which are possibly
from a shaving brush were also found in the 1875 layer in cell A20B. The bone

63
toothbrushes are all confmed to Trench 1 in both cells and clearly relate to use o f the washbasins located on either side o f the demolished wall. The tooth from a bone comb was
found at the other end o f the cell in the drain deposits o f A2OBT5. As these deposits havebeen disturbed this artifact may relate to later era's. However, its location is not inconsistent
with it being from the 1860s as hair combing is unlikely to be as tightly controlled by thelocation o f the wash basin as washing or teeth cleaning.
A blade from a safety razor was found in A2OBT5 while bristles which are probably fromshaving brushes were found on top o f the demolished wall foundation in trench 2 and 3
and adjunct to the wall in A2OBT4. All except the two bristles adjunct to the wall were
found in the 1904 assemblage. As Trench 4 has been disturbed these artifacts probably
also relate to the 1904 time period. The bristles suggest that prisoners were shaving in the
middle o f the cell after the cell had been turned into one. This suggests the presence o f atable on which to place a wash basin with shaving taking place in A20C allowing artifacts
to be discarded into A20C and A20B in trenches 2 to 5. The distribution o f shaving items
is all on or to the north o f the demolished wall suggesting that the northern edge o f thetable was positioned over the demolished wall (A20C) and the prisoners were standing to
the north o f the table to shave. A different distribution would have occurred i f theprisoners were standing to the west o f a table pushed against the eastern wall between thetwo cell doors. The location o f the table edge over the demolished wall also suggests in
was not placed symmetrically in the middle o f the cell.
The bone shown in Figures 25 and 26 are all rib bones. They are a small but relatively
constant presence in the assemblages over time and form the main evidence for prisoners
eating within their cells. This activity is likely to have been conducted secretly by theprisoners stealing food or keeping part o f their portion back to eat once they had been
locked into the cells. A small bone handle found in the 1807 layer o f A20A may have also
been from a eating utensil but this identification is uncertain.
Leisure items in the earlier assemblages are all connected to reading and writing activities.
Slate pencils form a constant part o f the assemblages and newspapers appear by the 1870s.
This pattern is consistent for both cells until after floor coverings blocked the entry ofartifacts into the archaeological record in ca 1910. Changes in cell activities cannot be
determined for the twentieth century until ca 1973 when a prisoner hid a stash o f items
under the floor boards (Plates 41 & 35). The stash was found to contain containers used tohold paint, home made paint brushes, rags and newspaper used to clean paints, paintbottles containing unidentified substances which are probably crystallised paints, batteries,
electrical cables, matches, cigarette papers and a tobacco tin (Fig. 28).
These items show that the prisoner was painting, smoking and probably listening to musicon a small battery run radio with an improvised aerial utilising the electric cables. He
appears to have had access to the prison kitchen or its rubbish bins as most o f thecontainers would have originated from the kitchen. They were not however, full o f their
original food stuffs but were reused to hold paints. Similarly the newspaper may have beenread but it was then reused to clean up paint as were the cloth rags. The t-shirt may have

64
been his painting shirt. The bic biro was taken to pieces and the outer clear case used for
dot painting. The ink tube was cut to create a quill also for painting.
There is no evidence o f what the prisoner was painting, other than given his home madebiro brush the style is likely to have been Aboriginal dot painting. Prison policy in the
1970s and the secrecy surrounding the painting paraphernalia make it unlikely that he was
openly painting on the cell walls. He may have been painting smaller pieces which could be
easily smuggled within the prison or to the outside world. This odd stash o f items is aphysical link to an expression o f prisoner resistance to prison authority which can be traced
back through the possible twentieth century mural in cell A20B to the forger's cell with its
detailed drawings hidden under a layer o f oatmeal. This resistance activity was recognised
and actively encouraged during the prison's last stage o f occupation as a means o f defusing
tensions caused by conditions which in the later 1980s were recognised as deficient bymodern standards.

Changes I n Activities Through Time.

The dated assemblages relate almost exclusively to the ninetieth century when the cell wasin fact two cells. Only the 1904 assemblage relates to the present configuration o f cell A20.
This confmes locational analysis almost exclusively to activities within the smaller cells.
Figure 29 shows the artifacts within the two cell drains. Artifacts found in the drain
sediments date up to the 1880s after which the drains appear to have become nonfunctional. Artifacts trapped in the sediments are likely to have been washed in from otherareas o f the cells which is why the drains show such a high concentration o f artifacts. Thishas to be kept in mind as it may bias locational analysis towards these two trenches.
Figure 30 shows the distribution o f charcoal over time from the 1860s to 1904 where it
was found in two buckets o f the disturbed deposits o f A2OBT4 and T5. It seems likely thatthe charcoal was confined to the nineteenth century and that its appearance in the 1904
layer is the result o f mixing. The pattern o f charcoal distribution in A20A is strongly
related to Trench 3. It either entered the cell through the underfloor vent in Trench 3 or
dropped through the floorboards into Trench 3 and partly washed out o f the cell throughthe vent. The charcoal is also confined to the 1870s and 1880s deposits. The picture in
A20B is less clear, charcoal appears in 1860s layers and is spread more generally aroundthe cell. The amount o f 1860s charcoal in the drain deposits may be the result o f mixing
with later deposits as all but one instance came from deposits which showed some signs of
mixing. I f the drain deposits are disregarded the charcoal distribution is again centred on
Trench 3 with some charcoal spreading towards the outside vent and some towards andinto the underfloor drain.
The pattern o f spread over all three era's o f nineteenth century cell occupation in A20B
and confmement to the later era's in A20A still remains however. This echoes the general
pattern o f findings for prisoner related items within the two cells suggesting the charcoal is65connected to the prisoner's within the cells rather than washing in from higher cells or ther o o f The amount o f charcoal and its limited distribution suggest a fixture which produced
small amounts o f charcoal. This is likely to be the oil lamps provided to light the cells into
the late 1890s (Bosworth 1996). From the distribution o f the charcoal it appeals likely thatthe lamp was usually positioned on the table fixed to the internal wall. The charcoal in
A2OBT1 and T2 could also be interpreted as resulting from the lamp sometimes being
placed on the window ledge rather than the charcoal washing out o f the cell through theoutside vent.
Figure 31 shows the distribution o f eating and drinking items through time. Bone is themain evidence for eating and it is very clustered being confmed in A20A to trenches 3 to 5,
and in A20B to trenches 1 to 3 with some being washed into the drain in Trench 5. The
picture presented by glass shards is visually more confusing, partly because shards fromone bottle or glass can be spread over up to three trenches. Shards suspected o f belonging
to the same item have been circled in Figure 31 to try to lessen confusion. Thus it can beseen that five shards from a green bottle were dropped across trenches 1 to 3 in A20B in
the 1870s while two shards from a clear bottle and one from a drinking glass were dropped
across trenches 3 and 4 in the same time period.
There are minor deviations in both cells with a shard o f black glass and a glass bottle
stopper found in A2OBT5 and clear bottle glass and a bone handle, possible from a foodutensil found in A2OAT1. However generally the spatial distribution through time remains
similar with most food and drink related artifacts occurring in trenches 3 to 5 in A20A andin trenches 1 to 3 in A20B. Eating and drinking within the cells could be described as aleisure activity since the official arena for such activities was outside o f the cells. The
distribution o f other leisure related items (Fig. 32) also quite strongly follows the patternshown in Figure 31. Again there is a minor deviation in A20A in the 1880s withnewspaper and a shard from a reading glass lens found in Trench 1. Combined with theclear bottle glass this suggests that some activity was taking place at this end o f the cell
during the 1880s but the majority o f activity through time was conducted at the other end
o f the cell. A20B again shows the reverse pattern with the majority o f activity in Trench 1.
Slate pencils are almost all confmed to trenches 1 to 3 with only one in the concentrated
deposits o f Trench 5. Newspaper is not quite so confmed with shards in trenches 4 and 5
as well as Trench 1.
Figure 31 and 32 show a fairly clear reversed pattern for leisure related items within thetwo cells which is relatively consistent through time. This is most likely to be the result of
the positioning o f a piece o f furniture on which leisure related activities were carried out.
The most likely candidate is the hammock slung between the east and west walls as thetable was fixed in the centre o f the cells and unable to be moved. The observed reversed
distribution could be quite easily obtained by the head o f the hammock being placed
against different walls in the two cells. I f the prisoners were lying in the hammock while
reading, writing, drinking and eating this would suggest that the head o f the hammock wasagainst the east wall in A20A and against the west wall in A20B.

66
The distribution o f items relating to smoking and clothing is less clear. The pattern forsmoking related items in A20B is in fact almost the reverse o f the patterns for leisure items(Fig. 33). In A20B smoking related artifacts cluster in trenches 3 to 5. There is someevidence o f activity in Trench 1 in the 1880s and one clay pipe was found in the 1860
assemblage. In A20A the items cluster more towards the centre o f the cell. It is quitepossible that favourite places for smoking, or the placement o f a disposal bin (probably the
toilet bucket) varied over time creating a less defined pattern.
Evidence from the 1860s is scant but clay pipes were found in both cells in Trench 1. They
were also found in the drain deposits in A20B. The similar locations does not suggest themen were lying in hammocks with their heads against different walls nor are they likely tohave been sitting at the table in the centre o f the room. It is much more likely that either
they had moved their stools underneath the windows or that they used the wash basin
fittings as a small convenient shelf.
Smoking related items in the 1870s are almost extensively related to the centre o f the cells
suggesting that they were using the tables fixed to the walls. The patterns are again slightly
reversed with the artifacts in A20A falling into trenches 2 and 3 and those in A20B falling
into trenches 3 and 4 with some being washed into the drain in Trench 5. Both clusters
would be to the left o f a person sitting at the table. As more o f the population are righthanded than left handed this does not suggest that the items were being dropped directly
where they were used but rather that some effort has been made to drop them to the left of
the table. This suggests the presence o f a bin which was probably the toilet bucket.
Smoking items in the 1880s are more spread out suggesting changing positions. The bulk
o f the artifacts in the 1880s and those from the early 1900s are however in trenches 1 to 3
in A20A and in trenches 3 to 5 in A20B. This is the reverse o f the patterns for leisure
related items and almost certainly also relates to the placement o f the hammock head. In
this case, the prisoner's were using the opposite end o f the hammock. This begs thequestion, were the prisoners lying down while eating, drinking, writing and reading andsitting at the bottom o f the hammock while smoking or visa versa.
In either case as sitting at one end o f a hammock is difficult to do the distribution more
likely relates to the position o f the prisoners stool in relation to the head o f the hammock.
This is clearly a different pattern to the 1870s and suggests that the stool was no longer
adjacent to the table bolted to the wall. The provision o f a small movable table and stool
positioned at the opposite end o f the cell from the hammock head is suggested. This table
would have been utilised when the hammock was rolled up and put away during the day.
Additionally match 3 artifacts in A20B trenches 3 to 5 show a non smoking related
behaviour. Fifty one matches can be distinguished in this one small area all cut intofragments approximately 1 cm long. This number may be an under representation as
counting was on the number o f match tips found rather than the number o f match
fragments. The idiosyncrasy o f the behaviour suggests it is more likely to be the result of
one prisoner's activities than an accumulation o f activities from several prisoner's over time.

FIG. 29 ARTIFACTS IN DRAIN SEDIMENTS
WINDOW
E.12Amonson:MSTZSMnii,M,,,MMS

VE1T

----

I
II.
MIMEO I

MM1WAVAIMWJAPJ

a nmirlw wmumw = ErPrillig
DOOR

A Clay pipe
C Charcoal
0 Boot eyelet
11 Clear bottle glass
A Window glass•
O

Bone button
Suspender buckle

I

MIL -JO_DOOR$ Slate pencil+ String• Work button• Newspaper•
X

Black bottle glass
Glass stopper
Bone comb

FIG. 30 DISTRIBUTION OF CHARCOAL OVER TIMEVV1NDOWVENT
i'ONT
E N I M M I N I M I S s i g h w a N = r a 0 D o a c

CNRRkw..101MANNIIMinhiii

11111111112
I

CCC

I

I

CCC

C C CCc cc

M I N I M MEM
S E M I MEM

I S I E M M O M E G I N M W S

DOOR:MR1111111101111111410411111WiW: -",i::::,..1iE1161161686511121122
DOOR

C

1904

C

1870s

C

1880s

C

1860s

FIG. 31 DISTRIBUTION OF EATING AND DRINKING THROUGH TIME

VVINDOVV"A:51:IffIEURIMITIM

VE,

lo—MIIMINMammmlo=wrilwrilme-asio..

I

EOM'

1 MEM
I 111 11:1116

cG

Ill

BBII

I
DOOR

B BoneC Clear bottle glass
Spread from one object
Bone handle
Black text 1900s.

B BB

B

DOOR

D Drinking glass
G Green bottle glass
0 Black bottle glass
Glass stopper

Red text 1880s, Blue text 1870s, Green text 1860s

FIG. 32 DISTRIBUTION OF LEISURE ITEMS THROUGH TIME
WRID OWVESTps,

I M E M I 111=.11

aimmk,

11*1
I I1
1 1 : = E I II
IONENXMOUREITO062",i-a:ffc,

Si'-S; iEFf-.i-17-9.M:lit 1.f1-, 9

M E M

DOOR

* 1 num. Slate pencils
.

DOOR

Ve.

•••'•'

M i Num. Newspaper/ Num. Reading glasses

Black text 1900s, red text 1880s, Blue text 1870s
Green text 1860s

FIG. 33 DISTRIBUTION OF SMOKING ITEMS THROUGH TIME
VFFT

MAW

11711111111 11127MI
3 "

*3

"

1
MEMO
e l Az

II

DOOR.

DOOR

C I Num. Clay pipes

A l Num. match 3* 1 Num. match 2•

i Num. match 1

Black text 1900s, Red text 1880s, Blue text 1870s
Green text 1860s

FIG. 34 DISTRIBUTION OF CLOTHING ITEMS THROUGH TIMEVV1NDOW

DOOR

DOOR
1

Num. W o r k buttons

1

Num. Shell buttons.

,03

Num. Bone buttons

0

L i

Num. Leather items

E l Num. Boot eyelets

H iNum. boot heels

P1 Num. straight pins

0

1 Num. Suspender buckles

74

CONCLUSIONS

The archaeological investigations provided infonnation o n original cell construction, cell
modifications over time, cell layout until ca 1910 and prisoner activities within the cells.
It was found that structural elements in the eastern and western walls o f A20 spanned thewidth o f two original cells. However, they were constructed so that the elements in thewest wall spanned an alternative set o f cells to those in the east wall. They may have been
designed this way to provide more structural strength.
In the planning stages care seems to have been taken to provide plumbing and ventilation
to each cell. While innovations for their time, both were less then successful. In particular adeliberate decision seems to have been made between the planning and the building o f theprison which affected the ventilation within the ground floor cells. The planned ventilation
system had above floor vents in all the levels o f the cell block (Considine and Griffiths
1996:4). This was in line with contemporary thinking on the beneficial affects o f good air
circulation on prisoner health and disease control. The system actually installed on the
ground floor o f Division 3 placed a higher priority on air circulation around the wooden
joists than on good air circulation within the cells. The artifactual evidence found within
A20 suggests that before modifications carried out in the 1880s or 1890s this may havecreated a real problem within the ground floor cells leading to less use o f the cells without
an air vent connection to the outside air.
Other aspects o f original cell construction posed security risks. The ceiling vent appears tohave had a cover fastened with only one nail on either side. I f removed or opened thedesign o f the vents would have allowed prisoners to exchange items or talk. Historicalinformation also points to problems with prisoners hiding items in the wooden casingaround the wash basin pipes and around the window. The wooden casing appears to have
only been held in place by two nails and is likely to have been comparatively easy tomanipulate. The gap under the cell doors also allowed communication, a problem which
was solved by added solid door cills further reducing ventilation within the cells.
The archaeological evidence points firmly to the plaster and lath ceiling in A20 having notbeen installed until after 1870. Similarly archaeological evidence suggests the wash basins
were not removed until the same time period. In view o f this, the time period represented
by cell A20B in the reconstruction project is more properly the 1870s rather than the1860s. A20A represents both the cell as built in 1859 and its first period o f occupation in
the 1860s. The archaeological evidence also suggests a floor covering was added to A20
soon after it was formed from the two smaller cells. However, the archaeological evidence
does not suggest what type o f covering this was and historical research would be needed
before such a detail could be added to the display in A21.
The cells were originally left as bare stone but a re-occurring flea problem promoted a
program o f white washing. Archaeological evidence and independence analysis by paint75
specialists have shown that this program and later modifications to cell finishes wereanything but standardised. This may have been due to the economic realities o f running aprison in an isolated colony but the evidence suggests that variation rather thanstandardisation has been the theme throughout the prisons operational life. This suggests a
prison authority culture which did not highly value the leveling influence o f absolute
standardisation. Since this is a fairly standard ploy for institutions o f all types from thearmy to hospitals it is surprising to find a prison apparently not enforcing regimentation.
Artifacts relating to the prisoners within the cells also suggests a regime which became lessstandardised throughout the nineteenth century with differences in clothing hardware and a
growing variation in the number and function o f prisoner related artifacts within the cells.
Eating and drinking within the cells appears to have either been condoned or
unpreventable. Bottle glass found throughout the deposits, despite its potential for use as aweapon, suggests the former. Most o f the glass shards lack the sharp edges which would
have turned them into weapons. While accidentally broken bottle glass can end up withsharp conchoidally fractured edges, the majority o f shards do not. This suggests that mosto f the glass within the cells was from bottles broken accidentally in the cell. Only one
exception was found, a green glass bottle flaked deliberately to form several pieces with
cutting edges. The last artifact assemblage dated to ca 1904 shows a sudden reduction invariation which may relate to a sterner regime at the turn o f the century enforcing security
and possibly a stricter standardisation.
Lack o f standardisation did not apply to cell furnishings. Originally each cell was equippedwith a hammock, table, stool, wash basin and toilet bucket. In line with the same thinking
which alternated the structural elements in the east and west walls in sets o f two cells, thefurnishings were also alternated. The hammocks being part o f the set o f elements
associated with the west wall and the two cells its elements spanned. The table, wash basin,stool and bucket were arranged to conform with the elements in the east wall and the twodifferent cells spanned by those structural elements.
Archaeological evidence determined that a hinged table would have been centrally fixed
firmly onto both sides o f the wall between A20A and A20B, placing them on different
sides o f the actual cell spaces. A small oil lamp was placed on the table and possibly
sometimes on the window ledge. Evidence for the distribution o f smoking and shaving
items suggests that this table was replaced by a movable table located under the foot o f thehammock in the 1880s or early 1890s and moved more centrally within the enlarged cell
after the turn o f the century. The same evidence suggests that the prisoner's may have
moved the stool under the window when they were smoking during the 1860s possibly
because o f the poor ventilation. It also suggests that the bucket was kept to the left o f thewall mounted table during the 1870s.
Hammocks were slung using triangular rings with rounded ends between four hooks sunk
deeply into a timber backing rail. The alternation o f the cell doors placed the doors o f A20
adjacent to each other. This in turn meant the hammocks had to be placed against
alternative walls as this was the only space left for them. In A20 this meant that thehammock in A20A was to the left o f the door while that in A20B was to the right. The

76
location o f several classes of artifacts suggests the alternation was carried through to which
direction the head of the hammock was placed in, with prisoners lying head to tail to eachother.
The wash basin was also alternated being placed on either side o f the central wall under thewindow. The provision o f a wash basin in the cells was an innovation for the times.
Archaeological evidence in the form of bone toothbrushes show the basins were used toclean teeth. While quite common today, Hygiene practice such as cleaning your teeth withtooth brushes and tooth powder was not standard for the mass o f the population in 1859.
Bone toothbrushes were hand made and therefore relatively expensive and tooth powder
was still 6d a pot in the late nineteenth century. It is therefore quite surprising that
toothbrushes were found in both cells. This suggests that the prison was either providing
the tooth brushes to enforce hygiene standards or catered for a number of gentlemen
inmates. At present, no historical information has been found that suggests the prison was
supplying toothbrushes. However, this requires further historical research.
Slate pencils and reading materials were also found throughout the assemblages during atime period when adult illiteracy was high. This suggests Division 3 was not catering solely
for the dregs o f colonial society. Possibly prisoners with more education and a higher
social status were grouped together forming a minimum security area or enclave within thedivision. In this case, higher social status does not necessarily mean they were landed
gentry. The men are much more likely to have been part o f the burgeoning middle classes
where there was a strong push for self improvement through reading and writing in thesecond half of the nineteenth century. An interpretation o f A20 as part o f a minimum
security area is re-enforced by the evidence for lack of rigid standardisation, the increase invariety o f artifacts relating to prisoners and evidence for condoned indulgences or lax
security during the nineteenth century.
However, while the archaeological evidence can define trends and activity loci for A20 it
can only suggest that these trends may have been general within the division. The
occupational history of A20 may have been quite different from that o f other cells. For
instance, it may have been accidental that inmates who could read and were interested intheir hygiene were placed in the A20 cells. It is also possible that the cells may have hosted
a series of prisoners exceptionally good at smuggling forbidden items leaving theimpression o f lax security or condoned behaviour. Further archaeological work carried out
as needed in conjunction with maintenance or interpretation projects will gradually supply
supporting evidence from other cells and divisions. It is beyond the scope of the present
project to carry out further archaeological excavations or to compare the data base from
A20 with material already excavated from other parts o f the prison.

77

RECOMMENDATIONS

The reconstruction cells A20 to A25 is a self contained project however some questions doarise out o f the evidence presented in this report. Therefore some recommendations areincluded for further investigation and for management o f the artifact data base.
Recommendation 1
Work carried out for this project has shown rather conclusively that variety rather thanstandardisation was the rule for cell finishes. The forger's cell, the paint strip from A20B
and the hidden painting equipment in A20 suggest quite strongly that drawings andpaintings may also be concealed on the walls. Being a prison the probable presence ofgraffiti should also not be overlooked. The methods utilised to remove fabric during thisproject were incapable o f uncovering any o f this information even with archaeologicalmonitoring o f the process.
It is strongly recommended that in future projects requiring the removal o f fabric orolder layers o f finishes different methods are used which peel back the layers one at atime.
A decorative painter or an artist who specialises in restoration would have the appropriate
skills to uncover such information for recording without destroying it in the process.
Recommendation 2
The archaeological work canied out as part o f the reconstruction project has resulted in abody o f information, particularly about cell A20 and the prisoners who occupied it thatwould not have been recovered i f an archaeological monitor have not been included as parto f the project.
It is recommended that provisions are made for archaeological monitoring o f all
projects carried out within the prison which involve the removal o f historic fabric orthe disturbance o f ground surfaces.
Recommendation 3
The archaeological investigations in cell A20 has raised some questions about the social
status and security rating o f its prisoner's in the nineteenth century which may be answered
by further historical research. Such information would enrich the interpretation o f the cells
reconstructed to the appearance o f cells in the 1850s, 1860s and 1914.
It is recommended that further historical research is carried out into the social status,
crimes and security rating o f the prisoners in Division 3. Some smaller questions on

78
furnishings could also be undertaken to make the reconstruction presentation moreauthentic.
Recommendation 4This project has resulted in the compiling o f an artifact database, a photographic archiveand a report.
It is recommended that the photographic archive, artifacts and a copy o f the report
are kept at the prison for interpretation and display purposes.
The artifacts should be stored and displayed in conditions which do not cause deteriorationin their condition. The artifacts and plans resulting for this project have potential to be used
in a supporting display in Division 3 which would enrich visitors appreciation o f life within
the cells.
The report and photographic archive also document the reconstruction project itself andcould form a secondary display.

79

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bosworth M. 1996 Fremantle Prison Cell Reconstruction - Interiors, furnishings,
equipment. Report for the Department o f Contract and Management Services andFremantle Prison Trust.
Considine & Griffiths Architects Pty Ltd. 1996 Fremantle Prison Cell Reconstruction.
Preliminary Report. Report for the Department o f Contract and Management Services andFremantle Prison Trust.
Considine & Griffiths Architects Pty Ltd. 1997 Fremantle Prison Cell Reconstruction.
Summary and Implementation Report. Report for the Department o f Contract andManagement Services and Fremantle Prison Trust.
Leicester B. 1996 "The Report o f The Paint Consultant." in Considine & Griffiths
Architects Pty Ltd. 1996 Fremantle Prison Cell Reconstruction. Preliminary Report.
Appendix 1. Report for the Department o f Contract and Management Services andFremantle Prison Trust.
Nayton, G. 1992 Applying Frontier Theory To A Western Australian Site. The Problem
O f Chronological Control. Australian Historical Archaeology 10: 75-91
Tovey E. 1997 "Report On Materials Characterisation At Fremantle Gaol (Cells A20
and A22)." in Considine & Griffiths Architects Pty Ltd. 1997 Fremantle Prison Cell
Reconstruction. Summary and Implementation Report. Report for the Department ofContract and Management Services and Fremantle Prison Trust.
Varman, R. 1987 The nail as a criterion for the dating o f buildings and building sites. (late18th century to 1900). In Birmingham J, Bairstow D, (Ed.) Papers In Australian Historical
Archaeology. pp 104-112 The Australian Society For Historical Archaeology. pp 104-112
The Australian Society For Historical Archaeology Incorporated.

APPENDIX 1

Location Bucket
Identification
Number Presence Function
Date_from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
Remarksa20at1
11850
4 clay pipe
1 smoking1911
1859
stem end fragmenta20at14 lime washed I/stone1
1 construction01859
0a20at13 mm thick, smooth both sides
4 lime wash
1
1 construction
001859
a20at1
1
4 unidentified metal
1 unidentified
00
1859
a20at10
1859
4 building slate
1
0 construction
0
a20at11800 1870
1
1859
4 cut nail0 construction
a20at14 bone1001859
1 unidentified
0
1859
a20at11
1 construction
0
4 shaped wooda20at11832 1939
1
1859
fragment
4 bone toothbrush
1 hygienea20at31
7 lime wash
1 construction
001859
a20at37 wrought nail1
0 construction
1840 1870
1859
1840 1870
a20at47 flat hd wrought nail11859
0 construction
a20at4
7 wrought nail11840 1870
1859
0 construction
a20at59 building slate
1
1 construction01859
0a20at59 lime wash
10
1 construction
01859
1 mm thick, smooth both sides
a20at510 wrought nail/Irg.hd.
21840 1870
1859
0 construction
a20at13 bone toothbrush
1
0 hygiene
1832 1939
1883
1832 1939
a20at1
2 bone toothbrush1
fragment
1 hygiene
1883

Location Bucket
Identification
NumberPresence Function Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
Remarks
a20bt1
3 wrought nail11840 1870
0 construction1881
a20bt14 wrought nail6
0 construction
1840 1870
1881
a20bt1
5 bone toothbrush1
1 hygiene
1832 1939
1873
a20bt1
6 unidentified metal
1
mainly nails
1 unidentified
00
1866
a20bt1
6 lime wash
1
1 construction
001mm thick, smooth both sides
1866
a20bt1
6 building slate
1
1 construction001866
a20bt1
6 bone1
1 eating
001866
a20bt1
6 wrought nail51840 1970
0 construction1866
3 tacks, 2 nails
a20bt1
6 screw
1
0 construction
1849 1900
1866
a20bt1
6 shaped wood
10
painted white
1 construction01866
a20bt1
6 slate pencil
1
1 leisure001866
a20bt1
6 bone button
1
1 clothing
1800 1850
fragment, 3 hole1866
a20bt1
6 clay pipe
1
1 smoking1850 1911
1866
stem fragment
a20bt1
6 bone button
1800 1850
1
1 clothing
4 hole1866
a20bt1
6 charcoal
1
1 fire001866
a20bt1
7 building slate
1
1 construction001866
a20bt1
7 lime wash
1
1 construction001866
a20bt1
7 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
00
1866
a20bt2
4 bone button
1
1800 1850
0 clothing
4 holes; diameter 13mm (small)1866
a20bt2
4 building slate
1
1 construction001866
a20bt2
4 bone button
1
0 clothing
1800 1850
4 holes; diameter 17mm (large)
1866
a20bt24 slate pencil
1
0 leisure001866
a20bt2
4 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
00
1866
a20bt2
4 charcoal
1
1 fire001866
a20bt24 lime washed 1/stor
1
1 construction001866
a20bt2
4 bone1
1 eating
001866
a20bt310 lime washed I/stor
1
1 construction001866
a20bt310 charcoal
1
1 fire001866
a20bt310 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
00
1866
a20bt310 shell1
1 unidentified
00
1866
a20bt310 lime wash
1
1 construction
00
1866
1 mm thick, smooth both sides
a20bt39 lime wash
1
1 construction
0
1 mm thick, smooth both sides
01866
a20bt3
9 charcoal
1
1 fire001866
a20bt3
9 building slate
1
1 construction001866
a20bt39 shell1
1 unidentified
00
1866
a20bt39 brick
1
1 construction
0
0
1866

a20bt3
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt59 black layer
4 lime wash
4 lime washed 1/star
4 shell
4 building slate
4 bone4 boot eyelet
4 glass stopper
4 bone button
4 unidentified metal
4 suspender buckle
4 window glass
4 clear glass
4 clay pipe
4 Orange render
4 lime wash
5 lime wash
5 charcoal
5 shell
5 building slate
5 bone5 brick
5 bone button
5 bone button
5 unidentified metal
5 window glass
5 clay pipe
5 black bottle glass
5 comb
5 Brown render5 Orange render
5 lime wash
6 charcoal
6 bone6 boot eyelet
6 brick
6 granite

1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1 construction
1 construction
1 construction
1 unidentified
1 construction
1 eating
0 clothing
0 drinking
0 clothing
1 unidentified
0 clothing
1 construction
0 pharmaceuti
0 smoking1 construction
1 construction
1 construction
1 fire1 unidentified
1 construction
1 unidentified
1 construction
0 clothing
0 clothing
1 unidentified
0 construction
0 smoking0 drinking
0 hygiene
1 construction
1 construction
1 construction
1 fire1 unidentified
0 clothing
1 construction
1 construction

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1850
1800
0
0
0
0
1850
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1800
1800
0
0
1850
1840
1800
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1920
1850
0
0
0
0
1911
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1850
1850
0
0
1911
1920
1930
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866

4 fragments
1 fragment
1 complete three hole, 2 fragments 4 hole
4 fragments
fragment 0.5 mm thick
Ben Nevis with N.NEV No --- red coloured?
1 mm thick, smooth both sides
2 mm thick, smooth both sides

4 holes
3 holes
1mm thickstem/bowl join; plainbone
1 mm thick, smooth both sides

a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5
a20bt5

6 lime wash
7 charcoal
7 shell
7 building slate
7 bone7 lime wash
8 unidentified metal
8 bone8 building slate
8 charcoal
9 charcoal

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1 construction
1 fire1 unidentified
1 construction
1 unidentified
1 construction
1 unidentified
1 unidentified
1 construction
1 fire1 fire

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866

1 mm thick, smooth both sides

APPENDIX 2

Remarks
Location Bucket Identification
Number Presence Function Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins1877
00
a20at2
1 construction
4 shaped wood
1
1 mm thick, smooth both sides
1877
a20at20
4 lime wash
1
1 construction0
1877
a20at2lime
construction0
washedI/stone
1
1
0
4
1877
1860 1920
a20at2
1 drinking
4 green bottle glass
1
1877
1832 1911
a20at2
1
0 smoking4 match 2
a20at20
1877
4 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
0
1877
a20at20
0
4 window glass
1
1 construction0
1877
a20at21
1 construction
0
4 Brown render
3 mm thick, smooth both sides
a20at21877
1 construction00
4 lime wash
1
3 mm thick, smooth both sides
1877
00a20at25 lime wash
1 construction
1
small; includes murid jaw
a20at201877
0
5 bone1
1 unidentified
2 pieces of leather riveted together
a20at201877
5 leather strap
1
0 clothing
0bone and metal handle
1877
00a20at20 eating
5 eating utensil
1large quantity
1877
a20at200
5 charcoal
1
1 firea20at201877
5 lime washed I/stone1
1 construction
0dressed to form ledge001877
a20at2
6 dressed limestone1
1 construction
1877
a20at20
6 lime washed I/stone1
1 construction
0
1 mm thick, smooth both sides
1877
a20at2
1 construction00
6 lime wash
1
1877
a20at20
0
1
1 fire6 charcoal
1877
a20at20
6 bone1
1 unidentified
0
a20at21832 1911
1877
6 match 22
0 smoking0
1877
a20at20
6 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
0
1877
a20at20
6 lead sheeting1
1 construction
a20at2
1877
tongue and groove
1 construction00
6 floorboard
1
1877
a20at20
0
6 human hair
1
1 unidentified
1877
a20at2
6 building slate001
1 construction
1 mm thicka20at21877
6 window glass
1 construction
001
a20at201877
06 paper
1
1 unidentified
no print
1 piece
a20at20
1877
6 leather thong1
0 clothing00
1877
a20at20
1
1 construction
6 copper wire
flat clamp? over iron strap 21 mm wide.
0
1877
a20at20
6 copper object
1
0 construction
a20at21877
6 newspaper
1
1 leisure1858 1900
bowl fragment
1877
a20at21850 1911
1 smoking7 clay pipe1
1877
a20at21858 1900
7 newspaper
1
1 leisure
a20at201877
7 charcoal
1
1 fire0
mice
1877
a20at20
0
7 bone1
1 unidentifiedRemarks
Location Bucket Identification
NumberPresence Function Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins01877
a20at20
7 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
0
1877
a20at20
7 limestone1
1 construction
4 mm thick, smooth both sides
a20at20
1877
7 lime wash
1
1 construction0
1877
a20at30
0
1 construction
3 lime wash
10
1877
a20at30
1 fire3 charcoal
1
1877
a20at3
1 unidentified
00
3 unidentified metal
1
a20at30
0
1877
3 wood1
1 construction
1877
a20at300
3 lime washed I/stone1
1 construction
1911
1877
a20at31832
3 match 2
1
1 smoking1877
a20at30
0
1
1 construction
3 limestone
1870
1877
a20at31840
3 wrought nail/Irg.hd.
1
0 construction
1877
0
a20at3
3 bone1
1 unidentified
0
1877
a20at30
0
1
1 construction
4 dressed limestone
a20at301877
04 lime washed I/stone1
1 construction
1911
1832
1877
a20at34 match 2
1
0 smoking1 mm thick1877
a20at30
0
4 window glass
1
1 construction
small animal, mice?
0
1877
a20at30
4 bone1
1 unidentified
1 mm thick, smooth both sides
1877
a20at3
1 construction00
4 lime wash
1
1880
1900
1877
a20at3
4 work button
1
0 clothing0
1877
a20at31
0
4 charcoal
1 fire1877
a20at31840
1870
4 wrought nail1
0 construction
a20at3001877
4 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
0
1877
a20at30
4 fibres unidentified
1
1 unidentified
1858
1900
1877
a20at3
1
1 leisure
4 newspaper
1877
a20at30
0
4 shaped wood
1
1 construction
a20at30
1877
5 window glass
1
1 construction
0
a20at300
1877
5 shaped wood
1
1 construction
a20at3001877
5 flag stone1
1 construction
a20at3001877
5 unidentified metal
1
1 construction
0.1 mm thick1877
a20at30
0
1
1 construction
5 lime wash
1832
1911
1877
a20at35 match 2
1
0 smoking1850
1877
a20at3
5 bone button
1
1 clothing
1800
a20at30
1877
0
6 slate pencil
1
0 leisuremurid
a20at30
0
1877
6 bone1
1 unidentified
softwood, white painta20at300
1877
6 shaped wood
1
1 construction
2mm thicka20at3001877
11 construction
6 window glass

Location Bucket Identification
a20at3
6 bone button
a20at3
6 bone button
a20at3
6 charcoal
a20at3
6 lead sheeting
a20at3
6 batona20at3
6 clear bottle glass
a20at3
6 green bottle glass
a20at3
6 unidentified metal
a20at4
4 unidentified metal
a20at44 building slate
a20at44 bonea20at4
4 dressed limestone
a20at44 shaped wooda20at44 newspaper
a20at45 shaped wooda20at4
5 floorboard
a20at45 bonea20at4
5 unidentified metal
a20at45 shell
a20at45 copper wire
a20at4
5 window glass
a20at45 slate pencil
a20at45 iron object
a20at45 Orange rendera20at45 newspaper
a20at4
6 building slate
a20at4
6 unidentified metal
a20at4
6 window glass
a20at4
6 lime wash
a20at4
6 Orange rendera20at46 newspaper
a20av
1 charcoal
a20av
1 lead sheeting
a20av
1 leather strap
a20av
1 limea20av
2 dressed limestone

Remarks
Number Presence Function Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
1800 1850
1877
4 holes; diameter 17mm
1
0 clothing1877
3 holes; diameter 12mm
1800 1850
10 clothing1877
1
1 fire
0
0
0
0
1877
1
1 construction
1877
0
1 piece0
1
1 construction
1877
0
0
1
0 drinking
1820 1920
1877
10 drinking
0
1877
0
1
1 unidentified
1877
1
1 unidentified
0
0
1877
0
0
1
1 construction
0
1877
0
1
1 eating
01877
1
1 construction
0
1877
0
0
1
1 construction
1877
1858 1900
1 leisure
1
1877
1
1 construction
0
0
1877
0
0
tongue and groove1
1 construction1877
0
1
1 eating
0
4 x broken nails
1877
1 unidentified
0
0
1
1877
0
0
1
1 unidentified
1877
0
0
1
1 construction
1877
2mm thick0
1
1 construction
0
1877
0
0
1
0 leisureflat with series of holes, 7 shards
0
1877
0
1
0 construction
1877
0
0
1
1 construction
1858 1900
1877
1
1 leisure
1877
0
0
1
1 construction1877
1 unidentified
0
0
1
0
1877
0
1
1 construction
1877
1
1 construction
0
0
1877
0
0
1
1 construction
1877
1858 1900
1
1 leisure00
1
1 fire000011 construction
00
1
1 clothing01
0
0
1 unidentified
0
1873
0
0
1
1 construction

Location Bucket Identification
a20av
2 bonea20av
2 shaped wood
a20av
2 lime wash
a20av
2 unidentified metal
a20av
2 rosehead naila20av
2 dressed limestone
a20av
2 slate pencil
a20av
2 charcoal
a20av
2 lead sheeting
a20av
2 shell button
a20av
2 window glass
a20av
2 wrought naila20av
2 wood shavings
a20av
2 match 2
a20av
2 clay pipe
a20av
2 building slate
a20av
2 limea20av
3 charcoal
a20av
3 unidentified metal
a20av
3 clay pipe
a20av
3 lead sheeting
a20av
3 shaped wood
a20av
3 window glass

NumberPresence Function Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
Remarks0
1873
1
1 unidentified
0
0
1873
1
1 construction
0
1873
0
0
1
1 construction01873
10 unidentified
0
1870
1900
1873
1
0 construction
1873
0
0
1
1 construction01873
1
1 leisure
0
0
1873
0
1
1 fire18730011 construction
clothing
1850
1873
3 holes
1
0
1900
0
1873
0
1
1 construction
1840
1870
1873
1
0 construction01873
10 construction
0
1832
1911
1873
1
0 smoking
1873
1850
1911
0 smoking
1
0
1873
1
1 construction
0
1873
0
0
1
1 unidentified
1875
1 fire01011 unidentified
0
1875
0
1911
fragments bowl and stem
1850
1875
1
1 smoking0
1875
1
1 construction
0
1
1 construction
0
1875
0
1875
loove window
10
0
1 construction

Location Bucket Identification
NumberPresencEFunction
Remarks
Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
a20bt1bottleglass
3 green
1820
1873 b5
shard 3 piece mould bottle
1
1 drinking
1920
a20bt12
1 leisure0
1873
5 slate pencil
0
a20bt11
1 construction
01873
5 building slate0a20bt1
5 lime wash
01
1 construction01873
a20bt1
5 lime wash
1
1 construction
001873
1 cm thicka20bt1
5 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
1873
00
a20bt15 newspaper01
1 leisure0
1873
a20bt1
5 cut nail1800
1
0 construction
1870
1873
a20bt15 match 1
2
0 smoking001873
a20bt1
5 work button
11880
0 clothing
1900
1873
a20bt1
5 green bottle glass1820
1
1 drinking
1873 b3
shard 3 piece mould bottle
1920
a20bt15 straight pin
1
1 clothing
1991
1873
1835
a20bt1
6 rosehead nail1870
3
1 construction
1900
1866
a20bt11
1 drinking
1820
6 green bottle glass
1920
1866
3 piece bottle
a20bt2
2 green bottle glass
1
1 drinking
1820
1920
1904
3 piece bottle
a20bt21820
4 green bottle glass
1
1 drinking
1920
1866
3 piece bottle,
a20bt35 brick
1 construction
1
0
0
1873
a20bt3
5 bone1 unidentified
1
0
1873
0
a20bt3
5 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
00
1873
a20bt3
5 building slate
1
1 construction
001873
a20bt35 clear glass
1
1 drinking
001873
a20bt35 flat hd wrought nail1840
1
0 construction
1870
1873
a20bt35 wrought nail2
0 construction
1840
1870
1873
1 eubanks, 1 tacka20bt35 copper wire
1
1 construction018730a20bt31832
5 match 2
1
1 smoking1911
1873
a20bt3
5 charcoal
1
1 fire001873a20bt35 lime washed 1/stonE
1
1 construction
001873
a20bt36 lime wash
1
1 construction01873
01 mm thick, smooth both sides
a20bt3
6 building slate2
1 construction
001873
a20bt3
6 bone button
1
1800
0 clothing
1850
1873
4 holes; diameter 17mm (large)
a20bt3
6 fibres unidentified
1
1 unidentified
00
1873
a20bt31
1 drinking
6 green bottle glass
1820
1920
1873
same 3 piece bottle as conjoin pieces
a20bt36 rosehead nail2
1870
1 construction
1900
1873
a20bt36 match 1
2
0 smoking001873
a20bt36 lid
1
0 container
1873
00
104 x 67mm tin lid; corroded; in 2 pieces
a20bt36 match 2
1832
2
0 smoking
1873
1911

Remarks
Location Bucket Identification
NumberPresencEFunction
Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins1873
a20bt3
1
1 unidentified
00
6 unidentified metal
a20bt31873
1 construction00
6 lime washed 1/stonE
1
1 construction01873
a20bt31
0
7 dressed limestone
a20bt3
7 building slate
1 construction
0
0
1873
1
a20bt30
1873
1
1 unidentified
0
7 unidentified metal
a20bt31873
7 charcoal
1
1 fire00a20bt3001873
7 black layer
1
1 construction
a20bt3
1 construction
001873
7 lime washed 1/stonE
11873
1
1 money
1865 1895
a20bt38 silver sixpence
a20bt301873
8 slate pencil
1
1 leisure001873
a20bt30
1
1 construction
8 dressed limestone
a20bt301873
8 lime wash
1
1 construction
0
a20bt31001873
8 unidentified metal
1 unidentified
a20bt31
1 construction
001873
8 building slate
1873
a20bt3
1
0 smoking1832 1911
8 match 2
a20bt3001873
8 drinking glass
1
0 drinking
a20bt31
1 construction
001873
8 lime washed 1/stonE
1 construction01873
a20bt3
1
0
8 building slate
a20bt31832 1911
1
1 smoking1873
8 match 2
a20bt31873
8 charcoal
1
1 fire00a20bt3
1 fire01873
8 charcoal
10
a20bt400
1873
3 mm thick not totally smooth
5 lime wash
1
1 construction
a20bt45 lime wash
1
1 construction
00
1873
1 mm thick, smooth both sides
window
construction
a20bt4
glass
1
1
0
0
1873
3
5
mm thick.
a20bt40
5 window glass
1
1 construction
01873
1.5 mm thicka20bt41873
clear glass 0.5 mm thick, bottle or glass
5 clear bottle glass
1
1 pharmaceuti
00a20bt4
small animal, mice?
1
1 unidentified
00
1873
5 bonea20bt40
5 lime wash
1
1 construction
01873
0.5 mm thick, smooth both sides
a20bt41
1 construction0
1873
small pieces soft wood
5 shaped wood0
a20bt4
1 construction
001873
5 wood shavings
1
a20bt4
1 construction
01873
5 building slate
10a20bt45 match 1
5
0 smoking01873
2 with points sharpened
0
a20bt41832 1911
5 match 2
0 smoking1873
2
a20bt45 copper wire
1
1 construction
0
0
1873
1
1 fire01873
a20bt45 charcoal
01840 1870
a20bt40 construction1873
5 wrought nail2large

Location Bucket Identification
NumberPresenc€Function
Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
Remarks
a20bt45 cut nail21800 1870
1873
0 construction
a20bt45 rosehead nail1
0 construction
1870 1900
1873
a20bt4material unidentified
01873
0
5 bristles
2
0 hygiene
a20bt45 lime washed listonE
1 construction
0
0
1873
1
a20bt4
6 bone1
1 unidentified
0
1873
0
a20bt41858 1900
1873
6 newspaper
1
1 leisure
a20bt4
6 boot eyelet
1
0 clothing001873
a20bt4
6 building slate
1
1 construction018730a20bt46 clear bottle glass
1
1 drinking
001873
a20bt4windowglass
2 mm thick
6
1
1 construction
001873
a20bt4
1 drinking
1873
6 drinking glass
1
00
a20bt41 mm thick, smooth both sides
1
1 construction
001873
6 lime wash
a20bt5bone
buttonclothing
1800
4 holes; diameter 13mm
3
1
0
1850
1873
brass, 4 holes; Best Ring Edge
a20bt5
3 work button
1
0 clothing1880 1900
1873
a20bt51850 1911
1
0 smoking1873
3 clay pipe
stem
a20bt51850 1911
red stem, two shards
3 clay pipe
1
0 smoking1873
a20bt53 building slate
11873
1 construction
00
a20bt53 match 1
90 smoking001873
a20bt5
3 bone1
1 eating
018730a20bt51835 1991
3 straight pin
1
0 clothing1873
a20bt5
3 boot eyelet
20 clothing001873
a20bt53 rosehead nail1
0 construction
1870 1900
1873
a20bt5
3 broken nails
3 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
00
1873
a20bt5
3 wood1
1 construction
001873
a20bt5
3 window glass
1
0 construction
1873
2mm thick00
a20bt5small bottle
3 clear bottle glass
1
0 pharmaceuti
001873
a20bt51
1880 1900
iron
3 work button
0 clothing1873
a20bt54 rosehead nail1
0 construction
1866
1870 1900
a20bt55 rosehead nail2
1 construction
1870 1900
1866
2 broken nails

APPENDIX 3

Remarks
Location Bucket
Identification
Number Presence Function
Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
a20at1001883
11 construction
2 lime washed 1/ston€0
1883
a20at11
1 unidentified
0
2 bone1883
a20at1
1
0 clothing1880 1900
2 work button001883
a20at1
2 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
a20at10 construction
1849 1900
1883
iron
2 screw
1
1883
a20at12
1840 1870
2 wrought nail0 construction
a20at1001883
10 smoking2 match 3
a20at10
1883
2 fragments
20 drinking
0
2 clear bottle glass
0
1883
1 fragmenta20at12 shell
10 unidentified
0
a20at100
1883
1 fragment from glasses/maginfying glass
2 reading glasses
1
0 leisure
a20at100
1883
1 fragment of thin glass aprox 0.5mm
2 clear bottle glass
1
0 pharmaceutica
01883
2 fragments
1
1 construction
0
a20at1
2 window glass0
a20at101883
2 pieces
10 unidentified
2 unidentified metal
a20at11883
2 wrought nail/kg hd
1
0 construction
1840 1870
1883
a20at1
2 dressed limestone1
1 construction
00a20at10
10
1883
3 dressed limestone
1 construction
a20at1001883
3 limestone1
1 construction
newspaper stuck to it
a20at100
1883
3 building slate
1
1 construction
a20at10
1883
3 lime wash
1
1 construction
0
0
0
1883
a20at13 match 3
1
1 smokinga20at1001883
3 limestone1
1 construction
a20at1
1
0
1883
3 wood1 construction
0
a20at10
0
1883
3 bone1
1 unidentified
a20at100
1883
3 unidentified metal
60 unidentified
0
0
1883
1
a20at1
1 unidentified
3 bonebutton1883
a20at1
1
0 clothing1880 1900
3 worka20at11800 1850
3 bone button
1
0 clothing1883
complete
a20at111800 1870
1883
3 cut nail0 construction
a20at10
1883
3 wood1
1 construction
0
a20at11840 1870
1883
3 wrought nail/Irg.hd.
1
0 construction
a20at10
1883
identifaction uncertain
3 floorboard
1
1 construction
0
a20at1
3 unidentified metal
20 unidentified
00
1883
a20at10
3 match 3
1
0 smoking0
1883
a20at101883
5 pieces
3 leather thong1
0 clothing
0
a20at1
1
0 clothing001883
3 leather strap
a20at10
3 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
0
1883

Location Bucket
Identification
NumberPresence Function
a20at11
3 newspaper
1 leisure
a20at13 lime washed 1/stonE
1
1 construction
a20at23
2 match 2
0 smokinga20at2
1
0 smoking2 match 3
a20at2
1
1 unidentified
2 bonea20at2
1
1 smoking2 clay pipe
a20at21
1 construction
2 lime washed 1/stonE
a20at21
1 construction
2 dressed limestone1
a20at2
2 leather
1 clothing
a20at2
1
0 construction
2 rosehead naila20at2
1
1 unidentified
3 bonea20at21
1 construction
3 wooda20at2
1
1 fire3 charcoal
a20at2
1
0 construction
3 rosehead naila20at21
1 construction
3 dressed limestone
a20at22
5 match 3
0 smokinga20at22
6 match 3
0 smokinga20at3lime
wash
1
1 construction
1
a20at3
1 building slate
1
1 construction
a20at31
1 rosehead nail0 construction
a20at313
1 match 2
0 smokinga20at31
1 wood1 construction
a20at3
1
1 bone1 eating
a20at31
1 construction
1 Orange rendera20at31
1 construction
1 shaped wooda20at3
1
1 unidentified metal
1 unidentified
a20at3
1 newspaper
1
1 leisure
a20at3
1 cut nail1
0 construction
a20at31
1 lead sheeting
1 construction
a20at3
1 flat hd wrought nail2
0 construction
a20at31
1 wrought nail/Irg.hd.
0 construction
a20at3
1 cut nail1
0 construction
a20at31
1 lime washed 1/stonE
1 construction
a20at31
2 shaped wood
1 construction
a20at31
1 construction
2 brick
a20at31
2 charcoal
1 fireDate-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
Remarks
1858 1900
1883
0
0
1883
1832 1911
1883
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
mice
1850 1911
1883
bowl fragment
0
0
1883
0
1883
0
0
1883
0
botton hole on strap
1870 1900
1883
0
1883
0
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
1870 1900
1883
0
0
1883
0
1877
0
0
1877
0
0
0
1883
2 mm, smooth both sides
001883
1870 1900
1883
1832 1911
1883
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
rib
0
1883
0
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
1858 1900
1883
1800 1870
1883
0
1883
0
1840 1870
1883
1840 1870
1883
1800 1870
1883
0
0
1883
0
1883
0
0
0
1883
0
0
1883

NumberPresence Function
Identification
Location Bucket
a20at3
1
0 construction
2 rosehead naila20at31
1 construction
2 lime washed 1/stonE
1
0 smokinga20at33 match 3
1
0 clothing
a20at34 straight pin
a20at3
1
0 smoking5 match 3
a20at41
1 construction
2 shaped wooda20at4
1
0 clothing
2 straight pin
a20at4
1
0 clothing
2 shell button
a20at41
1 construction
2 window glass
a20at4
1
1 unidentified
2 unidentified metal
a20at4
1
1 unidentified
2 bone2
a20at40 smoking2 match 3
a20at41
0 construction
2 flat hd wrought naila20at41
1 construction
2 lime wash
1
1 construction
a20at43 lime washed I/stone
a20at41
1 construction
3 shaped wooda20at41
1 smoking3 clay pipe
slate1
leisurepencil1
a20at4
3
unidentified
shell
a20at41
1
3
a20at41
3 wrought nail/Irg.hd.
0 construction
a20at4
1
1 unidentified
3 unidentified metal
a20at41
3 work button
0 clothing
a20at4
1
0 clothing
3 bone button
a20at41
1 construction
3 dressed limestone
a20at45 straight pin
1
0 clothing
a20at45 match 3
1
0 smokinga20at50 clothing
2 work button
1
a20at52 shaped wood
1
1 construction
a20at52
2 wrought nail0 construction
a20at50 drinking
2 clear bottle glass1
a20at51
2 bone1 eating
a20at52 copper wire
1
0 construction
a20at52 match 3
1
0 smokinga20at51
1 construction
2 dressed limestone1
a20at52 unidentified metal
1 unidentified
a20at51
1 construction
3 dressed limestone

Remarks
Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
1870 1900
1883
0
1883
0
1877
0
0
33.5 mm long1877
1835 1991
0
1877
0
1883
0
0
1835 1991
1883
3 holes
1850 1900
1883
lmm
1883
0
0
0
1883
0
mice
0
0
1883
0
1883
0
1883
1840 1870
1 mm thick, smooth both sides
0
1883
0
0
0
1883
0
1883
0
1883
1850 1911
stem and bowl fragments
0
1883
0
0
0
1883
1883
1840 1870
0
0
1883
1883
1880 1900
fragment
1800 1850
1883
0
0
1883
1877
1835 1991
01877
01880 1900
1883
0
0
1883
1883
1840 1870
0
1883
0
0
1883
0
1883
0
0
0
0
1883
0
1883
0
green copper stain on underside
0
1883
0
0
0
1883

Location Bucket
Identification
NumberPresence Function
a20at5
3 charcoal
1
1 firea20at5
3 lime wash
1
1 construction
a20at51
3 unidentified metal
1 unidentified
a20at5
1
0 drinking
3 black bottle glass
a20at5
3 bone1
1 unidentified
a20at53 straight pin
1
0 clothing
a20at5
3 work button
1
0 clothing
a20at53 drinking glass
1
1 drinking
a20at53 match 3
1
0 smokinga20at53 building slate
1
1 construction
a20at5
3 bone1
1 unidentified
a20at53 slate pencil
1
1 leisure
a20at5
4 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
a20at54 drinking glass
2
0 drinking
a20at5
4 building slate
1
1 construction
a20at54 match 3
1
0 smokinga20at54 newspaper
1
1 leisure
a20at5
7 building slate
1
1 construction
a20at5
7 wrought nail/Irg.hd.
50 construction
a20at5
7 string
1
0 leisure
a20at5
7 window glass
1
1 construction
a20at5
7 boot eyelet
1
0 clothing
a20at5
7 clear bottle glass
1
0 drinking
a20at5
7 clay pipe
1
0 smokinga20at5
7 wrought nail1
1 construction
a20at57 newspaper
1
1 leisure
a20at5
8 work button
1
1 clothing
a20at58 slate pencil
1
1 leisure
a20at5
8 charcoal
1
1 firea20at5
8 window glass
1
1 construction
a20at5
1
8 work button
0 clothing
a20at58 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
a20at58 building slate
1
1 construction
a20at58 wrought nail1
0 construction
a20at58 bone1
1 unidentified
a20at58 lime wash
1
1 construction

Remarks
Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
1860 1920
1883
0
0
1883
mice
1835 1991
1883
1880 1900
1883
0
0
1883
0
1883
0
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
1858 1900
1883
0
0
1883
1840 18701883
2 complete
0
0
1883
green
0
0
1883
1mm thick
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
1850 1911
1883
fragment bowl
1840 1870
1883
1858 1900
1883
1880 1900
1883
Best Ring Edge
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
1880 1900
1883
0
0
1883
0
0
1883
1840 1870
1883
0
0
1883
mice
0
0
1883

Location Bucket
Identification
Number Presence Function
a20at58 wrought nail/Irg.hd.
2
0 construction
a20at5
8 work button
1
1 clothing
a20av
2 match 3
1
0 smokingDate-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
Remarks
1840
1870
1883
1880
1900
1883
Edward T Hope, Perth
0
0
1873

Location Bucket
NumberPresence Function
Identification
Remarks
Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
a20bt11860
1920
1 black bottle glass
1
0 drinking
flaked shard, rest in bucket 3
1978
a20bt1
2 black bottle glass
1840
1920
bottle base sharpened into knife
1
0 drinking
1978
a20bt13 dressed limestone
10
1 construction01881
a20bt10
3 unidentified metal
1 unidentified
0
1
1881
a20bt10
3 lime washed 1/stonE0
1
1 construction1881
a20bt13 black bottle glass
1
0 drinking
1840
1920
3 shards
1881
a20bt10
3 slate pencil
0
1
0 leisure1881
a20bt10
0
3 fibres unidentified
1
1 unidentified
1881
a20bt1
3 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
001881
a20bt13 string
00
20 leisure1881
1 red, 1 white
a20bt13 rosehead nail
1870
1900
1
0 construction1881
a20bt13 match 3
1
0
0 smoking01881
a2Obt1
3 clay pipe
1850
1911
1
0 smokingside of bowl; decorated w/- lines, scallop at top
1881
a20bt13 lime wash
001 mm thick, smooth both sides
1
1 construction1881
a20bt14 boot eyelet
1
0 clothing001881
a20bt10
4 leather thong0
1
1 clothing1881
a20bt14 lime wash
001 mm thick, smooth both sides
1
1 construction1881
a20bt14 building slate
1 construction
0
1
0
1881
a20bt10
0
4 bone1
1 eating
rib bone1881
a20bt1
4 unidentified metal
0
1
1 unidentified
01881
a20bt14 bone button
1800
1
0 clothing
1850
1881
fragment
a20bt14 match 2
1832
1911
1
1 smoking1881
a20bt10
4 wire1
1 construction01881
a20bt1
4 unidentified metal
00
1
1 unidentified
1881
corner piece of frame?
a20bt14 rosehead nail
1870
1900
6
1881
0 construction
a20bt14 match 3
1
0 smoking001881
a20bt11850
1911
4 clay pipe
1
1 smoking1881
end of stem fragment and shard of bowl
a20bt11835
5 straight pin
11991
1 clothing1873
a20bt2
1 black bottle glass
1840
1920
1
1 drinking
flaked glass same as t l b1,2,3
1904
a20bt21835
1991
4 straight pin
1
0 clothing1866
a20bt3
10 match 30
10 smoking01866
a20bt36 match 3
3
0 smoking001873
chopped into small pieces
a20bt38 match 301
0 smoking01873
a20bt38 match 30
2
1 smoking01873
chopped into small pieces
a20bt43 match 2
1
smoking
1832
1
1911
1904
a20bt44 bone button
1800
1850
1
0 clothing
1881

Location Bucket
Identification
NumberPresence Function
Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
Remarks
a20bt44 coir mattress
0
0
1
1881
1 fixtures
coir ? hemp like material / from mattress??
a20bt44 match 3
3
0 smoking001881
a20bt4
4 quartz
1
0 construction001881
1 piece of quartz
a20bt44 bone100
1 unidentified
1881
small animal, mice?
a20bt4
4 lime wash
1
1 construction
001881
4 pieces of lime wash
a20bt44 shell
10 unidentified
001881
1 piece of shell
a20bt44 screw
1
1849
1900
0 construction
1881
iron
a20bt4
4 work button
1
0 clothing
1880
1900
1881
a20bt4
4 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
001881
15 pieces
a20bt44 charcoal
10
0
1 fire1881
1 piece
a20bt4
4 lime wash
1
1 construction
001881
6 pieces of lime plastera20bt4
4 lime washed 1/stonE100
1 construction1881
a20bt45 match 3
7000 smoking1873
all cut into small lengths
a20bt46 match 3
13
0 smoking001873
a20bt5
1 match 3
0
0
8
1904
26 pieces altogether; much of it chopped up small
0 smokinga20bt5
1 straight pin
2
1835
1991
1 clothing1904
a20bt52 charcoal
1
1 fire001881a20bt52 rosehead nail
1
1870
1900
0 construction1881
a20bt52 building slate
10
1 construction01881
a20bt5
2 granite1
1 construction
001881
a20bt5
2 work button
2
1880
1900
0 clothing1881
1 iron, 1 brass
a20bt52 unidentified metal
100
1 unidentified
1881
a20bt52 match 3
1
1 smoking001881
a20bt52 newspaper
1
1858
1900
1 leisure1881
a20bt52 Orange render
10
1 construction01881
0a20bt5
2 bone1
1 eating
001881
a20bt53 straight pin
1
1835
1991
0 clothing1873
a20bt53 match 3
50 smoking001873
chopped into 35 pieces
a20bt54 match 2
1
0 smoking
1832
1911
1866
a20bt54 straight pin
8
1835
1991
0 clothing1866
9 fragments
a20bt54 match 3
3
0 smoking001866
a20bt55 match 34000 smoking1866
a20ct4
1 match 2
9
1832
1911
0 smoking1882
a20ct4 surmatch 2
30 smoking
1832
1911
1882
a20ct5
1 match 2
1
0 smoking
1832
1911
0

APPENDIX 4

Location Bucket
Identification
Number Presence Function Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
Remarksa20at101972
1 lime washed I/stone1
1 construction
0
a20at11972
1 leather strap
1
0 clothing
00
a20at1
1 mans boot heel01972
2
0 clothing
0
a20at1
1 dressed limestone1
1 construction
019720a20at20
1 construction
1972
1 lime washed 1/stone
10
a20at2
1 dressed limestone
1 construction
0
1972
1
0
a20at2
1 unidentified metal
1 unidentified
0
1972
1
0
a20at2
1870
1972
0 construction
1 wrought nail/Irg hd
1
1840
a20at2
1 dressed limestone1
1 construction
019720a20at41972
1 lime washed 1/stone
1 construction010a20at41972
1 slate pencil
1 leisure010a20at40
1972
1 wire1
1 construction
0square cross section
a20at4
1 unidentified metal
1 unidentified
0
1972
1
0
a20at40
rib
1972
1 bone1 eating
10a20at41 shaped wood0
1972
1
1 construction
0
a20at4
1 wrought nail/Irg.hd.
0 construction
1870
1972
1
1840
a20at401972
1 dressed limestone1
1 construction
0
a20at5
1 bone1 eating
01904
10a20at5
1 lime washed 1/stone
1 construction
0
1904
1
0
a20at51
1 construction
0
1904
1 building slate0a20at5
1 slate pencil
1
0 leisure001904a20at51 shaped wood
1 construction
0
1904
1
0
a20at5
1 baton1 construction01904
12 pieces; to adjust joist heights for floorboards
0a20at5
1 wood shavings
1
0
1904
1
construction
0
a20at5
1 work button
0 clothing
1900
1904
iron
2
1880
a20at5
1 match 1
2
0 smoking0
19040a20at50 smoking01904
1 match 3
10a20at501904
1 construction
1 copper wire
10
a20at5
1 lime wash
1
1 construction
0
1904
2 mm thick, smooth both sides
0
a20bt2
1 unidentified
2 unidentified metal
10
1904
unidentifiable nails0
a20bt2
2 shaped wood
1 construction
0
1904
1
0
a20bt2
2 Rhomboid hd. nail1
0 construction
1895
1950
1904
a20bt2
2 copper discolour
1 construction
0
1904
1
0
a20bt2
1 construction
0
1904
2 lime washed 1/stone
10
a20bt3
2 lime wash
1
1 construction
00
1904
2 mm thick, smooth both sides
a20bt3
2 wrought bolt
0 construction
1870
1904
flat headed bolt, steel rod with hand made head
1
1840

Remarks
Location Bucket
Identification
Number Presence Function Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
1870
with large domed head
a20bt31840
1904
0 construction
2 wrought nail1
a20bt31800 1870
1904
1
0 construction
2 cut naila20bt31904
2
0 construction
1870 1900
2 rosehead nail0
1904
a20bt30
2 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
a20bt3shellunidentified
0
1904
0
1
1
2
rib bonea20bt3
1 eating
001904
2 bone
1
1911
1904
plain
bowl
a20bt3clay
pipe
smoking
1850
0
2
1
a20bt301904
1 construction
0
2 lime washed 1/stonE1
a20bt301904
3 lime washed 1/stonE
1
1 construction
00
1904
a20bt30
3 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
a20bt3001904
3 match 3
1
1 smoking1800 1870
1904
a20bt32
0 construction
3 cut nail1904
a20bt31900 1991
3 flat head wire nail4
0 construction
a20bt31840 1870
1904
2
0 construction
3 flat hd wrought naila20bt31870 1900
1904
3 rosehead nail1
0 construction01904
a20bt30
3 lime wash
1
1 construction
a20bt3001904
11 construction
4 lime washed 1/stonE
a20 bt30
1904
iron
4 mans boot heel1
1 clothing0
1904
a20bt30
0
1
1 construction
4 building slate
a20bt30
1904
4 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
0
a20bt3
1
0 construction
1870 1900
1904
4 rosehead nail1895 1950
1904
a20bt3
4 Rhomboid hd. nail1
0 construction
a20bt31840 1870
1904
4 flat hd wrought nail4
0 construction
a20bt300
1904
2 mm thick, smooth both sides
4 lime wash
1
1 construction
a20bt40
1904
1 mm thick, smooth both sides
10
1 lime wash
1 construction
a20bt42 lime washed 1/stonE01904
1
1 construction
0
a20bt40
1904
0
3 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
a20bt41904
00
3 lime washed 1/stonE
1
1 construction
a20bt41904
3 dressed limestone1
1 construction
00
a20bt4001904
3 lime wash
1
1 construction
a20bt4001904
3 match 1
14
0 smokinga20bt43 match 3
16
0 smoking0
1904
0a20bt4001904
3 charcoal
1
1 firea20bt41904
1870 1900
3 rosehead nail1
0 construction
a20bt40 construction
1895 1950
1904
3 Rhomboid hd. nail3
a20bt400
1904
3 bone1
1 unidentified

Location Bucket
Identification
Remarks
Number Presence Function Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins0
a20bt401904
3 clear bottle glass
1
1 drinking
a20bt43 Wedgewood (gloss:
1
1 construction
00
1904
a20bt43 hacksaw blade
1 escape
01904
1
0
1 mm thick, smooth both sides
a20bt50
1 lime wash
1 construction
0
1904
1
a20bt5
1 unidentified
00
1 unidentified metal
1
1904
a20bt5
1 building slate
0
0
1904
1
1 construction
a20bt50
1 slate pencil
1
0
0 leisure1904
a20bt500
1 clear bottle glass
1
0 drinking
1904
l m m thicka20bt5
1 window glass
1
1 construction
00
1904
a20bt5
1 bone0
1
1 eating
01904
a20bt5
1 match 1
12
0 smoking001904
a20bt5
1 copper wire
1
1 construction
00
1904
a20bt5
1 copper nail01
0 construction01904
a20bt5
1 brick
1
1 construction001904
2 pieces
a20bt5
1 safety razor
1
0 hygiene
1903 1991
1904
a20bt51 v old; 1 Clark & Co Fremantle
1880 1900
1 work button
2
0 clothing1904
a20bt5bone
button4holes; diameter 12mm
clothing
1800
1
3
0
1850
1904
a20bt5rosehead
nail
1870
1
1
0 construction
1900
1904
a20bt50
1 boot eyelet
2
1 clothing0
1904
a20ct1
1 cut nail1800 1870
20 construction
0
a20ct1
1 flat hd wrought nail0 construction
1840 1870
10
a20ct1
1 unidentified metal
0
1
1 unidentified
00
a20ct1
1 white painted wood
1
1 construction
000a20ct1
1 construction00
1 Orange coating
1
0
a20ct10
1 metal pipe
metal alloy pipe with screw thread
1
0 construction
00a20ct1
1 dressed limestone1
1 construction
000a20ct10
1 lime washed I/stone1
1 construction
00a20ct20
1 match 1
1
0 smoking00
shaving brusha20ct2
1 bristles
10
00 hygiene0a20ct20
1 wood shavings
1
1 construction
00a20ct2rib bone
1 bone0
1
1 eating
00a20ct2
small animal, mice?
1 bone1
1 unidentified
000
a20ct21895 1950
1 Rhomboid hd. nail1
0 construction
0
a20ct21840 1870
1 wrought nail2
0 construction
0
a20ct2
1 flat hd wrought nail1840 1870
1
0 construction
0
a20ct2
1 lime washed 1/ston€1
1 construction000Location Bucket
Identification
Number Presence Function Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
Remarks
a20ct2
1 lime wash001
1 construction
0
1 mm thick, smooth both sides
a20ct2
2 lime washed 1/stonE
1
1 construction
000a20ct2
2 lime wash
1
1 construction
000a20ct2
2 bone01001 unidentified
a20ct2
2 limestone1
1 construction
000a20ct2
2 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
000
a20ct2
2 wood1
1 construction
000a20ct2
2 leather lace1
1 clothing000knotteda20ct2
2 building slate
1
1 construction
000a20ct2
2 wrought nail/Irg.hd.
1840 1870
10
0 construction
a20ct3
1 rosehead nail1870 1900
20 construction
0
a20ct3
1 dressed limestone1
1 construction
000a20ct3
1 lime washed 1/stonE100
1 construction
0
a20ct3
1 shaped wood
1
1 construction
000a20ct3
1 match 1
1
0 smoking000a20ct3
1 bristles
3000 hygiene0
shaving brusha20ct3
1 flat hd wrought nail1
0 construction
1840 18700
a20ct3
1 wrought nail3
0 construction
000a20ct35 shaped wood
1
1 construction
000a20ct3
5 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
000
a20ct3
5 window glass
1
1 construction
0
0
0
1mm
a20ct35 limestone1
1 construction
000a20ct35 match 1
1
1 smoking00identification uncertain
0
a20ct35 lime wash
1
1 construction
000a20ct35 flag stone1
1 construction
000a20ct4
1 lime wash
1
1 construction
001882
a20ct4
1 canvas material
1
0
0
1882
1 fixtures
a20ct4
1 wire1
1 construction
001882
a20ct4
1 bone1
1 unidentified
001882
a20ct4
1 metal link
1
0
0
1882
0 unidentified
a20ct4
1 work button
1880 1900
21882
0 clothing
a20ct4
1 Rhomboid hd. nail1
0 construction
1895 1950
1882
a20ct4
1 match 1
20
0 smoking001882
a20ct4
1 match 3
1
1 smoking001882
a20ct4
1 flat hd wrought nail1
0 construction
1840 1870
1882
67mm long, screw?
a20ct4
1 wood1
1 construction0
01882
blue paintLocation Bucket
Number Presence Function Date-from Date-to South-mean Conjoins
Remarks
Identification
1
1882
a20ct4
1 boot eyelet
0 clothing
0
0
0
1882
0
1
a20ct4
1 unidentified metal
1 unidentified
0
1882
0
1
a20ct4
1 unidentified
2 unidentified metal
a20ct42 match 1
1
0 smoking
0
0
1882
1
0
1882
a20ct42 shell
1 unidentified
0
1882
1
0
a20ct4
1 construction
0
2 lead sheeting1882
a20ct42 Orange coating
1
0
0
1 construction
10
1882
a20ct4 sur
0
1 constructionwire
0
1
1 unidentified
01882
a20ct4 surunidentified metal
a20ct4 sur
11895 1950
1882
0 construction
Rhomboid hd. nail
1882
3
0
0
a20ct4 sur
0 smokingmatch 31
0
1 mm thick, smooth both sides
a20ct5
1 construction00
1 lime wash
a20ct50
1 unidentified metal
1
1 unidentified
001870 1900
a20ct50
2
1 rosehead nail0 construction
a20ct51
0 construction
1840 18700
1 wrought naila20ct5
1 bone10001 unidentified
10
a20ct50 smoking00
1 match 1
a20ct5
1 bone1
1 unidentified
000
a20ct5
1 wood1000
1 construction
0
a20ct51
0 construction00
1 brick
a20ct50 unidentified
00
1 unidentified metal
10
a20ct50
1 Brown coating
1
0
0
1 construction
a20ct50
1 lime wash
1
1 construction
000a20ct5
1 charcoal
1
1 fire000a20ct5
1 Black layer
100
1 construction
a20ct5
1 Rhomboid hd. nail2
0 construction
1895 19500a20ct5
1 mottled paint1
1 construction00
red wash under light blue paint000a20ct5
1 Orange coating
1
0
1 construction

Location Number Description
1 Tennis ball - approximately 30 slit tennis balls not kept
D1
7 Wooden chequer pieces - not coloured
D1
4 Cigarette wrappers - metallic
D1
2 Leather thongs [strips]
D1
Brush bristles - white
D1
1 Biro [tips and tube]
D1
1 Cigarette butt
D1
2 Mirror fragments
D1
D1
1 Metal work button
1 Brown plastic button - large - with rampant lion symbol
D1
1 Metal clip - possibly from bootD1
2 Tin lids
D1
D1
3 Bottles - one may have been flaked
9 Mugs - fragments from ceramic cups
D1
1 Green cotton-one piece
D1
2 Innersole - leather fragment
D1
D1
2 Razors -with fragments of blades
14 Pull tops from drinking cans - rectangle type
D1
D1
1 Pull top from drink can - round style
D1
1 Clothing label - SEKEM 95 cm to fit 95 cm chest Australian made3 Paper clips
D1
1 Tack
D1
D1
1 Strand of white cotton
1 Rubber stopper - from the bottom of a chair leg
D1
D1
1 Material - possibly from a bandaid
1 Strip with 2 empty tablet cases - for Dymadon [paracetemol]
D1
6 Bones [unidentified]
D1
1 Light bulb - glass fragments
D1
D1
8 Nails - heavily rusted
D1
4 Screws - heavily rusted
2 Metal objects - heavily rusted - could be a nail
D1
D1
1 Red brick [ fragment ]Limestone fragments - some with blue metal
D1
D1
1 Limestone fragment with dark red paint over brown paint
D1
1 Limestone fragment with turquoise paint
D1
1 Limestone fragment with pale blue paintD1
1 Flake of dark green paint with cream wash
D1
1 Plaster fragment with white paint
1 Electrical wire insulation - grey plastic section
D1
D1
1 Red plastic tube approx. 0.5cm in diameter and 1 cm long
D1
1 Circular section from a PVC pipe approx. 1 cm in diameter
D1
1 Metal label [ possibly from table wine] reading; UM TABLE WIN
D1
1 Metal circular piece - rusted - possible from a boot eyelet
D1
2 Fragments of glass from at least 2 windows
D1
1 Melted section of grey pipe [PVC poss] W.A visible written in black pen
D1
on the sideD1
3 Plastic knives [remains]
D1
1 Wax paper label from a masters milk carton
D1
5 Plastic wrappers [ possibly from a straw]
D1
1 Plastic razor cover
D1
3 Plastic spoons
D1
1 Plastic fork
D1
1 Metal handle - probably from a fork, knife or spoon

Location Number Description
D1
2 Plastic labels
1 Section from a green scouring pad
D1
D1
1 Strip of black plastic twine
1 Rubber tread from shoe
D1
D1
1 Wood fragment with brown paintD1
5 Matches - type 2 - flat wax vestas 1832-1911 [ broken into small pieces]
1 Paint strip with three paint layers - grey over light blue over turquoise
D1
D1
1 Paint flake - dark blue
D1
1 White lime wash
D1
1 Piece of plastic with a row of holes
1 Shell tube ?
D1
D1
1 White plastic paint flake
D1
1 Leather fragment from boot or shoe - from lace hole area
D1
1 Fragment of flat clear plastic
D1
3 Electric wire
D1
1 Piece of large metal wire - single strand - approx 2mm thick
D1
1 Wood shaving
D1
1 Paint flake with light brown over white
D1
1 Paint flake - yellow one side, pink the other
D1
1 Blue plastic label
D1
1 Black plastic wrapper
D1
3 Wood slivers of uniform size and shape
D1
1 Small metal wire - single strand
D1
1 Solid wood cylinder approx. 1.5 cms long
D1
2 Fragments of orange stained clear plastic
D1
1 Piece of leather - white marked
D1
2 Folded over pieces of metal in cone shape [squashed] possibly used to
D1smoke dope" - blackened on the inside
D1
2 Grey metal fragments
D1
1 Metal foil - gold coloured
D1
1 Metal foil - pink and silver
D1
1 Metal washer
D1
2 Black plastic wires
D1
1 White and silver tube [ paper and foil] approx 4 cm long
D1
1 ' Valve ' from a tap ?
D2
1 Board [ in several pieces] - chipboard with aboriginal style dot painting D2
red yellow & blue dots on brown board,
D2
3 Flattened tins with tops and bottoms removed - forming rectangles
02
1 Padlock - approx 4 cms across at baseD2
6 Tin lids - 2 with black writing on a yellow background stating D2'Look for the recipe on the back of label 'D2
1 Black shoe lace
D2
Large amounts of brown paint strips
D2
1 Brush - plastic bristles and some metal
D2
1 Piece of white string
D2
1 Metal handle from a knife, fork or spoon
D2
Strip of dark reddish brown paint02
Strips of turquoise paintD2
2 Condensed milk tubes - NESTLE sweetened and condensed milk net 200g
D2
1 Piece of coiled spring type wire
D2
1 Ball of matted green fluff
D2
White paintD2
1 Piece of green cotton

Location Number Description
t.k--‘5.A.kv-vvztecet.,D2
5 Bones —1 Piece of paper
D2
1 Plastic from a straw holder
D2
D2
1 Plastic lid from a Kraft tomato sauce sachet
4 Pieces of plastic wrap
D2
1 Piece of tin folded over to make a cone shape - possibly for "dope smoking
D2
D2
1 Cement render with triangular pattern
D2
2 Plastic knives
1 Glass from a medical [?] phial with Thailand written on the glass
D2
1 Cigarette butt
D2
D2
1 Galvanised nail1 Button - green plastic
02
02
1 Button - black plastic
D2
1 Ball of thin metal wire
D2
3 Metal fragments - heavily rusted
Grey paintD2
D2
1 Mirror
1 Red brick fragment
D2
1 Limestone fragment
02
D2
1 Metal disc [copper?] with hole near top [ name tag?]
D2
1 Metal pull top from drink can - rectangular typeD2
2 Razors
D2
1 Piece of metallic type plastic wrapper
02
1 Foil label with the words ' Indoweth ac: ' 25 mg written on it. - probably fror02
some kind of medicine
02
1 Piece of dark, thin, sheet tin
D2
v1 Piece of cloth
D2
1 Rubber tube, approx 0.5 cms with electrical wiring wound around,
D2
1 Match type 3
02
1 Black plastic half disc, approx 2 cms diameter
02
1 Black plastic crescent
D2
1 Glass bottle