Ministry of Environment

WEEE/E-waste Management Report
Phnom Penh Municipality
Kingdom of Cambodia

Prepared by the Ministry of Environment (MoE)
Supported by UNEP-DTIE

OCTOBER 2009

Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND............................................ 9
1.0
Introduction......................................................................................................... 9
1.1
Need for Proper E-waste Planning & Management in Phnom Penh City .......... 9
1.2
Project on “Waste Electronic and Electric Equipment/ E-waste Management inPhnom Penh City ............................................................................................................ 9
1.2.1
Project Objectives ..................................................................................... 10
1.2.2
Brief Approach and Methodology ............................................................ 10
1.2.3
Training Program ...................................................................................... 10
1.3
Format of Report............................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 2: E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PPM................................................. 12
2.0
Introduction....................................................................................................... 12
2.1
Components of E-waste Management .............................................................. 12
2.2
E-waste Treatment and Disposal System in PPM............................................. 14
2.3
Capacity of Existing E-waste Treatment and Disposal System........................ 18
2.4
Toxic Footprint ................................................................................................. 20
2.5
Conclusions....................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER 3: E-WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM & TECHNOLOGYEVALUATION ............................................................................................................... 27
3.0
Introduction....................................................................................................... 27
3.1
Consumer Behavior related to E-waste Management in Phnom Penh ............. 27
3.2
E-waste Composition and Recyclability........................................................... 28
3.3
Components of E-waste Management System ................................................. 31
3.3.1
E-waste Collection Infrastructure in PPM ................................................ 31
3.3.2
Proposed Treatment Technology .............................................................. 32
3.4
Best Available Technology............................................................................... 41
3.5
Comparison of BAT with proposed technology and technology risks ............. 44
3.6
Conclusions....................................................................................................... 46
CHAPTER 4: E-WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS ........... 47
4.0
Introduction....................................................................................................... 47
4.1
Tentative Specifications for E-waste collection system ................................... 47
4.2
Tentative Specifications for E-waste Treatment System .................................. 49
4.3
Common Specifications for Utilities at Collection Centers and Processing
Facilities........................................................................................................................ 53
4.5
Conclusions....................................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER 5: E-WASTE MANAGEMENT FEASIBILITY STUDY....................... 56
5.0
Introduction....................................................................................................... 56
5.1
Price Risks ........................................................................................................ 56
5.2
Recoverable Quantities ..................................................................................... 58
5.3
Cost Estimates................................................................................................... 59
5.4
Financial Viability ............................................................................................ 61
5.5
Conclusions....................................................................................................... 61
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS .................................... 62
6.0
Introduction....................................................................................................... 62
6.1
Major Conclusions/ Recommendations ............................................................ 62

List of Tables
Table 2.1: Percentage E-waste Fractions generated during repair/ refurbishment &Dismantling....................................................................................................................... 19
Table 2.2: Existing and Projected E-waste Fractions (metric tons).................................. 19
Table 2.3: Expected Capacity Increase of Informal and Semiformal Sector.................... 20
Table 2.5: Site locations of toxic footprints in PPM......................................................... 20
Table 2.4: Way of residue disposal (repair process)......................................................... 22
Table 2.5: Way of residue disposal (dismantling process) ............................................... 24
Table 3.1: Contribution of E-waste Inventory Estimates.................................................. 28
Table 3.2: Average weight and composition of selected appliances ................................ 29
Table 3.3: Recyclability of a PC ....................................................................................... 29
Table 3.4: Value of output evaluated after dismantling of single TV .............................. 30
Table 3.5: Input/ Output and unit operations for 3rd level treatment of E-waste .............. 40
Table 4.1: Volume and start date for E-waste collection and transportation.................... 47
Table 4.2: Type and specification of collection bins/ cages/ containers........................... 48
Table 4.3: Inventory of ICT items in PPM in tons ........................................................... 50
Table 4.3: Specification of manual E-waste dismantling plant ........................................ 51
Table 4.4: Specifications of semi-automatic E-waste dismantling/ treatment plant......... 52
Table 4.5: Specifications of automatic E-waste dismantling/ treatment plant.................. 52
Table 4.6: E-waste plant capacity and manufacturers ...................................................... 53
Table 4.7: Cost Estimates (ex works) ............................................................................... 53
Table 5.1: Recoverable quantity of elements in a PC....................................................... 58
Table 5.2: Recoverable quantity of elements in a TV ...................................................... 59
Table 5.3: Project Cost Estimates (US$ millions) ............................................................ 60
Table 5.4: Assumption for Operating Costs and Estimates .............................................. 60
Table 5.5: Other Assumptions .......................................................................................... 60
List of Figures
Figure 2.1: E-waste Collection Systems ........................................................................... 13
Figure 2.2: Municipal Dustbins Usage for E-waste collection and transportation ........... 13
Figure 2.3: Existing Informal Sector E-waste collection and transportation.................... 14
Figure 2.4: Conceptual Life Cycle of Electrical and Electronic Equipment .................... 15
Figure 2.5: E-Waste Trade Value chain in PPM............................................................... 15
Figure 2.6: Sectoral Organization of E-Waste Trade Value Chain in PPM ..................... 16
Figure 2.7: TV Tracer Tracking........................................................................................ 16
Figure 2.8: PC Tracer Tracking ........................................................................................ 17
Figure 2.9: MP Tracer Tracking ....................................................................................... 17
Figure 2.10: Washing machine, Air-con and Refrigerator Tracer Analysis ..................... 18
Figure 2.11: Toxic footprint (Formal & Informal Sectors) in PPM ................................. 26
Figure 3.1: Manual Decontamination/ Dismantling Process ............................................ 34
Figure 3.2: Process flow of Non CRT based E-waste treatment ...................................... 35
Figure 3.3: Unit Operations .............................................................................................. 36
Figure 3.4: Flow sheet of a Japanese E-waste recycling plant ......................................... 42
Figure 3.5: Non- ferrous metal distribution Vs. size range for PC scrap.......................... 45
Figure 4.1: E-waste Container/ Bins/ Carriers .................................................................. 48
Figure 4.2: Tentative layout of E-waste recycling facility ............................................... 50
Figure 5.1: Metal price fluctuation in global market ........................................................ 57
Appendix I: Training Programme Schedule
Appendix II: Photographs

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Inventory studies carried out as part of activity 1 show that E-waste generation potential
ranges from 6792 metric tons in 2008 to 22,443 metric tons in 2019. Further, the resultsof extensive field work highlighted that the E-waste trade value chain consists ofstakeholders, who use twelve processes during E-waste management. These processes
are carried out in an environmentally unsound manner, which need to be addressed bothat national and city level. These findings are in line with CEA report, which stated that anaction plan for the environmentally sound management of E-waste should be preparedand implemented in Cambodia. It is expected that the projected E-waste is going toarrive at different stakeholders in future who will use the twelve identified processes for
dismantling and recycling. The mapping of these processes in the trade value chainshows that these processes are part of level 1 and 2 E-waste management and consistof primary and secondary E-waste generators. Therefore, there is a need forenvironmentally sound management of these processes while planning for futureinterventions within municipal boundary of PPM. Some of the specific needs, which havebeen identified as per CEA report, which are relevant from E-waste management
perspective in PPM include need to strengthen, monitor and manage imported EEE;
Need to improve operating practices of repairing and dismantling of EEE, which arebeing done manually; Need for proper E-waste collection and transportation system;
Need for proper occupation health and safety system in E-waste management. An effort
has been made to address these needs by building the national capacity to assess the
specific needs.
In the above context, MoE, Government of Cambodia has received a support from
UNEP-DTIE-IETC to implement the project, “E-waste Management in the Phnom Penh
Municipality”. The project has started in earlier 2009, after the official signing by the
representatives of MoE and UNEP-DTIE-IETC. The local capacity building effort throughthis project is aimed at training national and local government personnel including small
businesses and private sector. The objective of the proposed project is to formulate,design and implement an integrated E-waste management pilot project in PPM. Afteraugmentation of local capacity, the level of effort could be scaled up to the national level
and replicated in other countries.
The current capacity building effort is being targeted on E-waste management by using
the second manual published by UNEP before the project team starts work on activity 2.
This activity included study of E-waste recycling/ other recycling infrastructure(formal/informal) and its capacity, study of E-waste toxic footprint by inventorizing Ewaste recycling sites in case recycling occurs in informal sector in Phnom Penh city andstudy of the feasibility of the level of treatment of E-waste in formal sector in Phnom
Penh City. The same project team, which was trained for activity 1 was again trained for
activity 2. The three day training program was conducted from 8th to 10th April 2009. The
three day agenda of the training program was divided into eight sessions. There were
three sessions, which were conducted on the first day. The first session was devoted toperspective of E-waste management. The second session focused on current practicesofE-wastemanagement
followedbynationalandsocialpolicies/regulations/laws/institutions in developed countries. The objective of imparting
this training was to give an exposure to participants about existing regulatory frameworkindeveloped
countries.
In
the
third
session,nationalandsocialpolicies/regulations/laws/institutions in developing countries and initiatives taken bydifferent agencies were discussed. It was intended to develop the capacity ofparticipants to assess and evaluate the existing regulatory framework so that they canidentify the elements required to regulate E-waste in Cambodia. Two sessions wereconducted on the second day. The first session focused on the collection systemfollowed by description of stages and technologies for E-waste. Collection systems
focused on collection channels like retailer take back and storage, producer take backand storage, municipal collection and storage, other collection points, collection
infrastructure, guiding principles for design and formulation of technical specifications ofE-waste collection points and E-waste treatment systems. Training on E -waste
treatment technology included description of first level E-waste treatment, second level E-waste treatment, CRT treatment technology, available process technology and 3rd level
E-waste treatment. Three sessions were conducted on the third day. The first session
focused on the training of financing mechanism of E-waste management in developed
countries. This included training on E-waste financing models, fee structure, funding for
supply chain, financial guarantee, financing of E-waste management in developing
countries, analysis, case study, proposed E-waste treatment facility, E-waste scenario,
E-waste treatment technology, risk profiling and financial analysis. A case study from theE-waste manual 2 supported by relevant movie clips were used to strengthen theexisting knowledge base of the participants.
The project team carried out study of E-waste Management system including theassessment of proposed technology, development of specifications, financial viability
and planning for future interventions in PPM. The major findings and outcome aresummarized below.
At the moment, retailer’s/ producer’s take back system and producer’s/ retailer’stransportation system is non existent in PPM. Further, there is no exclusive municipal
collection and transportation system for E-waste in PPM. There is a limited usage ofexisting municipal solid waste collection and transportation system for E-waste in PPM
while dismantler’s in informal sector have their collection and transportation system.
There are two types of E-waste collection system in PPM. Type 1 involves theintervention of waste picker and type 2, involves the intervention of dismantler. Both themechanism collect and transport mixed type of E-waste and its fractions. Both themechanism use significant manual handling of E-waste. No occupational health andsafety practices are visible during E-waste collection and transportation. E-waste
collection and transportation system appear to be market driven without regulatory
controls.Tracer tracking carried out by project team indicates that there is nocompany/enterprise in formal sector in PPM that collects/purchases E-waste fromhouseholds and offices in Cambodia. Cambodia has no modern technology to carry out
repair/ dismantling /refurbishing. Most E-waste residues generated from repairing and/or
dismantling shops are disposed in dustbin and later at urban dumpsite by domestic
waste collection service. Some areas where waste-collection trucks are not available,
such kind of E-wastes are disposed improperly at sites close to/behind therepairing/dismantling shops, and are finally burnt.
The location of the toxic footprint can be correlated to the location of hubs of formal andinformal sectors on the major streets in PPM e.g. areas like Chamkamorn and Toul Kok,
serve as two major hubs for TV and PCs repair/ refurbishment and dismantling.
Chamkamorn, Toulkok and Meanchay also serve as major repairing/ refurbishing centre
for washing machine.
The project team assessed that current E-waste collection, transportation, treatment anddisposal in PPM are inadequate both in terms of capacity and environmentally soundmanagement. Since the existing toxic footprint covers areas, which are commercial
along the main streets of PPM, its expansion is likely to further impact air, water and soil
conditions in its area of influence. Therefore, a need for environmentally soundmanagement of E-waste has been identified in order to reduce its volume as well as its

toxic footprint. In this context, an E-waste management system & technology evaluation
has been carried out. The criteria for planning / design / implementation, which havebeen identified by the project team for environmentally sound E-waste management
system in PPM, are given below.
1. ICT will continue to drive the E-waste management system including E-waste
recycling in the country.
2. E-waste collection and transportation mechanism in PPM is diverse in nature
ranging from hand driven cart to light commercial vehicles.
3. Both the households and the commercial sector look for best monetary andexchange value of their old product. Therefore, any E-waste management
system should factor in the salvage value of the waste product. The bestmonetary and exchange value of the old product can be determined byunderstanding the E-waste composition and its recyclability described below.
4. Recyclability of E-waste is driven by electric component, copper and precious
metal recovery. Therefore, E-waste collection, transportation and treatment are
different from conventional solid waste collection, transportation and treatment
system due to its composition and recyclability.
The consumer behavior indicates that the only viable mechanism under the existing
regulatory mechanism appears to be to capture E-waste at the point of generation. Since
the majority of E-waste is generated in the commercial sector e.g. corporates/ business/
BPOs etc., and both the households and commercial sector prefers the best value of
their waste, it is recommended that the E-waste collection facilities should be at retailers
and at commercial sector e.g. corporates/ business/ BPOs etc. Salient features of thiscollection mechanism are given below.
1. There is a need for separate collection facilities for ICT and white goods.
2. Location of collection facilities need to be near E-waste collection hubs. This
need is projected on account of following reasons.
-

Ensure minimal movement of products
Efficient collection mechanism
Minimize manual handling
Avoid unsorted municipal waste

3. Each of the retailer’s/ market association/ group can identify a place/ area as Ewaste collection point. This place can serve as a place where retailers/
consumers can get value of their old product. The authorized E-waste recycler
can collect from retailer’s collection facilities and transport E-waste to theirrecycling facility.
4. E-waste from households can be routed through already existing municipal waste
collection mechanism. Each of the localities can identify a place/ area as E-waste
collection point in their premises. This place can serve as a place where retailers/
consumers can get value of their old product. There is a need to initiate publicawareness campaign to collect E-waste at authorized collection facility and only
give to authorized recycler for treatment and disposal.

5. The research literature cites that the efficiency of E-waste collection system
ranges from approximately 60% to even less than 30% even in the most efficientsystem functioning under EPR in EU. This indicates that leakages exist even in
the most efficient system.
6. There is a need for authorizing E-waste recyclers/ dismantlers in PPM. This willassist to divert E-waste from commercial sector e.g. corporates/ business/ BPOs
using existing mechanism to authorized recycler.

The proposed E-waste treatment technology has been described based on first andsecond level of treatment. These levels have been proposed considering two levels oftreatment occurring in PPM. Out of the two levels, the major part of treatment isoccurring at first level only, while the second level is occurring to a minimal extent.
However, E-waste inventory estimate encourages recommending second level treatment
after
2019.
It may be noted that even in the best of E-waste collection scenario with 90% coll ection efficiency, Cambodia will not be able to generate adequate quantity of E-waste till2030 to sustain an integrated metal recovery facility, which will require about 300,000
tons per annum of input raw material. In such scenario, hydrometallurgical/ electrolysis
appears to be the viable third level option for precious metal recovery in Cambodia
beyond 2030.
E-waste Management System Specifications
The volume of E-waste item to be collected and transported till 2020 based on E-waste
inventory estimates in Phnom Penh ranges from 4490 m3 to 32923 m3 for washingmachine, 5140 m3 to 6925 m3 for personal computers, 9m3 to 46m3 for mobile phones,
2918 m3 to 9573 m3 for refrigerator, 1458 m3 to 5976 m3 for Air Conditioners and 1557
m3 to 2618 m3 for washing machine. This is based on 50% availability of E-waste forrecycling. Depending upon the type of E-waste, different types of bins/ cages have been
identified and recommended. The collected E-waste in container will be lifted manually,
through fork lifts, placed into small trucks/ container carriers and transported from thecollection facility to E-waste treatment facility. E-waste collection frequency is dependenton E-waste inventory and inventory maintained at recycling facility. The forklifts andtrucks to lift containers are required for safe transport of E-waste from collection
locations to recycling facility. It has been recommended that the responsibility of E-waste
collection will be that of the either recycler or collection agency. Further, the collection
centers at commercial/ corporate/ business centers can use the above specifications of
the bins to collect and store E-waste. As the volume of the E-waste starts increasing,collection facilities will be required at retailer and household level. The design criteria will
be dependent on the area requirement in order to capture E-waste from a respective
catchment. Again inventory from the catchment will determine the bin requirement andthe area required for storing bins and collection frequency of the bins will determine thebasis for area of collection facility.The specifications of E-waste treatment facility will
depend on the E-waste collection efficiency in PPM. The specifications for proposed Ewaste recycling facility vary from 5,000 tons per annum to 7,500 tons per annum basedon 50% collection efficiency by 2019. The tentative total area requirement for catering tosuch type of facility has been estimated to be about 4 acres or about 15,600 sq meters
as per international best practices and design criteria of plant and equipment supplier.
Out of this total area, processing area is about 25%, area for administration 5%, area forstoring raw material to be about 30% and for finished product to be about 15% and open
area is about 25 %. First and second level treatment could be either manual or semiautomatic using conveyor system. The specification of shredder in the 1st and 2nd leveltreatment determines the equipment specifications. Tentative shredder specifications
include input feed of 3 to 4 tons per hour with an output of size between 4 - 5 mm.
Depending on the collection efficiency and availability of the input raw material, thefacility can start with one shredder of half the capacity followed by the second. There ishuge variation in the prices of the treatment system starting from US$ 789700 to
US$ 3.1 million depending on type of technology. The output from the E-waste recycling
system will be sold/ exported to metal recyclers outside Cambodia. E-waste export
market is expected to follow the same trend as that of global market for precious metals.
Therefore, price risks related to E-waste fractions are associated with price variations in
global metal markets and commodity exchanges e.g. London Metal Exchange, London
Bullion Market etc. The analysis of the price graphs indicates that metal market peaks
and bottoms out in a ten year period. E-waste purchase price in PPM has ranged from
US$ 1/kg to US$ 4/kg during the last ten year period. A financial analysis for the 7500
tons per annum E-waste recycling facility in PPM has been carried out based on capitaland operating cost estimates, local land prices, labor costs, customs duty, equipment
costs, electricity costs and current interest rates. It has been proposed that the capitalcosts will be in the form of debt and equity in a ratio of 70:30. The financial viability
indicators e.g. IRR shows viability of the project. NPV is positive and decreases withhigh cost of capital. But the financial indicators are not strong enough to attract private
investment because IRR value is much lower than 25% and payback period is 5 years.
The project is most sensitive to land prices followed by interest rates, and customs duty.
This analysis also indicates that if lower quantities of PC are dismantled then financial
viability goes down significantly. It shows that for waste white goods treatment anddisposal, the combination of incentives should be higher. Financial viability is also
sensitive to price fluctuations i.e. prices with respect to both input raw material as well as
output. A comparative analysis of financial analysis indicators shows that viability
improves with the improved capacity utilization. Capacity utilization depends upon theavailability of the raw material. In order to make the project more viable an efficient Ewaste collection and transportation system and a set of incentives like lower interest rateor duty exemption or subsidy on land may be planned.
The major risks anticipated is the availability and quality of raw material, scale ofoperation and expected yield on account of efficiency of E-waste collection system. The
fundamental basis to design conventional E-waste collection and transportation
infrastructure and E-waste treatment facility requires assessment of the lowest andhighest volume of E-waste to be collected during the planned period. This is carried out
based on E-waste capture rate. E-waste capture rate can be assessed by implementing
a pilot project for E-waste collection and transportation, which has been conceptualized
in third report.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.0

Introduction

Inventory studies show that E-waste generation potential ranges from 6792 metric tons
in 2008 to 22,443 metric tons in 2019. Further, the results of extensive field work
highlighted that the E-waste trade value chain consists of stakeholders, who use twelve
processes during E-waste management. These processes are carried out in anenvironmentally unsound manner, which need to be addressed both at national and citylevel. These findings are in line with CEA report, which stated that an action plan for theenvironmentally sound management of E-waste should be prepared and implemented in
Cambodia. In this context, the following sections describe the identified needs,
objectives, approach and methodology and capacity building effort to address theseneeds within municipal limits of PPM. Further, the format of the report describes theoutcome of this effort.
1.1

Need for Proper E-waste Planning & Management in Phnom Penh City

It is expected that the projected E-waste is going to arrive at different stakeholders infuture who will use the twelve identified processes for dismantling and recycling. The
mapping of these processes in the trade value chain shows that these processes arepart of level 1 and 2 E-waste management and consist of primary and secondary Ewaste generators. Therefore, there is a need for environmentally sound management ofthese processes while planning for future interventions within municipal boundary of
PPM. Some of the specific needs, which have been identified as per CEA report, which
are relevant from E-waste management perspective in PPM are given below.
•

Need to strengthen, monitor and manage imported EEE•

Need to improve operating practices of repairing and dismantling of EEE, which arebeing done manually.

•

Need for proper E-waste collection and transportation system. Currently, E-waste
residues are improperly disposed in dustbin and at dumpsite mixed with other urban
wastes.

•Need for proper occupation health and safety system in E-waste management.

An effort has been made to address these needs by building the national capacity toassess the specific needs as described below.
1.2
Project on “Waste Electronic and Electric Equipment/ E-waste Management
in Phnom Penh City
In the above context, MoE, Government of Cambodia has received a support from
UNEP-DTIE-IETC to implement the project, “E-waste Management in the Phnom Penh
Municipality”. The project has started in earlier 2009, after the official signing by the
representatives of MoE and UNEP-DTIE-IETC. The local capacity building effort throughthis project is aimed at training national and local government personnel including small
businesses and private sector. The following sections describe project objectives, brief
approach and methodology and description of training programs.

1.2.1

Project Objectives

The objective of the proposed project is to formulate, design and implement an
integrated E-waste management pilot project in PPM. After augmentation of local
capacity, the level of effort could be scaled up to the national level and replicated inother countries. Specific objectives of the proposed pilot project are given below.
•

Build the national and local capacity in Cambodia on inventorization andmanagement of E-waste by undertaking various activities, including the inventory of
E-waste and a pilot project to process E-waste in and environmentally sound mannerwith optimum level of recovery for recycling.

•

Bring out the guidelines and training materials for dissemination for other developing
countries to replicate similar projects and capacity building process.

1.2.2

Brief Approach and Methodology

The current capacity building effort is being targeted on E-waste management by using
the second manual published by UNEP before the project team starts work on activity 2
described below.
Activity 2:

Study of E-waste recycling structure•••

Study of E-waste recycling/ other recycling infrastructure(formal/informal) and its capacity
Study of E-waste toxic footprint by inventorizing E-waste recyclingsites in case recycling occurs in informal sector in Phnom Penh
City
Study of the feasibility of the level of treatment of E-waste informal sector in Phnom Penh City

The project team, which was imparted training, included the following personnel.
1) Dr. CHRIN Sokha, MoE – Team Leader
2) Mr. Sophal Laska, MoE3) Mr. Sreng Sophal, MoE4) Mr. Pet Pichhara, MoE
5) Mr. Te Ith Leang, MoC
6) Mr. Sreng Sokvung, MIME
7) Mr. Tes Norarith, DoE of PPM
8) Mr. Khuy Kuyny, DoE of PPM
9) Mr. Hak Mao, CEA10) Mr. Chin sothun, CEA11) Mr. Uon Sokuntea, CEA12) Mr. Yim Mongtoeun, RUPP
1.2.3

Training Program

The three day training program was conducted from 8th to 10th April 2009. Dr. Mushtaq
Ahmed Memon – UNEP-DTIE-IETC and Mr. Amit Jain – Consultant conducted thistraining program as faculty members. The three day agenda of the training program wasdivided into eight sessions as described in appendix 1 and summarized below.

Day 1
There were three sessions, which were conducted on the first day. The day started withthe discussion on the roles and responsibilities of the different participants andstakeholders and outline of the Training on E-waste Manual, Volume II. The first session
was devoted to perspective of E-waste management. The discussions focused on thefindings of the first field training program and identification of the E-waste trade value
chain in PPM. The second session focused on current practices of E-waste
management followed by national and social policies/regulations/laws/institutions indeveloped countries. The objective of imparting this training was to give an exposure toparticipants about existing regulatory framework in developed countries. In the third
session, national and social policies/regulations/laws/institutions in developing countries
and initiatives taken by different agencies were discussed. It was intended to develop thecapacity of participants to assess and evaluate the existing regulatory framework so thatthey can identify the elements required to regulate E=waste in Cambodia. There wereinteractive discussions on current and future challenges for Kingdom of Cambodia ingeneral and Phnom Penh city in particular.
Day 2
Two sessions were conducted on the second day. The first session focused on thecollection system followed by description of stages and technologies for E-waste.
Collection systems focused on collection channels like retailer take back and storage,
producer take back and storage, municipal collection and storage, other collection points,
collection infrastructure, guiding principles for design and formulation of technicalspecifications of E-waste collection points and E-waste treatment systems. Training on
E –waste treatment technology included description of first level E-waste treatment,
second level E –waste treatment, CRT treatment technology, available process
technology and 3rd level E-waste treatment.
Day 3
Three sessions were conducted on the third day. The first session focused on the
training of financing mechanism of E-waste management in developed countries. This
included training on E-waste financing models, fee structure, funding for supply chain,financial guarantee, financing of E-waste management in developing countries, analysis,
case study, proposed E-waste treatment facility, E-waste scenario, E-waste treatment
technology, risk profiling and financial analysis. A case study from the E-waste manual 2
supported by relevant movie clips were used to strengthen the existing knowledge baseof the participants. Photo album of the class room training session and field work is
given in appendix 2.
1.3

Format of Report

The outcome of the second training session, field activities, and inventory study within
the municipal limits of Phnom Penh has resulted in the development of this report. This
report describes the E-waste recycling structure within the municipal boundaries ofPhnom Penh as an outcome of activity 2. The report consists of six chapters. Chapter 1
gives background information, approach and methodology, training and its outcome andformat of the report. Chapter 2 describes E-waste recycling/ other recycling
infrastructure (formal/informal) and its capacity in the context of existing regulatory
framework. This chapter further describes E-waste toxic footprint by locating E-waste
recycling sites in informal sector in Phnom Penh City. Chapter 3 describes the proposed
E-waste management system & technology evaluation for Phnom Penh. Chapter 4
describes the tentative specifications and the need for pilot study. Chapter 5 describes
the feasibility of the level of treatment of E-waste in formal sector in Phnom Penh City.
Chapter 6 describes conclusions and recommendations.

CHAPTER 2: E-WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PPM

2.0

Introduction

E-waste management in PPM has been described in terms of its components, which
include collection, sorting & transportation, treatment and disposal system. All thecomponents have been described in terms of existing practices, scale, location andcapacity of existing and predicted system under “business as usual” scenario. E-waste
treatment and disposal system describe the repair, refurbishing and dismantling systemboth in formal and informal sectors. Further, toxic footprint both in terms of hazardous
content, disposal and locations within PPM has been described. The following sections
describe each of these items including the basis and future projections from the planningperspective.
2.1

Components of E-waste Management

There are three major components of E-waste management systems. These are:
1. E-waste collection, sorting and transportation system
2. E-waste treatment system
3. E-waste disposal system.
In developed countries, E-waste collection system consists of producer/ retailer takeback system, municipal collection system and recycler’s/ dismantler’s collection system
as shown in figure 2.1. Since E-waste is hazardous in nature, it is collected, sorted,
stored and transported under controlled conditions. Each of the agencies has its own Ewaste collection and storage centers. The collection means will vary, following distances,rural or urban patterns, and the size of collected appliances. Some categories will
require specific collection routes like flatbed collection (for fridges and other reusable
household appliances).
An efficient E-waste collection and transportation system will ensure reuse, recycle andadequate E-waste management including avoiding damage or breaking components that
contain hazardous substances. The major factors, which determine the efficiency ofcollection system, are given below.
•
•
•
•
•
•

accessible and efficient collection facilities
ensure minimal movements of products
minimize manual handling
aim to remove hazardous substances
separate reusable appliances
adequate and consistent information to the users.

According to available literature, in EU, E-waste in general is being sorted/ separated
into five groups as given below depending on different material composition andtreatment categories. This facilitates efficient collection, recycling and data monitoring forcompliance.
1.

Refrigeration equipment —Due to ODS usage, this has to be separated fromother E-waste

2.
3.

4.

5.

Other large household appliances — because of their shredding with end-of-life
vehicles and other light iron, they need to be separated from other waste
Equipment containing CRTs —the CRTs need to remain intact because ofhealth and safety reasons. Therefore, TVs and computer monitors will have to
be collected separately from other waste and handled carefullyLighting (linear and compact fluorescent tubes) — this needs to be deposited ina special container (due to Mercury) to ensure it does not contaminate otherwaste and that it can be recycled
All other E-waste — This equipment can be collected in the same container
because there are no recycling or health and safety reasons
Producer’s/ Retailer’s transportation system
Producer’s Take Back

Retailer’s Take Back
Input
EEE
Productio
n

EEE
Sales

EEE
Consumption

WEEE
Generation

WEEE
Treatment

WEEE
Disposal

Reuse
New Product/ E-waste Residues
Municipal Collection and Transportation System
Recycler’s/ Dismantler’s Collection and Transportation System
Figure 2.1: E-waste Collection Systems
At the moment, retailer’s/ producer’s take back system and producer’s/ retailer’stransportation system is non existent in PPM. Further, there is no exclusive municipal
collection and transportation system for E-waste in PPM. There is a limited usage ofexisting municipal solid waste collection and transportation system for E-waste in PPM
while dismantler’s in informal sector have their own collection and transportation system
as shown in figures 2.2 and figure 2.3. In the municipal system, dustbins are utilized for
E-waste disposal while waste pickers use hand carts for transportation of E-waste.
Further, vehicles from municipal solid waste transportation company pick E-waste
residues from the bins for disposal at waste dump site. Dismantler’s in the informal
sector use vehicles to transport E-waste from the point of generation to the junkshop or
for the place of dismantling as shown in figure 2.3.

Figure 2.2: Municipal Dustbins Usage for E-waste collection and transportation

LandfillFigure 2.3: Existing Informal Sector E-waste collection and transportation
Therefore, there are two types of E-waste collection system in PPM. Type 1 involves theintervention of waste picker as shown in figure 2.2 and type 2, which involves theintervention of dismantler. Other features of both types of collection and transportation
system are described below.
1. These collection systems indicate the difference in scale of E-waste collection
and transportation within the same geographical boundaries.
2. Both the mechanism collect and transport mixed type of E-waste and its fractions.
3. No separate collection and transportation mechanism exist for individual E-waste
item.
4. Both the mechanism use significant manual handling of E-waste.
5. No occupational health and safety practices are visible during E-waste collection
and transportation.
6. E-waste collection and transportation system appear to be market driven without
regulatory controls.
The features described above identify the gaps in the existing E-waste collection andtransportation system, which will form the basis of future interventions in E-waste
management. Some of these interventions could be pilot tested before designing thescaled up E-waste collection and transportation system.
2.2

E-waste Treatment and Disposal System in PPM“Material Flow” along the “Life Cycle” of electrical and electronic equipment including thephase of obsolescence within a “Geographical Boundary” forms the basis of E-waste
generation in cities. This E-waste generation requires adequate treatment and disposal
in an environmentally sound manner. In this context, E-waste trade value chain in PPM
has been studied at three levels. At first level, the conceptual E-waste trade value chain
has been established. This conceptual E-waste trade value chain is based onassumption that all the stakeholders are organized in formal sector and all the processes
are occurring in an environmentally sound manner. At second level, the conceptual life
cycle of E-waste and its flow has been customized as per geographical distribution ofidentified process within geographical boundaries of PPM. At third level, its organization
in formal, semiformal and informal sector has been studied.

Conceptual E-waste material flow chain is shown in figure 2.4.
Raw Material Input
EEE
Production

EEE
Consumpti
on

EEE
Sales

Reuse

E-wasteGeneration

E-wasteTreatment

E-wasteDisposal

New Product/ E-waste Residues

Landfill

Figure 2.4: Conceptual Life Cycle of Electrical and Electronic Equipment
1. EEE production: import/ manufacturing of EEE
2. EEE sales
3. EEE consumption (stock)
4. E-waste generation
5. Re-use / down cycle
6. E-waste treatment/ Re-cycle
7. Secondary raw material / disposal
The conceptual E-waste material flow chain, after its application to E-waste flows
through twelve processes in PPM has been modified and shown as E-waste trade value
chain in figure 2.5. It is a five-step value chain covering all the stakeholders.
New / Used EEE
ImportNew / Used EEESales

EEE Consumer

E-WasteGeneration

E-WasteTreatment

E-WasteDisposal

Landfill

Reuse / Recycle
Reuse / Recycle

E-WasteFractions /Streams

Scrap Yard

Figure 2.5: E-Waste Trade Value chain in PPM
These stakeholders are organized in formal and informal sectors. It has been found that
E-waste generated arrives at first from the formal/ organized markets like manufacturers,
importers, offices, and semi-organized markets, where E-waste from domestic
consumers comes either in exchange schemes or as discarded items. The recyclable
parts of computers, mobile phones, AC, TV, refrigerators and washing machine are soldto waste pickers and dismantlers while the other parts that cannot be repaired aredisposed in dustbins as domestic wastes. The waste pickers generally sell their collected
E-waste residues both from dustbins as well as from formal/organized sector to scrap
yard owners for export. The transition of E-waste trade value chain from formal tosemiformal and informal sector in PPM is shown in figure 2.6.

ExportSemi - Formal

Informal

New / Used
EEE Import

New / UsedEEE Sales

EEE
Consumer

E-WasteGeneration

E-WasteTreatment

Reuse / Recycle

E-WasteDisposal
E-WasteFractions /Streams

Reuse / Recycle

Landfill

Scrap Yard

ExportFigure 2.6: Sectoral Organization of E-Waste Trade Value Chain in PPM
The tracer tracking for each E-waste item along the E-waste trade value chain within thegeographical boundary of PPM has been studied to identify and establish the capacity ofexisting E-waste treatment and disposal system.
Tracer tracking of TV is shown in figure 2.7. Broken and/or non-functioning TV is at firstchecked to identify problems prior to its repair, dismantling and disposal. There are two
major stakeholders, which are repair and junk shops, where some major treatment anddisposal activities occur. Firstly, these places are used for buying and selling E-waste
scrap. Secondly, it is a place for dismantling second-hand TV that can not be used any
more. Before selling to the junkshops, TVs are dismantled and separated by types suchas plastic cases, printed circuit board, copper, aluminum, iron etc. at repair shops.
Further, Plastic cases are chopped by machine into small pieces at junk shops/ yards
and exported to other countries. The other parts are also broken down or separated fromTV at these places. These parts are sold separately at different prices.

ImportSelling andRepairing shop

Users

Junk shops

ExportRecycling

Residues

Figure 2.7: TV Tracer Tracking
Tracer tracking of PC is shown in figure 2.8. Owners of PC selling shops also performthe function of repairing non-functioning computers prior to selling. These stakeholders
also buy used-computers from local users to carry out repair and reselling. Repaired
computers are commonly warranted for one year. Those computers, which cannot be
repaired, are dismantled to extract usable parts (as spare-parts), or sold to junkshop. Atjunkshop, valuable parts are taken out, e.g. plastic, wires, copper, iron, aluminum,
screen and batteries (UPS) and sold at different prices to different customers.

ImportSelling andRepairing shop

Users

Junk shops

ExportRecycling

Residues

Figure 2.8: PC Tracer Tracking
Tracer tracking of MP is shown in figure 2.9. Tracer tracking of MP shows that shops in
PPM generally sell both brand-new and second-hand items with additional functions ofrepairing and dismantling process. The broken parts during MP repair/ dismantling aremostly screen and IC. The broken parts of the mobile phones are sold to E-waste buyers(e.g. junkshop) or disposed at urban dumpsite through waste collection company, M/s
CINTRI.

ImportSelling andrepairing shops

Users

Junk shop

ExportRecycling
Residues

Figure 2.9: MP Tracer Tracking
Tracer tracking of refrigerators, air-conditioners and washing machines are shown infigure 2.10. Most of the shops in PPM are selling washing machines, air conditioners
and refrigerators at one place. Some of them sell both brand-new and second-hand
items together. Shop owners also buy used items and/or non-functioning items forrepairing and selling. In the process of repairing, the mechanic checks the usedcondition of washing machines, airconditioners, and refrigerators. If some parts arefound to be un-useable, they repair it and if it is found non repairable, they dispose it by
selling it to waste buyers or dispose it into dustbins. At junkshops, the items, whichcannot be repaired, are further dismantled to take out valuable items/ parts like plastic,iron, aluminum and printed circuit board, prior to disposal. All of these scrap items are
finally sold abroad according to the international market demand.

ImportSelling Repairing
Shop

Users

Junk shops

ExportRecycling
Residues

Figure 2.10: Washing machine, Air-con and Refrigerator Tracer Analysis
Tracer analysis indicates that there are two levels of E-waste treatment. At the first level,
E-waste is repaired and resold or exported. At the second level, it is dismantled and its
dismantled parts are reused or disposed.
2.3

Capacity of Existing E-waste Treatment and Disposal System

The capacity of existing repair/re-furbishers and dismantlers in PPM has been assessedboth qualitatively and quantitatively. The qualitative description includes the observed
practices of E-waste repair/ refurbishment and dismantling being carried out in PPM.
The quantitative estimation has been carried out based on the existing and projectedvolume of reusable parts, recyclable materials and residues.
There is no company/enterprise in formal sector in PPM that collects/purchases E-wastefrom households and offices in Cambodia. Cambodia has no modern technology tocarry out repair/ dismantling /refurbishing. Its sector expertise is very limited and,
therefore, the repairing processes of few items like TV, air-con, mobile phone,refrigerator, computer, washing machine, and other EEE are carried out using simple
techniques. Some of these techniques include:•

Using the testing facility to identify non-functioning/broken parts of EEE/UEEE or
identify useable parts (spare-parts) for next usage.

•

Withdrawal/removal of non-functioning/broken parts, cleaning and installing spareparts, and connecting them afterward. In the case of withdrawal /removal of useableparts (from dismantled process), these parts are used with others to make them
functional.

•

Re-testing is done to emphasize whether repaired EEE/UEEE functions or not. If not,re-testing and repairing is done once more.

Dismantling is usually applied to non-functioning/broken UEEE which needs careful
repair by using sophisticated techniques. Reusable parts recovered from dismantlingprocess are kept separately (by types) for selling to repair shops on demand basis.
Besides reusable parts, recyclable materials are bought by collectors. As describedabove, waste collectors sell these recyclable parts/wastes to scrap yard owners forexport while the remaining E-waste fractions are disposed as municipal waste. The

outcome of the survey carried out by the project team showed that most E-waste
residues generated from repairing and/or dismantling shops are disposed in dustbin andlater at urban dumpsite by domestic waste collection service. Some E-wastes generationfrom households are also disposed by this method. Some areas where waste-collection
trucks are not available, such kind E-wastes are disposed improperly at sites close
to/behind the repairing/dismantling shops, and are finally burnt.
An assessment of the E-waste fractions consisting of reusable parts, recyclable
materials and residues generated in 2009 and 2019 has been carried out based on theinventory estimates, outcome of the field work carried out during 2009 and CEA
estimates for the year 2006-07. The average estimates of reusable parts, recyclable
materials and residues generated has been described in table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Percentage E-waste Fractions generated during repair/ refurbishment &Dismantling
E-Waste Item/ Ewaste Fractions
TV
PC
MP
Refrigerator
Air Conditioner
Washing Machine

Reusable (%)
51.5
62.5
60.8
54.9
55.3
60

Recyclable (%)
41.6
35.3
33.0
38.8
42.5
20

Residues (%)
6.9
2.2
6.3
6.3
2.3
20

The existing capacity of repair/ refurbishers and dismantlers in PPM has been estimatedbased on E-waste processing and E-waste fractions generation. The generation ofexisting and projected E-waste fractions in metric tons has been estimated byconsidering that the existing repair/refurbishment and dismantling activities will continue
in informal and semi formal sector in PPM without any intervention. These estimates assummarized in table 2.2 have been arrived at by using the data from table 2.1
considering E-waste item wise inventory in the year 2009 and 2019.
Table 2.2: Existing and Projected E-waste Fractions (metric tons)
E-waste Items/ Ewaste Fractions
TV
PC
MP
Refrigerator
Air Conditioner
Washing
MachineReusable
980.54
1706.6926.17
548.70490.832009
Recyclable
792.05964.6214.22
387.79377.56

Residues
131.37
59.39
2.69
62.97
19.99

525.39175.13175.13

Reusable
5517.542247.8590.38
1716.15
1908.53

2019
Recyclable
4456.881270.4849.09
1212.87
1468.10

Residues
739.2478.23
9.30
196.9477.72

842.30280.77280.77

Expected capacity increase of E-waste repair/ refurbisher and dismantler in informal andsemiformal sectors in PPM required to cater to projected E-waste inventory from 2009 to2019 has been assessed and summarized in table 2.3 considering business as usual
scenario without any intervention.

Table 2.3: Expected Capacity Increase of Informal and Semiformal Sector
E-waste Item
TV
PC
MP
Refrigerator
Air Conditioner
Washing Machine

Capacity Augmentation (%)
463
32
245
213
289
60

Table 2.3 indicates that existing E-waste repair/ refurbishment and dismantling capacity
is inadequate for catering to expected E-waste inventory in 2019 in PPM. Further, it
indicates that both informal and semiformal sector is expected to significantly increase involume under business as usual scenario.
2.4

Toxic Footprint

The increase in capacity of semiformal and informal sectors will lead to increase inenvironmental impacts. It is expected that environmental impacts will also increase in thesame proportion as that of the expected increase in volumes.
An assessment of the possible toxic footprint has been carried out both in terms ofhazardous content and expected disposal locations in PPM. The impact of hazardous
content has been estimated by mapping the possible hazardous content of some of theE-waste items versus their threshold value obtained through literature review and theway of disposal of the E-waste residues both during E-waste repair/ refurbishing anddismantling operations occurring at different locations in PPM. The findings of theassessment have been summarized in table 2.4 and table 2.5. These findings indicatethat majority of E-waste fractions are being disposed as municipal waste either in the
dustbins or in the open or inside the premises. Therefore, the location of this footprint
can be correlated to the location of major hubs of formal and informal sectors on the
major streets in PPM in areas described in table 2.6 and shown in figure 2.11.
Chamkamorn and Toul Kok serve as two major hubs for TV and PCs repair/refurbishment and dismantling. Chamkamorn, Toulkok and Meanchay also serve as
major repairing/ refurbishing centre for washing machine. Therefore, these locations
form majority of toxic footprint from E-waste in PPM.
Table 2.5: Site locations of toxic footprints in PPM
Major Location
Type of E-business
Dismantling of AC
Chamkamorn

Dismantling of PC
Dismantling of Mobile Phone
Dismantling of washing machine

Meanchay
Toul Kok

Dismantling of AC/refrigerator
Dismantling of PC
Dismantling of TV
Dismantling of Mobile Phone2.5

Conclusions

The increase in E-waste inventory is expected to trigger expansion of E-waste collection,transportation, treatment capacity both in formal and informal sector. It can be concluded
that current E-waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal in PPM isinadequate both in terms of capacity and environmentally sound management. The
expansion of E-waste treatment is expected to significantly increase the E-waste toxic
footprint within PPM. Since the existing toxic footprint covers areas, which arecommercial along the main streets of PPM, its expansion is likely to further impact air,water and soil conditions in its area of influence. Therefore, there is a need forenvironmentally sound management of E-waste in order to reduce its volume as well as
its toxic footprint.

Table 2.4: Way of residue disposal (repair process)
EEW by types

Toxic Content (% oftotal product/ absolute)Threshold (% / absolute
limit)TV
Glass

Glass with lead (CRT)

Way of disposal (inpercent)
Disposal as Municipal
waste (88.90%)
Give away (1.85%)
Other (9.25%)

Lead Oxide 6.61%
Cadmium 0.03%
Chromium 0
Antimony Trioxide 0.17%

5%
0.10%
0.10%
1.00%

Disposal as Municipal
waste (94%)
Pay for disposal (1.50%)

Give away (3%)
Other (1.50%)
Mixture of different typesof materials

Phthalate Plasticizer inwires and other electrical
items

0.5%

PC
Glass

Lead Oxide 5.26%
Cadmium 0.02%
Chromium 0
Antimony Trioxide 0.13%

Rechargeable battery

Cadmium, Lead, Mercury,
Nickel, Zinc, andManganese

5%
0.10%
0.10%
1.0%

Throw away , sharp objects at
the fence- top, put at theirown lands

Asking a motor- taxi/ tricycles’ drivers to take those
wastestodisposeatdumpsitewithagreedpayment
while
waste
collection service do notprovideThrow away, put at their own
lands

Disposal as Municipal
waste (100%)

Disposal as Municipal
waste (60%)
Other (40%)

Glass with lead (CRT)

MiscellaneousThrow away, dispose in slot,
put at their own lands

Disposal as Municipal
waste (100%)

Disposal as Municipal
waste (66.70%)
Other (33.30%)

Throw away, dispose in slot,
put at their own lands

Mixture of different typesof materials

Phthalate Plasticizer inwires and other electrical
items
Germanium 0.0016%
Gallium 0.0013%
Beryllium 0.0157%
Mercury 0.0022%

0.5%

20%
20%
0.10%
0.25%

MP
Rechargeable battery

Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithiumion(Li-Ion), nickel-cadmium(Ni-Cd), or
lead acid. Ni-MH and NiCd batteries
contain nickel 10%,cobalt 4%, zinc, cadmium(25% of the weight ofbattery),
and copper. Li-Ion
batteries use lithium
metallic oxide (4%) andcarbon-based materials(4%).
Mixture of different types
Arsenic 0.062 mg/lof materials
Barium 2.33 mg/l
Cadmium 0.004 mg/l
Chromium 0.07 mg/l
Lead 87.4 mg/l
Mercury 0.006 mg/l
Selenium 0.093 mg/l
Air Conditioner & Refrigerator
CFC
ODS in coolant 0.71%
ODS in insulation foam
1.43%
Mixture of different types
Phthalate & Plasticizer inof materials
rubber and plastic
Washing Machine
Phthalate & Plasticizer

Rubber 0.28%
Wires 0.09%

Disposal as Municipal
waste (100%)

Disposal as Municipal
waste (88.70%)
Pay for disposal (6.45%)

Other (4.85%)

Arsenic 5 mg/l
Barium 100 mg/l
Cadmium 1 mg/l
Chromium 5 mg/l
Lead 5 mg/l
Mercury 0.2 mg/l
Selenium 1.0 mg/l

Disposal as Municipal
waste (100%)

0.10%
0.10%
0.50%

Destruct on the premises(33.90%)
Do not collect (1.80%)
Other (64.30%)

0.5%
0.5%

Disposal as Municipal
waste

Asking a motor- taxi/ tricycles’ drivers to take those
wastestodisposeatdumpsitewithagreedpayment
while
waste
collection service do notprovideThrow away, dispose in slot,
put at their own lands

Free discharging
environment

into

the

Table 2.5: Way of residue disposal (dismantling process)
EEW by types

Toxic Content (% of total
product/ absolute)Threshold (% / absolute
limit)TVGlass

Way of disposal (inpercent)
Disposal as Municipal
waste (95.45%)
Pay for disposal (4.54%)

Glass with lead (CRT)

Lead Oxide 6.61%
Cadmium 0.03%
Chromium 0
Antimony Trioxide 0.17%

5%
0.10%
0.10%
1.00%

Disposal as Municipal
waste (96.15%)
Pay for disposal (3.85%)

Mixture of different types ofmaterials

Phthalate Plasticizer inwires and other electrical
items

0.5%

Disposal as Municipal
waste (97.30%)
Give away (1.35%)
Other (1.35%)

PC
Glass

Disposal as Municipal
waste (50%)
Other (50%)

Glass with lead (CRT)

Lead Oxide 5.26%
Cadmium 0.02%
Chromium 0
Antimony Trioxide 0.13%

Rechargeable battery

Cadmium, Lead, Mercury,
Nickel, Zinc, andManganese

5%
0.10%
0.10%
1.0%

Miscellaneous

Asking a motor- taxi/ tri-cycles’
drivers to take those wastes todispose at dumpsite withagreed- payment while waste
collection service do notprovideThrow away, dispose in slot,
put at their own lands

Throw away, dispose in slot,
put at their own lands

Disposal as Municipal
waste (100%)

Disposal as Municipal
waste (80%)
Other (20%)

Throw away, dispose in slot,
put at their own lands

Mixture of different types ofmaterials

Phthalate Plasticizer inwires and other electrical
items
Germanium 0.0016%
Gallium 0.0013%
Beryllium 0.0157%
Mercury 0.0022%

0.5%

20%
20%
0.10%
0.25%

MP
Rechargeable battery

Nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithiumion(Li-Ion), nickel-cadmium(Ni-Cd), or
lead acid. Ni-MH and Ni-Cd
batteries
contain nickel 10%, cobalt
4%, zinc, cadmium (25% of
the weight of battery),and copper. Li-Ion batteries
use lithium
metallic oxide (4%) andcarbon-based materials(4%).
Mixture of different types ofArsenic 0.062 mg/l
materials
Barium 2.33 mg/l
Cadmium 0.004 mg/l
Chromium 0.07 mg/l
Lead 87.4 mg/l
Mercury 0.006 mg/l
Selenium 0.093 mg/l
Air Conditioner & Refrigerator
CFC
ODS in coolant 0.71%
ODS in insulation foam
1.43%
Mixture of different types ofmaterials

Washing Machine
Phthalate & Plasticizer

Phthalate & Plasticizer inrubber and plastic

Rubber 0.28%
Wires 0.09%

Disposal as Municipal
waste (100%)

Disposal as Municipal
waste (83.30%)
Pay for disposal (11.20%)

Other (5.50%)

Arsenic 5 mg/l
Barium 100 mg/l
Cadmium 1 mg/l
Chromium 5 mg/l
Lead 5 mg/l
Mercury 0.2 mg/l
Selenium 1.0 mg/l

Disposal as Municipal
waste (100%)

0.10%

Destruct on the premises(29%)
Other (71%)

0.10%
0.50%

0.5%
0.5%

Disposal as Municipal
waste (87.80%)
Other (12.20%)

Disposal as Municipal
waste

Asking a motor- taxi/ tri-cycles’
drivers to take those wastes todispose at dumpsite withagreed- payment while waste
collection service do notprovideThrow away, dispose in slot,
put at their own lands

Free discharging
environment

into

the

Throw away, dispose in slot,
put at their own lands

Figure 2.11: Toxic footprint (Formal & Informal Sectors) in PPM

CHAPTER 3: E-WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM & TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION

3.0

Introduction

This chapter describes the E-waste management system and technology proposed forPhnom Penh. The entire treatment rationale for E-waste is driven by “Material Flow”,
which in turn is driven by consumer behavior related to disposal of E-waste. The
following section describes rationale for E-waste treatment in terms of E-waste
composition, emissions, recyclability and elements of E-waste management system.
Further, description of collection methods, unit operations, input, output and emissions
have been described for each level of treatment. Finally, this is compared with best
available technology/ E-waste treatment technology currently used in the world andassociated risks.
3.1

Consumer Behavior related to E-waste Management in Phnom Penh

Consumer behavior in Phnom Penh has been assessed based on current and projected
E-waste inventory and field work carried out as part of inventory assessment. The
following features highlight key findings of consumer behavior and its implications on
proposed E-waste management system.
1.

Consumer behavior is changing on account of improved living standards due
to high GDP growth rate. This is leading to greater penetration of EEE items.

2.

There are no EEE “take back” schemes, which are in place in Phnom Penh.
Therefore, E-waste collection and transportation mechanism in PPM isdiverse in nature.

3.

Consumers prefer to import second hand branded items in comparison tocheaper new EEE due to affordability and belief in quality of branded item.
This gets transformed into shorter lifecycle of second hand items incomparison to brand new EEE.

4.

Wherever, municipal waste collection facilities are not available, consumers/
residents dispose their E-waste by transporting them to municipal dust bins ordumpsite or pay for taking away E-waste.

5.

E-waste collected from repairing and dismantling hubs is sold to waste
collectors and scavengers because they find value in the waste.

6.

Consumers in high and medium income segments frequently change their
EEE considering updated/ modern design. They pass on their used EEE tosecond hand shop.

7.

Consumers don’t consider environmental and health impacts while disposing
E-waste. They look for best monetary value out of salvaged E-waste.

8.

E-waste collector sell E-waste to scrap yard owners according to demand
from overseas markets. Therefore, demand from overseas market drives theE-waste collection and transportation system, which in turn drives theconsumer behavior for E-waste disposal.
9.

As per E-waste inventory estimates the contribution of E-waste frominformation and communication technology (ICT) sector increases from 87
percent to 88 percent and from 62 percent to 64 percent both in terms ofnumber and weight given in table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Contribution of E-waste Inventory Estimates

Year
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019

ICT (% no)
87.39
88.63
89.95
91.40
92.27
88.63

White Goods(% no)
12.61
11.37
10.05
8.60
7.73
11.37

ICT ( % tons)
62.87
63.93
66.57
71.04
74.04
64.43

White Goods (% tons)
37.13
36.07
33.43
28.96
25.96
35.57

The major conclusions, which will drive the development (planning / design /implementation) of E-waste management system in PPM, are given below.
5. ICT will continue to drive the E-waste management system including E-waste
recycling in the country.
6. E-waste collection and transportation mechanism in PPM is diverse in nature
ranging from hand driven cart to light commercial vehicles.
7. Both the households and the commercial sector look for best monetary andexchange value of their old product. Therefore, any E-waste management
system should factor in the salvage value of the waste product. The bestmonetary and exchange value of the old product can be determined byunderstanding the E-waste composition and its recyclability described below.
3.2

E-waste Composition and Recyclability

The composition of E-waste is specific for each appliance. In order to handle thiscomplexity, the parts/materials found in E-waste have been divided into six categories.
•
•
•
•
•

iron and steel, used for casings and frames;
non-ferrous metals, especially copper used in cables, and aluminum;
glass used for screens, windows;
plastic used as casing, in cables and for circuit boards;
others (rubber, wood, ceramic etc.).

Table 3.2 provides an overview of the composition of the four types of appliances
selected for the present project. Table 3.3 and table 3.4 describe the recyclability of a
PC and a TV.

Table 3.2: Average weight and composition of selected appliances
Appliances
Average
Iron
Non FeGlass % Plastic
Electronic
weight(Fe) % metal %weight%components
(kg)
weigh
weightweight% weighttRefrigerators
48
64.4
6
1.4
13
and freezers
Washing
40
59.8
4.6
2.6
1.5
MachinePersonal
25
53.3
8.4
15
23.3
17.3
computer
Air
45
55
24
11
3
Conditioners
TV sets
35
5.3
5.4
62
22.9
0.9
Mobile
0.160
8
20
10.6
59.6
Telephones

Others%weight
15.1
31.5
0.7
7
3.5
1.8

Table 3.3: Recyclability of a PC

Elements
Plastics

Content (%total weight)
23

Lead

of
Content (Kg)
6.25

Recycling
(%)
20%

6

1.71

5%

Aluminum

14

3.85

80%

Germanium

0.00160.00

0%Gallium

0.0013

0.00

0%

Iron

20

5.57

80%

Tin

1

0.27

70%

Copper

7

1.88

90%

Barium

0.03150.01

0%Nickel0.8503

0.23

0%

Zinc

2

0.60

60%

Tanialum0.01570.00

0%Indium0.0016

0.00

60%

Vanadium

0.00020.00

0%Terbium

0

0.00

0%

Beryllium

0.0157

0.00

0%

Gold

0.00160.00

99%

Europium

0.00020.00

0%Tritium

0.01570.00

0%Ruthenium

0.00160.00

80%

Cobalt0.01570.00

85%efficiency

Recoverable
element (kg)1.25069408
0.08566368
3.08389248
004.45453312
0.19188512
1.69614576
000.35979072
00.00026112
0000.000430848
000.00034816
0.00362984

weightofElements
Palladium

Content (%total weight)
0.0003ManganeseofContent (Kg)
0.00

Recycling(%)
95%

0.03150.01

0%Silver

0.01890.01

98%

Antinomy

0.00940.00

0%Bismuth0.00630.00

0%Chromium0.00630.00

0%Cadmium

0.00940.00

0%Selenium0.00160.00

70%

Niobium

0.00020.00

0%Yttrium

0.00020.00

0%Rhodium

0

0.00

50%

Mercury

0.00220.00

0%Arsenic0.00130.00

0%Silica24.8803

6.77

0%efficiency

Recoverable
element (kg)weight0.00007752
00.005037984
00000.00030464
0
0
0
0
0
0

Total

Table 3.4: Value of output evaluated after dismantling of single TV

Elements
Aluminium
CopperLead
Zinc
NickelIron
Plastic
Glass
Silver
Gold
Total

%
1.2
3.4
0.2
0.3
0.038
12
26
53

ppm

20
10

Recoverable
element (Kg)
0.43441.23080.0724
0.10860.013756
4.344
9.412
19.1860.000724
0.000362

Weight

The analysis of tables 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 indicate that recyclability of E-waste is driven byelectric component, copper and precious metal recovery. Therefore, E-waste collection,transportation and treatment are different from conventional solid waste collection,transportation and treatment system due to its composition and recyclability.

of

of

3.3

Components of E-waste Management System

There are three major components of E-waste management systems. These are:
4. E-waste collection, sorting and transportation system
5. E-waste treatment system
6. E-waste disposal system.
All the three components for PPM have been described below.
3.3.1

E-waste Collection Infrastructure in PPM

At the moment, there is no extended producer responsibility (EPR) regulation in
Cambodia, which will ensure product take back by the producer. Hence, the collection
and transportation channel driven through producers does not appear to be viable in theabsence of EPR regulation.
As per the consumer behavior, E-waste collection channels in PPM is through municipal
collection sites or drop off at dustbins. The only viable mechanism as per consumer
behavior under the existing regulatory mechanism appears to be to capture E-waste at
the point of generation. Since the majority of E-waste is generated in the commercial
sector e.g. corporates/ business/ BPOs etc., and both the households and commercial
sector prefers the best value of their waste, it is recommended that the E-waste
collection facilities should be at two places to start with.
1.
2.

RetailersCommercial sector e.g. corporates/ business/ BPOs etc.

Salient features of this collection mechanism are given below.
7. There is a need for separate collection facilities for ICT and white goods.
8. Location of collection facilities need to be near E-waste collection hubs. This
need is projected on account of following reasons.
-

Ensure minimal movement of products
Efficient collection mechanism
Minimize manual handling
Avoid unsorted municipal waste

9. Each of the retailer’s/ market association/ group can identify a place/ area as Ewaste collection point. This place can serve as a place where retailers/
consumers can get value of their old product. The authorized E-waste recycler
can collect from retailer’s collection facilities and transport E-waste to theirrecycling facility.
10. E-waste from households can be routed through already existing municipal waste
collection mechanism. Each of the localities can identify a place/ area as E-waste
collection point in their premises. This place can serve as a place where retailers/consumers can get value of their old product. There is a need to initiate publicawareness campaign to collect E-waste at authorized collection facility and only
give to authorized recycler for treatment and disposal.
11. There is a need for authorizing E-waste recyclers/ dismantlers in PPM. This willassist to divert E-waste from commercial sector e.g. corporates/ business/ BPOs
using existing mechanism to authorized recycler.
12. Books of E-waste account should be maintained at all the three types ofcollection facilities and match with authorized recycler’s books. In case of
mismatch, penalty provisions can be invoked on either party using appropriate
legal instrument. It is recommended that the value of the penalty should be thedifference between the value offered by the informal sector and the value offeredby the authorized recycler. This mechanism will discourage leakage of E-waste
into informal sector.
13. The research literature cites that the efficiency of E-waste collection system
ranges from approximately 60% to even less than 30% even in the most efficientsystem functioning under EPR in EU. This indicates that leakages exist even in
the most efficient system. In this context it should be noted that any penal
provision highlighted in item 4 above should be invoked only as a deterrent toprevent leakage.
The fundamental basis to design conventional E-waste collection and transportation
infrastructure requires assessment of the lowest and highest volume of E-waste to
be collected during the planned period. This is carried out based on E-waste capture
rate. E-waste capture rate can be assessed by implementing a pilot project for Ewaste collection and transportation, which has been conceptualized in third E-waste
report.
3.3.2

Proposed Treatment Technology

The proposed technology has been described based on first and second level oftreatment given below. These levels have been proposed considering two levels oftreatment occurring in PPM. Out of the two levels, the major part of treatment isoccurring at first level only, while the second level is occurring to a minimal extent.
However, E-waste inventory estimate encourages recommending second level treatment
after 2019. Some elements of third level treatment already occurring in Cambodia arealso described to assess the viability of third level treatment.
First Level E-waste Treatment
Input: E-waste items like TV, refrigerator/ washing machine and Personal Computers(PC)
Unit Operations: Following three unit operations occur at first level of treatment
1.
2.
3.

Removal of all liquids and Gases
Dismantling (manual)
Segregation

All the three unit operations are dry processes, which do not require use of water. The
first step is to decontaminate E-waste and render it non-hazardous. This involves
removal of all types of liquids and gases (if any) under negative pressure, and theirrecovery and storage. Further, all other hazardous E-waste residues are dismantled andsegregated. These segregated hazardous E-waste fractions are then sent for third level
treatment.
Output:1.
2.

Segregated hazardous wastes like CFC, Mercury (Hg) Switches, CRT,
batteries and capacitors
Decontaminated E-waste consisting of segregated non-hazardous E-waste
like plastic, circuit board and cables

Various steps in the manual dismantling process at a E-waste dismantling facility are
depicted in figure 3.1.
Second Level E-waste Treatment
The proposed second WEEE/E-waste treatment technology has been described in terms
of process overview, unit operations and equipments to be used. The conceptual
process flow diagram to be used is given in figure 3.2 and figure 3.3.

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3Figure 3.1: Manual Decontamination/ Dismantling Process
Step 1: Collected E-waste entering the disassembly line in the dismantling facility
Step 2: Manual dismantling of monitor (removal of plastic back cover and disposal into a plastic bin)
Step 3: Decontamination by manually removing the hazardous items and their collection in bins
Step 4: Complete dismantling and segregation of E-waste fractions
Source: E-waste Management Manual, Volume II, UNEP DTIE/ITC

Step 4

E-waste(Non CRT Based)

Pre- comminuting for a rough liberation

Magnetic & eddy current separation offerrous and nonferrous metals

CycloneSeparation of Fe &non- Fe (Cu, Al, Au,
Ag and otherprecious metal)

Liberation of Non Ferrous Metals

Plastic
Classifying for unproved separation

Subsequent comminution (Pulverization) of
unliberated materials

Separation of
Cu, Al, Au, Ag
and other
precious metal

Electrostatic separation of metal fraction

Dust Extraction Optional gravity or eddy
current separation of coarse metal fraction

Fractions (Cu,
Al Au, Ag andother precious
metal)

Source: E-waste Management Manual, Volume II, UNEP DTIE/ITC

Figure 3.2: Process flow of Non CRT based E-waste treatment

Source: E-waste Management Manual, Volume II, UNEP DTIE/ITC
Figure 3.3: Unit Operations

S.
Unit Operations
No.
1.
ShredderFor size reduction into a size
enabling the majority of theferrous material to be separated
fromthenon-ferrous/insulation and plastic
fraction

2.

Eddy Current Separator 1
For separation of the heavy
mixed metal fraction.

3.

Heavy Pre-Granulator
For size reduction of the material
prior to separation in the Eddy
Current Separator 2.

Pictures

S.
No.
4.

Unit Operations

PicturesEddy Current Separator 2
For separation of the light
mixed metal fraction

5.

Heavy Granulator
For final size reduction of thematerial

6.

Separation Table
For final separation of theremaining fraction into aplastic (organic) fraction anda mixed metal fraction.

Source: E-waste Management Manual, Volume II, UNEP DTIE/ITC
The salient features of Non CRT E-waste treatment technology and process are given
below and shown in figure 3.3.
1. The process will use ICT and brown goods equipment like PCs, cellphones,
televisions and other electronic items and will not use white goods likerefrigerators, washing machine or air conditioners.
2. The process is focused on removal of three basic components.
I. Plastic
II. CRT/ Glass
III. Metals/ Non metals
3. There will be different lines for E-waste and CRT treatment.

4. The proposed technology for sorting, treatment, including recycling and disposalof E-waste is fully based on dry process using mechanical operations.
5. The process uses a combination of three unit operations (figure 3.3) for Non-CRT
based E-waste treatment. These operations include
I. Pre-comminuting/ comminuting
II. Magnetic/ electrostatic separation
III. Eddy current separation
The pre-comminuting stage includes separation of Plastic, CRT and remaining non CRT
based E-waste. Equipments like hammer mill and shear shredder will be used atcomminuting stage to cut and pulverize E-waste and prepare it as a feedstock tomagnetic and eddy current separation. A heavy-duty hammer mill grinds the material toachieve separation of inert materials and metals. After separation of metals from inert
material, metal fraction consisting of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous metals are subjected tomagnetic current separation. After separation of Ferrous containing fraction, Non-ferrous
fraction is classified into different non-metal fractions, electrostatic separation andpulverization. The ground material is then screened and de dusted subsequently
followed by separation of valuable metal fraction using electrostatic, gravimetricseparation and eddy current separation technologies to recover fractions of Copper (Cu),Aluminum (Al), residual fractions containing Gold (Au), Silver (Au) and other precious
metals. This results in recovery of clean metallic concentrates, which are sold for further
refining to smelters.
6. Process water, oil or any liquid additive will not be used in both non-CRT and
CRT based E-waste treatment.
7. No incineration will be used in the process for both CRT and Non CRT based Ewaste treatment.
The salient features of CRT based E-waste treatment technology and process is given
below.
1. CRT is dismantled manually by removing metal casing around it.
2. The dismantled CRT enters the chamber through a conveyor.
3. CRT is held firmly in the chamber using a vacuum pad.
4. A NiChrome wire or ribbon is wrapped round a CRT and electrically heated for atleast 30 seconds to causes a thermal differential across the thickness of theglass. The area is then cooled (e.g. with a water-soaked sponge) to create
thermal stress which results in a crack. When this is lightly tapped, the screen
separates from the funnel section.
5. The cut CRT enters the brush cabinet, where the funnel glass is mechanicallycleaned by brushes.
6. The coating is sucked through vacuum and stored separately for disposal.

7. Two types of glass ex. Screen glass and funnel glass are separated and sortedout automatically.
8. The CRT can handle partially broken funnel ensuring that the operator canprocess just about anything that comes through the door.
9. The system utilizes the latest technology in recycling and utilises advanced PLC
hardware and software to maximise throughput with the minimum of downtime.
Third Level E-waste Treatment
The input, output and unit operations at 3rd level treatment are described in table 3.5.
The table also describes its status in PPM/ Cambodia.
Table 3.5: Input/ Output and unit operations for 3rd level treatment of E-waste
Input/ WEEE
Residues

Sorted Plastic

Plastic Mixture
Plastic Mixture
with FR
CRT
Lead Smelting
Ferrous metal
scrap
Non Ferrous
metal Scrap
Precious Metals

Batteries (Lead
Acid/ NiMHand
LiION)CFC
Oil
Capacitors
Mercury

Unit Operation/
Disposal/
Recycling
Technique
Recycling

OutputTechnology
status inCambodia

Plastic Product√

Energy Recovery/
Incineration
Incineration

Energy Recovery

X

Energy Recovery

X

Breaking/
Recycling
Secondary Lead
Smelter
Secondary steel/iron recycling
Secondary copperand aluminum
smelting
Au/ Ag separation

Glass Cullet

X

Lead

X

Iron

X

Copper/AluminumX

Gold/ Silver

LimitedTechnology

Lead recovery andsmelting
Remelting andseparation
Recovery/ Reuse
and Incineration
Recovery/ Reuse
and Incineration
Incineration
Separation andDistillation

Lead

X

CFC/ Energy
recoveryOil recovery/
energyEnergy recovery
MercuryX

Note: √ - yes and X -No

X
XX

Remarks

Limited recycling because of different
types of plastic used in electrical andelectronic products.

E-waste stream containing precious
metals are expected to join other streams
containing gold for its extraction beyond
municipal limits of PPM.

The conclusions drawn from table 3.5 are given below.
1. Table 3.5 identifies the gaps in existing 3rd level treatment in PPM, which
are mainly related to technologies and its application to E-waste residues.
2. E-waste fractions for base metals like Cu, Fe, Al are already being
exported from PPM for metal smelting.
3. Recyclable plastic fractions are being recycled in PPM to a limited extent.
4. Treatment technology for precious metal recovery, which drives the Ewaste recycling, is expected to exist in a limited manner in Cambodia.
However, its scale is expected to be low.
It may be noted that even in the best of E-waste collection scenario with 90% coll ection efficiency, Cambodia will not be able to generate adequate quantity of E-waste till2030 to sustain an integrated metal recovery facility, which will require about 300,000
tons per annum of input raw material. In such scenario, hydrometallurgical/ electrolysis
appears to be the viable third level option for precious metal recovery in Cambodia
beyond 2030.
3.4Best Available Technology

Best available technologies (BAT) have been described by highlighting the existing Ewaste treatment process in Switzerland, Japan and Europe. The process flow diagram of
the E-waste treatment technology used by a Japanese E-waste treatment plant is given
in figure 3.4, while salient features of technology used by E-waste treatment plant in
Switzerland is given below.
1.

The process combines manual and machine procedures.

2.

The E-waste is at first cut, crushed and finally sorted into discreet productstreams. These streams consist of scrap iron, non-ferrous metal fractions, PC
and TV casing components (consisting of wood and plastics), granulates of
mixed plastics, cathode ray tubes, printed circuit boards, copper cables,
components containing organic pollutants such as batteries and condensers, andfine particulates (dust).

3.

The machine processes include breaking of / crushing the equipment in a hammer
mill. Further, the crushed material is separated according to density, granulate
size and magnetic properties, and multiple pulverizations by milling using
magnetic and eddy current separation systems.

Source: E-waste Management Manual, Volume II, UNEP DTIE/ITC

Figure 3.4: Flow sheet of a Japanese E-waste recycling plant
The analysis of the best available technology shows that the process uses a
combination of magnetic and electric conductivity based separation. The research
publications sites that magnetic separators, in particular, low-intensity drum separators
are widely used for the recovery of ferromagnetic metals from non-ferrous metals andother non-magnetic wastes. Over the past decade, there have been many advances inthe design and operation of high-intensity magnetic separators, mainly as a result of theintroduction of rare earth alloy permanent magnets capable of providing very high fieldstrengths and gradients. Literature sites that magnetic separation leads to recovery of
about 80% of ferrous metal from E-waste.
Electric conductivity-based separation separates materials of different electric
conductivity (or resistivity) mainly different fractions of non-ferrous metals from E-waste.
Eddy current separation technique has been used based on electrical conductivity fornon ferrous metal separation from E-waste. Its operability is based on the use of rareearth permanent magnets. When a conductive particle is exposed to an alternating
magnetic field, eddy currents will be induced in that object, generating a magnetic field to
oppose the magnetic field. The interactions between the magnetic field and the induced
eddy currents lead to the appearance of electrodynamic actions upon conductive nonferrous particles and are responsible for the separation process. Currently, eddy current
separators are almost exclusively used for waste reclamation where they are particularly
suited to handling the relatively coarse sized feeds of size > 5 mm. However, recent
developments show that eddy current separation process has been designed toseparate small particles. It has been reported that eddy current separation leads to morethan 75% recovery of non-ferrous metals from the E-waste. However, most of therecycling plants operating with BAT claim to recover 95% of the precious metal content
from E-waste.

Salient Features of CRT splitting technology
1.
2.
3.

CRT is manually removed from plastic/ wooden casing.
Picture tube is split and the funnel section is then lifted off the screen section andthe internal metal mask can be lifted to facilitate internal phosphor coating.
Internal phosphor coating is removed by using an abrasive wire brush and astrong vacuum system to clean the inside and recover the coating. The extracted
air is cleaned through an air filter system to collect the phosphor dust.

Different types of splitting technology used are given below.
• NiChrome hot wire cutting
A NiChrome wire or ribbon is wrapped round a CRT and electrically heated for onds
at least 30 seconds to causes a thermal differential across the thickness of the glass.
The area is then cooled (e.g. with a water-soaked sponge) to create thermal stresswhich results in a crack. When this is lightly tapped, the screen separates from thefunnel section.
• Thermal shock
The CRT tube is subjected to localized heat followed by cold air. This creates stressat the frit line where the leaded funnel glass is joined to the unleaded panel glassand the tube comes apart.
• Laser cutting
A laser beam is focused inside and this heats up the glass. It is immediately
followed by a cold water spray that cools the surface of the glass and causes it tocrack along the cut line.
• Diamond wire method
In this method, a wire with a very small diameter, which is embedded with industrial
diamonds is used to cut the glass as the CRT is passed through the cutting plane.
• Diamond saw separation
Diamond saw separation uses either wet or dry process. Wet saw separation
involves rotating the CRT in an enclosure while one or more saw blades cut throughthe CRT around its entire circumference. Coolant is sprayed on to the surface of thesaw blades as they cut. This is to control temperature and prevent warping.
• Waterjet separation
This technology uses a high-pressure spray of water containing abrasive, directed at
the surface to be cut. The water is focused through a single or double nozzle-spraying
configuration set at a specific distance.

3.5

Comparison of BAT with proposed technology and technology risks

The comparison of BAT with proposed technology shows that similar technology
consisting of milling, magnetic and eddy current separation will be used. However,hydrometallurgical process may be be used for precious metal recovery after 2030 due
to constraint of availability of raw material. The risks associated with technology havebeen described in terms of following factors.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Type of raw material/ input to E-waste recycling system
Scale of operation
Expected yield/ output
Experience of technology supplier
Environmental Issues

Risk profiling giving the intensities of these factors in the context of technology andcountry has been highlighted in the following risk matrix.
Technology Risk Matrix
Factors/ Intensity
Type of raw material/ input to E-waste √recycling system
Scale of operation√
Expected yield/ output
Environmental Issues

High

Medium√Low√

The intensities have been fixed as per following analysis.
1. The efficiency of recycling system in terms of output is dependent on quantityand quality of Input raw material/ E-waste. E-waste generational potential has
already been assessed in inventory report. However, availability or quantity of
raw material for recycling is dependent on efficiency of E-waste collection system.
The quality of raw material is dependent on the type and obsolescence rate of
the E-waste item. The expected obsolescence rate of PCs, TVs and refrigerators,
which will form the bulk of input raw material has been assessed to be between 2
to 15 years. The operating facilities using BAT are recycling E-waste having
similar obsolescence rates. But the real challenge is the arrival of intact E-waste(with all the items in place) at the recycling facility. Further, chances of leakages
to informal sector are very high. Therefore the risk associated with this factor has
been identified as high.
2. One of the risks associated with technology is the scale of operations, which has
been estimated to be of medium level. In general all the technology suppliers
supply non-ferrous metal separators, which are equipped with conditions asgiven below:
•
•
•
•
•

Infinitely variable adjustment of all function parameters
Stable steel framework for the accommodation of all separator
components
Separate electronics cabinet with monitoring of all important parameters
Access to the magnet wheel adjustment via large doors
Large material function funnel for the filling of the vibration feeder

•••

Variable partition plate for the allocation of the non-metallic parts and thenon-ferrous metal
Discharge of the ferrous fraction via chute
Cover of the separation area with large hood

The scale of operations of third level treatment/ hydrometallurgical operations isdependent on the availability of E-waste fractions consisting of precious metals e.g.
printed circuit board.

3. The efficacy/ profitability of the recycling system are dependent on the
expected yields/ output of the recycling system. The expected yields/
output from the recycling system is dependent on the optimization of
separation parameters. These parameters are given below.
•

Particle size•

Particle shape•

Feeding rate/ RPM•

Optimum operations

Figure 3.5 shows the non- ferrous metal distribution (which forms the backbone offinancial viability of recycling system) as a function of size range for PC scrap. It canbe seen that aluminum is mainly distributed in the coarse fractions (+6.7 mm), butother metals are mainly distributed in the fine fractions (−5 mm).

Figure 3.5: Non- ferrous metal distribution Vs. size range for PC scrap
Size properties are essential for choosing an effective separation technique.
Optimization of operations from technology perspective is dependent on a number offactors in Cambodian context. These are dependent on the following sub-factors.
••••

Climatic conditions for operations (rain, dust and temperature)
Maintenance period and expected outages
Availability of spare parts at recycling facility
Fluctuation of power supply•Training and capacity building of operating staff

The overall risks associated with these sub-factors have been identified to be of medium
intensities since such facilities are operating in developing countries.

4.

Environmental risks associated with this technology are expected to be low as it isa process operating under controlled conditions. Occasionally dust emissions are
expected at localized places in the process, which can be easily mitigated.

Technology risks matrix highlight the availability and quality of raw material as risk ofhigh intensity, while scale of operation and expected yields and output as risk of medium
intensity.
3.6

Conclusions

E-waste collection and transportation system forms the backbone of any treatment anddisposal system. In the existing E-waste management system, the link after generation
stage is very crucial since “leakage of E-waste” into informal sector/ exports starts fromhere. E-waste management will be driven by its composition, recyclability and its
collection efficiency in PPM. Two types of E-waste collection mechanism at household,and commercial/ corporate levels have been proposed considering all the consumers
prefer to get the best value of their old products. Collection mechanism of recyclers will
drive the E-waste collection and transportation system to minimize its leakage. It is
recommended to use 1st and 2nd level of treatment technology for E-waste treatment in
PPM in a phased manner. The major risks anticipated is the availability and quality of
raw material, scale of operation and expected yield on account of efficiency of E-waste
collection system. The detailed specifications of the E-waste management system aredescribed in chapter 4.

CHAPTER 4: E-WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS

4.0

Introduction

This chapter describes the E-waste management system specifications of thetechnology proposed and its financial viability. In this chapter, at first, specifications of Ewaste collection and transportation system has been described followed by specificationof 1st and 2nd level of E-waste treatment. These specifications are based on the technicalspecifications, which are used globally and the cost estimates from international plantand equipment suppliers.
4.1

Tentative Specifications for E-waste collection system

The volume of E-waste item to be collected and transported till 2020 based on E-waste
inventory estimates in Phnom Penh is given in table 4.1. This is based on 50%
availability of E-waste for recycling.
Table 4.1: Volume and start date for E-waste collection and transportation
E-waste Item
Minimum Volume (m3)
Maximum Volume (m3)Television
Personal Computer
Mobile phone
Refrigerator
Air Conditioner
Washing Machine

4490
5140
9
2918
1458
1557

32923
6925
46
9573
5976
2618

Depending upon the type of E-waste, different types of bins/ cages will be used asshown in figure 4.1. The collected E-waste in container will be lifted manually, throughfork lifts, placed into small trucks/ container carriers and transported from the collection
facility to E-waste treatment facility.

Figure 4.1: E-waste Container/ Bins/ Carriers
As per the international best practices, the type and specification of collection bins/
cages/ containers to be used for collection of each E-waste item are given in table 4.2.
Table 4.2: Type and specification of collection bins/ cages/ containers
S.
WEEE/E-waste item
Bin/ Cage/
VolumePictureNo.
Container(m3)
1.

Television2.

Personal Computer,
Laptop3.
4.

Washing Machine
Refrigerator

Wire
Mesh 2
Stillage(stackable)

Container

33

S.
No.

WEEE/E-waste item

5.

Air Conditioner

6.

Mobile Phone

Bin/ Cage/
Container

Volume(m3)

PicturePlastic Gaylord 0.624
container withlid (stackable)

The number of collection bins/cages/container required is dependent on following criteria.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Volume of each collection bin/ cage/ container
Collection frequency
E-waste inventory of each item generated in a particular year
Layout and land use of serviced area
Inventory maintained at recycling facility

E-waste collection frequency is dependent on E-waste inventory and inventory
maintained at recycling facility. The forklifts and trucks to lift containers are required forsafe transport of E-waste from collection locations to recycling facility. As discussed inchapter 3, the responsibility of E-waste collection will be that of the either recycler orcollection agency. Further, the collection centers at commercial/ corporate/ businesscenters can use the above specifications of the bins to collect and store E-waste. These
collection facilities are recommended to meet the minimum specifications assummarized in section 4.3. As the volume of the E-waste starts increasing, collection
facilities will be required at retailer and household level. The design criteria will bedependent on the area requirement in order to capture E-waste from a respective
catchment. Again inventory from the catchment will determine the bin requirement andthe area required for storing bins and collection frequency of the bins will determine thebasis for area of collection facility.
4.2

Tentative Specifications for E-waste Treatment System

E-waste treatment facility will consist of 1st and 2nd level E-waste treatment. After 1st and2nd level E-waste treatment, E-waste fractions will be sold/ exported to 3rd level recyclers
for precious metals recovery. The installed capacity of the 1st and 2nd level plant has
been conceptualized to be about 9 tons per day during 2009 to 32 tons per day during
2019 considering 50 % collection efficiency. This is based on 220 operating days with
one general shift of 8 hours a day as shown in table 4.3.

Table 4.3: Inventory of ICT items in PPM in tons
Year
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

TV
1461
1904
2420
3009
3672
3826
5050
6274
7542
8819
9718
10714

PC
2670
2731
2796
2762
3015
3075
3138
3202
3267
3397
3498
3597

MP
30
43
53
61
66
76
87
100
116
124
136
149

Total
4171
4678
5269
5833
6753
6977
8275
9577
10924
12340
13352
14459

Tons/ day
9
10
12
13
15
15
18
21
24
28
30
32

The tentative layout of the recycling facility is shown in figure 4.2. The tentative total area
requirement is about 4 acres or about 15,600 sq meters as per international bestpractices and design criteria of plant and equipment supplier. Out of this total area,
processing area is about 25%, area for administration 5%, area for storing raw material
to be about 30% and for finished product to be about 15% and open area is about 25 %.
Therefore, the break up of total area requirement is given below.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Total Land Requirement – 15600 m2
Processing Area - 4000 m2 with 3000 m2 for 1st and 2nd level
Raw material inventory area – 4500 m2
Product inventory – 2750 m2
Administration area – 780 m2

The height of the processing, storage and administrative area is limited up to 10 meters.
Administrative Block
Utilities

2nd Level treatment

1st Level treatment
Manual / Automated

Product
Storage
Area
Hazardous
Waste
Storage
Area

Raw Material Storage Area
Note:material flow
Figure 4.2: Tentative layout of E-waste recycling facility

First level treatment could be either manual or semi-automatic using conveyor system.
Second level treatment will follow the same scheme as shown in chapter 3. The
specification of shredder in the 1st and 2nd level treatment determines the equipment
specifications. Tentative shredder specifications are given below.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Input – 3 to 4 tons per hoursize of output < 4 - 5 mm
Driven by motor in the range of 300 to 400 kw
Hopper of around 1.5 m by 1 m

The entire system can be automated using conveyor system of about 0.75 meter width.
Depending on the collection efficiency and availability of the input raw material, thefacility can start with one shredder of half the capacity followed by the second.
Manual E-waste dismantling/ treatment plant
The specifications of 1t/hr manual E-waste dismantling/ treatment plant from an Asian
supplier is given in table 4.3.
Table 4.3: Specification of manual E-waste dismantling plant
Name of Equipment
Specifications

Tentative Cost
(US$)
2009
base price
Pre-Breaker Crusher
Input: Small House hold 127,000
appliance
Output: 6 x 4 cm.
Hammer Mill
Input: 6 x 4 cm.
127,000
Output: 3-4 mm
Post hammer mill E-waste complete assembly Input: 3-4 mm
5,40,000line (magnetic separator/ eddy current Output: Depending on
separator/ cyclones)
screen fitted
These prices do not include the custom duty.
Semi-Automatic E-waste dismantling/ treatment plant
The specifications of 3-4 t/hr semi automatic plant from a European supplier are given intable 4.4.

Table 4.4: Specifications of semi-automatic E-waste dismantling/ treatment plant
Name of Equipment

Specifications

Tentative Cast

Whole
plant Heavy duty chain Input:
US$ 1.9 million
Nondisassembled(compact turnkey millelectronic and electricalsolution)
waste
like
small
Magnetic
householdappliances
Separator
photo copiers, computers(without CRT)
Eddy
current
Output:separator
Highlyconcentrated
metal fractions and non
Cyclones
metal fractions.
Metal: 2mm to 12 cm
Gravity / Eddy Plastic: 1-2 mmcurrent separator
These prices do not include the custom duty.
Automatic E-waste dismantling/ treatment plant
The specifications of 3 t/hr automatic E-waste automatic plant from Europe are given intable 4.5.
Table 4.5: Specifications of automatic E-waste dismantling/ treatment plant
Item No.
Quantity
Designation
Kw
(no.)
1.
1
Inlet conveyor
4
2.
1
Shredder S1000
252
3.
1
Vibratory Conveyor
3.15
4.
1
Electro Magnet
4
5.
1
Outlet Conveyor
1
6.
1
Inlet Conveyor including drum magnet
2.2
7.
1
Eddy current magnet
7.10
8.
1
Conveyor
2.2
9.
1
Tumble Back Feeder
4.0
10.
1
Rasper MPR 120
132.0
11.
1
Service Platform
12.
1
Vibrating Discharge Conveyor
1.5
13.
1
Overband Magnet DM 1450
0.55
14.
1
Inlet Conveyor including drum magnet
2.2
15.
1
Eddy current magnet
5.5
16.
1
Conveyor
0.75
17.
1
Inlet Conveyor
2.2
18.
1
Silo SMV
0.40
19.
1
Heavy Granulator HG 169
110
20.
1
Pneumatic Material Transport
23.5
21.
1
Pneumatic Material Transport
23.5

Item No.

Quantity
(no.)

22.
23.
24.

1
1
1

25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Designation
Silo SMV
Separation Table C22
Middling Return, Flexible Screw
Conveyor
Classifier PC 12 with flexible screw auger
Electric power and control board
Electric power and control board
Filter system for shredder line
Cyclone
Ventilator
Filter system for granulation line
Cyclone
Ventilator

Kw
0.40
12.10
1.10
1.85

21.5

46.5

The tentative cost of the plant is about € 2.1 million excusive of import/ customs duty.
The E-waste plant availability scenarios along with manufacturers and tentative costs
are summarized in table 4.6 and table 4.7.
Table 4.6: E-waste plant capacity and manufacturers
E-waste plant
Capacity
5000 TPA
7500 TPA
15000 TPA
ManualAsian supplier from Asian supplier from Asian supplier
Singapore
Singapore
Semi Automatic
Plantfrom European supplier 1
X
European Supplier
1
Automatic
Plant supplier from European supplier 2
X
European supplier 2
Table 4.7: Cost Estimates (ex works)
E-waste plant
Cost (US$)(Exworks exclusive of customs duty)
5000 TPA
7500 TPA
15000 TPA
Manual7,90,000
1,043,000
1,230,000
Semi AutomaticX
1,937,000
1,937,000
AutomaticX
3,129,000
3,129,000
4.3
Common Specifications for Utilities at Collection Centers and Processing
Facilities
E-waste storage areas/ Hazardous waste storage areas/ Product storage areas should
follow following basic design principles.
1.

Sites for storage (including temporary storage) of E-waste prior to theirtreatment should have impermeable surface for appropriate areas with theprovision of spillage collection facilities and where appropriate, decanters andcleanser-degreasers.

2.

Sites for storage (including temporary storage) of E-waste prior to theirtreatment should have weatherproof covering for appropriate areas.

3.

Some spare parts (e.g. motors and compressors) will contain oil and/or otherfluids. Such part must be appropriately segregated, end stored in containersthat are secured such that oil and other fluids cannot escape from them
These containers must be stored on an area with an area with an
Impermeable surface and a sealed drainage system.

4.

Storage for other components and residues: Other components and residues
arising from the treatment of E-waste will need to be contained following theirremoval for disposal or recovery. Where they contain hazardous substances
they should be stored an impermeable surface and in appropriate containers
or bays with weatherproof covering. Containers should be clearly labeled to
identify their contents and must be secure so that liquids, including rainwater, cannot enter them. Components should be segregated having regard
to their eventual destinations and the compatibility of the component types. All
batteries should be handled and stored having regard to the potential fire risk
associated with them.

5.

Waste Oil should be either reused or incinerated in common hazardous
waste incineration facilities.

6.

CFCs should be either reused or incinerated in common hazardous waste
incineration facilities.

7.

Capacitors containing PCB's shall be incinerated in common hazardous waste
Incineration facilities.

8.

Based on volume of E-waste items, the number of bin/ container/ cage/
Gaylord container, their size and their numbers should be calculated.

9.

Ensure safe transport of the E-waste without any spillage.

10.

Sites for handling of E-waste have balances to measure the weight of thesegregated waste. The objective is to ensure that a record of weights can be
maintained of E-waste entering a facility end components and materials
leaving each site (together with their destinations). The nature of the weighing
equipment should be appropriate for the type and quantity of E-waste being
processed.

11.

Facility shall maintain record of destruction of electronic waste collected fromgenerator.

4.5

Conclusions

The specifications for proposed E-waste treatment system vary from 5,000 tons perannum to 7,500 tons per annum. There is huge variation in the prices of the treatment
system starting from US$ 790,000 to US$ 3.129 million depending on type of technology.
The specifications of E-waste treatment facility will depend on the E-waste collection
efficiency in PPM. The range of specifications depends on the collection efficiency of
50% of the projected inventory. Therefore, there is a need to determine the E-waste
collection efficiency in PPM through pilot study. The financial viability of the proposed
specifications is described in chapter 5.

CHAPTER 5: E-WASTE MANAGEMENT FEASIBILITY STUDY

5.0

Introduction

This chapter describes the risks on account of price fluctuations, risk profiling andfinancial analysis based on amount recoverable, cost estimates, selling price of therecovered items, scenario analysis and rate of return. Rate of return has been estimatedbased on internal rate of return and net present value.
5.1

Price Risks

Price risks are associated with price variations in global metal markets and commodity
exchanges e.g. London Metal Exchange, London Bullion Market etc. These prices arelinked to global demand, supply and other economic factors. The metal markets in South
East Asia are also linked to these markets. Since E-waste has recoverable quantities ofprecious metals, base metals and plastics, it is linked to metal market both as metal
scrap and finished product. Their prices also follow the same trend and are subject toprice volatility as global metal market. The different metal price volatility is shown infigure 5.1.
Aluminum Price Fluctuation

Copper Price Fluctuation

Gold Price Fluctuation

Silver Price Fluctuation

Platinum Price Fluctuation

Palladium Price Fluctuation

Figure 5.1: Metal price fluctuation in global market

The analysis of the above graphs indicates that metal market peaks and bottoms out in aten year period. However, the prices of majority of precious metals are on the rise within
this period. E-waste purchase price has ranged from US$ 1/kg to US$ 4/kg during thisperiod. Therefore, trend analysis indicates that E-waste market is expected to follow thesame trend as that of precious metals and can be categorized as risk of medium
intensity.
5.2

Recoverable Quantities

The financial analysis has been carried out based on recoverable quantities of elementsof value from PC and TV, which have been calculated below. The amount of different
elements present in a PC and TV and their recovery is given in table 5.1 and table 5.2.
Table 5.1: Recoverable quantity of elements in a PC

Elements
Plastics
Lead
Aluminum
Germanium
Gallium
Iron
Tin
CopperBariumNickelZinc
Tanialum
IndiumVanadium
Terbium
Beryllium
Gold
Europium
Tritium
Ruthenium
CobaltPalladium
Manganese
SilverAntinomy
BismuthChromiumCadmium
Selenium
Niobium
Yttrium
Rhodium

Content (% oftotal weight)
22.990700
6.298800
14.172300
0.001600
0.001300
20.471200
1.007800
6.928700
0.031500
0.850300
2.204600
0.015700
0.001600
0.000200
0.000000
0.015700
0.001600
0.000200
0.015700
0.001600
0.015700
0.000300
0.031500
0.018900
0.009400
0.006300
0.006300
0.009400
0.001600
0.000200
0.000200
0.000000

Content (Kg)
6.253470
1.713274
3.854866
0.000435
0.000354
5.568166
0.274122
1.884606
0.008568
0.231282
0.599651
0.004270
0.000435
0.000054
0.000000
0.004270
0.000435
0.000054
0.004270
0.000435
0.004270
0.000082
0.008568
0.005141
0.002557
0.001714
0.001714
0.002557
0.000435
0.000054
0.000054
0.000000

80%
Recoverable
weight ofelement (kg)5.00277632
1.37061888
3.08389248
0.00034816
0.00028288
4.45453312
0.21929728
1.50768512
0.0068544
0.18502528
0.47972096
0.00341632
0.00034816
0.00004352
00.00341632
0.00034816
0.00004352
0.00341632
0.00034816
0.00341632
0.00006528
0.0068544
0.00411264
0.00204544
0.00137088
0.00137088
0.00204544
0.00034816
0.00004352
0.00004352
0Content (% oftotal weight)
0.002200
0.001300
24.880300
99.994700

Elements
Mercury
Arsenic
SilicaTotal

Content (Kg)
0.000598
0.000354
6.767442
27.198558

80%
Recoverable
weight ofelement (kg)
0.00047872
0.00028288
5.41395328
21.75884672

Table 5.2: Recoverable quantity of elements in a TV

Elements
Aluminium
CopperLead
Zinc
NickelIron
Plastic
Glass
Silver
Gold

%
1.2
3.4
0.2
0.3
0.038
12
26
53

ppm

20
10

Recoverable
Weightofelement (Kg)
0.43441.23080.0724
0.10860.013756
4.344
9.412
19.1860.000724
0.000362

80%
Recovery(kg)
0.34752
0.984640.05792
0.086880.0110048
3.47527.529615.3488
0.0005792
0.0002896

As per literature survey, the two tables describe recoverable weight of elements from a
PC and a TV. Since technology supplier claim 95% recovery of the precious and basemetals at the first and second level treatment and above 90% at the third level treatment,
about 85% recovery of metals of economic value can be assumed for financial analysis.
However, 5% loss in recovery has been assumed on account of variation in quality ofavailable raw material. Therefore, it has been assumed that the E-waste facility will beable to recover a minimum of 80% of these elements by using the proposed technology.
5.3

Cost Estimates

The proposed project will consists of a plant with 1st and 2nd level treatment. An estimateof costs has been prepared based on capital cost and operating cost as described below
under two scenarios. It has been assumed that the project will be financed partly by debt
and partly by equity. Land cost and its development cost has been considered as one
time cost. The project cost has been estimated to be about US$ 7.7041 million. The
breakup of capital and operating cost estimate is given in table 5.3, table 5.4 and table
5.5. Construction of the project and installation of equipment will be completed in two
years. Construction costs will be disbursed in the ratio of 70 percent and 30 percent
during two years.

Table 5.3: Project Cost Estimates (US$ millions)
SUMMARY OF PROJECT COST
Land
Development cost
Construction Cost
Equipments (Manual)
Customs Duty (35%)
Interest During Construction (IDC)
Project Cost

Total
3,120,000
124,800
2,015,002
1,043,000
365,050
1,036,308
7,704,160

Year-1
3,120,000
124,800
1,410,501
625,800
219,030
693,017
6,193,148

Year-2604,501
417,200
146,020
210,190
1,377,910

Table 5.4: Assumption for Operating Costs and Estimates
Purchase cost
Computers
Televisions
Electricity cost
Collection Cost ofMaterials
SalaryMaintenance cost
Other Misc exp(% of Total Rev)
Depreciation
Interest

Year 1750000.0000
0.000015000.0000

Year 21350000.0000
0.000027000.0000

Year 31650000.0000
0.000033000.0000

Year 42250000.0000
0.000045000.0000

Year 52250000.0000
0.000045000.0000

Year 62250000.0000
0.000045000.0000

6187.5000
163200.0000
173447.3026

11137.5000
254400.0000
272138.4193

13612.5000
304800.0000
276070.0516

18562.5000
386400.0000
278659.8494

18562.5000
416400.0000
279907.8128

18562.5000
416400.0000
279813.9418

56016.7162
87240.1736(321,428)

100830.0892
134183.4445
674,937

123236.7757
134183.4445
810,864

168050.1486
134183.4445
630,672

168050.1486
134183.4445
450,480

168050.1486
134183.4445
270,288

Table 5.5: Other Assumptions
Rate per square meter
Cost of land
constructed area %constructed area
constructed area
Development cost per sq mtrs
Development cost
Construction cost
Construction cost
Interest rate
Debt Equity Ratio
Debt
EquityTotal
No of working days
Weight per computer
Purchase cost per kg Computers
Other Misc exp (% of Total Rev)
Maintenance cost % of Net Block
Increase in Maintenance exp p.a
P/E OF Infrastructure sector
Collection cost of materials

200
3,120,000
50%
7,800
83,9588
124,800
24
2,015,002
18%
2
1
3
300
27
0.4
3%
8%
0.50%
10
0.0033

US$/ sq mtrs
US$sq mtrssq ft
US$ per Sq mtrs
US$$ per sq ft
US$

kg
$/ Kg

$ per kg

Loan and equity contributions will be disbursed in two years while loan repayment period
is five years. A rate of interest of 18% has been assumed for financial analysis. It will
start from the beginning of third year and will be repaid at the end of seventh year.
Capacity of the E-waste recycling plant has been assumed to be 7,500 tons per annum.
It is assumed that plant will start with 25% capacity utilization during first year, which willreach 80 % after fifth year. It is assumed that total input raw material will be 100% PCs
only. Maintenance costs have been assumed to change starting from 8 % to 13% of net
block. Net block has been computed by estimating fixed assets schedule where 0%
depreciation on land, 3.34% depreciation rate on building and other assets and 4.75%
depreciation rate on equipment has been assumed on straight line basis.
5.4

Financial Viability

Financial viability has been assessed in terms of internal rate of return (IRR), net present
value (NPV) and payback period. Further, sensitivity analysis has been carried out toassess the impact of various factors on the financial viability of the project.
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Indicator
Business as Usual Scenario
Project IRR
NPV after 10 years (Int:18%)
Payback Period
Sensitivity to Customs Duty
Project IRR
Payback Period
Sensitivity to Land (free)
Project IRR
Payback Period
Sensitivity without interest costs
Project IRR
Payback Period

Results
15%4319641
About 6 Years
Increases by 2%
About 6 Years
Increases by 32 %About 3 Years
Increases by 10 %About 5 Years

Financial indicators e.g. IRR shows viability of the project. NPV is positive anddecreases with high cost of capital. But the financial indicators are not strong enough toattract private investment because IRR value is much lower than 25% and payback
period is 5 years. The project is most sensitive to land prices followed by interest rates,
and customs duty. This analysis also indicates that if lower quantities of PC are
dismantled then financial viability goes down significantly, which means that for waste
white goods treatment and disposal, the combination of incentives should be higher.
Financial viability is also sensitive to price fluctuations i.e. prices with respect to both
input raw material as well as output. Since these prices are linked to metal prices, it isexpected that both the prices will follow the same trend.
5.5Conclusions

Financial analysis indicates that project financial viability is higher if greater percentage
of PCs dismantled in comparison to TV. It is a clear indicator of recycler’s preference ofrecycling PC over TV. A comparative analysis of financial analysis indicators shows that
viability improves with the improved capacity utilization. Capacity utilization depends
upon the availability of the raw material. In order to make the project more viable a set of
incentives like lower interest rate or duty exemption or subsidy on land may be planned.

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

6.0

Introduction

The objective of the proposed project is to formulate, design and implement an
integrated E-waste management pilot project in PPM. Inventory studies show that Ewaste generation potential ranges from 6792 metric tons in 2008 to 22,443 metric tons in
2019. Further, the results of extensive field work highlighted that the E-waste trade value
chain consists of stakeholders, who use twelve processes during E-waste management.
These processes are carried out in an environmentally unsound manner, which need tobe addressed both at national and city level. Therefore, there is a need forenvironmentally sound management of these processes while planning for futureinterventions within municipal boundary of PPM. In this context, an effort has been madeto study E-waste recycling/ other recycling infrastructure (formal/informal) and its
capacity, study of E-waste toxic footprint by inventorizing E-waste recycling sites in
informal sector and study of the feasibility of the level of treatment of E-waste in formal
sector in PPM. The major conclusions drawn from this report are described below.
6.1

Major Conclusions/ Recommendations

Major conclusions have been described below under each head.
E-waste Management in PPM
At the moment, retailer’s/ producer’s take back system and producer’s/ retailer’stransportation system is non existent in PPM. Further, there is no exclusive municipal
collection and transportation system for E-waste in PPM. There is a limited usage ofexisting municipal solid waste collection and transportation system for E-waste in PPM
while dismantler’s in informal sector have their collection and transportation system.
There are two types of E-waste collection system in PPM. Type 1 involves theintervention of waste picker and type 2, involves the intervention of dismantler. Other
features of both types of collection and transportation system are described below.
7. These collection systems indicate the difference in scale of E-waste collection
and transportation within the same geographical boundaries.
8. Both the mechanism collect and transport mixed type of E-waste and its fractions.
9. No separate collection and transportation mechanism exist for individual E-waste
item.
10. Both the mechanism use significant manual handling of E-waste.
11. No occupational health and safety practices are visible during E-waste collection
and transportation.
12. E-waste collection and transportation system appear to be market driven without
regulatory controls.

Tracer tracking indicates that there is no company/enterprise in formal sector in PPM
that collects/purchases E-waste from households and offices in Cambodia. Cambodia
has no modern technology to carry out repair/ dismantling /refurbishing. The outcome ofthe survey carried out by the project team showed that most E-waste residues generated
from repairing and/or dismantling shops are disposed in dustbin and later at urban
dumpsite by domestic waste collection service. Some areas where waste-collection
trucks are not available, such kind E-wastes are disposed improperly at sites close
to/behind the repairing/dismantling shops, and are finally burnt. Therefore, the location ofthis footprint can be correlated to the location of major hubs of formal and informal
sectors on the major streets in PPM in areas like Chamkamorn and Toul Kok, which
serve as two major hubs for TV and PCs repair/ refurbishment and dismantling.
Chamkamorn, Toulkok and Meanchay also serve as major repairing/ refurbishing centre
for washing machine.
It can be concluded that current E-waste collection, transportation, treatment anddisposal in PPM is inadequate both in terms of capacity and environmentally soundmanagement. The expansion of E-waste treatment is expected to significantly increase
the E-waste toxic footprint within PPM. Since the existing toxic footprint covers areas,
which are commercial along the main streets of PPM, its expansion is likely to further
impact air, water and soil conditions in its area of influence. Therefore, there is a needfor environmentally sound management of E-waste in order to reduce its volume as wellas its toxic footprint.
E-waste Management System & Technology Evaluation
The major conclusions, which will drive the development (planning / design /implementation) of environmentally sound E-waste management system in PPM, aregiven below.
8. ICT will continue to drive the E-waste management system including E-waste
recycling in the country.
9. E-waste collection and transportation mechanism in PPM is diverse in nature
ranging from hand driven cart to light commercial vehicles.
10. Both the households and the commercial sector look for best monetary andexchange value of their old product. Therefore, any E-waste management
system should factor in the salvage value of the waste product. The bestmonetary and exchange value of the old product can be determined byunderstanding the E-waste composition and its recyclability described below.
11. Recyclability of E-waste is driven by electric component, copper and precious
metal recovery. Therefore, E-waste collection, transportation and treatment are
different from conventional solid waste collection, transportation and treatment
system due to its composition and recyclability.
As per the consumer behavior, E-waste collection channels in PPM is through municipal
collection sites or drop off at dustbins. The only viable mechanism as per consumer
behavior under the existing regulatory mechanism appears to be to capture E-waste at
the point of generation. Since the majority of E-waste is generated in the commercial
sector e.g. corporates/ business/ BPOs etc., and both the households and commercial
sector prefers the best value of their waste, it is recommended that the E-waste

collection facilities should be at retailers and at commercial sector e.g. corporates/
business/ BPOs etc. Salient features of this collection mechanism are given below.
14. There is a need for separate collection facilities for ICT and white goods.
15. Location of collection facilities need to be near E-waste collection hubs. This
need is projected on account of following reasons.
-

Ensure minimal movement of products
Efficient collection mechanism
Minimize manual handling
Avoid unsorted municipal waste

16. Each of the retailer’s/ market association/ group can identify a place/ area as Ewaste collection point. This place can serve as a place where retailers/
consumers can get value of their old product. The authorized E-waste recycler
can collect from retailer’s collection facilities and transport E-waste to theirrecycling facility.
17. E-waste from households can be routed through already existing municipal waste
collection mechanism. Each of the localities can identify a place/ area as E-waste
collection point in their premises. This place can serve as a place where retailers/
consumers can get value of their old product. There is a need to initiate publicawareness campaign to collect E-waste at authorized collection facility and only
give to authorized recycler for treatment and disposal.
18. There is a need for authorizing E-waste recyclers/ dismantlers in PPM. This willassist to divert E-waste from commercial sector e.g. corporates/ business/ BPOs
using existing mechanism to authorized recycler.
19. Books of E-waste account should be maintained at all the three types ofcollection facilities and match with authorized recycler’s books. In case of
mismatch, penalty provisions can be invoked on either party using appropriate
legal instrument. It is recommended that the value of the penalty should be thedifference between the value offered by the informal sector and the value offeredby the authorized recycler. This mechanism will discourage leakage of E-waste
into informal sector.
20. The research literature cites that the efficiency of E-waste collection system
ranges from approximately 60% to even less than 30% even in the most efficientsystem functioning under EPR in EU. This indicates that leakages exist even in
the most efficient system. In this context it should be noted that any penal
provision highlighted in item 4 above should be invoked only as a deterrent toprevent leakage.
The proposed E-waste treatment technology has been described based on first andsecond level of treatment. These levels have been proposed considering two levels oftreatment occurring in PPM. Out of the two levels, the major part of treatment isoccurring at first level only, while the second level is occurring to a minimal extent.
However, E-waste inventory estimate encourages recommending second level treatment
after
2019.
It may be noted that even in the best of E-waste collection scenario with 90% coll -ection efficiency, Cambodia will not be able to generate adequate quantity of E-waste till2030 to sustain an integrated metal recovery facility, which will require about 300,000
tons per annum of input raw material. In such scenario, hydrometallurgical/ electrolysis
appears to be the viable third level option for precious metal recovery in Cambodia
beyond 2030. The major risks anticipated is the availability and quality of raw material,
scale of operation and expected yield on account of efficiency of E-waste collection
system.
E-waste Management System Specifications
The volume of E-waste item to be collected and transported till 2020 based on E-waste
inventory estimates in Phnom Penh ranges from 4490 m3 to 32923 m3 for washingmachine, 5140 m3 to 6925 m3 for personal computers, 9m3 to 46m3 for mobile phones,
2918 m3 to 9573 m3 for refrigerator, 1458 m3 to 5976 m3 for Air Conditioners and 1557
m3 to 2618 m3 for washing machine. This is based on 50% availability of E-waste forrecycling. Depending upon the type of E-waste, different types of bins/ cages have been
identified and recommended. The collected E-waste in container will be lifted manually,
through fork lifts, placed into small trucks/ container carriers and transported from thecollection facility to E-waste treatment facility. E-waste collection frequency is dependenton E-waste inventory and inventory maintained at recycling facility. The forklifts andtrucks to lift containers are required for safe transport of E-waste from collection
locations to recycling facility. It has been recommended that the responsibility of E-waste
collection will be that of the either recycler or collection agency. Further, the collection
centers at commercial/ corporate/ business centers can use the above specifications of
the bins to collect and store E-waste. As the volume of the E-waste starts increasing,collection facilities will be required at retailer and household level. The design criteria will
be dependent on the area requirement in order to capture E-waste from a respective
catchment. Again inventory from the catchment will determine the bin requirement andthe area required for storing bins and collection frequency of the bins will determine thebasis for area of collection facility.
The specifications of E-waste treatment facility will depend on the E-waste collection
efficiency in PPM. The specifications for proposed E-waste recycling facility vary from
5,000 tons per annum to 7,500 tons per annum based on 50% collection efficiency by
2019. The tentative total area requirement for catering to such type of facility has been
estimated to be about 4 acres or about 15,600 sq meters as per international bestpractices and design criteria of plant and equipment supplier. Out of this total area,
processing area is about 25%, area for administration 5%, area for storing raw material
to be about 30% and for finished product to be about 15% and open area is about 25 %.
First and second level treatment could be either manual or semi-automatic using
conveyor system. The specification of shredder in the 1st and 2nd level treatment
determines the equipment specifications. Tentative shredder specifications are given
below.
9. Input – 3 to 4 tons per hour
10. size of output < 4 - 5 mm
11. Driven by motor in the range of 300 to 400 kw
12. Hopper of around 1.5 m by 1 m
Depending on the collection efficiency and availability of the input raw material, thefacility can start with one shredder of half the capacity followed by the second. There ishuge variation in the prices of the treatment system starting from US$ 789700 to
US$ 3.1 million depending on type of technology.
E-waste Management Feasibility Study
E-waste market is expected to follow the same trend as that of global market for
precious metals. Therefore, price risks related to E-waste fractions are associated withprice variations in global metal markets and commodity exchanges e.g. London Metal
Exchange, London Bullion Market etc. These prices are linked to global demand, supply
and other economic factors. The metal markets in South East Asia are also linked tothese markets. The analysis of the price graphs indicates that metal market peaks andbottoms out in a ten year period. E-waste purchase price in PPM has ranged from
US$ 1/kg to US$ 4/kg during this period. Therefore, price risks can be categorized asrisk of medium intensity.
A financial analysis for proposed 7500 tons per annum E-waste recycling facility in PPM
has been carried out based on capital and operating cost estimates considering local
land prices, labor costs, customs duty, equipment costs, electricity costs and current
interest rates. It has been proposed that the capital costs will be in the form of debt andequity in a ratio of 70:30. The financial viability indicators e.g. IRR shows viability of the
project. NPV is positive and decreases with high cost of capital. But the financial
indicators are not strong enough to attract private investment because IRR value ismuch lower than 25% and payback period is 5 years. The project is most sensitive toland prices followed by interest rates, and customs duty. This analysis also indicates that
if lower quantities of PC are dismantled then financial viability goes down significantly. Itshows that for waste white goods treatment and disposal, the combination of incentives
should be higher. Financial viability is also sensitive to price fluctuations i.e. prices withrespect to both input raw material as well as output. A comparative analysis of financial
analysis indicators shows that viability improves with the improved capacity utilization.
Capacity utilization depends upon the availability of the raw material. In order to makethe project more viable an efficient E-waste collection and transportation system and aset of incentives like lower interest rate or duty exemption or subsidy on land may beplanned.
The fundamental basis to design conventional E-waste collection and transportation
infrastructure and E-waste treatment facility requires assessment of the lowest andhighest volume of E-waste to be collected during the planned period. This is carried out
based on E-waste capture rate. E-waste capture rate can be assessed by implementing
a pilot project for E-waste collection and transportation, which has been conceptualized
in third E-waste report. Therefore, there is a need to determine the E-waste collection
efficiency in PPM through pilot study.

E-waste Management for Phnom Penh,
Kingdom of Cambodia
Date:
Place:
Participants:

8-10 April 2009
Ministry of Environment, Cambodia (Phnom Penh)
Project Team and UNEP-DTIE-IETC

Training on E-waste Manual, Volume II

E-waste Management
First Day – 8 April 2009
9:00 – 10:00

De-briefing on Roles and Responsibilities

10:00 – 11:00 Outline of the Training on E-waste Manual, Volume II• Mushtaq Ahmed Memon, UNEP-DTIE-IETC
11:00 – 13:00 First Session• Perspective of E-waste / WEEE Management
13:00 – 14:00 Lunch
14:00 – 15:30 Second Session• Current Practices of E-waste / WEEE Management• National and Social Policies/Regulations/Laws/Institutions in
Developed Countries
15:30 – 17:00 Third Session (with working coffee/tea)• National and Social Policies/Regulations/Laws/Institutions in
Developing Countries• Initiatives of Different Agencies
Second Day – 9 April 2009
9:00 – 13:00

First Session• Stages and Technologies for E-waste / WEEE Management• Collection System

13:00 – 14:00 Lunch
14:00 – 17:00 Second Session (with working coffee/tea)• Treatment system
Third Day – 10 April 2009
9:00 – 13:00

First Session

••Financing Mechanism of E-waste / WEEE Management
Developed Countries Case

13:00 – 14:00 Lunch
14:00 – 15:30 Second Session• Developing countries Case
15:30 – 17:00 Third Session (with working coffee/tea)• Case StudyAppendix II
PHOTOGRAPHS