National Security
Strategyof the United States of America

D E C E M B E R 20171

T H E W H I T E HOUSEWA S H I N G T O N , D C

My fellow Americans:

The American people elected me to make America great again. I promised that my Administration would
put the safety, interests, and well-being of our citizens first. I pledged that we would revitalize the American
economy, rebuild our military, defend our borders, protect our sovereignty, and advance our values.
During my first year in office, you have witnessed my America First foreign policy in action. We areprioritizing the interests of our citizens and protecting our sovereign rights as a nation. America isleading again on the world stage. We are not hiding from the challenges we face. We are confronting
them head-on and pursuing opportunities to promote the security and prosperity of all Americans.
The United States faces an extraordinarily dangerous world, fi lled with a wide range of threats that haveintensified in recent years. When I came into office, rogue regimes were developing nuclear weaponsand missiles to threaten the entire planet. Radical Islamist terror groups were flourishing. Terrorists hadtaken control of vast swaths of the Middle East. Rival powers were aggressively undermining Americaninterests around the globe. At home, porous borders and unenforced immigration laws had created a hostof vulnerabilities. Criminal cartels were bringing drugs and danger into our communities. Unfair tradepractices had weakened our economy and exported our jobs overseas. Unfair burden-sharing with our allies
and inadequate investment in our own defense had invited danger from those who wish us harm. Too many
Americans had lost trust in our government, faith in our future, and confidence in our values.
Nearly one year later, although serious challenges remain, we are charting a new and very different course.
We are rallying the world against the rogue regime in North Korea and confronting the danger posedby the dictatorship in Iran, which those determined to pursue a flawed nuclear deal had neglected. We
have renewed our friendships in the Middle East and partnered with regional leaders to help drive out
terrorists and extremists, cut off their financing, and discredit their wicked ideology. We crushed
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) terrorists on the battlefields of Syria and Iraq, and will continue
pursuing them until they are destroyed. America’s allies are now contributing more to our common
defense, strengthening even our strongest alliances. We have also continued to make clear that the UnitedStates will no longer tolerate economic aggression or unfair trading practices.
At home, we have restored confidence in America’s purpose. We have recommitted ourselves toour founding principles and to the values that have made our families, communities, and society so
successful. Jobs are coming back and our economy is growing. We are making historic investments in
the United States military. We are enforcing our borders, building trade relationships based on fairness
and reciprocity, and defending America’s sovereignty without apology.

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NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

The whole world is lifted by America’s renewal and the reemergence of American leadership. After one
year, the world knows that America is prosperous, America is secure, and America is strong. We will bringabout the better future we seek for our people and the world, by confronting the challenges and dangers
posed by those who seek to destabilize the world and threaten America’s people and interests.
My Administration’s National Security Strategy lays out a strategic vision for protecting the American
people and preserving our way of life, promoting our prosperity, preserving peace through strength,
and advancing American inf luence in the world. We will pursue this beautiful vision—a worldof strong, sovereign, and independent nations, each with its own cultures and dreams, thriving sideby-side in prosperity, freedom, and peace—throughout the upcoming year.
In pursuit of that future, we will look at the world with clear eyes and fresh thinking. We will promotea balance of power that favors the United States, our allies, and our partners. We will never lose sight ofour values and their capacity to inspire, uplift, and renew.
Most of all, we will serve the American people and uphold their right to a government that prioritizes
their security, their prosperity, and their interests. This National Security Strategy puts America First.

President Donald J. Trump
The White House
December 2017

II

Table of Contents
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1
P I L L A R I : Protect the American People, the Homeland,

and the American Way of Life .................................................................................. 7

Secure U.S. Borders and Territory................................................................................................................................................8
Defend Against Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) .................................................................................................... 8
Combat Biothreats and Pandemics .......................................................................................................................................... 9Strengthen Border Control and Immigration Policy ........................................................................................................... 9

Pursue Th reats to Their Source ....................................................................................................................................................10
Defeat Jihadist Terrorists ..........................................................................................................................................................10
Dismantle Transnational Criminal Organizations............................................................................................................11

Keep America Safe in the Cyber Era ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Promote American Resilience.......................................................................................................................................................14
P I L L A R I I : Promote American Prosperity .......................................................... 17

Rejuvenate the Domestic Economy ...........................................................................................................................................18
Promote Free, Fair, and Reciprocal Economic Relationships ................................................................................19
Lead in Research, Technology, Invention, and Innovation ..................................................................................... 20
Promote and Protect the U.S. National Security Innovation Base ......................................................................21
Embrace Energy Dominance ........................................................................................................................................................ 22
P I L L A R I I I : Preserve Peace through Strength .............................................. 25

Renew America’s Competitive Advantages ........................................................................................................................ 26
Renew Capabilities ............................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Military ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Defense Industrial Base ............................................................................................................................................................ 29
Nuclear Forces ............................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Space ...............................................................................................................................................................................................31
Cyberspace ....................................................................................................................................................................................31
Intelligence ................................................................................................................................................................................... 32V

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

Diplomacy and Statecraft ................................................................................................................................................................ 33
Competitive Diplomacy ............................................................................................................................................................ 33
Tools of Economic Diplomacy................................................................................................................................................. 34
Information Statecraft .............................................................................................................................................................. 34
P I L L A R I V : Advance American Influence ............................................................ 37

Encourage Aspiring Partners ....................................................................................................................................................... 38
Achieve Better Outcomes in Multilateral Forums ......................................................................................................... 40
Champion American Values .......................................................................................................................................................... 41

The Strategy in a Regional Context ................................................................45
Indo-Pacific................................................................................................................................................................................................. 45
Europe .............................................................................................................................................................................................................47
Middle East................................................................................................................................................................................................. 48
South and Central Asia ...................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Western Hemisphere ...........................................................................................................................................................................51
Africa .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 52

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 55

VI

Introduction
An America that is safe, prosperous, and free at home is an America with thestrength, confidence, and will to lead abroad. It is an America that can preserve peace, uphold liberty, and create enduring advantages for the American
people. Putt ing America fi rst is the duty of our government and the foundation for U.S. leadership in the world.
A strong America is in the vital interests of not only the American people, butalso those around the world who want to partner with the United States inpursuit of shared interests, values, and aspirations.
Th is National Security Strategy puts America first.

An A merica First Nationa l Securit yStrategy is based on American principles, a clear-eyed assessment of U.S.
interests, and a determination to tackle the challenges that we face. It is a strategy of principled
realism that is guided by outcomes, not ideology.
It is based upon the view that peace, security, andprosperity depend on strong, sovereign nations
that respect their citizens at home and cooperate to advance peace abroad. And it is groundedin the realization that American principles area lasting force for good in the world.

separating Federal powers, and protecting the“We the People” is America’s source of strength.

Liberty and independence have given us the flour-

The United States was born of a desire for life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness—and a conviction that unaccountable political power is tyranny. For these reasons, our Founders crafted andratified the Constitution, establishing the republican form of government we enjoy today. The
Constitution grants our national government not
only specified powers necessary to protect our
God-given rights and liberties but also safeguards
them by limiting the government’s size and scope,and confident Nation, welcoming of disagree-rights of individuals through the rule of law. All
political power is ultimately delegated from, andaccountable to, the people.
We protect American sovereignty by defending
these institutions, traditions, and principles thathave allowed us to live in freedom, to build the nationthat we love. And we prize our national heritage, forthe rare and fragile institutions of republican government can only endure if they are sustained by aculture that cherishes those institutions.
ishing society Americans enjoy today—a vibrantment and differences, but united by the bondsof history, culture, beliefs, and principles thatdefine who we are.
We are proud of our roots and honor the wisdom of
the past. We are committed to protecting the rights
and dignity of every citizen. And we are a nation oflaws, because the rule of law is the shield that protects the individual from government corruption

1

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

and abuse of power, allows families to live with-power with enormous advantages and momen-

out fear, and permits markets to thrive.

tum in the world. Success, however, bred complacency. A belief emerged, among many, that

Our founding principles have made the United

American power would be unchallenged and self–

States of America among the greatest forces forsustaining. The United States began to drift. We

good in history. But we are also aware that we

experienced a crisis of confidence and surren-

must protect and build upon our accomplish-

dered our advantages in key areas. As we tookments, always conscious of the fact that the inter-our political, economic, and military advan-

ests of the American people constitute our true

tages for granted, other actors steadily imple-

North Star.

mented their long-term plans to challenge America

America’s achievements and standing in the world

and to advance agendas opposed to the United

were neither inevitable nor accidental. On many

States, our allies, and our partners.

occasions, Americans have had to compete with

We stood by while countries exploited the interna-

adversarial forces to preserve and advance ourtional institutions we helped to build. They subsi-

security, prosperity, and the principles we holddized their industries, forced technology transfers,

dear. At home, we fought the Civil War to end slav-

and distorted markets. These and other actions

ery and preserve our Union in the long strug-

challenged America’s economic security. At home,

gle to extend equal rights for all Americans. In

excessive regulations and high taxes stifled growth

the course of the bloodiest century in human his-and weakened free enterprise—history’s great-

tory, millions of Americans fought, and hun-

est antidote to poverty. Each time government

dreds of thousands lost their lives, to defend lib-

encroached on the productive activities of private

erty in two World Wars and the Cold War. America,

commerce, it threatened not only our prosperity

with our allies and partners, defeated fascism,

but also the spirit of creation and innovation thatimperialism, and Soviet communism and elimi-

has been key to our national greatness.

nated any doubts about the power and durabilityof republican democracy when it is sustained bya free, proud, and unified people.

A Competitive WorldThe United States consolidated its militar y
victories with political and economic triumphs

The United States will respond to the growing

built on market economies and fair trade, dem-

political, economic, and military competitions weocratic principles, and shared security partner-

face around the world.

ships. American political, business, and military

China and Russia challenge American power, influ-

leaders worked together with their counterparts

ence, and interests, attempting to erode Americanin Europe and Asia to shape the post-war ordersecurity and prosperity. They are determined tothrough the United Nations, the Marshall Plan, themake economies less free and less fair, to growNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), andtheir militaries, and to control information andother institutions designed to advance our shareddata to repress their societies and expand theirinterests of security, freedom, and peace. We recog-

influence. At the same time, the dictatorships ofnize the invaluable advantages that our strong rela-

the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and thetionships with allies and partners deliver.

Islamic Republic of Iran are determined to desta-

Following the remarkable victory of free nations inbilize regions, threaten Americans and our allies,

the Cold War, America emerged as the lone super-

and brutalize their own people. Transnational2

INTRODUCTION

threat groups, from jihadist terrorists to transna-

in combination with other elements of national
power, is ready to protect Americans against
sophisticated challenges to national security.

tional criminal organizations, are actively trying
to harm Americans. While these challenges differ in nature and magnitude, they are fundamen-

The contest over information accelerates thesepolitical, economic, and military competitions.
Data, like energy, will shape U.S. economic prosperity and our future strategic position in the world.
The ability to harness the power of data is fundamental to the continuing growth of America’s
economy, prevailing against hostile ideologies,
and building and deploying the most effective
military in the world.

tally contests between those who value humandignity and freedom and those who oppress
individuals and enforce uniformity.
These competitions require the United States
to rethink the policies of the past two decades—policies based on the assumption that engagement withrivals and their inclusion in international institutions and global commerce would turn theminto benign actors and trustworthy partners. For

We learned the difficult lesson that when America
does not lead, malign actors fill the void to the disadvantage of the United States. When America
does lead, however, from a position of strengthand confidence and in accordance with our interests and values, all benefit.

the most part, this premise turned out to be false.
Rival actors use propaganda and other means to try
to discredit democracy. They advance anti-Westernviews and spread false information to create divisions among ourselves, our allies, and our partners.
In addition, jihadist terrorists such as ISIS andCompetition does not always mean hostility, nordoes it inevitably lead to conflict—although none
should doubt our commitment to defend our interests. An America that successfully competes is thebest way to prevent conflict. Just as American weakness invites challenge, American strength and confidence deters war and promotes peace.

al-Qa’ida continue to spread a barbaric ideologythat calls for the violent destruction of governments
and innocents they consider to be apostates. These
jihadist terrorists attempt to force those under
their inf luence to submit to Sharia law.
America’s military remains the strongest in theworld. However, U.S. advantages are shrinking
as rival states modernize and build up their con-An America First
National Security Strategy

ventional and nuclear forces. Many actors can
now field a broad arsenal of advanced missiles,
including variants that can reach the American

The competitions and rivalries facing the UnitedStates are not passing trends or momentary problems. They are intertwined, long-term challenges
that demand our sustained national attention andcommitment.

homeland. Access to technology empowers andemboldens otherwise weak states. North Korea—acountry that starves its own people—has spenthundreds of millions of dollars on nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that could threaten
our homeland. In addition, many actors have

America possesses unmatched political, economic, military, and technological advantages.
But to maintain these advantages, build upon ourstrengths, and unleash the talents of the American
people, we must protect four vital national interests in this competitive world.

become skilled at operating below the threshold of military conf lict—challenging the UnitedStates, our allies, and our partners with hostileactions cloaked in deniability. Our task is to ensurethat American military superiority endures, and3

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGYFirst , ou r f u nda menta l responsibilit y is toprotect the American people, the homeland,
and the American way of life. We will strengthen
control of our borders and reform our immigration system. We will protect our critical infrastructure and go after malicious cyber actors. A layered
missile defense system will defend our homelandagainst missile attacks. And we will pursue threats
to their source, so that jihadist terrorists are
stopped before they ever reach our borders.

ty ranny. We can play a catalytic role in promoting
private-sector-led economic growth, helping aspiring partners become future trading and security
partners. And we will remain a generous nation,even as we expect others to share responsibility.
Strengthening our sovereignty—the first duty ofa government is to serve the interests of its own
people—is a necessary condition for protecting
these four national interests. And as we strengthen
our sovereignty we will renew confidence in ourselves as a nation. We are proud of our history,
optimistic about America’s future, and confidentof the positive example the United States offers to
the world. We are also realistic and understandthat the American way of life cannot be imposed
upon others, nor is it the inevitable culminationof progress. Together with our allies, partners,
and aspiring partners, the United States will pursue cooperation with reciprocity. Cooperationmeans sharing responsibilities and burdens.
In trade, fair and reciprocal relationships benefit all with equal levels of market access andopportunities for economic growth. An America
First National Security Strategy appreciates that
America will catalyze conditions to unleash economic success for America and the world.

Second, we will promote American prosperity.
We will rejuvenate the American economy forthe benefit of American workers and companies.
We will insist upon fair and reciprocal economic
relationships to address trade imbalances. The
United States must preserve our lead in researchand technology and protect our economy fromcompetitors who unfairly acquire our intellectual property. And we will embrace America’s
energy dominance because unleashing abundant
energy resources stimulates our economy.
Third, we will preserve peace through strength
by rebuilding our military so that it remains preeminent, deters our adversaries, and if necessary,is able to fight and win. We will compete with alltools of national power to ensure that regions of
the world are not dominated by one power. We
will strengthen America’s capabilities—including in space and cyberspace—and revitalize others that have been neglected. Allies and partners
magnify our power. We expect them to shoulder a fair share of the burden of responsibility to protect against common threats.

In the United States, free men and women havecreated the most just and prosperous nation inhistory. Our generation of Americans is now
charged with preserving and defending thatprecious inheritance. This National Security
Strategy shows the way.

Fourth, we will advance American inf luence
because a world that supports American interests and reflects our values makes America moresecure and prosperous. We will compete and leadin multilateral organizations so that Americaninterests and principles are protected. America’s
commitment to liberty, democracy, and the rule oflaw serves as an inspiration for those living under4

PILLAR I

Protect the American People,
the Homeland, and
the American Way of Life
“We will defend our country, protect our communities,
and put the safety of the American people first.”
PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMPT| J U LY 2 0 1 7

his National Security Strategy begins
with the determination to protect theAmerican people, the American way

omy. They steal and exploit our intellectual prop-of life, and American interests. Americans havetors, and hold our critical infrastructure at risk.

long recognized the benefits of an interconnected

All of these actions threaten the foundations ofworld, where information and commerce f low

the American way of life. Reestablishing lawful

freely. Engaging with the world, however, does

control of our borders is a first step toward pro-not mean the United States should abandon its

tecting the American homeland and strengthen-rights and duties as a sovereign state or compro-

ing American sovereignty.

erty and personal data, interfere in our politicalprocesses, target our aviation and maritime sec-mise its security. Openness also imposes costs,

We must prevent nuclear, chemical, radiological,

since adversaries exploit our free and demo-

and biological attacks, block terrorists from reach-cratic system to harm the United States.

ing our homeland, reduce drug and human traf-

North Korea seeks the capability to kill millions officking, and protect our critical infrastructure.

Americans with nuclear weapons. Iran supports

We must also deter, disrupt, and defeat poten-

terrorist groups and openly calls for our destruc-tial threats before they reach the United States.

tion. Jihadist terrorist organizations such as ISIS

We will target jihadist terrorists and transna-

and al-Qa’ida are determined to att ack the United

tional criminal organizations at their source andStates and radicalize Americans with their hate-dismantle their networks of support.

ful ideology. Non-state actors undermine social

We must also take steps to respond quickly to meetorder through drug and human trafficking net-

the needs of the American people in the event ofworks, which they use to commit violent crimes

natural disaster or attack on our homeland. We

and kill thousands of American each year.

must build a culture of preparedness and resilience

Adversaries target sources of American strength,

across our governmental functions, critical infra-

including our democratic system and our econ-

structure, and economic and political systems.

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NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

Secure U.S. Borders
and Territory

Priority Actions
E N H A N C E M I S S I L E D E F E N S E : The United States

is deploying a layered missile defense system

State and non-state actors place the safety of the

focused on North Korea and Iran to defend ourAmerican people and the Nation’s economic

homeland against missile attacks. This systemvitality at risk by exploiting vulnerabilities

will include the ability to defeat missile threats

across the land, air, maritime, space, and cyber-prior to launch. Enhanced missile defense isspace domains. Adversaries constantly evolve

not intended to undermine strategic stabil-

their methods to threaten the United States andity or disrupt longstanding strategic relation-

our citizens. We must be agile and adaptable.

ships with Russia or China.
DETECT AND DISRUPT WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION:

Defend Against Weaponsof Mass Destruction (WMD)

At our borders and within our territory, we willbolster efforts to detect nuclear, chemical, radiological, and biological agents and keep them fromThe danger from hostile state and non-state actors

being used against us. We will also better inte-

who are trying to acquire nuclear, chemical, radio-

grate intelligence, law enforce-logical, and biological weapons isment, and emergency manage-

increasing. The Syrian regime’s
use of chemical weapons against

ment operations to ensure thatits own citizens undermines

Strengthening control

internationa l norms against

over our borders andthese heinous weapons, which

immigration system is

may encourage more actors tofrontline defenders have theright information and capabilities to respond to WMD threats
from state and non-state actors.

central to national security,

ENHANCE COUNTERPROLIFERATION

used chemical weapons in Iraq

economic prosperity, and

MEASURES: Building on decades

and Syria. Terrorist groups con-the rule of law.

of i n it i at ive s , we w i l l au g -pursue and use them. ISIS hastinue to pursue WMD-related

ment measures to secure,materials. We would face grave

el i m i n at e , a n d pr event t hedanger if terrorists obtained

spread of W M D a nd related

inadequately secured nuclear,materials, their delivery systems, technologies, and knowledge to reduce

rad iologica l, or biologica l materia l.

the chance that they might fall into the hands

As missiles grow in numbers, types, and effec-

of hostile actors. We will hold state and non-

tiveness, to include those with greater ranges,

state actors accountable for the use of WMD.

they are the most likely means for states like
North Korea to use a nuclear weapon against

TARG ET WM D TE R RORISTS: We will direct coun-

the United States. North Korea is also pursuingterterrorism operations against terrorist WMD

chemical and biological weapons which could

specialists, financiers, administrators, and facilita-

also be delivered by missile. China and Russia

tors. We will work with allies and partners to detectand disrupt plots.

are developing advanced weapons and capabilities that could threaten our critical infrastructure and our command and control architecture.

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P I L L A R I : P R O T E C T T H E A M E R I C A N P E O P L E , T H E H O M E L A N D , A N D T H E A M E R I C A N WA Y O F L I F E

Combat Biothreats and Pandemics

fied coordination systems to rapidly characterize outbreaks, implement public health containment measures to limit the spread of disease,a nd prov ide su rge med ica l ca re —includ ing
life-saving treatments.

Biological incidents have the potential to cause
catastrophic loss of life. Biological threats to the
U.S. homeland—whether as the result of deliberate
attack, accident, or a natural outbreak—are growing
and require actions to address them at their source.

Strengthen Border Control
and Immigration Policy

Naturally emerging outbreaks of viruses such as
Ebola and SARS, as well as the deliberate 2001

Strengthening control over our borders andimmigration system is central to national security, economic prosperity, and the rule of law.
Terrorists, drug traffickers, and criminal cartels exploit porous borders and threaten U.S.
security and public safety. These actors adapt
quickly to outpace our defenses.

anthrax attacks in the United States, demonstrated the impact of biological threats on national
security by taking lives, generating economic
losses, and contributing to a loss of confidence ingovernment institutions.
Advancements in life sciences that benefit ourhealth, economy, and society also open up new ave-

The United States affirms our sovereign right todetermine who should enter our country andunder what circumstances. The United States
understands the contributions immigrants havemade to our Nation throughout its history. Illegal
immigration, however, burdens the economy,hurts American workers, presents public safety
risks, and enriches smugglers and other criminals.

nues to actors who want to cause harm. Dedicatedstate actors are likely to develop more advanced
bioweapons, and these capabilities may become
available to malicious non-state actors as well.

Priority Actions
DETECT AND CONTAIN BIOTHREATS AT THEIR SOURCE:

We will work with other countries to detect

The United States recognizes that decisions about
who to legally admit for residency, citizenship, orotherwise are among the most important a country has to make. The United States will continue
to welcome lawful immigrants who do not posea security threat and whose entry is consistent
with the national interest, while at the same timeenhancing the screening and vetting of travelers,closing dangerous loopholes, revising outdated
laws, and eliminating easily exploited vulnerabilities. We will also reform our current immigration system, which, contrary to our national
interest and national security, allows for randomized entry and extended-family chain migration.
Residency and citizenship determinations should
be based on individuals’ merits and their ability
to positively contribute to U.S. society, rather thanchance or extended family connections.

and mitigate outbreaks early to prevent the
spread of disease. We will encourage other countries to invest in basic health care systems andto strengthen global health security across theintersection of human and animal health to prevent infectious disease outbreaks. And we will
work with partners to ensure that laboratories
that handle dangerous pathogens have in placesafety and security measures.
SUPPORT BIOMEDICAL INNOVATION: We will protect

and support advancements in biomedical innovation by strengthening the intellectual property system that is the foundation of the biomedical industry.
IMPROVE EMERGENCY RESPONSE: At home, we will

strengthen our emergency response and uni-

9

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

Pursue Threatsto Their Source

Priority Actions
ENHANCE BORDER SECURIT Y: We will secure ourborders th rough the constr uction of a border wall, the use of multilayered defenses andadvanced technology, the employment of additional personnel, and other measures. The U.S.
Government will work with foreign partners todeter, detect, and disrupt suspicious individuals
well before they enter the United States.

There is no perfect defense against the range of
threats facing our homeland. That is why America
must, alongside allies and partners, stay on theoffensive against those violent non-state groups
that target the United States and our allies.
The primary transnational threats Americans face
are from jihadist terrorists and transnational criminal organizations. Although their objectives differ,these actors pose some common challenges. First,
they exploit our open society. Second, they often
operate in loose confederations and adapt rapidly.
Th ird, they rely on encrypted communication andthe dark web to evade detection as they plot, recruit,
finance, and execute their operations. Fourth, they
thrive under conditions of state weakness and preyon the vulnerable as they accelerate the breakdown of rules to create havens from which to plan
and launch attacks on the United States, our allies,
and our partners. Fifth, some are sheltered andsupported by states and do their bidding.

E N H A N C E V E T TI N G : The U.S. Government will

enhance vetting of prospective immigrants, refugees, and other foreign visitors to identify individuals who might pose a risk to national security or public safety. We will set higher security
standards to ensure that we keep dangerous people out of the United States and enhance ourinformation collection and analysis to identify
those who may already be within our borders.
E N FO R C E I M M I G R AT I O N L AWS : We will enforce

immigration laws, both at the border and in theinterior, to provide an effective deterrent to illegal
immigration. The apprehension and swift removalof illegal aliens at the border is critical to an effective
border security strategy. We must also increase
efforts to identify and counter fraud in the immigration process, which undermines the integrityof our immigration system, exploits vulnerable
individuals, and creates national security risks.

Defeat Jihadist Terrorists
Jihadist terrorist organizations present the mostdangerous terrorist threat to the Nation. America,
alongside our allies and partners, is fighting a long
war against these fanatics who advance a totalitarian vision for a global Islamist caliphate thatjustifies murder and slavery, promotes repression, and seeks to undermine the American way
of life. Jihadist terrorists use virtual and physicalnetworks around the world to radicalize isolated
individuals, exploit vulnerable populations, andinspire and direct plots.

B O L S T E R T R A N S P O R TAT I O N S E C U R I T Y: We w ill

improve information sharing across our government and with foreign partners to enhance
the security of the pathways through which people and goods enter the country. We will invest intechnology to counter emerging threats to our aviation, surface, and maritime transportation sectors. We will also work with international andindustry partners to raise security standards.

Even after the territorial defeat of ISIS and al-Qa’ida
in Syria and Iraq, the threat from jihadist terrorists will persist. They have used battlefields as test
beds of terror and have exported tools and tactics
to their followers. Many of these jihadist terror-

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P I L L A R I : P R O T E C T T H E A M E R I C A N P E O P L E , T H E H O M E L A N D , A N D T H E A M E R I C A N WA Y O F L I F E

ists are likely to return to their home countries,

SEVER SOURCES OF STRENGTH: We will disrupt thefinancial, materiel, and personnel supply chains ofterrorist organizations. We will sever their financattacks on the United States and our allies.
ing and protect the U.S. and international financial
The United States also works with allies andsystems from abuse. We will degrade their ability
pa r tners to deter a nd d isto message and attract potenr upt ot her foreig n ter rortial recruits. This includes
ist g roups t hat t h reaten
combating the evil ideology
the homeland—includof jihadists by exposing its
We will give our frontline
ing Iranian-backed groups
falsehoods, promoting countdefenders—including homelandsuch as Lebanese Hizballah.
er-narratives, and amplifysecurity, law enforcement, anding credible voices.

from which they can continue to plot and launchPriority Actions

intelligence professionals—
the tools, authorities, andS H A R E R E S P O N S I B I L I T Y: Ou r

allies and partners, who arealso targets of terrorism, will
resources to stop terrorist acts
en hance intelligence sharcontinue to share responsibefore they take place.
ing domestically and with forbility in fighting these bareign partners. We will givebaric groups. We will help ourou r f r ont l i n e d efen d er s —partners develop and responi nclud i ng homela nd secusibly employ the capacity tority, law enforcement, and intelligence profesdegrade and maintain persistent pressure against
sionals—the tools, authorities, and resources toterrorists and will encourage partners to workstop terrorist acts before they take place.
independently of U.S. assistance.
DISRUPT TERROR PLOTS: We will

TAKE DIRECT ACTION: The U.S. military and otherC O M B AT R A D I C A L I Z AT I O N A N D R E C R U I T M E N T I N

operating agencies will take direct action against

COMMUNITIES: The United States rejects bigotry

terrorist networks and pursue terrorists who

and oppression and seeks a future built on our values as one American people. We will deny violent ideologies the space to take root by improving
trust among law enforcement, the private sector,
and American citizens. U.S. intelligence and homeland security experts will work with law enforcement and civic leaders on terrorism prevention andprovide accurate and actionable information about
radicalization in their communities.

threaten the homeland and U.S. citizens regardless of where they are. The campaigns against ISISand al-Qa’ida and their affi liates demonstrate that
the United States will enable partners and sustain direct action campaigns to destroy terrorists
and their sources of support, making it harder forthem to plot against us.
ELIMINATE TERRORIST SAFE HAVENS: Time and ter-ritory allow jihadist terrorists to plot, so we will

Dismantle Transnational
Criminal Organizations

act against sanctuaries and prevent their reemergence, before they can threaten the U.S. homeland. We will go after their digital networks and

The United States must devote greater resources
to dismantle transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) and their subsidiary networks. Somehave established global supply chains that arework with private industry to confront the challenge of terrorists and criminals “going dark” andusing secure platforms to evade detection.

11

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

comparable to Fortune 500 corporations. Every
day they deliver drugs to American communities,
fuel gang violence, and engage in cybercrime. The
illicit opioid epidemic, fed by drug cartels as well
as Chinese fentanyl traffickers, kills tens of thousands of Americans each year. These organizations
weaken our allies and partners too, by corrupting
and undermining democratic institutions. TCOs
are motivated by profit, power, and political influence. They exploit weak governance and enable
other national security threats, including terrorist organizations. In addition, some state adversaries use TCOs as instruments of national power,
offering them territorial sanctuary where they
are free to conduct unattributable cyber intrusions, sabotage, theft, and political subversion.

COUNTER CYBER CRIMINALS: We will use sophisti-

cated investigative tools to disrupt the ability ofcriminals to use online marketplaces, cryptocurrencies, and other tools for illicit activities.
The United States will hold countries accountablefor harboring these criminals.

Keep America Safein the Cyber Era

America’s response to the challenges and opportunities of the cyber era will determine our future
prosperity and security. For most of our history, theUnited States has been able to protect the homeland by controlling its land, air, space, and maritime domains. Today, cyberspace offers state andnon-state actors the ability to wage campaigns
Priority Actions
against American political, economic, and secuIMPROVE STRATEGIC PLANNING AND INTELLIGENCE:
rity interests without ever physically crossing
We will establish national-level strategic intelliour borders. Cyberattacks offer adversaries lowgence and planning capabilities
cost and deniable opportunities
to improve the ability of agento seriously damage or disrupt
cies to work together to combat
critical infrastructure, cripple
TCOs at home and abroad.
American businesses, weaken
America’s response
ou r Fe d e r a l n e t work s , a n d
D E F E N D CO M M U N ITI E S : We willto the challenges andattack the tools and devices thatdeny TCOs the ability to harm
opportunities of the cyberAmericans use every day to comA merica ns. We w ill suppor tmunicate and conduct business.
era will determine
public health efforts to halt the
our future prosperity
growth of illicit drug use in the
Critical infrastructure keeps ourUnited States, expand national
food fresh, our houses warm,and security.
and community-based prevenour trade f lowing, and our cittion efforts, increase access toizens productive and safe. The
evidenced-based treatment forvulnerability of U.S. critica l
addiction, improve prescripinfrastructure to cyber, phystion drug monitoring, and provide training on
ical, and electromagnetic attacks means that
substance use disorders for medical personnel.
adversaries could disrupt military command andcontrol, banking and financial operations, the electrical grid, and means of communication.

D E F E N D I N D E P T H : U. S. agencies a nd foreig npartners will target TCO leaders and their support infrastructure. We will assist countries, particularly in the Western Hemisphere, to break
the power of these organizations and networks.

Federal networks also face threats. These networks
allow government agencies to carry out vital functions and provide services to the American peo-

12

P I L L A R I : P R O T E C T T H E A M E R I C A N P E O P L E , T H E H O M E L A N D , A N D T H E A M E R I C A N WA Y O F L I F E

ple. The government must do a better job of pro-

BUILD DEFENSIBLE GOVERNMENT NETWORKS: We willtecting data to safeguard information and theuse the latest commercial capabilities, shared ser-privacy of the American people. Our Federal net-

vices, and best practices to modernize our Federal

works must be modernized and updated.

information technology. We will improve our abil-

In addition, the daily lives of most Americans rely

ity to provide uninterrupted and secure communications and services under all conditions.

on computer-driven and interconnected technologies. As our reliance on computers and connectiv-

D E T E R A N D D I S R U P T M A L I C I O U S C Y B E R AC TO R S :ity increases, we become increasingly vulnerable

The Federal Government will ensure that thoseto cyberattacks. Businesses and individuals must

charged with securing critical infrastructure havebe able to operate securely in cyberspace.

the necessary authorities, information, and capa-

Security was not a major consideration when thebilities to prevent attacks before they affect orInternet was designed and launched. As it evolves,

hold at risk U.S. critical infrastructure. The United

the government and private sector must designStates will impose swift and costly consequences

systems that incorporate prevention, protec-

on foreign governments, criminals, and othertion, and resiliency from the start, not as an after-

actors who undertake significant malicious cyberthought. We must do so in a way that respects free

activities. We will work with allies and friends tomarkets, private competition, and the limited but

expand our awareness of malicious activities. A

important role of government in enforcing thestronger and more resilient critical infrastructurerule of law. As we build the next generation of dig-will strengthen deterrence by creating doubt in ourital infrastructure, we have an opportunity to put

adversaries that they can achieve their objectives.

our experience into practice.

I M P R OV E I N F O R M AT I O N S H A R I N G A N D S E N S I N G :The Internet is an American invention, and it

The U.S. Government will work with our criticalshould reflect our values as it continues to trans-

infrastructure partners to assess their informa-

form the future for all nations and all genera-

tional needs and to reduce the barriers to informa-tions. A strong, defensible cyber infrastructuretion sharing, such as speed and classification lev-

fosters economic growth, protects our liberties,

els. We will also invest in capabilities that improveand advances our nationa l security.

the ability of the United States to attribute cyberatt acks. In accordance with the protection of civil

Priority Actions

liberties and privacy, the U.S. Government will
expand collaboration with the private sector so that

IDENTIFY AND PRIORITIZE RISK: To improve the secu-

we can better detect and attribute attacks.

rity and resilience of our critical infrastructure, we will assess risk across six key areas:

DEPLOY LAYERED DEFENSES: Since threats transit

national security, energy and power, banking andglobally, passing through communications back-finance, health and safety, communications, andbones without challenge, the U.S. Government willtransportation. We will assess where cyberat-

work with the private sector to remediate known

tacks could have catastrophic or cascading con-bad activities at the network level to improve

sequences and prioritize our protective efforts,

the security of all customers. Malicious activ-

capabilities, and defenses accordingly.

ity must be defeated within a network and not bepassed on to its destination whenever possible.

13

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

Promote American
Resilience

work together to defend our way of life. No external threat can be allowed to shake our sharedcommitment to our values, undermine our system of government, or divide our Nation.

Despite our best efforts, our government cannot
prevent all dangers to the American people. We
can, however, help Americans remain resilient in
the face of adversity. Resilience includes the ability to withstand and recover rapidly from deliberate attacks, accidents, natural disasters, as wellas unconventional stresses, shocks, and threats
to our economy and democratic system. In theevent of a disaster, Federal, state, and local agencies must perform essential functions and haveplans in place to ensure the continuation of ourconstitutiona l for m of gover n ment .

Priority Actions
IMPROVE RISK MANAGEMENT: The United States will

improve its ability to assess the threats and hazards that pose the greatest risks to Americans
and will prioritize resources based on the highest risks.
BUILD A CULTURE OF PREPAREDNESS: This Admin-

istration will take steps to build a culture of preparedness, informing and empowering communities and individuals to obtain the skills andtake the preparatory actions necessary to become
more resilient against the threats and hazards
that Americans face.

Reducing risk and building more resilient communities are the best ways to protect people, property, and taxpayer dollars from loss and disruption. Through risk-informed investments, we willbuild resilient communities and infrastructure
to protect and benefit future generations.

IMPROVE PLANNING: State and local governments

must conduct realistic exercises that test existing plans to make sure that they are sound andcan be executed. Agencies from all levels of government must coordinate better and apply lessons
learned from exercises to pinpoint the areas andcapabilities that require improvement.

Should tragedy strike, the U.S. Government will
help communities recover and rebuild. Citizens
must be confident in our government, but also recognize that response and recovery begins withindividuals and local communities. In difficult
times, the true character of the American people emerges: their strength, their love, and theirresolve. Our first responders selflessly run toward
danger, and volunteers rally to the aid of neighbors when disaster strikes.

INCENTIVIZE INFORMATION SHARING: To improve thecoordination among the private sector and all levels of government that is needed to improve resilience, we must make a stronger commitment toprotecting sensitive information so that all partners actively identify and share vulnerabilities
and work collaboratively to reduce them.

A democracy is only as resilient as its people. An
informed and engaged citizenry is the fundamental requirement for a free and resilient nation. For
generations, our society has protected free press,
free speech, and free thought. Today, actors suchas Russia are using information tools in an attempt
to undermine the legitimacy of democracies.
Adversaries target media, political processes, financial networks, and personal data. The American
public and private sectors must recognize this and14

PILLAR II

Promote American Prosperity“Economic security is national security.”
PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMPA| NOVEMBER 2017tional economy and remove the points of frictionthat had contributed to two world wars.

strong economy protects the American
people, supports our way of life, and sustains American power. American work-

That economic system continues to serve ourinterests, but it must be reformed to help American
worker s pr o s p er, pr ot e c t ou r i n nov at ion ,and ref lect the principles upon which that system was founded. Trading partners and international institutions can do more to address
trade imbalances and adhere to and enforce therules of the order.

ers thrive when they are free to innovate, develop
and access our abundant natural resources, andoperate in markets free from excessive regulations and unfair foreign trade practices. A growing and innovative economy allows the UnitedStates to maintain the world’s most powerful military and protect our homeland.
We must rebuild our economic strength andToday, American prosperity and security arechallenged by an economic competition playing out in a broader strategic context. The UnitedStates helped expand the liberal economic trading system to countries that did not share our values, in the hopes that these states would liberalize their economic and political practices andprovide commensurate benefits to the UnitedStates. Experience shows that these countries distorted and undermined key economic institutions without undertaking significant reform of
their economies or politics. They espouse free traderhetoric and exploit its benefits, but only adhere
selectively to the rules and agreements.

restore confidence in the American economic
model. Over decades, American factories, companies, and jobs moved overseas. After the 2008
global financial crisis, doubt replaced confidence.
Risk-aversion and regulations replaced investment
and entrepreneurship. The recovery produced anemic growth in real earnings for American workers.
The U.S. trade deficit grew as a result of several factors, including unfair trading practices.
For 70 years, the United States has embraced astrategy premised on the belief that leadershipof a stable international economic system rootedin American principles of reciprocity, free markets, and free trade served our economic and

We welcome all economic relationships rooted infairness, reciprocity, and faithful adherence to therules. Those who join this pursuit will be our closest economic partners. But the United States will
no longer turn a blind eye to violations, cheating,or economic aggression. We must work with like-security interests. Working with our allies andpartners, the United States led the creation ofa group of financial institutions and other economic forums that established equitable rules
and built instruments to stabilize the interna-

17

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

minded allies and partners to ensure our principles prevail and the rules are enforced so that oure c o n o m i e s p r o s p e r.
The United States will pursue
an economic strategy that rejuvenates the domestic economy,
benefits the American worker,
revitalizes the U.S. manufacturing base, creates middle-classjobs, encourages innovation, preserves technological advantage,
safeguards the environment,
and achieves energy dominance.
Rebuilding economic strength
at home and preserving a fairand reciprocal international
economic system will enhance
our security and advance prosperity and peace in the world.

ulation burdened small businesses. Banking regulations squelched new bank formation and caused
hundreds of small banks to close. Regulation
decreased credit availability toconsumers and decreased product choice. Excessive environmental and infrastructure regRebuilding economic
ulations impeded American
strength at home andenerg y trade a nd the develpreserving a fair andopm ent of n ew i n f r a s t r uc t u re proje c t s .
reciprocal international

economic system will

Moreover, the poor state of ourphysical infrastructure stultienhance our security andfied the economy, reduced theadvance prosperity andprofitability of American small
peace in the world.
businesses, and slowed the productivity of American workers.
America’s digital infrastructure
also fell behind. Improvements
in ba ndwidth, better broadba nd connectivity, and protection from persistent cyberattacks
are needed to support America’s future growth.
Economic and personal transactions are dependent upon the “.com world,” and wealth creation
depends on a reliable, secure Internet.
Economic challenges at home demand that we

Rejuvenate theDomestic Economy

understand economic prosperity as a pillar of
national security. Despite low unemployment
rates and stock market gains, overall economic
growth has, until recently, been anemic sincethe 2008 recession. In the past five years, grossdomestic product (GDP) growth hovered barely
above two percent, and wages stagnated. Taxes
increased, and health insurance and prescription drug costs continued to rise, albeit at a slower
pace. Education costs climbed at rates far above
inf lation, increasing student debt. Productivity
growth fell to levels not seen in decades.

The Administration is dedicated to rejuvenating the U.S. economy, unleashing the potential of
all Americans, and restoring confidence in our
free market system. Promoting American prosperity makes America more secure and advances
American influence in the world.

Priority Actions
REDUCE REGULATORY BURDENS: Departments andagencies will eliminate unnecessary regulations
that stifle growth, drive up costs for American businesses, impede research and development, discourage hiring, and incentivize domestic businesses to move overseas. We will balance our
reduction in regulations with adequate protect ion s a nd oversig ht .

Significant government intrusion in the economy
slowed growth and job creation. Regulatory andcorporate tax policies incentivized businesses toinvest overseas and disadvantaged American companies against foreign competitors. Excessive reg-18

PILLAR II: PROMOTE AMERICAN PROSPERITY

Promote Free, Fair,
and Reciprocal Economic
Relationships

PROMOTE TAX REFORM: This Administration will
work with the Congress to create a simpler, fairer,
and pro-growth tax code that encourages thecreation of higher wage jobs and gives middleincome families tax relief. Reduced businesstax rates and a territorial system for foreign subsidiary earnings will improve the competitiveness of American companies and encourage theirreturn to the United States.

For decades, the United States has allowed unfair
trading practices to grow. Other countries haveused dumping, discriminatory non-tariff barriers, forced technology transfers, non-economic
capacity, industrial subsidies, and other support

IMPROVE AMERICAN INFRASTRUCTURE: Federal, state,from governments and state-owned enterprises toand local governments will work together with private industry to improve our airports, seaports
and waterways, roads and railways, transit systems, and telecommunications. The United States
will use our strategic advantage as a leading natural gas producer to transform transportation andmanufacturing. We will improve America’s digital
infrastructure by deploying a secure 5G Internet
capability nationwide. These improvements will
increase national competitiveness, benefit the environment, and improve our quality of life.

gain economic advantages.
Today we must meet the challenge. We will addresspersistent trade imbalances, break down tradebarriers, and provide Americans new opportunities to increase their exports. The United States
will expand trade that is fairer so that U.S. workers and industries have more opportunities tocompete for business. We oppose closed mercantilist trading blocks. By strengthening the international trading system and incentivizing otherc ou nt r ie s t o em brac e m a r -REDUCE THE DEBT THROUGH FISCAL

ket-friendly policies, we can

R E S P O N S I B I LIT Y: The national

debt, now over $20 trillion, presents a grave threat to America’s
long-term prosperity and, byextension, our national security.
By restraining Federal spending,making government more efficient, and by modernizing our
tax system and making our businesses globally competitive, oureconomy will grow and make theexisting debt more serviceable.

enhance our prosperity.

The Administration is

The United States distinguishes

dedicated to rejuvenating

between economic competition

the U.S. economy,
unleashing the potentialof all Americans, andrestoring confidence in our
free market system.

with countries that follow fairand free market principles andcompetition with those that act
with little regard for those principles. We will compete withlike-minded states in the economic doma in—pa rticu la rly
where trade imbalances exist—

S U P P O R T E D U C AT I O N A N D

while recognizing that compe-

APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMS:

tition is healthy when nations
share values and build fair and reciprocal rela-

We will support apprenticesh ips a nd workforce development prog ra ms t hat prepa re A mer ica n workers for h ig h-wage
manufacturing and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) jobs of the
21st century.

tionships. The United States will pursue enforcement actions when countries violate the rules
to gain unfair advantage. The United States will
engage industrialized democracies and other likeminded states to defend against economic aggres-

19

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

sion, in all its forms, that threatens our common prosperity and security.

Lead in Research, Technology,
Invention, and Innovation

Priority Actions

The United States will build on the ingenuity
that has launched industries, created jobs, andimproved the quality of life at home and abroad.
To maintain our competitive advantage, theUnited States will prioritize emerging technologies critical to economic growth and security, suchas data science, encryption, autonomous technologies, gene editing, new materials, nanotechnology, advanced computing technologies, andartificial intelligence. From self-driving cars toautonomous weapons, the field of artificial intelligence, in particular, is progressing rapidly.

ADOPT NEW TRADE AND INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS
AND MODERNIZE EXISTING ONES: The United States

will pursue bilateral trade and investment agreements with countries that commit to fair and reciprocal trade and will modernize existing agreements to ensure they are consistent with thoseprinciples. Agreements must adhere to high standards in intellectual property, digital trade, agriculture, labor, and the environment.
COU NTE R U N FAIR TR ADE PR AC TICES: The UnitedStates will counter all unfair trade practices that
distort markets using all appropriate means,from dia logue to enforcement tools.

The United States must continue to attract the innovative and the inventive, the brilliant and the bold.
We will encourage scientists in government, academia, and the private sector to achieve advancements across the full spectrum of discovery, fromincremental improvements to game-changing
breakthroughs. We will nurture a healthy innovation economy that collaborates with allies andpartners, improves STEM education, draws on an
advanced technical workforce, and invests in early-stage research and development (R&D).

COU NTE R FOR E IG N COR RU P TION : Using our eco-nomic and diplomatic tools, the United States willcontinue to target corrupt foreign officials andwork with countries to improve their ability tofight corruption so U.S. companies can compete
fairly in transparent business climates.
WORK WITH LIKE- MINDE D PARTNE RS: The UnitedStates will work with like-minded partners to preserve and modernize the rules of a fair and reciprocal economic order. Together we will emphasize
fair trade enforcement actions when necessary, as
well as multinational efforts to ensure transparency and adherence to international standards
within trade and investment projects.

Priority Actions
U N D E R S TA N D W O R L D W I D E S C I E N C E A N D T E C H NOLOGY (S&T) TRENDS: To retain U.S. advantages

over our competitors, U.S. Government agencies
must improve their understanding of worldwide
S&T trends and how they are likely to influence—or undermine—American strategies and programs.

FACILITATE NEW MARKET OPPORTUNITIES: The UnitedStates will partner with countries as they build
their export markets, promote free market competition, and incentivize private sector growth.
We will expand U.S. trade and investment opportunities and increase the market base for U.S.
goods and services.

ATTRACT AND RETAIN INVENTORS AND INNOVATORS:The U.S. Government must improve our collaboration with industry and academia and ourrecruitment of technical talent. We will remove
barriers to the full use of talent across Federal
agencies, and increase incentives for hiring andretaining Federal STEM employees. Initiatives

20

PILLAR II: PROMOTE AMERICAN PROSPERITY

will include rapid hiring, swift adjudication ofnational security clearances, and offers of competitive salaries. We must create easier paths
for the flow of scientists, engineers, and technologists into and out of public service.

means to weaken our businesses and our economy as facets of cyber-enabled economic warfare and other malicious activities. In addition tothese illegal means, some actors use largely legitimate, legal transfers and relationships to gain
access to fields, experts, and trusted foundries
that fill their capability gaps and erode America’s
long-ter m compet it ive adva nt ages .

LEVERAGE PRIVATE CAPITAL AND EXPERTISE TO BUILDAND INNOVATE: The U.S. Government will use private sector technical expertise and R&D capabilities more effectively. Private industry owns manyof the technologies that the government relies
upon for critical national security missions. The
Department of Defense and other agencies will
establish strategic partnerships with U.S. companies to help align private sector R&D resources topriority national security applications.

We must defend our National Security Innovation
Base (NSIB) against competitors. The NSIB is
the American network of knowledge, capabilities, and people—including academia, National
Laboratories, and the private sector—that turns
ideas into innovations, transforms discoveries
into successful commercial products and companies, and protects and enhances the American
way of life. The genius of creative Americans, andthe free system that enables them, is critical toAmerican security and prosperity.

RAPIDLY FIELD INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS: The

United States must regain the element of surpriseand field new technologies at the pace of modern industry. Government agencies must shift
from an archaic R&D process to an approach thatrewards rapid fielding and risk taking.

Protecting the NSIB requires a domestic and international response beyond the scope of any individual company, industry, university, or government agency. The landscape of innovation does
not divide neatly into sectors. Technologies thatare part of most weapon systems often originate
in diverse businesses as well as in universities andcolleges. Losing our innovation and technological edge would have far-reaching negative implications for American prosperity and power.

Promote and Protect
the U.S. National Security
Innovation Base
America’s business climate and legal and regulatory systems encourage risk taking. We are anation of people who work hard, dream big, andnever give up. Not every country shares thesecharacteristics. Some instead steal or illicitly
acquire America’s hard-earned intellectual property and proprietary information to compensate
for their own systemic weaknesses.

Priority Actions
UNDERSTAND THE CHALLENGES: The U.S. Government

will develop a capability to integrate, monitor, andbetter understand the national security implications of unfair industry trends and the actions of
our rivals. We will explore new ways to share thisinformation with the private sector and academia
so they better understand their responsibilities incurtailing activities that undercut America’s NSIB.

Every year, competitors such as China steal U.S.
intellectual property valued at hundreds of billions of dollars. Stealing proprietary technology and early-stage ideas allows competitors to
unfairly tap into the innovation of free societies. Over the years, rivals have used sophisticated

PROTECT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: The United States

will reduce the illicit appropriation of U.S. pub-21

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGYlic and private sector technology and technicalthat access to energy is diversified, and recognizes
the importance of environmental stewardship.

knowledge by hostile foreign competitors. Whilemaintaining an investor-friendly climate, thisAccess to domestic sources of clean, affordable,
and reliable energy underpins a prosperous,
strengthen the Committee on Foreign Investment
secure, and powerful America for decades to come.
in the United States (CFIUS) to ensure it addresses
Un leash ing these abu nda nt
current and future nationa lenergy resources—coal, natural
security risks. The United Statesgas, petroleum, renewables, andwill prioritize counterintelnuclear—stimulates the econligence and law enforcement
For the first time inomy and builds a foundation for
activities to curtail intellectual
generations, the United
future growth. Our Nation must
property theft by all sources
take advantage of our wealth inStates will be an energyand will explore new legal anddomestic resources and energy
dominant nation.
regulatory mechanisms to preefficiency to promote competivent and prosecute violations.
tiveness across our industries.
Administration will work with the Congress to

TIGHTEN VISA PROCEDURES:The United States also anchors
the North American energy system, which is one of the most highly integrated in
the world. Our vibrant cross-border energy tradeand investment are vital for a robust and resilient
U.S. economy and energy market. We are committed to supporting energy initiatives that will
attract investments, safeguard the environment,
strengthen our energy security, and unlock theenormous potential of our shared region.

The United States will review
visa procedures to reduce economic theft by
non-traditional intelligence collectors. We willconsider restrictions on foreign ST EM students f rom desig nated cou ntr ies to ensu rethat intellectual property is not transferredto our competitors, while acknowledging theimportance of recruiting the most advanced technical workforce to the United States.

Climate policies will continue to shape the global
energy system. U.S. leadership is indispensable
to countering an anti-growth energy agenda thatis detrimental to U.S. economic and energy security interests. Given future global energy demand,
much of the developing world will require fossil
fuels, as well as other forms of energy, to power theireconomies and lift their people out of poverty. The
United States will continue to advance an approachthat balances energy security, economic development, and environmental protection. The UnitedStates will remain a global leader in reducing traditional pollution, as well as greenhouse gases, while
expanding our economy. Th is achievement, which
can serve as a model to other countries, flows frominnovation, technology breakthroughs, and energy
efficiency gains, not from onerous regulation.

PROTECT DATA AND UNDERLYING INFRASTRUCTURE:

The United States will expand our focus beyond
protecting networks to protecting the data on
those networks so that it remains secure—both atrest and in transit. To do this, the U.S. Government
w ill encou rage practices across compa n ies
and universities to defeat espionage and theft.

Embrace Energy DominanceFor the first time in generations, the United States
will be an energy-dominant nation. Energy dominance—America’s central position in the global
energy system as a leading producer, consumer, andinnovator—ensures that markets are free and U.S.
infrastructure is resilient and secure. It ensures

22

PILLAR II: PROMOTE AMERICAN PROSPERITY

As a growing supplier of energy resources, technologies, and services around the world, the UnitedStates will help our allies and partners become
more resilient against those that use energy tocoerce. America’s role as an energy exporter will
also require an assessment of our vulnerabilities
and a resilient American infrastructure.

ENSURE ENERGY SECURITY: The United States will
work with allies and partners to protect global
energy infrastructure from cyber and physicalthreats. The United States will support the diversification of energy sources, supplies, and routes
at home and abroad. We will modernize our strategic petroleum stocks and encourage othercountries to develop their own—consistent with
their national energy security needs.

Finally, the Nation’s long-term energy security
future rests with our people. We must invest in our
future by supporting innovation and R&D, including through the National Laboratories.

AT TAI N U N IVE RSAL E N E RGY ACCE SS : The UnitedStates will seek to ensure universal access toaffordable, reliable energy, including highly efficient fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewables, tohelp reduce poverty, foster economic growth,a nd promote prosper it y.

Priority Actions
REDUCE BARRIERS: The United States will promoteclean and safe development of our energy resources,
while limiting regulatory burdens that encumber energy production and constrain economic
growth. We will streamline the Federal regulatory approval processes for energy infrastructure,from pipeline and export terminals to container
shipments and gathering lines, while also ensuring
responsible environmental stewardship.

FURTHER AMERICA’S TECHNOLOGICAL EDGE: We will

improve America’s technological edge in energy,
including nuclear technology, next-generation
nuclear reactors, better batteries, advanced computing, carbon-capture technologies, and opportunities at the energy-water nexus. The United States
will continue to lead in innovative and efficientenergy technologies, recognizing the economicand environmental benefits to end users.

PROMOTE EXPORTS: The United States will pro-

mote exports of our energy resources, technologies, and services, which helps our allies and partners diversify their energy sources and brings
economic gains back home. We will expand ourexport capacity through the continued support ofprivate sector development of coastal terminals,
allowing increased market access and a greater
competitive edge for U.S. industries.

23

PILLAR III

Preserve Peace
Through Strength“As long as I am President, the servicemen and women who defend our
Nation will have the equipment, the resources, and the funding they need tosecure our homeland, to respond to our enemies quickly and decisively, and,
when necessary, to fight, to overpower, and to always, always, always win.”
PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP

A

central continuity in history is the contest for power. The present time period
is no different. Three main sets of chal-| DECEMBER 2017

States stands ready to cooperate across areas ofmutual interest with both countries.
For decades, U.S. policy was rooted in the belief
that support for China’s rise and for its integration into the post-war international order would
liberalize China. Contrary to our hopes, China
expanded its power at the expense of the sovereignty of others. China gathers and exploits
data on an unrivaled scale and spreads featuresof its authoritarian system, including corruption and the use of surveillance. It is building themost capable and well-funded military in theworld, after our own. Its nuclear arsenal is growing and diversify ing. Part of China’s military modernization and economic expansion is due to its
access to the U.S. innovation economy, including America’s world-class universities.

lengers—the revisionist powers of China andRussia, the rogue states of Iran and North Korea,
and transnational threat organizations, particularly jihadist terrorist groups—are actively competing against the United States and our allies
and partners. Although differing in nature andmagnitude, these rivals compete across political, economic, and military arenas, and use technology and information to accelerate these contests in order to shift regional balances of powerin their favor. These are fundamentally politicalcontests between those who favor repressive systems and those who favor free societies.
China and Russia want to shape a world antitheticalto U.S. values and interests. China seeks to displace

Russia aims to weaken U.S. influence in the world
and divide us from our allies and partners. Russia
views the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) and European Union (EU) as threats. Russia
is investing in new military capabilities, including nuclear systems that remain the most significant existential threat to the United States, and in

the United States in the Indo-Pacific region, expand
the reaches of its state-driven economic model,
and reorder the region in its favor. Russia seeks torestore its great power status and establish spheresof inf luence near its borders. The intentions ofboth nations are not necessarily fi xed. The United

25

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

destabilizing cyber capabilities. Th rough modern-tests will inf luence the political, economic, andized forms of subversive tactics, Russia interferes

military strength of the United States and ourin the domestic political affairs of countries aroundallies and partners.

the world. The combination of Russian ambition

To prevail, we must integrate all elements ofand growing military capabilities creates an unsta-

America’s national power—political, economic, andble frontier in Eurasia, where the risk of conflict

military. Our allies and partners must also con-due to Russian miscalculation is growing.

tribute the capabilities, and demonstrate the will,

The scourge of the world today is a small group of

to confront shared threats. Experience suggests

rogue regimes that violate all principles of freethat the willingness of rivals to abandon or forgo

and civilized states. The Iranian regime spon-

aggression depends on their perception of U.S.

sors terrorism around the world. It is developing

strength and the vitality of our alliances.

more capable ballistic missiles and has the poten-

The United States will seek areas of cooperation

tial to resume its work on nuclear weapons thatwith competitors from a position of strength, fore-

could threaten the United States and our part-most by ensuring our military power is second

ners. North Korea is ruled as a ruthless dictator-

to none and fully integrated with our allies andship without regard for human dignity. For more

all of our instruments of power. A strong mili-than 25 years, it has pursued nuclear weapons

tary ensures that our diplomats are able to oper-and ballistic missiles in defiance of every commit-

ate from a position of strength. In this way we can,ment it has made. Today, these missiles and weap-

together with our allies and partners, deter and if

ons threaten the United States and our allies. The

necessary, defeat aggression against U.S. interests

longer we ignore threats from countries deter-

and increase the likelihood of managing competi-

mined to proliferate and develop weapons of mass

tions without violent conflict and preserving peace.

destruction, the worse such threats become, andthe fewer defensive options we have.

Renew America’s
Competitive Advantages

The United States continues to wage a long war
against jihadist terrorist groups such as ISIS and
al-Qa’ida. These groups are linked by a common
radical Islamist ideology that encourages vio-

The United States must consider what is endur-lence against the United States and our partners

ing about the problems we face, and what is new.

and produces misery for those under their control.

The contests over inf luence are timeless. They

Although the United States and our partners have

have existed in varying degrees and levels of inten-

inflicted defeats on ISIS and al-Qa’ida in Syria andsity, for millennia. Geopolitics is the interplay of

Iraq, these organizations maintain global reachthese contests across the globe. But some condi-

with established branches in strategic locations.

tions are new, and have changed how these com-

The threat from jihadist terrorists will persist,

petitions are unfolding. We face simultaneouseven as we intensify efforts to prevent attacks onthreats from different actors across multiple are-Americans, our allies, and our partners.

nas—all accelerated by technology. The UnitedStates must develop new concepts and capabili-

Protecting American interests requires that weties to protect our homeland, advance our pros-

compete continuously within and across these

perity, and preserve peace.

contests, which are being played out in regions
around the world. The outcome of these con-

26

PILLAR III: PRESERVE PEACE THROUGH STRENGTH

Since the 1990s, the United States displayed a great

In addition, after being dismissed as a phenomenon of an earlier century, great power competition returned. China and Russia began to reassert
our military superiority was guaranteed and that
their influence regionally and globally. Today, theya democratic peace was inevitable. We believed
are fielding military capabilities designed to denythat liberal-democratic enlargement and incluAmerica access in times of crision would fundamentally alter
sis and to contest our ability to
the nature of international relaoperate freely in critical comtions and that competition would
mercial zones during peacetime.
give way to peaceful cooperation.
The United States will seek
In short, they are contesting ourareas of cooperation with
Instead of bu i ld ing m i ligeopolitical advantages and trytary capacity, as threats to ourcompetitors from a position
ing to change the international
nationa l securit y increased,order i n t hei r favor.
of strength, foremost by
the United States dramaticallyensuring our military
Moreover, deter rence today
cut the size of our military to
i s s i g n i f ic a nt ly m or e c ompowerissecondtonone
the lowest levels since 1940.
plex to achieve than during theInstead of developing importand fully integrated with
Cold Wa r. Adversa ries studant capabilities, the Joint Force
our allies and all of ouried the American way of war
entered a nearly decade long
instruments of power.
and began investing in capabil“procurement holiday” duringities that targeted our strengths
which the acquisition of new
and sought to exploit perceived
weapon systems was severely
weaknesses. The spread of acculimited. The breakdown of therate a nd i nex pen sive weap Nation’s annual Federal budgeting process, exemons and the use of cyber tools have allowed state
plified by sequestration and repeated continuand non-state competitors to harm the United
ing resolutions, further contributed to the eroStates across various domains. Such capabilision of America’s military dominance during aties contest what was until recently U.S. domitime of increasing threats.
nance across the land, air, maritime, space, andDespite decades of efforts to reform the way thatcyberspace domains. They also enable adversarthe United States develops and procures new weapies to attempt strategic att acks against the Unitedons, our acquisition system remained sclerotic.
States—without resorting to nuclear weapons—in
The Joint Force did not keep pace with emergways that could cripple our economy and our abiling threats or technologies. We got less for our
ity to deploy our military forces. Deterrence must
defense dollars, shortchanging American taxbe extended across all of these domains and mustpayers and warfighters.
address all possible strategic attacks.
degree of strategic complacency. We assumed that

In addition, adversaries and competitors became
adept at operating below the threshold of open
military conf lict and at the edges of international law. Repressive, closed states and organizations, although brittle in many ways, areoften more agile and faster at integrating economic, military, and especially informational

We also incorrectly believed that technology could
compensate for our reduced capacity—for the ability to field enough forces to prevail militarily, consolidate our gains, and achieve our desired political ends. We convinced ourselves that all wars
would be fought and won quickly, from stand-off
distances and with minimal casualties.

27

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

Renew Capabilities

means to achieve their goals. They are unencumbered by truth, by the rules and protections of privacy inherent in democracies, and by the law ofarmed conflict. They employ sophisticated political, economic, and military campaigns that combine discrete actions. They are patient and content to accrue strategic gains over time—making
it harder for the United States and our allies to
respond. Such actions are calculated to achieve
maximum effect without provoking a direct military response from the United States. And asthese incremental gains are realized, over time,a new status quo emerges.

Given the new features of the geopolitical environment, the United States must renew key capabilities to address the challenges we face.

Military
U.S. military strength remains a vital component of the competition for inf luence. The Joint
Force demonstrates U.S. resolve and commitment and provides us with the ability to fightand win across any plausible conflict that threatens U.S. vital interests.

The United States must prepare for this ty pe of competition. China, Russia, and other state and nonstate actors recognize that the United States often
views the world in binary terms, with states being
either “at peace” or “at war,” when it is actually an
arena of continuous competition. Our adversaries will not fight us on our terms. We will raise ourcompetitive game to meet that challenge, to protect American interests, and to advance our values.

T he Un ited States must reta in over match—the combination of capabilities in suff icientscale to prevent enemy success and to ensurethat America’s sons and daughters will never
be in a fair fight. Overmatch strengthens our
diplomacy and permits us to shape the international environment to protect our interests.
To retain military overmatch the United States
must restore our ability to produce innovative
capabilities, restore the readiness of our forces for
major war, and grow the size of the force so that it
is capable of operating at sufficient scale and for
ample duration to win across a range of scenarios.

Our diplomatic, intelligence, military, and economic agencies have not kept pace with the changes
in the character of competition. America’s military must be prepared to operate across a full spectrum of confl ict, across multiple domains at once.
To meet these challenges we must also upgrade
our political and economic instruments to operate
across these environments.

We must convince adversaries that we can andwill defeat them—not just punish them if they
att ack the United States. We must ensure the ability to deter potential enemies by denial, convincing them that they cannot accomplish objectives
through the use of force or other forms of aggression. We need our allies to do the same—to modernize, acquire necessary capabilities, improve readiness, expand the size of their forces, and affirm
the political will to win.

Bureaucratic inertia is powerful. But so is the talent, creativity, and dedication of Americans. Byaligning our public and private sector efforts we
can field a Joint Force that is unmatched. New
advances in computing, autonomy, and manufacturing are already transforming the way we fight.
When coupled with the strength of our allies andpartners, this advantage grows. The future that
we face is ours to win or lose. History suggeststhat Americans will rise to the occasion and that
we can shift trends back in favor of the UnitedStates, our a llies, and our pa rtners.

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PILLAR III: PRESERVE PEACE THROUGH STRENGTH

Priority Actions

IMPROVE READINESS: The United States must retaina ready force that is capable of protecting the homeland while defending U.S. interests. Readiness
requires a renewed focus on training, logistics,
and maintenance. We must be able to get to a theater in time to shape events quickly. This will
require a resilient forward posture and agile
global mobility forces.

M O D E R N IZ ATIO N : Ensuring that the U.S. military

can defeat our adversaries requires weapon systems that clearly overmatch theirs in lethality.
Where possible, we must improve existing systems
to maximize returns on prior investments. In otherareas we should seek new capabilities that create clear advan-

RETAIN A FULL-SPECTRUM FORCE:

tages for ou r m ilita r y wh ile

The Joint Force must remain
capable of deterring and defeatadversa r ies. We must elim iing the full range of threats to thedomestic manufacturingnate bureaucratic impediments
United States. The Department
sector, a solid defense
to innovation and embrace lessof Defense must develop new
expensive and time-intensive
industrial base, andoperational concepts and capacommercial off-the-shelf solubilities to win without assured
resilient supply chainstions. Departments and agendominance in air, maritime,
is a national priority.
cies must work with industry tola nd , space, a nd cyberspaceexperiment, prototype, and rapdom a i n s, i nclud i ng aga i n st
idly field new capabilities thatthose operating below the levelcan be easily upgraded as newof conventional military contechnologies come online.
flict. We must sustain our competence in irregular warfare, which requires planning for a longACQUISITION: The United States will pursue newterm, rather than ad hoc, fight against terrorist
approaches to acquisition to make better deals
networks and other irregular threats.
on behalf of the American people that avoid
posing costly dilemmas for our

Support for a vibrantcost overruns, eliminate bloated bureaucracies, and stop unnecessary delays so that we can

Defense Industrial Baseput the right equipment into the hands of our

A healthy defense industrial base is a critical element of U.S. power and the National Security
Innovation Base. The ability of the military tosurge in response to an emergency depends on
our Nation’s ability to produce needed parts andsystems, healthy and secure supply chains, and askilled U.S. workforce. The erosion of American
manufacturing over the last two decades, however, has had a negative impact on these capabilities and threatens to undermine the abilityof U.S. manufacturers to meet national security
requirements. Today, we rely on single domestic sources for some products and foreign supply
chains for others, and we face the possibility of not
being able to produce specialized components forforces. We must harness innovative technologies that are being developed outside of the traditional defense industrial base.
CAPACITY: The size of our force matters. To deter

conf lict and, if deterrence fails, to win in war,
the Nation must be able to f ield forces capable of operating in sufficient scale and for ample
duration to defeat enemies, consolidate military gains, and achieve sustainable outcomesthat protect the American people and our vitalinterests. The United States must reverse recent
decisions to reduce the size of the Joint Forcea nd grow the force wh ile modern izing a ndensuring readiness.

29

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

the military at home. As America’s manufacturing base has weakened, so too have critical workforce skills ranging from industrial welding, tohigh-technology skills for cybersecurity and aerospace. Support for a vibrant domestic manufacturing sector, a solid defense industrial base, and resilient supply chains is a national priority.

tial to prevent nuclear attack, non-nuclear strategic
attacks, and large-scale conventional aggression.
In addition, the extension of the U.S. nuclear deterrent to more than 30 allies and partners helps toassure their security, and reduces their need topossess their own nuclear capabilities.
Following the Cold War, the United States reduced
investments in our nuclear enterprise and reduced
the role of nuclear weapons in our strategy. Someparts of America’s strategic nuclear Triad of bombers, sea-based missiles, and land-based missiles areover 30 years old, and much of our nuclear infrastructure dates to the World War II era. At the sametime, however, nuclear-armed adversaries have
expanded their arsenals and range of delivery systems. The United States must maintain the credible deterrence and assurance capabilities provided
by our nuclear Triad and by U.S. theater nuclear
capabilities deployed abroad. Significant investment is needed to maintain a U.S. nuclear arsenal
and infrastructure that is able to meet national
security threats over the coming decades.

Priority Actions
UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM: We will evaluate thestrengths and weaknesses of our defense industrial base, including the identification of materials essential to national security, contingencies
that could affect supply chains, and technologies
that are likely to be critical for the future.
ENCOUR AGE HOMEL AND INVESTMENT: The UnitedStates will promote policies a nd incentives
that return key national security industries
to American shores. Where possible, the U.S.
Government will work with industry partners tostrengthen U.S. competitiveness in key technologies and manufacturing capabilities. In addition,
we will reform regulations and processes to facilitate the export of U.S. military equipment.

Priority ActionsSUSTAIN U.S. NUCLEAR WEAPONS: The United States

PROTECT AND GROW CRITICAL SKILLS: The United

will sustain a nuclear force structure that meets
our current needs and addresses unanticipatedrisks. The United States does not need to matchthe nuclear arsenals of other powers, but we mustsustain a stockpile that can deter adversaries,
assure allies and partners, and achieve U.S. objectives if deterrence fails.

States must maintain and develop skilled trades
and high-technology skills through increased
support for technical college and apprenticeship programs. We will support STEM efforts,
at the Federal and state levels, and target national
security technology areas.

MODERNIZE U. S. NUCLEAR FORCES AND INFRA-

Nuclear Forces

STRUCTURE: We will modernize our nuclear enterprise to ensure that we have the scientific, engineering, and manufacturing capabilities necessary to retain an effective and safe nuclear
Triad a nd respond to future nationa l security threats. Modernization and sustainment
require investing in our aging command andcontrol system and maintaining and growing

Nuclear weapons have served a vital purpose in
America’s National Security Strategy for the past
70 years. They are the foundation of our strategy to preserve peace and stability by deterring
aggression against the United States, our allies,
and our partners. While nuclear deterrence strategies cannot prevent all conflict, they are essen-

30

PILLAR III: PRESERVE PEACE THROUGH STRENGTH

est will be met with a deliberate response at a

the highly skilled workforce needed to develop,
ma nufacture, a nd deploy nuclea r weapons.

time, place, manner, and domain of our choosing.

MAINTAIN STABLE DETERRENCE: To avoid miscalculation, the United States will conduct discussions
with other states to build predictable relationships and reduce nuclear risks. We will consider
new arms control arrangements if they contributeto strategic stability and if they are verifiable. We
will not allow adversaries to use threats of nuclear
escalation or other irresponsible nuclear behaviors to coerce the United States, our allies, andour partners. Fear of escalation will not prevent
the United States from defending our vital interests and those of our allies and partners.

Priority Actions
ADVANCE SPACE AS A PRIORITY DOMAIN: America’s

newly re-established National Space Council,
chaired by the Vice President, will review America’s
long-range space goals and develop a strategy that
integrates all space sectors to support innovation and American leadership in space.
PROMOTE SPACE COMMERCE: The United States will

simplify and update regulations for commercial space activity to strengthen competitiveness.
As the U.S. Government partners with U.S. com-Space

mercial space capabilities to improve the resil-

The United States must maintain our leadershipand freedom of action in space. Communications
and fi nancial networks, military and intelligencesystems, weather monitoring, navigation, andmore have components in the space domain. As
U.S. dependence on space has increased, otheractors have gained access to space-based systems
and information. Governments and private sector
firms have the ability to launch satellites into spaceat increasingly lower costs. The fusion of data fromimagery, communications, and geolocation services allows motivated actors to access previously
unavailable information. Th is “democratization of
space” has an impact on military operations andon America’s ability to prevail in conflict.

sider extending national security protections toiency of our space architecture, we will also conour private sector partners as needed.
MAINTAIN LEAD IN EXPLORATION: To enable human

exploration across the solar system and to bringback to Earth new knowledge and opportunities, we will increase public-private partnerships
and promote ventures beyond low Earth orbit
with allies and friends.

Cyberspace
Malicious state and non-state actors use cyberattacks for extortion, information warfare, disinformation, and more. Such attacks have the capability
to harm large numbers of people and institutions

Many countries are purchasing satellites to support their own strategic military activities. Others
believe that the ability to attack space assets offers
an asymmetric advantage and as a result, are pursuing a range of anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons.
The United States considers unfettered access toand freedom to operate in space to be a vital interest. Any harmful interference with or an attack
upon critical components of our space architecture that directly affects this vital U.S. inter-with comparatively minimal investment and atroubling degree of deniability. These attacks canundermine faith and confidence in democratic
institutions and the global economic system.
Many countries now view cyber capabilities
as tools for projecting inf luence, and some use
cyber tools to protect and extend their autocratic
regimes. Cyberattacks have become a key featureof modern conflict. The United States will deter,

31

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

defend, and when necessary defeat malicious
actors who use cyberspace capabilities against theUnited States. When faced with the opportunity
to take action against malicious actors in cyberspace, the United States will be risk informed, but
not risk averse, in considering our options.

The ability of the United States to modernize
our military forces to overmatch our adversaries requires intelligence support. Intelligence isneeded to understand and anticipate foreign doctrine and the intent of foreign leaders, prevent tactical and operational surprise, and ensure that
U.S. capabilities are not compromised before
they are fielded. In addition, virtually all modern weapon systems depend upon data derived
from scientific and technical intelligence.

Priority Actions
I M P R O V E AT T R I B U T I O N , A C C O U N TA B I L I T Y, A N DRESPONSE: We will invest in capabilities to sup-The IC, as well as the law enforcement community,
offer unique abilities to defend against and mitigate threat actors operating below the threshold of
open conflict. Both communities have exceptionally strong liaison relationships throughout theworld, allowing the United States to cooperate withallies and partners to protect against adversaries.

port and improve our ability to attribute cyberattacks, to a llow for rapid response.
E N HANCE CYB E R TOOL S AN D E XPE RTISE : We will
improve our cyber tools across the spectrum ofconf lict to protect U.S. Government assets andU.S. critical infrastructure, and to protect the
integrity of data and information. U.S. departments a nd agencies will recruit, tra in, a ndretain a workforce capable of operating acrossthis spectrum of activity.

Priority Actions
IMPROVE UNDERSTANDING: To prevent the theft ofsensitive and proprietary information and maintain supply chain integrity, the United States must
increase our understanding of the economic policy priorities of our adversaries and improve
our ability to detect and defeat their attempts tocommit economic espionage.

I M P R O V E I N T E G R AT I O N A N D A G I L I T Y : We w i l l

improve the integration of authorities and procedures across the U.S. Government so thatcyber operations against adversaries can be
conducted as required. We will work with theCongress to address the challenges that continue
to hinder timely intelligence and information
sharing, planning and operations, and the development of necessary cyber tools.

HARNESS ALL INFORMATION AT OUR DISPOSAL: The

United States will, in concert with allies and partners, use the information-rich open-source environment to deny the ability of state and non-state
actors to attack our citizens, conduct offensive
intelligence activities, and degrade America’s
democratic institutions.

Intelligence
America’s ability to identify and respond to geostrategic and regional shifts and their political, economic, military, and security implications requiresthat the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) gather,analyze, discern, and operationalize information.
In this information-dominant era, the IC must continuously pursue strategic intelligence to anticipate geostrategic shifts, as well as shorter-term
intelligence so that the United States can respondto the actions and provocations of rivals.

FUSE INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS: The United States
will fuse our analysis of information derived fromthe diplomatic, information, military, and economic domains to compete more effectively on
the geopolitical stage.

32

PILLAR III: PRESERVE PEACE THROUGH STRENGTH

Diplomacy and Statecraft

Priority Actions
PRESERVE A FORWARD DIPLOMATIC PRESENCE: Our

Competitive Diplomacy

diplomats must be able to build and sustain rela-

Across the competitive landscape, America’s dip-

to-face diplomacy cannot be replaced by tech-tionships where U.S. interests are at stake. Face-lomats are our forward-deployed political capa-

nolog y. Relationships, developed over time,bility, advancing and defending America’s inter-create trust and shared understanding that theests abroad. Diplomacy catalyzes the political,

United States calls upon when confronting secu-

economic, and societal connections that createrity threats, responding to crises, and encour-

America’s enduring alignments and that build

aging others to share thepositive networks of rela-bu r d e n for t a ck l i n g t h e

t ion sh ips w it h pa r t ners .

world’s challenges. We must

D iplom ac y su s t a i n s d ialogue and fosters areas of

Diplomacy is indispensable tocooperation with compet-

identify and implement solutionsitors. It reduces the risk of
costly miscommunication.
D iplom ac y is i nd is p en s-

to conflicts in unstable regionsof the world short of militaryenable for wa rd- deployedfield work beyond the confines of diplomatic facilities,
including partnering withmilitary colleagues in con-involvement. It helps to galvanize

flict-affected states.

ment solut ion s to con-allies for action and marshal the

ADVANCE AMERICAN INTERESTS:f licts in unstable regions

collective resources of like-minded

I n t h e on goi n g c ont e s t sof the world short of mili-nations and organizations

for power, ou r d iplomats

to address shared problems.

must build and lead coali-

able to identify and imple-

tary involvement. It helps togalvanize allies for action
and marshal the collective

tions that advance shared
i nt er e s t s a n d a r t ic u lat e

resources of like-m inded

America’s vision in interna-

nations a nd orga n iza-

tional forums, in bilateraltions to address shared problems. Authoritarian

relationships, and at local levels within states.

states are eager to replace the United States

Our diplomats need additional flexibility to oper-

where the United States withdraws our diplo-

ate in complex conf lict-affected areas.

mats and closes our outposts.

CATALYZE OPPORTUNITIES: Diplomats must iden-

We must upg rade ou r d iplomat ic capabi l i-

tif y oppor tu n ities for com merce a nd coop -ties to compete in the current environment anderation , a nd faci lit ate t he cu lt u ra l, educa-

to embrace a competitive mindset. Effective
diplomacy requires the efficient use of limited

tiona l, and people-to-people exchanges that

resources, a professional diplomatic corps, modern

create the networks of current and future polit-

and safe facilities, and secure methods to commu-

ical, civil society, and educational leaders who

nicate and engage with local populations.

will extend a free and prosperous world.

33

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

Tools of Economic Diplomacy

Priority Actions

Retaining our position as the world’s preemi-

REINFORCE ECONOMIC TIES WITH ALLIES AND

nent economic actor strengthens our ability to

PARTNERS: We will strengthen economic ties as a

use the tools of economic diplomacy for the goodcore aspect of our relationships with like-mindedstates and use our economic expertise, markets, and resources to bolster states threatenedby ou r c omp e t it or s .

of Americans and others. Maintaining America’s
central role in international financial forums
enhances our security and prosperity by expanding a community of free market economies, defend-

DEPLOY ECONOMIC PRESSURE ON SECURITY THREATS:

ing against threats from state-led economies, andWe will use existing and pursue new economic
authorities and mobilize international actors
to increase pressure on threats to peace andsecurity in order to resolve confrontations shortof militar y action.

protecting the U.S. and international economy
from abuse by illicit actors.
We want to create wealth for Americans and ourallies and partners. Prosperous states are stron-

S E VE R SO U RCE S O F F U N D I N G : We will deny reve-ger security partners who are able to share thenue to terrorists, WMD proliferators, and otherillicit actors in order to constrain
their ability to use and movefunds to support hostile acts
and operations.

bu rden of con f ronting common threats. Fair and reciprocal trade, investments, andexchanges of knowledge deepen
our alliances and partnerships,

America's competitors

which are necessary to succeed

weaponize information

in today’s competitive geopoliti-

to attack the values andcal environment. Trade, export

institutions that underpin

Information Statecraft

America’s competitors weaponize information to attack thefree societies, while
eign assistance, and modernva lues a nd institutions thatshieldingthemselves
fromunderpin free societies, while
ized development finance tools
outsideinformation.
shielding themselves from outcan promote stability, prosperside information. They exploit
ity, and political reform, andmarketing techniques to tarbuild new partnerships based
get i nd iv idu a ls ba sed uponon the principle of reciprocity.
t hei r act iv it ies, i nterest s,
Economic tools—including sanctions, anti-monopinions, and values. They disseminate misey-laundering and anti-corruption measures, andi n for m at ion a nd propaga nd a .
promotion, targeted use of for-enforcement actions—can be important parts ofRisks to U.S. national security will grow as competitors integrate information derived from personal and commercial sources with intelligencecollection and data analytic capabilities basedon Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning. Breaches of U.S. commercial and government organizations also provide adversaries withdata and insights into their target audiences.

broader strategies to deter, coerce, and constrain
adversaries. We will work with like-minded partners to build support for tools of economic diplomacy against shared threats. Multilateral economic pressure is often more effective because it
limits the ability of targeted states to circumvent
measures and conveys united resolve.

34

PILLAR III: PRESERVE PEACE THROUGH STRENGTH

ACTIVATE LOCAL NETWORKS: Local voices are mostChina, for example, combines data and the use of AI
to rate the loyalty of its citizens to the state and uses
these ratings to determine jobs and more. Jihadist
terrorist groups continue to wage ideological information campaigns to establish and legitimize theirnarrative of hate, using sophisticated communications tools to attract recruits and encourage attacks
against Americans and our partners.

compelling and effective in ideological competitions. We must amplify credible voices and partner with them to advance alternatives to violent
and hateful messages. Since media and Internetcompanies are the platforms through which messages are transported, the private sector should
lend its creativity and resources to promoting the values that inspire and grow a community of civilized groups and individuals.

Russia uses information operations as part of its
offensive cyber efforts to inf luence public opinion across the globe. Its influence campaigns blend
covert intelligence operations and false online personas with state-funded media, third-party intermediaries, and paid social media users or “trolls.”

S HAR E R E S P O N S I B I LIT Y: The United States willurge states where radicalism thrives to takegreater responsibility for countering violent
messaging and promoting tolerant and pluralistic worldviews.

U.S. efforts to counter the exploitation of information by rivals have been tepid and fragmented. U.S.
efforts have lacked a sustained focus and have beenhampered by the lack of properly trained professionals. The American private sector has a directinterest in supporting and amplifying voicesthat stand for tolerance, openness, and freedom.

We w i l lreexamine legacy delivery platforms for communicating U.S. messages overseas. We must
consider more cost-effective and efficient ways
to deliver and evaluate content consistent with
U.S. national security interests.
U P G R A D E , TA I L O R , A N D I N N O VAT E :Priority Actions
P R IO R ITIZ E TH E CO M P E TITIO N : We will improve

our understanding of how adversaries gain informational and psychological advantages acrossall policies. The United States must empowera true public diplomacy capability to compete
effectively in this arena.
DRIVE EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS: We will craft
and direct coherent communications campaigns
to advance American influence and counter challenges from the ideological threats that emanate from radical Islamist groups and competitor
nations. These campaigns will adhere to American
values and expose adversary propaganda anddisinformation.

35

PILLAR IV

Advance American Influence“Above all, we value the dignity of every human life,
protect the rights of every person, and share the hope of every soul
to live in freedom. That is who we are.”
PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMPO| J U LY 2 0 1 7

ur America First foreign policy celebrates A merica’s in f luence in theworld as a positive force that can help
set the conditions for peace and prosperity andfor developing successful societies.

qualities have made America the richest coun-

There is no arc of history that ensures that America’s
free political and economic system will automatically prevail. Success or failure depends upon ouractions. This Administration has the confidence
to compete to protect our values and interests andthe fundamental principles that underpin them.

We lead by example. “The world has its eye upon

During the Cold War, a totalitarian threat fromthe Soviet Union motivated the free world to create coalitions in defense of liberty. Today’s challenges to free societies are just as serious, butmore diverse. State and non-state actors project inf luence and advance their objectives by
exploiting information, democratic media freedoms, and international institutions. Repressive
leaders often collaborate to subvert free societies
and corrupt multilateral organizations.

We are not going to impose our values on oth-try on earth—rich in culture, talent, opportunities, and material wealth.
The United States offers partnership to those whoshare our aspirations for freedom and prosperity.
America," Alexander Hamilton once observed. “Thenoble struggle we have made in the cause of liberty,
has occasioned a kind of revolution in human sentiment. The inf luence of our example has penetrated the gloomy regions of despotism.”
ers. Our alliances, partnerships, and coalitions
are built on free will and shared interests. When
the United States partners with other states, wedevelop policies that enable us to achieve ourgoals while our partners achieve theirs.
Allies and partners are a great strength of theUnited States. They add directly to U.S. political, economic, military, intelligence, and othercapabilities. Together, the United States and ourAround the world, nations and individuals admire
what America stands for. We treat people equallyand value and uphold the rule of law. We havea democratic system that allows the best ideas
to f lourish. We know how to grow economies sothat individuals can achieve prosperity. These

allies and partners represent well over half ofthe global GDP. None of our adversaries havecomparable coalitions.
We encourage those who want to join our community of like-minded democratic states and37

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

improve the condition of their peoples. By mod-ongoing integration of Central and Eastern Europe
into Western institutions after the Cold War.
In Asia, the United States worked with South Korea
and Japan, countries ravaged by war, to help them
become successful democracies and among themost prosperous economies
in the world.

ernizing U.S. instruments of diplomacy and development, we will catalyze conditions to help themachieve that goal. These aspiring partners include
states that are fragile, recovering from conf lict,and seeking a path forward tosustainable security and economic growth. Stable, prosper-

These achievements were products of patient partnerships
American security and boost
There is no arc of history
with those who aspired to build
U.S. economic opportunities.
prosperous societies and jointhat ensures that America’s
the community of democratic
We w i l l c ont i nue to ch a mfree political and economic
states. They resulted in mutupion A m e r ic a n v a lue s a n dsystem will automaticallyally beneficial relationships inoffer encouragement to thoseprevail. Success or failure
which the United States helpeds t r u g g l i n g for hu m a n d ig s t a t e s m o bi l i z e t h e i r ow ndepends upon our actions.
nity in their societies. There
resources to achieve transitions
can be no moral equivalency
to growth and stability. Working
between nations that uphold thewith these countries made therule of law, empower women,
United States wealthier andand respect individual rights
more competitive. This progress illustrates how
and those that brutalize and suppress their peoeffective foreign assistance programs should reachple. Through our words and deeds, America
their natural endpoint.
demonstrates a positive alternative to politicalous, and friendly states enhanceand religious despotism.

Today, the United States must compete for positive
relationships around the world. China and Russia
target their investments in the developing world to
expand influence and gain competitive advantages
against the United States. China is investing billions of dollars in infrastructure across the globe.
Russia, too, projects its inf luence economically,
through the control of key energy and other infrastructure throughout parts of Europe and Central
Asia. The United States provides an alternative tostate-directed investments, which often leave developing countries worse off. The United States pursues economic ties not only for market access but
also to create enduring relationships to advancecommon political and security interests.

Encourage Aspiring Partners
Some of the greatest triumphs of American statecraft resulted from helping fragile and developing countries become successful societies. These
successes, in turn, created profitable markets for
American businesses, allies to help achieve favorable regional balances of power, and coalition partners to share burdens and address a variety of problems around the world. Over time, the United States
has helped create a network of states that advanceour common interests and values.
Th is historical record is unprecedented and excep-

The United States will promote a development
model that partners with countries that want progress, consistent with their culture, based on freemarket principles, fair and reciprocal trade, private

tional. American support to aspiring partners
enabled the recovery of the countries of Western
Europe under the Marshall Plan, as well as the38

P I L L A R I V: A DVA N C E A M E R I C A N I N F L U E N C E

sector activity, and rule of law. The United States
will shift away from a reliance on assistance basedon grants to approaches that attract private capitaland catalyze private sector activity. We will emphasize reforms that unlock the economic potential of
citizens, such as the promotion of formal property
rights, entrepreneurial reforms, and infrastructure improvements—projects that help people earn
their livelihood and have the added benefit of helping U.S. businesses. By mobilizing both public andprivate resources, the United States can help maximize returns and outcomes and reduce the burden
on U.S. Government resources. Unlike the state-directed mercantilism of some competitors thatcan disadvantage recipient nations and promote
dependency, the purpose of U.S. foreign assistanceshould be to end the need for it. The United States
seeks strong partners, not weak ones.

companies. American-led investments represent
the most sustainable and responsible approachto development and offer a stark contrast to
the corrupt, opaque, exploitive, and low-quality deals offered by authoritarian states.

Priority Actions:
Developing Countries
M O B I L I Z E R E S O U R C E S : The United States will

modernize its development finance tools so that
U.S. companies have incentives to capitalize on
opportunities in developing countries. With
these changes, the United States will not be left
behind as other states use investment and project finance to extend their inf luence. In addition, the U.S. Government must not be an obstacle to U.S. compa n ies that wa nt to conductbusiness in the developing world.

U. S. development a ssist a nce must suppor t
America’s national interests. We will prioritize collaboration with aspiring partners that are alignedwith U.S. interests. We will focus on development
investments where we can have the most impact—
where local reformers are committed to tackling
their economic and political challenges.

CAPITALIZE ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES: We will incorporate innovative technologies in our diplomatic and development programs. For example, digital technologies enable millions to accessfinancial services through their cell phones andcan connect farmers to markets. Such technologies can reduce corruption, increase transparency, and help ensure that money reaches
its intended destination.

Within this framework, the United States will
also assist fragile states to prevent threats to the
U.S. homeland. Transnational threat organizations, such as jihadist terrorists and organizedcrime, often operate freely from fragile states
and undermine sovereign governments. Failingstates can destabilize entire regions.

INCENTIVIZE REFORMS: The United States will use

diplomacy and assistance to encourage states tomake choices that improve governance, rule oflaw, and sustainable development. We alreadydo th is th rough the Millen n iu m Cha llenge
Corporation, which selects countries that arecommitted to reform and then monitors andevaluates their projects.

Across Africa, Latin America, and Asia, states are
eager for investments and financing to develop
their infrastructure and propel growth. The
United States and its partners have opportunities to work with countries to help them realize their potential as prosperous and sovereignstates that are accountable to their people. Suchstates can become trading partners that buy more
American-made goods and create more predictable business environments that benefit American

Priority Actions: Fragile States
CO M M IT S E LE C TIV E LY: We will give priority tostrengthening states where state weaknesses or
failure would magnify threats to the American

39

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

h o m e l a n d . Fo r i n s t a n c e , e n g a g e m e n t i n

and an open, interoperable Internet are inseparable from the success of the U.S. economy.

Afghanistan seeks to prevent the reemergence ofterrorist safe havens.

Authoritarian actors have long recognized thepower of multilateral bodies and have used themto advance their interests and limit the freedomof their own citizens. If the United States cedes
leadership of these bodies to adversaries, opportunities to shape developments that are positive for the United States will be lost. All institutions are not equal, however. The United States
will prioritize its efforts in those organizations
that serve American interests, to ensure thatthey are strengthened and supportive of theUnited States, our allies, and our partners. Where
existing institutions and rules need modernizing, the United States will lead to update them.
At the same time, it should be clear that the UnitedStates will not cede sovereignty to those that claim
authority over American citizens and are in conflict with our constitutional framework.

WORK WITH REFORMERS: Political problems are at

the root of most state fragility. The United States
will prioritize programs that empower reformminded governments, people, and civil society. As
the United States designs its efforts, inputs fromlocal actors improve the likelihood of enduringsolutions, reduce costs, and increase accountability to the American taxpayer.
SYNCHRONIZE ACTIONS: The United States must

use its diplomatic, economic, and military tools
simultaneously when assisting aspiring partners. We w i l l place a pr ior it y on econom ic
support that achieves local and macroeconomic
stability, helps build capable security forces, andstrengthens the rule of law.

Achieve Better Outcomesin Multilateral Forums

Priority Actions
EXERCISE LEADERSHIP IN POLITICAL AND SECURIT Y

The United States must lead and engage in the

BODIES: The United States will strive for outcomes

multinational arrangements that shape manyin political and security forums that are consistent with U.S. interests and values—values which
are shared by our allies and partners. The United
Nations can help contribute to solving many of
the complex problems in the world, but it must be
reformed and recommit to its founding principles. We will require accountability and emphasize shared responsibility among members. If theUnited States is asked to provide a disproportionate level of support for an institution, we will expect
a commensurate degree of inf luence over the
direction and efforts of that institution.

of the rules that affect U.S. interests and values.
A competition for influence exists in these institutions. As we participate in them, we must protect American sovereignty and advance Americaninterests and values.
A range of international institutions establishes
the rules for how states, businesses, and individuals interact with each other, across land and sea,
the Arctic, outer space, and the digital realm. It isvital to U.S. prosperity and security that these institutions uphold the rules that help keep these common domains open and free. Free access to the seas

SHAPE AND REFORM INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL AND

remains a central principle of national security

TRADE INSTITUTIONS: The United States will continue
to play a leading role in institutions such as theInternational Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank,and World Trade Organization (WTO), but will

and economic prosperity, and exploration of sea
and space provides opportunities for commercial
gain and scientific breakthroughs. The flow of data

40

P I L L A R I V: A DVA N C E A M E R I C A N I N F L U E N C E

improve their performance through reforms. Thesethe law. America’s core principles, enshrined inreforms include encouraging multilateral devel-

the Declaration of Independence, are secured byopment banks to invest in high-quality infrastruc-the Bill of Rights, which proclaims our respect

ture projects that promote economic growth. We

for fundamental individual liberties beginningwill press to make the WTO a more effective forumwith the freedoms of religion, speech, the press,

to adjudicate unfair trade practices.

and assembly. Liberty, free enterprise, equaljustice under the law, and the dignity of every

ENSURE COMMON DOMAINS

human life are central to who

REMAIN FREE: The United States

we a re a s a people.

will provide leadership andtechnology to shape and govern common domains—space,

For much of the world,c yberspace, a i r, a nd m a r i-

America’s liberties aretime—within the framework ofinspirational, and the Unitedinternational law. The United
St ates suppor t s t he peace -States will always stand

These principles form the found at ion of ou r most endu ring alliances, and the UnitedStates will continue to champion them. Governments that
respect the rights of their cit-f u l r e s olut ion of d i s put e swith those who seek freedom.

izens remain the best vehi-

under international law but

We will remain a beaconcle for prosperity, human hap-will use all of its instrumentsof power to defend U.S. interests and to ensure commonof liberty and opportunity
around the world.

piness, and peace. In contrast,
governments that routinely
abuse the rights of their citizens do not play constructive

domains remain free.

roles in the world. For example,

PROTECT A FREE AND OPEN

governments that fail to treat

I NTE R N E T: The United States

women equally do not allow

will advocate for open, interoperable commu-

their societies to reach their potential.

nications, with minimal barriers to the global
exchange of information and services. The United

No nation can unilaterally alleviate all humanStates will promote the free flow of data and pro-suffering, but just because we cannot help every-

tect its interests through active engagement in key

one does not mean that we should stop trying

organizations, such as the Internet Corporation

to help anyone. For much of the world, America’sfor Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), theliberties are inspirational, and the United States

Internet Governance Forum (IGF), the UN, and thewill always stand with those who seek free-International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

dom. We will remain a beacon of liberty andopportunity around the world.
The United States also remains committed toChampion American Values

supporting and advancing religious freedom—
America’s first freedom. Our Founders under-

The extraordinary trajectory of the United Statesstood religious freedom not as the state’s creation,from a group of colonies to a thriving, industrial-

but as the gift of God to every person and a funda-

ized, sovereign republic—the world's lone super-

mental right for our flourishing society.

power—is a testimony to the strength of the idea
on which our Nation is founded, namely that

And it is part of our culture, as well as in America’s

each of our citizens is born free and equal underinterest, to help those in need and those trying to41

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

build a better future for their families. We aid others judiciously, aligning our means to our objectives, but with a firm belief that we can improve
the lives of others while establishing conditions
for a more secure and prosperous world.

PROTECT RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND RELIGIOUS
MINORITIES: We will advocate on behalf of religious
freedom and threatened minorities. Religious
minorities continue to be victims of violence. We
will place a priority on protecting these groups
and will continue working with regional partners
to protect minority communities from attacks
and to preserve their cultural heritage.

Priority Actions
SUPPORT THE DIGNITY OF INDIVIDUALS: We support,

REDUCE HUMAN SUFFERING: The United States willwith our words and actions, those who live under
oppressive regimes and who seek freedom, individual dignity, and the rule of law. We are under
no obligation to offer the benefits of our free andprosperous community to repressive regimes andhuman rights abusers. We may use diplomacy,
sanctions, and other tools to isolate states and leaders who threaten our interests and whose actions
run contrary to our values. We will not remainsilent in the face of evil. We will hold perpetrators of genocide and mass atrocities accountable.

continue to lead the world in humanitarian assistance. Even as we expect others to share responsibility, the United States will continue to catalyze international responses to man-made andnatural disasters and provide our expertise andcapabilities to those in need. We will support
food security and health programs that save lives
and address the root cause of hunger and disease. We will support displaced people close to
their homes to help meet their needs until they
can safely and voluntarily return home.

DEFEAT TRANSNATIONAL TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS:

There can be no greater action to advance therights of individuals than to defeat jihadist terrorists and other groups that foment hatred and use
violence to advance their supremacist Islamist ideologies. We will continue to join with other states todefeat this scourge of all civilized peoples.
E M P O W E R W O M E N A N D YO U T H : Societ ies t hat

empower women to participate fully in civic andeconomic life are more prosperous and peaceful. We will support efforts to advance women’s equality, protect the rights of women andgirls, and promote women and youth empowerment programs.

42

The Strategy
in a Regional Context
The United States must tailor our approaches to different regions of theworld to protect U.S. national interests. We require integrated regional strategies that appreciate the nature and magnitude of threats, the intensity ofcompetitions, and the promise of available opportunities, all in the context
of local political, economic, social, and historical realities.

C

hanges in a regional balance of power canhave global consequences and threaten
U.S. interests. Markets, raw materials, lines of communication, and human capitalare located within, or move among, key regionsof the world. China and Russia aspire to project power worldwide, but they interact most with
their neighbors. North Korea and Iran also posethe greatest menace to those closest to them. But,
as destructive weapons proliferate and regions
become more interconnected, threats become
more difficult to contain. And regional balancesthat shift against the United States could combine
to threaten our security.

tors. Terrorists and criminals thrive where governments are weak, corruption is rampant, andfaith in government institutions is low. Strategiccompetitors often exploit rather than discourage corruption and state weakness to extract
resources and exploit their populations.
Regions afflicted by instability and weak governments also offer opportunities to improve security, promote prosperity, and restore hope. Aspiring
partner states across the developing world want
to improve their societies, build transparent andeffective governments, confront non-state threats,and strengthen their sovereignty. Many recognize the opportunities offered by market economies and political liberties and are eager for partnership with the United States and our allies. The
United States will encourage aspiring partners as
they undertake reforms and pursue their aspirations. States that prosper and nations that transition from recipients of development assistanceto trading partners offer economic opportunities
for American businesses. And stability reduces
threats that target Americans at home.

The United States must marshal the will andcapabilities to compete and prevent unfavorable
shifts in the Indo-Pacific, Europe, and the Middle
East. Sustaining favorable balances of power will
require a strong commitment and close cooperation with allies and partners because allies andpartners magnify U.S. power and extend U.S. influence. They share our interests and responsibility
for resisting authoritarian trends, contesting radical ideologies, and deterring aggression.
In other regions of the world, instability and weak
governance threaten U.S. interests. Some governments are unable to maintain security andmeet the basic needs of their people, making
their country and citizens vulnerable to preda-

Indo-Pacific
A geopolitical competition between free andrepressive visions of world order is taking place in
the Indo-Pacific region. The region, which stretches

45

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGYfrom the west coast of India to the western shores

eration of the world’s most destructive weapons
across the Indo-Pacific region and beyond.

of the United States, represents the most populous
and economically dynamic part of the world. The

U.S. allies are critical to responding to mutual
threats, such as North Korea, and preserving ourback to the earliest days of our republic.
mutual interests in the Indo-Pacific region. Our
alliance and friendship with South Korea, forged
Although the United States seeks to continue toby the trials of history, is stroncooperate with China, China
ger than ever. We welcome
is using econom ic induceand support the strong leadments and penalties, inf luership role of our critical ally,ence operations, and implied
Sustaining favorable balances
Japan. Australia has fought
military threats to persuade
of
power
will
requireaalongside us in every signifother states to heed its political
ica nt con f lict since Worldand security agenda. China’s
strong commitment and close
War I, and continues to reininfrastructure investments
cooperation with allies andforce economic and security
and trade strategies reinforce
partners because allies andarrangements that support ourits geopolitical aspirations.
partners
magnify
U.S.
power
shared interests and safeguard
Its efforts to build and milidemo c rat ic va lue s ac ros s
tarize outposts in the Southand extend U.S. influence.
the region. New Zealand is
China Sea endanger the freea key U.S. partner contribflow of trade, threaten the sovuting to peace and security
ereignty of other nations, andacross the region. We welcome
undermine regional stabilIndia’s emergence as a leading global power andity. China has mounted a rapid military modernstronger strategic and defense partner. We will
ization campaign designed to limit U.S. access toseek to increase quadrilateral cooperation withthe region and provide China a freer hand there.
Japan, Australia, and India.
China presents its ambitions as mutually benU.S. interest in a free and open Indo-Pacific extends

eficial, but Chinese dominance risks diminish-

In Southeast Asia, the Philippines and Thailandr em a i n i mp or t a nt a l l ie s a n d m a rket s for
Americans. Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, andSingapore are growing security and economic
partners of the United States. The Association ofSoutheast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation (APEC) remain centerpiecesof the Indo-Pacific’s regional architecture and platforms for promoting an order based on freedom.

ing the sovereignty of many states in the IndoPacific. States throughout the region are callingfor sustained U.S. leadership in a collective
response that upholds a regional order respectful of sovereignty and independence.
In Northeast Asia, the North Korean regime is
rapidly accelerating its cyber, nuclear, and ballistic m issile progra ms. Nor th Korea’s pursuit of these weapons poses a global threat that
requires a global response. Continued provo-

Priority Actions

cations by North Korea will prompt neighboring countries and the United States to further

POLITICAL: Our vision for the Indo-Pacific excludes

strengthen security bonds and take additional

no nation. We will redouble our commitment toestablished alliances and partnerships, while
expanding and deepening relationships with newmeasures to protect themselves. And a nuclear-armed North Korea could lead to the prolif-

46

THE STRATEGY IN A REGIONAL CONTEXT

partners that share respect for sovereignty, fair andTaiwan Relations Act to provide for Taiwan’s legit-

reciprocal trade, and the rule of law. We will rein-

imate defense needs and deter coercion. We will

force our commitment to freedom of the seas andexpand our defense and security cooperation withthe peaceful resolution of territorial and maritime

India, a Major Defense Partner of the United States,

disputes in accordance with international law.

and support India’s growing relationships through-We will work with allies and partners to achieve

out the region. We will re-energize our alliancescomplete, verifiable, and irreversible denuclear-with the Philippines and Thailand and strengthen

ization on the Korean Peninsula and preserve

our pa rtnersh ips with Singapore, Vietna m,

the non-proliferation regime in Northeast Asia.

Indonesia, Malaysia, and others to help them
become cooperative maritime partners.

E CO N O M I C : The United States will encourageregional cooperation to maintain free and open
seaways, transparent infrastructure financing

Europepractices, unimpeded commerce, and the peaceful resolution of disputes. We will pursue bilateral

A strong and free Europe is of vital importance totrade agreements on a fair and reciprocal basis. We

the United States. We are bound together by our

will seek equal and reliable access for Americanshared commitment to the principles of democracy,exports. We will work with partners to build a net-

individual liberty, and the rule of law. Together, we

work of states dedicated to free markets and pro-rebuilt Western Europe after World War II and cre-tected from forces that would subvert their sover-ated institutions that produced stability and wealtheignty. We will strengthen cooperation with allies

on both sides of the Atlantic. Today, Europe is one

on high-quality infrastructure. Working withof the most prosperous regions in the world andAustralia and New Zealand, we will shore up frag-our most significant trading partner.

ile partner states in the Pacific Islands region to
reduce their vulnerability to economic f luctu-

Although the menace of Soviet communism isations and natural disasters.

gone, new threats test our will. Russia is using
subversive measures to weaken the credibil-

MILITARY AND SECURITY: We will maintain a forward

ity of America’s commitment to Europe, under-

military presence capable of deterring and, if nec-

mine transatlantic unity, and weaken European

essary, defeating any adversary. We will strengthen

institutions and governments. With its inva-

our long-standing military relationships andsions of Georgia and Ukraine, Russia demon-

encourage the development of a strong defense net-strated its willingness to violate the sovereignty

work with our allies and partners. For example,of states in the region. Russia continues to intim-

we will cooperate on missile defense with Japanidate its neighbors with threatening behavior,and South Korea to move toward an area defense

such as nuclear posturing and the forward deploy-capability. We remain ready to respond with over-ment of offensive capabilities.

whelming force to North Korean aggression andwill improve options to compel denuclearization

China is gaining a strategic foothold in Europe byof the peninsula. We will improve law enforce-

expanding its unfair trade practices and invest-

ment, defense, and intelligence cooperation with

ing in key industries, sensitive technologies, andSoutheast Asian partners to address the growing

infrastructure. Europe also faces immediate

terrorist threat. We will maintain our strong ties

threats from violent Islamist extremists. Attacks

with Taiwan in accordance with our “One China”

by ISIS and other jihadist groups in Spain, France,

policy, including our commitments under theGermany, Belgium, the United Kingdom, and47

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

other countries show that our European partners
continue to face serious threats. Instability in the
Middle East and Africa has triggered the movementof millions of migrants and refugees into Europe,
exacerbating instability and tensions in the region.

growth. We will encourage European foreign direct
investment in the United States to create jobs. We
will work with our allies and partners to diversify European energy sources to ensure the energy
security of European countries. We will workwith our partners to contest China’s unfair trade

The United States is safer when Europe is prosperous and stable, and can help defend our sharedinterests and ideals. The United States remains
firmly committed to our European allies and partners. The NATO alliance of free and sovereignstates is one of our great advantages over our competitors, and the United States remains committed to Article V of the Washington Treaty.

and economic practices and restrict its acquisition of sensitive technologies.
MILITARY AN D SECU RIT Y: The United States ful-

fills our defense responsibilities and expects others to do the same. We expect our European allies
to increase defense spending to 2 percent of grossdomestic product by 2024, with 20 percent of thisspending devoted to increasing military capa-

European allies and partners increase our strategic reach and provide access to forward basing andoverflight rights for global operations. Together
we confront shared threats. European nations
are contributing thousands of troops to help fightjihadist terrorists in Afghanistan, stabilize Iraq,
and fight terrorist organizations across Africa
and the greater Middle East.

bilities. On NATO’s eastern f lank we will continue to strengthen deterrence and defense, andcatalyze frontline allies and partners’ efforts
to better defend themselves. We will work with
NATO to improve its integrated air and missile defense capabilities to counter existing andprojected ballistic and cruise missile threats,
particularly from Iran. We will increase counter-

The NATO alliance will become stronger when all
members assume greater responsibility for andpay their fair share to protect our mutual interests,
sovereignty, and values.

terrorism and cybersecurity cooperation.

Middle East
The United States seeks a Middle East that isPriority Actions

not a safe haven or breeding ground for jihadist

POLITICAL: The United States will deepen collabora-

terrorists, not dominated by any power hostile totion with our European allies and partners to confront forces threatening to undermine our common values, security interests, and shared vision.
The United States and Europe will work together
to counter Russian subversion and aggression,and the threats posed by North Korea and Iran.
We will continue to advance our shared principles and interests in international forums.

the United States, and that contributes to a stable

ECONOMIC: The United States will work with theEuropean Union, and bilaterally with the United
Kingdom and other states, to ensure fair and reciprocal trade practices and eliminate barriers to

insulate us from the region’s problems. We must

global energy market.
For years, the interconnected problems of Iranian
expansion, state collapse, jihadist ideolog y,socio-economic stagnation, and regional rivalries have convulsed the Middle East. The UnitedStates has learned that neither aspirations for democratic transformation nor disengagement canbe realistic about our expectations for the region
without allowing pessimism to obscure our interests or vision for a modern Middle East.

48

THE STRATEGY IN A REGIONAL CONTEXT

aging cooperation among partners in the region,
the United States can promote stability and a balance of power that favors U.S. interests.

The region remains home to the world’s most dangerous terrorist organizations. ISIS and al-Qa’ida
thrive on instability and export violent jihad. Iran,the world’s leading state sponsor of terrorism, hastaken advantage of instability to expand its influence through partners and proxies, weapon proliferation, and funding. It continues to develop morecapable ballistic missiles and intelligence capabilities, and it undertakes malicious cyber activities. These activities have continued unabatedsince the 2015 nuclear deal. Iran continues to perpetuate the cycle of violence in the region, causing grievous harm to civilian populations. Rival
states are filling vacuums created by state collapse and prolonged regional conf lict.

Priority Actions
POLITICAL: We will strengthen partnerships, andform new ones, to help advance security throughstability. Whenever possible, we will encourage
gradual reforms. We will support efforts to counterviolent ideologies and increase respect for the dignity of individuals. We remain committed to helping our partners achieve a stable and prosperous
region, including through a strong and integrated
Gulf Cooperation Council. We will strengthen our
long-term strategic partnership with Iraq as an
Despite these challenges, there are emerging
independent state. We will seek a settlement to theopportunities to advance American interests in
Syrian civil war that sets the conditions for refuthe Middle East. Some of our partners are working
gees to return home and rebuild their lives in safety.
together to reject radical ideologies, and key leadWe will work with partners to deny the Iranianers are calling for a rejection of Islamist extremregime a ll paths to a nuclear
ism and violence. Encouraging
weapon and neutralize Iranianpolitical stability and sustainmalign inf luence. We remainable prosperity would contribcommitted to helping facilitate
Terrorists and criminals
ute to dampening the conditions
a comprehensive peace agreethat fuel sectarian grievances.
thrive wherement that is acceptable to bothgovernments are weak,
For generat ion s t he c onIsraelis and Palestinians.
f l ic t bet ween Israel a nd t hecorruption is rampant,
E C O N O M I C : T he Un ited States
Pa lestinians has been underand faith in government
will support the reforms unders t o o d a s t h e pr i m e i r r it a nt
institutions is low.
way that begin to address corepr e vent i n g p e a c e a n d pr o s inequities that jihadist terrorp er it y i n t he reg ion . To d ay,
ists exploit. We will encourage
the threats from jihadist terstates in the region, including
ror ist orga n i zations a nd t he
Egypt and Saudi Arabia, to continue modernizthreat from Iran are creating the realization thating their economies. We will play a role in catalyzIsrael is not the cause of the region’s problems.
ing positive developments by engaging economiStates have increasingly found common intercally, supporting reformers, and championing theests with Israel in confronting common threats.
benefits of open markets and societies.
Today, the United States has the opportunity to
MILITARY AND SECURITY: We will retain the necescatalyze greater economic and political cooperation that will expand prosperity for those whosary American military presence in the region towant to partner with us. By revitalizing partnerprotect the United States and our allies from terships with reform-minded nations and encourrorist attacks and preserve a favorable regional

49

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

Priority Actionsbalance of power. We will assist regional partners in strengthening their institutions andcapabilities, including in law enforcement, toconduct counterterrorism and counterinsurgency efforts. We will help partners procureinteroperable missile defense and other capabilities to better defend against active missile
threats. We will work with partners to neutralize Iran’s malign activities in the region.

POLITICAL: We will deepen our strategic partner-

ship with India and support its leadership rolein Indian Ocean security and throughout thebroader region. We will press Pakistan to intensify its counterterrorism efforts, since no partnership can survive a country’s support for militants and terrorists who target a partner’s own
service members and officials. The United States
will also encourage Pakistan to continue demonstrating that it is a responsible steward of its
nuclear assets. We will continue to partner with
Afghanistan to promote peace and security in theregion. We will continue to promote anti-corruption reform in Afghanistan to increase the legitimacy of its government and reduce the appeal ofviolent extremist organizations. We will help South
Asian nations maintain their sovereignty as China
increases its inf luence in the region.

South and Central Asia
With over a quarter of the world’s population, afifth of all U.S.-designated terrorist groups, several
fast-growing economies, and two nuclear-armed
states, South and Central Asia present some of themost complicated national security challenges
and opportunities. The region spans the terrorist
threats emanating from the Middle East and thecompetition for power unfolding in Europe andthe Indo-Pacific. The United States continues toface threats from transnational terrorists and militants operating from within Pakistan. The prospect
for an Indo-Pakistani military conflict that could
lead to a nuclear exchange remains a key concern
requiring consistent diplomatic attention.

ECONOMIC: We will encourage the economic inte-

gration of Central and South Asia to promote
prosperity and economic linkages that will bolster connectivity and trade. And we will encourage India to increase its economic assistancein the region. In Pakistan, we will build tradeand investment ties as security improves and as
Pakistan demonstrates that it will assist the UnitedStates in our counterterrorism goals.

U.S. interests in the region include countering terrorist threats that impact the security of the U.S.
homeland and our allies, preventing cross-borderterrorism that raises the prospect of military andnuclear tensions, and preventing nuclear weapons, technology, and materials from falling into
the hands of terrorists. We seek an American presence in the region proportionate to threats to thehomeland and our allies. We seek a Pakistan that is
not engaged in destabilizing behavior and a stable
and self-reliant Afghanistan. And we seek Central
Asian states that are resilient against domination
by rival powers, are resistant to becoming jihadist safe havens, and prioritize reforms.

M I L I TA R Y A N D S E C U R I T Y: We are committed tosupporting the Afghan government and security
forces in their fight against the Taliban, al-Qa’ida,
ISIS, and other terrorists. We will bolster thefighting strength of the Afghan security forces
to convince the Taliban that they cannot win on
the battlefield and to set the conditions for diplomatic efforts to achieve enduring peace. We willinsist that Pakistan take decisive action against
militant and terrorist groups operating from its
soil. We will work with the Central Asian states
to guarantee access to the region to support ourcounterterrorism efforts.

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THE STRATEGY IN A REGIONAL CONTEXT

Western Hemispheretions with key countries in the region. Together,
we will build a stable and peaceful hemispherethat increases economic opportunities for all,improves governance, reduces the power of criminal organizations, and limits the malign inf luence of non-hemispheric forces.

Stable, friendly, and prosperous states in theWestern Hemisphere enhance our security andbenefit our economy. Democratic states connected by shared values and economic interests
will reduce the violence, drug trafficking, and illegal immigration that threaten our common security, and will limit opportunities for adversaries to operate from areas of close proximity to us.

Priority Actions
POLITICAL: We will catalyze regional efforts to build

security and prosperity through strong diplomatic
engagement. We will isolate governments that
refuse to act as responsible partners in advancing
hemispheric peace and prosperity. We look forward
to the day when the people of Cuba and Venezuela
can enjoy freedom and the benefits of shared prosperity, and we encourage other free states in thehemisphere to support this shared endeavor.

In the last half century, parts of this hemisphere
were marred by dictatorships and insurgencies
that killed tens of thousands of people. Today,
this region stands on the cusp of prosperity andpeace, built upon democracy and the rule of law.
U.S. trade in the region is thriving and market
opportunities for American goods and services,energy and infrastructure projects, and foreign
direct investment continue to expand.

ECONOMIC: We will modernize our trade agree-ments and deepen our economic ties with theregion and ensure that trade is fair and reciprocal.
We will encourage further market-based economic
reforms and encourage transparency to create conditions for sustained prosperity. We will ensure
the U.S. financial system does not serve as a havenor transit point for criminal proceeds.

Challenges remain, however. Transnational criminal organizations—including gangs and cartels—
perpetuate violence and corruption, and threaten
the stability of Central American states including Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. In
Venezuela and Cuba, governments cling to anachronistic leftist authoritarian models that continue to fail their people. Competitors have foundoperating space in the hem isphere.

MILITARY AND SECURITY: We will build upon local
efforts and encourage cultures of lawfulness to
reduce crime and corruption, including by supporting local efforts to professionalize police andother security forces; strengthen the rule of law
and undertake judicial reform; and improve information sharing to target criminals and corrupt
leaders and disrupt illicit trafficking.

China seeks to pull the region into its orbit throughstate-led investments and loans. Russia continues its failed politics of the Cold War by bolstering its radical Cuban allies as Cuba continues torepress its citizens. Both China and Russia support the dictatorship in Venezuela and are seeking to expand military linkages and arms sales
across the region. The hemisphere’s democratic
states have a shared interest in confronting threats
to their sovereignty.
Canada and the United States share a uniquestrategic and defense partnership. The UnitedStates also has important and deepening rela-

51

NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

Africatices undermine Africa’s long-term development
by corrupting elites, dominating extractive industries, and locking countries into unsustainable
and opaque debts and commitments.

Africa remains a continent of promise and enduring challenges. Africa contains many of the world’s
fastest growing economies, which represent potential new markets for U.S. goods and services.
Aspiring partners across the continent are eager
to build market-based economies and enhance stability. The demand for quality American exports ishigh and will likely grow as Africa’s population andprosperity increase. People across the continent are
demanding government accountability and lesscorruption, and are opposing autocratic trends. The
number of stable African nations has grown since
the independence era as numerous countries haveemerged from devastating conflicts and undergone
democratic transitions.

The United States seeks sovereign African statesthat are integrated into the world economy, able
to provide for their citizens’ needs, and capable ofmanaging threats to peace and security. Improved
governance in these states supports economic
development and opportunities, diminishes theattraction of illegal migration, and reduces vulnerability to extremists, thereby reducing instability.

Priority Actions
POLITICAL: The United States will partner withgovernments, civil society, and regional organiDespite this progress, many states face politicalzations to end long-running, violent conf licts.
turbulence and instability that spills into otherWe will encourage reform, working with promregions. Corruption and weak governance threaten
ising nations to promote effective governance,
to undermine the politicalimprove the rule of law, andbenefits that should emerge
develop institutions accountfrom new economic opportuable and responsive to citnities. Many African statesizens. We will continue to
We will encourage reform,
are battlegrounds for viorespond to hu ma n it a r ia n
working with promising nations
lent extremism and jihadneeds wh ile a lso work ing
ist terrorists. ISIS, al-Qa’ida,
to promote effective governance,with committed governmentsa nd t hei r a f f i l iates operand regional organizations
improve the rule of law, andate on t he c ont i nent a nd
to address the root causes ofdevelop institutions accountable
have increased the letha lhuman suffering. If necesity of their attacks, expanded
and responsive to citizens.
sary, we are prepared to sancinto new areas, and targetedtion gover n ment off icia ls
U.S. citizens and interests.
and institutions that prey
African nations and regionalon their citizens and comorganizations have demonmit atrocities. When there is
strated a commitment to confront the threat
no alternative, we will suspend aid rather thanfrom jihadist terrorist organizations, but theirsee it exploited by corrupt elites.
secu r it y capabi l it ies rem a i n wea k .
ECONOMIC: We will expand trade and commercial
China is expanding its economic and militaryties to create jobs and build wealth for Americans
presence in Africa, growing from a small invesand Africans. We will work with reform-oriented
tor in the continent two decades ago into Africa’s
governments to help establish conditions that canlargest trading partner today. Some Chinese practransform them into trading partners and improve52

THE STRATEGY IN A REGIONAL CONTEXT

their business environment. We will support economic integration among African states. We will
work with nations that seek to move beyond assistance to partnerships that promote prosperity.
We will offer American goods and services, bothbecause it is profitable for us and because it serves
as an alternative to China’s often extractive economic footprint on the continent.
MILITARY AND SECURITY: We will continue to workwith partners to improve the ability of their security services to counter terrorism, human trafficking, and the illegal trade in arms and natural
resources. We will work with partners to defeat
terrorist organizations and others who threaten
U.S. citizens and the homeland.

53

Conclusion
This National Security Strategy sets a positive strategic direction for the UnitedStates that is meant to reassert America’s advantages on the world stage and tobuild upon our country’s great strengths. During the Trump Administration,
the American people can be confident that their security and prosperity will
always come first. A secure, prosperous, and free America will be strong andready to lead abroad to protect our interests and our way of life.

A

merica’s renewed strategic confidence
is anchored in our recommitment to
the principles inscribed in our found-ing American principles spreads peace andprosperity around the globe. We are guided
by our values and disciplined by our interests.

ing documents. The National Security Strategy

This Administration has a bright vision of America’s
future. America’s values and inf luence, underwritten by American power, make the world more
free, secure, and prosperous.

celebrates and protects what we hold dear—
individual liberty, the rule of law, a democraticsystem of government, tolerance, and opportunity
for all. By knowing ourselves and what we standOur Nation derives its strength from the American
people. Every American has a role to play in thisgrand, national effort to implement this America
First National Security Strategy. Together, our task
is to strengthen our families, to build up our communities, to serve our citizens, and to celebrate
American greatness as a shining example to theworld. We will leave our children and grandchildren a Nation that is stronger, better, freer, prouder,and greater than ever before.

for, we clarify what we must defend and we establish guiding principles for our actions.
T h is strateg y is g u ided by pr incipled rea lism. It is realist because it acknowledges thecentra l role of power in internationa l politics, affirms that sovereign states are the best
hope for a peaceful world, and clearly defines
our national interests. It is principled because
it is grounded in the knowledge that advanc-

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NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY

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