筑波大学体育系紀要

Bull. Facul. Health & Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba 42 57-61, 201957

A comprehensive and comparative survey study reveals the current status ofphysical education in liberal arts higher education courses at colleges anduniversities in Japan, Korea and Taiwan
KAJITA Kazuhiro ＊ , KIUCHI Atsushi ＊＊ , PARK Kyungjin ＊＊ ,LIN Po-Hsiu ＊＊＊ , HASEGAWA Etsushi ＊＊ and NAKAGAWA Akira ＊＊all CUs in Japan with the aim to understand the current

1. Introduction
Previous studies revealed that the rate of collegesstatus (Study 1). The current status of educational system

and universities (hereafter, CUs) compulsory physicalof PEHE courses in CUs 3) in Japan, Korea and Taiwan waseducation (hereafter, PE) in liberal arts higher education

studied to present useful information (educational system;(hereafter, PEHE) courses in Japan was 100% in 1991,

curriculum, faculty profile, etc.) contributing to better

70.7% in 1997

and 63.5% in 2000 . However, noPEHE courses in CUs in East Asia neighboring countries,

comprehensive survey of PEHE courses in CUs has been

and categorizing the similarities and differences in PEHE

done since 2000, and the current status is unknown. In

courses in CUs (Study 2).

6)7)order to grasp the current status of PEHE courses for all
CUs in Japan a detailed study is essential for a meaningful

2. Methodoutcome towards the aim of the research. Also, given theStudy 1: 1) Survey subjects: 742 CUs (national-81,current social issues in Japan and the resulting decrease

public-86, private-575) excluding graduate universities

in the 18-year-olds population, the number of CUs isand PE colleges. 2) Survey contents: (1) offered ofexpected to decline.

PEHE course, (2) compulsory or optional, (3) number

On the other hand, previous studies from around theof credits necessary for graduation, (4) course type, (5)world have shown the status of practical PEHE at CUs insubject name. 3) Survey method: Web search survey byother countries. For example, there are 78% and 63%

CUs regulations and syllabus on the website of each CUs.

PEHE courses at most CUs in North America and Europe,

The investigation period was from August 2016 to March

respectively. In addition, it is reported that in Asian CUs,

2017. The above survey has been published (in Japanese

41% of the PEHE courses are compulsory

with English abstract) in 2016 4).

6), 7), 11). Previous12)

studies have also shown that the rate of CUs compulsory

Study 2: 1) Survey subjects: 742 Japanese CUs in

PEHE courses in America was 97% in 1930, 65% in 1988,

2016 (national-81, public-86, private-575), 190 Korean

63% in 1998 2), and 39.6% in 2010 1); and had a furtherCUs (national-44, public-1, private-145) excluding 10

decrease in 2017 . Although around 1990s, the rate ofCUs that were difficult to investigate from 200 CUs incompulsory PEHE courses in all CUs in Japan (1991),

2017, and 143 Taiwanese CUs in 2017 (national-48,Korea (1989) and Taiwan (1994) were reported to be

public-1, private-94). Each country excluded graduate

100%, a comprehensive survey of the PEHE courses inschool universities and PE colleges. 2) Survey contents:

CUs has not been performed since then. Currently Korea

The current status of PEHE courses of all CUs in each

and Taiwan have also confirmed having PEHE courses,country and PEHE courses of educational system such as

but only few details are available. Thus, the current PEHE

curriculum and faculty profile of CUs extracted for survey

status (of CUs) remains unknown, particularly in Japan.

subjects. 3) Survey methods: Mainly a web search survey

Therefore, this report presents the results of anfor all CUs regulations and syllabus in Japan and Korea,

investigation into the current status of PEHE courses forresearch data of the Sports Administration, Ministry5)＊

Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences，Joint Doctoral Program in Advanced Physical Education and Sport forHigher Education, University of Tsukuba.

＊＊＊＊＊

Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba.
Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure and Hospitality Management, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan

58

KAJITA Kazuhiro, KIUCHI Atsushi, Kyungjin Park, Po-Hsiu LIN, HASEGAWA Etsushi and NAKAGAWA Akira

of Education in Taiwan 10), and questionnaire survey

from some departments the rate was 100% (142 CUs) infor each CUs in each country, including interviews andTaiwan, 40.8% (296 CUs) in Japan and 8.8% (15 CUs) inobservations of PEHE courses in Korea and Taiwan. TheKorea and compulsory from all departments the rate wasinvestigation period was from November 2017 to October

100% (142 CUs) in Taiwan, 28.0% (203 CUs) in Japan2018.

and 7.0% (12 CUs) in Korea. Offered rate of practical
PEHE courses was 100% (142 CUs) in Taiwan, 98.2%

3. Result(712 CUs) in Japan, and 90.4% (150 CUs) in Korea; and,Study 1: Out of the 742 CUs surveyed subjects,

the offered rate of PEHE courses in lectures were 63.9%

97.7% (725 CUs) offered PEHE, except for 17 CUs(106 CUs) in Korea, 63.4% (460 CUs) in Japan and 0% (0(2.3%) that did not offer PEHE. The 725 CUs offeringCUs) in Taiwan. Educational contents emphasized mostPEHE were categorized into courses of mainly practicalin PEHE courses was “Understanding the importance ofskills 98.2% (712 CUs), lecture 63.4% (460 CUs) andcooperative play and improvement in communication

compulsory from all departments 28.0% (203 CUs),skills” in Japan, “Improvements in physical strengthand compulsory from some departments 40.8% (296and physical activities” in Korea, and “Establishment ofCUs) including practical skills 94.6% (280 CUs),lecture

regular lifestyles” in Taiwan. Additionally, among the31.1% (92 CUs), practical skills and lecture 25.7% (76three aspects of the grading evaluation method, the mostCUs) in the undergraduate departments. The number ofimportant contents were “Attitude/Motivation” in Japan,

PEHE credits to be offered as compulsory subjects wasand “Motor skill” in Korea and Taiwan.

2.15 ± 0.84 (mean ± standard deviation) and 0.5 to 5.0(minimum - maximum) credits. When studying the terms
included in the integrated titles of PEHE courses groupfor 725 CUs offering PEHE, “Sports” 42.8% (310 CUs),“Physical education” 39.9% (289 CUs), “Health” 37.8%(274 CUs), “Health education” 18.6% (135 CUs), “Healthand physical education” 17.8% (129 CUs), and“Science”
14.8% (107 CUs).
Study 2: Current status of PEHE courses offered rate
was 99.3% (142 CUs) in Taiwan, 97.7% (725 CUs)
in Japan, and 90.0% (171 CUs) in Korea; compulsory
Table 1

Table 2

Photo 1

Weight training class in Seoul National University

Offered rates of physical education in liberal arts higher education courses at colleges and universitie inJapan, Korea and Taiwan

Compulsory rates of physical education in liberal arts higher education courses at colleges and universitie inJapan, Korea and Taiwan

A comprehensive and comparative survey study reveals the current status of physical education inliberal arts higher education courses at colleges and universities in Japan, Korea and Taiwan

Photo 2

Photo 359

Taekwondo class in Seoul National University
Photo 5

Question and answer of academic presentations inNational Taiwan Sport University

Photo 6

Academic presentations with researchers andcollaborators in National Taiwan Sport University

Badminton class in National Taiwan UniversityTaiwan. For conducting the survey of PEHE in Korea, IPhoto 4Volleyball class in National Taiwan Normal University

4. Summary and future prospects

appreciate the support of Assistant Professor Sungchan
Hong from the University of Tsukuba (UT). For thecooperation in the PEHE interview survey in Korea, I

Through this combined research, the current statusespecially thank Professor Euichang Choi from Seoulof PEHE courses for all CUs in Japan was revealed.

Normal University, Professor Kicheon Lee from Korea

Moreover, this study revealed the commonality andUniversity, Associate Professor Hyukki Chang from Seoul

differences in the curriculum, faculty profile and theWomen’s University and Assistant Professor Yunsoo Lee

current status of PEHE courses at CUs in Japan, Korea

from Dankook University. For the cooperation in the PEHEand Taiwan. The next step is to investigate and analyze theinterview survey in Taiwan, I especially thank Professor

curriculum (educational goals, educational contents, andChing-Ping Lin and Professor Mei-Chun Lin fromgrade evaluation) based on detailed information in Japan

National Taiwan Normal University, Professor and Chairthrough interview surveys. Further, the plan is to develop

from National Taiwan University, Professor Ching-Chungthe research into an international comparative research

Wang from National Chengchi University, Associate

study with other countries over the East Asia neighboring

Professor Ya-Cheng Yeh from Huafan University,countries implementing PEHE courses at CUs.

Associate Professor Li-O Chen from China Universityof Technology and Associate Professor Jiceh-Der Dong

Acknowledgments

Fang from Soochow University. In addition to that, I am

I am deeply grateful to many faculty members for their

thankful to Mr. Yasuhiko Ishihara (adad, Tsukuba, Japan)

support while conducting the surveys in Japan, Korea andin supporting with system development for the PEHE

60

KAJITA Kazuhiro, KIUCHI Atsushi, Kyungjin Park, Po-Hsiu LIN, HASEGAWA Etsushi and NAKAGAWA Akira

survey in Japan. I also acknowledge Professor Rakwal

of the physical education graduation requirement at

Randeep (TIAS, UT) for editing the manuscript. Finally,

American 4-year colleges and universities. Research
Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 83: 503-512.

I also acknowledge the financial support from Universityof Tsukuba Overseas presentation support program for the2)Hensley, L. D. (2000): Current status of basic
instruction programs in physical education at2018 academic year; thank you very much.

American colleges and universities.Journal of
Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 71(9): 3036.
3)

Kajita, K., Kiuchi, A., Hasegawa, E., Kawato, Y.,and Nakagawa, A. (2018a): Analysis of educational
system in physical education courses as liberal arts
at higher education institutions in Ibaraki prefecture.
Ibaraki Journal of Health and Sport Sciences, 34: 3137. (in Japanese)4)

Kajita, K., Kiuchi, A., Hasegawa, E., Park, K.,
Kawato, Y., and Nakagawa, A. (2018b): Current
status of physical education in liberal arts higherPhoto 7education courses at colleges and universities inThe 2019 International PEHE Research Forum forthe 1st in Japan, Korea and Taiwan with researchersand participants in University of Tsukuba

Japan: A complete survey and overview. Japan
Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport
Sciences, 63(2): 885-902. (in Japanese with Englishabstract)
5)

Kajita, K., Tahara, Y., Nara, T., and Kiuchi, A.
(2018c): Exploring physical education sports atcolleges and universities and baseball coachingscience in the United States: Activity report ofUniversity of Tsukuba overseas martial arts training
program. Journal of Sport and Physical Education
Center University of Tsukuba, 40: 95-104. (inJapanese)

6)
Photo 8

Kinoshita, H., and Hatano, Y., (1985): World -wide
Survey on Sport and Physical Educatin in Coleges

The 2019 International PEHE Research Forum forthe 1st in Japan, Korea and Taiwan with researchersand participants at the social gatheringand Universities 1984. Presellting University Sports
Conference Committee,The Organizing Committee
for the Universiade l985 in Kobe, pp. 1-63.

Note7)

Nakamura, H., Kurimo, E., and Hatano, Y. (1967)

This research is a summary of the paper presented: World-wide Survey on Sport Physical Education

at “The 2018 International Conference for the 7th Eastin Colleges and Universities.Proceedings of theAsian Alliance of Sport Pedagogy and Adventure PhysicalInternational Seminar for the Study of University

Education” held at the National Taiwan Sport University.

Sports,Tokyo: ISSUC Organizing Committee, pp.

And it is also a part of the contents of the report at “The161-211.

2019 International PEHE Research Forum for the 1st8)

Nara, M., Obara, A., and Nishikiori, Y., (2000):in Japan, Korea and Taiwan” held at the University ofSurvey on the Objectives and Evaluations of PhysicalTsukuba.

Education Exercise in College General Education: A
Comparison among School Types. Journal of Japan

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