CCS Workshop 2007

CCS implementation in Japan

February 15th, 2007

Takashi Ohsumi
Research Institute of Innovative Technologyfor the Earth （RITE）

CCS context in Japan
1988: Investigations on “Direct Ocean Disposal of CarbonDioxide” started in several laboratories in Japan
1990: Tanaka examined oversea EOR possibilities using
CO2 from Japan
1992: IEA/GHG talks on international ocean experiment ofCO2 injection held in London
1993: Tanana et al. ‘s work on estimation of potential
capacity for CO2 aquifer storage in Japan
1994: Japan’s initiative on the ocean experiment started
1996: start of Sleipner
1997: start of the international collaboration (NEDO/RITE)
on CO2 ocean experiment2000: start of the Nagaoka project2Toward Implementation of CO2 Geological Storage <AQUIFER>

1990: Tanaka examined oversea EOR
possibilities using CO2 from Japan
1992: Koide et al. examined world potentialof CO2 storage with a proposed novel
concept of aquifer storage.
1993: At Oxford meeting, Olav Kaarstad talked to Ohsumi on Statoil’splan of SLEIPNER

1993: Tanaka et al. ‘s work on estimation ofpotential capacity for CO2 aquifer storagein Japan.
1996: start of Sleipner2000: start of Nagaoka project3

Project Scheme
METI
subsidiary

RITE

Advisory Committee

Chairman: Prof. Tanaka

Branch Office

ENAA
Oil Company

AISTIndustry

4Project timeline
2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008〜Wells

Construction

ClosureSurface Facilities

Design & Const.
Injection

July 2003

Jan. 2005

Total: 10,400tonne-CO2
Monitoring

初期測定
Continuous
P,T; Microseismisity, Fluid sampling

Geophysical loggings, Crosshole seismic tomography
Simulation StudyHistory matchingCompilation
5

Nagaoka Site
Injection well

Nagaoka citySite

Tokyo

1000m

RITE (Kyoto)

2000m

Target depth 1100 m
Gas production from 4500 m depth

5000m

6

Feature of Nagaoka Project１ Injection Test in suburb area of a largecity with population of 0.3 million
２ New Injection well for core recovery
three wells dedicated for observation(with FRP casing at target zone)
３ relatively low permeability:
1.6 〜 11.2 md （ave. 6.7 md ）7

Location of injection well
NAGAOKA Shinkansen Railway Station

Injection site

8 km8

LorryCompleted
Completed surface
surface Facilitie
Facilitie
inin June
June 2003
2003

Storage Tank

HeaterPump

Control Rm

Injection. Well
9Injection Test
Storage TankLorryPump
HeaterDIMENSION:DIMENSION:
oneone injection
injection well
well
three
three observation
observation wells
wells
duration
duration ofof injection:
injection: 1.5
1.5 years
years
total
total amountamount ca
ca 10,000
10,000 tonnes
tonnesinjection
injection rate:rate:
20
20 tonnes
tonnes per
per day
day tilltill March
March 2004
2004
40
40 tonnes
tonnes per
per day
day fromfrom April
April 2004
2004

1,100ma12-m section
selected for
injection zone
in aquifer with60 m in thickness

impermeable zone (caprock)with thickness of 140 m
CO２TargetAquifer

40〜120ｍ

10Core samples form target aquifer zone
recovered from injection wellNo.4 1095m - 1100m

11

Monitoring
CO2 signal onMay 2004

dip angle 15°

Loggings

well bottom P, T

Obs. well

well-head and -bottom P & T
CO2-460m
Loggins40m

CO2-3
Obs. wellLoggings

120m

CO2-2

CO2-1
Obs. well

Inj. well
160m

CO2 signal on
March 2004

Cross-hole Seismic

12Injection operationfrom July 7,2003 through January 11,2005

Rate

Total Amount累計
圧入量

injection rate
accumulative amountEarthquake

13

Geophysical Loggings

Lowering a sensor unit

well head of Obs well14

Vp log at CO2-2

AAzonezonewith
with66mmin
inthickness
thicknesswas
wasflooded
floodedby
byCO
CO22detected
detectedby
byVpVplog
log 15

Cross hole seismic tomography
Receiver array in CO2-3 well
24 ch hydrophones ( to 24 bit A/D)
Signal source in CO2-2: 2-m interval
測定器

ウィンチ

travel time measurement
Vp distribution
comparison with baseline

ウィンチ
コントローラ−Schematics

固い地層
孔中震源
ＯＷＳ

孔中受振器
ハイドロフォンアレイ
（２４ｃｈ）

CO2
順次移動

順次移動

16

MS1by crosshole seismic MS2
CO2 imaging
tomography

ＭＳ１／ＢＬＳ
ＭＳ１／ＢＬＳ

ＭＳ２／ＢＬＳ
ＭＳ２／ＢＬＳ

２００４／１３，２００ tonne

２００４／７
６，２００ tonne

ＭＳ３／ＢＬＳ
ＭＳ３／ＢＬＳ

ＭＳ４／ＢＬＳ
ＭＳ４／ＢＬＳ

２００４／１１
８，９００ tonne

２００５／１
１０，４００ tonne

17Sampling of fluid in aquifer
OB-4 Injection well
Formation
dip:
upwa
15°rd

Sampling from Obs. well

60m

40m
120m

IW-1

OB-2

OB-3
Before injection• May 2002
• IW-1• Air Lift

After CO2 front reaching to obs.well• Dec. 2005
• OB-2• CHDT : Cased HoleDynamics Tester,)18

Fluid Sampling by CHDT

Sampling aqueous phase

Extraction of gas phase

CO2?

19

Sampling location depth from wellhead
Resistivity log-Å Æ+1108.6m the same compositionas original formation water1114m
CO2?

overwhelmingly of CO2 gas

CO2 have been partly migrating
to cause water chemistry change1118m
20Change of water chemistry affected by migrating CO2
Blue & Yellow :Change observed on Dec. 2005

CO2 + H2O Æ H2CO3
H2CO3 Æ H+ + HCO3-

38

CaCO3 + H+ Æ Ca2+ + HCO3-

181110

While :
original formation water
3HCO3-Ca2+mM
21

ＣＯ２ simulation
Prediction after 1000 years
Sg、Fraction

Gaseous CO2 = 63.1 %of total injectedaqueous CO2（Sm3/m3rock）

Ｓｇｒｍａｘ＝０．３３

CO2 in Solution = 36.9 %of total injected22Outcomes of Nagaoka Project１ successful and meaningful continuous operation ofCO2 injection; 500days and 10 thousand tonnes
２ geophysical logging using observation wells revealed
CO2 migration and distribution
３ imaging by cross-hole seismic tomography]
４ computer simulation of CO2 migration prediction
underground
５ experience of a big earthquake with M6.8: well integrity
confirmed
６ pressure test to check for well and seal rock integrity
before injection operation: up to 19.2 MPa ( compareto the predicted injection pressure of 18.6 MPa )actual injection pressure of 12.6 MPa for injection
rate of 40 tonnes per day23

Re-evaluation for Aquifer Storage Potential in Japan
data source

Category Ａ(Aquifer with Closure)oil & gas
fielddata obtained
during operation

Basic
boringpublic domain
data by seismicand drillhole

A2:

Basic
surveypublic domain
data by seismic
only

A3: 21.4 Billion t-CO2

A1:

Category Ｂ *(Geological formation ofstratigraphic trapping)

3.5 Billion t-CO2
B1:

27.5 Billion t-CO2

B2:88.5 Billion t-CO25.2 Billion t-CO2

schemesumtotal

30.1 Billion t-CO2

116.0 Billion t-CO2

146.1 Billion t-CO2

Inland basins, such as Seto in land sea, Osaka Bay are excluded: based only on Public Domain Oil & Gas 24
Exploring activity. *) deeper than 800m and shallower than 4,000m, located in waters shallower than 200m.

Identification of potential storage sites
Category

構造位置図
725

Policy perspective on CCS Implementation• Governmental Initiative– Continued R&DD by full governmental support to reduce CCS
cost lower than 1.5 times level for market-in.
– Followed by encouragement through regulatory measures.

• Overseas Deployment– Contribution of CCS to CO2 concentration level stabilization isthe same for those in domestic and overseas deployment.
– CCS through CDM is regarded as Japan’s Commitment to theKyoto target.

• Stepwise Implementation– Early opportunity for storage is encouraged, such as existing
streams with high concentration CO2, where the additional costis only for compression, transport and injection.
– Experience in these early opportunities is the key for large scaleimplementation.
26

METI’s target of Cost and Implemented Storage Rate
２０１０

Presentoversea CDM
schemeEOR

２０１５

commercialImplementation

Industrial Initiative$10/t-CO2
Off-gasfrom NG plant

Gov’tal Support

２０２０〜

crossover toET priceannualstorage of100Mton$7/t-CO2

Industrial Initiative

first CDM
Capture& Storage

Domestic
schemeCaptureAquifer Storage

Industrial Initiative
ruducedcapture cost

3,000JPY/t-CO2

reducing capture cost

Governmental Initiative
seeking new storage capacity

2,000JPY/t-CO2

IndustrialInitiative

annualstorageof
100Mtonsafety assessment
Basic researchnovel technology
27

CO2 Capture Roadmap〜2004
Target of Capture
Cost0506

07

Chemical absorption

09

10

11

12

13

4,200JPY/t-CO2( new PC power plant)☆
☆3,000MJ/t-CO2

Developmentof Absorbent
andAdvancedAbsorption
Technology

08

Development of absorbents byscreening test and theoretical study

14

15

16

〜 20202,000JPY/t-CO2☆

☆1,800MJ/t-CO2
Preliminary evaluation

Advanced amine absorbent
Concentrated absorbent

Reduction in energy load

Reduction in capital cost

Process DesignandPilot Scale DemoHeat
Integration
CommercialPhase

PromisingTechnologies forLower Cost CO2Capture

Test by practical gasUtilizing waste heat in steel works☆1/3 reduction in capital cost
Investigation for
Practical use
System Design andintegration construction☆2.000JPY/t-CO2
Demonstration
Pilot plant study

Reduction in power loss

0.04kWh/MJ☆

Industrial absorbent
production

Research on innovative capture technology
Membrane, advanced chemical/physical absorption process☆2.000JPY/t-CO2
Practical use

Practical design andconstruction

Commercial plant

Development of capture technology
Integration, combination

Demonstration
Realization

28

Recent Discussions on the London Convention and Protocol• On 10 February 2007, the amendment of London Protocol
took into force, allowing CO2 sequestration in sub-seabedgeological formations.
• In the SG Intersessional Technical WG, the framework ofrisk assessment of CO2 sequestration in sub-seabedgeological formations is now being discussed. Its
conclusions will be treated as basic concepts of the CO2
Waste Assessment Guidelines, which should be the basis
for domestic procedures of permitting in each country.
• Japan will be the London Protocol country in mid-2007; theratification of London Protocol by National Diet isscheduled.
• Domestically, it becomes realised that implementer’s views
are important to finalize the discussion on the regulation.
29

Conclusions “towards CCS implementation in Japan”• <Storage side>
Demonstration of aquifer storage in sub-seabedgeological formation with reliable and/or cost-effective
monitoring exercise is probably necessary as a next step.
• <CO2 sources>
Early opportunity strategy is still meaningful in view ofboth industry and government.
• <International collaboration>
Closer international links are essential:
lessons from Ocean, IPCC SR CCS, London Protocol,and CDM.

30