Ejaculate Responsibly
Source List
Argument 1: Men are 50 times more fertile than women.
p. 7“A woman’s body produces a fertile egg for approximately 24hours each month, from puberty until menopause, . . . we like tosay the egg is fertile for two days, but really it’s about 24 hours.”
Cleveland Clinic, “Female Reproductive System,” reviewed
January 19, 2019, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9118-female-reproductive-system.
Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Health,“Normal Ovarian Function,” accessed September 29, 2022,
https://www.rogelcancercenter.org/fertility-preservation/
for-female-patients/normal-ovarian-function.
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia, s.v. “Pregnancy—
Identifying Fertile Days,” reviewed January 10, 2022,
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007015.htm.
“A man’s sperm is fertile every single second of every single
day.”
Kristin DeJohn, “When Do Men Stop Producing Sperm,”
Ro Health Guide, updated May 13, 2022, https://ro.co/health-guide/when-do-men-stop-producing-sperm/.
“How Long Does Sperm Live: Sperm Lifecycle,
Life Span and More,” Clearblue, reviewed by
Joanna Pike, February 28, 2021, updated June 13, 2022,
https://www.clearblue.com/fertility/how-long-sperm-live.

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Tim Jewell, “How Long Does It Take for Sperm
to Regenerate? What to Expect,” Healthline,
reviewed by Janet Brito, September 19, 2018,https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/
how-long-does-it-take-for-sperm-to-regenerate.
“And though we know his sperm gets crappier as he ages.”
Harris, Isiah D., Carolyn Fronczak, Lauren Roth, andRandall B. Meacham. “Fertility and the aging male.”
Reviews in urology 13, no. 4 (2011): e184. PMID: 22232567.
Ng, K. K., R. Donat, L. Chan, A. Lalak, I. Di Pierro,and D. J. Handelsman. “Sperm output of older men.”
Human Reproduction 19, no. 8 (2004): 1811–1815.
doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh315.
Johnson, Sheri L., Jessica Dunleavy, Neil J. Gemmell, andShinichi Nakagawa. “Consistent age-dependent declines
in human semen quality: A systematic review and metaanalysis.” Ageing research reviews 19 (2015): 22–33.
doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2014.10.007.
“A man can produce sperm until the day he dies.”
Crosnoe, Lindsey E., and Edward D. Kim. “Impact of age
on male fertility.” Current Opinion in Obstetrics andGynecology 25, no. 3 (2013): 181–185. doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0b013e32836024cb.
Zitzmann, Michael. “Effects of age on male fertility.” Best
Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 27,
no. 4 (2013): 617–628. doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2013.07.004.
Eli MacKinnon, “Is There an Age Limit to Male Fertility?”
Live Science, October 23, 2012, https://www.livescience.com/24196-male-fertility-limit.html.

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Argument 2: Sperm live for up to 5 days.
p. 9“Once deposited in a woman’s body, sperm have a ‘fertile window’that is up to five days long.”
Patricio C. Gargollo, “How Long Do Sperm Live
After Ejaculation?” Mayo Clinic, May 5, 2022,
https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/getting-pregnant/expert-answers/pregnancy/faq-20058504.
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia, s.v. “Pregnancy—
Identifying Fertile Days,” reviewed January 10, 2022,
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007015.htm.
Ferreira-Poblete, A. “The probability of conception ondifferent days of the cycle with respect to ovulation: An
overview.” Advances in Contraception 13, no. 2 (1997): 83–95.
doi.org/10.1023/A:1006527232605.
Argument 3: Women’s fertility is unpredictable.
p. 11“There are ways to estimate fertility.”
Wilcox, Allen J., David Dunson, and Donna Day Baird.
“The timing of the ‘fertile window’ in the menstrual
cycle: Day specific estimates from a prospective study.”
British Medical Journal 321, no. 7271 (2000): 1259–1262.
doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7271.1259.
Ferreira-Poblete, A. “The probability of conception ondifferent days of the cycle with respect to ovulation:
An overview.” Advances in Contraception 13, no. 2 (1997):
83–95. doi.org/10.1023/A:1006527232605.

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Stirnemann, Julien J., Adeline Samson, Jean-Pierre Bernard,
and Jean-Christophe Thalabard. “Day-specific probabilities
of conception in fertile cycles resulting in spontaneous
pregnancies.” Human Reproduction 28, no. 4 (2013): 1110–
1116. doi.org/10.1093/humrep/des449.
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia, s.v. “Pregnancy—
Identifying Fertile Days,” reviewed January 10, 2022,
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007015.htm.
Lisa Fields, “Ovulation Symptoms,” WebMD, medicallyreviewed by Hansa D. Bharghava, July 15, 2020,
https://www.webmd.com/baby/am-i-ovulating.
p. 12­­“Let’s look at a 2020 study of 32,595 women published in thescientific journal Human Reproduction Open.”
Soumpasis, Ilias, Bola Grace, and Sarah Johnson. “Real-life
insights on menstrual cycles and ovulation using big data.”
Human Reproduction Open 2020, no. 2 (2020): hoaa011.
doi.org/10.1093/hropen/hoaa011.
Su, Hsiu-Wei, Yu-Chiao Yi, Ting-Yen Wei, Ting-Chang
Chang, and Chao-Min Cheng. “Detection of ovulation,a review of currently available methods.” Bioengineering& translational medicine 2, no. 3 (2017): 238–246.
doi.org/10.1002/btm2.10058.
Julia Malacoff, “The 9 Best Ovulation Tests of 2022,”
Healthline, last medically reviewed July 22, 2022,
https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/ovulation-test#A-quick-look-at-the-best-ovulation-tests-and-test-kits-of-2022.

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Potluri, Vaishnavi, Preethi Sangeetha Kathiresan,
Hemanth Kandula, Prudhvi Thirumalaraju, Manoj Kumar
Kanakasabapathy, Sandeep Kota Sai Pavan, Divyank
Yarravarapu et al. “An inexpensive smartphone-based
device for point-of-care ovulation testing.” Lab on a Chip 19,
no. 1 (2019): 59–67. doi.org/10.1039/C8LC00792F.
p. 15“Talk to women who have gone through a dozen rounds of
IUI (artificial insemination), at an average cost of $1,300 foreach attempt.”“Cost of Fertility Treatment for Women and Men:
National averages, ranges—and our prices,” Advanced
Fertility Center of Chicago, accessed September 29, 2022,
https://advancedfertility.com/fertility-treatment/affording-care/fertility-treatment-costs/.
“How Much Does an IUI (Artificial Insemination)
Really Cost?” CNY Fertility, updated October 12, 2020,
https://www.cnyfertility.com/iui-cost/.
“IUI—Intrauterine Insemination, Treatments We Offer,”
University of Mississippi Medical Center Fertility Services,
accessed September 29, 2022, https://www.umc.edu/Healthcare/Womens%20Health/Fertility%20Services/fee-estimate-IUI.html.

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Argument 4: Ovulation is involuntary, ejaculation is not.
p. 19

“Women cannot choose when ovulation begins or ends.”
Reed, Beverly G., and Bruce R. Carr. “The normal menstrual
cycle and the control of ovulation.” (2015). In: Feingold K.
R., Anawalt B., Boyce A., et al., editors. Endotext [Internet].
South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/.
Cleveland Clinic, “What Are Puberty Blockers?”
January 10, 2022, https://health.clevelandclinic.org/what-are-puberty-blockers/.
Alexandra Benisek, “What Are Puberty Blockers?” WebMD,
medically reviewed by Brunilda Nazario May 16, 2022,
https://www.webmd.com/children/what-are-puberty-blockers.
United States Department of Health & Human Services,
Office on Women’s Health, “A Fact Sheet on Women’s
Health: Hysterectomy,” reviewed by Sarah M. Temkin
and Kimberly Kho, last reviewed September 9, 2014,
last updated December 4, 2014, https://owh-wh-d9-dev.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/documents/fact-sheet-hysterectomy.pdf.
Rocca, Walter A., Liliana Gazzuola Rocca, Carin Y. Smith,
Brandon R. Grossardt, Stephanie S. Faubion, Lynne T.
Shuster, James L. Kirkland et al. “Loss of ovarian hormones
and accelerated somatic and mental aging.” Physiology 33,
no. 6 (2018): 374–383. doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00024.2018.

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Argument 5: Birth control for women is hard to access andhard to use.
p. 21

“United Nations’ estimates from 2019 show that 842 million
people worldwide use modern methods of contraception.
(Modern methods include things like the Pill and otherhormonal birth control options, IUDs, and sterilization
procedures like tubal ligations.)”
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Contraceptive Use by Method 2019, accessed
September 28, 2022, https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2020/Jan/un_2019_contraceptiveuseby
method_databooklet.pdf.
“In the United States, 90 percent of married women have usedbirth control. . . . Even 81 percent of US women who don’t haveinsurance still manage to use birth control.”Guttmacher Institute, Contraceptive Use in the
United States by Demographics, fact sheet, May 2021,
https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-use-united-states.
Cleveland Clinic, “Birth Control Options: FAQ,” reviewed
August 18, 2022, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11427-birth-control-options.
Kaitlin Sullivan, “What Are the Best and Worst Birth
Control Options?” Everyday Health, reviewed by Kacy
Church, May 23, 2022, https://www.everydayhealth.com/sexual-health-pictures/the-11-best-birth-control-options-for-women.aspx.

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“Hormonal birth control options for women—starting with thePill—have been around for more than sixty years.”
Petitti, Diana B., and Stephen Sidney. “Four decades ofresearch on hormonal contraception.” The Permanente
Journal 9, no. 1 (2005): 29. doi.org/10.7812/tpp/04-129.
Julia Ries, “The Pill Is Nearly 60 and Still Requires a
Prescription: Why Is That?” Healthline, October 8, 2019,https://www.healthline.com/health-news/birth-control-has-been-around-for-60-years-why-is-it-hard-to-get.
p. 22“Female contraception—Pill, Patch, Ring, Shot, IUD—requires
a prescription.”
Cleveland Clinic, “Birth Control Options: FAQ,” reviewed
August 18, 2022, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11427-birth-control-options.
Kaitlin Sullivan, “What Are the Best and Worst Birth
Control Options?” Everyday Health, reviewed by Kacy
Church, May 23, 2022, https://www.everydayhealth.com/sexual-health-pictures/the-11-best-birth-control-options-for-women.aspx.
Julia Ries, “The Pill Is Nearly 60 and Still Requires a
Prescription: Why Is That?” Healthline, October 8, 2019,https://www.healthline.com/health-news/birth-control-has-been-around-for-60-years-why-is-it-hard-to-get.
United States Food and Drug Administration, “Birth
Control Chart,” June 18, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/consumers/free-publications-women/birth-control.

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United States Department of Health & Human Services,
Office on Women’s Health, “Birth Control Methods,”
reviewed by Tessa Madden and the FDA Center for Drug
Research and Evaluation (CDER), Division of Bone,
Reproductive and Urologic Products (DBRUP) medical
staff and Center for Devices and Radiological Health staff,
November 24, 2021, https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/birth-control-methods.
“You could set up an account with an online pharmacy and havethe birth control delivered . . .”Jillian Goltzman and Emma Caplan, “The 6 Best
Services for Birth Control Online in 2022,” Healthline,
reviewed by Alan Carter, updated September 22, 2022,
https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control/birth-control-online#our-picks.
Jenna Fletcher and Suzy Davenport, “9 Birth Control
Delivery Providers for 2022,” Medical News Today,
reviewed by Carolyn Kay, updated on August 3, 2022,
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/birth-control-online#how-to-order.
p. 23“In July 2020, the Supreme Court ruled that private employers
who hold religious or moral objections to birth control aren’t
required to include no-cost contraception options as part oftheir employee’s health insurance plan.”Sarah McCammon, “The Supreme Court Allows
Employers to Opt Out of Contraception Coverage,”
All Things Considered, NPR, July 8, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/07/08/889112788/the-supreme-court-allows-employers-to-opt-out-of-contraception-coverage.

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Adam Liptak, “Supreme Court Upholds Trump
Administration Regulation Letting Employers Opt Out
of Birth Control Coverage,” New York Times, July 8, 2020,
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/08/us/supreme-court-birth-control-obamacare.html.
“Then, in June 2022, following the overturning of Roe v. Wade,
Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas signaled that Griswold
v. Connecticut, the case legalizing the use of contraception bymarried couples, could be up for reversal as well.”Meryl Kornfield, Timothy Bella and Amy B. Wang,“Biden, Other Critics Fear Thomas’s ‘Extreme’ Position
on Contraception,” Washington Post, June 24, 2022, updated
June 26, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/06/24/contraception-supreme-court-clarence-thomas-griswold/.
James Barragán, “In Roe Decision, Justice Clarence Thomas
Invites New Legal Challenges to Contraception andSame-Sex Marriage Rights,” Texas Tribune, June 24, 2022,
https://www.texastribune.org/2022/06/24/roe-wade-clarence-thomas-contraception-same-sex-marriage/.
Dobbs v. Jackson, 597 U.S. ___ (2022), https://www.supreme
court.gov/opinions/21pdf/19-1392_6j37.pdf.
p. 24“The list of side effects for the Pill/Patch/Ring/Shot is long andserious.”
Cleveland Clinic, “Birth Control: The Pill,” reviewed
July 21, 2020, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/3977-birth-control-the-pill.

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Rebecca Buffum Taylor, “Birth Control for Acne,”
WebMD, medically reviewed by Stephanie S. Gardner,
January 18, 2022, https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/acne/birth-control-for-acne-treatment.
Elizabeth Kiefer, “Birth Control 101: All the Must-Know
Facts About the Pill,” Teen Vogue, March 6, 2014,
https://www.teenvogue.com/story/birth-control-pill.
“Also, depending on where a woman is in her menstrual cycle,
it can take two to seven days before the effectiveness [of the Pill]even kicks in.”
Zawn Villines, “What Birth Control Methods Take the
Shortest and Longest Time to Work?” Medical News Today,
medically reviewed by Carolyn Kay, updated December 1,
2020, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319996#birth-control-pills.
Cleveland Clinic, “Birth Control: The Pill,” reviewed
July 21, 2020, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/3977-birth-control-the-pill.
National Health Service, “Combined Pill: Your
Contraception Guide,” reviewed July 1, 2020,
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/combined-contraceptive-pill/.
“For copper IUDs, some women report significant daily
bleeding for months or more than a year.”
Ashley Marcin, “Is My Period Heavy Because of My IUD?”
Healthline, medically reviewed by Nicole Galan, February
11, 2016, https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control/iud-heavy-period#What-Are-the-Side-Effects.

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Liji Thomas, “IUD: Advantages and Disadvantages,”
News Medical, last updated February 26, 2019,https://www.news-medical.net/health/IUD-Advantages-and-Disadvantages.aspx.
Planned Parenthood, “What Are the Side Effects of IUDs?”
accessed September 29, 2022, https://www.planned
parenthood.org/learn/birth-control/iud/iud-side-effects.
United States Food and Drug Administration,“Birth Control Chart,” June 18, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/consumers/free-publications-women/birth-control.
“For hormonal IUDs, menstrual bleeding can become
unpredictable . . . Other IUD side effects can include . . .”[see hormonal birth control]
Planned Parenthood, “What Are the Side Effects of IUDs?”
accessed September 29, 2022, https://www.planned
parenthood.org/learn/birth-control/iud/iud-side-effects.
United States Food and Drug Administration, “Birth
Control Chart,” June 18, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/
consumers/free-publications-women/birth-control.
“Hormonal IUD (Mirena),” Mayo Clinic staff, Mayo Clinic,
accessed September 29, 2022, https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/mirena/about/pac-20391354.
Lauren Sharkey, “Can IUDs Clear or Actually Cause Acne?”
Healthline, medically reviewed by Valinda Riggins Nwadike,
April 20, 2020, https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control/iud-acne#should-i-get-one.

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“You also have to pay attention, because there are medicinesthat impact the efficacy of hormonal birth control, like certain
antibiotics, antifungals, and antinausea drugs.”
Cheryl Maguire, “9 Medications That Interfere with
Birth Control,” in the Checkup, a blog by SingleCare,
medically reviewed by Laura K. Grubb, May 20, 2021,
https://www.singlecare.com/blog/medications-that-interfere-with-birth-control/.
Sun, Haiying, Rama Sivasubramanian, Soniya Vaidya,
Avantika Barve, and Venkateswar Jarugula. “Drugdrug interaction studies with oral contraceptives:
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and study design
considerations.” The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 60(2020): S49–S62. doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1765.
Dutton, Caryn, Andrea Hsu Roe, and Deborah Bartz.
“Contraception in neurologic and psychiatric disorders.”
Neurology and Psychiatry of Women (2019): 27–36.
doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04245-5_4.
“Medicines That Interfere with Birth Control Pills,”
WebMD editorial contributors, WebMD, medicallyreviewed by Poonam Sachdev, April 28, 2022,
https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/medicines-interfere-birth-control-pills.
Dawn Stacey, “Medications That Decrease Contraception
Effectiveness: These Drugs Can Cause Pill Failure,”
Verywell Health, medically reviewed by Mary Choy,
updated on September 8, 2021, https://www.verywellhealth.com/medications-that-can-cause-interactions-with-the-pill-906876.

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p. 25“Women aren’t actually told much about the risks of birthcontrol.”
Singh Ospina, Naykky, Kari A. Phillips, Rene RodriguezGutierrez, Ana Castaneda-Guarderas, Michael R. Gionfriddo,
Megan E. Branda, and Victor M. Montori. “Eliciting thepatient’s agenda—secondary analysis of recorded clinicalencounters.” Journal of General Internal Medicine 34, no. 1(2019): 36–40. doi.org/10.1007/s11606-018-4540-5.
Sara Cravatts, “Patients and Doctors Are Clashing
About Side Effects of Hormonal Birth Control,” STAT,
December 6, 2021, https://www.statnews.com/2021/12/06/patients-doctors-clashing-side-effects-hormonal-birth-control/.
Maanvi Singh, “Doctors Don’t Know What Women
Want to Know About Birth Control,” Health Shots, NPR,
June 10, 2014, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/06/10/320641019/doctors-dont-know-what-women-want-to-know-about-birth-control.
“Though the risk of blood clot from the Johnson & Johnson
vaccine is less than one in a million.” [numbers in text reflect
2021 study]
FDA J&J fact sheet:
United States Food and Drug Administration,“Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers Administering
Vaccine (Vaccination Providers); Emergency Use
Authorization (EUA) of the Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine
to Prevent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19);
Warning: Thrombosis With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome,”
revised May 5, 2022, https://www.fda.gov/media/146304/download?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery.

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Kathy Katella, “The Link Between J&J’s COVID Vaccine
and Blood Clots: What You Need to Know,” Yale Medicine,
April 21, 2021, updated May 6, 2022, https://www.yale
medicine.org/news/coronavirus-vaccine-blood-clots.
Ralph Ellis, “FDA Limits Use of J&J COVID-19 Vaccine
Over Blood Clot Risk,” WebMD News Brief, WebMD,
May 6, 2022, https://www.webmd.com/vaccines/covid-19-vaccine/news/20220506/fda-limits-use-jj-covid-vaccine-blood-clot-risk.
Arepally, Gowthami M., and Thomas L. Ortel. “Vaccineinduced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia: what weknow and do not know.” Blood 138, no. 4 (2021): 293–298.
https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2021012152.
“The common forms of women’s birth control come with amuch higher risk of blood clots—oral contraceptives triple therisk of blood clots.”
Cleveland Clinic, “What to Know About Birth Control andBlood Clots,” April 26, 2022, https://health.clevelandclinic.org/yes-your-birth-control-could-make-you-more-likely-to-have-a-blood-clot/.
“According to the FDA, the risk of birth control users
developing a serious blood clot is three to nine out of
10,000 each year.”“Birth Control Creates Higher Risk of Blood Clots Than
AstraZeneca Vaccine,” Open Access Government,
March 16, 2021, https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/risk-of-blood-clots/106257/.
Cleveland Clinic, “What to Know About Birth Control andBlood Clots,” April 26, 2022, https://health.clevelandclinic.org/yes-your-birth-control-could-make-you-more-likely-to-have-a-blood-clot/.

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Menaka Pai, Douketis, James D., “Patient Education: Deep
Vein Thrombosis (DVT) (Beyond the Basics),” UpToDate,
March 17, 2022, https://www.uptodate.com/contents/deep-vein-thrombosis-dvt-beyond-the-basics.
Anna Medaris, “Stop Brushing Off Blood Clots Linked
to Birth Control, Say 3 Women Who Could Have
Died from Pill-Linked Clots,” Insider, April 17, 2021,
https://www.insider.com/blood-clots-link-birth-control-unusual-but-real-serious-risk-2021-4.
Amy Rushlow, “Birth Control Methods and the Risk of
Blood Clots,” WebMD, medically reviewed by Nivin Todd,
March 4, 2022, https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-methods-blood-clot-risk.
“(And 327 million people are taking hormonal birth control
worldwide).”
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social
Affairs, Contraceptive Use by Method 2019, accessed
September 28, 2022, https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2020/Jan/un_2019_contraceptiveusebymethod_databooklet.pdf.
“[Birth control] is prescribed daily without hesitation, often
beginning at age thirteen or fourteen (sometimes younger).”Mary Pflum, “Safe Medicine? More, Younger Girls
Starting on Birth Control,” ABC News, July 20, 2011,https://abcnews.go.com/US/safe-medicine-younger-girls-starting-birth-control/story?id=14116032.
Evan Starkman, “How Can Teens Get Birth Control,”
WebMD, medically reviewed by Traci C. Johnson,
June 16, 2022, https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-teens.

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Maslyanskaya, Sofya, Susan M. Coupey, Rosy Chhabra,and Unab I. Khan. “Predictors of early discontinuation ofeffective contraception by teens at high risk of pregnancy.”
Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 29, no. 3 (2016):
269–275. doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.014.
p. 26“A whopping 90 percent of the $8 billion birth control market ismade up of birth control options purchased by women.”“U.S. Contraceptive Market Size, Share & Trends
Analysis Report by Product (Pills, Intrauterine Devices(IUD), Condoms, Vaginal Ring, Subdermal Implants,
Injectable), and Segment Forecasts, 2022–2030,”
Grand View Research, Report ID: GVR-2-68038-702-5,
https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/us-contraceptive-market.
“North America Contraceptives Market Research Report—
Segmented by Drug Type, Medical Devices, End-Users,
Country (the United States, Canada and Rest of North
America)—Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth,
Trends, Forecast | 2022 to 2027,” Market Data Forecast,January 2022, ID: 1155, https://www.marketdataforecast.com/market-reports/north-america-contraceptives-market.
p. 28“Apparently, the seven-day break and its fake ‘period’ wasdesigned into the Pill as an ‘attempt to persuade the Vaticanto accept the new form of contraception, as an extension of
the natural menstrual cycle.’ ”

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Susan Walker, “The Way You Take the Contraceptive
Pill Has More to Do with the Pope Than Your Health,”
The Conversation, January 24, 2019, https://theconversation.com/contraception-the-way-you-take-the-pill-has-more-to-do-with-the-pope-than-your-health-109392.
The Harrow Health Care Center, “NHS Overturn‘Pope Rule’ and Suggest Taking Contraceptive Pill
Every Day,” January 22, 2019, https://harrowhealthcare.co.uk/nhs-overturn-pope-rule-suggest-taking-contraceptive-pill-every-day/.
Argument 6: Birth control for men is easy to access and easy
to use.
p. 29“Men have two options for birth control: condoms andvasectomies.”
Corey Whelan, “Male Birth Control: UnderstandingYour Current and Future Options,” Healthline,
medically reviewed by Kevin Martinez, June 1, 2021,
https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control/male-birth-control-options#outlook.
Zawn Villines and Stefano Iavarone, “What Are the Birth
Control Options for Men?” Medical News Today, medicallyreviewed by Carolyn Kay, updated August 30, 2022,
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/birth-control-for-men#clinical-trials.
Natalie Huet, “Hard Decisions: Do New Options Mean
It’s Time Men Took More Responsibility for Birth
Control?” Euronews.next, updated September 15, 2022,
https://www.euronews.com/next/2021/07/25/beyond-condoms-do-new-options-mean-men-will-take-more-responsibility-for-birth-control.

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p. 30“In the US, the average price for a box of thirty condoms is $10.”
Amazon, “Trojan Magnum Ecstasy Ultrasmooth,”accessed October 3, 2022, https://www.amazon.com/Trojan-Magnum-Ecstasy-Ultrasmooth-30-Pack/dp/B001XVXKUW?th=1.
Walmart, “Lifestyles Condoms,” accessed October 3, 2022,
https://www.walmart.com/browse/health/lifestyles-condoms/976760_1876667_2460592_7782735.
Costco “Condoms,” accessed October 3, 2022,
https://www.costco.com/condoms.html.
“And in all fifty states you can even access condoms for free.”Liz Froment, “Where Can I Get Free Condoms in My
State?” GoodRx Health, March 30, 2022, https://www.goodrx.com/health-topic/sexual-health/free-condoms.
Hannah Orenstein, “These Are the 10 Best Places to Get
Condoms for Free,” Seventeen, updated June 14, 2019,https://www.seventeen.com/love/dating-advice/a12026234/these-are-the-10-best-places-to-get-condoms-for-free/.
Elizabeth Boskey, “Where to Find Free Condoms,”
Verywell Health, medically reviewed by Anju Goel, updatedon August 4, 2022, https://www.verywellhealth.com/where-to-find-free-condoms-3133074.
“[Condoms] can be bought ahead of time and stored for three
to five years.”
Claire Gillespie, “Do Condoms Expire? 7 Things to Know
Before Use,” Healthline, medically reviewed by Janet Brito,
updated on November 12, 2019, https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/do-condoms-expire.

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“Product 101: Condom Storage & Expiration,” Trojan Brands,
https://www.trojanbrands.com/en/sex-information/condom-storage-and-expiration.
“Condoms come in lots of varieties. There are different sizes,
different materials, different lubrication options, even different
flavors.”
Bianca Alba, “The Best Condoms,” Wirecutter blog,
New York Times, November 17, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/reviews/best-condoms/.
Dawn Stacey, “13 External Condom Types: Pros and Cons,”
Verywell Health, medically reviewed by Jamin Brahmbhatt,updated September 28, 2022, https://www.verywellhealth.com/condom-types-906789.
Amazon, “Trojan Pleasure Pack Premium LubricatedCondoms,” accessed October 3, 2022, https://www.amazon.com/Trojan-Pleasure-Premium-Lubricated-Condoms/dp/B010MR7F6W.
p. 31“When used correctly, condoms are 98 percent effective atpreventing pregnancy.”
Planned Parenthood, “How Effective Are Condoms?”
accessed September 29, 2022, https://www.planned
parenthood.org/learn/birth-control/condom/how-effective-are-condoms.
“Condoms,” WebMD editorial contributors, WebMD,
medically reviewed by Minesh Khatri, October 28, 2021,
https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-condoms.

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National Health Service, “Condoms: Your Contraception
Guide,” reviewed October 12, 2020, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/male-condoms/.
“Vasectomies are safe, effective, and highly reversible.”
Stanford Medicine Health Care, “Vasectomy Reversal,”
accessed September 29, 2022, https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-treatments/v/vasectomy-reversal.html.
Kathleen Kelleher, “Many Real Men Have Unreal Fears
About Vasectomies,” Los Angeles Times, April 22, 2002,
https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-apr-22-lv-birds22-story.html.
“5 Facts You Should Know Before Having a Vasectomy,”
Fertility blog, Penn Medicine, November 10, 2020,
https://www.pennmedicine.org/updates/blogs/fertility-blog/2019/march/5-facts-you-should-know-before-having-a-vasectomy.
Arthur Allen, “Vasectomy Risks and Benefits,”
WebMD, medically reviewed by Amal Chakraburtty,
June 1, 2007, https://www.webmd.com/men/features/vasectomy-risks-benefits.
“Vasectomy,” Mayo Clinic staff, Mayo Clinic,
August 21, 2021, https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/vasectomy/about/pac-20384580.
pp. 31–32“Recovery essentially looks like sitting in front of the TV with abag of frozen peas.”

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David Fleming, “March Madness Brings Increasein Number of Vasectomies,” ESPN, March 18, 2021
(originally published March 24, 2014) https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/tournament/2014/story/_/id/10675533/march-madness-brings-increase-number-vasectomies-espn-magazine.
“7 Things You Didn’t Know About Vasectomies,”
Health and Wellness blog, Penn Medicine, March 1, 2019,https://www.pennmedicine.org/updates/blogs/health-and-wellness/2019/march/7-things-about-vasectomies.
p. 32“Again, vasectomies are very safe, often covered by insurance,
and the most reliable birth control option for men available at
99.99 percent effective.”
Jeanette Ferrara, “The Top Five Most Effective Methodsof Birth Control,” Science Line, January 30, 2016,
https://scienceline.org/2016/01/the-top-five-most-effective-methods-of-birth-control/.
Anne Roderique-Jones, “There’s a Safe, Effective
Contraceptive Method for Men—But They’re Not Using It,”Self, November 8, 2016, https://www.self.com/story/vasectomy-safe-effective-contraceptive-men-not-using-it.
“You can have your doctor test a sample of your semen after
twelve weeks or twenty ejaculations to make sure it’s free of
sperm.”
Coren, C. “After vasectomy, sperm clearance may occur
later than previously thought.” International Family
Planning Perspectives 30, no. 1 (2004): 46–48, https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/2004/03/after-vasectomy-sperm-clearance-may-occur-later-previously-thought.

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“7 Things You Didn’t Know About Vasectomies,” Healthand Wellness blog, Penn Medicine, March 1, 2019,https://www.pennmedicine.org/updates/blogs/health-and-wellness/2019/march/7-things-about-vasectomies.
“As mentioned, vasectomies are highly reversible. Successful
reversal rates are known to hover around 75 percent forvasectomies reversed within three years, with less success as
the time between vasectomy and reversal attempt increased,
but happily, things are improving.”
Kathleen Kelleher, “Many Real Men Have Unreal Fears
About Vasectomies,” Los Angeles Times, April 22, 2002,
https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-apr-22-lv-birds22-story.html.
National Health Service, “Can I Get a Vasectomy
Reversed?” reviewed December 18, 2018, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/vasectomy-reversal-nhs/.
Patel, Abhishek P., and Ryan P. Smith. “Vasectomy reversal:
A clinical update.” Asian Journal of Andrology 18, no. 3(2016): 365. doi.org/10.4103/1008-682X.175091.
“The Stanford Medical Center reports that . . . their vasectomy
reversal rate is 95 percent.”
Stanford Medicine Health Care, “Vasectomy Reversal,”
accessed September 29, 2022, https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-treatments/v/vasectomy-reversal.html.
“Vasectomy Reversal,” Penn Medicine, accessed
September 30, 2022, https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/find-a-program-or-service/penn-fertility-care/male-infertility/treatments-and-procedures/vasectomy-reversal.

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p. 33“The International Center for Vasectomy Reversal in Arizonasays, ‘Our experts can achieve a proven, published success ashigh as 99.5%.’ ”
Sheldon H. F. Marks, “Vasectomy Reversals 2022,”
International Center for Vasectomy Reversal, August 13, 2022,
https://www.dadsagain.com/vasectomy-reversal/.
Sheldon H. F. Marks, “About Dr. Sheldon H. F. Marks,”
International Center for Vasectomy Reversal, accessed
September 30, 2022, https://www.dadsagain.com/about-icvr/about-dr-marks/.
“Be aware that despite these improvements in reversals,
doctors still caution men against getting a vasectomy that theyknow they will want to reverse.”
National Health Service, “Can I Get a Vasectomy
Reversed?” reviewed December 18, 2018, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/vasectomy-reversal-nhs/.
Arthur Allen, “Vasectomy Risks and Benefits,”
WebMD, medically reviewed by Amal Chakraburtty,
June 1, 2007, https://www.webmd.com/men/features/vasectomy-risks-benefits.
“If reversal success is a worry, men can always bank their sperm
before the vasectomy.”
Amin Sedaghat Herati, “Sperm Banking,” Johns Hopkins
Medicine, accessed September 30, 2022,
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/sperm-banking.

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“Sperm Banking,” VasWeb Vasectomies & Reversals,
accessed September 30, 2022, https://www.vasweb.com/spermbanking.html.
National Health Service, “Vasectomy (Male Sterilisation)”
reviewed March 18, 2021, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/contraception/vasectomy-male-sterilisation/.
Note No. 1
p. 34“the Pull-Out Method”
Planned Parenthood quote: https://www.planned
parenthood.org/learn/birth-control/withdrawal-pull-out-method/how-effective-is-withdrawal-method-pulling-out.
“That’s not nearly as comforting as 96 percent, but it’s still way,
way, better than doing nothing at all.”Jones, Rachel K., Laura D. Lindberg, and Jenny A. Higgins.
“Pull and pray or extra protection? Contraceptive
strategies involving withdrawal among US adult women.”
Contraception 90, no. 4 (2014): 416–421, doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2014.04.016.
Stephanie Langmaid, “Pull Out Method (Withdrawal),”
WebMD, medically reviewed by Traci C. Johnson,
August 8, 2022, https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/pull-out-withdrawal.

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Note No. 2
p. 35“Internal condoms, or condoms for women, exist.”Planned Parenthood, “Internal Condom,” accessed
September 30, 2022, https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/internal-condom.
National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and
TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control andPrevention, “Condom Effectiveness: Female (Internal)
Condom Use,” February 10, 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/condomeffectiveness/internal-condom-use.html.
Cornell Health, “Condoms & Lubricants,” accessed
September 30, 2022, https://health.cornell.edu/sites/health/files/pdf-library/Condoms_Lube.pdf.
“But they are less effective, more expensive . . . and in someareas, they require a prescription.”
Planned Parenthood, “Internal Condom,” accessed
September 30, 2022, https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/internal-condom.
Sonya Collins, “Female Condoms,” WebMD, medicallyreviewed by Carol DerSarkissian, August 23, 2021,
https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/what-are-female-condoms.
“They can be noisy, and they only come in one size.”
Sonya Collins, “Female Condoms,” WebMD, medicallyreviewed by Carol DerSarkissian, August 23, 2021,
https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/what-are-female-condoms.

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A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia, s.v. “Female Condoms,”
accessed October 1, 2022, https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004002.htm.
Christine Ro, “The Enduring Unpopularity of
the Female Condom,” The Atlantic, June 6, 2016,
https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/06/the-enduring-unpopularity-of-the-female-condom/485519/.
Note No. 3
p. 35“To learn how to put on and remove a condom correctly, a
man needs to practice. Practice is necessary to find his correct
fit and material preference. Practice is also needed to figure
lubrication techniques.”
Calsyn, Donald A., Mary A. Hatch-Maillette, Suzanne R.
Doyle, Sarah Cousins, TeChieh Chen, and Melinda Godinez.
“Teaching condom use skills: Practice is superior toobservation.” Substance Abuse 31, no. 4 (2010): 231–239.
doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2010.514241.
Cornell Health, “Condoms & Lubricants,” accessed
September 30, 2022, https://health.cornell.edu/sites/health/files/pdf-library/Condoms_Lube.pdf.
Zachary Zane, “You Might Be Wearing the Wrong-Sized
Condom. Here’s How to Find the Right Fit.” Men’s Health,
March 30, 2021, https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/a19535648/are-you-wearing-the-wrong-size-condom/.

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p. 36“Successful condom users report that once they solved the size,
materials, and lubrication questions, they could barely tell a
difference between sex with a condom, and sex without.”
Emma McGowan, “The Real Reasons Why Your Partner
Doesn’t Like Wearing Condoms,” Bustle, June 3, 2019,https://www.bustle.com/wellness/why-dont-guys-like-condoms-like-unprotected-sex.
National Coalition for Sexual Health, “Men: 5 Ways to
Make Condoms More Pleasurable,” NCSH Media Center,Feb 23, 2016, https://nationalcoalitionforsexualhealth.org/media-center/ncsh-in-the-news/men.
Randolph, Mary E., Steven D. Pinkerton, Laura M. Bogart,
Heather Cecil, and Paul R. Abramson. “Sexual pleasure andcondom use.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 36, no. 6 (2007):
844–848. doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9213-0.
Calsyn, Donald A., Michelle Peavy, Elizabeth A. Wells,
Aimee NC Campbell, Mary A. Hatch-Maillette, Shelly F.
Greenfield, and Susan Tross. “Differences between
men and women in condom use, attitudes, and skills
in substance abuse treatment seekers.” The American
Journal on Addictions 22, no. 2 (2013): 150–157.
doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00312.x.
Argument 7: Society clings to the idea that men hate
condoms.
p. 38“On June 25, 2022, a designer who goes by @studiolemaine
tweeted: ‘It is very difficult and emotional.’ ”
https://twitter.com/studiolemaine/status/1540689319492558849.

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p. 40“And so the assumption that men in general hate using
condoms persists.”
Emma McGowan, “The Real Reasons Why Your Partner
Doesn’t Like Wearing Condoms,” Bustle, June 3, 2019,https://www.bustle.com/wellness/why-dont-guys-like-condoms-like-unprotected-sex.
Randolph, Mary E., Steven D. Pinkerton, Laura M. Bogart,
Heather Cecil, and Paul R. Abramson. “Sexual pleasure andcondom use.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 36, no. 6 (2007):
844–848. doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9213-0.
Calsyn, Donald A., Michelle Peavy, Elizabeth A. Wells,
Aimee NC Campbell, Mary A. Hatch-Maillette, Shelly F.
Greenfield, and Susan Tross. “Differences between men
and women in condom use, attitudes, and skills in
substance abuse treatment seekers.” The American Journal
on Addictions 22, no. 2 (2013): 150–157. doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00312.x.
Spencer Higgins and Jim Thornton, “Can We Reinvent
the Rubber?” Men’s Health, March 31, 2014,
https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/a19532158/condom-conundrum/.
“Because of this, in the United States, only 9 percent of men
who are sexually active get vasectomies (but 27 percent of
women who are sexually active get tubal ligations).”
Arthur Allen, “Vasectomy Risks and Benefits,” WebMD,
medically reviewed by Amal Chakraburtty, June 1, 2007,https://www.webmd.com/men/features/vasectomy-risks-benefits.

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Annalisa Merelli, “Vasectomy Rates Suggest It’s Not
Likely That Men Would Take a Birth Control Pill,” Quartz,
Yahoo Sports, March 30, 2022, https://sports.yahoo.com/vasectomy-rates-suggest-not-likely-070146548.html.
Bartz, Deborah, and James A. Greenberg. “Sterilization in
the United States.” Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology 1,
no. 1 (2008): 23. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492586/.
Zhang, Xinyuan, and Michael L. Eisenberg. “Vasectomy
utilization in men aged 18–45 declined between 2002 and2017: Results from the United States National Survey for
Family Growth data.” Andrology 10, no. 1 (2022): 137–142.
doi.org/10.1111/andr.13093.
Punjani, Nahid, and Marc Goldstein. “Vasectomy: Is theapparent decline real or not?” Nature Reviews Urology 19,
no. 2 (2022): 69–70. doi.org/10.1038/s41585-021-00538-1.
“Couples commonly report much improved sex lives after
a vasectomy. Why? Because unwanted pregnancy stress iseliminated.”Engl, Tobias, Sarah Hallmen, Wolf-D. Beecken, Peter
Rubenwolf, Elmar-W. Gerharz, and Stefan Vallo. “Impact ofvasectomy on the sexual satisfaction of couples: Experiencefrom a specialized clinic.” Central European Journal of
Urology 70, no. 3 (2017): 275. doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2017.1294.
Dana Dovey, “Sex After Vasectomy: Getting Snip Leads to
Better Orgasms, Scientists Discover,” Newsweek, November
21, 2017, https://www.newsweek.com/contraception-vasectomy-sex-drive-orgasms-718605.

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Blueheart, “Understanding the Ways Your Vasectomy May
Influence Your Libido,” reviewed by Katherine Hertlein,
May 28, 2021, updated July 25, 2022, https://www.blueheart.io/post/understanding-the-ways-your-vasectomy-may-influence-your-libido.
Argument 8: Vasectomies are less risky than tubal ligations.
p. 41“Tubal ligations, aka tubals, aka ‘getting your tubes tied.’ ”
Mayo Clinic staff, “Tubal Ligation,” Mayo Clinic,
January 9, 2021, https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/tubal-ligation/about/pac-20388360.
Cleveland Clinic, “Birth Control Options: FAQ,” reviewed
August 18, 2022, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11427-birth-control-options.
p. 42“A tubal ligation is a minor surgery.”Planned Parenthood, “What Can I Expect If I Get a
Tubal Ligation?” accessed October 1, 2022, https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/sterilization/what-can-i-expect-if-i-get-tubal-ligation.
Johns Hopkins Medicine, “Tubal Ligation,” accessed
October 1, 2022, https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/tubal-ligation.
Diana Reese, “Getting Your Tubes Tied: Pros, Cons, What
to Know,” WebMD, medically reviewed by Traci C. Johnson,
April 22, 2021, https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/should-i-get-my-tubes-tied.

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WebMD quote: “If you’re in a committed relationship, yourhusband or partner might be willing to get this procedure[vasectomy].”Diana Reese, “Getting Your Tubes Tied: Pros, Cons, What
to Know,” WebMD, medically reviewed by Traci C. Johnson,
April 22, 2021, https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/should-i-get-my-tubes-tied.
Spermcheck Vasectomy Research Center quote: “When you
look at the pros and cons, the scales tip in favor of vasectomies.
Despite the facts, tubal ligation is still the more popularmethod.”Spermcheck Vasectomy Research Center, “Vasectomy
vs. Tubal Ligation: Should It Be Him or Her?”
October 4, 2017, https://spermcheck.com/vasectomy/blog/vasectomy-vs-tubal-ligation/.
p. 43

Dr. Alexander Pastuszak quote: “With tubal ligation you need tomake an actual hole in the abdomen.”
Interview of Alexander Pastuszak, “Vasectomy or Tubal
Ligation? What is the Best Option for You and Your
Partner?: Permanent Birth Control,” University of Utah
Health, https://healthcare.utah.edu/the-scope/shows.php?shows=0_r14awktv.
pp. 43–44“Tubal ligations are routinely denied to women who are under
thirty-five, or who don’t have kids. . . . In fact, though it’s nota legal requirement, it’s also not uncommon for a doctor torequire a woman to get the signature of her husband before
they are willing to perform a tubal ligation.”

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Lawrence, R. E., K. A. Rasinski, J. D. Yoon, and F. A.
Curlin. “Factors influencing physicians’ advice about
female sterilization in USA: A national survey.” Human
Reproduction 26, no. 1 (2011): 106–111. doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deq289.
Jamie Ducharme, “Vasectomies Are Going Viral After theRoe v. Wade Leak, But They Aren’t a Solution to Abortion
Bans,” Time, May 23, 2022, https://time.com/6178287/vasectomy-sterilization-roe-v-wade/.
Corely Whelan, “How Old Do You Have to Be to Get Your
Tubes Tied?” Healthline, medically reviewed by Carolyn
Kay, January 4, 2022, https://www.healthline.com/health/womens-health/how-old-do-you-have-to-be-to-get-your-tubes-tied#how-to-advocate-for-you.
Nina Bahadur, “Child-Free by Choice: When You Don’t Want
Kids—But Your Doctor Won’t Listen,” Self, March 1, 2018,https://www.self.com/story/childfree-by-choice.
Shira Feder, “A Woman Was Told She Needed Her Husband’s
Permission to Get Her Tubes Tied. Her Story Went Viral,
But It’s Not Uncommon,” Insider, February 25, 2020,
https://www.insider.com/a-woman-needed-husbands-consent-to-get-her-tubes-tied-2020-2.
p. 44“Though both tubals and vasectomies can be reversed,
vasectomy reversals have a higher reversal success rate.”
Regan Olsson, “Can My Partner and I Get Pregnant?
Reversing a Vasectomy or Tubal Ligation,” Banner Healthblog, March 16, 2021, https://www.bannerhealth.com/healthcareblog/advise-me/can-you-reverse-a-vasectomy-or-tubal-ligation.

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Charles Monteith, “Vasectomy Reversal and Tubal Reversal:
Chances of Pregnancy Success?” His Choice, September 19,
2014, https://www.bestvasectomy.com/vasectomy-reversal-and-tubal-reversal-chances-of-pregnancy-success/.
“While tubal ligation reversals are described as major surgery.”Mayo Clinic staff, “Tubal Ligation,” Mayo Clinic,
January 9, 2021, https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/tubal-ligation/about/pac-20388360.
Kelli Miller, “Tubal Ligation Reversal,” WebMD,
medically reviewed by Traci C. Johnson, January 8, 2021,
https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/tubal-ligation-reversal.
“Women experience an increased risk of a tubal (ectopic)
pregnancy if pregnancy occurs after a tubal ligation. Please
note: an ectopic pregnancy requires immediate medical
treatment.”
Mayo Clinic staff, “Ectopic Pregnancy,” Mayo Clinic, March
12, 2022, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/symptoms-causes/syc-20372088.
US Department of Health and Human Services, “CDC
Researchers Report Increased Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy
After Tubal Sterilization,” CDC Home, March 1997,
https://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/ectopic.htm.
Hope Cristol, “Pregnancy After Tubal Ligation: Can It
Happen?” WebMD, medically reviewed by Traci C. Johnson,
April 19, 2021, https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/pregnancy-after-tubal-ligation.

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Kelli Miller, “Tubal Ligation Reversal,” WebMD,
medically reviewed by Traci C. Johnson, January 8, 2021,
https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/tubal-ligation-reversal.
“The side effects of a tubal ligation include perforation of theintestine.”
Sharp, Kumar, Nilesh A. Devraj, and Vaibhav D. Sonar.
“Fatal Intestinal Perforation in a Tubal Ligation Procedure:
A Rare Case.” International Journal of Research and Review 7,
no. 7 (2020): 184–187. https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR_Vol.7_Issue.7_July2020/IJRR0023.pdf.
Mayo Clinic staff, “Tubal Ligation,” Mayo Clinic,
January 9, 2021, https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/tubal-ligation/about/pac-20388360.
“Vasectomy vs. Tubal Ligation,” MSI Australia,
February 23, 2021, https://www.vasectomy.org.au/faqs/vasectomy-vs-tubal-ligation/.
Mayo Clinic staff, “Vasectomy Reversal,” Mayo Clinic,
August 20, 2021, https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/vasectomy-reversal/about/pac-20384537.
pp. 44–45“After tubal ligation, some women report . . . It’s called posttubal-ligation syndrome (PTLS), and has symptoms similar tomenopause—like hot flashes.”
Satoh, K., and H. Osada. “Post-tubal ligation syndrome.”
Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu 1 (1993): 772–773.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7757737/.

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Stephanie Booth, “Post-Tubal Ligation Syndrome,”
WebMD, medically reviewed by Brunilda Nazario,
April 13, 2021, https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/post-tubal-ligation-syndrome.
“Tubal Ligation (‘Getting Tubes Tied’) Surgery Procedure
and Recovery,” Kansas City ObGyn blog, accessed October
1, 2022, https://www.kcobgyn.com/blog/tubal-ligation.
p. 45“Vasectomy procedures have a lower cost than tubal ligations.
In my research, I saw price ranges for vasectomy from $300 to$1,000 and tubal ligation price ranges from $1,500 to $6,000.”“Permanent Birth Control (Sterilization),” Reproductive
Health Access Project, https://www.reproductiveaccess.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/sterilization.pdf.
Shira Feder, “A Woman Was Told She Needed Her
Husband’s Permission to Get Her Tubes Tied. Her
Story Went Viral, But It’s Not Uncommon,” Insider,
February 25, 2020, https://www.insider.com/a-woman-needed-husbands-consent-to-get-her-tubes-tied-2020-2.
Argument 9: We expect women to do the work of pregnancy
prevention.
p. 47“Women who are sexually active are expected to use birthcontrol or an IUD.”
Carrie MacMillan, “What Birth Control Is Best for Me?”
Yale Medicine, August 22, 2019, https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/best-birth-control-options.

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“Contraceptive Use in the United States by Demographics
Fact Sheet,” Guttmacher Institute, May 21, 2021,
https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/contraceptive-use-united-states.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
“Committee opinion no. 615: Access to contraception.”
Obstetrics & Gynecology 125, no. 1 (2015): 250–255,
https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2015/01/access-to-contraception.
“Women are also expected to insist that men use a condom,which implies that women should keep condoms stocked.
(It creates one of those fun double binds women get to deal
with—if she has condoms, she’s a slut, but if she doesn’t havecondoms, she’s irresponsible.”
Reeves, Brandy, Melinda J. Ickes, and Kristen P. Mark.
“Gender differences and condom-associated embarrassmentin the acquisition of purchased versus free condoms amongcollege students.” American Journal of Sexuality Education 11,
no. 1 (2016): 61–75, doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2016.1146188.
Sara Murphy, “We Are Here for Amber Rose’s Defense of
Women Who Carry Condoms,” Refinery29, August 13, 2016,
https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2016/08/119994/amber-rose-defends-women-who-carry-condoms.
Argument 10: We don’t mind if women suffer, as long as it
makes things easier for men.
p. 49

“In 2016, The World Health Organization organized a trial for
male birth control—a hormonal injection that would lower
sperm count. The results were very promising, showing a 96
percent effectiveness rate at preventing pregnancy.”

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Behre, Hermann M., Michael Zitzmann, Richard A.
Anderson, David J. Handelsman, Silvia W. Lestari, Robert
I. McLachlan, M. Cristina Meriggiola et al. “Efficacy andsafety of an injectable combination hormonal contraceptive
for men.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
101, no. 12 (2016): 4779–4788, doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2141.
Gava, Giulia, and Maria Cristina Meriggiola. “Update on
male hormonal contraception.” Therapeutic Advances in
Endocrinology and Metabolism 10 (2019): 2042018819834846.
doi.org/10.1177/2042018819834846.
“But even with the positive results, the trial was stopped.
A committee determined the side effects of the drug wererisking the safety of the study participants.”
NPR Staff, “Male Birth Control Study Killed After
Men Report Side Effects,” All Things Considered, NPR,
November 3, 2016, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/03/500549503/male-birth-control-study-killed-after-men-complain-about-side-effects.
Behre, Hermann M., Michael Zitzmann, Richard A.
Anderson, David J. Handelsman, Silvia W. Lestari, Robert
I. McLachlan, M. Cristina Meriggiola et al. “Efficacy andsafety of an injectable combination hormonal contraceptive
for men.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
101, no. 12 (2016): 4779–4788, doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2141.
Susan Scutti, “Male Birth Control Shot Found Effective,
But Side Effects Cut Study Short,” CNN, updated
November 1, 2016, https://www.cnn.com/2016/10/30/health/male-birth-control/index.html.

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“the husband stitch”
M. Sruthi, “Is the Husband Stitch Legal?” MedicineNet,
medically reviewed by Pallavi Suyog Uttekar, October 28, 2021,
https://www.medicinenet.com/is_the_husband_stitch_legal/article.htm.
Korin Miller, “What Is a ‘Husband Stitch’?” Health, medicallyreviewed by Kimberly Brown, updated May 23, 2022,
https://www.health.com/condition/pregnancy/what-is-a-husband-stitch.
Kathleen Davis, “Husband Stitch: Myths and Facts,”
Medical News Today, medically reviewed by Valinda Riggins
Nwadike, June 23, 2020, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/husband-stitch#fa-qs.
“Unfortunately, the extra stitch can create painful consequences
for women, including excruciating pain during sex.”
Hartmann, Katherine, Meera Viswanathan, Rachel Palmieri,
Gerald Gartlehner, John Thorp, and Kathleen N. Lohr.
“Outcomes of routine episiotomy: A systematic review.”
The Journal of the American Medical Association 293, no. 17(2005): 2141–2148, doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.17.2141.
Diniz, Simone G., and Alessandra S. Chacham. “ ‘The cut
above’ ” and “ ‘the cut below’ ”: The abuse of caesareans andepisiotomy in São Paulo, Brazil.” Reproductive Health Matters
12, no. 23 (2004): 100–110. doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(04)23112-3.
Carrie Murphy, “The Husband Stitch Isn’t Just a Horrifying
Childbirth Myth,” Healthline, updated September 27, 2018,https://www.healthline.com/health-news/husband-stitch-is-not-just-myth.

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p. 50, Table of side effects for birth control

Men’s side effects:
Susan Scutti, “Male Birth Control Shot Found Effective,
But Side Effects Cut Study Short,” CNN, updated
November 1, 2016, https://www.cnn.com/2016/10/30/health/male-birth-control/index.html.
Elizabeth Pratt, “Nonhormonal Birth Control for
Men Shows Promise in Early Research,” Healthline,
March 23, 2022, https://www.healthline.com/health-news/nonhormonal-birth-control-for-men-shows-promise-in-early-research#What-the-study-found.
Women’s side effects:“What Are the Side Effects of Birth Control Pills?” BWell
health promotion blog, Brown University, accessed
October 1, 2022, https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/health/services/promotion/content/what-are-side-effects-birth-control-pills.
Planned Parenthood, “What Are the Side Effects of
the Birth Control Pill?” accessed October 1, 2022,
https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/birth-control-pill/birth-control-pill-side-effects.
Ann Pietrangelo, “The Effects of Hormonal Birth Control
on Your Body,” Healthline, medically reviewed by Alexandra
Perez, updated January 26, 2022, https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control-effects-on-body#what-are-the-side-effects-of-birth-control.

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“What Are the Side Effects of Birth Control?” WebMD,
medically reviewed October 28, 2020, https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-21/slideshow-birth-control-side-effects.
“Information from Your Family Doctor: Side Effects ofHormonal Contraceptives,” American Family Physician,December 15, 2010, 82:1509, https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1215/p1509.html.
Etminan, Mahyar, Joseph AC Delaney, Brian Bressler, andJames M. Brophy. “Oral contraceptives and the risk ofgallbladder disease: a comparative safety study.” Canadian
Medical Association Journal 183, no. 8 (2011): 899–904.
doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.110161.
Paula Ludmann, “Melasma: Overview,” American Academyof Dermatology Association, reviewed by Arturo Dominquez
and Ivy Lee, updated February 15, 2022, https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/melasma-overview.
Cleveland Clinic, “Melasma,” reviewed July 27, 2020,
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21454-melasma.
p. 51“And then there is IUD insertion.”
Gemzell-Danielsson, K., D. Mansour, C. Fiala, A.
M. Kaunitz, and L. Bahamondes. “Management ofpain associated with the insertion of intrauterine
contraceptives.” Human Reproduction Update 19, no. 4(2013): 419–427. doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmt022.

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Bednarek, Paula H., Mitchell D. Creinin, Matthew F.
Reeves, Carrie Cwiak, Eve Espey, Jeffrey T. Jensen, andPost-Aspiration IUD Randomization PAIR Study Trial.
“Prophylactic ibuprofen does not improve pain with IUD
insertion: A randomized trial.” Contraception 91, no. 3(2015): 193–197, doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2014.11.012.
Singh, Rameet H., Lauren Thaxton, Shannon Carr,
Lawrence Leeman, Emily Schneider, and Eve Espey.
“A randomized controlled trial of nitrous oxide for
intrauterine device insertion in nulliparous women.”
International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 135, no. 2(2016): 145–148. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2016.04.014.
Tristan, Sigrid, and Amna Dermish. “Tackling the difficult
IUD insertion: Identifying and addressing challenges
to IUD insertion means success for clinicians anda better experience for the patient.” Contemporary
OB/GYN 63, no. 6 (2018): 36+. Gale Academic OneFile(accessed October 1, 2022). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A548028868/AONE?u=mlin_b_bumml&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=4eb28c10.
Amna Dermish, “Is IUD Insertion Painful? Expert Answers
You Need to Know,” Healthline, medically reviewed by
Stacy A. Henigsman, July 6, 2022, https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control/is-iud-painful#what-else-should-i-know.
Hannah Smothers, “IUD Insertion Can Be Less Painful.
Why Doesn’t Every Doctor Tell You That?” Cosmopolitan,
June 21, 2018, https://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/a21350348/iud-insertion-pain-management/.

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Roberto Leon, “Part 2: Minimizing the Pain of the IUD
Insertion: All Effort Required,” This Changed My Practice,
University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, July 12,
2016, https://thischangedmypractice.com/iud-part2/.
Hannah Smothers, “IUD Insertion Can Be Less Painful.
Why Doesn’t Every Doctor Tell You That?” Cosmopolitan,
June 21, 2018, https://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/a21350348/iud-insertion-pain-management/.
Amna Dermish, “Is IUD Insertion Painful? Expert Answers
You Need to Know,” Healthline, medically reviewed by
Stacy A. Henigsman, July 6, 2022, https://www.healthline.com/health/birth-control/is-iud-painful#what-else-should-i-know.
p. 52

Casey Johnston excerpt, “If Men Had to Get IUDs,
They’d Get Epidurals and a Hospital Stay,” The Outline,
October 2, 2018, https://theoutline.com/post/6323/if-men-had-to-get-iuds-theyd-get-epidurals-and-a-hospital-stay.
pp. 52–53“In the early 1990s, researchers were studying a drug calledsildenafil citrate. . . . It was called Viagra.”
Ian Osterloh, “How I Discovered Viagra,” Cosmos,
April 27, 2015, https://cosmosmagazine.com/science/biology/how-i-discovered-viagra/.
Jacque Wilson, “Viagra: The Little Blue Pill That Could,”
CNN, updated March 27, 2013, https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/27/health/viagra-anniversary-timeline/index.html.

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p. 53“They discovered that it also offered significant and lasting
relief for women suffering from serious period pain. Thatsame team of decision-makers, all of whom were men, decided
against pursuing research on menstrual cramp relief. Why?
They believed that cramps were not a public health priority.”
Emily Alford, “Viagra Might Relieve Period Cramps, but
Male Pharmaceutical Execs Don’t Care,” Jezebel, February
24, 2019, https://jezebel.com/viagra-might-relieve-period-cramps-but-male-pharmaceut-1832853955.
Melanie Reid, “Review: Invisible Women: Exposing Data Biasin a World Designed for Men by Carol Criado Perez—It’s
a Man’s World and Women Don’t Fit,” The Sunday Times,
February 22, 2019, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/review-invisible-women-exposing-data-bias-in-a-world-designed-for-men-by-caroline-criado-perez-its-a-mans-world-and-women-dont-fit-rlxw8dl3m.
Dmitrovic, R., A. R. Kunselman, and R. S. Legro. “Sildenafil
citrate in the treatment of pain in primary dysmenorrhea:
a randomized controlled trial.” Human Reproduction 28,
no. 11 (2013): 2958–2965, doi.org/10.1093/humrep/det324.
“Research says that 80 percent of women experience menstrual
cramps and/or period pain.”Grandi, Giovanni, Serena Ferrari, Anjeza Xholli, Marianna
Cannoletta, Federica Palma, Cecilia Romani, Annibale
Volpe, and Angelo Cagnacci. “Prevalence of menstrual pain
in young women: What is dysmenorrhea?” Journal of Pain
Research 5 (2012): 169. doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S30602.

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Pratima Gupta, “Period Pain,” Women’s Health Concern,
reviewed by the medical advisory council of the British
Menopause Society, November 2019, https://www.womens-health-concern.org/help-and-advice/factsheets/period-pain/.
“Since at least half of the entire population of the earth
experiences menstruation that means there are approximately
3.1 billion people who have had to deal with period pain.”“Population, Female,” World Bank, accessed October 1, 2022,
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.FE.IN.
“Gender Ratio in the World,” Statistics Times, August 26,
2021, https://statisticstimes.com/demographics/world-sex-ratio.php.
Latthe, Pallavi, Rita Champaneria, and Khalid Khan.
“Dysmenorrhea.” American Family Physician 85, no. 4(2012): 386–387, https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2012/0215/p386.html.
Aliza Aufrichtig, “Period Pain: Why Do So Many Women
Suffer from Menstrual Cramps in Silence?” The Guardian,
October 24, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/oct/24/period-pain-menstruation-cramps-dysmenorrhea.
“64 million men worldwide have been prescribed Viagra since1998.”
Dawn Connelly, “Three Decades of Viagra,” Pharmaceutical
Journal, May 25, 2017, https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/infographics/three-decades-of-viagra#:~:text=Sildenafil%20(Viagra)%20—%20the%20first,pharmacy%
20medicine%20in%20the%20UK.

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“Why Are Men’s Health Drugs So Expensive?” Northwest
Pharmacy, August 20, 2020, https://www.northwest
pharmacy.com/special-features/why-are-mens-health-drugs-so-expensive.aspx.
Argument 11: Society teaches that the man’s pleasure is the
purpose and priority of sex.
p. 55

“A typical sex ed class in the United States will cover women’sinternal reproductive organs—ovaries, fallopian tubes, etc.—
but doesn’t explore the pleasure-related clitoris.”
Laurie Mintz, “Birds, Bees, and Bullshit: How Female
Anatomy & Orgasms Are Ignored in Sex Ed,” personal blog,
updated December 2, 2020, https://www.drlauriemintz.com/post/birds-bees-and-bullshit-how-female-anatomy-orgasm-is-ignored-in-sex-ed.
Natalie Blanton, “Why Sex Education in the United States
Needs an Update and How to Do It,” Scholars Strategy
Network, October 10, 2019, https://scholars.org/contribution/why-sex-education-united-states-needs-update-and-how-do-it.
“America’s Sex Education: How We Are Failing Our
Students,” Department of Nursing blog, School of Social
Work, University of Southern California, September 18,
2017, https://nursing.usc.edu/blog/americas-sex-education/.
Diana Spechler, “This Sex Educator Was Not Allowed toSay ‘Clitoris’ in the Classroom,” Vice, October 5, 2017,https://www.vice.com/en/article/yw3k7g/this-sex-educator-was-not-allowed-to-say-clitoris-in-the-classroom.

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p. 56“Most studies of ‘how long intercourse lasts’ are based on how
long it takes for a man to ejaculate in a vagina.”
Adrienne Santos-Longhurst, “How Long Should Sex
Really Last?” Healthline, medically reviewed by Janet Brito,
January 28, 2019, https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/how-long-should-sex-last.
Paisley Gilmour, “Why Sex Shouldn’t Automatically End
When a Guy Ejaculates,” March 21, 2018, Cosmopolitan,
https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/love-sex/sex/a13132094/when-does-sex-end/.
“Good Sexual Intercourse Lasts Minutes, Not Hours,
Therapists Say,” Penn State University, March 31, 2008,https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/good-sexual-intercourse-lasts-minutes-not-hours-therapists-say/.
p. 59

Note No. 2“When masturbating, 95 percent of women orgasm. In firsttime hookups with other women, they orgasm 64 percent of
the time. In first-time hookups with men, they orgasm only 7
percent of the time.”
Laurie Mintz, May 20, 2021 Tweet, https://twitter.com/drlauriemintz/status/1395344031924817923.
Bobbie Box, “How Many Women Get Off from Solo Sex?”
Bustle, February 19, 2016, https://www.bustle.com/articles/141282-this-is-how-many-women-orgasm-from-masturbating.

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Mahar, Elizabeth A., Laurie B. Mintz, and Brianna M.
Akers. “Orgasm equality: Scientific findings and societal
implications.” Current Sexual Health Reports 12, no. 1(2020): 24–32. doi.org/10.1007/s11930-020-00237-9.
Armstrong, Elizabeth A., Paula England, and Alison CK
Fogarty. “Accounting for women’s orgasm and sexualenjoyment in college hookups and relationships.”
American Sociological Review 77, no. 3 (2012): 435–462.
doi.org/10.1177/0003122412445802.
Argument 12: Women can be impregnated without
experiencing pleasure.
p. 60“(There are instances of ejaculation without orgasm, andorgasm without ejaculation).”Mayo Clinic staff, “Dry Orgasm,” Mayo Clinic, September 1,
2020, https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/dry-orgasm/basics/definition/sym-20050906.
Jon Johnson, “What to Know About Dry Orgasms,” Medical
News Today, medically reviewed by Janet Brito, July 16, 2019,https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325757#
genetic-abnormalities.
p. 61“We use the terms interchangeably; if we say a man orgasmed,
or a man ejaculated, we mean the same thing.”
Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, s.v. “ejaculate,” accessed
October 2, 2022, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ejaculate.

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“A woman’s orgasm or a woman experiencing pleasure during
sex has nothing to do with causing a pregnancy.”
Katie Dupois, “Do Orgasms Help You Get Pregnant?”
Today’s Parent, May 22, 2018, https://www.todaysparent.com/getting-pregnant/trying-to-conceive/do-orgasms-help-you-get-pregnant/.
Michele Gilling-Ulph, “Do You Need an Orgasm toConceive?” The Agora, January 11, 2020, https://agoraclinic.co.uk/you-need-an-orgasm-to-conceive/.
“As far as researchers know, women’s orgasms exist for pleasure
only.”
Nicola Davis, “Mystery of the Female Orgasm
May Be Solved,” The Guardian, August 1, 2016,
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/aug/01/mystery-of-the-female-orgasm-may-be-solved.
Isobel Whitcomb, “Why Do Women Have Orgasms?”
Live Science, February 17, 2020, https://www.livescience.com/female-orgasm-mystery.html.
Pavličev, Mihaela, and Günter Wagner. “The evolutionary
origin of female orgasm.” Journal of Experimental Zoology
Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 326, no. 6(2016): 326–337. doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.22690.
pp. 62–63

Note No. 1“Precum is a bodily fluid that sometimes comes out of the penis
during sex before ejaculation/orgasm, and sometimes there aresperm present in precum.”Ejaculate Responsibly_sources_FOR ONLINE_3P bp.indd 49

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James Roland, “What Causes Semen Leakage and How toTreat It,” Healthline, medically reviewed by Judith Marcin,
updated May 4, 2018, https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/semen-leakage#causes.
“What is Pre-Ejaculatory Fluid (Also Known as Pre-Cum),and Can It Cause Pregnancy?” International Planned
Parenthood Federation blog, February 13, 2019,https://www.ippf.org/blogs/what-pre-ejaculatory-fluid-also-known-pre-cum-and-can-it-cause-pregnancy.
p. 63“How often are sperm found in precum? Researchers don’t
really know. A 2016 study found 17 percent of the men in
the study had sperm in their precum. A 2021 study wasinconclusive.”
Kelly, Maire C. “Pre-ejaculate fluid in the context of sexualassault: A review of the literature from a clinical forensic
medicine perspective.” Forensic Science International 318(2021): 110596. doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110596.
Killick, Stephen R., Christine Leary, James Trussell, andKatherine A. Guthrie. “Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory
fluid.” Human Fertility 14, no. 1 (2011): 48–52.
doi.org/10.3109/14647273.2010.520798.
“Planned Parenthood reports that the Pull-Out Method,when used perfectly, is 96 percent effective. Since pullingout perfectly or imperfectly wouldn’t change the amount ofsperm in precum, that 96 percent statistic suggests that sperm
in precum is not especially common, or, if they are common,
it suggests that sperm found in precum aren’t particularly
effective at fertilization.”

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Parang Mehta, “What Is Pre-Ejaculate?” WebMD,
medically reviewed by Dany Paul Baby, April 21, 2022,
https://www.webmd.com/men/what-is-pre-ejaculate.
Annamarya Scaccia, “Can you Get Pregnant from Pre-Cum?
What to Expect,” Healthline, medically reviewed by
Stacy A. Henigsman, updated on September 19, 2022,
https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/can-you-get-pregnant-from-precum#when-does-pre-cum-happen.
Emily Shiffer, “These Are Your Real Chances of Getting
Pregnant from Pre-Cum,” Parents, updated July 25, 2022,
https://www.parents.com/getting-pregnant/chances-of-getting-pregnant-from-precum/.
“The most common theory is that earlier ejaculations canleave sperm in the pipes, and then the sperm leak out with theprecum.”Killick, Stephen R., Christine Leary, James Trussell, andKatherine A. Guthrie. “Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory
fluid.” Human Fertility 14, no. 1 (2011): 48–52.
doi.org/10.3109/14647273.2010.520798.
Parang Mehta, “What Is Pre-Ejaculate?” WebMD,
medically reviewed by Dany Paul Baby, April 21, 2022,
https://www.webmd.com/men/what-is-pre-ejaculate.
Argument 13: Men cause all unwanted pregnancies.
p. 68“If the penis goes into the vagina, that’s penetrative sex,
whether or not either person has an orgasm.”
The Law Dictionary Online, Featuring Black’s Law
Dictionary, 2nd ed., s.v. “penetration,” accessed
October 1, 2022, https://thelawdictionary.org/penetration/.

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The Free Dictionary Online, s.v. “sexual penetration,”
accessed October 1, 2022, https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sexual+penetration.
Argument 14: We expect women to be responsible for theirown bodies and for men’s bodies.
p. 70“If Person One knows they have an STI and transmits it to theirpartner, Person Two, in many states that’s a crime, and Person
One can be prosecuted by the state. Additionally, Person two
can being a civil suit against Person One.”“HIV and STD Criminalization Laws,” Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, last reviewed September 23, 2022,
https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/policies/law/states/exposure.html.
Richard Rathke, “Can You Sue a Partner for Infecting You
with an STD?” LegalMatch, updated February 10, 2022,
https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/can-you-sue-a-partner-for-infecting-you-with-an-std.html.
Public Health Law Research, Temple University, with CDC
Division of STD Prevention, “State Statutes Explicitly
Related to Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the UnitedStates, 2013,” June 5, 2014, https://www.cdc.gov/std/program/final-std-statutesall-states-5june-2014.pdf.
p. 71“Pregnancy and childbirth are known to kill women.”
Joseph, K. S., Amélie Boutin, Sarka Lisonkova, Giulia M.
Muraca, Neda Razaz, Sid John, Azar Mehrabadi, Yasser Sabr,
Cande V. Ananth, and Enrique Schisterman. “Maternalmortality in the United States: Recent trends, current status,and future considerations.” Obstetrics & Gynecology 137, no. 5(2021): 763. doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004361.

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Declercq, Eugene, and Laurie Zephyrin. “Maternal mortality
in the United States: A primer.” Commonwealth Fund (2020).
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/Declercq_maternal_mortality_primer_db.pdf.
“Pregnancy and childbirth are highly likely to leave permanentscars and cause future health problems.”
Neiger, Ran. “Long-term effects of pregnancy complications
on maternal health: A review.” Journal of Clinical Medicine 6,
no. 8 (2017): 76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28749442/.
Bonnie Schiedel, “17 Mind-Blowing Ways Your Body
Changes After Giving Birth,” Today’s Parent, May 9, 2018,https://www.todaysparent.com/baby/postpartum-care/mind-blowing-ways-your-body-changes-after-giving-birth/.
Lauren Bavis, “ ‘4th Trimester’ Problems Can Have LongTerm Effects on a Mom’s Health,” Shots, Health News
from NPR, NPR, January 24, 2019, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/01/24/686790727/fourth-trimester-problems-can-have-long-term-effects-on-a-moms-health.
“Including possible future infertility.”
Chandra C. Shenoy, “Secondary Infertility: Why
Does It Happen?” Mayo Clinic, February 24, 2022,
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infertility/expert-answers/secondary-infertility/faq-20058272.
Anne Miller, “What Causes Secondary Infertility?” NewYork Times, April 15, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/15/parenting/fertility/secondary-infertility-causes.html.

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“Unplanned pregnancy and childbirth can have a significant
negative impact on the quality of life for the future child andtheir parents.”
Barton, Katherine, Maggie Redshaw, Maria A. Quigley, andClaire Carson. “Unplanned pregnancy and subsequent
psychological distress in partnered women: A crosssectional study of the role of relationship quality and widersocial support.” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 17, no. 1(2017): 1–9. doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1223-x.
Yazdkhasti, Mansureh, Abolghasem Pourreza, Arezoo
Pirak, and A. B. D. I. Fatemeh. “Unintended pregnancy andits adverse social and economic consequences on healthsystem: A narrative review article.” Iranian Journal of Public
Health 44, no. 1 (2015): 12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4449999/.
Finer, Lawrence B., and Mia R. Zolna. “Unintended
pregnancy in the United States: Incidence and disparities,
2006.” Contraception 84, no. 5 (2011): 478–485.
doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2011.07.013.
Emily M. Johnston, Brigette Courtot, Jacob Fass, Sarah
Benatar, Adele Shartzer, Genevieve M. Kenney, “Prevalence
and Perceptions of Unplanned Births,” The Urban Institute,March, 2017, https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/88801/prevalence_and_perceptions_of_unplanned_births.pdf.
Argument 17: The uneven power dynamic between men andwomen is real and can turn violent quickly.
p. 81“The United States is a patriarchal society geared toward men’spleasure.”Ejaculate Responsibly_sources_FOR ONLINE_3P bp.indd 54

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Philip Cohen, “America Is Still a Patriarchy,” The Atlantic,
November 19, 2012, https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2012/11/america-is-still-a-patriarchy/265428/.
Everett, Bethany G., Aubrey Limburg, Patricia Homan,
and Morgan M. Philbin. “Structural heteropatriarchy andbirth outcomes in the United States.” Demography 59, no. 1(2022): 89–110. doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9606030.
Ortner, Sherry B. “Patriarchy.” Feminist Anthropology,
March 28, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/fea2.12081.
p. 82“Have you ever promised to pull out and didn’t? (Be aware,
that’s assault.)”
Office on Women’s Health, “Sexual Coercion,” US
Department of Health & Human Services, medicallyreviewed by Kathleen C. Basile, Kathryn Jones,
Sharon G. Smith, and the Rape, Abuse & Incest National
Network (RAINN) staff, updated February 15, 2021,
https://www.womenshealth.gov/relationships-and-safety/other-types/sexual-coercion.
25 CFR § 11.407—Sexual Assault, Electronic Code of Federal
Regulations, Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law
School, accessed October 1, 2022, https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/25/11.407.
The Florida Legislature, Title XLVI Crimes, Chapter 794,
Sexual Battery, accessed October 1, 2022, http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0700-0799/0794/Sections/0794.011.html.

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p. 83“Have you ever removed a condom during sex without tellingyour partner? (It’s called stealthing, and, yes, it’s also assault.)”
Joe Hernandez, “California is the 1st State to Ban‘Stealthing,’ Nonconsensual Condom Removal,” NPR,
October 7, 2021, https://www.npr.org/2021/10/07/1040160313/california-stealthing-nonconsensual-condom-removal.
Isabella Grullón Paz, “California Makes ‘Stealthing,’
or Removing Condom Without Consent, Illegal,”
New York Times, October 8, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/08/us/stealthing-illegal-california.html.
Anne Branigin, “Condom ‘Stealthing’ Is Sexual Violence.
Here’s What to Know,” Washington Post, June 15, 2022,
https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2022/06/15/condom-stealthing-bill-congress/.
pp. 84–85“The reality women face is that if they say no to sex, or noto unprotected sex, the man may respond with violence andanger.”
Abbey, Antonia, Sheri E. Pegram, Jacqueline Woerner,
and Rhiana Wegner. “Men’s responses to women’s sexualrefusals: Development and construct validity of a virtual
dating simulation of sexual aggression.” Psychology ofViolence 8, no. 1 (2018): 87. doi.org/10.1037/vio0000078.
Rakovec-Felser, Zlatka. “Domestic violence and abuse in
intimate relationship from public health perspective.”
Health Psychology Research 2, no. 3 (2014). doi.org/10.4081/hpr.2014.1821.

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p. 85“Men willingly admit they’re terrified of other men—they don’t
like to confront other men or publicly criticize them for fear ofrepercussions.”
Hong, Luoluo. “Toward a transformed approach toprevention: Breaking the link between masculinity andviolence.” Journal of American College Health 48, no. 6(2000): 269–279. doi.org/10.1080/07448480009596268.
McKenzie, Sarah K., Sunny Collings, Gabrielle Jenkin, andJo River. “Masculinity, social connectedness, and mental
health: Men’s diverse patterns of practice.” American
Journal of Men’s Health 12, no. 5 (2018): 1247–1261.
doi.org/10.1177/1557988318772732.
“Men are aware that, speaking generally, they often have twice
the physical strength of women.”
Matt Brzycki, “Gender Differences in Strength:
A Comparison of Male and Female World-Record
Performances in Powerlifting,” Princeton University,
accessed October 1, 2022, https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/brzycki/files/mb-2002-01.pdf.
Paul Gabrielsen, “Why Males Pack a Powerful Punch,”
University of Utah, Science Daily, February 5, 2020,
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/02/200205132404.htm.

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“In North America, one in four women will be sexuallyassaulted in their lifetime.”
Murphy-Oikonen, Jodie, Karen McQueen, Ainsley Miller,
Lori Chambers, and Alexa Hiebert. “Unfounded sexualassault: Women’s experiences of not being believed by thepolice.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37, no. 11–12 (2022):
NP8916-NP8940. doi.org/10.1177/0886260520978190.
“Devastatingly Pervasive: 1 in 3 Women Globally
Experience Violence,” WHO, March 9, 2021,
https://www.who.int/news/item/09-03-2021-devastatingly-pervasive-1-in-3-women-globally-experience-violence.
“In one study, 30 to 35 percent of men admit they would rape ifthey thought they could get away with it legally.”“Rape Culture & Statistics,” The Order of the White Feather
blog, accessed October 1, 2022, https://wearawhitefeather.wordpress.com/survivors/rape-culture-statistics/.
Edwards, Sarah R., Kathryn A. Bradshaw, and Verlin B. Hinsz.
“Denying rape but endorsing forceful intercourse: Exploring
differences among responders.” Violence and Gender 1, no. 4(2014): 188–193. doi.org/10.1089/vio.2014.0022.
Graybill, Rhiannon, Meredith Minister, and Beatrice
Lawrence. “Sexual Violence in and around the Classroom.”
Teaching Theology & Religion 20, no. 1 (2017): 70–88.
doi.org/10.1111/teth.12369.
pp. 85–86“In a poll of 22,000 women in Britain, 51 percent responded
that they had woken to a partner having sex with them or
performing sex acts on them.”

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Anna Moore, “The Sexual Assault of Sleeping Women:
The Hidden, Horrifying Rape Crisis in Our Bedrooms,”
The Guardian, June 15, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/jun/15/the-sexual-assault-of-sleeping-women-the-hidden-horrifying-crisis-in-britains-bedrooms?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other.
p. 86“For many young women, violence has even become an
expected part of consensual sex—if women aren’t willing to bechoked or slapped or otherwise hurt, they are labeled ‘vanilla’
and rejected.”
Herbenick, Debby, Lucia Guerra-Reyes, Callie Patterson,
Yael R. Rosenstock Gonzalez, Caroline Wagner, and Nelson
Zounlome. “ ‘It was scary, but then it was kind of exciting:’
Young women’s experiences with choking during sex.”Archives of Sexual Behavior 51, no. 2 (2022): 1103–1123.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02049-x.
Herbenick, Debby, Tsung-chieh Fu, Dubravka Svetina
Valdivia, Callie Patterson, Yael Rosenstock Gonzalez,
Lucia Guerra-Reyes, Heather Eastman-Mueller, Jonathon
Beckmeyer, and Molly Rosenberg. “What is rough sex,
who does it, and who likes it? Findings from a probability
sample of US undergraduate students.” Archives of Sexual
Behavior 50, no. 3 (2021): 1183–1195. doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01917-w.
Alys Harte, “A Man Tried to Choke Me During Sex
Without Warning,” BBC News, November 28, 2019,https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50546184.

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Lindy Washburn, “Choking and Kink Seen as an‘Acceptable’ Part of Teen Sex, But They’re Not Without
Dangers,” NorthJersey.com, updated December 22, 2019,https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/education/2019/12/19/choking-sex-has-become-part-teen-sex-but-not-without-dangers/4355010002/.
“And there are many women who have engaged in consensual
yet coerced sex—including women who are in abusive marriages
or relationships.”
Lisa Aronson Fontes, “Sexual Coercion in Intimate
Relationships: Eight Tactics,” DomesticShelters.org,
September 27, 2021, https://www.domesticshelters.org/articles/identifying-abuse/sexual-coercion-in-intimate-relationships-eight-tactics.
Rachel Pace, “What is Sexual Coercion?” Marriage.com,
updated July 26, 2021, https://www.marriage.com/advice/domestic-violence-and-abuse/what-is-sexual-coercion/.
“If the woman is impregnated and delivers a child, it means
she’s now tied to her abuser by custody. It means the abused
person now has a child that the abuser can also abuse.”
Zeoli, April M., Echo A. Rivera, Cris M. Sullivan, andSheryl Kubiak. “Post-separation abuse of women and theirchildren: Boundary-setting and family court utilization
among victimized mothers.” Journal of Family Violence 28,
no. 6 (2013): 547–560. doi.org/10.1007/s10896-013-9528-7.
Lina Guillen, “Child Custody and Domestic Violence,”
Divorce.net, NOLO, accessed October 1, 2022,
https://www.divorcenet.com/resources/child-custody/child-custody-and-domestic-violence.htm.

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“Murder is the leading cause of death for pregnant women,
often committed by the man who impregnated them.”
Subbaraman, Nidhi. “Homicide is a top cause of maternal
death in the United States.” Nature 599, 539–540 (2021).
doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-03392-8.
Wallace, Maeve, Veronica Gillispie-Bell, Kiara Cruz, Kelly
Davis, and Dovile Vilda. “Homicide During Pregnancy and
the Postpartum Period in the United States, 2018–2019.”
Obstetrics & Gynecology 138, no. 5 (November 2021): 762–769.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34619735/.
Jeff Levine, “No. 1 Cause of Death in Pregnant Women:
Murder,” WebMD, March 20, 2001, https://www.webmd.com/baby/news/20010320/number-1-cause-of-death-in-pregnant-women-murder.
Brooke Migdon, “Homicide Is a Leading Cause of Deathin Pregnant People: Study,” Changing America, thehill.com,
December 9, 2021, https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/equality/585169-homicide-is-a-leading-cause-of-death-in-pregnant-people/.
“The reality is, men are no better at identifying the abusive menin their lives than women are.”National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,
Division of Violence Prevention, “Fast Facts: Preventing
Intimate Partner Violence,” CDC, November 2, 2021,
https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartner
violence/fastfact.html.
“Warning Signs of an Abusive Person,” Police Bureau,
City of Portland Oregon, accessed October 1, 2022,
https://www.portlandoregon.gov/police/article/60653.

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Jamie Ducharme, “How to Tell If You’re in a Toxic
Relationship—And What to Do About It,” Time, June 5, 2018,https://time.com/5274206/toxic-relationship-signs-help/.
p. 87“Farida D., . . . describes this well in her book The 8th List of
Shit That Made Me a Feminist: ‘Patriarchy teaches us that sex,
for women, is a giveaway, while for men it is a takeaway. . . .’ ”
Farida D., The 8th List of Shit That Made Me a Feminist,
self-published, Kindle edition, September 24, 2021,
https://www.amazon.com/LIST-SHIT-THAT-MADE-FEMINIST-ebook/dp/B09H4ZRRBK#detailBullets_feature_div.
Niveditha Kalyanaraman, “Why Is Female Pleasure a
Taboo?” Social Issues, Just for Women, October 5, 2021,
https://jfwonline.com/article/why-is-female-pleasure-a-taboo/.
Argument 19: We’re not honest about pregnancy andchildbirth.
p. 91“Pregnancy and childbirth can change the skeletal structure ofa body.”Winter, Elizabeth M., Alex Ireland, Natalie Clare
Butterfield, Melanie Haffner-Luntzer, Marie-Noelle
Horcajada, A. G. Veldhuis-Vlug, Ling Oei, Graziana
Colaianni, and Nicolas Bonnet. “Pregnancy and lactation,a challenge for the skeleton.” Endocrine Connections 9,
no. 6 (2020): R143–R157. doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0055.

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“6 Ways Your Body Can Change After Childbirth,”
Queensland Health, Queensland Government, updated
May 31, 2021, https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-events/news/6-ways-your-body-can-change-after-pregnancy-childbirth-postpartum.
Korin Miller, “Pregnancy Can Permanently Change Your
Body,” Self, August 2, 2016, https://www.self.com/story/9-ways-pregnancy-can-permanently-change-your-body.
“The vagina can literally fall out after having a baby—it’s called
pelvic organ prolapse.”
Iglesia, Cheryl, and Katelyn R. Smithling. “Pelvic organ
prolapse.” American Family Physician 96, no. 3 (2017):
179–185. PMID: 28762694.
Carolyn Sayre, “I Suffered From Pelvic Organ Prolapse
After Childbirth, and Here’s How I Learned to Love My
Body Again,” Self, February 17, 2016, https://www.self.com/story/i-suffered-from-pelvic-organ-prolapse-after-childbirth-and-heres-how-i-learned-to-love-my-body-again.
Cleveland Clinic, “Uterine Prolapse,” reviewed September 7,
2022, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16030-uterine-prolapse.
“It’s common for feet to grow a full size or more (say goodbye
to every pair of shoes you own).”
Rachael Rettner, “After Pregnancy, Women Have Bigger
Feet,” Live Science, March 1, 2013, https://www.livescience.com/27583-foot-size-pregnancy.html.
Heather Hatfield, “6 Post-Pregnancy Body Changes You
Didn’t Expect,” WebMD, reviewed by Roy Benaroch,
August 25, 2015, https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/features/post-pregnancy-body-changes.

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“6 Ways Your Body Can Change After Childbirth,”
Queensland Health, Queensland Government, updated
May 31, 2021, https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-events/news/6-ways-your-body-can-change-after-pregnancy-childbirth-postpartum.
pp. 91–92“The mother can experience serious bone loss as the fetus
absorbs calcium from the mother’s body.”
Laura Geggel, Ailsa Harvey, “Body After Birth: 18 PostPregnancy Changes to Look Out For,” Live Science,
February 22, 2022, https://www.livescience.com/63291-post-pregnancy-changes.html.
Anahad O’Connor, “The Claim: Gain a Child, Lose a Tooth,”
New York Times, April 24, 2007, https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/24/health/24real.html.
Gabel, Frank, Hendrik Jürges, Kai E. Kruk, and Stefan Listl.
“Gain a child, lose a tooth? Using natural experiments
to distinguish between fact and fiction.” J Epidemiol
Community Health 72, no. 6 (2018): 552–556.
dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-210210.
p. 92“There can be shorter-term issues like hair loss.”
Heather Hatfield, “6 Post-Pregnancy Body Changes You
Didn’t Expect,” WebMD, reviewed by Roy Benaroch,
August 25, 2015, https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/features/post-pregnancy-body-changes.

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“6 Ways Your Body Can Change After Childbirth,”
Queensland Health, Queensland Government, updated
May 31, 2021, https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news-events/news/6-ways-your-body-can-change-after-pregnancy-childbirth-postpartum.
“a broken coccyx”
Maigne, Jean-Yves, Levon Doursounian, and Frédéric
Jacquot. “Classification of fractures of the coccyx from aseries of 104 patients.” European Spine Journal 29, no. 10(2020): 2534–2542. doi.org/10.1007/s00586-019-06188-7.
Kaushal, Rishi, Arun Bhanot, Shalini Luthra, P. N. Gupta,
and Raj Bahadur Sharma. “Intrapartum coccygeal fracture,a cause for postpartum coccydynia: a case report.” Journalof Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 14, no. 3 (2005): 136–137.
PMID: 16216182.
“kidney stones”
Thongprayoon, Charat, Lisa E. Vaughan, Api Chewcharat,
Andrea G. Kattah, Felicity T. Enders, Rajiv Kumar, John C.
Lieske, Vernon M. Pais, Vesna D. Garovic, and Andrew D.
Rule. “Risk of symptomatic kidney stones during and after
pregnancy.” American Journal of Kidney Diseases 78, no. 3(2021): 409–417. doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.01.008.
Meher, Shireen, Norma Gibbons, and Ranan DasGupta.
“Renal stones in pregnancy.” Obstetric Medicine 7, no. 3(2014): 103–110. doi.org/10.1177/1753495X14538422.

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“extreme nausea and vomiting that damages the esophagus”
Lee, Noel M., and Sumona Saha. “Nausea and vomitingof pregnancy.” Gastroenterology Clinics 40, no. 2 (2011):
309–334. doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009.
Patricia Waldron, “Hyperemesis Gravidarum: When
Morning Sickness Is So Extreme You Can’t Function,” NewYork Times, April 17, 2020 (originally published in NYT
Parenting, May 14, 2019) https://www.nytimes.com/article/
hyperemesis-gravidarum.html.
“cracked ribs”
Baitner, Avi C., Adam D. Bernstein, Adele J. Jazrawi, Craig
J. Della Valle, and Laith M. Jazrawi. “Spontaneous rib
fracture during pregnancy. A case report and review of theliterature.” Bulletin (Hospital for Joint Diseases (New York,NY)) 59, no. 3 (2000): 163–165. PMID: 11126720.
Öztürk, Harika Bodur, Veysel BALCI, and Tayfun BAĞIŞ.
“Management of Cough-Induced Rib Fracture at Term
Pregnancy: A Case Report.” Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık
Bilimleri Dergisi 1 (2020): 181–182. doi.org/10.31067/0.2020.258.
Julie Sprankles, “How to Deal with Rib pain During
Pregnancy, Because Yowch!” ScaryMommy.com, updated,
March 8, 2021, https://www.scarymommy.com/rib-pain-during-pregnancy.
“hemorrhoids”
Staroselsky, Arthur, Alejandro A. Nava-Ocampo, Sabina
Vohra, and Gideon Koren. “Hemorrhoids in pregnancy.”
Canadian Family Physician 54, no. 2 (2008): 189–190. PMID:
18272631.

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“Hemorrhoids and What to Do About Them,” Harvard
Health Publishing, Harvard Medical School, November 16,
2021, https://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/hemorrhoids_and_what_to_do_about_them.
Ana Gotter, “What Happens If You Pop a Hemorrhoid?”
Healthline, medically reviewed by Judith Marcin, updated
July 2, 2019, https://www.healthline.com/health/popping-a-hemorrhoid#takeaway.
“There can be lifelong issues like chronic high blood pressurethat can lead to stroke.”
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and
Health Promotion, Division for Hearth Disease and Stroke
Prevention, “Pregnancy and Stroke: Are You at Risk?”
CDC, reviewed April 5, 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/pregnancy.htm.
Neiger, Ran. “Long-term effects of pregnancy complications
on maternal health: A review.” Journal of Clinical Medicine 6,
no. 8 (2017): 76. doi.org/10.3390/jcm6080076.
“And a damaged pelvic floor that causes urine leaks every time
you sneeze.”
Laura Geggel, Ailsa Harvey, “Body After Birth: 18 PostPregnancy Changes to Look Out For,” Live Science,
February 22, 2022, https://www.livescience.com/63291-post-pregnancy-changes.html.
Ashley Marcin, “Pregnancy Incontinence: What Happens
and What to Do,” Healthline, medically reviewed by Michael
Weber, February 22, 2017, https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/urinary-incontinence#causes.

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Ana Nowogrodzki, “Postpartum Body Changes You
Should Know About,” New York Times, April 17, 2020
(originally published in NYT Parenting, May 14, 2019),
https://www.nytimes.com/article/postpartum-body.html.
Cleveland Clinic, “Pregnancy and Bladder Control,”reviewed June 11, 2020, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/16094-pregnancy-and-bladder-control.
“Pregnancy and childbirth can bring on new allergies.”
Pali-Schöll, Isabella, Jennifer Namazy, and Erika JensenJarolim. “Allergic diseases and asthma in pregnancy,
a secondary publication.” World Allergy Organization
Journal 10 (2017): 10. doi.org/10.1186/s40413-017-0141-8.
Caroline Silver, “Did Pregnancy Cause My Allergies?”
Parents, June 30, 2021, https://www.parents.com/health/allergies/did-pregnancy-cause-my-allergies/.
“Pregnancy and Allergies,” Allergy & Asthma Network,
accessed October 2, 2022, https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/allergies/pregnancy-allergies/.
“depression”
Stewart, Donna E. “Depression during pregnancy.”
New England Journal of Medicine 365, no. 17 (2011): 1605–1611,
doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1102730.
Vigod, Simone N., Claire A. Wilson, and Louise M. Howard.
“Depression in pregnancy.” British Medical Journal 352(2016), doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i1547.
Tara Haelle, “Postpartum Depression Can Be Dangerous.
Here’s How to Recognize It and Seek Treatment,” NewYork Times, April 17, 2020, (originally published in NYT
Parenting, May 14, 2019), https://www.nytimes.com/article/postpartum-depression.html.

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“the need for gallbladder removal”
Celaj, Stela, and Themistoklis Kourkoumpetis. “Gallstones
in Pregnancy.” The Journal of the American Medical
Association 325, no. 23 (2021): 2410–2410. doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.4502.
American College of Surgeons, “Gallbladder Removal
Operation During Pregnancy Associated with Adverse
Material Outcomes,” Science Daily, February 12, 2019,https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/19021213
4759.htm.
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Pregnancy, Because Yowch!” ScaryMommy.com, updated,
March 8, 2021, https://www.scarymommy.com/rib-pain-during-pregnancy.
“rheumatoid arthritis”
Qureshi, Sana, Mahsa Kanzali, Syed Farhan Rizvi, Niharika
Joolukuntla, and Barry Fomberstein. “New diagnosisof rheumatoid arthritis during the third trimester ofpregnancy.” Women’s Health 12, no. 4 (2016): 407–411.
doi.org/10.1177/1745505716661724.
Fernández-Ávila, Daniel G., Diana N. Rincón-Riaño, andJuan Martín Gutiérrez. “Onset of rheumatoid arthritis
during pregnancy.” Revista Colombiana de Reumatología(English Edition) 25, no. 2 (2018): 141–145.
doi.org/10.1016/j.rcreue.2018.10.001.
Colleen M. Story, “Rheumatoid Arthritis and Pregnancy:
What You Need to Know,” Healthline, medicallyreviewed by Nancy Carteron, updated April 2, 2020,
https://www.healthline.com/health/rheumatoid-arthritis/pregnancy#triggering-ra.

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“A pregnant body may experience symphysis pubis dysfunction(SPD), also called pelvic girdle pain (PGP).”
Jain, Smita, Padma Eedarapalli, Pradumna Jamjute, andRobert Sawdy. “Symphysis pubis dysfunction: A practical
approach to management.” The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist
8, no. 3 (2006): 153–158. doi.org/10.1576/toag.8.3.153.27250.
Becky Young, “What is Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction?”
Healthline, medically reviewed by Debra Rose Wilson,
December 5, 2018, https://www.healthline.com/health/symphisis-pubis-dysfunction#symptoms.
Cleveland Clinic, “Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction,” reviewed
November 30, 2021, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22122-symphysis-pubis-dysfunction.
“Pregnancy and childbirth can change the way a body looks . . .
widespread scarring. Diastasis (abdominal muscle separation)is common.”Da Mota, Patrícia Gonçalves Fernandes, Augusto Gil Brites
Andrade Pascoal, Ana Isabel Andrade Dinis Carita, and KariBø. “Prevalence and risk factors of diastasis recti abdominis
from late pregnancy to 6 months postpartum, andrelationship with lumbo-pelvic pain.” Manual Therapy 20,
no. 1 (2015): 200–205, doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2014.09.002.
Stephanie Siegel, “Abdominal Separation (Diastasis Recti)”
WebMD, reviewed by Traci C. Johnson, November 10, 2020,
https://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/abdominal-separation-diastasis-recti.
Anastasia Climan, “Diastasis Recti Surgery: Preparation andRecovery,” Verywell Health, medically reviewed by Jennifer
Schwartz, September 1, 2022, https://www.verywellhealth.com/diastasis-recti-surgery-5092526.

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“And don’t forget about saggy breasts.”
Rinker, Brian, Melissa Veneracion, and Catherine P. Walsh.
“The effect of breastfeeding on breast aesthetics.”
Aesthetic Surgery Journal 28, no. 5 (2008): 534–537.
doi.org/10.1016/j.asj.2008.07.004.
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February 22, 2022, https://www.livescience.com/63291-post-pregnancy-changes.html#section-7-sagging-breasts.
p. 93“Pain relief isn’t typically offered during pregnancy, for fear ofharming the developing fetus.”
Babb, Malaika, Gideon Koren, and Adrienne Einarson.
“Treating pain during pregnancy.” Canadian Family
Physician 56, no. 1 (2010): 25–27. PMID: 20090076.
Shah, Shalini, Esther T. Banh, Katharine Koury, Gaurav
Bhatia, Roneeta Nandi, and Padma Gulur. “Pain managementin pregnancy: Multimodal approaches.” Pain Research andTreatment 2015 (2015). doi.org/10.1155/2015/987483.
“During labor and delivery, an epidural or spinal may be offered,
but they aren’t always reliable.”
Simmons, Scott W., Neda Taghizadeh, Alicia T. Dennis,
Damien Hughes, and Allan M. Cyna. “Combined spinalepidural versus epidural analgesia in labour.” Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews 10 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003401.pub3.

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“FAQS: Epidurals and Spinals During Labor,” Brigham and
Women’s Hospital, accessed October 2, 2022,
https://www.brighamandwomens.org/anesthesiology-and-pain-medicine/pain-free-birthing/epidurals-and-spinals-faqs.
Rhona Lewis, “How Are a Spinal Block and an Epidural
Different?” Healthline, medically reviewed by Carolyn Kay,
December 18, 2020, https://www.healthline.com/health/epidural-vs-spinal#risk.
p. 94“Going through pregnancy and childbirth in the United Statesis nearly 1.5 times as likely to kill you as traffic accidents (there
are 17.4 deaths per 100,000 pregnancies each year).”
Joseph, K. S., Amélie Boutin, Sarka Lisonkova, Giulia M.
Muraca, Neda Razaz, Sid John, Azar Mehrabadi, Yasser Sabr,
Cande V. Ananth, and Enrique Schisterman. “Maternalmortality in the United States: recent trends, current status,and future considerations.” Obstetrics & Gynecology 137,
no. 5 (2021): 763. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33831914/.
Declercq, Eugene, and Laurie Zephyrin. “Maternal mortality
in the United States: A primer.” Commonwealth Fund (2020).
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/Declercq_maternal_mortality_primer_db.pdf.
Hoyert, Donna L. “Maternal mortality rates in the
United States, 2020.” NCHS Health E-Stats. (2022).
dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:113967.

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“And 11.7 deaths per 100,000 people from driving each year.”
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA),“Traffic Safety Facts, 2018 Data: Summary of Motor Vehicle
Crashes,” November 2020, https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812961.
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), “Fatality
Facts 2020: State by State,” May 2022, https://www.iihs.org/topics/fatality-statistics/detail/state-by-state.
Association for Safe International Road Travel (ASIRT),“Road Safety Facts,” accessed October 2, 2022,
https://www.asirt.org/safe-travel/road-safety-facts/.
“Worldwide, maternal death rates are falling. At the same time,in the United States, maternal mortality are rising—they havemore than doubled over the last three decades.”Hoyert, Donna L. “Maternal mortality rates in the
United States, 2020.” NCHS Health E-Stats. (2022).
dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:113967.
Sema Sgaier, Jordan Downey, “What We See in the Shameful
Trends on U.S. Maternal Health,” New York Times,
November 17, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/11/17/opinion/maternal-pregnancy-health.html.
Katherine Ellison, Nina Martin, “Nearly Dying in Childbirth:
Why Preventable Complications Are Growing in U.S.,” NPR,
December 22, 2017, https://www.npr.org/2017/12/22/572298802/nearly-dying-in-childbirth-why-preventable-complications-are-growing-in-u-s.

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“These deaths are disproportionately of Black Women, making
it significantly more dangerous for Black Women to experience
pregnancy and childbirth.”
Amy Roeder, “America Is Failing Its Black Mothers,”
Harvard Public Health (Magazine of the Harvard T.H.
Chan School of Public Health), Winter 2019,https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/magazine_article/america-is-failing-its-black-mothers/.
Sema Sgaier, Jordan Downey, “What We See in the Shameful
Trends on U.S. Maternal Health,” New York Times, November
17, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/11/17/opinion/maternal-pregnancy-health.html.
Fuentes-Afflick, Elena, James M. Perrin, Kelle H. Moley,Ángela Díaz, Marie C. McCormick, and Michael C. Lu.
“Optimizing Health and Well-Being for Women andChildren: Commentary highlights interventions andrecommends key improvements in programs and policies
to optimize health and well-being among women andchildren in the United States.” Health Affairs 40, no. 2(2021): 212–218, doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01504.
“Across the world, 800 people die every day from pregnancy andchildbirth-related causes.”
World Health Organization (WHO), “Maternal Mortality,”
September 19, 2019, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality.
Max Roser, Hannah Ritchie, “Maternal Mortality,”
Our World in Data, accessed October 2, 2022,
https://ourworldindata.org/maternal-mortality.

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p. 95“In the United States, 700 to 900 women die from causes
related to pregnancy and childbirth each year.”“Pregnancy-Related Deaths: Saving Women’s Lives Before,
During, and After Delivery,” Vital Signs, CDC, May 14, 2019,https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/maternal-deaths/index.html.
“Why Pregnancy and Childbirth Kill So Many American
Women, Charted,” Daily Briefing, Advisory Board, May 8, 2019,https://www.advisory.com/daily-briefing/2019/05/08/maternal-death-report.
“For each woman who dies, up to 70 suffer hemorrhages, organ
failure, or other significant complications. That’s approximately
49,000 to 63,000 people each year.”
Katherine Ellison, Nina Martin, “Nearly Dying in Childbirth:
Why Preventable Complications Are Growing in U.S.,” NPR,
December 22, 2017, https://www.npr.org/2017/12/22/572298802/nearly-dying-in-childbirth-why-preventable-complications-are-growing-in-u-s.
Renee Montagne, “For Every Woman Who Dies in Childbirthin the U.S., 70 More Come Close,” NPR, May 10, 2018,https://www.npr.org/2018/05/10/607782992/for-every-woman-who-dies-in-childbirth-in-the-u-s-70-more-come-close.
Fuentes-Afflick, Elena, James M. Perrin, Kelle H. Moley,Ángela Díaz, Marie C. McCormick, and Michael C. Lu.
“Optimizing Health and Well-Being for Women andChildren: Commentary highlights interventions andrecommends key improvements in programs and policies tooptimize health and well-being among women and children
in the United States.” Health Affairs 40, no. 2 (2021): 212–218,
doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01504.

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“The United States, one of the richest countries in the world.”
Jack Ewing, “United States Is the Richest Country in theWorld, and It Has the Biggest Wealth Gap,” New York Times,
September 23, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/23/business/united-states-is-the-richest-country-in-the-world-and-it-has-the-biggest-wealth-gap.html.
“Richest Countries in the World 2022,” World Population
Review, accessed October 2, 2022, https://worldpopulation
review.com/country-rankings/richest-countries-in-the-world.
“[United States] is ranked 56 in maternal mortality—that’s deadlast among industrialized countries.”
Declercq, Eugene, and Laurie Zephyrin. “Maternal mortality
in the United States: A primer.” Commonwealth Fund (2020).
https://www.commonwealthfund.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/Declercq_maternal_mortality_primer_db.pdf.
Grodzinsky, Anna, Karen Florio, John A. Spertus, Tara
Daming, Laura Schmidt, John Lee, Valerie Rader et al.
“Maternal mortality in the United States and the HOPE
Registry.” Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular
Medicine 21, no. 9 (2019): 1–6. doi.org/10.1007/s11936-019-0745-0.
“The on-duty murder rate for police officers is 13.5 per 100,000
people. Which means a pregnant woman is more likely to die
due to that pregnancy than a police officer is to be killed on thejob.”
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Injuries, Illnesses, andFatalities: Fact Sheet, Police Officers 2018,” updated
November 8, 2021, https://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/police-2018.htm.

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David Grace, “Being a Police Officer Is Not Even in the
Top 10 Most Dangerous Jobs,” Medium, June 23, 2020,
https://medium.com/technology-taxes-education-columns-by-david-grace/being-a-police-officer-is-not-even-in-the-top-10-most-dangerous-jobs-1e985540c38a.
“86 percent of women do this dangerous work—and most do it
more than once.”
Belinda Luscombe, “No, All Those Strollers Aren’t Your
Imagination. More Women Are Having Children,” Time,
January 19, 2018, https://time.com/5107704/more-women-mothers/.
Claire Cain Miller, “The U.S. Fertility Rate Is Down, Yet More
Women Are Mothers,” New York Times, January 18, 2018,https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/18/upshot/the-us-fertility-rate-is-down-yet-more-women-are-mothers.html.
p. 96“Men famously can’t handle the pain when connected to a
menstrual cramp simulator.”
Anabelle Doliner, “Viral Male TikToker Tries Wearing ‘Period
Simulator’ and Fails Miserably,” Newsweek, April 21, 2021,
https://www.newsweek.com/viral-male-tiktoker-tries-wearing-period-simulator-fails-miserably-1585552.
Brooke Migdon, “Viral video Shows Men Trying on
Menstrual Period Simulator—and They Can’t Handle It,”
Changing America, thehill.com, November 11, 2021,
https://thehill.com/changing-america/enrichment/arts-culture/581202-viral-video-shows-men-trying-on-a-menstrual-period/.

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Argument 20: The realities and burdens of parenting are
unfathomable.
p. 99“Even in two-parent households, 70 percent of women reportthat they are fully or mostly responsible for housework, and66 percent report they are fully or mostly responsible forchildcare.”Claire Cain Miller, “Nearly Half of Men Say They Do
Most of the Home Schooling. 3 Percent of Women Agree,”
New York Times, updated May 8, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/06/upshot/pandemic-chores-homeschooling-gender.html.
Carlson, Daniel L., Richard J. Petts, and Joanna R.
Pepin. “Men and women agree: During the COVID-19
pandemic men are doing more at home,” Council on
Contemporary Families Briefing Paper, 20 May.” Council
on Contemporary Families Briefing Paper 20 (2020),
https://sites.utexas.edu/contemporaryfamilies/2020/05/20/covid-couples-division-of-labor/.
“According to the Pew Research Center, mothers are the sole or
primary provider in 40 percent of households with children.”Wang, W., K. Parker, and P. Taylor. “Breadwinner Moms,”
Pew Research Center, May 29, 2013, https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2013/05/29/breadwinner-moms/.
Sarah Jane Glynn, “Breadwinning Mothers Continue toBe the U.S. Norm,” Center for American Progress (CAP),
May 10, 2019, https://www.americanprogress.org/article/breadwinning-mothers-continue-u-s-norm/.

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p. 100“One February, a woman named Jamie Jeffries was feelingproud of herself for talking a woman into continuing an
unwanted pregnancy.”
Hemant Mehta, “ ‘Pro-Life’ Activist Does Damage Control
After Whining About Baby She ‘Saved,’ ” Friendly Atheist,
Patheos, February 6, 2020, https://friendlyatheist.patheos.com/2020/02/06/pro-life-activist-does-damage-control-after-whining-about-baby-she-saved/.
Jisha Joseph, “Pro-Lifer Who Talked a Woman Out of
Abortion Slammed for Not Taking in the Child Herself,”
Upworthy, February 6, 2020, https://scoop.upworthy.com/pro-lifer-slammed-talked-woman-out-of-abortion-wont-take-in-child.
p. 101“The United States in particular is a difficult place to be amother. It has inaccessible, expensive healthcare.”
Jared Ortaliza, Lucas Fox, Gary Claxton, Krutika Amin,“How Does Cost Affect Access to Care?” Peterson-KFF
Health Care Tracker, January 14, 2022, https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/cost-affect-access-care/#Percent%20of%20adults%20who%20report%20
delaying%20and/or%20going%20without%20medical%20
care%20due%20to%20costs,%20by%20race,%202020.
Johonniuss Chemweno, “The U.S. Healthcare System Is
Broken: A National Perspective,” Managed Healthcare
Executive, July 27, 2021, https://www.managedhealthcare
executive.com/view/the-u-s-healthcare-system-is-broken-a-national-perspective.

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Maura Hohman, “Why Is Healthcare So Expensivein the United States?” Today, updated July 26, 2021,
https://www.today.com/tmrw/why-healthcare-so-expensive-united-states-t192119.
“no paid leave from work”
Jackson Brainerd, “Paid Family Leave in the States,”
Legis Brief, National Conference of State Legislatures,
August 2017, https://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/paid-family-leave-in-the-states.aspx.
Claire Cain Miller, “The World ‘Has Found a Way to Do
This’: The U.S. Lags on Paid Leave,” New York Times,
updated November 3, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/25/upshot/paid-leave-democrats.html.
Ellen Francis, Helier Cheung, Miriam Berger, “How Does
the U.S. Compare to Other Countries on Paid Parental
Leave? Americans Get 0 Weeks. Estonians Get MoreThan 80,” Washington Post, November 11, 2021,
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/11/11/global-paid-parental-leave-us/.
“crumbling infrastructure (including public schools)”
Amanda Litvinov, “Public Schools Are Critical
Infrastructure That Must Be Rebuilt,” NEA News, NEA,
April 16, 2021, https://www.nea.org/advocating-for-change/new-from-nea/public-schools-are-critical-infrastructure.
Valerie Strauss, “Too Many of America’s Public
Schools Are Crumbling—Literally. Here’s One Plan
to Fix Them,” Washington Post, March 5, 2019,https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2019/03/05/too-many-americas-public-schools-are-crumbling-literally-heres-one-plan-fix-them/.

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Heidi Przybyla, “America’s Schools Are Falling into
Disrepair, With No Solutions in Sight, Experts Say,” NBC
News, updated June 2, 2021, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/america-s-schools-are-falling-disrepair-no-solution-sight-experts-n1269261.
“And little by way of a social safety net when things go wrong.”
Henry J. Aaron, “The Social Safety Net: The Gaps That
COVID-19 Spotlights,” The Brookings Institution, June 23,
2020, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/06/23/the-social-safety-net-the-gaps-that-covid-19-spotlights/.
Sarah Minton, Linda Giannarelli, “Five Things You May
Not Know About the U.S. Social Safety Net,” The Urban
Institute, February 2019, https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/99674/five_things_you_may_not_know_about_the_us_social_safety_net_1.pdf.
Alexandra Cawthorne, Bradley Hardy, Justin Schweitzer,“How Weak Safety Net Policies Exacerbate Regional andRacial Inequality,” Center for American Progress (CAP),
May 10, 2019, https://www.americanprogress.org/article/weak-safety-net-policies-exacerbate-regional-racial-inequality/.
Argument 21: Pregnancy should not be a punishment
p. 102“One recurring argument leveled by people who are antiabortion is that pregnancy is the punishment for a woman who
has sex for fun instead of for reproduction.”
Goodwin, Michele. “The pregnancy penalty.” Health Matrix
26 (2016): 17. PMID: 27263247.

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Ziegler, Mary. “Some Form of Punishment: Penalizing
Women for Abortion.” Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 26 (2017): 735.
https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj/vol26/iss3/6/.
p. 103“About 60 percent of women who have abortions are alreadyparents.”
Margot Sanger-Katz, Claire Cain Miller, Quoctrung
Bui, “Who Gets Abortions in America?” New YorkTimes, December 14, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/
interactive/2021/12/14/upshot/who-gets-abortions-inamerica.html.
Phoebe Zerwick, “The Latest Abortion Statistics and Facts,”
Parents, updated June 24, 2022, https://www.parents.com/parenting/i-m-a-mom-and-i-had-an-abortion/.
“No child should exist as a punishment! Every child deserves tobe wanted and anticipated.”
Chris Bodenner, “ ‘I Refuse to Be Burdened with a Child
as a Form of Punishment,’ ” The Atlantic, June 29, 2016,
https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/06/i-refuse-to-be-burdened-with-a-child-as-a-form-of-punishment/623666/.
“Convention on the Rights of the Child,” UNICEF, 1989,
accessed October 2, 2022, https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/convention-text.
“Research is clear that outcomes for children who are bornfrom unwanted pregnancies are . . . not great. Children born fromunwanted pregnancies can experience a lack of attachment with
their mothers, delayed cognitive and emotional development,
and a higher likelihood of experiencing domestic violence.”

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Brown, Sarah S., and Leon Eisenberg, eds. The Best
Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being ofChildren and Families (Washington, DC: National Academies
Press, 1995). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK
232137/?report=reader.
Valeryia Pratasava, “Unwanted Pregnancies: Outcomesfor Children,” Women’s Health Education (WHEP) blog,
Drexel University College of Medicine, February 18, 2022,
https://drexel.edu/medicine/academics/womens-health-and-leadership/womens-health-education-program/whep-blog/unwanted-pregnancies-outcomes-for-children/.
“Consider that women’s bodies spontaneously abort 40 to 60
percent of embryos between fertilization and birth—these
are called miscarriages if they occur before twenty weeks ofpregnancy, and they are called stillbirths if they happen after
twenty weeks.”
Jarvis, Gavin E. “Early embryo mortality in natural humanreproduction: What the data say.” F1000Research 5 (2016).
doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8937.2.
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia, s.v. “Miscarriage,” updated
by LaQuita Martinez, reviewed by David Zieve, Brenda
Conaway, December 2, 2020, https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001488.htm.
National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental
Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,“What Is Stillbirth?” CDC, November 16, 2020,
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/stillbirth/facts.html.
Mayo Clinic staff, “Miscarriage,” Mayo Clinic,
October 16, 2021, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pregnancy-loss-miscarriage/symptoms-causes/syc-20354298.

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Argument 22: Adoption is not an alternative to abortion.
p. 104“The vast majority of those interested in relinquishing theirchild through adoption never seriously consider abortion.”
Sisson, Gretchen. “ ‘Choosing life’: Birth mothers on
abortion and reproductive choice.” Women’s Health Issues
25, no. 4 (2015): 349–354. doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2015.05.007.
Anna North, “Why Adoption Isn’t a Replacement
for Abortion Rights,” Vox, December 8, 2021,
https://www.vox.com/2021/12/8/22822854/abortion-roe-wade-adoption-supreme-court-barrett.
“And for those who are denied access to abortion, 91 percent
still won’t choose adoption.”
Sisson, Gretchen, Lauren Ralph, Heather Gould, and Diana
Greene Foster. “Adoption decision making among womenseeking abortion.” Women’s Health Issues 27, no. 2 (2017):
136–144. doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2016.11.007.
Khazan, Olga, “Why So Many Women Choose
Abortion Over Adoption,” The Atlantic, May 20, 2019,https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/05/why-more-women-dont-choose-adoption/589759/.
“Related, the adoption rate for people denied abortion is thesame as the pre-Roe rate.”
Bitler, Marianne, and Madeline Zavodny. “Did abortion
legalization reduce the number of unwanted children?
Evidence from adoptions.” Perspectives on Sexual andReproductive Health (2002): 25–33. doi.org/10.2307/3030229.

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Gretchen Sisson, “Barrett Is Wrong: Adoption doesn’t‘Take Care of ’ the Burden of Motherhood,” Washington
Post, December 3, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.
com/outlook/barrett-is-wrong-adoption-doesnttake-care-of-the-burden-of-motherhood/2021/12/03/
e5bd2f86-53d3-11ec-9267-17ae3bde2f26_story.html.
p. 105“The actual narrative includes well-documented, widespread
issues in the ‘adoption industry’—corruption, trauma,
human-trafficking.”
Graff, E. J. “The lie we love.” Foreign Policy 169 (2008):
59–66, https://ezproxy.bu.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fmagazines%2Flie-we-love%2F
docview%2F224032888%2Fse-2%3Faccountid%3D9676.
Mark Montgomery, Irene Powell, editor Jennifer Reich,“International Adoptions Have Dropped 72 Percent Since
2005—Here’s Why,” in The State of Families (Routledge:
New York, 2020).
Samantha M. Shapiro, “Adoption Moved to Facebook anda War Began,” WIRED, March 4, 2021, https://www.wired.com/story/adoption-moved-to-facebook-and-a-war-began/.
Off and Running, “Fact Sheet,” POV, September 7, 2010,
http://archive.pov.org/offandrunning/fact-sheet/.
Tik Root, “The Baby Brokers: Inside America’s Murky
Private-Adoption Industry,” Time, June 3, 2021,
https://time.com/6051811/private-adoption-america/.

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“Which can bring lifelong negative repercussions for the childand the birth mother.”Brodzinsky, David, Megan Gunnar, and Jesus Palacios.
“Adoption and trauma: Risks, recovery, and the lived
experience of adoption.” Child Abuse & Neglect 130 (2022):
105309, doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105309.
McSherry, Dominic, and Grainne McAnee. “Exploring therelationship between adoption and psychological trauma
for children who are adopted from care: A longitudinal casestudy perspective.” Child Abuse & Neglect (2022): 105623,
doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105623.
Gretchen Sisson, “Barrett Is Wrong: Adoption Doesn’t‘Take Care of ’ the Burden of Motherhood,” Washington Post,
December 3, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/barrett-is-wrong-adoption-doesnt-take-care-of-the-burden-of-motherhood/2021/12/03/e5bd2f86-53d3-11ec-9267-17ae3bde2f26_story.html.
Khazan, Olga, “Why So Many Women Choose
Abortion Over Adoption,” The Atlantic, May 20, 2019,https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/05/why-more-women-dont-choose-adoption/589759/.
“It’s difficult to face hard truths that we’re all implicated in—and everyone’s implicated, because everyone’s lives are touchedby adoption.”
Findlaw staff, “Adoption Statistics and Legal Trends,”
Findlaw, updated October 18, 2019, https://www.findlaw.com/family/adoption/adoption-statistics-and-legal-trends.html.
“Interesting Facts About Adoption,” North Dakota Post
Adopt Network blog, January 5, 2021, http://www.ndpost
adopt.org/2021/01/interesting-facts-about-adoption/.

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Ann Fessler, The Girls Who Went Away: The Hidden History of
Women Who Surrendered Children for Adoption in the Decades
Before Roe v. Wade (New York: Penguin, 2007).
p. 106“There’s a growing body of research showing thatrelinquishment means lifelong trauma for the baby as well.”
Merritt, Michele. “Rediscovering latent trauma: An adopted
adult’s perspective.” Child Abuse & Neglect 130 (2022):
105445. doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105445.
“Understanding adoption: A developmental approach.”
Paediatrics & Child Health. 2001 May-Jun; 6(5): 281–283.
doi.org/10.1093/pch/6.5.281.
“Trauma and Infant Adoption,” The Center for Youth& Family Solutions, accessed October 2, 2022,
https://www.cyfsolutions.org/trauma-infant-adoption/.
Sharon Kaplan Roszia, Allison Davis Maxon, “Seven Core
Issues in Adoption and Permanency,” Adoptalk 2019,
North American Council on Adoptable Children,
https://nacac.org/resource/seven-core-issues-in-adoption-and-permanency/.
“Most adoptees in the United States don’t have their original
birth certificates. It’s true. A legal adoption changes a baby’sbirth certificate, and legally severs the child from their birthfamily.”Andrea Ross, “Adoptees Nationwide May Soon Gain Accessto Their Original Birth Certificates,” The Conversation,
November 22, 2022, https://theconversation.com/adoptees-nationwide-may-soon-gain-access-to-their-original-birth-certificates-170165.

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Nina Williams-Mbengue, “Adult Adoptee Access to Original
Birth Certificates,” Legis Brief, National Conference ofState Legislatures, June 2016, https://www.ncsl.org/research/human-services/adult-adoptee-access-to-original-birth-certificates.aspx.
“Adults who were adopted as babies have created a movement
to bring awareness to the trauma of adoption.”“ALMA—The Adoptees’ Liberty Movement Association(ALMA),” National Center on Adoption and Permanency(NCAP) blog, updated August 31, 2020, https://www.nationalcenteronadoptionandpermanency.net/post/alma-the-adoptees-liberty-movement-association-alma.
“Confidentiality and Sealed Records,” The Adoption
History Project, updated February 24, 2012, https://pages.uoregon.edu/adoption/topics/confidentiality.htm.
Argument 23: There are zero consequences for men who
ejaculate irresponsibly.
p. 108“If the woman wants to take Plan B in order to prevent a
pregnancy, it’s on the woman to pay for it. [. . .] If the woman
decides to have an abortion, the man may never know he caused
an unwanted pregnancy with his irresponsible ejaculation—and
it’s still on the woman to make arrangements and pay to getone.”
Altshuler, Anna L., Brian T. Nguyen, Halley EM Riley,
Marilyn L. Tinsley, and Özge Tuncalp. “Male partners’
involvement in abortion care: A mixed-methods systematic
review.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 48,
no. 4 (2016): 209–219. doi.org/10.1363/psrh.12000.

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Andréa Becker, “Men Have a Lot to Lose When Roe Falls,”
New York Times, May 26, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/26/opinion/men-abortion.html.
Kero, Anneli, Ann Lalos, U. Hogberg, and Lars Jacobsson.
“The male partner involved in legal abortion.” Human
Reproduction 14, no. 10 (1999): 2669–2675, https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/14.10.2669.
Holly Honderich, “Why Utah Is Making Men Pay Women’s
Pregnancy Costs,” BBC News, April 7, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56654289.
“He may need to pay child support.”“What Happens If Child Support Isn’t Paid?” Office ofChild Support Enforcement (OCSE), Administration
for Children & Families (ACF), October 27, 2020,
https://www.acf.hhs.gov/css/parents/what-happens-if-child-support-isnt-paid.
Wayne Parker, “What Dads Need to Know About How Child
Support Works,” Verywell Family, updated May 29, 2020,
https://www.verywellfamily.com/what-to-know-about-child-support-1269626#citation-18.
“Citizen’s Guide to U.S. Federal Law on Child Support
Enforcement,” U.S. Department of Justice, updated
May 28, 2020, https://www.justice.gov/criminal-ceos/citizens-guide-us-federal-law-child-support-enforcement.
“But our current child support system is well known to be ajoke.”
Children and Families staff, “Child Support Policies:
Implications for Low-Income Fathers and Their Children,”National Conference of State Legislatures, January 25, 2021,
https://www.ncsl.org/research/human-services/how-child-support-affects-low-income-fathers.aspx.

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“What Happens If Child Support Isn’t Paid?” Office ofChild Support Enforcement (OCSE), Administration
for Children & Families (ACF), October 27, 2020,
https://www.acf.hhs.gov/css/parents/what-happens-if-child-support-isnt-paid.
“Citizen’s Guide to U.S. Federal Law on Child Support
Enforcement,” U.S. Department of Justice, updated
May 28, 2020, https://www.justice.gov/criminal-ceos/citizens-guide-us-federal-law-child-support-enforcement.
Jose Rivera, “Consequences of Not Paying Child Support,”
LegalMatch, updated April 29, 2021, https://www.legal
match.com/law-library/article/consequences-of-not-paying-child-support.html.
Ruth Graham, “How ‘Deadbeats’ Can Still Be Good Dads,”
Boston Globe, December 5, 2014, https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2014/12/05/how-deadbeats-can-still-good-dads/EdiXe3spvu7hSOIhDJXWfJ/story.html.
“Men make up 85 percent of child support providers.”“Monthly Child Support Payments Average $430 per Monthin 2010, Census Bureau Reports,” press release CB12-109,
Newsroom Archive, United States Census, June 19, 2012,https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/children/cb12-109.html.
Brandon Carpenter, “Child Support National Average,
Texas Lags,” ABC7News, June 19, 2012, https://abc7amarillo.com/news/local/child-support-national-average-texas-lags.
Nathan Arnold, “Dads Represent 85% of Child Support
Providers, Pay More Than Female Payers,” DadsDivorce.
com, accessed October 2, 2022, https://dadsdivorce.com/articles/dads-represent-85-of-child-support-providers-pay-more-than-female-payers/.

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“And only 43.5 percent of parents report receiving the fullamount of child support due. And an estimated $10 billion inchild support payments go uncollected.”
Ed Leefeldt, “An Estimated $10 Billion in Child Support
Payments Going Uncollected,” CBS News, March 20, 2019,https://www.cbsnews.com/news/10-billion-in-child-support-payments-going-uncollected-according-to-estimates/.
“44 Percent of Custodial Parents Receive the Full Amountof Child Support Payments,” press release CB12-109,
Newsroom Archive, United States Census, January 30, 2018,https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2018/cb18-tps03.html.
Jennifer Wolf, “U.S. Child Support Statistics,” Verywell
Family, updated May 14, 2020, https://www.verywellfamily.com/us-child-support-statistics-2997994.
“In cases where men won’t pay to support a child, theoretically,
women have legal recourse and can force the man to pay childsupport, but, again, the system makes it extremely hard.”
Timothy Grall, Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child
Support, 2015, revised January 2020, U.S. Census Bureau,
https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/demo/p60-262.pdf.
Timothy Grall, Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their
Child Support: 2017, issued May 2020, U.S. Census Bureau,
https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/demo/p60-269.pdf.
Mona Chalabi, “Are Moms Less Likely Than Dads to Pay Child
Support?” Dear Mona, FiveThirtyEight, February 26, 2015,
https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/are-moms-less-likely-than-dads-to-pay-child-support/.

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Marija Lazic, “35 Divisive Child Custody Statistics,”
Legaljobs blog, updated October 22, 2021,
https://legaljobs.io/blog/child-custody-statistics/.
“It is up to the mother to pay to prove paternity, pay a lawyer,
and fight for child support in court.”“Sign Up for, Pay, or Change Your Child Support,” Officeof Child Support Enforcement (OCSE), Administration forChildren & Families (ACF), May 19, 2022, https://www.acf.hhs.gov/css/parents/how-do-you-get-child-support.
Timothy Grall, Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their
Child Support: 2017, issued May 2020, U.S. Census Bureau,
https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/demo/p60-269.pdf.
Jeremy Vohwinkle, “How to Collect Child Support,”
The Balance, updated January 14, 2022, https://www.thebalance.com/how-to-collect-child-support-1289811.
American Bar Association (ABA) web staff, “Paternity,”
Military Veterans’ Center, American Bar Association,
December 3, 2020, https://www.americanbar.org/groups/legal_services/milvets/aba_home_front/information_center/family_law/children/paternity/.
Melissa Heinig, “Paternity Issues and Child Support,” NOLO,
accessed October 2, 2022, https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/paternity-issues-child-support-29847.html.
p. 109“If she does manage to collect, the average child support orderis $400 a month, which is obviously not even close to what it
takes to house and clothe and feed and educate a child.”

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“Monthly Child Support Payments Average $430 per Monthin 2010, Census Bureau Reports,” press release CB12-109,
Newsroom Archive, United States Census, June 19, 2012,https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/children/cb12-109.html.
Maryalene LaPonsie, “How Much Does It Cost to Raisea Child?” U.S. News & World Report, September 7, 2022,
https://money.usnews.com/money/personal-finance/articles/how-much-does-it-cost-to-raise-a-child.
Mark Lino, “The Cost of Raising a Child,” U.S. Departmentof Agriculture blog, updated March 8, 2017, https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2017/01/13/cost-raising-child.
“A long-time social worker . . . listed eight ways that men
face no consequences and are not held responsible for theirejaculatory actions.”
1. “There are no laws that require the father to pay childsupport without a court order. It’s not automatic.”
Holly Honderich, “Why Utah Is Making Men Pay Women’s
Pregnancy Costs,” BBC News, April 7, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56654289.
Melissa Heinig, “Paternity Issues and Child Support,” NOLO,
accessed October 2, 2022, https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/paternity-issues-child-support-29847.html.
2. “In many states, credit scores are not affected by failure to
pay child support.”
Margaret Reiter, “Will Unpaid Child Support Appear on
My Credit Report?” NOLO, accessed October 2, 2022,
https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/will-unpaid-child-support-appear-credit-report.html.

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Jose Rivera, “Can Unpaid Child Support Afffect
My Credit?” LegalMatch, updated July 9, 2020,
https://www.legalmatch.com/law-library/article/unpaid-child-support-affecting-credit.html.
4. “Fathers are not billed for any medical expenses for the
pregnancy or the child. (In at least two states, fathers can belegally required to pay for at least 50 percent of pregnancy
related medical costs.)”
Rachel Treisman, “Utah Law Requires Biological Fathers
to Pay Half of Pregnancy-Related Medical Costs,” NPR,
April 7, 2021, https://www.npr.org/2021/04/07/985089967/utah-law-requires-biological-fathers-to-pay-half-ofpregnancy-related-medical-co.
Michigan Legislature, The Paternity Act (Excerpt), Act
205 of 1956, Section 722.712, https://www.legislature.
mi.gov/(S(k45avovdb3x01qnushq5asqw))/mileg.
aspx?page=GetObject&objectname=mcl-722-712.
Mary Stearns-Montgomery, “Birth Delivery Expenses:
Finding Out You’re a Father,” Stearns-Montgomery &Proctor blog, April 21, 2015, https://stearns-law.com/blog/fathers-rights/birth-delivery-expenses-finding-out-you-re-a-father/.
p. 110

7. “Fathers aren’t generally required to pay any funeral
expenses for a deceased child.”“The Rights of Unmarried Fathers,” State Statutes, Current
Through August 2017, Child Welfare Information Gateway,
accessed October 2, 2022, https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubpdfs/putative.pdf.

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Michigan Legislature, The Paternity Act (Excerpt), Act 205
of 1956, Section 722.712, https://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(k45avovdb3x01qnushq5asqw))/mileg.aspx?page=Get
Object&objectname=mcl-722-712.
8. “If fathers choose to walk out at any point (before or after
the child is born), there are no societal consequences forabandoning the child.”
Battle, Brittany Pearl. “Deservingness, deadbeat dads, andresponsible fatherhood: Child support policy and rhetoricalconceptualizations of poverty, welfare, and the family.”
Symbolic Interaction 41, no. 4 (2018): 443–464, https://doi.org/10.1002/symb.359.
Teri Carter, “Men Who Impregnate Women Don’t Face Any
Consequences in the New Abortion Laws,” Washington Post,
May 21, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/05/21/men-who-impregnate-women-dont-face-any-consequences-new-abortion-laws/.
Catherine Deveny, “Financial Abortion: Should Men Be Able
to ‘Opt Out’ of Parenthood?” ABC News Australia, updated
December 18, 2016, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-04/financial-abortion-men-opt-out-parenthood/8049576.
Belinda Luscombe, “How Deadbeat Are Deadbeat Dads,
Really?” Time, June 15, 2015, https://time.com/3921605/deadbeat-dads/.
Argument 25: Men have more control of their bodies andsexual urges than we like to admit.
p. 115“There is no test case where we can raise a woman outside apatriarchal society.”

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Scotty Hendricks, “Why Living in a Matriarchal Society Is
Better for Women’s Health,” World Economic Forum,
February 11, 2021, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/02/women-matriarchal-society-improved-health-patriarchy.
Benjamin Elisha Sawe, “Matriarchal Societies Around theWorld,” World Atlas, January 9, 2019, https://www.world
atlas.com/articles/matriarchal-societies-around-the-world.html.
Argument 26: Men can easily prevent abortions but choose
not to.
p. 117“There are some abortions that happen during wanted
pregnancies, and without exception they are heartbreaking.
The fetus dies in utero or has medical issues . . . or the motherhas a medical issue.”Jocelyn Solis-Moreira, “When Is Abortion Considered
Medically Necessary?” Health, updated June 24, 2022,
https://www.health.com/news/abortion-medically-necessary.
Krissi Danielsson, “Terminating a Desired Pregnancy for
Medical Reasons or Poor Prognosis,” Verywell Family,
medically reviewed by Brian Levine, updated June 24, 2022,
https://www.verywellfamily.com/termination-of-a-desired-pregnancy-for-medical-reasons-2371777.
Linton, Paul Benjamin. “Medical Emergency Exceptions inState Abortion Statutes: The Statistical Record.” Issues L. &Med. 31 (2016): 29. PMID: 27323547.
“these [fetal anomalies, death in utero, mother’s life
endangered] are heartbreaking circumstances, and thankfully
they make up a very small percentage of abortions.”

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Matthew B. Barry, “Abortion at or Over 20 Weeks’Gestation: Frequently Asked Questions,” Congressional
Research Service, April 30, 2018, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R45161.pdf.
“Abortions Later in Pregnancy,” Women’s Health Policy,
KFF, December 5, 2019, https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/abortions-later-in-pregnancy/.
Florida Agency for Health Care Administration (AHCA),“Reported Induced Terminations of Pregnancy (ITOP) by
Reason, by Trimester,” November 1, 2020, https://ahca.my
florida.com/MCHQ/Central_Services/Training_Support/docs/TrimesterByReason_2018.pdf.
Roe v. Wade Jan 22, 1973: Overturned, June 24, 2022, in Dobbs v.
JacksonDobbs v. Jackson, 597 U.S. ___ (2022), https://www.supreme
court.gov/opinions/21pdf/19-1392_6j37.pdf.
“Dobbs v. Jackson Decision, Annotated,” New York Times,
June 24, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/24/us/politics/supreme-court-dobbs-jackson-analysis-roe-wade.html.
Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, s.v. “Roe v. Wade, lawcase, 1973–2022,” https://www.britannica.com/event/Roe-v-Wade.
Argument 27: We know what works.
p. 118“The most effective, proven way to reduce abortions that weknow of is free and accessible birth control.”Ejaculate Responsibly_sources_FOR ONLINE_3P bp.indd 97

10/13/22 2:35 PM

Isabel V. Sawhill, Katherine Guyot, “Preventing Unplanned
Pregnancy: Lessons from the States,” The Brookings
Institution, June 24, 2019, https://www.brookings.edu/
research/preventing-unplanned-pregnancy-lessons-from-the-states/.
Katherine Harmon, “Free Birth Control Access Can Reduce
Abortion Rate by More Than Half,” Observations blog,
Scientific American, October 4, 2012, https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/free-birth-control-access-can-reduce-abortion-rate-by-more-than-half/.
Joerg Dreweke, “New Clarity for the U.S. Abortion Debate:
A Steep Drop in Unintended Pregnancy Is Driving Recent
Abortion Declines,” Guttmacher Policy Review, March 18, 2016,
https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2016/03/new-clarity-us-abortion-debate-steep-drop-unintended-pregnancy-driving-recent-abortion.
Population Reference Bureau, “Reducing Unintended
Pregnancy and Unsafely Performed Abortion ThroughContraceptive Use,” PRB Resource Library, September 14,
2009, https://www.prb.org/resources/reducing-unintended-pregnancy-and-unsafely-performed-abortion-through-contraceptive-use/.
“Currently, the rate of unwanted pregnancy in the UnitedStates is 21 percent higher than the average in other Westerncountries.”
Maggie Koerth, Amelia Thomson-DeVeaux, “Better Birth
Control Hasn’t Made Abortion Obsolete,” FiveThirtyEight,
May 19, 2022, https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/better-birth-control-hasnt-made-abortion-obsolete/.

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Bearak, Jonathan Marc, Anna Popinchalk, Cynthia Beavin,
Bela Ganatra, Ann-Beth Moller, Özge Tunçalp, andLeontine Alkema. “Country-specific estimates of unintended
pregnancy and abortion incidence: A global comparative
analysis of levels in 2015–2019.” BMJ Global Health 7, no. 3(2022): e007151. dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007151.
p. 119“Colorado created a program that made birth control free andeasily accessible. The result? Abortion rates fell by almost half.”Jennifer Brown, “Colorado Abortion Rates Keep Declining.
Free IUDs and Easier Access to the Pill Are the Reason,”Colorado Sun, October 21, 2019, https://coloradosun.com/2019/10/21/colorado-abortion-rates-keep-declining-free-iuds-and-easier-access-to-the-pill-are-the-reason/.
Sabrina Tavernise, “Colorado’s Effort Against Teenage
Pregnancies Is a Startling Success,” New York Times,
July 5, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/06/science/colorados-push-against-teenage-pregnancies-is-a-startling-success.html.
Tina Griego, “The Simple Policy That Led to America’s
Biggest Drop in Teen Birth Rates,” Washington Post, August20, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/storyline/wp/2014/08/20/the-simple-policy-that-led-americas-biggest-drop-in-teen-pregnancies/.
Nadja Popovich, “Colorado Contraception Program Was a
Huge Success—But the GOP Is Scrapping It,” The Guardian,
May 6, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/06/colorado-contraception-family-planning-republicans.

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McNicholas, Colleen, Madden Tessa, Gina Secura,and Jeffrey F. Peipert. “The contraceptive CHOICE
project round up: What we did and what we learned.”
Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 57, no. 4 (2014): 635.
doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000070.
“The health department in Colorado reported that every dollar
spent on that birth control initiative saved $5.85 for the state’s
Medicaid program.”
Sabrina Tavernise, “Colorado’s Effort Against Teenage
Pregnancies Is a Startling Success,” New York Times,
July 5, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/06/science/colorados-push-against-teenage-pregnancies-is-a-startling-success.html.
Lisa Wirthman, “White House Rolls Back Birth Control
Coverage,” 5280, October 6, 2017, https://www.5280.com/white-house-rolls-back-birth-control-coverage/.
“Good sex education is also a really effective way to reduce
abortions. We see this in the Netherlands, where teenage girls
have a pregnancy rate that is four times lower than teen girls in
the United States.”
Justin Lehmiller, “Why Teens Have Better Sexual Healthin the Netherlands Than in the U.S.,” Sex and Psychology
blog, May 19, 2017, https://www.sexandpsychology.com/blog/2017/5/19/why-teens-have-better-sexual-health-in-the-netherlands-than-the-us/.
Anna Katz, “Sex Ed Goes Global: The Netherlands,” The
Center for Global Reproductive Health, Duke University,
July 19, 2018, https://dukecenterforglobalreproductivehealth.org/2018/07/19/sex-ed-goes-global-the-netherlands/.

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Bonnie J. Rough, “How the Dutch Do Sex Ed,” The Atlantic,
August 27, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2018/08/the-benefits-of-starting-sex-ed-at-age-4/568225/.
“Reducing Teenage Pregnancy,” Planned Parenthood,updated June 2014, https://www.plannedparenthood.org/uploads/filer_public/94/d7/94d748c6-5be0-4765-9d38-b1b90d16a254/reducing_teen_pregnancy.pdf.
“Dutch teens also have much lower rates of sexuallytransmitted infections.”
Justin Lehmiller, “Why Teens Have Better Sexual Healthin the Netherlands Than in the U.S.,” Sex and Psychology
blog, May 19, 2017, https://www.sexandpsychology.com/blog/2017/5/19/why-teens-have-better-sexual-health-in-the-netherlands-than-the-us/.
Justin Lehmiller, “Infographic: The State of Sex Education in
the U.S. in 2017,” Sex and Psychology blog, February 8, 2017,https://www.sexandpsychology.com/blog/2017/02/08/infographic-the-state-of-sex-education-in-the-us-in-2017/.
“Reducing Teenage Pregnancy,” Planned Parenthood,updated June 2014, https://www.plannedparenthood.org/uploads/filer_public/94/d7/94d748c6-5be0-4765-9d38-b1b90d16a254/reducing_teen_pregnancy.pdf.
“The biggest reason for the low numbers in the Netherlands isthat the country mandates comprehensive sex education for all
students. Kids receive age-appropriate sex ed in every grade.
The information they receive is medically accurate, and they
can ask questions and get honest responses.”Bonnie J. Rough, “How the Dutch Do Sex Ed,” The Atlantic,
August 27, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2018/08/the-benefits-of-starting-sex-ed-at-age-4/568225/.

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Justin Lehmiller, “Why Teens Have Better Sexual Healthin the Netherlands Than in the U.S.,” Sex and Psychology
blog, May 19, 2017, https://www.sexandpsychology.com/blog/2017/5/19/why-teens-have-better-sexual-health-in-the-netherlands-than-the-us/.
“That’s not how sex education works in the United States,
where every state can take a different approach.”“Sex and HIV Education,” Guttmacher Institute,
September 1, 2022, https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/sex-and-hiv-education.
Justin Lehmiller, “Infographic: The State of Sex Education in
the U.S. in 2017,” Sex and Psychology blog, February 8, 2017,https://www.sexandpsychology.com/blog/2017/02/08/infographic-the-state-of-sex-education-in-the-us-in-2017/.
Anna Katz, “Sex Ed Goes Global: The Netherlands,” The
Center for Global Reproductive Health, Duke University,
July 19, 2018, https://dukecenterforglobalreproductivehealth.org/2018/07/19/sex-ed-goes-global-the-netherlands/.
“Some states allow sex education, but only with a focus on
abstinence.”“Abstinence-Only Education States 2022,” World
Population Review, accessed October 2, 2022,
https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/abstinence-only-education-states.
“Sex Ed State Law and Policy Chart,” SIECUS State
Profiles, updated May 2020, https://siecus.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/SIECUS-2020-Sex-Ed-State-Law-and-Policy-Chart_May-2020-3.pdf.

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“Other states allow sex education, but only specific informationis allowed to be shared, and teachers can only respond toquestions that fall within the specific approved information.”
Kalyn Belsha, “ ‘Am I Not Allowed to Mention Myself?’
Schools Grapple with Restrictions on Teaching About
Gender and Sexuality,” Chalkbeat, April 12, 2022,
https://www.chalkbeat.org/2022/4/12/23022356/teaching-restrictions-gender-identity-sexual-orientation-lgbtq-issues-health-education.
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Letizia Adams, “These Are the States with the Worst Sex
Ed,” Vice, August 10, 2017, https://www.vice.com/en/article/j55xm3/these-are-the-states-with-the-worst-sex-ed.
p. 120Note No. 1“Some might assume that abortions will end in the UnitedStates because Roe v. Wade was overturned. There is no data
to support that. In countries with full abortion bans, researchshows that up to 68 percent of unwanted pregnancies are stillaborted.”“WHO publishes first-ever country estimates on
unintended pregnancy, abortion,” UN News, Global
Perspective Human Stories, March 24, 2022,
https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1114642.

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Bearak, Jonathan Marc, Anna Popinchalk, Cynthia Beavin,
Bela Ganatra, Ann-Beth Moller, Özge Tunçalp, and Leontine
Alkema. “Country-specific estimates of unintended
pregnancy and abortion incidence: a global comparative
analysis of levels in 2015–2019.” BMJ Global Health 7, no. 3(2022): e007151. dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007151.
“Some of the most populous states in the country still allow
abortion, which would lead us to predict that the 68 percent
statistic will be even higher in the United States.”
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Is Now Banned,” New York Times, September 23, 2022,
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/us/abortion-laws-roe-v-wade.html.
Kaia Hubbard, Christopher Wolf, “Where State Abortion
Laws Stand Without Roe,” U.S. News & World Report,
August 30, 2022, https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/articles/a-guide-to-abortion-laws-by-state.
“Experts believe the availability of abortion pills delivered via
federal mail will also enable abortions to continue in private
homes, even in states where abortion is banned.”
Pam Belluck, “F.D.A. Will Permanently Allow Abortion Pills
by Mail,” New York Times, December 16, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/16/health/abortion-pills-fda.html.
Spencer Kimball, “Women in States That Ban Abortion Will
Still Be Able to Get Abortion Pills Online from Overseas,”
CNBC, updated June 27, 2022, https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/27/women-in-states-that-ban-abortion-will-still-beable-to-get-abortion-pills-online-from-overseas.html.

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Argument 28: This is how to take action.
p. 125“We can make oral contraceptives available over the counter—like they are in a hundred different countries.”
American Academy of Family Physicians, “Over-theCounter Oral Contraceptives,” accessed October 2, 2022,
https://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/otc-oral-contraceptives.html.
Grindlay, Kate, Bridgit Burns, and Daniel Grossman.
“Prescription requirements and over-the-counter access tooral contraceptives: A global review.” Contraception 88, no. 1(2013): 91–96, doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2012.11.021.

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