Unitarity(θ13 today & maybe beyond?)
how far with PMNS?

SeminarNovember 2019

Anatael Cabrera
CNRS/IN2P3
AnataelCabrera
CNRS/IN2P3
LAL@Orsay
LAL/FLUO@ Orsay
LNCA@Chooz
LNCA @ Chooz

2~50 years of neutrino oscillations…

huge experimental effort→well established[discovery Nobel 2015]
what is/are the next goal?
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

3(fast) ν oscillations reminder…
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 & APC)

4

neutrino oscillations manifestation…

Let’s take νμ (a popular example) to start with…
disappearance
appearance“propagation” in vacuum/matter

observation: both disappearance (the anomalies) & appearance (July 2013) have been seen

all observations (most!) consistent with 3ν oscillation model
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 & APC)

ingredients for neutrino oscillations…

5

Non-degeneratemass spectrum⊕

Mixing in the
leptonic sector

(Δm2)

(θ)

quantum interference(macroscopic)

UPMNS matrix(à la CKM)=

Oscillation Probability
P=ƒ(θ,Δm2)

να (start with) & νβ (none at first)

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 & APC)6

UNITARITY→ demonstrate experimentally

our history…

solar

atmospheric“reactor”

MODEL

anomaly

anomaly

oscillation

hypothesis:(θ12⊕δm2)(θ23⊕Δm2)(θ13)

neutrino
oscillations•3 types ν’s
ONLY?

fit to data
prediction•ν massive
large mixing!

large mixing!

small mixing!

}

Jarkslog Invariant [≠0]

first CP-Violation hint
(δCP≠(0 or π) @ ~2σ)(Δm2 & δm2)
•mixing(θ12,θ23,θ13)
with
CP-Violation(δCP)
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 & APC)

7

“mixing”: a common phenomenon…
quantum view…

“any weak-flavour να is regarded as linear
combination of 3 (more?) mass νi’s”

example(for 2ν’s)…
νe = α1ν(m1) + α2ν(m2)να = 0.5•ν1 + 0.5•ν2

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 & APC)

3

“atmospheric”⟹ θ23~45oθ13 & “dirac” δCP

sub-leading

P(νμ→νμ)ATMOSPHERIC ANOMALY“solar”⟹θ12~33o

sub-leading

8

P(νe→νe) & P(νμ→νe)

P(νe→νx)

PREDICTION

SOLAR ANOMALY

effective decoupling of “solar” & “atmospheric”:•δm2 (order 10-5eV2) versus Δm2 (order 10-3eV2)•θ13 being small (relative to very large θ12 and θ23)

θ13 drives this!!!

UCKM(νe,νμ,ντ)T = U(ν1,ν2,ν3)T, where UPMNS looks likeis U unitary? [key assumption]

UPMNS

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 & APC)

9

where are we now (~2020)?
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

status on neutrino oscillation knowledge…

10Standard Model(3 families)[leptons & quarks]&
PMNS3x3(θ12,θ23,θ13)&±Δm2 & +δm2

no conclusive sign ofany extension so far!!
(inconsistencies vs uncertainties)

must measure all parameters→characterise & test (i.e. over-constrain) Standard Model

today
best knowledge
NuFIT4.0 foreseen
θ12
θ23
θ13
+δm2
|Δm2|

≥2030
dominant

technique

3.0 %

SNO

2.3 %

<1.0%

JUNO

reactor

5.0 %

NOvA

2.0 %

≲1.0%

DUNE⊕HK

beam (octant)

1.8 %

DYB

1.5 %

1.5 %

DC⊕DYB⊕RENO

reactor

2.5 %KamLAND

2.3 %

≲1.0%

JUNO

reactor

3.0 %T2K & DYB

1.3 %

≲1.0%

JUNO⊕DUNE⊕HK

reactor⊕beamsign(Δm2) unknown

SK

NO @ ~3σ@5σ

JUNO⊕DUNE⊕HK

reactor⊕beam

CPV

T2K

3/2π @ ~2σ(Nov 2018)@5σ?

DUNE⊕HK⊕ALL

beam driven

unknown(reactor-beam)

JUNO⊕DUNE⊕HK will lead precision in the field (→ CPV) except θ13!
NOTE: ORCA⊕PINGU⊕IceCube complementary (Mass Ordering & Δm2 measurements)

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

11

do we have all needed?

the “super” experiments era…
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

12

all done?

by 2030, mixing @ ~1% level…
(and no unknowns)
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

s

13

νe
νμ
ντ

ν1 ν2

ν3

consider matrix structure(not just composition)

why shape?
•large mixing but a small one!
•largest CP-Violation (SM)•any symmetry behind? [Nature’s caprice?]

U3x3 unitary?
[next slides]

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)CKM vs PMNS…

14

elegance(symmetry)stravaganzza(anarchy?)

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

PMNS

CKM
IO
0.5

Ue1 U∗e3z = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯Uµ1 U∗µ3

NuFIT 4.0 (2018)

NO

C
e
g
hu

o
i
V
P-

?
n
o
i
lat

Ue1 U∗e3z = − ⎯⎯⎯⎯Uµ1 U∗µ3
Uµ1 U∗
µ3

U

∗
U e3

U τ1

∗
U τ3

e1

e3

U e1

U∗

Uµ1 U∗
µ3

0

15

U τ1

∗
U τ3

★

-0.5
-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

Re(z)

Re(z)

J(CKM)≈3.18±0.15x10-5

J(PMNS)≈3.33±0.06x10-2
CP-Conversation disfavoured @ ≥2σ

PMNS triangle (including CPV)…
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

16

Unitarity: the last discovery?
“discovery” here means “going beyond today’s model…”
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

test PMNS Unitarity…

17

νebest precision

νμOK precisionντpoorest precision

ν1 ν2

†

†

ν3

UU = U U = I
since no CPV (yet)many equations!!
[including the “triangles”]

test PMNS Unitarity via “each row”

2

2

2

| Ul1 | + | Ul2 | + | Ul3 | = 1
2

2

2| Ue1 | + | Ue2 | + | Ue3 | = 1
only “θ12” and “θ13”

explore “electron top-row”
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

s

18

unitary representation
only “θ12” and “θ13” — very clean & best knowledge•θ13 is today most precise measurement [soon worst known though!]•θ12 will be the most prise measurement by JUNO [next slides]
when testing UNITARITY: you can no longer speak of θij but Uij instead

neutrino oscillation direct & clean probe[no corrections or alike (yet!?)]Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

why Unitarity is important?

19•as critical as θ12, θ23, θ13, δCPpart of their definition•so far assumed!!→must test validity [à la CKM]
•Unitarity: [the last discovery within “neutrino oscillation”?]•δCP:•≠0 or π very interesting but foreseen in model (i.e. not surprising)•=0 or π more(?) interesting (symmetry?) but foreseen in model (i.e. not surpri•=x (whatever value) very important but little learnt if no prediction!
•UU † :•=1 OK [confirm & over-constrain SM]•≠1 breakthrough! [i.e. NEW model]→ discovery beyond “SM”!!
[perfect prediction (“1”) protected by symmetry]

Unitarity Violation→ 4th family? (kinematics) and/or NSI?
[i.e. major discovery]
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

unitarity violation implications…

20| Ue3 |2 → θ13 only

0.37%

??

??

if it existed

??

??

??

??

??

??

??
??

??

tiny!!(?)??

??

if it existed(naive expectation)??

less tiny(?)(naive expectation)

!
!
h
g
u
o
n
e
n
io
s
i
c
e
r
p
%
w
b e femay

Unitarity Violation→ 4th family? (kinematics) and/or NSI?
[i.e. major discovery]
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

21

let’s quickly check the CKM…
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)CKM equivalent knowledge…

22

B meson decay

0.37%
Hardy & Towner, arXiv 1807.01146 and Particle Data Group 2018

2.25%

arXiv:1807.01146v1

K decay

97.42%
super allowedtransitions

2018 radiative correction (before 2006)∑| 𝑉𝑢𝑖 | 2 = 0.99939(47)→Nathal Severins (Leuven)https://indico.lal.in2p3.fr/event/5418/contributions/17551/

0.99842(47)error ~0.05%

tension @ CKM??
[data or corrections]Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

Unitarity(foreseen)
Anatael Cabrera
CNRS/IN2P3
LAL@Orsay
LNCA@Chooz

a long story short…

24

sin2(2θ13)

ND

FD

δm2
Dominated

Four Structure Op
JUNO
sin2(2θ12)

Reactor-θ13
Δm2
Dominated
Acrylic Ball + steel Truss

Balloon + steel tank

Main 4 op
still severoptions. A
on 7th andUnitarity: sensitive to flux, θ13 and θ12 [all!][non-unitary basis: “θ13” & “θ12” are meaningless]Acrylic ball + ST ballAnatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 & APC)

25

the electron-raw unitarity ingredients…

•sensitive to θ12→ δ<1.0% [if unitary][JUNO, SNO, KamLAND]•sensitive to θ13→ δ≈1.5% [if unitary][JUNO, DUNE, reactor-θ13]•flux→ δ≳3.0% (6.0%)[“ν” vs “non-ν reference”]
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

26

θ

13
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

27

summary on today’s θ13 knowledge/experiments…
reactor-θ13 experiments[DC⊕DYB⊕RENO]•statistics: ~105 (far) [<106]•systematics: ~0.1% (each)•energy control: <1% precision<2010

today [2010-2020]
rate-only shape-only

cancellation
methodology

total

total

statistics

few %

~0.1%

—

—

~100/day @ 1.5km

flux

~2.2%

~0.1%

~0.1%

<0.1%

near-to-far monitor(ideal: iso-flux)

BG

few %

~0.1%

~0.1%

<0.1%

overburden→few/day

detection

2.0 %

~0.1%

~0.1%

—

identical detectors

energy

few %

~0.5%

—

~0.5%

identical detectors“naively extrapolating” from reactor-θ13 experiments…
•statistics: ~10x? (far) [>106]•systematics: ~0.01%??!! (each)possible at all?
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

2019 world status in θ13…

28

Total Uncertainty
Total Uncertainty
Statistical
Uncertainty
Statistical Uncertainty

Double Chooz IV
Double Chooz IV

TnC MD (n-H⊕n-C⊕n-Gd)
TnC MD (n-H⊕n-C⊕n-Gd)slightlyhigher θ13

sin22(2θ13)=0.105±0.014
13
sin2(2θ13)=0.105±0.014

Daya BayDaya Bay

sin22(2θ13)=0.084±0.003
13
sin22(20.003
θ13)=0.086
sin(2θ
)=0.071±0.011
132
sin (2θ13)=0.071±0.011

PRD 95, 072006 (2017) n-Gd
PRL 121,241805(2018)
PRD
93, 072011 (2016) n-Gd
n-H
PRD 93,072011 (2016)
n-H

RENO
RENO

sin22(2θ13)=0.082±0.011
13
sin2(2θ13)=0.090±0.007

PRL 116, 211801(2016) n-Gd
PRL 121,201801(2018) n-Gd

NEW!! n-H arXiv:1911.04601

T2K
T2K
PRD 96, 092006 (2017)

Marginalisation (δCP,θ23)

PRD 96, 092006 (2017)

2
∆ m32
>0
2
Δm32 > 0<0∆ m2322
Δm32 < 0

0.05
0.05

Marginalisation (δCP,θ23)

0.1
0.1

before(~2016)↓after(@Nu2018)

0.15
0.15
sin22(2θ13)
sin (2θ13)

Hervé de Kerret et al (arXiv:1901.094451)

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

?
O
N
e
w
(

t
’
n
do

29

w
o
kn

)
w
ho

θ

13

improvable?
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

30

T2K⊕reactor best knowledge CP-Violation…
θ13 implications
CPV phase vs θ13[constrained by reactor]

CPV phase vs θ23[octant ambiguity]

CPV phase vs (Atmospheric) Mass Ordering[T2K blinded]

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

31

=θ

12

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

32

JUNO location…

simplistic schedule: data-taking aim to start by ~mid-2022
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 & APC)

33

JUNO collaboration…
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 & APC)

34

JUNO a photocathode colosso→ yield energy resolution!
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 & APC)

35

“solar” oscillation watch by 2 readouts…
SPMT sees the “solar” oscillation(fast oscillation washes out)
no oscillations
20” PMT readout
3” PMT readoutsin2(2θ12)δm2

sensitivity: θ12⊕δm2

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 & APC)

36

LPMT vs SPMT comparison…

readout explore θ12⊕δm2 to per-mille precision (≤1%)
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

u

y
l
e
k
i
l
n

θ

37

12

improvable?
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

38

ΦreactorAnatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

2019 world reactor flux knowledge…

Hervé de Kerret et al (arXiv:1901.094451)

39

Statistical Uncertainty
Experimental Uncertainty
Total Uncertainty<σf > = (5.71 ± 0.06)×10-43cm2/fission

Double Chooz IV (ND)
TnC (n-H⊕n-C⊕n-Gd)

R(ND)=0.925±0.002(stat)±0.010(exp)±0.023(model)

best world
precision (9.7‰)<σf > = (5.75 ± 0.08)×10-43cm2/fission

Bugey4
3

Phys.Lett.B338,383(1994)

He

precision 1.4%

(5.94±0.09) [precision 1.4%]

arXiv:1808.10836

Daya Bay<σf > = (5.91 ± 0.12)×10

CPC 41.1.013002(2017)

n-Gd

-43

cm2/fission

precision 2.0%

2017 World Average

Mean CrossSection per
Fission(includes Bugey4 & Daya Bay)CPC 41.1.013002(2017)

Reactor Model Uncertainty (≈ 2.3%)

0.85

0.9
0.95
1
Data to Prediction Ratio

MC normalised to DYB-2017 (MCSpF per isotope)≈Φ(flux)[IBD σ known]δ≈0.2%

reactor flux data precision ≤1.0%
but ~7.0% ILL-based prediction mismatch!!
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 & APC)

reactor flux uncertainty…
1.2
Data (ND) to MC Prediction Ratio

Hervé de Kerret et al (arXiv:1901.094451)

40

Double Chooz IV

ND Data / Model ratio
Empirical Fit
Model Systematics

nor rate or shape
understoodχ / dof: 21.2 / 21 (prob: 44.6%)
2

1.1(unless new physics)

χ2 / dof: 25.0 / 24 (prob: 40.5%)

1.0
R=0.925±0.010(exp)±0.023(model)

0.9

0.8
1

2

3
4
5
6
Visible Energy (MeV)

7

8

Uncertainty?
~3.0%→6.0%?
[≤10%]

MC normalised to DYB-2017 (MCSpF per isotope)

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

?
O
N
e
w
(

t
’
n
do

41

w
o
kn

)
w
ho

Φ

reactor

improvable?
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

42

today’s Unitarity knowledge…

Φ(reactor)⊕θ13(now)⊕θ12(JUNO)

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

43

today’s top-row unitarity knowledge…

H. Nunokawa et al (arXiv:1609.08623v2)
flux≈3.0%

σ≈1.5%

flux≈6.0%

σ≈3.0%

even with JUNO, ≤1% precision very challenging
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

Unitarity(beyond)Anatael Cabrera
CNRS/IN2P3
LAL@Orsay
LNCA@Chooz

?
S
E
Y

45

Unitarity
improvable?
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

46

the electron-raw unitarity ingredients…
•sensitive to θ12→ δ<1.0% [if unitary][JUNO + improvable solar?] under study(appetiser)•sensitive to θ13→ δ≈1.5% [if unitary][improvable?] address here
•flux→ δ≳3.0% (more likely 6.0%)[improvable?] under study(not yet)today’s unitary precision→ flux normalisation critical
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

n

!
s
w
e

θ

47

13

improvable!
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

review reactor θ13 sensitivity evolution…

48

reactor sensitive has potential to go well beyond today [DC⊕DYB⊕RENO]

Today’s reactor state of art knowledge
Power: 2x 4.2GW(thermal)
Baseline: ~1.1km
Detection efficiency: ~85%
Reactor duty-cycle: ~85% [refuel]•statistics: ≥107 (far) [≳20x today]•detection systematics (~today: ~0.1%)•energy control (<1% precision)flux & BG systematics→ new techniques!!

~5years x 1kton: ~1.0% precisionδ(detection)~1.0%
δ(detection)~0.5%~10years x 10kton: ≥0.1% precision

DYB

~1.0%

δ(detection)~0.1%

PRELIMINARY

δ(detection)~0.05%

sub-percent
region~5x stats
today’s reactor-θ13~0.1%

statistics only 1/√N

translator: 1 kton implies ~2x106 IBD/year→ ~4 IBD/min [~50x today]
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

49

improving possible…
rate+shape→rate+shape(today)(new)subtle by powerful difference!
(rate systematics→negligible)

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

50

θ13 systematics: need for new techniques…
larger statistics→ shape-driven info (systematics) mattersis this good enough? no!!
•detection: believed impossible to improve [irreducible]•flux: BIG trouble→must fully cancel•BG: must suppress >10x→more overburden?

<2010

today

>2025

total

total

rate-only shape-only

cancellation
methodology

statistics

few %

~0.1%

<0.01% (large)[25,250]k IBD/day

detection

2.0 %

~0.1%

~0.1%
just about possible—

today’s knowledge~0.5%

today’s knowledge✓DC & ✓DYB

energy

few %

~0.5%

flux

~2.2%

~0.1%

<0.01% (new)full cancellation

BG

few %

~0.1%

<0.01% (new)BG suppress >10x—

new techniques needed to yield δ(flux)→0 & δ(BG)→0!!
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

51•flux cancellation (!)•BG elimination (!!!)

tough requirements… possible?
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

flux handled by the power of geometry…

52

today’s flux knowledge converges: BIG ISSUE!
reactor prediction is inaccurate (few %)[unsurprisingly more complex than we thought]

rate off by ~7% [deficit] & shape off by up to ~15% [distortion]
our knowledge >6%(?) [claimed ≲3% is very unlikely]

NDX
B2 B1•VND
•
VND

2

1

Flux Decomposition monitor rate+shape cancels: how?

ΦVND1 ≈ ΦB1
ΦVND2 ≈ ΦB2

Iso-flux:Φisoflux = α × ΦFD•conventional ND: not good enough!
→degeneracy flux & θ13 (also far & small)→slight offset to iso-flux

FD•flux decomposition (L≲40m): perfect!
→very near detector (VND) per reactor→huge statistics: 1ton @ 20m: 8.2k IBD/day→no civil construction [→reactor space?]
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

53✓•flux cancellation•BG elimination (!!!)

tough requirements… possible?
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

54

how to reduce BG with no more overburden?

lesson: avoid civil construction…

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

a novel neutrino detection
signal: e+cosmogenic (9Li & fast-neutrons)
accidentals (β-, γ and α)Anatael Cabrera

BG active rejection≳100x
CNRS/IN2P3
LAL@Orsay & PID(e+)][time⊕space coincidence
LNCA@Chooz

LiquidO event-wise imaging…

56

opaque scintillator→stochastic light confinement(self-segmentation)
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

57

LiquidO recipe: just “bread & butter” physics…

today’s technology

LiquidO technology

light ball size: scattering⊕fibres(sampling optimisation)
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

LiquidO in a nut-shell…
Imaging→powerful Particle-IDentification (PID)
2MeV particles in LiquidO (simulation)
point-like (Φ≲10cm)transparent(washed out info)e+transparent(washed out info)e-transparent(washed out info)γ

LiquidO ≈ PID ⊕ (high) Doping
physics beyond detector “native composition” (H,C)

diffusion⟹shaper
images!
58

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

59

LiquidO→major active BG rejection(born in reactor)
ND Data

4

Events / 0.25 MeV

10

103

2

10

+
e (IBD)e-/γNo-oscillatted MC
Accidentals
9

Li

Fast Neutrons

S/BG≈20≈BG-less?

e-⊕αrecoiled p (fast-n)

Double Chooz IV: Near (258 live-days)

10

5

10
15
Visible Energy (MeV)

20
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

60

LiquidO: PID & background suppression…

[2D only: no timing]•≥85% efficiency

11Fibers along 1 Axis, λs=1mm, εdet=3%

Rejection PE (2D)
Rejection PE (3D)

Fibers along 2 Axes, λs=1mm, εdet=3%

10−1

10−1
LXe

10−2

10−2

10−3

10−3

10−4

10−4

10−5

PRELIMINARY

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

Photofraction•≥103 rejection

Gamma Contamination

Powerful PID:

LAB 10−5
1Electron Efficiency

room to improve!

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

61

full release…
Seminar@CERN — June 2019
Web: https://indico.cern.ch/event/823865/

Igniting publication — Aug 2019
LiquidO @ arXiv:1908.02859•new detection principle•first experimental proof-of principle•vast neutrino physics prospect
Submitted for Publication
First Opaque Liquid Scintillator @ arXiv:1908.03334

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

62

3≥10 000m site ready?

(≤2km from powerful reactors)
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

63

Chooz-B Lab<L>≈410m~30m overburden

X

LNCA laboratory (Chooz)…

Chooz-A Lab<L>≈1050m~100m overburden
Chooz Reactors
Power: ~8.4GWthermal ~1021ν/s(2x N4 reactors)

X

NEW!!!
1Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

64

the Chooz-A underground system (former reactor)…
ongoing work by EDF(dismantling)

Cavern A: 20,000m3[past: reactor Chooz-A]

Overburden: ~100m (known BGs!)

Cavern B: 30,000m3[past: fuel pool]

Civil Construction?
•minor refurbishment (remove structure)•heavy cranes ready≤10kton detector ⊕ water veto pool (which?)

Available? If so, around ≳2025
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

65

Choo
Super

?
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

much physics beyond θ13…

66

full menu (under construction)•sub-percent precision on θ13 [sin2(2θ13)] & Δm2(reactor) [not shown yet][aid DUNE⊕HK to improve CP-Violation & JUNO to measure ±Δm2(vacuum)]•burst & remnants supernovae νe, anti-νe and νx measurement[10 kton & high efficiency]•multi-channel proton decay[10 kton & high efficiency]•high precision reactor rate+shape spectra (B1 and B2) with VND's[statistics & complementary to JUNO’s TAO]
demonstration of reactor monitor technology (high S/BG ~1ton detectors) [industry?]
reactor spectral composition analysis upon switching ON/OFF (better reactor predictions?)
even more challenging thoughts…
•measure solar neutrinos?
[unprecedented 10 kton precision with CC interactions]•measure θw via elastic scattering? (interference CC & NC)[β- BG is extreme challenge even with LiquidO but huge signal rate and ON/OFF helps]•[bad news] geo-neutrinos unlikely

huge reactor-IBD BG…

note: PMNS Unitarity test (“top-electron-row”)→ solar & other constraints: a full programme?
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

67

overall θ13⊕Δm2(ee) sensitivity…

≤0.5%

t
s
e
b
d
l
r
o
w

≤0.5%

PRELIMINARY LiquidO[first time] sub-percent measurement of θ13⊕Δm2(ee)Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

much physics beyond θ13…

68

full menu (under construction)•sub-percent precision on θ13 [sin2(2θ13)] & Δm2(reactor) [not shown yet][aid DUNE⊕HK to improve CP-Violation & JUNO to measure ±Δm2(vacuum)]•burst & remnants supernovae νe, anti-νe and νx measurement[10 kton & high efficiency]•multi-channel proton decay[10 kton & high efficiency]•high precision reactor rate+shape spectra (B1 and B2) with VND's[statistics & complementary to JUNO’s TAO]
demonstration of reactor monitor technology (high S/BG ~1ton detectors) [industry?]
reactor spectral composition analysis upon switching ON/OFF (better reactor predictions?)
even more challenging thoughts…
•measure solar neutrinos?
[unprecedented 10 kton precision with CC interactions]•measure θw via elastic scattering? (interference CC & NC)[β- BG is extreme challenge even with LiquidO but huge signal rate and ON/OFF helps]•[bad news] geo-neutrinos unlikely

huge reactor-IBD BG…

note: PMNS Unitarity test (“top-electron-row”)→ solar & other constraints: a full programme?
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

69

à la JUNO_ IBD
ν CC (12C)
anti-ν-CC on 12C

ν-CC on 12C

ES(e)ν CC (12C)

ES(p)ES(e) [low energy]
fast-neutron (BG)

core-collapse core-collapse core-collapse
relic
relic?
huge BG!

supernovae @ Super Chooz…
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

much physics beyond θ13…

70

full menu (under construction)•sub-percent precision on θ13 [sin2(2θ13)] & Δm2(reactor) [not shown yet][aid DUNE⊕HK to improve CP-Violation & JUNO to measure ±Δm2(vacuum)]•burst & remnants supernovae νe, anti-νe and νx measurement[10 kton & high efficiency]•multi-channel proton decay[10 kton & high efficiency]•high precision reactor rate+shape spectra (B1 and B2) with VND's[statistics & complementary to JUNO’s TAO]
demonstration of reactor monitor technology (high S/BG ~1ton detectors) [industry?]
reactor spectral composition analysis upon switching ON/OFF (better reactor predictions?)
even more challenging thoughts…
•measure solar neutrinos?
[unprecedented 10 kton precision with CC interactions]•measure θw via elastic scattering? (interference CC & NC)[β- BG is extreme challenge even with LiquidO but huge signal rate and ON/OFF helps]•[bad news] geo-neutrinos unlikely

huge reactor-IBD BG…

note: PMNS Unitarity test (“top-electron-row”)→ solar & other constraints: a full programme?
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

71• LiquidO sensitive to all channels

p → e +K 0

n → ν̄π 0
p → e +π 0

p→μ K
p → ν̄π +n → ν̄K 0

p → ν̄K• Largest achievable density of free protons(organic scintillator)++• High efficiency (low energy threshold)• Full topological information and sign-ID for somechannels through final Michel electron (could do all if
magnetise detector)
LiquidO-preliminary

+ 0

p→μ π

0

LiquidO-preliminary
100
80
60

e+

220

μ+

e+

200
180

k+

40

160
140

20

π0

120

0

100
−20

γ

−40

80
60

1400

time profile
k+

1200

−60

1000
800
600

−80

400
200
0

μ+

1

−100
−100 −80

e+

20

10

−60

−40

−20

10

0

40

20

40

60

2

Time [ns]

80

100

0

proton decay… [much free-H]
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

− LiquidO would reveal GeV-neutrino interactions in extremely powerful way:
LiquidO-preliminary
Charge sign ID
from π- → μ- → e(~μs scale)
Beautiful tracking

Large event size
(thanks to Low-Z)

72

High duty cycle +fast timing

Rich calorimetric info (>100 kPEs / GeV)
Clear track before shower(could enable charge sign
ID with magnetic field)

Higher energy gammas(and corresponding pair
production)(2 GeV electron
antineutrino; 4mm fibre
pitch and 1 mm
scattering length;
inefficiencies associatedwith photon detection
are accounted for)Can see neutrons!
- Measure their energy via TOF!!
- Capture at the end (~O(10) μs scale)

Imaging capabilities
comparable to those of LArTPC

Halo of gammas fromEM shower andpositron annihilations+

Complementary featuresunique to LiquidO

atmospheric neutrino… [BG]
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

73

ν interaction: energy flow…
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

much physics beyond θ13…

74

full menu (under construction)•sub-percent precision on θ13 [sin2(2θ13)] & Δm2(reactor) [not shown yet][aid DUNE⊕HK to improve CP-Violation & JUNO to measure ±Δm2(vacuum)]•burst & remnants supernovae νe, anti-νe and νx measurement[10 kton & high efficiency]•multi-channel proton decay[10 kton & high efficiency]•high precision reactor rate+shape spectra (B1 and B2) with VND's[statistics & complementary to JUNO’s TAO]
demonstration of reactor monitor technology (high S/BG ~1ton detectors) [industry?]
reactor spectral composition analysis upon switching ON/OFF (better reactor predictions?)
even more challenging thoughts…
•measure solar neutrinos?
[unprecedented 10 kton precision with CC interactions]•measure θw via elastic scattering? (interference CC & NC)[β- BG is extreme challenge even with LiquidO but huge signal rate and ON/OFF helps]•[bad news] geo-neutrinos unlikely

huge reactor-IBD BG…

note: PMNS Unitarity test (“top-electron-row”)→ solar & other constraints: a full programme?
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

75

Exploit capability to load LS with In[115In]
CC v-capture on 115In tracks v momentum(great for mono-energetic v lines)
Higher cross section than ES interaction
Signal Tag
Delayed emission of(e/γ) + γ
Fundamental forbackground rejectionsAnatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

10% In-loading is quite feasible
Signal
CNO solar v: few events/year/ton
pp solar v: ~40 events/year/ton

LENS Collaboration

76

Background Challenge
115In is radioactive: ~8∙1012 β decays/year/ton
115In β spectrum overlaps pp-v signal
Bremsstrahlung from β
decays could produce
gamma tag backgrounds in
accidental coincidence
BUT

Above 115In β endpoint, thedelayed tag makes the signal
almost background-free(only accidentals)

solar neutrino possible? [In load]
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

77

Choo
Super

under study…

!

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

LNCA laboratory (Chooz)…
Near Hall<L>≈410m~30ν day-1 ton-1~120 mwe

Chooz N4 Reactors~8.4 GWthermal ~1021ν/s
Far Hall<L>≈1050m~6ν day-1 ton-1~300 mwe78

new sitehere
1(built)X

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

conclusions…

79•PMNS unitarity is a must [several inputs]•unique discovery potential — BSM physics?
•benefit from >2025 sub-percent era•starts JUNO θ12 — not enough!
•needs per-mille precision on θ13 —now possible!
•major improvement in flux prediction? [hard!!]•LiquidO [still R&D] powerful tool...
•a hypothetical Super Chooz project?
•must continue thinking… do we have it all?
Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

80

Unitarity must be addressed…
(experimentally)

LiquiO image: <0.5MeV e+paper in soon!!

anatael@in2p3.fr

merci…
ありがとう…
danke…
고맙습니다…
obrigado…
Спасибо…
grazie…
谢谢…
hvala…
gracias…
‫…شكرا‬thanks…
Anatael Cabrera(CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)

leptonic sector unitarity with LiquidO?

Conference @ HEP-European Physics Society (July 2019 @ Ghent Belgium)
Web: https://indico.cern.ch/event/577856/contributions/3421609/
81

Anatael Cabrera (CNRS-IN2P3 @ LAL - LNCA)