国内外の天文飛翔体計画及び将来計画（JAXA/NASA/ESA/NAOJ)
Future Space Science Program ofJAXA

Toru Yamada
Director, Division of Astronomy andAstrophysics, ISAS. JAXA
1

On-going Science Programs of ISAS/JAXA
Hayabusa-2

Hayabusa-2 Asteroid Sample Return

No Astrophysical Satellite Mission
ARASE (ERG)in orbit after the ASTRO-H (Hitomi)
mishapthe Exploration of energization andHinode Solar Observation,Radiation in Geospace
AKATSUKI Venus Meteorogy

HISAKI Extreme UV spectroscope for
Exosphere Dynamics

IKAROS Solar Power Sail Demonstrator

GEOTAIL Earth’s Magnetosphere

BepiColombo
Euro-Japan Joint Mission
2Mercury Exploration

HAYABUSA-2

Asteroid Sample-Return Mission

Images of MASCOT
taken from HAYABUSA

Image taken byMASCOTImages taken by MINERVA-I

3

MIO – studying
magnetosphere of Mercury

Bepi Colombo was
successfully launchedon 2018 October 20!

4X線分光撮像衛星

X-ray Imaging andSpectroscopy Mission

XRISM

鉄Photon energy resolution of~7eV (goal 5eV) @ 6keV (FWHM)
E/ΔE~1000
5ISAS-NAOJ Collaboration in Space Science
Hinode Mission
 NAOJ
Science Payload (SOT/EIS/XRT)[w/ International Collaboration]
Science Center International Science Achievements
RISE Project SELENE (Kaguya) Science Instruments for
Hayabusa-2 LIDARJUICE GALA6ISAS-NAOJ Collaboration in Space Science
Future Missions and Candidates
Mission Concepts proposed
For Competitive M-ClassInternational Collaboration
ProgramData Management
NASA WFIRST
Subaru Synergistic
Observations

Solar-C_EUVST
Science Collaboration
JAXA M-4/5 candidate

Small JASMINEJAXA M-3 (selected)
7

ISAS-NAOJ Collaboration in Space Science Fruitful collaboration between NAOJ-ISAS/JAXA
in space mission programs [Hinode, Kaguya….]
 Science Collaborations
Ground-based facilities/Space facilities
Peer reviews
 Proposed future space missions[Small-JASMINE, Solar-C_EUVST, WFIRST…]
8

ISAS-NAOJ Collaboration in Space Science“Common Interests /Different (Complementary) Expertise”

 Instrumentation, Basic (key) technologies
 Human resources, Facilities
 Organization
 Japanese contribution for future “global” projects
9

JAXA Science Mission Programs

10

Governance of Space Science Mission
The basic plan of space policy,
and “Implementation Plan”
Space Science and Exploration Roadmap

Proposal

Cabinet OfficeCommittee on
National Space Policy

JAXA
ISAS

Japanese Government

Diet

MoFMEXTSpace Science/Engineering Budget Roadmap for Large
Advisory Committee
Request Science ProjectsWorking GroupMEXT refers the SCJ Master Plan
Research GroupTeam A

Tam B….
Research Community

Science Council of Japan
Master Plan ofLarge Projects
Revised every 3 years

11

JAXA Science Mission Programsin the Space Science and Exploration Roadmap
 Strategic Large Class< ¥30B ($300M if 1$=100¥), HIIA (H3 after 2021) launch~3 missions in a decade Competitive Middle Class<¥5-15B ($150M), Epsilon Rocket launch~5 missions in a decade Strategic International Collaboration Projects<¥1B($10M)/yr in total (of multiple projects)
Small Projects<¥[a few]100M($[a few]M)/yr in total12

Strategic L-Class Mission Candidates
YEAR

1819202122232425262728

 ---- -- 
29303132

To be planned
333435XRISM ProjectMMX
Pre-Project

LiteBIRD

Selected(2019 May)OKEANOSSPICACandidate (ESA CV-M5)

Strategic Large Missions(¥30B class) flagshipscience mission with
HIIA/H3 vehicle

Competitive M-Class
1819202122232425

To be planned
262728

M-3

SLIM （M-1）

293132

33

3435

M-5
AO issued

Small JASMINE
Selected

M-4

SOLAR-C-EUVSTHiZ-GUNDAM

DESTINY+Pre-PhaseA(M-2)

30To be selected

Competitively-chosen
medium-sized focusedmissions (<¥15B) with
Epsilon rocket
14(every 2 year)

ISAS Future Missions/Mission Candidates
Mission/Mission Concept

JAXA Status (2019 March)

Target launch

Project

FY2021Strategic Large Class (L-Class)
ASTRO-H successor

XRISM[X-ray Astrophysics]

Phase B

L-1

Martian Moon eXploror (MMX)[Phobos sample return]

Pre-Project Phase A2

2024

L-2

LiteBIRD [CMB B-mode]

Pre-Phase A2

2027-28 TBA(previous L-2 candidate)

OKEANOS [Solar Power Sail Trojan]

Pre-Phase A2

2027-28 TBA

L-3 candidate
ESA Cosmic Vision-M5

SPICA [Infrared Astrophysics]

Pre-Phase A2
ESA Phase A (1/3 candidates)2030 TBA

FY2021 XRISM dual

Competitive Middle Class (M-Class)
M-1

SLIM [Moon Pin-Point Landing]

ProjectPhase B

M-2

Destiny+ [Phaethon Flyby]

Pre-Project Phase A1

M-3

Small JASMINE [NIR Astrometry]

Pre-Phase A2

M-4 candidate

Solar-C_EUVST[Chromosphere Solar Physics]

Pre-Phase A1b

M-4 candidate

HiZ-GUNDAM [GRB Astrophysics]

Pre-Phase A1b

FY2022-23 TBA

15

ISAS Future Missions/Mission Candidates
Mission/Mission Concept

JAXA Status (2019 March)

Target launch

Small Projects [Strategic International Collaboration – Missions of Opportunities]
ESA-Cosmic Vision-L1

JUICE [ESA Jupiter Moons]

ISAS Project Phase D

2022

NASA New Frontier 4

Dragonfly [NASA Titan]

ISAS検討 （地震計を供給）

2024

ESA-Cosmic Vision-L2

Athena [X-ray Astrophysics]

Pre-Phase A1b (WG)

2031

NASA Astronomy
FlagshipWFIRST [Infrared Astrophysics]

Pre-Phase A2 (ISAS team) 2025

ESA-Cosmic Vision-L3

LISA [Gravitational Wave]

Working Group

2034

Russia Spektr-UVWSO-UV [UV / Exoplanet]

Working Group

2023 TBA

Small Projects [Small Programs] ……

16

17

Future Science Missions in Astrophysics
and JAXA Programs18Big Questions
inAstrophysics

Origins of the Space and Time of the Universe
Beyond the Big Bang Theory-Cosmic Inflation?
-Dark Energy/ Modified Gravity
Structure Formation and Evolution-Dark Matter-First Stars/First Galaxies/First SMBHs-Chemical Enrichment /Evolution of Solid / Organic-Planetary Formation
Possibility of Life in the Universe- Characterization of Planetary Atmosphereand Surfaces- Bio Signature
Fundamental Physics- Quantum Entanglement- Equivalence Principle
AAPPS-PP2018 2018/11/12

19

Future Astrophysics Missions
Agency/Nation“FLAGSHIP”(>$1B)

Middle/Large(~$250M-1000M)

Small/Middle

NASA

JWST/ WFIRSTSPHERExTESS (2018)
IXPE

ESA

LISA / Athena

Euclid / PLATO / ARIEL
M5(SPICA/THESEUS/ENVISION)CHEOPS(2019)

DAMPE（2015）,HXMT (2016)
SST-Surveyor

QUESS（2016）,
Einstein Probe

China
India

ASTROSAT (2015)

RussiaSpektr-RG(EROSITA) (2019)
Spektr-UV(WSO-UV)

Japan

XRISM
LiteBIRD / SPICA

Small-JASMINE
M4(Solar-C/HiZGUNDAM)
20

Landscape in 2020’s Large Space Missions
2021

2022

2030：

JWST
口径6.5m 近赤外線

Euclid
口径1.1m 可視・近赤外線

SPICA
口径2.5m 中間・遠赤外線

広視野サーベイ(暗黒エネルギー）

銀河形成、惑星形成、重元素進化

2025WFIRST
口径2.4m
広視野近赤外線
系外惑星・宇宙論

2032：

AthenaX線
銀河団形成・
宇宙初期巨大ブラックホール

2034：

LISA
重力波
巨大ブラックホール形成・
中性子星合体Landscape in 2020’s Space Missions for Exoplanets

Kepler衛星
トランジットサーベイ
NASA 2006

PLATO衛星
トランジットサーベイ
ESA 2024~

TESS衛星トランジットサーベイ
NASA 2018

WFIRST衛星
マイクロレンズ、
コロナグラフNASA 2025~
CHEOPS(小型）衛星
トランジット観測
ESA 2019~

ARIEL衛星
トランジット分光観測
ESA 2028~

TMT

GMT

ELT

CTA

地上の大型計画・将来計画
SubaruKAGURALSSTSKASuper Kamiokande
Hyper Kamiokande

ALMA

Big Questions in Astrophysics
 Origins of the Space and Time of the Universe
Beyond the Big Bang Theory-Cosmic Inflation?  LiteBIRD-Dark Energy/ Modified Gravity  WFIRST contribution
 Structure Formation and Evolution-Dark Matter-First Stars/First Galaxies/First SMBHs-Chemical Enrichment / Evolution of Solid / Organic-Planetary Formation
 Possibility of Life in the Universe
AAPPS-PP2018 2018/11/1224

Observational evidenceof Cosmic Inflation
LiteBIRD
EuclidWFIRST

Toward understanding
the nature of Dark Energy

AAPPS-PP2018 2018/11/1225

Cosmic Inflation?
Solving the horizon problem,
and the flatness problems
Re-heating the Universe toBig Bang
Quantum fluctuation
 Origins of the structurein the universeObservational
evidence?
AAPPS-PP2018 2018/11/1226

LiteBIRD

LiteBIRD:
Lite (light) satellite for the studies ofB-mode polarization andInflation from cosmic backgroundRadiation
Kick-off International
Detection

July 1-2 @ ISAS

Official announcement
http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/home/rikou/godo/2019/060
2/gbi7uzhxfxmz/misison_selection_announcemen
t_may2019.pdf

Symposium

Selectedfor L-227

E modeB modeLarge Angular Scale

ESA Planck Satellite
Small Angular Scale
AAPPS-PP2018 2018/11/1228

Big Questions Left in Astrophysics
 Origins of the Space and Time of the Universe
Beyond the Big Bang Theory-Cosmic Inflation?
-Dark Energy/ Modified Gravity
 Structure Formation and Evolution-Dark Matter-First Stars/First Galaxies/First SMBHs-Chemical Enrichment / Evolution of Solid / Organic-Planetary Formation
 Possibility of Life in the Universe
AAPPS-PP2018 2018/11/1229

z=0: present

DM density Gas density

Massive Clusterin the simulation
Gas Metallicity
Gastempelature

Dark Matter“Stars”

z=4: 12Gyr ago

AAPPS-PP2018 2018/11/12

Illustris Simulation

30

31

z=0: present

DM density Gas density

Massive Clusterin the simulation
Gas Metallicity
Gastempelature

Dark Matter“Stars”

z=4: 12Gyr ago

AAPPS-PP2018 2018/11/12

Illustris Simulation

32

M-Class
Selected for M-3
NIR Astrometry
Inner bulge region ofMilky Way

Big Questions Left in Astrophysics
 Origins of the Space and Time of the Universe
Beyond the Big Bang Theory-Cosmic Inflation?
-Dark Energy/ Modified Gravity
 Structure Formation and Evolution-Dark Matter-First Stars/First Galaxies/First SMBHs-Chemical Enrichment / Evolution of Solid / Organic-Planetary Formation
 Possibility of Life in the Universe
AAPPS-PP2018 2018/11/1234

SPICASPICA

Rich Infrared Probes
AGN UV spectra and IR lines

AAPPS-PP2018 2018/11/1237

Planetary Formation
Gas mass measurement by
HD molecule line

ALMA TW Hydrae

Schematic pictures ofSPICA proto-planetary
disk study

ALMA HL Tau

SPICA Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics
 2.5 m telescope, which is cryogenically cooled down to below 8 KSpectroscopy at mid/far infrared ar 12-350 μm
Instruments: SMI(mid-infrared), SAFARI (far-infrared),
B-BOP(infrared polarimetric imaging) Joint space mission of Europe and Japan,
to be launched at ~2030


ESA: Cosmic Vision M-5 : One of the THREE (of 25) candidates
Final Selection 2021 June / Adoption 2024
JAXA: Prioritized candidate (not adopted) for L-3
AAPPS-PP2018 2018/11/12

39

XRISM

JAXA-led mission

International
Large mission
ESA Athena

LiteBIRD

SPICA

Cryogenic Payload Missions
Cryogenic Detector Systems

JAXA “Key technology”
for development“JAXA Space Science TechnologyRoadmap”

40

XRISM

Future strategic missions
under concept development

ISAS Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics

41

世界の計画 (1)
残された課題JAXA の取組み

JAXAの国際協力による取組み① 宇宙の空間／時間構造とその起源
宇宙背景放射による原始重力波痕跡 LiteBIRDの検出による宇宙初期インフレー [PhaseA1]
ション検証
原始重力波の直接検出
将来計画検討(DECIGOなど)
暗⿊エネルギーの性質への⼿がかり(LISA)② 宇宙における構造の発展と天体の形成②-A 宇宙における構造形成史(全体)における未解決問題
宇宙の暗⿊物質の分布、正体の解明
宇宙の初代銀河・初代星の全般的な理解
宇宙再電離前後の天体形成

HiZ-GUNDAM[Pre-Phase A1b]

海外の取組みWFIRST協力[Pre-Phase A2]

Euclid [2021]
WFIRST[2025]

WFIRST協力
GAPS［気球：小規模］
WFIRST協力

EuclidWFIRSTJWST [2020]
EuclidWFIRST
Theseus [Phase0/A]
LUVOIR/Lynx [STDT]AAPPS-PP2018 2018/11/12

42

世界の計画 (2)残された課題JAXA の取組み②-B 宇宙の構造形成におけるバリオン物理過程の解明
銀河内部構造の形成JAXAの国際協力による取組み

海外の取組みWFIRST協力JWST [2020]
WFIRST[2025]
LUVOIR [STDT]JWSTAthena [PhaseA]
SPICA[Phase0/A]
OST/Lynx [STDT]Athenaダストに隠された銀河形成初期の星 SPICA [Pre-PhaseA2]
形成と巨大ブラックホールの形成 FORCE[Pre-Phase A1]

Athena[Pre-Phase A1]

銀河団におけるガスの運動と力学的構造
中高温銀河間ガスの直接検出

AthenaXRISM [FY2021]

XRISM
将来計画
銀河団高温ガスの熱的・化学的進化 XRISM②-C 宇宙の重元素およびダストの生成・化学進化
超新星爆発・中性子合体における XRISM
重元素生成
銀河形成期の化学進化過程
SPICA
宇宙におけるダストの生成と俯瞰的進化

SPICA

AthenaAthenaAthena[Pre-Phase A1]

AAPPS-PP2018 2018/11/12

AthenaLUVOIR/Lynx[STDT]Athena , Lynx [STDT]Athena , Lynx [STDT]LISA [PhaseA]JWSTSPICA, OST [STDT]SPICA
OST [STDT]

43

世界の計画 (3)残された課題JAXA の取組み

JAXAの国際協力による取 海外の取組み
組み②-D 星形成・ブラックホール現象の物理
ブラックホール直近の時空構造
XRISM [2021]
星形成に至るガスの収縮・分裂過程 SPICA [Pre-PhaseA2]②-E 惑星系形成
原始惑星系円盤におけるガスの散逸 SPICAと巨大ガス惑星生成
原始惑星系円盤：H2O の気体・固 SPICA
体分布③ 太陽系外惑星の検出および大気詳細研究
太陽系外惑星の質量・軌道分布の全体像
太陽系近傍・明るい恒星での系外惑星探査
太陽系外惑星の大気スペクトル観測（トランジット観測）
太陽系外惑星の大気スペクトル観測（直接観測）
ハビタブル地球型惑星の大気・生命兆候

Athena [Pre-Phase A1b]

Athena [PhaseA]SPICA[Phase0/A], OST [STDT]SPICA
OST [STDT]SPICA
OST [STDT]WFIRST協力[Pre-Phase A2]

WFIRST[2025]
TESS [2018], PLATO [2026]

WFIRST協力
WSO 協 力A1a]

AAPPS-PP2018 2018/11/12

JWST [2020], ARIEL [2028]
OST/HabEx[STDT]WFIRST, WSO [2023:][Pre-PhaseLUVOIR/HabEX [STDT]

44

First Objects
Multi-Messenger Science(GRB at z>6/short GRB)

HiZ-GUNDAM

Infrared Astrometry
Of the Bulge of Milky Way

Small JASMINE

Planning for Future Science Mission in JAXA Plan beyond 2030
 JAXA-led missions, with“appropriate” balance to International-led missions
 JAXA plans a “program-ed” sequence of missions
which have synergies in science and/or technology
 Plan should fit with the JAXA’s long-term vision
for launcher service program46

Planning for Future Science Mission in JAXA Plan beyond 2030
Visionary Survey
by JAXA In 2015
(Information fromvarious science
communities)

JAXA Planning

JAXA Space Science/
Engineering Advisory
Committees(community rep.)

Planning for Missions
toward 2030, now in“Space Science andExploration Roadmap”

International
Landscape (ESA, NASA…)

Long-term (>2030)
Planning for Future
Mission Concepts“20-years”
task force
Identification ofCore Technology Plogram
w/ long-term scope“Space Science
Technical Roadmap”

Visions fromScience Communities
47(on-going efforts)

Visions over 2030
 Key Science Fields : under discussions in communities
 JAXA-led “Sharp” science mission concepts:
・Gravitational Wave [Deci-Hz]experiment・Space Infrared [or X-ray] Interferometer
・X-ray Wide-field, high energy resolution
・UV Wide-field
・NIR Wide-field
Identifying core technologies
・Inter Planetary Space Telescope “International Mega Missions”
・Instrument/Instrument subsystems48

宇宙物理学

宇宙史

銀河の形成と進化星の誕生と終焉

我々の宇宙がどのようにはじまり、また、
インフレーションで生成された宇宙初期の密度ゆらぎから銀河や銀河団などの構造がどのように誕生し、そして、銀河の中でどのように星は生まれ、様々な元素が作られ、やがて惑星が誕生したのか？
原始惑星系円盤
惑星の誕生
宇宙マイクロ波背景放射

M57
HST
NASA

恒星内部の核融合反応や超新星爆発・中性子合体の現場などで宇宙の重元素が作られる。

Tycho
ChandraNASA

生成された重元素は、星風や超新星爆発で星間物質に供給される。
また、恒星進化末期の星や超新星爆発時に固体微粒子（星間ダスト）も形成される。
Crab
HST
NASA

恒星内部で作られる炭素、酸素シリコン、ネオン、マグネシウム、鉄などは、宇宙で最も豊富な重元素それまでに作られた重元素を含むガスやダストからやがて次世代の惑星が誕生する

NAOJ

中性子星合体の模式図。2018年には中性子星合体時と考えられる重力波が検出された。

LiteBIRD:原始重力波の痕跡を観測してインフレーションを実証する

インフレーション

インフレーションが・原始重力波を生成:
宇宙マイクロ波背景放射に痕跡
・宇宙の原始密度ゆらぎを生成
銀河・銀河団など構造の「種」

インフレーションが生成した
原始密度ゆらぎから、やがて銀河や銀河団が形成された

XRISM:銀河団の高温プラズマの精密なX線分光観測を行うことにより、ダイナミックな構造形成過程、高温ガスの加熱過程や重元素存在量を解明

XRISM

付録 NASA/ESA ミッションの枠組み

52

A=Astrophysics
P=Planetary Science
H=Heliophysics

海外ミッション NASA
NASA

分野

カテゴリ

総額

間隔

例

A

Flagship /Great
Observatories> $1-2B~10年 HST (90), Compton (91), Chandra (99),
Spitzer (03) , Fermi (08), JWST (21),WFIRST (25)A

Discovery$425M

1-2年 Kepler (06)

A

MIDEX

$180200M+launch~4年? XTE(95), FUSE(98), WMAP(01),Swift(04), WISE(09), SPHEREx

ASMEX$120M+launch~4年? SWAS(98), GALEX(03), NuSTAR(12)

A

EX

H

MIDEX

$180200M+launch~4年? ACE(97), IMAGE(00), THEMIS(07)

H

SMEX

$120M+launch~4年? SAMPEX(92), FAST(96), TRACE(98),
RHESSI(02), AIM(07), IBEX(08), IRIS(13)H

STPTESS(18)

TIMED(01), Hinode 06 [ISAS],
STEREO(06), MMS(11)
53

NASA

分野

カテゴリ

総額

間隔例

P

Flagship

$1-2B

10年

Viking 1-2 (75), Voyager (77),
Galileo(89), Cassini (97), Mars Science
Laboratory (11), MARS2020 (20),Europa (?)

P

New Frontier

~ $1B

~5年

New Horizons (06), JUNO (11), OSIRISRex(16), Dragonfly

P

Discovery$425M+
Launch

1-2年

NEAR-Shoemaker (96), Luna
Prospector (97), Stardust (99), Genesis(01), CONTOUR (03), Mars Pathfinder(03), MESSENGER (04), Deep Impact(05), EPOXI(05), DAWN (07), GRAIL(11),InSight (16)PMARS
Exploration(Mariner,Viking, Mars
Surveyor’98,Mariner (62), Viking (75), Observer (92),
Global Surveyor (96), Climate Orbiter(98), Polar Lander (99), Odyssey (01),Exploration Rover (Spilits, Opportunity)(03), Reconaissance Orbiter (05),Phoenix (07,SCOUT), Science
Laboratory (Curriosity) (11), MAVEN (13,SCOUT)54

今後の海外ミッションへの協力 (NASA)
NASA

分野

カテゴリ

計画

日本の貢献

現状

A

Flagship /Great
Observatories

JWST (21)-2021打ち上げ予定

WFIRST (25)WFIRST WG
住（大阪）、山田

LoI 準備中

将来計画 (~30- STDTオブザーバ
35)

４分野での検討A

SMEX(AO 2016)

IXPE

玉川（理研）、他

NASA SMEX 提案、
ISAS 小規模採択
LoC 発出済、
PRAXyS  IXPEAEXTESS (18)

研究者個別にチーム参加

JAXA 関与無し
2018 打ち上げH

LWS

Solar Probe
Plus (18)55

海外ミッションへの協力 (ESA)
ESA

カテゴリ

総額

間隔

分野

例

CosmicVision - L> €1B

~10年

P

JUICE (22)A

ATHENA (28)FP

L3 [LISA] (32)H

Solar Orbiter (18)A

Euclid (21), PLATO (24)?

M4 (27), M5(29)CosmicVision - M€450-550M~3年

CosmicVision - S

A

CHEOPS (17)H

SMILE (21)On-going

P

Bepi Colombo (18)

In Operation/ Previous

A

XMM(99), INTEGRAL(02), Herschel (09),Plank (09), GAIA (13)FP

LISA-Pathfinder (15)H

SOHO (95), PROBA2 (09)P

Huygens(97), Cluster(00), Double Star(03),Mars Express(03), Rosetta (04), Venus
Express (05), ExoMars (16)56

今後の海外ミッションへの協力 (ESA)
ESA

カテゴリ

分野

CosmicVision - L

CosmicVision - M

計画

日本の貢献

現状P

JUICE (22)

小規模ミッション機器

Phase A相当AATHENA (28)

冷凍機など
ATHENA WG

CCC-TPで検討など

FP

L3 [LISA] (32)-

DECIGOチームの協力可能性？

?

L4 (?)-A

Euclid (21)

すばる観測提案

PLATO (24)

-M4 (27)-ARIEL /M5(29)

SPICA PreProject

SPICA 提案
CORE+協力？

?

JAXA コミット無し

M6 (?)
CosmicVision - S

A

CHEOPS (17)H

SMILE (21)On-goingP

Bepi Colombo (18) MMO

2018 打ち上げ57