Inmate Coping Strategies inFremantle Prison, Western Australia

Erin Mein
Archaeology
University of Western Australia
2012

Supervisors Professor Alistair Paterson
Sean WinterDissertation submitted to Department of Archaeology in the School of Humanities at
the University of Western Australia in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honours.

I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research, written in the fullknowledge of what constitutes plagiarism and documented accordingly, and contains
as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any
university. I consent to the publication of this document on the internet via a UWA
site.

Erin Mein
November 2012

Cover Image:First Floor of 2 Division in the Main Cell Block, Fremantle Prison
Photograph by E Mein, 2012

Acknowledgements
Without the support and assistance of a number of friends and colleagues throughout
the year this project would not have been possible. I would like to thank the following
people.

My supervisor, Professor Alistair Paterson for his guidance throughout the year, for
keeping me grounded and pointing me in new and interesting directions.

My co-supervisor Sean Winter for providing the original inspiration for this project aswell as his continual support, expertise, patience, guidance and enthusiasm forunderfloor deposits and quiz nights.

Luke Donegan, Bill Bowker and Isa Menzies at Fremantle Prison for their interest, timeand support which allowed this project to go ahead. Thank you for trusting me withthe keys to the cell block. Also David Campbell for being so generous with his
knowledge about the history of the Prison.

Clare Mein & Dr. Mark Boyes for helping me identify and discuss the psychologicalliterature.

Kirsty Anderson-Bonavia, Alyce Haast and Annieka Skinner for volunteering their timefor fieldwork.

Dr. Phoebe Readford for taking the time to test deposit samples for parasites.

Brian Hanich from the West Australian Museum for kindly identifying the insects
recovered from the cells.

Stafford Smith for his moral support, field expertise and keeping me fed.

I would also like to acknowledge the support of the School of Social and Cultural
Studies in providing financial assistance for the removal of floorboards in the cells.

Renee Gardiner at Earth Imprints Consulting for her generous and unexpected stipend,which has seen me through the last few weeks of this year.

The rest of my Honours year group for being such a supportive, fun and talented groupof archaeologists.

Last, but definitely not least, my family, who without their support in every way, thisyear would not have been possible.

Abstract
This study investigates inmate coping strategies in Fremantle Prison via an
examination of the archaeological evidence excavated from two cells in the Main Cell
Block. It is argued that previous studies of total institutions which aim to uncover the
lived experiences of inmates, have focused too heavily on finding evidence of inmate
resistance, to the point that resistance has become synonymous with agency. The
theoretical framework set out in this study aims to move away from dichotomous
concepts of resistance versus domination in total institutions and instead uses aninterpretive framework based on psychological concepts of coping strategies to
examine the archaeological record of prison cells.

Historical documents andpsychological research is used to model the types of problems faced by inmates andthe strategies they employ to cope with life inside prison. This study also aimed to test
the potential of using ‘between-floor’ archaeological deposits, which are suspended
between floors and ceilings in the upper storeys of buildings, in future archaeologicalresearch. The site formation processes of a between-floor deposit are compared to a
subterranean underfloor deposit in order to understand the future research potentials
and limitations of the former.

iTable of Contents
Abstract ...................................................................................................i
List of Figures ......................................................................................... iv
List of Tables .......................................................................................... vi
1. Introduction......................................................................................1
Research Aims .................................................................................................................. 3

2. Literature Review .............................................................................7
Archaeology of Institutions .............................................................................................. 7
Archaeology of Fremantle Prison ................................................................................... 10
Between-Floor Deposits ................................................................................................. 12

3. Historical Background ..................................................................... 15
The Convict Period: 1852 - 1886 .................................................................................... 15
The Colonial and Post Federation Period: 1886 - 1942 ................................................. 16
World War II – 1942-1945 .............................................................................................. 17
The Post War Period 1945 – 1991 .................................................................................. 19

4. Theoretical Framework ................................................................... 21
Beyond Resistance: Modelling Inmate Coping Strategies .............................................. 21
Inferring Behaviour from the Archaeological Record .................................................... 30
Discard Processes........................................................................................................ 32
Abandonment Processes ............................................................................................ 32
Secondary Use & Lateral Cycling ................................................................................ 33

5. Methods ......................................................................................... 35
Survey ............................................................................................................................. 35
Excavation ....................................................................................................................... 39
Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 46
Artefact Accessioning ................................................................................................. 46
Ecofacts....................................................................................................................... 47
Site Formation Processes ............................................................................................ 49
Preservation ................................................................................................................ 52
Functional Analysis ..................................................................................................... 52

6. Results ............................................................................................ 53
Survey ............................................................................................................................. 53
Cell A7 ............................................................................................................................. 53
Excavation................................................................................................................... 53
Depositional Processes ............................................................................................... 55
Post Depositional Processes ....................................................................................... 60
Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 65
Cell F63 ........................................................................................................................... 66
Excavation................................................................................................................... 66
Depositional Processes ............................................................................................... 66ii

Post Depositional Processes ....................................................................................... 71
Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 74
Comparative Artefact Preservation ................................................................................ 75
Functional Analysis ......................................................................................................... 77
Smoking ...................................................................................................................... 79
Reading, Writing, Correspondence & Stationary ....................................................... 80
Other Recreation......................................................................................................... 87
Eating / Drinking ......................................................................................................... 88
Clothing ....................................................................................................................... 89
Art / Graffiti / Décor ................................................................................................... 92
Health / Hygiene ......................................................................................................... 93
Furnishings .................................................................................................................. 94
Trade ........................................................................................................................... 95
Rations ........................................................................................................................ 95
Prison Administration ................................................................................................. 97

7. Discussion ....................................................................................... 98
8. Conclusions ................................................................................... 110
References .......................................................................................... 115
Primary Sources ............................................................................................................ 115
Secondary Sources........................................................................................................ 119

Appendices ......................................................................................... 128
Appendix One - Survey ................................................................................................. 128
Appendix Two – Archaeological Potential of Cells in Main Cell Block ......................... 141
Appendix Three – Excavation Photographs.................................................................. 145
Appendix Four – Artefact Accessioning List ................................................................. 157
Appendix Five – Insects ................................................................................................ 213

iii

List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Southern wing of the Main Cell Block, Fremantle Prison. Photograph by E
Mein, 2012. ............................................................................................................... 2
Figure 1.2: Plan of Fremantle Prison showing major features from c. 1907 - 1991
(redrawn from Kerr 1998) ........................................................................................ 3
Figure 4.1: Site formation processes (after Schiffer 1976; 1987; 2010) ....................... 34
Figure 5.1: Collapsed ceiling in cell D66 showing stratification. Photograph by E Mein,
2012. ....................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 5.2: Second floor of Main Cell Block with cell F63 highlighted .......................... 37
Figure 5.3: Ground floor of Main Cell Block with cell A7 highlighted ........................... 38
Figure 5.4: Cell A7 prior to floorboard removal ............................................................. 40
Figure 5.5: Cell A7 after floorboard removal ................................................................. 41
Figure 5.6: Cell F63 prior to floorboard removal ............................................................ 43
Figure 5.7: Cell F63 after floorboard removal ................................................................ 44
Figure 5.8: Underfloor vent to cell F63 .......................................................................... 45
Figure 5.9: Detail of vent to cell F63............................................................................... 45
Figure 6.1: Western section of JS3 in cell A7 .................................................................. 54
Figure 6.2: Eastern section of JS1 in cell A7 ................................................................... 55
Figure 6.3: Cell A7 – Grain size analysis.......................................................................... 57
Figure 6.4: Cell A7 - Underfloor access zones ................................................................ 58
Figure 6.5: Cell A7 - Distribution of artefact frequency by depositional process .......... 59
Figure 6.6: Cell A7 - Distribution of artefact frequency compared to evidence of rodent
activity .................................................................................................................... 63
Figure 6.7: Cell F63 - Grain size analysis ......................................................................... 67
Figure 6.8: Cell F63 - Proportion of artefacts per stratigraphic unit by relative weight &size .......................................................................................................................... 68
Figure 6.9: Cell F63 - Underfloor access zones ............................................................... 69
Figure 6.10: Cell F63 - Distribution of artefact frequency by depositional process ....... 70
Figure 6.11: Part of mouse nest with articulated skeletal remains from cell F63 ......... 73
Figure 6.12: Proportion of artefact material types in each cell ..................................... 76
Figure 6.13: Comparative preservation of nails from cell A7 (L) and cell F63 (R) .......... 77
Figure 6.14: Types of cigarette paper packets – cell F63 ............................................... 79
Figure 6.15: Poem written on the title page of a book – cell F63 .................................. 81
Figure 6.16: Two handwritten letters from mouse nest - cell F63 ................................. 82
Figure 6.17: Handwritten note wrapped around oily substance – cell F63 ................... 82iv

Figure 6.18: Torn library card of inmate ‘Shelley’ - cell F63 ........................................... 83
Figure 6.19: Title page of the novel If Winter Comes, by ASM Hutchinson (1922) – cell
F63 .......................................................................................................................... 83
Figure 6.20: Images from The Australian Women's Weekly (1944:25) issue recoveredfrom cell F63. .......................................................................................................... 85
Figure 6.21: Examples of Photoplay Magazine covers from 1943 (L) and 1946 (R) (LucyMedia 2012a; 2012b) ............................................................................................. 85
Figure 6.22: Playing card fragments - cell F63................................................................ 87
Figure 6.23: Button types – cell F63 ............................................................................... 90
Figure 6.24: Button types – cell A7 ................................................................................ 90
Figure 6.25: Badges – Cell A7......................................................................................... 91
Figure 6.26: Plaited cotton bands - cell F63 .................................................................. 91
Figure 6.27: Tack with paper attached - cell F63............................................................ 93
Figure 6.28: Examples of rations envelopes - cell F63 ................................................... 96v

List of Tables
Table 4.1: Self-reported problem categories inside prison ........................................... 24
Table 4.2: Self-reported coping strategies employed by prison inmates ..................... 27
Table 5.1: Criteria for identifying depositional processes in cells .................................. 50
Table 6.1: Cell A7 – Results of pH and Munsell tests ..................................................... 56
Table 6.2: Cell A7 – Application of South's (1972) mean ceramic date formula............ 60
Table 6.3: Cell A7 - Time range graph............................................................................. 61
Table 6.4: Cell A7 - Stored products pests...................................................................... 64
Table 6.5: Cell A7 - Other insects.................................................................................... 64
Table 6.6: Cell F63 - Results of pH and Munsell tests..................................................... 66
Table 6.7: Cell F63 – Application of South's (1972) mean ceramic date formula .......... 71
Table 6.8: Cell F63 - Time range graph ........................................................................... 72
Table 6.9: Cell F63 - Stored products pests ................................................................... 73
Table 6.10: Cell F63 - Other insects ................................................................................ 74
Table 6.11: Functional categories of artefacts in cell A7 ............................................... 78
Table 6.12: Functional categories of artefacts in cell F63 .............................................. 78
Table 6.13: Smoking artefacts ........................................................................................ 80
Table 6.14: Reading, writing, correspondence & stationary artefacts .......................... 86
Table 6.15: Other recreation artefacts ........................................................................... 87
Table 6.16: Eating and drinking artefacts ...................................................................... 89
Table 6.17: Clothing artefacts......................................................................................... 92
Table 6.18: Art / graffiti / decor artefacts ...................................................................... 93
Table 6.19: Health and hygiene artefacts....................................................................... 94
Table 6.20: Furnishing artefacts ..................................................................................... 95
Table 7.1: Results of functional analysis of cell A20 artefact assemblage (after Burke
1999) ..................................................................................................................... 103

vi

1.

Introduction

Overlooking the port of Fremantle in Western Australia, Fremantle Prison was built in1852 by convict labour and remained the state’s maximum-security prison for the next
139 years. The complex was recently placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List alongwith 10 other convicts sites across Australia (UNESCO 2010). This dissertation is anaccount of the survey, excavation and analysis of two archaeological assemblages
recovered from underneath the floorboards of cells in the Main Cell Block.

Fremantle Prison, along with modern prisons today can be understood as the result ofnineteenth century experiments in reform and social control via centralised,bureaucratic institutions (Baugher 2009:10).

As Britain and America rapidly

industrialised, new social problems arose which required new solutions to ensure a
productive, healthy, and socially cohesive workforce (Foucault 1977). The nineteenth
century saw a rapid rise in institutions such as missions, asylums, workhouses andprisons, designed to control the body and reform the mind (Foucault 1977; Ignatieff1978). The philosophy of institutional incarceration arrived in Australia with the firstconvict ship making prisons ubiquitous across the Australian landscape. Yet despite
the significant role of the prison in recent Australian history, the inmate experience
remains largely unknown. Primarily this is because penal ideology actively seeks toremove the punishment and reformation of criminals from the public domain and into
penal institutions where prisoners become out of sight and out of mind (Kerr 1988:40;
Bavin 1994).

Fremantle Prison was established during the final phase of Britain’s system of penaltransportation and thus incorporates the sum of everything the Colonial Office hadlearnt from their global experiment in incarceration (Winter In press). Despite three
Royal Commissions and repeated calls for its closure from the late nineteenth century
onwards, Fremantle Prison remained Western Australia’s maximum-security prison
until 1991 (West Australian Sunday Times, 25/12/1898:6; The West Australian,
10/05/1911:4; The West Australian, 06/11/1946:7; Jones 1973). The Prison is listed on1the State, National and World Heritage registers as a significant site due to its ability toprovide a tangible link to Australia’s convict past, with little mention of the institution’srole in Western Australia during the twentieth century (see State Heritage Office 1995;
Commonwealth of Australia 2005; UNESCO 2010). This focus on the convict period of
the Prison’s history makes it easy to forget that its cells have housed generations ofprisoners well beyond the 34 years it operated as a convict establishment and that life
inside underwent a number of changes over time. While the inmate experience
remains largely unknown through ideology and documentary bias, archaeology gives
us the opportunity to investigate the history of people whose experiences have been
marginalised in the documentary record, subsumed by statistics and official records(Harrison and Schofield 2010:8).

Figure 1.1: Southern wing of the Main Cell Block, Fremantle Prison. Photograph by E Mein, 2012.

2

Figure 1.2: Plan of Fremantle Prison showing major features from c. 1907 - 1991 (redrawn from Kerr
1998)

Research Aims
This research aimed to investigate the inmate experience at Fremantle Prison by
examining the physical and psychological environment of the cells as well as thestrategies employed by inmates to cope with their incarceration. Since the 1980s,
research into total institutions such as prisons, asylums and missions has been strongly
influenced by the post-processualist concern with the interrelationships betweensocial structures and human agents (Hodder 1985; Wobst 2000; Dobres and Robb
2000). In studies of total institutions, the concept of agency has resulted in a strong
focus on looking for contraband to investigate how people who are stripped of theirpower can continue to exert personal agency and resist institutional domination (for3

example Birmingham 1992; Burke 1999; Casella 2000; Deagan 2007; Olesky et al. 2008;
Griffin 2010).

This approach to the archaeology of total institutions has reduced the complexity ofhuman responses to incarceration to a simplistic dichotomy between domination
versus resistance (Dornan 2002).

Assuming that contraband materials in thearchaeological record always reflect inmate resistance to the system ignores otherpotential factors such as corruption, incompetence or differences between
institutional rhetoric and administrative reality (Crook and Murray 2006:106). The
focus on finding evidence of resistance also fails to recognise that personal agency cantake many forms, including the ability to choose to participate in the institutional
system (Dornan 2002). In an effort to move away from this approach, this study draws
on psychological research and the historical record to develop a broader interpretativemodel of inmate behaviours. This model, discussed in Chapter Four, conceptualises
prisoner responses to incarceration as a spectrum of coping strategies (Lazarus andFolkman 1984; Zamble and Porporino 1988).

It was hypothesised that the underfloor space of a prison cell has the potential to act
as a time capsule, preserving evidence of cell conditions, inmate activities and how
inmates interacted with the material world to cope with prison life. By excavating
inside cells in the Main Cell Block (see Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2), this research aimed to
examine the most direct evidence of the inmate experience in Fremantle Prison. Many
excavations have been undertaken across the Prison complex since its closure, yet only
one had been undertaken within a cell. Cell A20 on the ground floor of 3 Division in
the Main Cell Block was excavated in 1997, prior to its reconstruction as aninterpretive display (Nayton 1998). Analysis of archaeological deposits recovered fromunder the floorboards of two cells in this study revealed activities undertaken byinmates in their cells, and behaviours relating to how inmates attempted to cope withthe everyday problems of prison life were inferred with the aid of historical records
and psychological case studies of common coping strategies.

4

A secondary aim of this research was to investigate the potential of archaeologicaldeposits that are suspended between the upper floors in the Main Cell Block. It was
hypothesised that these ‘between-floor’ deposits could be exceptionally richarchaeological resources, as the protected conditions were likely to preserve a wide
variety of artefacts.

The few excavations of between-floor deposits that havepreviously been undertaken such as at the Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney and the old
Sydney Supreme Court, suggested that these between-floor contexts had potential asarchaeological resources (Crook et al. 2003; Percival 2004; Crook and Murray 2006;
Davies 2011). Despite this very little has been written on the potential of betweenfloor deposits as archaeological resources and little is understood about the site
formation processes impacting on their development and preservation. Additionally,no studies could be identified where between-floor deposits had been actively
targeted within a research design; rather these were always undertaken as salvage
excavations after building renovations uncovered a deposit.

Because much of the original nineteenth century fabric of the Main Cell Block remains
intact, it indicated that archaeological deposits might also be preserved throughout
the building. It was proposed that this study could act as a testing ground fortechniques to identify, access, excavate and analyse a between-floor deposit within abroader research design. Indeed, maintenance work by the museum since 1991 hasrecovered artefacts from the between-floor spaces and while some artefacts havebeen preserved as curiosities, no systematic method of recovery or analysis has been
applied (L Donegan 2012 pers. comm.). Developing methods of identifying, recoveringand analysing between-floor deposits has important ramifications for the managementof heritage sites like Fremantle Prison.

The significance, conservation andmanagement of between-floor deposits is not currently recognised in the site’s
Conservation Plan despite being located in the Main Cell Block which is classed as
being of exceptional significance (Kerr 1998; Building Management Authority ofWestern Australia 1990).

By excavating and analysing a between-floor deposit at Fremantle Prison, this study
also aimed to provide insight into how these deposits could be used in future research,5

by testing the following hypotheses: archaeological materials, suspended between
ceilings and floorboards can be identified and targeted as archaeological resources anda between-floor space would provide a sealed, highly protected environment which
would preserve artefacts in a well stratified deposit.

Testing these hypotheses

required the following questions to be answered: how do we locate deposits hidden
beneath floorboards? How do artefacts arrive under the floorboards? Are these
deposits stratified? What post-depositional processes could be affecting between-floor
deposits?

This dissertation begins with a review of the current state of archaeological research
into total institutions, with a critical analysis of the theoretical approaches to inmate
agency within the institutional setting followed by a review of work undertaken atFremantle Prison since 1990. This is followed by an overview of the historical phasesin the Prison’s history after which the theoretical framework used here to infer
behaviour and inmate coping strategies is discussed. The following chapters outline
the methods used to identify cells for excavation, excavation methods and analysis of
the assemblage and provide a descriptive analysis of the data collected from the twocells. Evidence of inmate coping strategies and the potential of using between-floor
deposits in future research are then discussed before concluding with an evaluation of
the outcomes of this study and some suggestions for future research.

6

2.

Literature Review

Archaeology of Institutions
Some of the earliest archaeological studies into institutions began with the excavationof Catholic missions in America such as La Purisima, California in the 1960s (Deetz
1963). The objectives of these early studies were primarily focused on institutional
structure and processes of indigenous acculturation (Snow 1967; Crook and Murray2006). Since then, archaeological research into institutions has investigated a wide
variety of site types, key studies include work by Birmingham (1992), Deagan andMcEwan (1993), Lydon (2009) and Lydon and Ash (2010) on missions and reserves aswell as work by De Cunzo (1995; 2001), Crook and Murray (2006), Piddock (2007) and
Davies (2011) on asylums. Key archaeological studies of penal institutions include
work by Casella (1997; 2000; 2001a; 2001b; 2002; 2005; 2007; 2009a; 2009b), Bavin(1994) and Bush (2000; 2009). Strong themes that run through all of these studies are
the inmate experience, negotiated power relationships and inmate resistance toinstitutional domination.

This focus on resistance, power and the individual in the archaeology of institutions
was influenced by the rise in agency theory within a post-processualist theoreticalcontext (Hodder 1982; 1985; Dobres and Robb 2000). Initially a reaction against thedeterministic theories of human behaviour proposed by processualists andstructuralists, post-processualists argued that humans are active, conscious
negotiators of their social and symbolic environment (Hodder 1982:185; 1985:4).
While social structures do impose constraints, humans possess the capacity for selfreflexive cognition, which allows us to consciously engage with, manipulate andtransform the social structures around us (Hodder 1985:2; Dornan 2002:304). The
concept of individual agency has played an integral role in archaeological studies of
institutions, which often aim to reveal narratives of inmate resistance to institutional
domination. Recent research into the archaeology of prisons tends to follow thebroader trend within the discipline to take a ‘bottom up’ approach, using thearchaeological record to rediscover the history of people whose experiences are notvisible in the documentary record (Harrison and Schofield 2010).

7

Studies of institutions have also been influenced by the work of Goffman (1961:10)
who coined the term ‘total institution’ to describe the totality of control and social
isolation that institutions such as prisons and asylums exert over inmates. Daily
activity in a total institution is characterised as tightly scheduled and carried out in
unison following a hierarchy of formal regulations and enforcing a distinct separation
between inmates and staff (Goffman 1961:6). Modern prisons can therefore beconsidered the epitome of a total institution as inmates are completely isolated fromsociety and their daily routine is strictly regimented and controlled by theadministration. Despite different organisational goals, Goffman (1961:4) identified
common characteristics between prisons, asylums, hospices, missions and barracks
and therefore commonalities between inmate experiences and responses.

This

commonality has been used as a framework for understanding the archaeology ofinmate responses across a variety of institutional types (Casella 2009a:23)

Goffman (1961:14) conceived the experience of incarceration in a total institution as
having a ‘mortifying’ effect on the inmate’s sense of self as all markers of personal
identity such as their name, personal possessions, clothing, social networks, andpersonal rituals are stripped away to ensure compliance and replaced with those
supplied by the institution. After this, inmates are said to undergo a period of formal
and informal instruction into the explicit and implicit regulations of the institution
whereby they learn how to negotiate the system in order to ameliorate theirexperience (Goffman 1961:48). Inmate adaptations to incarceration were seen to fall
into one of four categories: 1) complete emotional and psychological withdrawal 2)
rejection and resistance towards cooperating with the system 3) colonisation, whereby
the inmate begins to believe life is better on the inside; or 4) conversion, whereby theinmate mimics the attitudes of the authorities (Goffman 1961:61-63).

Casella’s (1997; 2000; 2001a; 2001b; 2002) research into female convict prisons inAustralia has been heavily influenced by concepts of agency as well as Goffman’s(1961) ideas of inmate resistance and renegotiation of institutional power dynamics.
The theoretical argument which forms the basis of most of Casella’s studies is that,8

while the institution will aim to strip the inmate of symbols of their identity and power
in order to establish control, prisoners retain the personal agency to renegotiate thesesymbols within the institutional structure (see Casella 1997; 2000; 2001a; 2001b; 2002;
2005; 2007; 2009a; 2009b). In her analysis of the archaeological record of Ross Female
Factory in Tasmania, Casella (2001a) argued that power relations within the prison had
been renegotiated by inmates via a manipulation of the material culture. Evidence forcontraband such as alcohol and tobacco pipes in the solitary confinement cells wasused to demonstrate that prisoners were circumventing the controls imposed by theinstitution (Casella 2001a; 2002). Casella (2000) also hypothesised that buttons may
have had a non-functional symbolic use, as bartering tokens in the illicit trade ofcontraband luxuries.

The concept that material culture can be manipulated by prison inmates to alleviate
deprivation and subvert power dynamics is not unique to studies of female convict
prisons. Identifying inmate agency and resistance to institutional domination is acommon theme which runs throughout studies of different total institutions including
prisoner of war camps (Bush 2000), nineteenth century Scottish gaols (Olesky et al.
2008), Aboriginal missions (Birmingham 1992; Lydon 2009), poorhouses and asylums(De Cunzo 1995; 2001; Davies 2008; 2011) as well as at Fremantle Prison (Nayton
1998; Burke 1999). Most commonly this is achieved by using archaeology to unearth
illicit or contraband material as evidence of resistance to institutional controls andagency of inmates to manipulate and subvert the system.

Personal agency is an important concept in the study of institutions as it is essential torecognise inmates as conscious, self-reflexive actors rather than passive recipients ofinstitutional control (Hodder 1985). However agency should not be simplified toequate to resistance; personal agency can also be exercised by choosing to participate
in a system rather than resist it (Dornan 2002). This is demonstrated in the following
quote from a Canadian prisoner:
I talked to (classification officer) and asked about transfers to minimum andhe said that it would take probably a year even if I didn’t get into trouble. So
I wake up everyday and tell myself “keep cool, you got to get out of here.” I
want to convince them that I’m a good inmate, then they’ll help me to get to9minimum and day parole. I changed my job to training in the machine shop
even though I don’t like it, to show them how I’m serious, and I go to all thegroup meetings I can. And then when I feel lonely I tell myself “not too long
now, just keep cool. (Zamble and Porporino 1988:94)
In her recent work on inmate graffiti in Fremantle Prison, Casella has begun toacknowledge a greater complexity of inmate responses to incarceration (Casella
2009b). People learn from their experiences and develop strategies that allow them tocope with their immediate context (Hodder 1985:4).

Psychological research has

demonstrated that inmate responses to incarceration cover a wide spectrum, including
resistance, and can be better understood as a variety of coping strategies which areemployed to deal with problems on a case by case basis (Zamble and Porporino 1988;
Roger et al. 1993). Use of this data is discussed further in Chapter Four.

Archaeology of Fremantle Prison
A number of excavations have been carried out at Fremantle Prison since 1990. Bavin(1994) aimed to identify changes in social attitudes toward criminals, the West
Australian penal system and the effect of imprisonment on inmates by examining thephysical structures, organisation and material culture of the Prison. She excavated anumber of sites within the Fremantle Prison complex including the bathhouse, wooden
division, an incinerator, the cisterns, the metalled road and the women’s prison yard
(Bavin 1994). Bavin (1994) argued that life for convicts during the nineteenth century,
despite a relatively high quality diet was characterised by uniformity and monotony
reflecting the wider community attitude towards incarceration as a punishment andsource of labour. Later periods were characterised by increasing variation in diet,
activities, facilities and access to material goods linked to the development of newpolicies on inmate reform, rehabilitation and care (Bavin 1994).

Bavin’s (1994)

research aimed to investigate the impact of the Prison on its inmates, rather than theexperiences of inmates or their capacity to exercise agency within the institutional
system.

Because Bavin (1994) undertook these excavations in 1990, while the prison was still
operational, the locations she could select for excavation were restricted. Proposals to
excavate areas with stronger and more exclusive associations with inmates, such as
10the yards or interior of the Main Cell Block, were abandoned due to security issues(Bavin 1994:337). The sites that were excavated were public locations, accessible toboth inmates and prison officials (Burke 1999). While inmates made up the majority of
the Prison population; warders, medical officers, the Chaplain, the Superintendent andtheir families were also living on and in close proximity to the site (Manning 1859:51;
Bosworth 2004; Kerr 1998:2). Bavin’s interpretations rely on an assumption that thematerials excavated relate to prisoner life ways, however rubbish disposal within theprison complex, particularly in the incinerator, could mean that the prison authorities
were the source of some artefacts such as the sherds of porcelain and hand painted
ceramics (Bavin 1994:406). While is it plausible that many artefacts such as faunal
remains, clay pipes, bottle glass and buttons belonged to inmates, the association
remains problematic without further explication of the site formation processes.

In 1997, the Fremantle Prison museum restored four cells on the ground floor of 3
Division in the Main Cell Block in order to demonstrate inmate living conditions during
different eras. An archaeological watching brief and excavation of cell A20 was carriedout by Nayton (1998:1) in order to investigate the structure of the cell and aid in theauthenticity of the restoration. Nayton’s (1998:75) preliminary interpretation of thecell assemblage agreed with Bavin (1994) in that inmates experienced increasing
variation in material culture over time, however that the internal prison environment
was characterised by a lack of standardisation rather than monotonous uniformity as
concluded by Bavin (1994).

Further analysis of the artefact assemblage from cell A20 was undertaken by Burke(1999), who compared it with the assemblage excavated by Bavin (1994). Burke(1999) hypothesised that prisoner activities would vary between public and private
spaces and that this may account for the conflicting conclusions about the inmate
experience made by Bavin (1994) and Nayton (1998). Burke (1999) employed afunctional analysis to test this hypothesis and demonstrated that artefact assemblages
within the Prison reflect the spatial characteristics of the contexts in which they were
found. Relative levels of privacy and surveillance were found to influence activities
with potentially illegal artefacts more likely to be found in cells than in the public
11spaces outside (Burke 1999:89). Like many other studies of prisons, identifying inmate
resistance to institutional domination was a feature of Burke’s (1999) analysis.
However further analysis of the historical record and archaeological data suggest thatsome of Burke’s (1999) interpretations of artefact function and inmate behaviour may
be incorrect. This is discussed further in Chapter 7 in conjunction with evidence fromthis research.

A number of excavations have been carried out within and around the Fremantle
Prison complex in response to site redevelopment (see McIlroy 1990; Bindon and
Raynal 1993; Bolton 2005; Fleming 2008; Fleming and Burke 2009; Burke et al. 2009;
Winter et al. 2010; Eureka Archaeological Research and Consulting 2010; 2011; Fyfe
2011). Test excavations were carried out in 2010 under broken floorboards in abasement used by prison authorities, below the northern association wards of theMain Cell Block (Eureka Archaeological Research and Consulting 2010). Excavations inthe southern area of the Prison grounds have revealed that refuse was disposed of inpits across the site and that some of the current topography is the result of nineteenthand twentieth century rubbish dumps (Burke et al. 2009:32).

Most recently,

excavation of a cellar and pit toilet in No. 14, The Terrace has recovered a wide rangeof artefact types including faunal remains, ceramics, glass and personal items
associated with prison staff and their families who lived on site (Eureka ArchaeologicalResearch and Consulting 2011). While these assemblages provide valuable insight into
the material culture of the Prison, many of the sites excavated were not associatedwith, nor used exclusively by prisoners.

Between-Floor Deposits
Excavation of underfloor spaces has a long history in archaeology as these spaces areoften used as facsimiles of occupation surfaces both at ruined sites and withinstanding historic buildings (see Birmingham 1992; Casella 2002; Allison 1999; Waghorn
2011; Murphy 2003; Allen 2008; Samford 2008; Panagiotakopulu et al. 2010).
However the overwhelming majority have taken place on the ground floor in
sedimentary deposits. Much rarer, are excavations of between-floor spaces, wherearchaeological deposits are suspended within the architecture of a standing structure.
12

Only three sites could be identified where excavation of a non-sedimentary, betweenfloors deposit has been undertaken. Redevelopment of the Hyde Park Barracks, (built
in 1817), during the late 1970s exposed a large archaeological deposit under thefloorboards on the second and third floors (Crook and Murray 2006:9). Excavations
recovered 61,000 artefacts from the between-floor spaces, almost double the numberof artefacts recovered from contemporary subsurface excavations at the same site
(Crook and Murray 2006:9). Similarly, renovations at the old Sydney Supreme Courts
in 1999 also uncovered an artefact assemblage under the floorboards on the upper
storey.

Excavation of this site recovered 7641 artefacts which have since been

analysed by Percival (2004:34). At both sites many of the artefacts recovered weremade of extremely perishable materials such as textiles, paper, leather and otherorganic materials, which would deteriorate rapidly in a sedimentary context (Crook et
al. 2003; Percival 2004). Outside of Australia, excavation of a void discovered behind acabinet at Parliament House in Edinburgh, was also the result of renovation works(Olesky et al. 2008:276). Again the protected conditions of the space, led to thepreservation of silk, cotton and woollen textiles, leather and documents (Olesky et al.
2008).

The sheer volume of the Hyde Park Barracks assemblage has meant that much of thematerial is yet to be analysed (for recent work see Crook et al. 2003; Crook and Murray2006; Davies 2008; 2009b; 2009a; 2011; Davies and Garvey 2011). Most recently
Davies (2011) has argued that the between-floor space was used by destitute andimmigrant women to cache personal possessions in the absence of secure, private
storage. It is likely that similar caching behaviour may also be observed in the cells at
Fremantle Prison, as the only pseudo private place for prisoners to undertake
unsanctioned or private activities (Burke 1999). In the absence of other hiding places
such as toilet cisterns, or washbasins after the 1860s, the underfloor space may havebeen one of the few places for prisoners to hide illicit or valuable items (Kerr 1998:52).
Indeed, a cache of painting equipment dating to the 1970s was found in cell A20(Nayton 1998:21). Crook and Murray’s (2006:32) analysis of the Hyde Park assemblage
found that the majority of the artefacts were the result of accidental loss, with the13floorboards acting as a filter allowing only small items to fall through into the cavity.
The other major process of deposition appeared to be rodents, evidence of which
could be found in the gnaw marks and nests of paper, fabric and grasses (Crook andMurray 2006:32).

Percival’s (2004) analysis of the artefact assemblage recovered from the old Sydney
Supreme Courts aimed to investigate the archaeological signature of activity zones andexplore the depositional processes resulting from human behaviours at the site.
Percival (2004:77) found that past renovations likely resulted in both scavenging anddeposition of new material into the between-floor space. Evidence of theredistributive and deteriorating effects of rodents and insects post deposition, wasbriefly mentioned (Percival 2004:51).

Beyond the analyses of the depositional

processes at the Hyde Park Barrack and the Sydney Supreme Court building very little
is understood about site formation processes of between-floor deposits. Murphy(2003:88) has studied post depositional, taphonomic processes under the floorboards
at the Commissariat Store in Brisbane, however this ground floor deposit was
sedimentary and was predominately affected by flooding episodes and bioturbation.

The high degree of preservation, unusual types of artefacts and the sheer volume ofarchaeological materials from Hyde Park Barracks (Crook and Murray 2006), Sydney
Supreme Court (Percival 2004) and Edinburgh Parliament House (Olesky et al. 2008)
suggests that between-floor deposits could have high potential for futurearchaeological research. However despite this, no excavations could be identified
which have actively targeted these spaces within buildings. While it is likely that moreof these deposits have been encountered as part of cultural heritage management
work, this research is the first to employ a targeted excavation of a between-floor
deposit as part of a broader research design. This has required the development of
new methods of identifying, accessing and excavating these between floor deposits.

14

3.

Historical Background

Life inside Fremantle Prison has undergone a number of changes as society’s attitudes
towards the goals and methods of the penal system have changed over time (Megahey
2007b). Using evidence from documentary records and past research, four major
phases can be recognised in the history of Fremantle Prison.

The Convict Period: 1852 - 1886
Designed by Comptroller-General Edmund Henderson in 1850, the Main Cell Block at
Fremantle Prison is the product of nineteenth century penal ideology which challenged
traditional sentences such as public humiliation and corporal punishment (Bavin
1994:25). Traditionally, incarceration had not been recognised as a punishment but
merely a means of securing the individual (Foucault 1977:119). Early nineteenth
century reformist such as Beccaria, Howard and Benthem promoted incarceration as apunishment but also as an opportunity to reshape the unsavoury elements of society(Bavin 1994:41; Ignatieff 1978). They argued that criminal minds could be reformed
through a program of isolation, discipline, physical labour and religious instruction.

Henderson modelled the Main Cell Block on two English prisons, Pentonville, built in
1842 as a model separate-solitary prison and Portland, a public works prison built in1848 (Bavin 1994:45). Henderson’s plan replicated the dimensions of Portland, which
was constructed out of corrugated iron rather than limestone masonry hence theoriginal cells at Fremantle Prison were extremely small, measuring only 7ft x 4ft, which
reduced the intended floor space from 8.4m2 to 2.7 m2 (Kerr 1988:163; 1998:49).
Public works prisons were designed on the assumption that cells were used only as
sleeping quarters, as during the day prisoners would be labouring on public works
programs (Wakeford 1867:123). While designed as a public works prison, Fremantle
had a dual role to play in the West Australian convict system. Its primary role was as
the administrative centre of the regional system of convict labour hire but was
simultaneously required to be used as a separate-solitary facility for the reformationand punishment of recidivist convicts and some colonial prisoners (Winter 2011:75;
Bavin 1994). The theory behind the separate-solitary system was to keep inmates15

isolated in individual cells at all times, to prevent “the contagion of criminal values
being passed from hardened offender to novice” (Ignatieff 1978:61).

Constant

isolation was also intended to promote moral self-reflection and increase themalleability of inmates to religious instruction (Foucault 1977:123). However as was
discovered in Pentonville Prison, continuous isolation rapidly resulted in mental healthissues rather than moral enlightenment (Bavin 1994:45). Instead separate-solitary
incarceration was used in conjunction with public works programs. Upon conviction
convicts would spend a prescribed amount of time in the separate solitary system for
moral reflection, before being transferred to a public works prison to pay back theirdebt to society (Foucault 1977:109). Fremantle Prison was required to facilitate both
systems within the one structure (Bavin 1994:75).

Everyday life for inmates during the convict period was defined by a routine of hard
physical labour and psychological isolation. Diets were calorific but bland and issues
with poor drainage, diarrhea, vermin, and skin and eye complaints were frequently
reported (Attfield 1860:49; 1865:19; 1868:11; Henderson 1862:27). Some traffickingof contraband such as bootlegged alcohol between prison warders and convicts also
appears to have occurred (Bosworth 2004:33). Prisoners were housed according totheir classification: probationary, reconvicted, military or colonial (Millett 2007:44). A
system of marks, awarded on a daily basis, assigned inmates to further subclassifications based on compliance and work ethic. Privileges such as additionalcorrespondence, higher pay, a better diet and remissions on their sentences would beavailable to inmates classified as ‘First Class – Exemplary’ (Millett 2007:46). Conversely
a prisoner with the rating of ‘Third Class – Very Bad’ could face no pay, solitaryconfinement, flogging, a bread and water diet and further time added to theirsentence (Millett 2007:46).

The Colonial and Post Federation Period: 1886 - 1942
Convict transportation ceased in 1868, and the inmate population subsequently
dwindled until 1886, when the Prison was handed over to the colonial government andused as the main civilian gaol (Bavin 1994:100; Gibbs 2001:62). The population boom
generated by the 1890s gold rush led to a corresponding rise in the prison population
16

(Bavin 1994:100). The small cell size now became problematic, as prisoner labour was
no longer needed or accepted by the community, leaving inmates confined to theirtiny cells for much longer periods than originally intended (Thomas and Stewart
1978:49). The conditions at the Prison came under public scrutiny and led to theestablishment of the 1899 Royal Commission into the Western Australian penal
system.

The Commission determined that conditions at Fremantle Prison wereinhumane and made a number of recommendations including the enlargement of thecells, reinstatement of the now lapsed prisoner classification system and the legislatingof prison regulations (The Inquirer & Commercial News, 30/12/1898:6; The Inquirer &Commercial News, 30/06/1899:12). During the early twentieth century, cells were
gradually enlarged by demolishing alternating dividing walls, electricity was installed
and the interior of the Main Cell Block was partitioned into four divisions to facilitate
prisoner segregation (Bavin 1994:205).

The Prisons Act of 1903 placed limitations on punishments including the use of irons
and solitary confinement although corporal punishment continued (Thomas andStewart 1978:78). A 1918 amendment provided for indeterminate sentencing, aforerunner of the modern parole system in which prisoners could be retained ‘at theGovernors pleasure’ after serving their sentence fixed by the courts (Halden 1991:20).
Of greater impact on the everyday lives of inmates during this period was the arrival ofSuperintendent Hann in 1911, a penal reformer who believed in positive
reinforcement and rehabilitation (Thomas and Stewart 1978:88). Tangible changes forinmates included more fresh vegetables from the prison gardens, attempts toexterminate vermin in cells, smarter uniforms and more meaningful employment(Thomas and Stewart 1978:92-94). This new regime only lasted until 1918, by whichtime the post-war community was disenchanted with the perceived ‘soft’ treatment ofcriminals in Fremantle Prison and Hann was dismissed under allegations of misconductand negligence (Thomas and Stewart 1978:96).

World War II – 1942-1945
During WWII the Australian Army occupied the Prison as a military detention barracks
and an alien internment camp. The historical records reveal that the Army occupied
17

and abandoned different parts of the prison throughout the war. In January 1942, themilitary detention barracks was extended from New Division into 4 Division of theMain Cell Block and civilian prisoners were gradually moved to a new prison camp at
Barton’s Mill (The Daily News, 25/06/1942:6). By April, all civilian prisoners had been
evacuated and the Army had taken complete control of the institution (The West
Australian, 18/04/1942:6).

Almost immediately, problems arose for the Gaols

Department at Barton’s Mill, a number of prisoners escaped and complaints about theconditions and the violent environment were published in the local newspapers (TheWest Australian, 18/04/1942:6; The Daily News, 04/09/1942:6). In response, the Gaols
Department arranged for the use of refractory cells to accommodate inmates returned
from Barton’s Mill (Wilson 1943).

Due to continued problems at Barton’s Mill, the Gaols Department were returned theuse of the entire Main Cell Block in May 1943, however in July invited the Army toreoccupy half of the building to help defray costs of running the cell block (Wilson
1943). This arrangement remained in place until 1945, whereby the military detention
barracks occupied 3 and 4 Divisions at the north end of the Main Cell Block, while theGaols Department housed civilian prisoners in 1 and 2 Divisions to the south (Brigadier
Lemaire, Chief Inspector Army 1945).

Complaints about living conditions by soldiers incarcerated in the military detention
barracks were responded to by an inspection in December 1944 (Brigadier Lemaire,
Chief Inspector Army 1944). The report from this inspection notes that issues withvermin were restricted to 3 Division due to its proximity to the civilian gaol (Brigadier
Lemaire, Chief Inspector Army 1944:4). The presence of the military at Fremantle
Prison once again brought the antiquated conditions at the Prison into the public
consciousness and calls were made for its closure (The Daily News, 05/05/1945:26; The
West Australian, 16/01/1946:8; The West Australian, 06/11/1946:7).
amongst the post-war reconstruction efforts, this was soon forgotten.

18

However

The Post War Period 1945 – 1991
The post WWII period in Fremantle Prison can be characterised by a struggle toreconcile the contradictory goals of reform versus punishment. Periods of progressive
ideas towards prisoner mental health and rehabilitation were punctuated by stricter
regimes of deterrence and punishment (Megahey 2007b). Shifts in the perceived roleof prisons were occurring worldwide as, despite their isolation from society, social
trends including the protection of civil rights also affected the prison community(Hawkins 1976). The West Australian Gaols Department underwent a number of namechanges that reflect the shifting community attitudes to criminals and the role ofprisons (Megahey 2007b). In 1971 it became the Department of Corrections but in1982 it was renamed the Prisons Department being ‘more consistent with the basic
obligations of the department’ (Megahey 2007b:71).

In 1987 it became theDepartment of Corrective Services, then the Ministry of Justice in 1993 and theDepartment of Justice in 2001.

In 2006 the department’s title reverted to the

Department of Corrective Services (DCS 2012).

For inmates at Fremantle Prison, the most obvious effect of these ideological shifts
over the late twentieth century was the replacement of the prison chaplain by social
workers and psychologists (Thomas and Stewart 1978:163). Megahey (2007b) credits
the introduction of rehabilitation, therapy and education programs in Fremantle to theappointment of reformist Comptroller-General, Colin Campbell in 1966.

Under

Campbell’s leadership prison inmates were given the opportunity to take part inpsychological counselling, work release programs, vocational training and tutoring(Megahey 2007b:60). Campbell’s regime followed a global shift favouring therehabilitation of criminals as active, moral and valued members of the wider
community (Hawkins 1976). However there was substantial internal resistance to thisreform program, inmates mistrusted the mental health programs and prison officers
resented the psychologists as a threat to their authority (Thomas and Stewart
1978:180; Coward 1994:61).
The precise function of the psychologist is not understood by most of theprisoners. He stands as a very mysterious figure; a skilled mind-prober who
is credited with an amazing amount of deviousness. The ways in which he
can help prisoners are largely unspecified and the methods that he uses can19only be speculated upon – A. Duddy, Fremantle Prison inmate 1976
(Megahey 2007b:65)
Despite attempts at reform, discontent amongst prisoners and the community rose.
The demography of the inmate population at Fremantle Prison was shifting, withincreasing numbers of younger as well as Aboriginal prisoners (Thomas and Stewart
1978:167).

Boredom, frustration and deteriorating conditions in the nineteenth

century prison resulted in a prisoner riot in 1968 (Prisons Department 1968). In 1973,
a third Royal Commission into Fremantle Prison was established to investigate
allegations of mistreatment of Indigenous prisoners (Jones 1973).

In addition,

increases in the availability of drugs in the Prison during the 1970s led to increased
levels of violence and culminated in another riot in 1988, causing fire damage to muchof the northern half of the Main Cell Block (McGivern 1988; Maller 1995:53).
Investigation into the causes of the 1988 riot found the Prison to be unsanitary,
overcrowded and infested with vermin (McGivern 1988:57). The Director of Corrective
Services at the time admitting “Fremantle had always been a brutalizing experience”(Megahey 2007a:39). Damage caused to the Main Cell Block during the 1988 riot was
repaired however in 1991 Fremantle Prison was closed and the remaining maximum
security inmates were transferred to the newly constructed Casuarina Prison. The
Prison has since become a museum of incarceration in Western.

20

4.

Theoretical Framework

This chapter will outline the theoretical framework and behavioural models that I haveused to infer links between the archaeological record and coping strategies of inmatesin Fremantle Prison. First I will discuss the concept of coping strategies as understoodin the psychological literature and how this is incorporated into my interpretation of
inmate behaviour from the archaeological material. Second I will outline the use of
Schiffer’s (1976; 1987; 2010) framework of cultural and non-cultural transforms tounderstand site formation processes and a justification for the use of this concept.

Beyond Resistance: Modelling Inmate Coping Strategies
As previously discussed in Chapter Two the concept of resistance as an interpretive
framework for prisons has been overused and has incorrectly become analogous withindividual agency in the institutional context (Dornan 2002). Resistance is just one
expression of personal agency within a penal context, as Hodder (1985:4) points out‘individuals learn how to cope in the world and they find that certain strategies workfor them and make sense to them’. Rather than look for contraband as evidence ofinmate resistance to institutional domination, this research uses the concept of coping
strategies as the model for understanding the behaviours undertaken by inmates intheir cells.

Little is actually known about the experience of incarceration amongst the generalcommunity as only a very small proportion of the total population will ever be
imprisoned and by its nature a prison is a closed and insular institution. To avoid
relying on ill-founded stereotypes about inmates and prison life, this research uses
data gathered from real prison experiences to create a model of how people cope with
incarceration. Psychological research into inmate coping strategies, supported byevidence from first-hand accounts by ex-prisoners of Fremantle Prison was used todevelop interpretive frameworks about coping strategies of prison inmates.
Combining these two resources has allowed me to develop a model of common
patterns of behaviour in prisons, which can then be correlated to patterns found in thearchaeological record (Buchli and Lucas 2001b:162).
21

Coping, as a psychological concept, is defined as cognitive and behavioural responses
to external stressors (Boyes 2009:17). All humans employ coping strategies in someform to deal with the physical and cultural world around them. There are a number ofdifferent models of coping strategies in the psychological literature (see Parisi 1982;
Lazarus and Folkman 1984; Zamble and Porporino 1988; Roger et al. 1993; Ireland etal. 2006), however despite differing terminology, all observe a basic division between
two types of strategies; rational, problem-solving strategies opposed to reactive,
emotional strategies. The first category encompasses approaches in which individuals
exercise forethought and planning in order to remove or resolve the source of stress(Boyes 2009:21). The second type of coping strategy, are reactive approaches to stresstriggers, which reduce the emotional impact without resolving the source of stress(Boyes 2009:21).

This can include avoiding or escaping unpleasant situations or

thoughts (Zamble and Porporino 1988).

Research into coping in prison indicates that inmates import their strategies into
prison from past experiences in the outside world (Souza and Dhami 2010; Cao et al.
1997). Old coping strategies employed by offenders on the outside do not disappear
after their conviction but rather get transferred to the prison context. Research alsosuggests that people who commit crimes are more likely to regularly employ low
order, reactive coping strategies and that criminal behaviour may be the result of nonrational, reactive approaches to stress triggers (Zamble and Porporino 1988; Ireland etal. 2006). Additionally use of low order coping strategies has also been correlated withdepression, anxiety and personality disorders all of which are found in higher
frequency amongst prison inmates (Ireland et al. 2006; Crighton and Towl 2008).
Despite the efforts of mental health programs within prisons, the use of low ordercoping strategies appears to be reinforced by the prison environment (Zamble andPorporino 1988:150).

However as Brown and Ireland (2006:562) point out, theposition of the inmate in the prison system also removes many avenues for exercisinghigher order, problem solving coping strategies. This suggests that low order coping
such as avoidance, escape or palliative strategies may be visible in the archaeologicalrecord.
22

Zamble and Porporino’s (1988) longitudinal study of Canadian prisoners provides someguidelines on the major stress triggers for inmates and the strategies they use to copewith them. The results of this case study were compared with ten first-hand accounts
from inmates of Fremantle Prison (see Table 4.1 and Table 4.2) that provided richinsights into both their psychological environment and coping strategies.

The

problems and coping strategies in Fremantle Prison corroborate the evidence from thepsychological case study, although to different degrees. The historical data includes
four interviews recorded for the Fremantle Prison Oral History Project (Tilbury 1990;
Gerritsen 1992; Coward 1994; Maller 1995), one inmate autobiography (Morley 1990),
four diary entries and pieces of creative writing (The West Australian, 11/05/1896:2;
Withnell 1983; Keating 1989; c. 1990; Gray 1999) and a cache of notes dated to 1912,
found in a wall in New Division (Bennett 1912).

The problems most frequently mentioned by inmates at Fremantle included missing
freedoms, cell conditions, boredom and lack of facilities and programs.

Missing

freedoms was most commonly expressed as a sense of powerlessness and frustration
at not being able to make small everyday choices. The lack of recreation facilities orwork offered in the Prison also appears to have resulted in boredom, violence andschemes known as ‘rorts’ to fill in the time and keep mentally active (Withnell 1983).
Unsurprisingly, inmates also frequently discussed the antiquated conditions of the
Prison including the smell, lack of sanitary facilities, lack of privacy and invasiveness ofthe surveillance by prison officers (Morley 1990; Gerritsen 1992; Coward 1994).

Despite stereotypes about physical and sexual violence in male prisons, personalsafety was one of the lowest ranked concerns in the Canadian case study and amongst
Fremantle Prison inmates. The accounts of Fremantle indicate that violence was not of
particular concern until drugs started entering the Prison in the late 1970s (Maller
1995:19). However, ex-prisoners incarcerated at similar times provide conflicting
accounts of the occurrence of sexual assault. The majority stated that it was notcommon and occurred rarely if at all (e.g. Gerritsen 1992; Tilbury 1990; Morley 1990),
yet Coward (1994:73) claimed that sexual assault was highly prevalent in Fremantle
Prison.
23

Table 4.1: Self-reported problem categories inside prison(after Zamble and Porporino 1988)

Category

Missing family or friends

Fremantle Prison% at startofsentence% at fourmonths% at 1.5
years% inmateaccounts at
Fremantle
Prison

82

83

77

20

Everyone had a desperate longing for news from their loved ones and while those
fortunate enough to be called walked to the grille to collect their mail, the unlucky
ones tried to hide their disappointment. (Morley 1990:179)

Example24

Missing freedoms

44

49

41

60

I mean it sounds obvious, you know, ‘missing your freedom’. Like if you want to go
to the pictures for instance, I mean you just say, ‘oh I want to go to the pictures,’so up you hop and you go off to the pictures. So not having the freedom to do
things like that is, I think, the thing that I missed most. (Gerritsen 1992:24)

Missing specific objects oractivities

35

42

46

30

If you worked you got paid, and if you got paid you could buy more goodies, so I
always worked. (Maller 1995:22)

Conflicts with other inmates

32

26

23

20

Everybody hated everybody. The white prisoners hated the black, and they wereisolated and separated. They’d throw a handful of white in amongst the black
prisoners to show that they were taking steps. But the white prisoners hated theblack and there was constant conflict between them. There were the prisoners in
the population that hated the ones that were on protection. There were theprison officers that hated the prisoners and the prisoners that hated the prison
officers, and the prison officers hated the governors. Oh, the whole place justfunctioned on absolute hatred. (Coward 1994:12)

Regrets or troubling thoughts
about the past

31

25

18

20

A feeling of utter desolation swept over me, a mixture of utter remorse, sadness,nostalgia and despair. (Morley 1990:145)

50

Life outside of a prison environment seemed unreal, something you saw on thetelly and joked about occasionally. For the first time in many years I was facedwith the prospect of becoming a decision maker, to actually rule over my own
destiny. The though filled me with apprehension. (Gray 1999:36)

Concern about the future

31

44

42

Boredom

Cell conditions (privacy, noise,hygiene)

25

18

22

15

15

31

60

You were either bored out of your skull of you read. That was the only option.
(Maller 1995:9)

60

Those kinds of things initially are a little bit.. not humiliating but it’s just…I mean
after all, a lifetime of living at home with mother and the sanitary requirementsthat are sort of not written, but are there, and all of a sudden this is all thrown out
the window. (Maller 1995:7)

Medical Services

15

17

23

20

The medical facilities at Fremantle Prison were far from adequate and the attitude
shown by the doctors was deplorable. Besides being patronizing they made it
abundantly clear that prisoners were third-rate citizens who had no right to be
sick. (Morley 1990:185)

Lack of staff support or help

14

17

12

40

They didn’t give a shit about you. They threw you in there, they let you survive inthe stinking conditions that existed and then they threw you back out again.
(Coward 1994:15)

25

Concern about personalsafety

12

7

9

30

There wasn’t really that much [during the 1970s]. I mean I’m really hard put tothink of any instances. I certainly wasn’t subject to any violence by any otherprisoners. (Gerritsen 1992:11)
I felt frightened, because the violence level [during the 1980s] was justunbelievable in the yards. The violence level was sickening. (Maller 1995:53)

Lack of desired programs or
facilities

11

7

14

70

I just sat there for three weeks in the yard. I did absolutely nothing. There was nowork, I just sat there and waited for each day to go by. (Maller 1995:8)

The overall impression of imprisonment is that once inmates adapt to the routines,
regulations and social rules of prison, life becomes a tedious monotony of physical andemotional deprivation. Most accounts suggest that once a new inmate has gone
through the process of institutionalisation described by Goffman (1961), adaptation to
the new reality of prison life is relatively easy.

What is more difficult is the

management of boredom and the resulting sense of powerlessness, impotence, loss ofautonomy and consequently self-esteem (Gerson 1982).
The main one you’re depriving them of when you put them in a
prison as punishment is the need for self-actualisation. (Gerritsen
1992:43), ex-inmate, Fremantle Prison
This supports Zamble and Porporino’s (1988) research that inmates are concerned
predominantly with coping with the material and mental deprivations of incarceration.

The coping strategies identified in Zamble and Porporino’s (1988) study are listed inTable 4.2 and are categorized as either high or low order strategies. Evidence fromfirst hand prisoner accounts of Fremantle Prison again corroborates the evidence frompsychological research; low order coping strategies such as avoidance and escapism
are more frequently employed than rational, problem solving strategies. Some ofthese categories would be extremely difficult to identify in the archaeological record,
however others such as avoidance, escape or palliative strategies are recognised as
more likely to have a material expression.

26

Table 4.2: Self-reported coping strategies employed by prison inmates

27

Low Order Strategies(after Zamble and Porporino 1988)

Category

Type

Detached

None – subject did notcope at all with problem,
usually says that nothing
could be done or that they
were unable to act

Emotional

Reactive Problem
Orientated – attempts todeal with problem, butlacking evidence of
persistence, planning,organisation or
anticipation of future
results

Avoidance

Avoidance – staying awayfrom situation in which
problem occurs or
avoidance of thoughts
about itEscape – physical removalof self from situation or
termination of thoughts
about it% using
outsideprison

2

100

46

30

% at startofsentence

7

99

53

60

% at
four
months

2

99

50

54

Fremantle Prison

% at
1.5
years

4

98

47

55

% inmateaccounts ofFremantle
PrisonExample10

I personally had perfected a way of shutting down myemotions. You can’t survive in those sorts of institutions
unless you learn that. (Coward 1994:19)

40

The affirmation may take the form of anything fromsmuggling of contraband, either into or within the nickitself, to the acquisition of a shoelace or cup of tea—when
they are needed and not when someone dictates theyshould be needed! Thus, each day he seeks to determine
his own existence and finds rorts everywhere throughwhich to do it. (Withnell 1983:84)

40

My reality – or to get away from reality of prison, I makematches models, make different things out of matches inmy spare time in my cell. I can block off from the politics ofthe prison to try and keep out of it that way, which I find isenjoyable plus it makes personal gifts for my de facto
relationship, or friends. (Tilbury 1990:15)

20

He tends instead to give himself over to fantasy, which, likerorting, expands to fill the time allocated, able to provide a
totally alternative reality. And then, once again, there isalways sleep. (Withnell 1983:85)

Low Order Strategies

28

High Order Strategies

Emotional

Palliative – response
reduces emotional distressfrom problem, mostcommonly by providing
some pleasant event otherthan drugs or social
supportSocial Support – use ofothers for comfort orreassurance, or sharing
problems by selfdisclosure

Rational

Anticipatory Problem
Orientated – explicit
recognition of nature of
problem situation,systematic, organised andpersistent attempt toresolve situation; evidenceof planning andanticipation of future
results
Reinterpretive Reevaluation – changes inappraisals or perception ofsituation to reduce
perceived threat

52

32

13

7

62

25

14

22

74

29

8

35

84

27

10

35

40

Most of the time you were bartering and trading for foodbasically, for those extra little things that make life more
pleasurable. (Maller 1995:38)

30

So there was a guy I knew in another division who I’dknown on the outside, so I wanted to arrange a meetingwith this guy. So the only way I could get to meet and talkwith this guy was to go to church on Sunday morning.
(Gerritsen 1992:17)

20

10

I’ve always had the philosophy that if you’ve got to work
together, you might as well make it as easy as you can foreveryone, whereas if you go round trying to give others ahard time, they’re going to give you a hard time, which inturn makes your sentence harder to do. (Tilbury 1990:12)

It’s like going into a foreign society. Nobody tells you what
the rules are or how things work or whatever…But once you
get in there and your get over the culture shock and you gettime to understand what’s going on and whatever, I meanit’s really not that difficult. (Gerritsen 1992:12)

High Order Strategies

29

Low Order
Strategy

Reinterpretive Self-control– use of self control
techniques to reduce,
redirect or otherwise alteremotional response tosituation, thus reducing
threatRational

Multiple

Anticipatory Substitution –deliberate choice of
behaviours incompatible
with occurrence ofproblem situation,
generally using strategy offilling time
Alcohol or Drug Use –ingestion of substances forpurpose of relieving
emotional distress or todull awareness of problem

10

30

19

31

0

SR: Did you develop any techniques to keep yourself active,
keep your mind active?
12

64

20

3

25

13

19

8

40

30

Yes, mostly writing letters. I’m just trying to remember
whether I could get paper. Also study, I think was…well, I
didn’t get to do that until I was on sentence, but that wascertainly very helpful. Maybe if I could get things to read aswell, reading stuff. (Gerritsen 1992:8)
I was introduced to drugs in prison and that was when I first
hit the adult prison in Tasmania. And I was quite
depressed. I was in a cell with a couple of other prisoners
and one of them said to me, “oh, take these. This will cheer
you up a bit,” and he gave me four tablets. (Coward
1994:75)

Inferring Behaviour from the Archaeological Record
How do we link evidence from the archaeological record with inmate behaviours andcoping strategies? As archaeological interpretation is an exercise in inference, thisrequires us to have a method of making justified inferential leaps between artefacts,
which exist in the present, and behaviours that occurred in the past (Tschauner 1996;
Plog 2011). Proponents of Behavioural Archaeology such as Schiffer (1976:12) argue
that behaviour can be inferred from the archaeological evidence but we must firstaccount for the distortions of site formation processes. In this study, Schiffer’s (1976;
1987; 2010) framework of cultural and non-cultural processes has been used toaddress two objectives. First, to unravel how the archaeological record under thefloorboards is a product of the activities carried out by inmates in cells and secondly,
to elucidate the differences in site formation processes of between-floor deposits
versus sedimentary underfloor deposits, in order to assess the research potential of
the former.

The concept of site formation processes is not unique to Behavioural Archaeology
however proponents such as Reid et al. (1975) were the first to set out a program ofidentifying cross cultural, experimental laws which link the interactions of humanbehaviour, depositional and post-depositional processes to the creation of thearchaeological record (Plog 2011).

Behavioural Archaeologists emphasized adistinction between the archaeological context from which we recover artefacts andthe systematic context, meaning the ‘ongoing behavioural system’ in which material
culture is used and interacted with by people (Schiffer 1976:28). The movement ofmaterial culture between, and within the systematic and archaeological contexts forms
the basis for the Behavioural Archaeology concept of site formation processes.

Site formation processes are divided into two types: 1) cultural formation processes or‘c-transforms’ which either add or remove material from the archaeological context
and 2) non-cultural processes or ‘n-transforms’ which tend to either preserve, move or
deteriorate artefacts (Schiffer 1976; 1987; 2010). It is argued that all site formation
processes occur with a level of regularity across all cultures, leaving patterned traces of30

themselves in the archaeological record (Schiffer 1987). The application of theseexperimental laws allows us to reconstruct the life histories of individual artefacts andby working backwards through these histories allow us to make justified inferences
about how people in the past interacted with material culture (Schiffer 1987:13).
Comparison of the depositional and post depositional processes on the ground andupper floor deposits also assists me to understand the future research potential of
between floors deposits in Main Cell Block at Fremantle Prison.

While the concept of site formation processes within Behavioural Archaeology andBinford’s (1972) Middle Range Theory are very similar, the former is more appropriate
for this study. This research does not aim to interpret long term processes of culturalchange but rather the individual actions and behaviours of inmates. Artefacts beneaththe cell floorboards represent the sum of numerous individual actions of consecutive
occupants. Where Binford would view individual behaviour as ‘’noise’ to be dealt
with,’ the framework of n-transforms and c-transforms, allows the past to beinterpreted on a smaller scale, with individual actions of people in the past forming theessential building blocks of the archaeological record (Tschauner 1996:9).

The structure of the c-transforms and n-transforms framework can also be appliedcross culturally without imposing overarching behavioural theories (Tschauner 1996).
People in all times and places lose things, abandon sites and discard rubbish. Why
they do can differ, without significantly altering site formation patterns. In this way
Behavioural Archaeology provides a ‘causally agnostic’ method for analysing thearchaeological record and making justified inferences about the past (Schiffer 2010:3).
Where a processualist approach views site formation processes as the result of acultural system operating on passive people, Behavioural Archaeology provides thetools to interpret site formation processes but allows for the incorporation of postprocessualist concepts of agency (Schiffer 2010:3). As we learn more about the humanmind through disciplines such as psychology, the causal agnosticism of Behavioural
Archaeology allows this knowledge to be incorporated into archaeologicalinterpretation (Reid and Skibo 2011).
31

Figure 4.1 provides an overview of the various c-transforms and n-transforms
catalogued by Schiffer (1976; 1987; 2010). Not all of these were deemed applicable toprisons, as many are the product of domestic or ‘normalised’ situations. In prison,behaviours are shaped by the abnormal situation of a large unisex population being
physically confined, without having to work, prepare food, care for children or perform
any of the other ‘normal’ activities. Detailed below are cultural processes which were
expected to be found in the cells, and the traces by which these processes would berecognised.

Discard Processes
Primary refuse refers to artefacts, which have been discarded but left in situ. The
McKellar Principle states that primary refuse is more likely to consist of small artefacts
because their size would not inhibit daily activity, making them more likely to be left
where they fall (Schiffer 2010:11). In Fremantle Prison small items of refuse left
unnoticed on the cell floor would eventually fall through the floorboards.

Secondary refuse refers to artefacts which have been discarded but moved to analternative location (Schiffer 1976:30). A rubbish dump is a large scale example of thesecondary refuse of a community (Rathje and Murphy 1992).

In the cells, theunderfloor space may have been used by inmates as a place to intentionally dispose of
rubbish; in a sense, ‘sweeping it under the rug’.

Abandonment Processes
As was observed in the archaeology of cell A20 at Fremantle Prison and at the HydePark Barracks, inmates may also have cached belongings under the floorboards as a
private place to store personal or contraband items (Nayton 1998; Davies 2011). If
caching occurred we would also expect to find de facto refuse, which Schiffer (1976)
defines as artefacts left behind after a site is abandoned.

Cells are effectively‘abandoned’ by inmates on a frequent basis, when they are released, or if the prison
32authorities decide to move them from one cell to another. The stash of painting
equipment found in A20 is an example of de facto refuse resulting from an inmate
caching belongings, which were then abandoned when the cell was vacated (Nayton
1998).

Secondary Use & Lateral Cycling
Due to the restricted nature of material culture in prisons, it was expected that
inmates would use items for multiple purposes other than the original manufactured
function. As was found at the Ross Female Factory (Casella 2001a; 2002), it was also
expected that items, including contraband, would have been traded or passed aroundthe prison resulting in the lateral cycling of materials prior to entering thearchaeological context (Schiffer 1987:39).

The processes described above are used to interpret archaeological evidence from
cells in the Main Cell Block. The site formation processes described by Schiffer (1976;
1987; 2010) are applied to the evidence in order to unravel how archaeologicalmaterials entered the underfloor space and the processes which impacted on theirpreservation. This allows for evidence which is not the result of inmate behaviour tobe accounted for, prior to drawing inferences about how the archaeology relates toinmate coping strategies.

33

34
Figure 4.1: Site formation processes (after Schiffer 1976; 1987; 2010)

5.

Methods

In this chapter I outline the methods used to identify cells for excavation followed by adescription of the methods used to collect and analyse the artefact assemblage.

SurveyTwo architectural features were assumed to be controlling the formation of underfloor
deposits; the permeability of the floor surface and in upper storey cells, the integrity of
the ceiling below. Original cell floors were butt jointed, leaving gaps between eachboard which allowed small artefacts to fall through. Installation of lathe and plaster
ceilings in the late nineteenth century would then have trapped material passing
through floorboards (Nayton 1998:25). The continuous process of renovations andmaintenance was a significant factor in preserving the integrity of these twoarchitectural elements and therefore the archaeological deposits. Renovations which
provided access to these spaces could also result in subtractive cultural processes suchas scavenging or reuse (Percival 2004:50).

All 252 accessible cells in the Main Cell Block were surveyed, recording thepermeability of the floor surface and preservation of original floorboards and ceilings.
See Appendix One for the recording form used. At the request of the Fremantle Prison
museum, extent of graffiti coverage was also recorded in order to eliminate cells withsignificant inmate graffiti for excavation. Original floorboards were identified by width(approx. 16-17cm) and the presence of cut nails dating to the mid-nineteenth century(Burke and Smith 2004:378). Identification of original ceilings was more difficult
because the datable evidence is hidden beneath a homogenous plaster finish. Lathand plaster ceilings were originally installed circa 1870, sisal fibre plasterboard wasused in the early twentieth century and modern plasterboard was introduced after
WWII (The West Australian, 16/08/1923:15; The West Australian, 04/03/1949:2). In
addition a partially collapsed ceiling in cell D66, shown in Figure 5.1, indicated thatmodern ceilings had been installed without removing the old.

35

Figure 5.1: Collapsed ceiling in cell D66 showing stratification. Photograph by E Mein, 2012.

Using the data from the site survey, a hierarchy of cells with highest archaeologicalpotential was created based on the following criteria;
1. Absence of significant graffiti
2. High percentage of original floorboards present
3. Presence of wide gaps between floorboards and/or holes in the boards
4. High probability of an original ceiling in corresponding cell below
5. Ability to remove floorboards with minimal damage to building fabric
Two cells of high potential were identified for excavation, cell F63 on the second floorin 2 Division (see Figure 5.2) and cell A7 on the ground floor in 1 Division (see Figure5.3) to provide a comparative sedimentary underfloor deposit.

36

37
Figure 5.2: Second floor of Main Cell Block with cell F63 highlighted

38
Figure 5.3: Ground floor of Main Cell Block with cell A7 highlighted

Excavation
Excavation of the two cells was undertaken on 23 rd and 24th April 2012. Floorboards ofboth cells were recorded prior to removal. To minimize stress in the brittle boards, thenails fixing the floorboards to the joists were cut from below.

The number offloorboards removed was determined by the ability to remove them without causing
damage to the cell.

Cell A7 – Ground Floor
The excavated area in cell A7 covered approximately 2m2 under 7 floorboards and was
divided into five spatial units by jarrah joists running north south. These joist spaces(JS) were numbered consecutively from east to west (see Figure 5.5). The joists were
bedded into limestone foundations to the north and south and a ventilation shaft ran
north south through the foundations at JS3.

Each JS was excavated independently by context, in 2cm spits where possible. JS1 to
JS3 were excavated first to test the depth of the deposit. Excavation proceeded to a
maximum depth of 22cm after which artefacts were no longer observed. Excavation
continued in JS3 to a maximum depth of 31cm at which point the deposit was deemed
to relate to cell construction rather than occupation. A core was taken from JS3 with
the intention of setting it in an epoxy resin for possible forensic analysis; however thisfailed and was abandoned. JS4 and JS5 were then excavated to a maximum depth of
8.5cm and 7.5cm respectively after which artefacts were no longer observed.

The entire excavated deposit was bagged for sieving and analysis. The deposit wasphotographed between each spit. See Appendix Three for excavation photographs.

39

40
Figure 5.4: Cell A7 prior to floorboard removal

41
Figure 5.5: Cell A7 after floorboard removal

Cell F63 – Second Floor
The area excavated in cell F63 covered approximately 1.5m2 under 9 floorboards andwas divided into three spatial units by jarrah joists running east west. JS were
numbered consecutively from north to south and also divided equally into east andwest to allow for a higher level of spatial recording (see Figure 5.7). A ventilation shaft
opened from JS2-W into the internal corridor below the second storey catwalk (seeFigure 5.8 and Figure 5.9).

Due to the concentration of artefacts and proportion of fibrous material composing
the deposit it was not possible to excavate in the traditional manner.

Instead,artefacts were removed using tweezers in layers aimed at mimicking spits as closely as
possible. The lower spits contained some sediment this was collected using leaf troweland brush.

The entire deposit was bagged for sieving and analysis. The deposit was photographed
between each layer. See Appendix Three for excavation photographs.

42

43
Figure 5.6: Cell F63 prior to floorboard removal

44
Figure 5.7: Cell F63 after floorboard removal

Figure 5.8: Underfloor vent to cell F63

Figure 5.9: Detail of vent to cell F63

45

Analysis
All material recovered from Fremantle Prison was taken for processing to thearchaeology laboratory at the University of Western Australia.

Artefact Accessioning
The deposit from each cell was sieved using stacked screens at intervals of 4mm, 1mm,
0.5mm, 0.25mm, 0.00125mm. Artefacts were removed by hand from the 4mm and
1mm screens.
Artefacts were sorted and accessioned, recording the following characteristics;
1) Spatial location (cell, joist space, context and spit)
2) Quantity (number of individual specimens present (NISP) and minimum
number of individuals (MNI) per context)3) Material class4) Artefact description5) Formal properties (shape, form, colour)6) Manufactured function7) Evidence of reuse
Other features such as brands, inscriptions or traces of post depositional processes
were also recorded. All data was entered into an Excel spreadsheet. See Appendix
Four for the list of accessioned artefacts.

Assigning Function
Artefact function was primarily assigned based on original manufactured function
where evident. However, as prison deprives inmates of material goods as part of theirpunishment, it was expected that some artefacts would have been reused forsecondary purposes. Alternative function was assigned where traces of a secondary
use were present, or where potential reuse of artefacts was identified in the historical
record.

46

Dating Artefacts
Structural artefacts such as electrical wire and ceiling plaster could be dated via the
documentary record of the architectural development of the cell block. Nails weredated by their formal features as described in Burke and Smith (2004:377-379) and
Varman (1980). The historical record also dated cell furnishings such as writing slates
and slate pencils, which were supplied as standard during the nineteenth century (TheWest Australian, 13/07/1898:10). Other artefacts could be dated to a period of either
invention or common use such as fountain pens, invented in the 1880s and used until
the invention of the ball point ‘biro’ in 1950 (The Singleton Argus, 21/02/1880:2; BIC
2012). In the absence of other sewing equipment the straight brass pins found in A7
were interpreted as paper fasteners, used prior to staples during the nineteenth toearly twentieth century (Burke 2006:37; The Advocate, 17/02/1925:1; Cairns Post,
06/10/1943:2). Matches from both cells were modern safety matches made of soft,
light coloured wood with square profiled shafts that postdate 1911 (Nayton 1998:41).
Clay pipes fell out common use at the beginning of the twentieth century following the
introduction of the cigarette (Birmingham 1987:14).

Fragments of newspapers and magazines could be dated via an exact phrase search of
the National Library of Australia’s Trove Digitised Newspapers database. Additionallywhere a brand name, logo or style was evident, artefacts such as matchboxes,
cigarette papers, tailored cigarettes, labels and razor blades could be dated to a period
of invention and common use via newspaper advertisements on Trove as well as
collector websites and brand histories published on manufacturers websites (Unilever2012; Clean Up Australia 2012; British-American Tobacco Company Ltd 1924; Ellis2012). Canteen lists, internal newspapers and oral histories from Fremantle Prison also
provided date ranges for the use of different brands in the Prison.

Ecofacts
Ecofacts including insects, snail shells, hair, rodent skeletal remains and rodent faeces
were recovered from the 4mm and 1mm sieves. Insects in particular were collected
due to their potential to aid in the reconstruction of cell conditions experienced by47

inmates (see Buckland 1974; Sutton 1995; Carrott and Kenward 2001; Kenward andCarrott 2006; Panagiotakopulu et al. 2010). Dry sieving was used to recover the
biological material instead of flotation as archaeoentomological research has indicatedthat the application of water to desiccated samples can damage insect remains (seeKeeley 1978; Carrott and Kenward 2001; Panagiotakopulu 2004). Insects and rodents
also play a role as biological agents of non-cultural site formation processes (Schiffer
1987:149).

Insects
Insects were sorted into types and photographed under a stereomicroscope.
Photographs were sent to entomologist Brian Hanich at the West Australian Museum
for identification to genus level where possible. Insect MNIs were calculated byquantifying the most numerous exoskeleton element present.

Snail Shells
A MNI snails was calculated by quantifying either columellas or shell apexes.

Rodents
Skeletal remains of rodents were quantified using both NISP and MNI based on themost numerous skeletal element present.

Rodent droppings were quantified byweight (g).

Hair
Hair was recovered from both cells and a preliminary microscopic analysis using
methods outlined in Robertson (1999) was undertaken on a sample of 69 hairs fromcell A7. Both human and animal hair was found to be present and the medulla
morphology of the animal hair indicated it probably belonged to the rodent order(Microlab Northwest 2007). As rodent skeletal remains had also been recovered,further analysis of the hair was abandoned due to time constraints and limited
potential for further informational value.
48

Parasitological Analysis
Parasites from archaeological contexts have been used successfully to examine
hygiene and living conditions in the past (Reinhard 1992). The lack of sanitary facilities
in Fremantle Prison, in addition to the presence of other mammals suggested thatparasite eggs might be recoverable from the deposits. Six deposit samples from cell
F63 were analysed by veterinarian, Dr. Phoebe Readford using the simple floatation
method outlined in the Manual of Veterinary Parasitological Laboratory Techniques(MAFF 1986). No eggs were identified and cost limitations prevented more complex
and reliable paleoparasitological tests such as outlined in Warnock and Reinhard(1992) and Arguello (2006) to be undertaken.

Site Formation Processes
Grain Size, pH and Munsell Analysis
Grain size analysis was undertaken on both cell deposits with the aim of providing
further insight into the comparative depositional processes at work in each cell.
Excavated material was sorted by particle size using the stacked sieves. These ranged
from rubble (4mm), coarse sand (1mm), sand (0.5mm), fine sand (0.25mm) and veryfine sand (1.25µm). Grain sizes per spit were quantified by weight (g) and as apercentage of the original sample. Hair and fibre recovered from cell F63 was includedin this analysis as it formed an important part of the deposit in relation to thedeposition and movement of artefacts. Wet munsell colours and pH were taken foreach spit to confirm field observations of the deposits as well as identify factors whichmight contribute to artefact deterioration.

Artefact Deposition
Schiffer (2010:19) argues that an artefact’s mode of deposition can be predicted via its
formal and spatial dimensions, frequency and association with other artefacts. All
artefacts from the two cells were classified by predicted mode of deposition using thefollowing definitions described by Schiffer (1976; 1987) and applied to the Prison
context.
49

Table 5.1: Criteria for identifying depositional processes in cells

Primary Refuse

Artefacts show evidence of being discarded, i.e. having beenused or broken and are small enough to fall to the floor andthrough the floorboards, without being noticed.

Secondary Refuse

Artefacts are used or broken but are too large to have fallen
through the floorboards without human intervention.

Caching

Artefacts show no reason for being discarded and are too large
to fall through the floorboards without human intervention.

Loss

Artefacts show no trace of being broken or used but are smallenough to fall through the floorboards without being noticed.

Biological
Deposition

Artefacts are too large to fall through the floorboards and show
physical traces of biological interference such as rodent gnaw
marks.

In order to test the accuracy of these predicted modes of deposition, artefact
distribution was plotted spatially against potential access points through the floor
surface. Underfloor access zones included gaps between boards, edges of the room
where movement of boards creates gaps between walls and areas of boards whichwere not nailed down, and could be pried upwards (Percival 2004:49). Additionallyboards which exhibited signs of repair were also deemed to have been potential accesspoints in the past. Correlation between the size and distribution of artefacts and thelocation of access points was used to confirm or disprove the predicted modes ofdeposition.

Post Depositional Processes
Biological agents including insects, spiders, rodents and snails were recovered fromboth cells, the potential post depositional impacts of the various species was examinedusing evidence from biological and behavioural research into these species.

Stratigraphic Integrity
In order to determine the degree of mixing which had occurred between stratigraphic
units, datable artefacts from each cell were plotted vertically on a time range graph.

50

Inversions of the law of superimposition were used to demonstrate that mixing had
occurred within the deposits.

The degree of mixing and presence of discrete depositional episodes was determinedby application of South’s (1972) mean ceramic date formula to artefacts in eachstratigraphic unit:
X = ∑ (fY)
∑f
Where x is average date, and Y is the start, end or average date of each artefact type
(Lawrence 2009:381). While South (1972) developed this formula for use on ceramic
assemblages his stated intention was, that once tested, this fairly straightforward
frequency adjusted average formula could also be used on other historical artefacts
such as ‘wine bottles, wine glass, tobacco pipes, buttons, etc.’ (South 1972:8). South(1972:3) used ceramics to test the formula because at the time, the manufacture ofseventeenth to eighteenth century British ceramics was well documented. The key
features of ceramics which leant themselves for dating were their very specificattributes such as design, colour, shape, decoration and hardness. The invention andend of manufacture of these attributes could be extremely accurately dated via the
documentary record.

Imported British ceramics were also mass-produced whichremoved chronological errors caused by local variability (South 1972:11).

Such

distinctive and datable attributes are also a feature of the modern artefact types foundin Fremantle Prison such as plastic biro pens, embossed buttons, cigarette brands,
safety razor blades, nylon fishing line or polyurethane mattress foam.

Problems occur where artefacts are in use for a long period of time or were the subjectof conservatory processes (Lawrence 2009:381). Structural artefacts like nails, while
useful dating tools when in situ, can create anomalies in this analysis as they may fall
into the deposit at any time (Nayton 1992:78). Therefore structural artefacts andartefacts that were manufactured and used over a long period of time were notincluded in this analysis.

51

Nayton (1998:13) applied the mean ceramic date formula in her analysis of the cell
A20 assemblage and identified three depositional episodes during the nineteenth
century and one during the 1970s. This hiatus in material deposition was interpreted
as evidence of an impervious floor covering being laid over the floorboards in the earlytwentieth century, which prevented material from entering the underfloor space(Nayton 1998:13).

Preservation
The secondary aim of this project was to examine the potential of between-floor
deposits in comparison to traditional subterranean deposits. It was hypothesized thatthe protected conditions of the between-floor space would result in a greater degreeof artefact preservation. Types of materials preserved in each cell were compared aswell as the degree of post depositional deterioration evident on the artefacts. Type,quantity and preservation state of artefacts from cell A7 were also compared to thecell A20 assemblage to provide an indication of the speed of material decay in thesedimentary deposit.

Functional Analysis
A functional analysis of each assemblage was undertaken in order to determine whattypes of activities were being carried out in the cells by inmates. Artefacts were
quantified by MNI per context in order to prevent highly fragmented artefact types
being over represented. Artefacts which were not associated with inmate activities
were not included in the functional analysis as well as artefacts classified as biologicaldeposition. This allowed for a comparison with Burke’s (1999) functional analysis of
the cell A20 assemblage. A descriptive analysis follows of each artefact type byfunction and its relationship to inmate behaviour and coping strategies.

52

6.

Results

This chapter provides a descriptive analysis of the archaeological deposits recoveredfrom cell A7 and F63. Results of the survey of the Main Cell Block, excavations and site
formation processes for each cell are outlined followed by the results of the functional
analysis of the assemblages.

SurveyOf the 252 cells surveyed, 202 were known to have been used as cells, while theremaining 50 were storerooms, offices, workshops, bathrooms and toilets. Of theaccessible cells, 40 had medium to very high graffiti coverage. 92 cells had completely
new floors however 106 retained at least 50% of their original floorboards indicatingthat most cell floors were patched rather than replaced when cells were enlarged.
Floor coverings including carpet and linoleum were found in 29 cells and in 85 cells thefloorboards had been painted. Lath and plaster ceilings were evident in 16 cells, 7 cells
clearly had sisal plasterboard, 160 modern plasterboard ceilings, 26 had timber boards
and 2 ceilings were made from corrugated iron. Technology of the remaining ceilings
could not be identified.

See Appendix Two for plans of the Main Cell Block showing the archaeologicalpotential of each cell to tell us about inmate activities. The degree of graffiti coveragein each cell was not included in determining archaeological potential. Therefore any
future excavations or disturbance to floorboards and ceilings would need to take into
account potential damage to the graffiti. Archaeological potential within the Main Cell
Block is discussed further in Chapter Eight.

Cell A7
Excavation
The deposit in cell A7 consisted of four stratigraphic units overlaying each other (seeFigure 6.1 and Figure 6.2).

A total of 1585 individual artefact fragments wererecovered of which 92.7% were located in context 001, 3.3% in context 002 and only53

0.3% artefacts were found in the lower two contexts; 003 and 004. The remaining 3.7%
were found on the surface and door sill. When quantified by MNI per context, thetotal number of artefacts reduces to 377 due to the fragmentary nature of theassemblage. Additionally 996 (MNI) ecofacts consisting of insects, rodent skeletal
remains and snail shells plus 5.89g of rodent faeces were recovered from contexts 001
and 002.

Figure 6.1: Western section of JS3 in cell A754Figure 6.2: Eastern section of JS1 in cell A7

Depositional Processes
Sediment grain size analysis, pH and Munsell
Results of the grain size analysis from A7 are presented in Figure 6.3 which confirms
field observations that the loosely concreted limestone rubble increased in size withdepth. Context 001 was silty and of variable colour, ranging from dark grayish brown
to light yellowish brown while the lower three strata consisted of pale yellow
limestone rubble (see Table 6.1). The darker colour of context 001 is interpreted as
the result of dust and other organic material falling onto the deposit through thefloorboards and mixing with the pale lime sediment below.

Artefact Deposition
In A7, 90.7% of all artefacts could be classified as primary refuse, 7.4% were the resultof loss and only 0.8% secondary refuse and caching behaviour. Four bones equalling
1.1% of assemblage were classified as biological deposition. The spatial distribution ofartefacts supports these depositional classifications.

Figure 6.4 indicates theunderfloor access points in cell A7 while Figure 6.5 shows the distribution of artefacts
classified by mode of deposition. Artefacts classified as primary refuse or loss were55

concentrated to the east and west where gaps in the floorboards are most prominentand cached artefacts and secondary refuse were only present in joist spaces accessible
by prying up floorboards. A large hole in the floorboards above JS3 showed evidenceof wear and a fork with a bent prong was found directly below, suggesting it had beenused as a lever on the floorboards. Despite the evidence for access to the underfloor
space only 182 items or 13.2% of the assemblage was found in JS3.

Context
004

Context
003

Context
002

Context 001

Table 6.1: Cell A7 – Results of pH and Munsell tests

Spit
1

pH
9.5 – 10

Munsell (Wet)
2.5Y 4/2 Dark Greyish Brown
2.5Y 6/2 Light Brownish Grey

Comments
Very Hydrophobic

2

9.5 – 10

2.5Y 4/2 Dark Greyish Brown
2.5Y 5/2 Greyish Brown
2.5Y 5/3 Light Olive Brown
2.5Y 6/2 Light Brownish Grey
2.5Y 6/3 Light Yellowish Brown

Hydrophobic

3

9.5 – 10

2.5Y 6/3 Light Yellowish Brown
2.5Y 5/3 Light Olive Brown

Slightly
Hydrophobic

1

8.5 – 10

2.5Y 7/2 Light Grey
2.5Y 7/3 Pale Yellow

Not Hydrophobic

2

8.5 – 10

2.5Y 8/3 Pale Yellow

Not Hydrophobic

1

8.5 – 10

2.5Y 8/3 Pale Yellow

Not Hydrophobic

2

8.0 – 8.5

2.5Y 8/3 Pale Yellow

Not Hydrophobic

1

8 – 8.5

2.5Y 7/3 Pale Yellow
2.5Y 8/3 Pale Yellow

Not Hydrophobic56

Figure 6.3: Cell A7 – Grain size analysis

57

Figure 6.4: Cell A7 - Underfloor access zones

58

Figure 6.5: Cell A7 - Distribution of artefact frequency by depositional process(points do not represent actual artefact locations)59

Post Depositional Processes
Stratigraphic Integrity
Plotting the distribution of dateable artefacts in a time range graph by spit (see Table
6.3) reveals that some vertical displacement of material has occurred as older artefacts
are found above younger artefacts.

Despite this displacement, a trend of older artefacts towards the base of the deposit
and younger artefacts towards the surface can still be observed. Application of themean date formula produces progressively decreasing average dates which arepresented in Table 6.2. The anomaly of 1948 at the base of context 002 is the productof only a single datable artefact in that spit.

Table 6.2: Cell A7 – Application of South's (1972) mean ceramic date formula← Increasing Depth

Context

Spit

Surface and Door Sill
Context 001

Context 002
Context 003
Context 004

Average Date Range
1952
1991

Mean Artefact Date
1972

1

1922

1966

1944

2

1906

1952

1929

3

1887

1938

1913

1

1861

1913

1887

2

1905

1991

1948

1

1852

1900

1876

2

No datable artefacts

1

No datable artefacts

60

1990

1980

1970

1960

1950

1940

1930

1920

1910

1900

1890

1880

1870

1860

Surface

1850

Table 6.3: Cell A7 - Time range graphAlfoil wrapper
Nylon bristles
Alfoil wrapper
Biro lid
Gum wrapper
Fishing line

Context 001 / Spit 1

Mattress foam
Plastic bag
Plastic button
Steel pin
Fountain pen nib
Brass pin
Slate pencil
Writing slate
Inscribed button
Alfoil wrapper
Biro lid
Plastic button
Context 001 / Spit 2

Fishing line
Mattress foam
Fountain pen nib
Brass pin
Clay pipe
Slate pencil
Writing slate

Context 001 / Spit 3

Alfoil wrapper
Plastic button
Fountain pen nib
Slate pencil

Context
002 /Spit 1

Fountain pen nib

Context
003 /Spit 1

Writing slate

Clay pipe

Clay pipe61

Biological Agents
Evidence of rodent activity under the floorboards in A7 consisted of 157 rodent bones,
representing a minimum number of 7 individuals and 5.48g rodent faeces. Applicationof Huson and Davis’ (1980:103) formula for identifying rat species from faecal
dropping size (6-14 x 3mm) indicates that the species in cell A7 was the Brown or
Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus). As rats are territorial it is likely that they were theonly species in A7 (Barnett 1976).

The preferred habitat of the Norway rat isunderground burrows and tunnels and they are known to travel along regular foraging
paths (see Galef and Buckley 1996; Roche and Timberlake 1998; Galef 2003). Thisbehavioural trait may account for the unexpectedly low number of artefacts found inJS3. Figure 6.6 demonstrates the inverse relationship between the distribution ofartefacts and evidence for rat activity in A7 as JS3 had the highest quantity of rodent
faeces and skeletal remains but lowest number of individual artefacts. The ventilation
shaft through the wall foundations which opens into JS3 would have provided
protected foraging paths for the rats, that may have dragged food, and nestingmaterials in through them whilst maintaining unobstructed pathways through theshafts.

A minimum number of 734 individual insects and 1 arachnid were recovered from thecell A7. 70% of the MNI insects were pests of stored products which feed on organic
such as including grains, cellulose, wood, fungi, mould, animal hair and other fibres(Rees 2004:24). The identifiable species found in A7 are listed in Table 6.4 and Table
6.5 below, the remaining specimens were too fragmented to identify.

Ground Beetles live on the soil surface, are opportunistic feeders eating both plantmaterials and other insects and lay their eggs within the soil (Carvalho et al. 2012).
Lawn beetles are burrowing insects which feed on plant roots (Carson 2010) and Pie
Dish Beetles are ground dwelling insects which feed on decaying vegetable matter andlay their eggs in the soil (Australian Museum 2009).

62

Figure 6.6: Cell A7 - Distribution of artefact frequency compared to evidence of rodent activity

63

Table 6.4: Cell A7 - Stored products pests

Scientific Name
Common Name

Order

Click beetles

Coleoptera

Elateridae

NA43

Darkling beetles

Coleoptera

Tenebrionidae

Gonocephalum

198

Spider beetles

Coleoptera

PtinidaeMezium176

Coleoptera

PtinidaePtinus58

Coleoptera

Curculionidae

NA

29

Coleoptera

Curculionidae

Acantholopus

3

Weevils

FamilyGenus

MNI

Table 6.5: Cell A7 - Other insects

Scientific Name
Common Name

Order

FamilyGenus

MNI

Cockroaches

Blattodea

NA

NA

72

Cockroach egg (ootheca)

Blattodea

NA

NA

18

CricketOrthoptera

NA

NA

1

Earwigs

Dermaptera

NA

NA

2

Fly egg casing

Diptera

NA

NA

79

Ground beetles

Coleoptera

Carabidae

Promecoderus

29

Lawn beetle

Coleoptera

Scarabaeidae

Heteronychus

11

Pie-Dish beetles

Coleoptera

Tenebrionidae

Sympetes

4

Slaters

IsopodaNA

NA

4

Undiagnostic

NA

NA

NA

7

Chemical & Physical AgentsThe deposit in A7 was highly alkaline with a pH of between 8.0 to 10, with alkalinity
increasing towards the surface (see Table 6.1). In addition the sediment from context
001 was hydrophobic, while sediment from the lower three strata was not. Limestone
concretions, increasing pH and hydrophobic surface sediments are most likely due tothe movement of groundwater in the deposit. Dissolution and re-precipitation of thelimestone minerals would have occurred during seasonal wet-dry cycles, resulting in
the loose concretion of the limestone rubble observed in the field. Groundwater
would have been drawn up via capillary action through the sandy sediment,
transporting alkaline minerals and salts to the surface, hence the increasingly high pH
64and efflorescence crystals at the surface(White 2006:127). The hydrophobic nature of
the deposit towards the surface is due to desiccation of the surface sediments
combined with the deposition of organic material from above (White 2006:110).

Conclusions
The deposit in cell A7 appears to be the result of infilling between the wall foundations
with limestone rubble. The original surface of this infill is likely to have been aroundthe top of context 003 at which point non-structural artefacts begin to appear. As all
artefacts date from the end of the nineteenth to the early twentieth century and areassociated with electrical wire, the rubble infill appears to be the result of the removalof the central wall when the cell was enlarged after the 1899 Royal Commission (Kerr
1998). Since then, artefacts have predominately entered the underfloor space byfalling through as refuse and have been redeposited throughout the uppermost strata
by rats and burrowing insects.

The earliest collection of items consists of clay pipe fragments, writing slates and slate
pencils. These items are known to have been supplied to prisoners as part of theirrations and standard furnishings of each cell, indicating that it was used toaccommodate inmates immediately after the enlargement (Henderson 1862; The West
Australian, 11/05/1896:2).

The assortment of stationary items including brass pins, fountain pen nibs and a brass
paper fastener suggests that this cell was used as an office during the early twentiethcentury. Fountain pens, even the cheaper steel versions found in this cell, are unlikely
to have been supplied to inmates due to their cost. Use of the cell as an office is not
unusual as ground floor cells are the least secure and many have been converted into
offices over time (Bavin 1994:224; Building Management Authority of Western
Australia 1990).

During the 1950s to the 1960s cell A7 was used to hold prisoners on remand, after
which it accommodated sentenced inmates (D Campbell 2012 pers. comm.). The
65

artefactual evidence for this period supports this as the assemblage is made up of
everyday items known to be used or accessible to inmates during this period such as
matches, mattress foam, biro pens, alfoil and pencils.

Cell F63
Excavation
Stratigraphy in cell F63 could not be identified during excavation and the extremely
shallow, variable and unconsolidated nature of the deposit made depth and section
recording impossible. A total of 4698 artefacts and 3090 ecofacts consisting of insects
and rodent remains, plus 21.2g rodent faeces were recovered. When quantified by
MNI these figures drop to 2065 and 2180 respectively. Of the total artefacts, 7.1%
were from the surface layer, 13.8% from the embedded layer, 49.4% from spit 1,
26.6% from spit 2 and 3.2% were found inside the mouse nest in JS4.

Depositional Processes
Grain Size Analysis, pH & Munsell
As the surface and embedded units consisted solely of artefacts this analysis could only
be applied to material from spit 1 and spit 2. As can be seen in Table 6.6 there is little
to differentiate the two contexts based on Munsell and pH results.
Table 6.6: Cell F63 - Results of pH and Munsell tests

Context pH
Spit 18 – 8.5

Spit 2

7.5 – 8.0

Munsell (Wet)

Comments

2.5Y 3/1 Very Dark Grey

Extremely
Hydrophobic

2.5Y 3/2 Very Dark Greyish Brown
2.5Y 3/2 Very Dark Greyish Brown

Extremely
Hydrophobic

Figure 6.7 shows that spit 1 had a higher proportion of rubble, hair and fibres while
spit 2 consists of mainly fine to very fine sand and silt. The hair and fibres in spit 1
effectively formed a net, trapping large and lightweight artefacts in the upper three66

stratigraphic units, while sediment and heavy, small items were able to fall through tothe base of the deposit.

As Figure 6.8 shows, wide or lightweight artefacts such as paper, cardboard, textiles,
leather and large pieces of plaster were in higher proportion in the first three layers,
above the hair and fibres, while small, heavy items such as nails, tacks, glass shards,
paint flakes or bone fragments were found in higher proportions in spit 2.

Figure 6.7: Cell F63 - Grain size analysis

67

Figure 6.8: Cell F63 - Proportion of artefacts per stratigraphic unit by relative weight & size

Artefact Deposition
Primary refuse in cell F63 accounts for 92.7% of total artefacts, 2.9% were loss and1.7% were secondary refuse. Despite ample evidence of biological damage to manyartefacts, none met the parameters for classification as biological deposition outside of
the mouse nest. No artefacts could be classified as the result of caching.

Figure 6.10 illustrates the relationship between the underfloor access zones andpredicted mode of deposition. As was found in A7, primary refuse and lost items areassociated with areas of the floor that have the largest gaps between the floorboards
and secondary refuse was most commonly associated with areas where thefloorboards had large holes or could be easily pried up. Thereby confirming thepredicted modes of artefact deposition.

68

Figure 6.9: Cell F63 - Underfloor access zones

69

Figure 6.10: Cell F63 - Distribution of artefact frequency by depositional process(points do not represent actual artefact locations)70

Post Depositional Processes
Stratigraphic Integrity
Plotting the vertical distribution of artefacts into a time range graph (see Table 6.8)
demonstrates that mixing of artefacts has occurred. Unlike the ground floor cell, no
trend for older artefacts towards the base of the deposit could be observed.
Application of the mean date formula (see Table 6.7) revealed an inversion of datableartefacts with a trend for younger artefacts further down.

Table 6.7: Cell F63 – Application of South's (1972) mean ceramic date formula← Increasing
Depth

Context

Date Range

Mean Artefact Date

Surface

1931

1952

1941

Embedded

1937

1953

1945

Spit 1

1943

1977

1960

Spit 2

1908

1935

1948

Biological Agents
Three partially articulated rodent skeletons were recovered from cell F63. Based on
the much smaller size of the faeces, the species found in this deposit appears to be thecommon House Mouse (Mus musculus).

For these agile climbers, access to theunderfloor space could be easily achieved through the ventilation shaft to the internal
corridor and a mouse skeleton was found in JS2-West immediately in front of theventilation grill.

Approximately 30% of a large mouse nest made of coir fibre,

weighing 346.3g was removed from JS4. The nest contained particles of chewed
paper, bone and plastic as well as two articulated mouse skeletons. Coir fibre wasused in the Prison as mattress stuffing prior to the invention of polyurethane foam
mattresses in the 1960s (Brigadier Lemaire, Chief Inspector Army 1944). Displacementof artefacts would have been caused by the movement of mice under the floorboards,
and the mice would also have collected and chewed on artefacts as part of theirnatural nesting behaviour.

71

1990

1980

1970

1960

1950

1940

1930

1920

1910

1900

1890

1880

1870

1860

1850

Table 6.8: Cell F63 - Time range graph

Luxor tobacco
Western tobacco
SurfaceBook title page
President cig.
Matchbox
Rizla papers
State Express cig.
Marcovitch cig.
Milk bottle top
Razor packet
Tally-Ho papers
Repeater papers

Embedded

Osram label
Western tobacco
Lifebuoy soap
Cystex ad
AWW magazines
Rizla papers
Marcovitch cig.
State Express cig.
Tobacco tin
Alfoil wrapper
Fishing line
Mattress foam
Plasticised foam
Biro lid
Plastic button

Spit 1

Plastic comb
Prison document
Razor blade
Repeater papers
Western tobacco
Sunday Times
Photoplay
Daily News
Osram label
Marcovitch cig.
Alfoil wrapper
Biro lid
Razor blade

Spit 2

Repeater papers
State Express cig.
Def. Dept button
Rizla papers
Marcovitch cig.
Razor blade
Clay Pipe72

Figure 6.11: Part of mouse nest with articulated skeletal remains from cell F63

A minimum number of 2176 individual insects and 1 arachnid were recovered withstored product pests making up 94.9% of the collection; other insect species foundincluded bed bugs, flies and click beetles.
Table 6.9: Cell F63 - Stored products pests

Scientific Name
Common Name

Order

FamilyGenus

MNI

Carpet beetle

Coleoptera

Dermestidae

Attagenus

5

Carpet beetle larval castings

Coleoptera

Dermestidae

Attagenus

1161

Darkling beetle

Coleoptera

Tenebrionidae

Gonocephalum

Dermestid beetle(unidentified) larval castings

Coleoptera

Dermestidae

NA

Museum beetle larval castings

Coleoptera

Dermestidae

Anthrenus

48

Spider beetles

Coleoptera

PtinidaeMezium70

Coleoptera

PtinidaePtinus

4

73

1
778

Dermestid beetle larvae live amongst organic material until they mature. Adults of thegenera Attagenus and Anthrenus do not feed on the same material as the larvae but
rather once mature fly away, returning only to lay their eggs (Rees 2004:154, 165).
This accounts for why so many larval castings were found in cell F63 yet so few adultspecimens.
Table 6.10: Cell F63 - Other insects

Scientific Name
Common Name

Order

FamilyGenus

MNI

Bed bugs

Hemiptera

Cimicidae

Cimex

75

Click beetle

Coleoptera

Elateridae

NA1

Fly pupal casing

DipteraNA

NA

5

Unidentified fragments

NA

NA

NA

28

Bed bugs are parasites that feed on human blood, usually active at night these insects
will hide in dark crevices during the day (Brian Hanich 2012 pers. comm.). Unlike theground floor cell, no evidence of cockroaches was found in cell F63.

Conclusions
The between-floor deposit in cell F63 has predominately been formed by small
artefacts falling through the floorboards above with some items of rubbish being
stuffed into the underfloor space by cell occupants. Despite the preservation oforiginal floorboards and lath and plaster ceiling, the assemblage dates almost
exclusively to the twentieth century with only one clay pipe stem and two unused cut
nails dating prior to 1900 (Birmingham 1987:14; Burke and Smith 2004:378). Thissuggests that artefacts were removed from the between-floor space early in thetwentieth century, probably during the enlargement of the cell. This may have been
done to discourage vermin, improve ventilation or reduce fuel loads in the building incase of fire. A higher frequency of artefacts dating to the 1940s suggests that either,access to the between-floor space increased, allowing more material to be deposited,or that inmates had greater access to a wider range of materials during this period.
The artefacts found in cell F63 are common everyday items known from the
documentary record to have been accessible to inmates. There is no indication thatthe cell had been used for any other purpose than inmate accommodation.
74

Contrary to my original hypothesis, the between-floor space was not a sealed context
and significant post depositional processes were occurring. Mice and insects havedisturbed the stratigraphic integrity of the assemblage and damaged artefacts byconsuming them as food and nesting materials. As no artefacts from the mouse nest
could be dated later than the 1960s this indicates that the mice were occupying thebuilding at the same time as inmates. As a commensal species it is unlikely that micewould have continued to occupy the Main Cell Block after the Prison closed, as theiraccess to food would no longer exist (Pocock et al. 2004:879). In contrast, the insects
found in cell F63 may have been occupying the between-floor space during thePrison’s occupation and long after. The assemblage would provide an ample foodsource for the stored products pests and indeed, two live larval specimens were foundduring the sorting process.

Comparative Artefact Preservation
A distinct disparity can be observed between the types of materials preserved in the
ground floor deposit in comparison to the between-floor deposit. Figure 6.12 shows
the proportion of material types recovered from each deposit. This difference could
be interpreted as the result of different room functions and different occupants.
However in a prison, where uniformity is such a pervasive part of the institutional
system it is more likely that similar types of artefacts were entering both deposits
however the damp, alkaline conditions of the subterranean deposit on the groundfloor caused perishable materials such as paper, softwoods and metals to decay or
corrode. In locations where artefacts did not come into contact with the sediments incell A7, much better preservation and more perishable items were found. For example
14 matchsticks were found on the doorsill in cell A7 however only 2 fragments were
found across the rest of the cell. This suggests that perishable materials like matches
were entering the deposit however were not preserving in the sediment.

Comparison with the assemblage recovered from cell A20 provides an indication of
how rapidly artefact deterioration is occurring in the subterranean context. In 1997,75

310 matches and 51 newspaper fragments were excavated from A20 (Burke 1999,
Appendix 1). By 2012, almost all traces of these perishable artefacts have disappeared
from the cell A7 deposit except where they did not come into contact with thesedimentary deposit.

In contrast, artefacts from F63 were extremely well preserved with highly perishable
materials including paper, cardboard, textiles and matches making up 59% of the total
individual artefacts.

Where only 20% of metal artefacts from cell A7 could be

identified due to heavy corrosion, metal artefacts from F63 show only minor levels of
surface corrosion. Figure 6.13 is an example of the distinct difference in preservation
between metal objects from cells A7 and F63.

Figure 6.12: Proportion of artefact material types in each cell76

Figure 6.13: Comparative preservation of nails from cell A7 (L) and cell F63 (R)Functional Analysis
The results of the functional analysis of both assemblages are presented in Table 6.11
and Table 6.12. Due to the high degree of preservation in cell F63 three additional
functional

categories

administration.

wereidentified:rations,

correspondence

andprisonA discussion of each activity category, evidence of reuse andrelationship to inmate behaviour follows.

77

Table 6.11: Functional categories of artefacts in cell A7

Function

MNI% TotalClothing

25

18.9%

Unknown

22

16.7%

Smoking

22

16.7%

Writing

13

9.8%

Other

13

9.8%

Furnishings

13

9.8%

Eating / Drinking

11

8.3%

Art / Graffiti / Décor

4

3.0%

Trade

3

2.3%

Stationary

2

1.5%

Health / Hygiene

2

1.5%

Other Recreation

1

0.8%

Reading

1

0.8%

Total

132

100%

Table 6.12: Functional categories of artefacts in cell F63

Function

MNI% Total

Smoking

1447

73.9%

Unknown

178

9.1%

Other

125

6.4%

Other Recreation

41

2.1%

Reading34

1.7%

Clothing

29

1.5%

Writing22

1.1%

Health / Hygiene

22

1.1%

Furnishings

12

0.6%

Eating / Drinking

9

0.5%

Correspondence

9

0.5%

Stationary

8

0.4%

Art / Graffiti / Décor

7

0.4%

Trade

7

0.4%

Rations6

0.3%

Prison Administration

2

0.1%

1958

100%

Total

78

Smoking
Smoking appears to have been a frequent activity in both cells (see Table 6.13). Due topreservation, the quantity of smoking related artefacts is much lower in A7, although
at 16.7% is still the second most frequent artefact function category.

While some tobacco was supplied to inmates by the prison administration, extra
tobacco, matches, tailored cigarettes and rolling papers could have been purchasedfrom the Prison canteen (The Jarrah Post, April 1961c). Six different brands of tailoredcigarettes were recovered from cell F63 including: President Virginian, State Express
No. 333, Camel, Marcovitch, PM&C and an incomplete brand name ‘Cbav…’. Four
tailored cigarettes had not been smoked, but rather opened and the tobacco removed.
Three brands of cigarette rolling paper found in cell F63: Rizla +, Tally-Ho and Repeater(see Figure 6.14). Labels of four tobacco and cigarette paper packets appear to havebeen deliberately and neatly torn out in order to preserve the brand name.

Figure 6.14: Types of cigarette paper packets – cell F63

79

Table 6.13: Smoking artefacts

Artefact

Cell A7 Cell F63

Cigarette Box

1

Cigarette Paper Packet

21

Clay Pipe

3

1

Cigarette Rolling Paper

1

Cigarette (Rolled)574

Cigarette (Tailored)

37

Cigarette wrapper

3

Matchboxes

4

Matches19796

Tobacco Packets

8

Tobacco Tin

1

Total

22

1447

Reading, Writing, Correspondence & Stationary
Artefacts associated with reading and writing were found in both cells, however as canbe seen in Table 6.14, over 80% of artefacts in these categories found in cell A7 were
non-perishable writing implements. A library card, torn into 6 pieces, was found in cell
F63, along with 8 fragments of books most likely borrowed from the Prison Library.
While damage to library books was a minor prison offence, the archaeological record
includes books which have been cut into pieces, pages torn out and reused as writing
material (The Prison Regulations 1940). Reading and writing appear to be a common
pastime for inmates which somewhat contradicts the stereotype of the prison inmate
as a boorish or violent individual. The need to creatively express oneself can beobserved in the archaeological record in poetry graffitied on walls and an incomplete
poem, written on the title page of a book found in cell F63 (see Figure 6.15). The
poem reads:
Life but A stage and we players…
Renown oh if we but Knew while ..
Wen [sic] life curtin going to Ring down on…
And we all can Recall some …
All whom were lost…
Childhood days may the angles [sic] show..
My message of love to the…

80The preservation of paper artefacts in cell F63 also provides evidence of inmate
correspondence. Seven items clearly relate to external correspondence, indicating
prisoners were maintaining contacts with friends or family on the outside. Fragmentsof two letters, written in the same handwriting but on different paper appear to beunsent letters to an inmate’s family (see Figure 6.16). The fragments of these letterswere found inside the mouse nest and appear to have been taken into the nest wholeand chewed up once inside. An additional two handwritten notes could be either
external or internal correspondence. One appears to have been used to wrap up an
oily material before being deposited under the floorboards.

Figure 6.15: Poem written on the title page of a book – cell F63

81

Figure 6.16: Two handwritten letters from mouse nest - cell F63

Figure 6.17: Handwritten note wrapped around oily substance – cell F63

82

Figure 6.18: Torn library card of inmate ‘Shelley’ - cell F63

Figure 6.19: Title page of the novel If Winter Comes, by ASM Hutchinson (1922) – cell F63

83

Six newspaper and magazine fragments from cell F63 could be dated to the 1940s via
an exact phrase search of their contents on the Trove Digitised Newspapers database.
These fragments belonged to two issues of The Australian Women’s Weekly magazine
as well as issues of local papers, The Daily News and the Sunday Times. Other
publications that could be identified and dated by their content included, a copy of
pinup magazine Photoplay, c. 1947, an issue of The Pocket Book Weekly, a weekly
magazine of short stories, astrology, film reviews and puzzles from 26th May 1956 (The
Mercury, 10/02/1950:16). In addition an undated copy of The Australian Journal,
another short stories magazine of adventure, romance, comedy and detective fiction
which was published from 1865 to 1962 (Osborne 2007:50; Bennett 2009:157). Onevery small fragment of newspaper from the mouse nest appears to be in Chinesecharacters. Digitisation of newspapers and The Australian Women’s Weekly magazineby the National Library of Australia means that some of the newspaper and magazine
issues found in cell F63 could be read in their entirety. Common themes included war
propaganda and news, stories of heroism, romance, adventure and the ‘everyman’,comic strips, celebrity news and criminal and court news.

Four of the newspapers and magazines date to the WWII period, which suggests that
the Military Detention Barracks was a source of reading material for civilian prisoners
which they would not otherwise have access to. The Daily News and one issue of The
Australian Women’s Weekly, date to late 1942 when the military occupied 2 Division,
however the other two publications date to after the military had relinquished 1 and 2
Division but still occupied 3 and 4 Division (Wilson 1943). Army regulations forbade
incarcerated soldiers to smoke, yet civilian prisoners housed in the neighbouring
divisions were supplied tobacco as a ration (Brigadier Lemaire, Chief Inspector Army
1944; The Jarrah Post, Easter 1961a).

This inequity between the two inmate

populations could very well have provided a strong motivation to risk trading readingmaterials in exchange for tobacco.

It is also possible that inmates used some of these reading materials in lieu of
pornographic material.

Magazines such as the Australian Women’s Weekly andPhotoplay were full of images of women including Hollywood starlets and lingerie
84

models. Figure 6.20 and Figure 6.21 provide examples of the types of images publishedin these magazines.

Figure 6.20: Images from The Australian Women's Weekly (1944:25) issue recovered from cell F63.

Figure 6.21: Examples of Photoplay Magazine covers from 1943 (L) and 1946 (R) (Lucy Media 2012a;
2012b)

85

Table 6.14: Reading, writing, correspondence & stationary artefacts

Artefact

Cell A7

Australian Women’s Weekly Magazine (31/10/1942 & 11/11/1944)
Biro lids

Cell F63
2

3

4

Book fragments

8

Brown paper package wrapping with red franking stamp“U.S. Postage
3c Paid
Boston, M
Permit No. 943”

2

Chinese newspaper

1

Folded Notepaper with handwriting“a.g. D...”

1

Graph paper

1

Handwritten letter scrunched / wrapped around oily contents“Meldrum
Dear Re…
…sending the…
…six so…
..prison”

1

Lead pencils

5

11Letter card packet

2

Handwritten letter – biro (c. 1962)“…have...
…by me and to such…
…such a loyal daughter…”

2

Handwritten letter – fountain pen (unreadable)

1

Library card1

Lined paper

1

Newspaper fragments (unbranded)

1

15

Paper fragments with unreadable handwriting

5

Photoplay Magazine (c. 1947)

1

Pin

2

Pocket Book Weekly (26 May 1956)

1

Religious text

2

Slate pencils

4

Staples8

Sunday Times Magazine (18 March 1945)

1

The Daily News (3 October 1942)

1

The Australian Journal (1895-1962)

1

Writing slate

1

Total

16

86

73

Other Recreation
Items associated with other recreation activities are listed in Table 6.15. In cell F63, 32
matches showed evidence of having been cut into small sections, which suggests they
were used for model making. One match had dried glue and another green paint on
the end. Gambling was also evident in the archaeological record of cell F63, thisincluded two sheets of paper with lists of figures, which appear to be bookmaking
records. The corners of two playing cards were recovered from cell F63, the straightedges on both suggesting that they had been purposefully cut. This may have been amethod of marking the cards in order to cheat while gambling. In a somewhat
contradictory situation, inmates were banned from gambling however playing cards
could be purchased from the Prison canteen (Department of Corrections 1975).

Figure 6.22: Playing card fragments - cell F63

Table 6.15: Other recreation artefacts

Artefact

Cell A7 Cell F63

Brown paper with figures

1

Chewing gum

3

Chewing gum wrapper

1

Lined notepaper with figures

1

Playing card2

Word games

2

Matchsticks (model building)

32

Total

1

41

87

Eating / Drinking
Table 6.16 lists the artefacts associated with eating and drinking. Finding utensils andfood remains in both cells is not unexpected because Fremantle Prison never haddining halls and all meals were eaten in the cells (see The West Australian,
13/07/1898:10; Sunday Times, 8/10/1944:4; Morley 1990:150). All of the food types
are known to have been available to prisoners at some point in the Prison’s history.
Fish was supplied on Good Fridays, while eggs, milk, fresh and tinned fruit could bepurchased at the Prison canteen but were also supplied as standard rations (The Jarrah
Post, April 1962; Department of Corrections 1975; Ad Rem, April 1991a). To purchasethese ‘luxuries’ from the canteen required money to either be earned by inmates onwork detail, or be sent to them by friends and family on the outside (Department ofCorrective Services 1991:15). Good behaviour was also essential as the privilege topurchase these items could be taken away as punishment for any disciplinary
infractions (Prisons Act 1981 s 77).

One artefact which does stand out is the shard of olive glass, which is most commonly
associated with alcohol bottles. While alcohol was banned, its trafficking had been acontinuous problem since convicts first arrived in 1850. In 1854, the wife of apensioner guard was charged with trafficking homemade liquor to convict prisoners(Bosworth 2004:33) and unsubstantiated allegations of trafficking in alcohol and drugs
by prison officers continued up until the Prison’s closure (Coward 1994:71; Gerritsen
1992:14). It is possible that the fork found in cell A7 could have been used as aweapon, however the context it was found in, directly below a large hole in thefloorboards suggests that it had been used to pry up the boards, perhaps to hide or
dispose of belongings below.

88Table 6.16: Eating and drinking artefacts

Artefact

Cell A7 Cell F63

Bone

2

Clear tinted bottle glass

1

Eggshell4

Fish rib

1

Fork

1

Milk bottle top

4

1

Olive glass (alcohol)

1

Stone fruit seed1

Tinned fruit label
Total

2

1
1

11

9

Clothing
As can be seen in Table 6.17 artefacts in the clothing category consisted predominatelyof lost buttons, which make up 59% of the total category from both assemblages. A
variety of sizes were found however most were unadorned steel buttons with fourholes, while the plastic buttons were limited to beige and black varieties (see Figure6.23 and Figure 6.24). Only two buttons were stamped, one from cell F63 with
“DEFENCE DEPT” (top left in Figure 6.23) was most likely lost by a soldier when the
military occupied 2 Division between late 1942 to early 1943 (Wilson 1943). The otherwas brass, from cell A7 and read ‘J McHenry Clark & Co. Fremantle’, (bottom left in
Figure 6.24) and dates to c. 1900 (The West Australian, 17/01/1900:6). Because brassbuttons are generally much smarter in appearance than bone, plastic or steel varieties
and were not found in cell F63, these buttons may have been lost off officer’s rather
than prisoner’s clothing and therefore may relate to the period when the cell was used
as an office. If the brass buttons are excluded, the remaining evidence for prisoner
clothing suggests a high degree of uniformity and lack of ornamentation.

Also unique to cell A7 were three corroded steel badges. Badges were used during thenineteenth century to signify a prisoner’s classification under the marks system (Jebb
1862). During WWII, a civilian prisoner, ‘Shiner Ryan’ was reportedly manufacturing ‘V
for Victory’ badges from scrap metal and selling them to raise money for Fremantle
Hospital (The Daily News, 30/08/1941:10). Alternatively they could also have been89

prison officer’s badges. Unfortunately as can be seen in Figure 6.25 corrosion makes
the exact use of these badges impossible to determine.

Figure 6.23: Button types – cell F63

Figure 6.24: Button types – cell A790Figure 6.25: Badges – Cell A7

It is unclear what purpose two plaited bands (see Figure 6.26), found in cell F63 served,
although it is possible that they were made by an inmate as a form of personal
ornamentation as they appear handmade from pieces of cotton string. Two matchingshoe insoles were found in cell F63, these may have been removed to make aninmate’s shoes more comfortable or to create space within them for hiding
contraband. The single sequin from cell A7 is an unusual anomaly for a male prison,
however as the cell has been used for display by the museum it may have come from a
museum visitor.

Figure 6.26: Plaited cotton bands - cell F63

91

Table 6.17: Clothing artefacts

Artefact

Cell A7 Cell F63

Badge

3

Buttons

19

13

Cotton shoe lace1

Cotton thread

8

Leather lacing

1

Leather piecing

2

Plaited bands

2

Patterned cotton fabric2

Safety Pin
Sequin1

Shoe inner soles
Total

2
25

29

Art / Graffiti / Décor
Table 6.18 lists the artefacts associated with art, graffiti or décor from both cells.
Drawing or painting on cell walls was not permitted in the Prison until the last few
years of its operation (Department of Corrective Services 1991:3). However a varietyof nails, tacks and screws remain in the walls of many cells throughout the Main Cell
Block, indicating that cells could be decorated with removable items. Figure 6.27
shows a tack recovered from cell F63, with a fragment of paper attached indicating it
had been used to pin items to the cell wall. A further 99 tacks were found in the same
cell and although they did not have paper attached they may have been used for thesame purpose. Two pieces of newspaper covered with plaster and paint found in cell
F63 may have been used to patch a hole the cell wall as inmates were known to carveout cavities in the soft limestone walls to create hiding places for contraband (DCampbell 2012 pers. comm.).

Less evidence of art, graffiti or cell decorating was found in cell A7, perhaps due topreservation or because the cell was in the lowest security section of the prison, hadbeen reused as an office followed by accommodation for prisoners on remand92

(D Campbell 2012 pers. comm.). The inmates who occupied cell A7 are likely to havebeen better behaved and incarcerated for shorter periods, therefore having less needto personalise their cell.

Figure 6.27: Tack with paper attached - cell F63

Table 6.18: Art / graffiti / decor artefacts

Artefact

Cell A7 Cell F63

Biro and pencil drawing on paper

1

Chalk

3

Graphite stick

1

Newspaper wall patch4

Pen drawing on plaster fragment

1

Tack with paper fragment

1

Total

4

7

Health / Hygiene
All artefacts except the comb, hairbrush and medicine bottle in the health and hygiene
category (see Table 6.19) are known have been supplied to inmates by the prison
administration (Department of Corrective Services 1991). While razor blades could
certainly be misused as weapons, finding them in the cells does not necessarily
indicate that they were. Inmates were supplied with disposable razors as they wererequired to be clean shaven under prison regulations (The Prison Regulations 1940 reg
5). Extra razor blades and soap could also be purchased at the prison canteen, as
93

could combs and hairbrushes (Department of Corrections 1975; The Jarrah Post,
October 1961b). This indicates that inmates occupying cell F63 had been concernedwith maintaining their personal hygiene and grooming beyond the requirements of theprison regulations. Access to razor blades also confirms inmate accounts that violence
was not a major concern within Fremantle Prison from to the 1970s (Morley 1990;
Tilbury 1990; Gerritsen 1992; Maller 1995).

The medicine bottle from cell A7 was probably contraband, as medicine was usuallydispensed on an individual basis or in the Prison Hospital (Morley 1990). The six
shards were found in a discrete area in JS1, indicating that the bottle has been
purposefully hidden or disposed of under the floorboards.

Table 6.19: Health and hygiene artefacts

Artefact

Cell A7 Cell F63

Cardboard toilet roll

1

Comb

1

Hairbrush1

Medicine bottle

1

Paper towel2

Razor blades

12

Razor blade packets

4

Soap packet (Lifebuoy)

1

Toilet paper

1

Total

2

22

Furnishings
Small fragments of cell furnishings including bedding materials and furniture fittings
were found in both cells (see Table 6.20). Based on the historical records, none ofthese artefacts would be considered contraband by themselves however evidence forsecondary reuse suggests illegal activity. Two neatly cut squares of woolen fabric,
found in cell F63 match the inmate blanket on display in the museum. While it
impossible to determine why an inmate would cut up his blanket, the destruction of
bedding was an offence against the prison regulations (The Prison Regulations 1940).
94Table 6.20: Furnishing artefacts

Artefact
Brass furniture fitting

Cell A7 Cell F63
2

Cast iron hinge bracket

2

Coir fibre

1

Mattress foam

1

Nylon broom bristles

9

Pierced metal strip
Wax droplet

1

4
1

Woollen fabric

1

Wool stuffing

2

Woollen blanket

1

Total

13

12

Trade
During a refurbishment of the windows in the Main Cell Block after the Prison’s
closure, tradesmen reported finding a pulley system made of fishing line connecting
windows on separate floors (P Hopkins 2012, pers. comm.) Possible evidence of thissystem was found in both cells; in cell A7, 3 strands of fishing line were found only inJS5, closest to the window, while in cell F63, 7 strands were found only in JS2 whichaccesses the ventilation shaft. As no other purpose can be identified for inmates topossess fishing line plus the distinct lack of angling opportunities in the Prison, thisstrongly suggests that its presence in the archaeological record may relate to the
movement of contraband around the prison. Ten cones made out of twists of paper
were found in cell F63 however their function is unclear. The size of these artefacts
meant that they could not have fallen below the floorboards accidentally, whichsuggests that inmates purposefully placed them there, perhaps because they related
to the transfer of contraband such as drugs.

Rations
Artefacts classified as rations were found only in cell F63 and consist of ten small, tornenvelope fragments stamped ‘Storekeeper Fremantle Prison WA’ of which six can berefitted to form at least four envelopes indicating they were being opened in the cells.
95

The envelopes appear handmade, with some constructed out of lined notepaper. Twoenvelopes are marked “½” and one “¼” in handwriting. It is likely that these envelopes
were the means of distributing inmate tobacco rations (The Prison Regulations 1940).
Tobacco was supplied in quantities of ¼ oz., ½ oz. and 1 oz. depending on length ofsentence and good behaviour (The Jarrah Post Easter 1961a). From the size of theserations the inmates in cell F63 who received them were serving between 6 months to 2
years (The Jarrah Post, Easter 1961a). In 1981 the Prisons Act was updated andtobacco was no longer supplied as a ration (Prisons Act 1981).

Figure 6.28: Examples of rations envelopes - cell F63

96

Prison Administration
Two small fragments of documents relating to the Prison’s administration or
regulations were found in cell F63. One refers to a Prison Farm while the otherappears to be part of a prison menu or luxury items list. Both of these documents
have been torn into fragments, which again constitutes a prison offence (The Prison
Regulations 1940).

The functional analysis of the artefact assemblage from cells A7 and F63 reveals thatwhile the types of materials which were preserved in each deposit differ, similarities
can be observed between the types of activities which inmates performed in theircells. Differences in the frequency of some functional categories such as reading andcorrespondence can likely be accounted for by the differential preservation ofmaterials in a sedimentary versus a between-floor context. The artefact assemblage
from both cells consists mainly of small everyday items with little evidence ofcontraband or illegal activities. This is discussed further in Chapter Seven.

97

7.

Discussion

A man sitting in gaol
doing nothing, isnothing personified- Kelly (1999) ex inmate

Archaeological and historical records of Fremantle Prison indicate that being a prisoner
there was a profoundly alienating and demoralising experience. The psychologicalenvironment created in the Prison stripped away an inmate’s image of themselves byremoving the material symbols, routines and social connections of the outside world
and replacing them with standardized forms (Goffman 1961; Coward 1994). Inside
inmates experienced an acute sense of powerlessness due to the complete control theinstitution had over their daily routine, diet, appearance and social relationships(Gerritsen 1992).

This position of powerlessness was essentially an infantilisingexperience, resulting in frustration, alienation and loss of self-worth and sense of
autonomy (Withnell 1983).

The archaeological record reveals evidence of the dehumanizing conditions
experienced by inmates inside their cells. Men would share their cells with a plethoraof rats, mice, bed bugs, cockroaches, beetles and spiders. Predominately nocturnal
animals, rats and mice would be heard moving around, gnawing and possibly fighting(Gerlach 1996:161). Their faeces and urine would produce a strong ammonia smell
throughout the Main Cell Block, mingling with the smell of disinfectant and nightbuckets (Gerritsen 1992:30). Rodents are carriers of fleas as well as diseases such as
Leptospirosis which in mild cases causes influenza like symptoms however severe cases
can result in death via multi organ failure (Krøjgaard et al. 2009:1586). As the rodents
died under the floors their bodies would rot, attracting flies and other insects by thesmell. At night, bed bugs would emerge from the crevices of the cells and feed on theinmate’s blood while they slept, creating itchy, uncomfortable bite marks. The larvaeof the Dermestid beetles which were found in large numbers in cell F63 are also known98

to provoke allergic reactions in humans (Rees 2004:150). This is all in addition to thetwo hourly invasion of an officer’s eye at the peephole, the indignity of using a bucket
to relive yourself in front of your cell mate and the permeating smell of hundreds ofmen locked up without plumbed in sanitary facilities (Morley 1990:149; Coward
1994:23).

Archaeological evidence from the two cells showed that prisoners were able toexercise agency in a number of small ways which allowed them to cope with
incarceration in Fremantle Prison.

These coping strategies were not limited toresistance but included ways of coping with the tedious monotony of prison life,
maintaining a sense of self-esteem and personal autonomy and ameliorating material
deprivations.

Monotonous conditions, particular to Fremantle Prison, meant that stupefying
boredom was one of the most significant issues inmates had to cope with on a daily
basis. Public works programs were closed down in the late nineteenth century and thefew onsite workshops were not large enough to occupy the ever increasing inmate
population over the twentieth century (Tilbury 1990:12; Maller 1995:22). In 1991 thePrison newspaper, Ad Rem reported that as of March 1990, only 73 inmates from theentire prison were employed in the print shop, tailors, boot makers, metal shop andcarpentry shop (Ad Rem May, 1991b:3). Because of the lack of employment andfacilities offered in Fremantle Prison, inmates were left to their own devices, in thedivision yards and cells. The time inmates spent locked in their cells increased from amaximum of 12.5 hours during the convict period to 15.5 hours in 1991 (Henderson
1862; Department of Corrective Services 1991). In the outside world, filling time is not
something that greatly concerns us, however in prison the importance of filling timeshould not be underestimated. Activities which relieved the boredom of everyday life
were key to maintaining one’s mental health, sense of autonomy and self-esteem(Gerson 1982; McGivern 1988; Keating 1989). The highly restricted nature of life
inside a total institution means the importance of activities, which would seeminsignificant in normal life, become amplified and take on new meanings for prison
inmates (Gerritsen 1992).
99Archaeological evidence indicates some of the ways inmates filled in time, locked intheir cells for up to 15 hours, inmates read books, newspapers, magazines and shortstories. They also wrote letters and poetry, built matchstick models, gambled andsmoked.

Common themes identified in the reading material were stories ofadventure, romance and heroism of the ‘everyman’ character. All of which would
have allowed inmates to escape the reality of prison life for a brief time. Fragments ofat least seven pens and twenty pencils across both cells may also have been used fordrawing to fill in their time. Evidence of inmates constructing matchstick models was
not only found in cell F63 but also in cell A20, which suggests that model building was
a common pastime that prisoners could undertake in their cells (Nayton 1998:67).
Model building would have required planning and continued good behaviour in orderfor inmates to obtain enough matches from the prison canteen as well as creative
thinking to design and construct the model. Such a time consuming and painstaking
hobby would have helped inmates while away the time spent in their cell as well as
providing a constructive and creative means of escaping unpleasant thoughts orsituations (Zamble and Porporino 1988). Ex-inmate, Tilbury (1990:15) claimed he also
used model building to maintain social relationships by gifting his models to friends
and family.

Despite the fire risk, smoking was frequently undertaken inside the cells. As an
activity, smoking can fulfill a number of different coping strategies including alleviatingboredom. The tobacco from the tailored cigarettes which were found opened wasmost likely reused in some of the 563 rolled cigarette butts found in cell F63. The
popularity of rolled cigarettes may have been due to cost, the supply of loose tobacco
as a ration, because it was the fashion amongst inmate population or simply because
rolling a cigarette provided inmates with small rituals to perform every day. An
opinion column in the prisoner magazine, The Jarrah Post (Easter 1961d) suggests thatthe technique of being able to roll the best and most economical cigarette was a pointof pride for some inmates.

100Another problem which prison inmates must cope with and that was frequently
mentioned by Fremantle inmates is the frustration at being denied the freedom tomake decisions about daily life. Certainly missing one’s liberty in a larger sense would
have been a significant problem, but it is often expressed in the historical documents
in much smaller terms such as missing the freedom to choose what to do with the day,
what to eat or what to wear. All of the choices which people take for granted as
autonomous adults are denied to the prison inmate, effectively reducing them to achildlike state in which every decision has already been made for them. Attempts to
reduce the emotional impact of this position of powerlessness and maintain a sense of
their own autonomy and identity can be observed in the material record of the prison
cells. This encompasses activities such as personalising cells, creative expression,
maintaining personal appearance and hygiene and exercising personal choice where
possible.

Inmates used tacks to pin personal items to the walls, drew on their cell walls withbiros and possibly also the coloured chalks and graphite pencil found in cell A7.
Decorating their surroundings would have allowed inmates to assert some of theirown identity, ownership and control onto the semi-private surroundings of their cells(Burke 1999). Inmates were required to maintain personal hygiene by the Prison
authorities and were supplied with razors and soap; however evidence from the cells
indicates that some inmates made an effort to purchase extra soap as well as combs
and hairbrushes in an effort to maintain their personal hygiene and grooming(Department of Corrections 1975). This reinforces the evidence found in cell A20 that
inmates during the nineteenth century made an effort to procure toothbrushes inorder to maintain personal hygiene as no evidence can be found that these items were
supplied by the authorities (Burke 1999:72). By continuing to take pride in theirappearance, inmates were maintaining a sense of dignity in the face of the extremely
undignified and dehumanising physical conditions of the Prison.

Purchasing consumable goods, known colloquially as ‘luxuries’ from the prison canteen
would also have provided inmates with a means of exerting some control over theirlives and thereby maintain a sense of individual agency. Curation of tobacco and101cigarette rolling paper packet labels also suggests brand loyalty, which may have beenpart of maintaining a sense of identity, individuality and control. Phrases such as ‘I’m a
Marlborough man’ assert concepts of identity, individuality and the ability to makeeveryday choices.

Well behaved inmates had the privilege to purchase the matches, tinned fruit, playing
cards, chewing gum, extra eggs, pens and razor blades which were found in the cells(The Jarrah Post, October 1961; Department of Corrections 1975). First-hand accounts
from inmates of Fremantle Prison stated that obtaining luxuries either legally throughthe canteen or illegally by trading contraband or gambling with other inmates was one
way of ameliorating the conditions of life inside the Prison (Maller 1995:38). These
items would have provided small pleasures to make life a little more comfortable andcan be considered part of a palliative coping strategy. While these legal luxuries would
have originally been sourced from the Prison canteen, they may also have beenobtained in other ways. The historical record suggests that an unofficial economy
existed amongst the inmate population, based predominately on tobacco as a form of
currency (Gerritsen 1992:11).

Evidence of gambling was also observed in thearchaeological record which likely resulted in the movement of goods as payment
around the Prison. Therefore the ‘luxury’ items, while not considered contraband by
the authorities may be representative of inmates participating in this undergroundeconomy.

Little mention is made in the documentary record about inmates maintaining
connections to people and events in the outside world. Indeed, some inmate accounts
state that a common coping strategy was to disconnect emotionally from people andevents on the outside world as they only made time pass more slowly andrelationships often brought additional problems which could not be dealt with insideprison (Coward 1994; Withnell 1983). However the archaeological evidence suggeststhat not all inmates felt this way and some continued to maintain connections with theoutside world. A number of newspapers were found in cell F63, in particular articles
dating to the 1940s which provided news of the war in the Pacific and Europe whichsuggests that prisoners were just as concerned about Australia’s progress in the war as102

the rest of the wider community. In addition evidence for external correspondence
demonstrates inmate efforts to maintain social and familial connections and use theemotional support of family and friends to help them cope with incarceration.

Comparison of the data collected in this study with the functional analysis undertaken
by Burke (1999) on the cell A20 assemblage reveals similarities with the activities
engaged in by inmates in cells A7 and F63 (see Table 7.1). As in the two cells analysedin this study, Burke (1999) found that artefacts associated with smoking, clothing andreading were the most common, while those used for hygiene, health and art were
found less frequently. Some differences in the frequency of activity types is observed
between the three cells however this is most likely due to the difference inpreservation of perishable artefacts between the ground floor and between-floor
contexts.

Table 7.1: Results of functional analysis of cell A20 artefact assemblage (after Burke 1999)

Activity

Total Artefacts

Percentage of Assemblage

Smoking

328

49.3%

Clothing

83

12.5%

Eating53

8.0%

Reading

52

7.8%

Other

49

7.4%

Sewing33

5.0%

Drinking

25

3.8%

Art

21

3.2%

Washing14

2.1%

Health

7

1.1%

665

100%

While broad similarities can be observed in the results of this study and Burke’s
functional analysis, I disagree with some of Burke’s (1999) interpretations of artefact
function and conclusions. In this study, brass pins found in cell A7, were interpreted aspart of a collection of late nineteenth to early twentieth century stationary items dueto the absence of other sewing paraphernalia. Brass pins were also found in cell A20
103

and dated to a pre-1940s period, however Burke (1999:72) interpreted these pins asevidence that inmates were sewing in their spare time. I would argue that the otherevidence used to support the sewing interpretation, woollen threads and a safety pin,
is disputable as these items could easily have fallen off clothes (Burke 1999:73).

Burke (1999:69) implies that the historical evidence of prisoners eating meals in theircells is incorrect, because only small quantities of food remains were found under thefloorboards. However at the same time she interprets the fruit seeds, eggshells andfaunal remains that were found as evidence that inmates were resisting the institution
by smuggling food into their cells (Burke 1999:78).

This conclusion ignores theoverwhelming documentary evidence and first-hand accounts of meals being eaten incells throughout the Prison’s history (see The West Australian, 13/07/1898:10; Sunday
Times, 8/10/1944:4; Morley 1990:150; Gerritsen 1992:7). Also no consideration is
given to the site formation processes of underfloor deposits to understand why only
small quantities of food might have been found.

By examining site formation

processes, this study has shown that underfloor deposits are predominately made up
of small items of primary refuse unless human intervention is present. Rodents werealso responsible for at least some deposition and destruction of artefacts such as
bones.

In addition, eggs and fruit were precisely the foodstuffs that could bepurchased by prisoners on condition of good behaviour (The Jarrah Post, April 1961c;
The Jarrah Post, May 1965; Department of Corrections 1975). Therefore the presenceof these foods in the cells suggests good behaviour and compliance with the systemrather than resistance.

Some evidence for prisoner resistance can observed indirectly through small acts ofdefiance. Destruction of prison property was deemed a minor prison offence under
the regulations and such behaviour can be seen in the cutting up of bedding, burningof clothing or bedding fabric, ripping out pages from library books and destruction of
official prison documents (The Prison Regulations 1940). While prisoners probably
knew they were breaking the rules, some of these acts of defiance may have also
played a dual role in other coping strategies. That is, inmates had another purpose forthese materials that they felt were more important than prison rules. For example,
104

the poem from cell F63 indicates that a lack of writing materials led one man to tearout a page from a book in order to express himself through poetry. The increased
frequency of reading material during WWII suggests that civilian prisoners weretrading with the military prisoners, most likely bartering their tobacco ration in
exchange for newspapers and magazines from the soldiers. Again while this was illegal
behaviour, the overriding objective for most inmates would probably have been to
obtain news of the outside world or possibly semi-pornographic material. Knowledge
that it was against the rules was probably a contributing, but less significant factor in
the motivation for inmates to engage in these activities. Similarly, another illegal
activity, gambling, provided inmates with a solution to a range of different problems inprison. The activity would have provided social interaction with other inmates, itpassed the time and was probably also a way of obtaining luxury consumables toalleviate deprivations.

Almost no direct evidence of illegal drugs or other kinds of contraband was found incells A7 and F63. This is in contrast to other studies of prisons where evidence forinmate resistance through the possession and trade of contraband is both much more
frequent and obvious. For example, Casella (1997; 2000; 2001a; 2002) excavatedillegal smoking paraphernalia, alcohol bottles and cash from the solitary cells at Ross
Female Factory. Yet this kind of direct evidence for inmate resistance is almost absent
in the archaeological record of cells at Fremantle Prison. In cell A7, only one small
shard of olive glass could possibly indicate trafficked alcohol. Six fragments of brown
paper twisted into cones and purposefully deposited under the floorboards in cell F63
could also have been a method transferring contraband material between prisoners.
However the strongest evidence for contraband comes indirectly through the strandsof fishing line found in both cells, which likely relate to the illicit movement of goods
around the Prison.

Overall, very little evidence for active resistance or attempts to manipulate the rules
and power relationships of the institution can be seen in the material record of thecells at Fremantle Prison. Indeed, evidence for inmate compliance with the system ismuch more prominent. Many of the artefacts found in this study and in cell A20 such105

as cigarette papers, tailored cigarettes, matches, foodstuffs, hairbrushes and soap
were available from the prison canteen but required prisoners to work to earn money
and comply with the regulations (Department of Corrective Services 1991). This
indicates that rather than resist the system inmates at Fremantle Prison were more
likely to choose to operate within the rules, fully exploiting any opportunity they had
to ameliorate the experience of incarceration by alleviating boredom, expressing theiridentity and supplementing the material deprivations with ‘luxury’ consumables. This
reinforces my original argument that resistance has been overemphasised as aninterpretive concept for the archaeology of total institutions. The archaeologicalevidence from Fremantle Prison suggests that inmates were certainly choosing to
exercise the little remaining agency they had, to survive inside a total institution,
however this did not necessarily equate to resistance. Rather they were able toreflexively monitor their physical and psychological environment, identify the key
stressors and employ different strategies to cope with them.

While little evidence for resistance could be observed in the archaeological record of
the two cells excavated in this study, investigation of other locations or sources may be
more successful. Originally it was assumed that the underfloor space would haveprovided inmates at Fremantle with a place to cache contraband or private belongings.
Use of the underfloor space in this way had been observed in cell A20 which contained
a cache of painting equipment, as well as at Hyde Park Barracks (Nayton 1998:63;
Davies 2011). The lack of cached items found in this study may simply be a factor of
the sampling strategy, however it is also possible that cells were not the best place forinmates to hide contraband materials. If found by the authorities, these items would
be linked to the cell occupant who would then be punished, a better strategy perhaps
was to hide illegal materials in a public place, where their discovery would be lessdangerous. Also some acts of resistance may not have an archaeological signature
therefore other sources may provide a better picture of the nature of active
resistance. For example historical accounts of Fremantle Prison suggest that drugs
were highly prevalent in the Prison from the 1970s onwards, yet little evidence of this
could be observed in the archaeological record of any of the three cells now excavated(Thomas and Stewart 1978; Coward 1994; Maller 1995).

106

Potential of between-floor deposits
Comparison of the site formation processes between the underfloor deposits on the
ground floor and second floor reveals that while artefacts arrived under thefloorboards through similar processes, different preservation conditions and post
depositional processes could be observed between the two contexts.

In cell A7, the majority of artefacts entered the deposit as small items of primaryrefuse, falling through the floorboards accidently.

Some evidence for inmates

attempting to access the underfloor space could be observed in addition to using it aplace to dispose of larger items of rubbish.

Rodents are likely to have been

responsible for the deposition of at least some faunal remains which exhibit gnaw
marks as well as for the disturbance of artefacts post deposition. The sedimentary
matrix appears to have provided a stabilising effect and preserved some of the original
stratigraphic integrity of the deposit despite bioturbation by rats and burrowing
insects. However the damp, alkaline sediment was a poor preserver of most artefacts
other than bone, with perishable artefacts such as paper and matches degrading
rapidly and metal artefacts corroding when in contact with the sediment.

In contrast, the between-floor space under cell F63 provided extremely desiccatedconditions, which resulted in exceptional preservation of artefacts that would notnormally be recovered in historical excavations. Again the floorboards had a filtering
effect on the deposition of material, with small items of refuse making up the majorityof the assemblage (Crook and Murray 2006:32). No evidence of caching was found incell F63 although some larger refuse was probably purposefully disposed of below thefloorboards. Without the stablising effect of a sedimentary depositional matrix, theeffect of rodents on this deposit was more severe. No chronological stratigraphy could
be observed and many artefacts showed evidence of rodent and insect damage.
Rodents, although a different species, again appear to be partially responsible forsome artefact deposition. The insect species found in the between-floor space were
almost completely different to those found on the ground floor. Insects have also
continued to inhabit the between-floor space after the Prison was closed and without
mitigation will continue to cause damage to the highly perishable artefact assemblages
107which are likely to be preserved in these cavities. The distinct disparity in artefact
preservation between the two cell assemblages cannot be emphasized enough. Not
only were over 3000 more, better preserved artefacts recovered from a smaller area incell F63, but the types of artefacts which were recovered allowed for different
questions to be asked of the building’s occupants than would normally be accessible
via traditional historical archaeological materials such as nails, glass shards andceramic sherds.

However more nineteenth century artefacts were recovered from the ground floor
cells A7 and A20 than were found upstairs in cell F63. The ground floor contexts
appear to have the advantage of being more protected from subtractive culturalprocesses such as renovations. Upstairs, despite the presence of original ceilings andfloorboards in cell F63, renovations to enlarge the cell during the early twentiethcentury appear to have removed any earlier deposit that might have existed.

Based on her application of the mean date formula, Nayton (1998:13) argued that animpervious floor covering had been placed over the floorboards in cell A20 during theearly twentieth century, resulting in a hiatus of artefact deposition. No evidence for asimilar hiatus was observed in either of the artefact assemblages examined in thisstudy so it appears that no floor coverings had been installed in cell A7 or F63. This
reinforces Nayton’s (1998:75) argument that the internal fittings of the Main Cell Blocksuch as paint colours and furnishings were variable and somewhat ad-hoc, in contrast
to the uniformity and material standardisation which characterises the exterior of thebuilding and quasi-military rhetoric of its builders (Bavin 1994).

Comparisons between the types of artefacts recovered from inside cells and those
excavated by Bavin (1994), from locations external to the Main Cell Block support theargument that the latter may not have been associated with inmates. Excavations of
No. 14 The Terrace, a site confidently associated with the prison authorities has
produced artefact assemblages which more closely match the assemblages excavatedfrom the incinerator and bathhouse (Bavin 1994; Eureka Archaeological Research and108Consulting 2011).

For example, evidence for patterned ceramics and alcohol

consumption is either non-existent, or extremely limited within the Main Cell Block.
This suggests that the source of some of the artefacts excavated by Bavin (1994), were
the prison authorities who were living at the complex and dumping their refuse within
the Prison grounds. Further research needs to be undertaken into the source of therefuse, which was dumped around the complex and at the site of the incinerators inorder to confirm whether these materials can be used to interpret inmate lifeways
within the Prison.

109

8.

Conclusions

The aim of this research was to examine the experience of incarceration in Fremantle
Prison via the archaeological record of prison cells. Cell conditions were identified via
the physical evidence beneath the floorboards and insight into the psychologicalimpact of incarceration was obtained from psychological case studies and first-handaccounts of life inside Fremantle Prison. How inmates coped with the problems andstresses of incarceration was modelled using the historical and psychological evidence
and used to interpret the behaviours that created the archaeological record of the twocells.

Despite stereotypes about prisons as dangerous and violent places, the major
everyday problems of life inside Fremantle Prison were boredom, loss of self-esteem
and identity and material deprivation. The archaeological record of the two cells
examined in this study revealed the many small and seemingly insignificant ways inwhich the men incarcerated there were able to exercise their personal agency todevelop ways of coping with the emotional and physical issues which confronted
them.

Inmates used material culture to pass the time, ameliorate the physicaldeprivations of prison life, maintain social support systems and maintain a sense of
their own identity and autonomy.

Inmates at Fremantle Prison appear to havepredominately operated within the permitted bounds of the institution as very little
evidence of contraband can be observed in the archaeological record.

Acts ofresistance that could be observed, equate to small acts of defiance, rather thanconcerted efforts to subvert the power relationships operating within the institution.

It was my intention in this study to move away from the dichotomous concept ofinstitutional domination versus inmate resistance which is commonly used to interpretthe archaeology of total institutions (Dornan 2002). Using the concept of coping
strategies as an interpretive framework has allowed for a more nuanced interpretationof inmate behaviours in their cells. Seemingly insignificant behaviours engaged in byprisoners in their cells can be understood in terms of how inmates were able to use
110material culture to cope with the monotony, isolation and deprivation of prison life.
In doing so, this approach has taken me closer to the concept of agency as describedby Hodder (1985) as the human capacity to observe the world and our own actions
and act upon these observations in a self-reflexive manner.

The secondary aim of this research was to test the potential of a between-floor deposit
to answer a research question. Previous excavations of between-floor spaces which
could be identified were the result of salvage archaeology rather than having beentargeted within a broader research design (Crook et al. 2003; Percival 2004; Olesky et
al. 2008). The major objectives in this study were to determine whether the locationof between-floor deposits could be successfully predicted to allow them to be targetedin research projects. Secondly, to examine site formation processes to compare andcontrast the nature of between-floor deposits with subterranean deposits and define
future research potentials and limitations.

Despite a large body of documentary records relating to Fremantle Prison, few detailsof the internal architectural development of the Main Cell Block could be identified.
This is likely due to the fact that changes to the interior of the structure were often
undertaken gradually and in an ad hoc manner, as funds allowed (Nayton 1998:75). In
light of this, a survey of the architectural elements of the Main Cell Block was used to
identify locations with high potential for the preservation of between-floor
archaeological deposits. Successful excavation of 7788 artefacts and ecofacts from anarea of approximately 1.5m2 in a cell on the second floor has demonstrated thatbetween-floor deposits could be identified and targeted for excavation within abroader research design.

While the preservation of artefacts in the between-floor space was exceptional, thedeposit was not sealed or completely protected as originally hypothesised.

In

Fremantle Prison, between-floor artefact assemblages have been and continue to be,affected by mice and insects post deposition. Ventilation shafts to the between-floor
spaces in the Main Cell Block have provided access for mice, which have disturbed the111stratification of artefacts, deposited materials from secondary locations and removed
and destroyed artefacts for nesting. Further, the high numbers of stored product pests
which continue to breed in and consume the archaeological material is a significant
conservation issue for between-floor artefact assemblages at this site and likely atothers.

Use of the coping strategies model in this study has been beneficial in understanding
the experiences of inmates in the past. As little contraband was found in the two cells
examined in this study, use of the dichotomous model of institutional domination
versus inmate resistance would have led me to conclude that inmates at Fremantle
Prison had no agency within the structural confines of the institution. Yet whenanalysed through the lens of the coping strategies model, the material record of thetwo cells was full of evidence of small acts of individual agency as inmates used thematerial culture around them to cope with the daily problems of prison life. Future
research into the archaeology of total institutions could benefit by using broader
concepts of human agency and looking beyond evidence for resistance to understandthe human experience (Dornan 2002).

Between-floor deposits suspended within the Main Cell Block have high potential foruse in future research into the inmate experience at Fremantle Prison. Based on thesurvey data, 59 of the 252 accessible cells in the Main Cell Block have a high to
medium potential of preserving underfloor archaeological deposits which relate toinmate occupation. The third floor has the highest potential of all of the storeys within
the cell block while the ground floor has the least potential, predominately due to theamount of renovation and alternative use which has occurred on this level (seeAppendix Two for plan of archaeological potential). On the ground floor concrete slabs
have been set down into what was the underfloor space to convert cells into showers.
Further, many cells are known to have been used as offices and based on thearchaeological evidence from cell A7, more are likely to have been reused for thispurpose than is known from the historical record.

112This study has demonstrated that between-floor deposits not only provide
exceptionally well-preserved artefact assemblages but that these deposits can belocated and excavated without damaging the fabric of a building. This technique ofusing between-floor deposits can be used in future research projects at Fremantle
Prison but also in research into other historical buildings. Where the conditions for
between-floor deposit formation and preservation are met, these spaces within astanding structure are likely to preserve rich artefact assemblages. Conditions include
the existence of a permeable floor surface, as well as original architectural elements
such as ceilings and floor surfaces. In Australian contexts at least, the relatively
contemporary nature of historical buildings means that many of the artefacts arefamiliar and can be readily identified and dated (Buchli and Lucas 2001a). This meansthat despite the likelihood of stratigraphic disturbance by mice and other biologicalagents, these assemblages can still prove to be valuable archaeological resources.

This research has also highlighted certain management issues concerning the Main Cell
Block at Fremantle Prison. In the past, maintenance work and ceiling collapses in cells
has periodically resulted in the recovery of artefacts from between floor contexts(L Donegan 2012 pers. comm.). However, because the current Conservation andManagement Plan for Fremantle Prison was written in 1990 and the zones ofarchaeological significance were assessed based on the survey and excavation of areas
accessible while the prison was operational, the potential for archaeological deposits
to be suspended within the standing structures was not identified (Building
Management Authority of Western Australia 1990). Therefore currently, there is no
management policy in place to deal with the systematic recovery and preservation ofthese deposits for future research. Based on the success of retrieving between-floor
deposits in this study it is suggested that the upper floors of the Main Cell Block areincluded in future zoning plans as having high archaeological potential.

Archaeological evidence from cells A7 and F63 largely corroborates the documentary
evidence of the types and brands of goods which were available to inmates as well as
the types of illegal activities they engaged in such as gambling and illicit trade.
However the archaeological record was able to provide details about the conditions
113

experienced by inmates at Fremantle Prison which were previously unknown from thehistorical record. This includes details about the type, extent and spatial variation of
the vermin infestation in cells and the potential impact that the bed bugs, rats, mice,beetles and cockroaches would have had on inmates. The archaeological evidence
from the Main Cell Block also refutes commonly held stereotypes about prisons being
excessively violent places in which fear is an overriding and ever present emotion.
Instead the archaeological evidence demonstrates that inmates were attempting tolive as normal a life as possible within the constraints of the Prison environment. Thatrather than fear, the dominant stressor in Fremantle Prison was stupefying boredom
along with the other psychological problems which are consequences of having no
meaningful activity and no autonomy. The other major outcome of this research has
been to demonstrate that between-floor deposits can provide exceptionally richartefact assemblages which can be used successfully in research. However somecaveats apply; between-floor deposits at Fremantle Prison were found to be highly
susceptible to disturbance by biological agents although this does not prevent theiruse in future research. Renovations which disturbed the floor surface or ceilings arealso likely to have significantly impacted the preservation of archaeological material in
the between-floor space. Between-floor deposits have high potential for contributing
valuable information about the inmate experience in future research at Fremantle
Prison.

In addition, where the correct conditions exist for their formation andpreservation, between-floor deposits have high potential for use in futurearchaeological research at other sites.

114

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127

Appendices
Appendix One - Survey
Survey Recording Form

128

Results of Survey

Cell

L

100

G

1

A4

G

1

A5

G

1

A6

D

E

Other

L

N

L

Sh

Notes

E

Holes

D

Flaking

A3

Sagging

1

N

Smooth

G

brown
paint
brown
paint

Services

100

Vents

% Repaired
Board

L

FabricGraffiti

Cell

Ceiling
Floor Notes

FunctionE

Location

State

D

Edge

Size

A2

Size

Cell

1

Gaps

DivisionG

Othermaterials

Floor

Floorboards

boards lipping

Timber Boards

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

lots of plaster damage

Lathe / Plaster

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

wall plaster flaking

C

129

Trowelled

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

South patched withplasterboard

boards v. loose

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

ceiling patched near lightgood condition

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

hole in plaster skirting

Trowelled

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

rope stands stored in cell

F

Skirting boards

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

patch near light / painted
beige

F

rising damp

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

Skirting boards

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

lipping and caulking

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

N

N

NA

trowelled

N

Y

N

Y

N

N

NA

carpetSkirting boards
INACCESSIBLE
INACCESSIBLE

G

1

A7

D

E

Cell

L

25

G

1

B64

D

E

Store

L

100

G

1

B65 A

G

1

B66 A

green
paint
brown
paint

M

S

W

C

N

INACCESSIBLE
INACCESSIBLE
brown
paint
brown
paint
brown
paint
Lino /
rubber

G

1

B67

D

E

Cell

L

100

N M

G

1

B68

D

E

Store

L

100

G

1

B69

D

E

Store

100

G

2

A10

D

E

Office

100

G

2

A11

D

E

Cell

100

G

2

A12

D

E

G

2

A13

D

E

Cell

L

G

2

A14

D

E

Other

L

plywoodplasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

1

N

NA

G

2

A15

D

E

Other

lino

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

G

2

A16

D

E

Other

lino

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

cornices

N M
N

Sh

Sh

E

INACCESSIBLE
100

brown
paint

N

full of night buckets

G

2

A17

D

E

Other

G

2

A18

G

2

G

lino

A8

D

E

Office

2

A9

D

E

OfficeG

2

B52

INACCESSIBLE

G

2

B53

INACCESSIBLE

G

2

B54

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

plasterboardNplasterboardNplasterboard

cornices

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

Y

N

Y

Y

N

heavily patched

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

INACCESSIBLE
L

carpetcarpetused as cleaner's store

INACCESSIBLE

G

2

B55

D

E

Cell

60

G

2

B56

D

E

Cell

100

130

G

2

B57

D

E

Cell

G

2

B58

D

E

Cell

G

2

B59

G

2

B60

brown
paint

F

70
L

45

M

brown
paint,
asbestos
caulking

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

height measured at southNhand sawn, cut nails,
polished

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beigeNcentre replaced

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

narrow boards

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

room full of furnituresmall holes

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

INACCESSIBLE
INACCESSIBLE

G

2

B61

D

E

Cell

G

2

B62

D

E

Cell

B63

plasterboard

D

E

L

100
40

Other

brown
paint
brown
paint
blue
carpetF
W S

C

only 10% boards visible,
cut nails
INACCESSIBLE

G

2

G

3

A19

G

3

A20 ?

S

Display100

Lathe/Plaster

Y

N

N

N

N

N

NA

G

3

A20 ?

S

display100

Lathe/Plaster

Y

N

Y

N

N

N

NA

G

3

A21 ?

D

E

100

trowelled

Y

N

N

N

N

N

NA

G

3

A22 ?

D

E

Display100

trowelled

Y

Y

N

N

N

N

NA

G

3

A23

D

E

Display100

red paint

trowelled

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

N

NA

G

3

A24

D

E

Cell

fibre
cementboard

trowelled

Y

Y

N

Y

N

N

NA

G

3

A25 ?

D

E

Displayplasterboard

N
A

Y

N

N

N

N

NA

VH
100

N

W

N

G
G

3
3

A26
A26 A

G

3

B41

G

3

B42

G

3

B43

G

3

B44

G

3

B45

G

3

B46

INACCESSIBLE
INACCESSIBLE
INACCESSIBLE
D

E

Cell

D

E

Cell

3

B48

G

3

B49

D

E

Cell

G

3

B50

D

E

Cell

131

4

A28

G

4

G

E

Cell

G

G

D

E

B47

B51

N

covered by furnitureplasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

painted beige

INACCESSIBLE
D

3

3

100

INACCESSIBLE

G

G

M

brown
paint

Cell

H
L
L

100
45

brown
paint

no

concretepaintedbrown

F

all replaced

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

N

cut nails

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

painted white

plasterboard

N
A

N
A

Y

N

N

N

replacement ceilingNA
replacement ceiling /painted beige

PADLOCKED
M

noconcrete

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

N

N

no

concrete

Other

N

Y

N

N

N

N

no

concretepainted
brown

Other

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige - furniture in
cell

D

E

Cell

A30

D

E

Officecarpetplasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

4

A31

D

E

Officecarpetplasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

G

4

A32

G

4

A33

G

4

B34

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

painted beige

G

4

B36

G

4

B37

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

height measured on west,
very flaked / painted beige

Plasterboard /
Other

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

N

N

N

N

NA

G

4

B38

G

4

B39

INACCESSIBLE

INACCESSIBLE
INACCESSIBLE
S

concrete

INACCESSIBLE
INACCESSIBLE
D

E

Other

L

100

brown
paint

N
INACCESSIBLE

G

4

B40

S

1

1

C2

D

1

1

C3

concretepainted
brown

WC
E

Other

50

termite damage at door

NA

1

1

C4

D

E

Cell

1

1

C5

D

E

Cell

1

1

C6

D

E

Cell

VH

100

F

70
M

N

60

black
paint

50

asbestos
caulking

1

1

C7

D

E

Cell

1

1

D68

D O

Cell

VH

45

1

1

D69

D

E

Cell

L

40

1

1

D70

D

E

Cell

L

50

1

1

D71

D

E

Cell

M

20

1

1

D72

D

E

Cell

L

45

1

1

D73

D

E

Cell

M

35

1

1

D74

S

O

Store

M

35

narrow boards

brown
paint
brown
paint
brown
paint
brown
paint
brown
paint

M S

W/
Sh

N

N

Y

trowelled

N

Y

N

Y

N

N

looks like lathe/plaster thick plaster evident
Seam where wall removed
no seam where wallremovedbig patch & cornices ~ 5cm
high

132

trowelled

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

E

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

N

N

C/E

Lathe/Plaster

N

Y

Y

N

N

Y

original ceiling

M S

C

Trowelled

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

M S

E

trowelled

N

Y

N

Y

N

N

ceiling in bad condition

W S

CTimber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

W

Lathe/Plaster

N

Y

Y

N

N

Y

NA

M

Trowelled

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

N

Trowelled

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

small patch

hessianplasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

hessian evident in plaster

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

hessianplasterboard

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

hessian embedded inplaster

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

trowelled

N

Y

N

N

N

Y

NA

M S
N

Sh

S

C10

D

E

Cell

50

1

2

C11

D

E

Cell

100

red paint F

1

2

C12

D

E

Cell

L

100

paint

M

1

2

C13

D

E

Cell

L

30

brown
paint

M M

W

E

1

2

C14

D

E

Cell

L

25

N

W

C

1

2

C15

D

E

Cell

M

100

1

2

C16

D

E

Cell

M

30

1

2

C17

D

E

Cell

L

100

1

2

C8

D

E

Office

100

1

2

C9

D

E

Cell

50

1

2

D56

D

E

Cell

40

N

Good potential, papercaulking, hole at plaster

2

M

Y

several breaks in floor

1

brown
paint
brown
paint

N

C

brown
paint

blue
carpet
green
paint
brown
paint

trowelled

N M
S

S

Graffiti on floor

W
Sh

E

narrow boards, patch incentrepatch in northvisible boards are fulllengthM
Npatch along west wall

Timber Boards

N

Y

N

Y

Y

N

possible water damage

Nskirting board on west
wall

plasterboard

N

Y

N

Y

Y

N

NA

high potential

trowelled

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

big patch in centre

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

painted beige

M M

Sh

S
/

W/
Sh

M

L
1
1
1

2
2
2

D57
D58
D59

D
D
D

E
E
E

1

2

D60

D

E

1

2

D61

D

E

1

2

D62

D

E

1

2

D63

D

1

2

D64

D

Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell

M
M
M

35

N

45
45

L

100

H

20

Cell

L

20

E

Cell

L

70

E

Cell

133

2

D65

D

E

Cell

H

100

1

2

D66

D

E

Cell

L

45

1

2

D67

D O

Office

25

Y

N

N

N

Y

N

looks original

trowelled

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

patched at north end

Nplasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

F

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

trowelled

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

M

trowelled

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

M

trowelled

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

repairs

F

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

ceiling replacedFplasterboard

N

Y

N

Y

N

N

NA

N

Lathe/Plaster

N

Y

N

N

N

Y

ceiling collapse in half cell

Trowelled

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

graffiti on ceilingtrowelled

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

N

NA

Lathe/Plaster

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

N M
asbestos
caulking

brown
paint
brown
paint
brown
paint
brown
paint

100

1

trowelled

brown
paint
brown
paint
brown
paint

E

M

very poor condition, no
dust beneathloose boards

N

1

3

C18

D

E

Cell

VH

100

N

1

3

C19

D

E

Cell

VH

100

F

1

3

C20

D

E

Cell

1

3

C21 ?

D

E

Cell

100

N

1

3

C22

D

E

Cell

100

M

1

3

C23

D

E

Cell

100

M

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

1

3

C24

D

E

Cell

L

100

F

plasterboard

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

1

3

C25

D

E

Cell

M

100

F

L

Sh

trowelled

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

N

1

3

C26

D

E

Cell

M

100

W M

W/
Sh

trowelled

Y

Y

N

Y

N

N

1

3

C27

D

E

Office100

Mplasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA
vents are not plasteredover, possibly replaced after
ceiling is replaced
seam where wall removed
evident
seam where wall removed
evident
NA

1

3

D43

D

E

Other

100

N

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

N
H

L

L

S

E

hole in plaster skirting,termite damage
leather strap nailed tofloorlarge patch in centre,
drill holes in NE cornerSh

Cnewish looking

hole filled with possible
asbestosC

narrow boards, patching

1

3

D44

D

E

Cell

VH

100

F
S
M /
L

1

3

D45

D

E

Cell

M

45

1

3

D46

D

E

Cell

H

45

1

3

D47

D

E

Cell

L

100

1

3

D48

D

E

Cell

H

50

1

3

D49

D

E

Cell

VH

30

N

1

3

D50

D

E

Cell

L

45

W

50

brown
paint

Sh

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

N

Y

painted black, light painted

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

NE damaged

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

hole in plaster skirting

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

hole in plaster skirting

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

boards are loose

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

large hole to NE corner

W
N

painted beige

brown
paint

L
E

134

1

3

D51

D

E

Cell

W

1

3

D52

D

E

Cell

L

100

F

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

1

3

D53

D

E

Cell

M

40

M

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

1

3

D54

D

E

Cell

M

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

1

3

D55

S

O

Cell

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

l/f

1

4

C28

S

O

Cell

plasterboard

Y

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

plasterboard

Y

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

F

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

F

trowelled

Y

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

trowelled

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

N

vents potentially removed

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

M

L

C

N
L

5

1

4

C29

S

O

Cell

1

4

C30

D

E

Cell

VH

100

1

4

C31

D

E

Cell

L

100

M

0

L

skirting board on west
wall

F
blue
carpet
brown
paint

1

4

C32

D

E

Cell

1

4

C33

S

O

Store

1

4

C34

D O

Other

1

4

C35

1

4

D37

D O

Other

1

4

D38

S

O

Cell

1

4

D39

D

E

Cell

1

4

D40

D

E

Cell

L

100

M

1

4

D41

D

E

Cell

L

100

N

L

100

skirting board
can see daylight throughfloorboards

F

80

N

100

M

S

L

W

metal patch south end

Ehole in plaster skirting
INACCESSIBLE

L
100

brown
carpet
brown
paint
red
carpetW

cut nails, boards in poor
conditions

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beigeM

only 5% boards visible

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

Full length boards

1

4

D42

D

E

Cell

100

N

2

1

E2

D

E

Cell

100

F

2

1

E3

D

E

Cell

100

N

2

1

E4

D

E

Cell

2

1

E5

D

E

Cell

2

1

E6

D

E

Cell

2

1

E7

D

E

Cell

2

1

F68

D

E

Cell

2

1

F69

D

E

Cell

135

2

E12

D

E

patch at south west

NA

L

50

red paint M

wall seam NS

Lathe/Plaster

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

NA

L

100

F

narrow full length

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

N

Lathe/Plaster

N

Y

Y

N

N

Y

NA

N

Lathe/Plaster

Y

Y

N

Y

NA

W

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

M

Lathe/Plaster

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

Lathe/Plaster

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

trowelled

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

N

Y

N

N

N

Y

hessian evident in plaster

N

Y

Y

N

N

Y

NA

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

hessian evident in plaster

N

Y

N

N

N

Y

hessian evident in plaster

N

Y

N

N

Y

Y

hessian evident in plaster

100
L

brown
paint

35

45

2

N

N

L

Cell

Y

Y

Cell

E

Y

Y

E

D

N

N

D

E11

Y

Y

F72

2

N

N

1

2

trowelledplasterboard

2

Cell

NA

wall seam NS

30

E

Y

N

H

D

N

brown
paint,
asbestos
caulking?

Cell

E10

N

70

E

2

Y

patching

D

2

Y

N

F71

O

N

Y

1

S

trowelled

Y

2

F74

poor condition

N

30

1

N

Y

L

2

Y

N

Cell

Cell

Y

plasterboard

E

E

N

wall seam NS

D

D

Y

M

F70

F73

Y

brown
paint

1

1

trowelled

70

L

2

2

full length boards,
modern nails
narrow full lengthboardsnarrow full lengthboards

L

45

L

0

M

40

brown
paint
brown
paint

M
brown
paint
brown
paint

60

Cell

100

2

2

E13

D

E

Cell

40

2

2

E14

D

E

Cell

2

2

E15

D

E

Cell

2

2

E16

D

E

Cell

L

100

2

2

E17

D

E

Cell

L

40

M

100
40

M S

good potential
W

N

N M
brown
paint
brown
paint
brown
paint
brown
paint
black
paint

C

E

floor patched goodpotential for removal
hole in plaster skirtingF

trowelledMF

skirting boards
patch in SE cornerF
M M

hessianplasterboard
plasterboard

WE

hessianplasterboard
hessianplasterboard
hessianplasterboard

Full length boards

plasterboard

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

hessian evident in plasterhole in plaster skirting

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

136

2

2

E8

D

E

Cell

L

100

2

2

E9

D

E

Cell

VH

75

2

2

F56

D

E

Cell

M

80

2

2

F57

D

E

2

2

F58

D

E

Cell

L

30

2

2

F59

D

E

Cell

L

70

2

2

F60

D

E

Cell

VH

100

2

2

F61

D

E

Cell

L

100

2

2

F62

D

E

Cell

M

100

2

2

F63

D

E

Cell

L

0

2

2

F64

D

E

Cell

L

100

2

2

F65

D

E

Cell

2

2

F66

D

E

Cell

2

2

F67

D

E

2

3

E18

D

Office /Store /
Cell
E
Cell

2

3

E19

D

E

2

3

E20

D

E

2

3

E21

D

E

2

3

E22

D

2

3

E23

D

100

N
brown
paint

Full length boards

N

M S
brown
N
paint
red paint W S

W

red paint
brown
paint
mustardcarpet
brown
paint

W

bitumen/tar patches

hessianplasterboard

N

Y

N

Y

Y

N

hessian evident in plaster

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

cornices

corrugated iron

N

Y

N

Y

N

N

painted beige

Lathe/Plaster

Y

N N

Y

N

N

NA

E

hole in plaster skirting

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

Painted whiteE

hole in plaster skirting

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

skirting boards

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

F

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

F

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

Lathe/Plaster

N

Y

Y

N

N

Y

NA

F

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

35

M

trowelled

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

M

45

W

Lathe/Plaster

N

Y

N

Y

N

N

painted blackminor flaking / painted
beige

VH

0

N

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

Painted white

W S
F

W
brown
paint

M
/
L

W/
Sh

good potential - can see
dust through hole

VH

40

M

wall seam NS

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

L

100

skirting boards

plasterboard

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

NA

L

100

Full length boards

plasterboard

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

NA

Cell

L

100

Full length boards

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

E

Cell

M

40

red paint
brown
F
paint
N
white
M
paint

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

E

Cell

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

N

Y

sawn out hole in corner

gyprock?

N

Y

Y

N

N

Y

cornices

Cell

40

2

3

E24

D

E

Cell

M

40

2

3

E25

D

E

Cell

L

100

2

3

E26

M

L

M
M
/L
red paint F

Sh

C/E

Sh

C/E

good potential hole inskirting
good potential hole inskirting
INACCESSIBLE

2

3

E27

D O

Office

VH

0

W

2

3

F43

D O

Office

2

3

F44

D

E

40

W L

Cell

L

100

2

3

F45

D

E

Cell

M

0

N

2

3

F46

2

3

F47

D

E

Cell

45

W M

D

E

Cell

H

100

N

2

3

F48

2

3

F49

D

E

Cell

L

100

N

2

3

F50

D

E

Cell

2

3

F51

D

E

Cell

2

3

F52

D

E

Cell

VH
L

45

M S

100

M

35

M M
brown
paint
brown
paint

137

3

F53

D

E

Cell

VH

35

2

3

F54

D

E

Cell

VH

35

2

3

F55

S

O

40

M

2

4

E28

2

4

E29

S

O

0

M

Y

Y

N

N

N

graffiti on ceiling

2 holes

corrugated iron

Y

N

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

trowelled

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

repairs

Lathe/Plaster

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

minor sagging

plasterboard

Y

Y

N

N

Y

N

NA

trowelled

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

NA

Full length boards

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

Patch with hole in centre

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

trowelled

Y

Y

N

N

N

Y

NA

C

E
skirting boards
E

M M

E

Moondyne Joe's cellbrowncarpet

4

E30

D O

Cell

2

4

E31

D

E

Cell

100

N

2

4

E32

D

E

Cell

100

F

2

4

E33

S

O

Cell

2

4

E34

D O

Other

2

4

E35

S

2

4

F36

S

2

4

F37

D O

Other

2

4

F38

S

O

Cell

2

4

F39

D

E

Cell

2

4

F40

D

E

Cell

2

4

F41

D

E

Cell

F42

N

M

2

4

Sh

C/E

plasterboard

INACCESSIBLE

2

2

W

original floor

D

VH

VH

C

carpetW L

OtherOffice

Sh

0

O

E

S

0

W

Sh

E

Timber Boards

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

information missing

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

Not a cell - corridor

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

carpet
30
100
H

100

carpet100
green
carpetplasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

W

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

N

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

N

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

N

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beige

boards not visible

3

1

G2

D

E

Cell

L

40

brown
paint

M S

3

1

G3

D

E

Cell

L

30

brown
paint

W L

3

1

G4

D

E

Cell

3

1

G5

D

E

Cell

30
M

40

3

1

G6

D

E

Cell

M

50

3

1

G7

D

E

Cell

M

60

Cell

3

1

H68

D

E

Cell

30

3

1

H69

D

E

Cell

30

138

Cell

M

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

replaced ceilingplasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

replaced ceilingplasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

Y

small holes

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

M

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

replaced ceilingWplasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

graffiti on ceiling

E
Sh

C/E

N

W

E

S

M S
M S

E
W

C

lots of bird droppings
good potential - patchnear door, holes in wall
plugged with paper
good potential patch incentrewall seam NS
wall seam NS, small
holes in plaster skirting
wall seam NS

narrow timber caulking

25

red paint,
asbestos?

E

good potential - hole inplaster skirting

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

E

small hole in plasterskirting

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

replaced ceilingplasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

N

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

N

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

bulkhead along centre

3

1

H71

D

E

Cell

M

70

brown
paint,
asbestos W L
caulking
?

3

1

H72

D

E

Cell

H

80

brown
paint,
asbestos
caulking?

3

2

G10

D

E

Cell

L

100

3

2

G11

D

E

Cell

H

40

3

2

G12

D

E

Cell

H

40

L

E

M M

M

E

E

Y

brown
paint

D

D

Y

M

H67

H70

N

50

1

1

plasterboard

brown &
black
paint,
asbestos?

3

3

M

brown
paint
brown
paint

W

40

M M
F

grey
paint
green
and
black
paint

narrow boards
patch which could come
out

N

3

2

G13

D

E

Cell

3

2

G14

D

E

Cell

M

40

N M

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

3

2

G15

D

E

Cell

VH

100

F

narrow boards

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

3

2

G16

D

E

Cell

L

100

F

narrow boards

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

W

C

3

2

G17

D

E

Cell

L

carpet

3

2

G8

D

E

Other

L

100

M S

3

2

G9

D

E

Cell

L

40

N

3

2

H55

D

E

Cell

M

70

3

2

H56

D

E

Cell

H

25

3

2

H57

D

E

Cell

3

2

H58

D

E

3

2

H59

D

E

3

2

H60

D

3

2

H61

D

green
carpetbrown
paintplasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

painted beigeMplasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

N

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

only 5% boards visible

45

Cell

Nil

100

F

Cell

VH

35

N M

E

Cell

L

30

red paint N M

E

Cell

L

35

M M

3

2

H62

D

E

Cell

L

35

3

2

H63

D

E

Cell

L

45

139

30

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

E

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

W

E

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

Sh

C/E

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

boards very loose

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

patch along east wall

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

replaced ceilingloose patch and hole inplaster skirting

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

replaced ceilingF

narrow boards

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

replaced ceilingwall seam NS
good potential paper
stuffed down gap
metal patches at N & S

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

graffiti on ceilingplasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

narrow boards
metal patch in SW
cornerplasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

metal patches in NW

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

very dark, difficult to tellplasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

Painted beige

W

W
W M

brown
paint /
asbestos
caulking?

W

3

2

H64

D

E

Cell

3

2

H65

D

E

Cell

L

60

3

2

H66

D

E

Other

L

0

3

3

G18

D

E

Cell

VH

40

M

3

3

G19

D

E

Cell

L

30

W L

3

3

G20

D O

Cell

L

80

M

3

3

G21

D O

Cell

L

100

F

3

3

G22

D O

Cell

20

W S

3

3

G23

D O

Cell

20

M

3

3

G24

D O

Cell

L

50

3

3

G25

D O

Cell

VH

100

3

3

G26

D O

Cell

L

50

N

3

3

G27

D O

Cell

VH

0

M

L

Sh

3

3

H42

D O

Cell

L

0

M

L

Sh

M

brown
paint
brown
paint

C

N

L

white
paint

W

E

N
M

L

E

Sh

W

C/E

C/E

N
E

skirting boards
good potential - can see
dust through hole

3

3

H43

D O

Cell

100

N

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

3

3

H44

D O

Cell

3

3

H45

D O

Cell

L

100

N

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

L

100

N

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

3

3

H46

D O

NA

Cell

L

100

N

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

3

3

H47

D O

Cell

VH

100

N

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

140

3

3

H48

D O

Cell

L

70

M S

3

3

H49

D O

Cell

M

35

W M

3

3

H50

D

E

Cell

H

70

W

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

3

3

H51

D

E

Cell

H

60

W

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

3

3

H52

D

E

Cell

M

45

W

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

3

3

H53

D

E

Cell

L

45

W

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

3

3

H54

S

O

Store

40

W

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N
A

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

3

4

G28

D O

Cell

100

3

4

G29

D O

Cell

80

3

4

G30

D O
D O

Cell

3

4

G31

3

4

G32

3

4

G33

D O

3

4

G34

S

O

3

4

H35

S

O

Store

3

4

H36

D O

Office

3

4

H37

S

O

Cell

3

4

H38

D O

Cell

3

4

H39

3

4

H40

3

4

H41

brown
paint

C/E
E

boards very looseF

narrow boards, skirting

N

100

Cell

W

good potential - repairs
against wall, easy toremovedamage along bottom of
walls

metal patch in SW
corner

W

40

M

0

M

L

W

E

30

M

L

Sh

E

100

N

INACCESSIBLE

VH

plasterboard
patch with hole in it

carpet100

N
carpetinformation missing

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

N

Y

Y

N

N

N

NA

plasterboard

Y

N

Y

N

N

N

NA

INACCESSIBLE
INACCESSIBLE
D O

Cell

carpetM

Carpet not stuck downAppendix Two – Archaeological Potential of Cells in Main Cell Block
Plans redrawn from Fremantle Prison Conservation & Future Use: Conservation Plan (Building Management Authority of Western Australia 1990)

141

142

143

144

Appendix Three – Excavation Photographs
Cell A7, 1 Division, Ground Floor

Cell A7 prior to floorboard removal

Removing floorboards

145

Cell A7 prior to excavation

Joist space 1 prior to excavation

Joist space 2 prior to excavation

146

Joist space 3 prior to excavation

Joist space 4 prior to excavation

Joist space 5 prior to excavation

147

Joist spaces 1-3 after context 001 / Spit 1 excavated

Joist spaces 1-3 prior to context 002 / Spit 1 excavated

Joist spaces 1-3 prior to context 002 / Spit 2 excavated148

Joist spaces 1-3 prior to context 003 / Spit 1 excavated

Joist spaces 1-3 prior to context 003 / Spit 2 excavated

Joist spaces 1-3 prior to context 003 / Spit 3 excavated149

Joist spaces 1-3 prior to context 004 / Spit 1 excavated

Joist spaces 1-3 end excavation

150

Joist space 5 prior to context 001 / Spit 2
excavated

Joist space 5 prior to context 001 / Spit 3
excavated

Joist space 5 end of excavation

151

Door sill prior to excavation

Door sill after excavation

Cell A7 after floorboards replaced152

Cell F63, 2 Division, Second Floor

Cell F63 prior to floorboard removal

Photo mosaic of joist spaces 1 - 3 prior to excavation

153

Photo mosaic of joist spaces 1 - 3 after surface layer removed

Photo mosaic of joist spaces 1 - 3 after embedded layer removed154

Photo mosaic of joist spaces 1 - 3 after 'spit 1' removed

Photo mosaic of joist spaces 1 - 3 end of excavation

155

Joist space 4 with mouse nest prior to removal

Cell F63 after floorboards replaced156

Appendix Four – Artefact Accessioning List
Cell A7 Artefact Assemblage

157

AccessionMaterial
Cell JS Context Spit NISP MNI
No.
Class

Artefact Type Form / ShapeColour /DesignOriginal
Function

Preservation

S-S
Processes

S-A
Processes

A-A
Processes

Usewear

Reuse

Brand

Notes

Dates

FP00923

A7

1

001

1

1

1 MetalFountain pen
nib

nib

ferrous

Writing(office)

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

18801940

FP00916

A7

1

001

1

1

1 WoodTimber baton

188x17x7mm,
pine
broken end

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

nail holes

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00888

A7

1

002

2

1

1 Plastic

Blue

Structural

fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

1905-

FP00887

A7

1

002

1

2

0 Metalferrous

Structural

fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00322

A7

1

001

3

4

1 Organic

VariedOrganic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

Multiple skeletal
elements

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

No Traces

Broken

NA

NA

NA

NA

Electrical wire
Plastic casingcasingNails shaft
undiagnostic
Insects

VariedPrimary
RefusePrimary
RefuseNA

FP00321

A7

1

001

3

2

NA Hair

Unidentified

Hair

VariedOrganic

Whole

NA

Primary
RefuseFP00320

A7

1

001

3

11

Bone

Rodent Bone

Multipleskeletalelements

Bone

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

FP00319

A7

1

001

3

2

1 MetalNails Undiagnostic

round shaft

Ferrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

FP00318

A7

1

001

3

10

NA Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

Fragment

NA

FP00317

A7

1

001

3

1

0 BoneAnimal bone

Undiagnostic

BoneEating /Drinking
Eating /Drinking

Fragment

NA

Fragment

NA

Organic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00316

A7

1

001

3

2

0 Shell

EggshellShellspeckled
cream

FP00315

A7

1

001

2

41

22 Organic

Insects

VariedVariedPrimary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefuseNA

FP00314

A7

1

001

2

6

NA Hair

Human Hair

Hair

VariedOrganic

Whole

NA

Primary
RefuseFP00313

A7

1

001

2

4

NA Hair

Animal Hair

Hair

VariedOrganic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00312

A7

1

001

2

10

NA Hair

Unidentified
fibresFibresVariedUnknown

Whole

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00311

A7

1

001

2

2

2 MetalWire

2mm long
segments

ferrous

Unknown

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00310

A7

1

001

2

16

0 MetalNails -

Unidentifiable Ferrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corrodedNAUndiagnostic

RefuseFP00309

A7

1

001

2

4

1 Organic

Snail shell

Shell

white

Organic

fragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

MNI based on outer
spiral

NA

FP00308

A7

1

001

2

8

0 BoneAnimal bone

Undiagnostic

No gnaw
marks. No
pitting.

Eating /Drinking

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

no gnaw marks evident.
No pitting

NA

FP00307

A7

1

001

2

9

0 Shell

EggshellShellspeckled
cream

Eating /Drinking

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Broken

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00306

A7

1

001

2

27

2 BoneRodent Bone

Multipleskeletalelements

Bone

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

MNI based on jaw
fragments

NA

FP00305

A7

1

001

2

25

NA Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00304

A7

1

001

2

1

1 Glass

Window glass 1mm thick

clear

Structural

Fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00303

A7

1

001

1

302

128 Organic

Insects

VariedOrganic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

VariedPrimary
RefusePrimary
RefuseNA

158

FP00302

A7

1

001

1

69

NA Hair

Human Hair

Hair

VariedOrganic

Whole

NA

Primary
RefuseFP00301

A7

1

001

1

13

NA Hair

Animal Hair

Hair

VariedOrganic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00300

A7

1

001

1

2

NA Hair

Insect hair

Hair

NA

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00299

A7

1

001

1

2

2 WoodJoist packing

0.5mm thicklightweight
strips with nail
wood
holes

Structural

Whole

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

cut & nailed

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00298

A7

1

001

1 232.35g 0 Wood

Joist &
floorboard
fragments

Brokenfragments,
termitedamagedjarrahStructural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseBiological

Sawn / cutNANA

Termite damaged, very
soft and fragmentary

NA

FP00297

A7

1

001

1

45

18 MetalNails Undiagnostic

ShaftsFerrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00296

A7

1

001

1

3

1 MetalElectrical wire Wire

Copper

Structural

Fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded green 1905-

FP00295

A7

1

001

1

119

39 Organic

Snail shell

Shell

White

Organic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

MNI based on outer
spiralNA

Button11mm - 4 holes
insideimpressed
Beige
circle, centre
concave on
front

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Pitting on surfacec. 1940-

FP00294

A7

1

001

1

1

1 Plastic

Primary
RefusePrimary
Refuse159

FP00293

A7

1

001

1

21

2 Shell

EggshellShell

2 colours(speckled
Eating /cream &
Drinking
speckled redbrown)

FP00292

A7

1

001

1

6

1 Glass

BottleSquare base

Clear

HealthFragment

NA

FP00291

A7

1

001

1

3

2 MetalAlfoil wrapper wrapper

Silver, gold,
blue

Packaging

Fragment

NA

FP00290

A7

1

001

1

2

2 MetalNails Undiagnostic

whole

Ferrous

Structural

Whole

NA

FP00289

A7

1

001

1

123

NA Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

Fragment

NA

FP00288

A7

1

001

1

4

3 MetalCut Nails

Whole

Iron

Structural

Whole

NA

FP00287

A7

1

001

1

12

0 MetalNails Undiagnostic

Head & shaft

Ferrous

Structural

fragment

NA

FP00286

A7

1

001

1

6

1 BoneAnimal bone

Undiagnostic

BoneEating /Drinking

fragment

NA

FP00285

A7

1

001

1

2

1

Pencil (lead)

Tip fragmentwith square
lead

Painted red

Writing

Fragment

FP00284

A7

1

001

1

8

3 Chalk

Coloured chalk Fragments

Pink, blue,
orangeFP00283

A7

1

001

1

3

3 OrganicSeeds

varied

FP00282

A7

1

001

1

3

1 StoneWriting slate

FP00281

A7

1

001

1

13

1 Glass

FP00280

A7

1

001

1

2

Bone

FP00235

A7

1

003

1

1

1 Ceramic

Clay Pipe bowl Rim sherd

FP00234

A7

1

001

3

4

NA Paint

Paint flakes

FP00233

A7

1

001

2

1

1 MetalWood &
stone

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseSecondaryNo Traces
refuseBroken

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Small amount of label
still attachedNA

No Traces

torn

NA

NA

appears modernc. 1970s-

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

18501860

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corrodedNA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

no gnaw marks. Verylittle surface damage

NA

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Sharpened

NANA

lead and wood casingNA

Art / Graffiti /Fragment
Décor

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

VariedOrganic

Whole

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

Bindi-eyesNAfragments

Slate

Writing

Fragments

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

< 1900Glass shards

Undiagnostic

Clear

Unknown

fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Rodent teeth

long teeth

teeth

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

MNI = 1NA

Rouletting on
Smokingrim

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Heavy staining

NA

NA

NA

18501900

Beige

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Conical cylinder
Brass furniturewith wood
corroded green Furnishings
fitting
insideFragment

IllicitCaching

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Rotted timber inside appears to be furniturecasingNAflakesPrimary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefuseNo TracesStained, pitted Non-cultural Fragment

NA

Biological

Biological &brokenChemicalNANA

no gnaw marks, surface
has begun to become
pitted.

NA

Charcoal /Limestone
Sample only
conglomerate

limestone &charcoal

DepositSampleNA

NA

Chemical /Physical

NA

NA

NA

Deposit sample

NA

Animal bone

long boneBone

Non-cultural Fragment

NA

Biological

BiologicalCut edge & cut
mark

NA

NA

no gnaw marks, very
little pitting on bone
surface. From large
animal e.g. sheep/cow.

NA

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

c. 1940-

FP00232

A7

1

001

1

1

1 BoneAnimal bone

FP00231

A7

1

002

1

1

1 StoneFP00230

A7

1

001

1

1

1 BoneVertebra

NA

160

FP00229

A7

1

001

1

1

1 Plastic

Button18mm - 4 holes
insideimpressed
Beige
circle, centre
concave on
front

FP00918

A7

2

001

3

1

1 MetalFountain pen
nib

Nib

ferrous

Writing(office)fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

18801940

FP00917

A7

2

001

1

1

1 Metal

Button18mm concave
ferrouscentreClothing

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00892

A7

2

002

1

1

1 Organic

Snail shell

shell

Organic

fragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

MNI = 1NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00891

A7

2

002

1

14

6 MetalNails undiagnostic

FP00890

A7

2

002

1

1

1 Ceramic

Clay Pipe stem Mouthpiece

FP00889

A7

2

002

1

2

1 MetalFountain pen
nibsFP00410

A7

2

001

3

35

15 Organic

FP00409

A7

2

001

3

2

Bone

FP00408

A7

2

001

3

4

FP00407

A7

2

001

3

14

white

Structural

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseKaolinSmoking

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

stained lightly

NA

NA

Nib

ferrous

Writing(office)fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

Rodent Bone

Multipleskeletalelements

Bone

Organic

fragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

Multiple skeletal
elements

NA

0 Leather

Leather

Undiagnostic. <
Brown
10mm

Clothing

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical /Physical

Cut

NA

NA

small fragments

NA

8 MetalNails Undiagnostic

shafts

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corrodedNAheads & shafts ferrous

Ferrous

Stem = 5 x 3mm Bore = 1850 1mm
1900
refits1880 1940
NA

FP00406

A7

2

001

3

2

0 WoodPencil (lead)

Tip halved
longitudinally,
Uncoloured
with round leadtip

FP00405

A7

2

001

3

3

0 Shell

Eggshell

Shell

161

Writing

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Sharpened

NA

NA

Lead and casing refit,
plus refits pencil
fragment in spit 2

NA

Eating /Drinking

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Broken

NA

NA

NA

NA

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

No Traces

worn edge

NA

NA

NA

c. 1940-

Slate

Writing

Fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

< 1900Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Corroded green

1905 -No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

speckled
cream

FP00404

A7

2

001

3

1

1 Plastic

Button18mm - 4 holes
insideimpressed
Beige
circle, centre
concave on
front

FP00403

A7

2

001

3

3

0 StoneWriting slate

Fragments

FP00402

A7

2

001

3

3

1 MetalElectrical wire Wire

Copper

Structural

Fragment

NA

FP00401

A7

2

001

3

25

NA Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

Fragment

NA

FP00400

A7

2

001

2

1

1 BoneFish boneRib

No gnaw
marks. No
pitting.

Eating /Drinking

Whole

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

FP00399

A7

2

001

2

52

26 Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corrodedNA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

< 1900FP00398

A7

2

001

2

7

0 MetalFP00397

A7

2

001

2

16

16 Metal

FP00396

A7

2

001

2

4

0 StoneFP00395

A7

2

001

2

1

FP00394

A7

2

001

2

FP00393

A7

2

001

2

Nails Undiagnostic
Nails Undiagnostic

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefuseNA

ShaftsFerrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Heads

Ferrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Writing slate

Fragments

Slate

Writing

Fragment

NA

1 Glass

Window glass< 50mm.
1.5mm thick

Clear(Opalescent)

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

5

5 MetalWire

8-12mmsegments

Ferrous

Unknown

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

1

0 Chalk

Coloured chalk< 4mmfragment

Pink

Art / Graffiti /Fragment
Décor

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

162

FP00392

A7

2

001

2

2

0 BoneAnimal bone

Undiagnostic

no gnaw
marks. Some Eating /pitting.
Drinking
Rounded edges

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical /Physical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00391

A7

2

001

2

2

0 Plastic

Foam

Undiagnostic

Grey

Furnishings

Fragment

IllicitPrimary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

Mattress stuffing?
Polyurethane foam
invented late 1950s
www.pfa.org

c. 1960-

FP00390

A7

2

001

2

2

1 Unidentified unidentified

Undiagnostic

Brown

Unknown

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Cut

NA

NA

brittle, possibly leather

NA

FP00389

A7

2

001

2

4

3 Organic

Snail shell

shell

White

Organic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

MNI based on internalspirals

NA

FP00388

A7

2

001

2

1

1 Metal

Buttoncut in half,Brassapprox. 13mm, (corroded
twistedgreen)

Clothing

Fragment

IllicitPrimary
RefuseChemicalNA

Cut & twisted NA

Corroded green

NA

FP00387

A7

2

001

2

1

1 Metal

ButtonBrass
13mm, 4 hole,(corroded
concave centre
green)

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Corroded green

NA

FP00386

A7

2

001

2

1

1 WoodPencil (lead)

Tip fragment,
brokenlongitudinallyUncoloured

Writing

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Sharpened

NA

NA

Matches pencil tip halfin spit 3

NA

FP00385

A7

2

001

2

2

0 Shell

EggshellShell

2 colours(cream &speckledbrown)

Eating /Drinking

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Broken

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00384

A7

2

001

2

53

NA Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

Fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00383

A7

2

001

2

1

1 Glass

Glass shard< 20mm.
RidgedClear(Opalescent)Unknown

Fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00382

A7

2

001

2

2

1 BoneRodent Bone

Multipleskeletalelements

Bone

Organic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

Multiple skeletal
elements

NA

FP00381

A7

2

001

1

59

31 Metal

Nail Undiagnostic

shaftsFerrous

Structural

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00380

A7

2

001

1

3

1 Leather

Leather

Offcuts

Brown

Clothing

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Cut

NA

NA

possibly offcuts fromleather working

NA

FP00379

A7

2

001

1

91

NA Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

Fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

0 MetalNails Undiagnostic

heads

Ferrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00378

A7

2

001

1

29

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
Refuse163

No burning
evidence

Smoking

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Extremely degradedfragments

1911 -

Brown

Organic

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Pellets (6-14 x
Brown
3mm)

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Gold, blue
print, red

Packaging

Fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

c. 1970s-

Undiagnostic

Olive

Eating /Drinking

fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Glass shards

Undiagnostic

Clear

Unknown

Fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

7 WoodJoist packing

0.5mm thick
stripslightweightwood

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

cut edges

NA

NA

NA

NA

1

1 MetalBrass pin

Flat head,
23mm longBrass(corroded
green)

Stationary(office)

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Corroded green

18501940s

1

2

2 Metal

Buttons

14mm, concave
FerrouscentreClothing

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

001

1

3

1 MetalElectrical wire Wire

Copper(corroded
green)

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

1905-

2

001

1

1

1 Wax

Wax drop

DropletUncoloured

Furnishings

Whole

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

A7

2

001

1

5

1 Plastic

Foam

Undiagnostic

Grey

Furnishings

Fragment

IllicitPrimary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

Mattress stuffing?
Polyurethane foam
invented late 1950s
www.pfa.org

c. 1960-

FP00365

A7

2

001

1

11

1 BoneRodent Bone

Multipleskeletalelements

Bone

Organic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

MNI based on jaw bones& teethNA

FP00364

A7

2

001

1

1

1 Plastic

Plastic
fragment

Undiagnostic

Light blue

Unknown

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

circular tag

Light blue

Packaging

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

Shell

EggshellEating /Fragment

NA

Primary

No Traces

BrokenNA

NA

FP00377

A7

2

001

1

5

0 WoodMatches

FP00376

A7

2

001

1

8

8 Organic

Bindi Prickle /Medicago
Seedpolymorpha

FP00375

A7

2

001

1

0.83g

NA Organic

Rodent Poo

FP00374

A7

2

001

1

4

3 MetalAlfoil wrapper wrapper

FP00373

A7

2

001

1

2

1 Glass

Glass shards

FP00372

A7

2

001

1

15

0 Glass

FP00371

A7

2

001

1

7

FP00370

A7

2

001

1

FP00369

A7

2

001

FP00368

A7

2

FP00367

A7

FP00366

FP00363

A7

2

001

1

1

1 Plastic

Plastic
shopping bag
fragment

FP00362

A7

2

001

1

4

1 Shell

EggshellSquare Profile

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
Refusepossibly brought in by c. 1980
visitors
NA

NA

DrinkingRefuseFP00361

A7

2

001

1

1

1 Organic

Feather

Whole

Black

Organic

Whole

NA

FP00360

A7

2

001

1

2

1 StoneSlate pencil

PencilSlate

Writing

Fragment

NA

FP00359

A7

2

001

1

251

135 Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

fragment

NA

Brokenfragments,
termitedamagedjarrahStructural

Fragment

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

Long, thinNA

No Traces

SharpenedNANA

2 pieces refit< 1900Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

Primary
RefuseBiologicalcut edges

NANAvery fragmentary and
soft

NA

NA

NA

NA

164

FP00358

A7

2

001

1 93.47g

0 WoodJoist &
floorboard
fragments

FP00357

A7

2

001

1

24

12 Organic

Snail shell

Shell

white

Organic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

FP00250

A7

2

002

1

1

0 Ceramic

Clay Pipe stem Shaft

KaolinSmoking

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Staining, tooth
marks

NA

NA

FP00249

A7

2

002

2

1

1 MetalNail Undiagnostic

Large head &shaft

Ferrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

FP00248

A7

2

001

3

1

0 StoneSlate pencil

PencilSlate

Writing

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

FP00247

A7

2

001

3

2

0 MetalNails Undiagnostic

Undiagnostic

Ferrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00246

A7

2

001

2

1

0 Leather

Leather

Triangle with 2
Brown
holes pierced

Clothing

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

pierced & cut

NANA

Possibly from a boot?

NA

FP00245

A7

2

001

2

4

0 MetalNails Undiagnostic

Unidentifiable Ferrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemicalTwistedNA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00244

A7

2

001

2

1

1 MetalBadge

19mm, flat,
circular withpin brackets

ferrous

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00243

A7

2

001

1

2

0 MetalNails Undiagnostic

heads & shafts Ferrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00242

A7

2

001

1

3

1 StoneSlate pencil

PencilWriting

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

sharpened, wornNAat both ends

NANA

< 1900Slate

possible tooth marks?
1850Stem = 6-5.5mm x 4mm
1900
Bore = 0.5mm

Heavily corrodedNAdifferent shaft profile to< 1900pencils in spit 1

165

FP00241

A7

2

001

1

1

1 BoneAnimal boneLong boneBone

Non-cultural Fragment

NA

Biological

BiologicalCut marks &mirrorcut/break across gnawing
shaft(rodents)

NA

Possible gnaw marks at
cut, possible cut marks
and mirror gnawing. No
surface pitting.

NA

FP00240

A7

2

001

1

1

1 Metal

Button18mm

ferrous

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00239

A7

2

001

1

1

1 Plastic

Button13mm, 4 hole,convex front
blackwith bevellededge

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

c. 1940-

FP00238

A7

2

001

1

1

1 Metal

Button16mm, 2 holes Brassin concave(corroded
centregreen)

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00237

A7

2

001

1

1

1 MetalBadge

Flat, circular
2mm diameter
ferrouswith pinbrackets

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded.
Missing pin

NA

FP00236

A7

2

001

1

3

NA Paint

Paint flakes

flakes

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00920

A7

3

001

2

1

1 Metal

Button16mm, 4 holes, Brassconcave centre (corroded
with raised lip green)

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00919

A7

3

001

1

1

1 StoneGraphite stickbroken stub,
11x3x3mm

graphite

Art / Graffiti /Fragment
Décor

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

broken

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00903

A7

3

004

1

1

0 MetalMetalfragments

Undiagnostic

ferrous

Unknown

fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00902

A7

3

003

2

1

NA Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00901

A7

3

002

2

0.01g

NA Organic

Rodent Poopelletbrown

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

beige

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefuseFP00900

A7

3

002

2

2

NA Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseFP00899

A7

3

002

1

3

3 Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

fragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

FP00898

A7

3

002

1

4

0 MetalMetalfragments

Undiagnostic

ferrous

Unknown

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00897

A7

3

002

1

1

1 Organic

Snail shell

shell

white

Organic

fragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

MNI = 1

NA

Rodent Poopellet(10x3mm)brown

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00896

A7

3

002

1

0.05g

NA Organic

NAFP00895
FP00894

A7
A7

3
3

002
002

1
1

16
1

NA Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural
Eating /Drinking

fragment

NA

1 BoneAnimal bone

Undiagnostic

bone

fragment

NA

Undiagnostic

ferrous & non
Unknown
ferrousfragment

NA

Skull

Bone

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA
NA

No Traces

BrokenNA

NA

possibly long bone
fragment

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00893

A7

3

002

1

4

0 MetalMetalfragments

FP00886

A7

3

001

1

3

1 BoneRodent bone

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

MNI =1

NA

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

nail holes

NA

NA

NA

NA

Organic

166

FP00506

A7

3 Surface NA

1

1 Woodpine,
impressions inwood
192x18x8mm,
Timber baton
perpendicular Structural
broken end
to axis inincreasing
frequency

FP00356

A7

3

001

1

196

61 Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

FP00355

A7

3

001

1

3

1 StoneSlate pencils

Pencil tip &shaftsSlate

Writing

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Sharpened

NA

NA

FP00354

A7

3

001

1

1.95g

NA Organic

Rodent Poo

Pellets (6-14 x
Brown
3mm)

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00353

A7

3

001

1

5

5 Organic

Seeds & leaf

variedOrganic

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

Bindi-eyes

NA

VariedNAshafts slightly different< 1900profilesNA

FP00352

A7

3

001

1

1

1 Plastic

Sequinround, pierced silver

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

c. 1940-

FP00351

A7

3

001

1

18

6 Organic

Snail shell

shell

Organic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

MNI based on outer
spiralNA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

white

FP00350

A7

3

001

1

1

0 Glass

Glass shard

Rounded rim

Clear

Unknown

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseFP00349

A7

3

001

1

2

1 MetalSafety Pin

Spring end &
Head

Brass
(corroded
green)

Clothing

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

refits18501991

FP00348

A7

3

001

1

3

0 StoneWriting slate

Fragments

Slate

Writing

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

< 1900FP00347

A7

3

001

1

1

1 Metal

Button

1/4 button,
Brassapprox. 12mm, (corroded
4 holesgreen)

Clothing

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Corroded green, only
1/4 button

NA

FP00346

A7

3

001

1

1

1 MetalElectrical wire Wire

Copper

Structural

Fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Corroded green

1905 -

0 MetalNails Undiagnostic

Ferrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00345

A7

3

001

1

9

Undiagnostic

Primary
RefusePrimary
Refuse167

FP00344

A7

3

001

1

11

2 BoneRodent Bone

Multipleskeletalelements

FP00343

A7

3

001

1

1

1 MetalSteel pin

29mm long, flat
steel
round head

FP00342

A7

3

001

1

1

1 WoodMatch

Square Profile

FP00341

A7

3

001

1

1

1 MetalFP00340

A7

3

001

1

2

FP00339

A7

3

001

1

FP00338

A7

3

001

FP00337

A7

3FP00336

A7

FP00335

A7

Organic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

Multiple skeletal
elements

NA

Stationary

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

c. 1940-

No burning
evidence

Smoking

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical /Physicalunburnt

NA

NA

Very soft.

1911 -

ButtonBrass
15mm 4 hole,(corroded
concave centre
green)

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

ChemicalNANA

J McHenry
Trove references 1895- 1890Clark & Co.
1900
1900
Fremantle

2 Plastic

Biro lid clips

PointsLight blue

Writing

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

2

1 Paper

Chewing gum twisted paper
wrapper
wrapperwhite withgreen font

Recreation

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical /PhysicalNA

NA

Wrigleys1

2

0 BoneAnimal bone

no gnaw
Undiagnostic. <Eating /marks. Some
20mm
Drinking
pitting.

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

001

1

86

NA Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

3

001

1 48.22g

0 WoodJoist &
floorboard
fragments

Brokenfragments,
termitedamagedjarrahStructural

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseBiological

cut

NA

NA

Termite damage & very
fragmentary and soft

NA

3

001

2

66 Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

151

Bone

NA

c. 1940-

possibly from museum
1987 visitors.

NA

FP00334

A7

3

001

2

1

1 Organic

leaf

Undiagnostic

Brown

Organic

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseFP00333

A7

3

001

2

1

0 plastic

Foam

Undiagnostic

grey

Furnishings

Fragment

IllicitPrimary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

FP00332

A7

3

001

2

2

0 BoneAnimal bone

No gnaw
Undiagnostic. <marks. No
20mm
pitting.

Eating /Drinking

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00331

A7

3

001

2

12

6 Organic

Snail shell

shell

Organic

fragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

MNI based on internalspirals

NA

NA

Primary
RefuseNAc. 1970s-

FP00330

A7

3

001

2

4

1 MetalAlfoil wrapper wrapper

white
pink

Packaging

Fragment

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

mattress stuffing?
Polyurethane foam c. 1960
invented in late 1950s
www.pfa.org

NA

168

FP00329

A7

3

001

2

1

1 MetalBadge

13mm, flat,
circular withpin brackets

ferrous

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00328

A7

3

001

2

0.75g

0 WoodTimberfragments

Undiagnostic

Wood

Unknown

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical /Physical

NA

NA

NA

very fragmentary and
soft

NA

FP00327

A7

3

001

2

50

3 BoneRodent Bone

Multipleskeletalelements

Bone

Organic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

Multiple skeletal
elements. MNI basedon jaw bones

NA

FP00326

A7

3

001

2

0.86g

NA Organic

Rodent Poo

Pellets (6-14 x
Brown
3mm)

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00325

A7

3

001

2

1

1 Metal

ButtonBrass
13mm, 4 holes,(corroded
concave centre
green)

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00324

A7

3

001

2

16

0 MetalMetalfragments

Undiagnostic

ferrous

Unknown

Fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00323

A7

3

001

2

82

NA Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00262

A7

3

004

1

1

1

Nail withassociatedwood

Undiagnostic

Iron

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Wood very soft andfragmented

NA

FP00261

A7

3

004

1

1

1 MetalNail Undiagnostic

Head & shaft

Ferrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

Metal &
Wood

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefuseFP00260

A7

3

002

1

1

1 MetalCut Nail

Whole

Iron

Structural

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

18501860

FP00259

A7

3

002

1

1

1 MetalNail Undiagnostic

Undiagnostic

Ferrous

Structural

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00258

A7

3

002

1

1

0 MetalNail Undiagnostic

Shaft /
Ferrous
Unidentifiable

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00257

A7

3

001

2

1

1 Ceramic

Clay Pipe stem Mouthpiece

Kaolin,blackened on Smoking
exterior

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Staining

Burnt

NA

Stem = 9-8mm x 5mm
Bore = 1mm

1850 1900

FP00256

A7

3

001

2

1

0 StoneWriting slate

cornerSlate

Writing

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

< 1900FP00255

A7

3

001

2

1

0 MetalWire nail

Head & shaft

ferrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded,
obscuring features

1890 -

FP00254

A7

3

001

1

1

1 Organic

Insects

CricketNA

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00253

A7

3

001

1

2

2 Organic

Snail shell

Shell

White

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00252

A7

3

001

1

1

Bone

Rodent Bone

Rib

Bone

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00251

A7

3 Surface NA

1

1 MetalFork

4 prong,
185mm

Nickel plated
silverEating /Drinking

Whole

IllicitPrimary
RefuseChemicalNA

Outer prongNAbent inwards

heavy, 45.85g

c. 1840-

FP00448

A7

4

162

73 Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

Brass
(corroded
green)

Stationary(office)

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

18501940

001

2

NA

169

FP00447

A7

4

001

2

1

1 MetalBrass pin

Head & shaft

FP00446

A7

4

001

2

1

1 MetalBrass paper
fastener

Brass
Head & 1 prong (corroded
green)

Stationary(office)

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

Bent

NA

NA

Possibly old-fashioned
staple? Rounded head,no point

NA

FP00445

A7

4

001

2

2

1 StonePencil leads

tip & shaft

Writing

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00444

A7

4

001

2

1

0 Metal

Conical cylinder
Brass furniturewith woodBrassfitting
insideFurnishings

Whole

IllicitCaching

Chemicalrotten woodinsideNA

NA

Matches other artefact
from other joist spaceNA

FP00443

A7

4

001

2

8

8 Organic

Bindi Prickle /Medicago
Seedpolymorpha

Brown

Organic

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00442

A7

4

001

2

1

1 Metal

Button15mm, toocorroded to
identify

ferrous

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00441

A7

4

001

2

2

0 Glass

Glass shards

Undiagnostic

Clear

Unknown

Fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00440

A7

4

001

2

1

1 Plastic

Biro lid clip

clip

graphite

Light blue

Writing

Fragment

NA

Multiple
Rodent Bones skeletal
elements

Bone

Organic

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

ChewedNA

Teeth marksc. 1940s-

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

Multiple skeletal
elements

NA

FP00439

A7

4

001

2

30

Bone

FP00438

A7

4

001

2

3

0 WoodTimberfragments

Undiagnostic

Wood

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00437

A7

4

001

2

172

95 Organic

Snail shell

shell

white

Organic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corrodedNA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Corroded and rusted

1880 1940

FP00436

A7

4

001

2

61

NA Paint

FP00435

A7

4

001

2

25

12 Metal

FP00434

A7

4

001

2

4

3 MetalPaint flakes
Nails Undiagnostic
Fountain pen
nibs

FlakesVariedStructural

fragment

NA

ShaftsFerrous

Structural

FragmentNA

Nibferrous

Writing(office)

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefuseCopper

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Corroded green

1905 -

Bone

Non-cultural Fragment

NA

Biological

Biological

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Pink

Packagingfragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

c. 1970s-

Pellets (6-14 x
Brown
3mm)

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Metal
fragments

Undiagnostic

ferrous

Unknown

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

102 Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

1 210.1g

0 MetalCorroded Iron
Undiagnostic
objectIron

Unknown

Fragment

IllicitCaching

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

heavily corroded,
probably same object as
FP00265

NA

001

1

1

0 Plastic

Foam

Grey

Furnishings

Fragment

IllicitPrimary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

Mattress stuffing?
Polyurethane foam
invented late 1950s
www.pfa.org

c. 1960
-

4

001

1

4

2 MetalAlfoil wrapper wrapper

silver & blue

Packaging

Fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

c. 1970s
-

A7

4

001

1

2

0 StoneWriting slate

fragment

Slate

Writing

Fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

< 1900FP00423

A7

4

001

1

1

1 Metal

Button14mm,
corrosion
obscuring
featuresferrous

Clothing

Whole

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00422

A7

4

001

1

2

2 WoodCut timber

Cut

Wood

Structural

Fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00421

A7

4

001

1

3

0 MetalHeads

Ferrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00420

A7

4

001

1

15

8 MetalShaft

Ferrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00419

A7

4

001

1

1.11g

NA Organic

Rodent Poo

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00418

A7

4

001

1

9

9 Organic

Bindi Prickle /Medicago
Seedpolymorpha

Organic

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00433

A7

4

001

2

1

1 MetalElectrical wire Wire

FP00432

A7

4

001

2

3

1 BoneAnimal bone

FP00431

A7

4

001

2

0.17g

0 MetalAlfoil wrapper wrapper

FP00430

A7

4

001

2

0.33g

NA Organic

Rodent Poo

FP00429

A7

4

001

2 15.04g

0 MetalFP00428

A7

4

001

1

229

FP00427

A7

4

001

FP00426

A7

4FP00425

A7

FP00424

Vertebra &unknown

Undiagnostic

170
Nails Undiagnostic
Nails Undiagnostic

Pellets (6-14 x
Brown
3mm)

Brown

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefuseLoss

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefuseNA

FP00417
FP00416

A7
A7

4
4

001
001

1
1

70
71

FP00415

A7

4

001

1

8.56g

FP00414

A7

4

001

1

FP00413

A7

4

001

FP00412A7

4FP00411A7

FP00265

34 Organic
NA Paint

Snail shell
Paint flakes

shell
Flakeswhite
Varied171

NA Unidentified Efflorescence Crystalline

White

1

1 Shell

Eggshell

Shell

cream

1

1

0 BoneAnimal bone

no gnaw
Undiagnostic. <marks. Some
20mm
pitting.

001

1

4

Bone

4

001

1

1

A7

4

FP00264

A7

FP00263NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

MNI based on internalspiralsNA

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Whole

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Broken

NA

NA

NA

NA

Eating /Drinking

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical /PhysicalCut edge

NA

NA

NA

NA

Organic
Structural
Chemical
Agent
Eating /Drinking

Fragment

Multiple
Rodent Bones skeletal
elements

Bone

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

1 Shell

Shell (marine) Bivalve half

Beige. Someconcretions

Unknown

Fragment

Conservatory

Primary
RefuseChemical /Physical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

001

1 100.74g 1 Metal

Corroded Iron
Undiagnostic
objectIron

Unknown

Fragment

IllicitCaching

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

heavily corroded,
probably same object asFP00427

NA

4

001

1

NA

0 WoodFlakesFlakesBrown

Structural

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical /Physical

NA

NA

NA

Wood very soft andfragmented

NA

A7

4

001

1

1

NA Organic

Hair / Fibre

NA

NA

Organic

NA

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

Associated withcorroded metal

NA

FP00505

A7

5

001

3

26

12 Organic

Snail shell

Shell

white

Organic

fragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

MNI based on internalspirals

NA

FP00504

A7

5

001

3

51

15 Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

fragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

Metal
fragments

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corrodedNA

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

Multiple skeletal
elements

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00503

A7

5

001

3

31.1g

0 MetalFP00502

A7

5

001

3

2

Bone

FP00501

A7

5

001

3

1

1 Plastic

FP00500

A7

5

001

3

1

0 MetalFP00499

A7

5

001

3

5

5 MetalFP00498

A7

5

001

3

34

NA Paint

ferrous

Unknown

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseBone

Organic

FragmentNA

Ecofact

prong tipBlack

Unknown

fragment

NA

Head

Ferrous

Structural

fragment

NA

ShaftsFerrous

Structural

fragment

NA

FlakesVariedStructural

fragment

NA

Undiagnostic

Multiple
Rodent Bones skeletal
elements
Black plastic
point
Nails Undiagnostic
Nails Undiagnostic
Paint flakes

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefuseNA

Smoking

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical /Physical

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

Packagingfragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

c. 1970s-

stained, black
Readingfont

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical /Physical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Animal bone

no gnaw
Undiagnostic. <Eating /marks. Little
20mm
Drinking
surface pitting

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical /Physical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Rodent Poo

Pellets(10x3mm)

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Corroded and rusted

18801940

FP00497

A7

5

001

3

4

4 WoodMatches

Square Profile Burnt

FP00496

A7

5

001

3

0.12g

1 MetalAlfoil wrapper wrapper

gold, silver

FP00495

A7

5

001

3

1

1 PaperPaperfragment

Undiagnostic
5x3mm

FP00494

A7

5

001

3

1

0 BoneFP00493

A7

5

001

3

0.11g

NA Organic

Brown

Organic

Primary
RefusePrimary
Refuse172

FP00492

A7

5

001

3

1

NA Organic

Hair / Fibre

Hair

Brown

Organic

fragment

NA

FP00491

A7

5

001

3

4

4 MetalFountain pen
nibs

Nib

ferrous

Writing(office)fragment

NA

FP00490

A7

5

001

2

50

25 Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

fragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

FP00489

A7

5

001

2 57.97g

0 MetalMetalfragments

Undiagnostic

ferrous

Unknown

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

FP00488

A7

5

001

2

0.1g

NA Organic

Rodent Poo

Pellets (6-14 x
Brown
3mm)

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00487

A7

5

001

2

1.98g

1 WoodTimberfragments

Undiagnostic

Wood

Structural

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

cut

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00486

A7

5

001

2

1

0 WoodMatch

Square Profile

No burning
evidence

Smoking

fragment

Recreation

Primary
RefuseChemical /Physical

NA

cut

NA

Very soft.

1911 -

FP00485

A7

5

001

2

0.08g

1 MetalAlfoil wrapper wrapper

Pink & silver

Packagingfragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

c. 1970s-

FP00484

A7

5

001

2

5

5 Organic

Bindi Prickle /Medicago
Seedpolymorpha

Brown

Organic

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00483

A7

5

001

2

1

1 Glass

Flat thick shard 1mm flat shard Clear tinted

Unknown

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

Flat but not transparent
enough for window
glass

NA

FP00482

A7

5

001

2

1

1 MetalBrass strip

6mm wide,curled intospiral

Unknown

unknown

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Corroded green

NA

brass

NA

FP00481

A7

5

001

2

1

1 StonePencil leadtip, squareprofile shaft

Graphite

Writing

fragment

NA

FP00480

A7

5

001

2

2

0 Shell

Eggshell

Shell

cream

Eating /Drinking

fragment

NA

FP00479

A7

5

001

2

1

0 Metalhead

Ferrous

Structural

fragment

NA

FP00478

A7

5

001

2

16

10 Metal

shaftsFerrous

Structural

fragment

NA

Nails Undiagnostic
Nails Undiagnostic

173

Chemical /Physical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Writing(office)fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Corroded and rusted

18801940

White

Organic

fragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

Shell

White

Organic

fragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

fragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

Glass shardbase orshoulderClear tinted

Eating /Drinking

fragment

NA

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

Very thick

NA

heads

Ferrous

Structural

fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

ShaftsFerrous

Structural

fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

Clothing

Whole

NA

001

2

42

NA Paint

Paint flakes

Flakes

Structural

fragment

FP00474

A7

5

001

2

4

0 BoneAnimal bone

no gnaw
Undiagnostic. <Eating /marks. Surface
50mm
Drinking
pitting

FP00473

A7

5

001

2

1

1 MetalFountain pen
nibs

bent nibferrousFP00472

A7

5

001

2

54

27 Organic

Snail shell

Shell

FP00471

A7

5

001

1

38

17 Organic

Snail shell

FP00470

A7

5

001

1

134

54 Organic

001

1

1

1 MetalNA

Primary
Refuse

5

5

NA

NA

A7

A7

NA

fragment

FP00475

FP00466NANA

13mm, 4 hole,concave centre Beige
on one side

12 Metal

NA

NA

Button22

ChemicalNA

1 Plastic

1

NA

NA

1

001

NA

NA

2

5

NA

No Traces

001

A7

NA

Primary
Refuse5FP00467

NA

NA

A7

0 MetalChemicalc. 1940s-

FP00476

5NA

NA

Illicit

1

NANA

fragment

001

NA

NA

Trade

5

NA

NA

Bent

A7

BrokenNo Traces

Fishing line

FP00468

No Traces

Loss

2 Plastic

1 GlassNA

short sections

2

1

NA

NA

2

1

NA

NA

001

001

NA

Bent - tied?

5

5

Tip worn

No Traces

A7

A7

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefuseNo Tracesc. 1960-

FP00477

FP00469

Primary
RefuseNails Undiagnostic
Nails Undiagnostic
Steel pin

Clear

Variedshaft, 11mm

ferrous

Stationary

fragment

NAshaft & tip,
26mm

Brass
(corroded
green)

Stationary(office)fragment

NA

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
Refuse

MNI based on outer
spiral
MNI based on outer
spiralNA
NA
NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

head missingc. 1940s-

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

head missing

18501940

FP00465

A7

5

001

1

1

1 MetalBrass pin

FP00464

A7

5

001

1

8

8 Organic

Bindi Prickle /Medicago
Seedpolymorpha

Brown

Organic

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00463

A7

5

001

1

52

NA Paint

Paint flakes

VariedStructural

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Flakes

174

FP00462

A7

5

001

1

1

1 Plastic

Fishing line

string tied inClearloop at one end

fragment

IllicitPrimary
RefuseNo Traces

Tied

NA

NA

NA

c. 1960-

FP00461

A7

5

001

1

2

0 BoneAnimal bone

long bone. <20mm

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical /Physical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00460

A7

5

001

1

1

1 Plastic

Button13mm, 4 hole,Black
concave centre

Clothing

Whole

NA

Loss

No Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

c. 1940s-

FP00459

A7

5

001

1

1

1 Brick

Brick Fragment Fragment

Red

Structural

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

SampleNA

FP00458

A7

5

001

1

1

1 MetalBrasstrim/edging

CircularBrass(corroded
green)

Unknown

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

looks like trim on baseof small bottle?

NA

FP00457

A7

5

001

1

1

0 Shell

Eggshell

Shell

cream

Eating /Drinking

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Broken

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00456

A7

5

001

1

1

1 Organic

Stone fruit
seed

seed

stone fruit

Eating /Drinking

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

peach or nectarine
judging on texture

NA

FP00455

A7

5

001

1

0.13g

NA Organic

Rodent Poo

Pellets (810x3mm)

Brown

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00454

A7

5

001

1 21.07g

0 MetalMetalfragments

Undiagnostic

ferrous

Unknown

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00453

A7

5

001

1 93.49g

0 WoodJoist &
floorboard
fragments

Brokenfragments,
termitedamagedjarrah withdark green
paint

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseBiologicalCut & painted

NA

NA

Termite damaged, very
soft and fragmentary

NA

FP00452

A7

5

001

1

4 MetalFountain pen
nibs

bent nibs

ferrous

Writing(office)

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Corroded and rusted

18801940

FP00451

A7

5

001

1 28.82g NA Unidentified Efflorescence Crystalline

White

Chemical
Agent

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00450

A7

5

001

1

Bone

Organic

Whole

NA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

Femur?

NA

4

1

1 BoneRodent Bonelong boneTrade

No gnaw
Eating /marks. Some
Drinking
surface pitting

FP00449

A7

5

001

1

0.16g

1 MetalAlfoil wrapper wrapper

gold, silver

Packaging

Fragment

NA

FP00277

A7

5

001

3

1

1 StoneSlate pencil

tip

Slate

Writing

Fragment

NA

FP00276

A7

5

001

3

1

0 MetalNails Undiagnostic

Unidentifiable Ferrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefusePrimary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

c. 1970s-

No Traces

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

< 1900Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

175

FP00275

A7

5

001

2

1

1 MetalBrass plated
strip

Strip

Brass

Unknown

Fragment

NA

FP00274

A7

5

001

2

1

1 MetalMetal strip

Stripferrous

Unknown

Fragment

NA

FP00273

A7

5

001

1

2

1 PaperToilet paper

Fragments

White

HygieneFragment

NA

FP00272

A7

5

001

1

1

1 Concrete

Mouldedconcrete

cornerGrey

Structural

Fragment

FP00271

A7

5

001

1

1

1 MetalMetal discapprox. 40mm
diameter, flat ferrous
circularUnknown

FP00270

A7

5

001

1

1

1

Pencil (lead)

Sharpened bothends, 43mm
Red
long

FP00269

A7

5

001

1

1

1 MetalMetal discFP00268

A7

5

001

1

1

0 MetalNail Undiagnostic

Wood &
stone

Primary
RefusePrimary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Corroded green

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corrodedNA

Primary
RefuseChemical /Physical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corrodedNA

Writing

Whole

NA

Loss

No Traces

Sharpened both
NA
ends

NA

one end hand
sharpenedNA

approx. 25mm
diameter, flat Iron
circularUnknown

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Heavily corroded

NA

Unidentifiable Ferrous

Structural

Fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

white

Chemical
Agent

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

SampleNA

intrusion fromfloorboard removal

NA

FP00267

A7

5

001

1

1.6g

NA Unidentified Efflorescence powder

FP00266

A7

5

001

1

1

NA Metal

Stanley knife
blade

Blade

Steel

Intrusion

Fragment

NA

Intrusion

Intrusion

Broken off

NA

NA

FP00915

A7 NA

Door
Sill

1

10

9 Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

fragmentNA

Ecofact

Ecofact

NA

NA

NA

FP00914

A7 NA

Door
Sill

1

9

9 Plasticnylon broom
bristlesbristlesblack

Furnishings

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

Bent - tied?

NA

NA

FP00913

A7 NA

Door
Sill

1

8

0 WoodMatchessquare profile

No burning
evidence

Smoking

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

FP00912

A7 NA

Door
Sill

1

2

2 WoodMatchessquare profile

unburnt withsulphur

Smoking

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

broken in half

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

FP00911

A7 NA

Door
Sill

1

12

12 Wood

Matchessquare profile burnt

Smoking

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

NA
short segments, 1
c. 1960
segment embedded inwall plaster fragment

FP00910

A7 NA

Door
Sill

1

30.1g

1 WoodFloorboard

fragments

FP00909

A7 NA

Door
Sill

1

2

1 Glass

Glass shard

FP00908

A7 NA

1

2

2 Metal120 MetalFP00907

Door
Sill
Door
A7 NA
Sill

Nails undiagnostic
Metalfragments

jarrah withdark green
paint

Structural

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseBiological

NA

NA

NA

Termite damaged, very
soft and fragmentary

NA

Undiagnostic. <
clear
10mm

Unknown

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

heads & shafts ferrous

Structural

fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Undiagnostic

Unknown

fragment

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

ferrousPrimary
RefusePrimary
Refuse

A7 NA

Door
Sill

1

1

1 MetalAlfoil wrapper balledsilver with
Packaging
paper backing

Whole

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

c. 1970s-

FP00905

A7 NA

Door
Sill

1

8

NA Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

fragments

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00904

A7 NA

Door
Sill

1

5.82g

0 Woodjoist packing
fragments

fragments

light wood

Structural

fragment

NA

Primary
RefuseNo Traces

nail holes

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00279

A7 NA Surface 1

6

6 WoodJoist packing

0.5mm thick
stripslightweightwood

Structural

Fragment

NA

Intrusion

Intrusion

In situNANA

intrusion fromfloorboard removal

NA

FP00278

A7 NA Surface 1550.5mm thick
Joist packing
lightweight
strips with wirewith nail in situ
wood
nail

Structural

Fragment

NA

Intrusion

Intrusion

NailedNANA

intrusion fromfloorboard removal

NA

176

FP00906

Metal &
Wood

Cell F63 Artefact Assemblage
Accession
Cell JS
No.

Spit

NISP

MNI

Material
Class

Artefact Type

Form/Shape Colour / Design

Original
Function

Preservation S-S Processes

FP00216 F63 1-E

Surface

1

1

Wood

Timber baton

brokensplinter

Structural

Fragment

None

Match

burnt with
Square Profilesulphur

Smoking

Fragment

None

FP00217 F63 1-E

Surface

1

1

Wood

JarrahS-A
Processes
Primary
refusePrimary
refuseA-A
Processes

Usewear

Reuse

Brand

Notes

None

cut edges

NA

NA

NA

None

Burnt

NA

NA

NA

None

bent

NA

NA

177

FP00218 F63 1-E

Surface

1

1

Metal

Wire nailRhomboid

Steel

Structural

Whole

None

FP00219 F63 1-E

Surface

1

1

Wood

Match

Square Profile Burnt

Smoking

Fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

Burnt

NA

NA

NA

FP00220 F63 1-E

Surface

1

NA

Metal

Wire nailRhomboid,Steelhead & shaft

Structural

Fragment

None

Intrusion

Intrusion

NA

NA

NA

Intrusion fromfloorboard
removalFP00221 F63 1-E

Surface

1

NA

Paint

Paint flake

Flake

Bright blue

Structural

Fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00520 F63 1-E

1

3

3

PlasterWall plaster

Lumps

white

Structural

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00521 F63 1-E

1

4

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00522 F63 1-E

1

0.61g

NA

Organic

Fluff / fibres

hair & fibres

VariedOrganic

Whole

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00523 F63 1-E

1

41

21

Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

fragment

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

Brown

Organic

Whole

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA
NA

FP00524 F63 1-E

1

0.2g

NA

Organic

Rodent Poo

Pellets(2x0.5mm)

FP00525 F63 1-E

2

36

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

fragment

None

FP00526 F63 1-E

2

6.71g

NA

Organic

Congealed dust Lumps

Brown

Organic

Whole

None

FP00527 F63 1-E

2

1.74g

NA

Organic

Fluff / fibres

hair & fibres

VariedOrganic

Whole

None

FP00528 F63 1-E

2

0.15g

NA

Organic

Rodent Poo

Pellets

Brown

Organic

Whole

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

FP00529 F63 1-E

2

43

33

Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

fragment

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

None

Primary
refuseFP00530 F63 1-E

2

2

2

Metal

Cut Nails

tip & head

Iron

Structural

fragment

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse1911 -

Varman (1980)
Type I Mb / Arch
Nails Fig. 32L /1890-1930
dating Burke &Smith (2004)

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseDates

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Rusted. Varman(1980) Type H /Arch Nails Fig. 32
A-B / Dating
Burke & Smith

1911 1890 - 1930

1850 c.1860

(2004)FP00531 F63 1-E

2

1

1

Paper

Paper fragment Undiagnostic White

Unknown

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

Bent

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Varman (1980)
Type I Mb / Arch
Nails Fig. 32L /1890-1930
dating Burke &Smith (2004)

178

Structural

Whole

None

Primary
refuseUndiagnostic White

Organic

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Tack

flat top, chisel
Ferroustip, 5mm

Unknown

Whole

None

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Wood

Wood fragments

Undiagnostic.
Wood< 30mm

Structural

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

cut

NA

NA

NA

1

Plastic

Black plastic
point

prong tipblack

Unknown

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

1

Metal

Alfoil wrapper

wrapperpink

Packagingfragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Undiagnostic black

Unknown

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Hygiene

Whole

None

Chemical

NA

NA

TBC

Inscription not
clear enough.
c. 1902 Not Gillette brand1930
or shape

Fragments

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Intrusion

NA

Cut

NA

Intrusion fromfloorboard
removalFP00532 F63 1-E

2

2

2

Metal

Wire Nails

Rhomboid

FP00533 F63 1-E

2

1

1

Organic

Feather

FP00534 F63 1-E

2

1

1

Metal

FP00535 F63 1-E

2

4

1

FP00536 F63 1-E

2

1FP00537 F63 1-E

2

1

steel

FP00538 F63 1-E

2

4

1

Unidentified
Unidentified
black material

FP00539 F63 1-E

2

1

1

Metal

Razor blade

double sided
Steelsafety blade

FP00210 F63 1-W

Surface

3

0

Wood

timber splintersplinter

FP00211 F63 1-W

Surface

1

NA

Paint

Paint flake

Grey / White
Variedfloat

Structural

Fragment

None

Undiagnostic brown

Unknown

NA

None

Shaft

Structural

Fragment

None

FP00212 F63 1-W

Surface1

1Unidentified
Unidentified
hard lump

FP00213 F63 1-W

Surface

1

NA

Metal

Cut Nailpale light wood Structural

Iron

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseIntrusion

1970 -

1850 c.1860

179

FP00214 F63 1-W

Surface

1

1

Metal

Cut Nail

Shaft

Iron

Structural

Fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

Cut

NA

Cut surface isrusted - older
intrusion fromrenovations.
Varman (1980)
Type H / Arch
Nails Fig. 32 A-B /Dating Burke &Smith (2004)

FP00215 F63 1-W

Surface

1

1

Wood

Timber baton

brokensection.
21x4x63mm

JarrahStructural

Fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00507 F63 1-W

2

0.6g

NA

Organic

Rodent Poo

Pellets(~4x0.5mm)

Brown

Organic

Whole

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

NA

fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

Staining

NA

NA

Bore = 1mm

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

pen mark NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00508 F63 1-W

2

1

1

Ceramic

Clay pipe stem

half stem,
kaolin, very little
brokenSmoking
tobacco staining
longitudinally

FP00509 F63 1-W

2

6

0

Glass

Glass shards

Undiagnostic.
Clear
<10mm

Unknown

fragment

None

FP00510 F63 1-W

2

1

1

Plastic

Grey fragment

Undiagnostic Grey

Unknown

fragment

None

FP00511 F63 1-W

2

2

1

Stone

Pencil leads

leads

Writing

fragment

None

FP00512 F63 1-W

2

5

5

Wood

Matches

Square Profile Burnt

Smoking

fragment

None

FP00513 F63 1-W

2

NA

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

fragment

None

FP00514 F63 1-W

2

1

1

Paint

paint flake withflakespen markings

white, blue pen

Art / Graffiti
fragment/ Décor

Illicit

FP00515 F63 1-W

2

0.43g

NA

Wood

Wood fragments Undiagnostic

jarrah & palewood

Structural

fragment

None

FP00516 F63 1-W

2

54.7g

NA

Plaster

ceiling plaster

Lumps

white

Structural

fragment

None

FP00517 F63 1-W

2

3.81g

NA

Organic

Fluff / fibres

hair & fibres

VariedOrganic

Whole

None

FP00518 F63 1-W

2

6.41g

NA

Organic

Congealed dust Lumps

Brown

Organic

Whole

None

FP00519 F63 1-W

2

42

26

Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

fragment

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

Structural

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

cut edges

broken
ends

NA

NA

Recreation

Fragment

Recreation

Primary
refuseNone

unburnt

Cut

NA

NA

graphite

FP00179 F63 2-E

Surface

1

1

Wood

Timber baton

baton(105x20x3mm Jarrah)

FP00180 F63 2-E

Surface

8

8

Wood

Matches

Square Profileno burning
evidence

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse1850 c.1860

1850 - 1900

1911 -

1911 -

180

FP00181 F63 2-E

SurfaceNA

NA

Organic

Hair / Fibre

NA

NA

Organic

NA

None

FP00182 F63 2-E

Surface

3

3

Wood

Matches

Square Profile burnt / sulphur

Smoking

Fragment

None

FP00183 F63 2-E

Surface

16

16

Wood

Matches

Square Profile Burnt

Smoking

Fragment

None

FP00184 F63 2-E

Surface

1

NA

Metal

Cut Nail

Shaft

Iron

Structural

Fragment

None

FP00185 F63 2-E

Surface

2.80g

NAOrganic

Congealed dust Lumps

Brown

Organic

Whole

FP00186 F63 2-E

Surface13

12Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

FP00228 F63 2-E

Surface

11

NA

Plaster

ceiling plaster

Lumps

White

Structural

FP00187 F63 2-E Embedded

2

2

Leather

Shoe Inner soles

FP00188 F63 2-E Embedded

8

8

Wood

Matches

Square Profile

FP00189 F63 2-E Embedded

1

1

Paper

FP00190 F63 2-E Embedded

1

NA

FP00191 F63 2-E Embedded

18

18

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

None

Burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

Intrusion

Intrusion

NA

NA

NA

Intrusion fromfloorboard
removalNone

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

fragment

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

Fragments

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

509.62g

24.5cm / size
White / stained Clothing
5.5 men’s

Whole

IllicitSecondaryNonerefuseFootprints
stainsNA

NA

NA

burnt withsulphur

Smoking

Fragment

None

None

Burnt

NA

NA

NA

Paper Fragment Undiagnostic Red

Unknown

Fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Metal

Wire nailRhomboid

Steel

Structural

Fragment

None

Intrusion

NA

Cut

NA

Intrusion fromfloorboard
removalWood

Matches

Square Profile Burnt

Smoking

Fragment

None

None

Burnt

NA

NA

NA

Butt

Uncoloured

Smoking

Fragment

None

NA

Burnt tobacco inend

FP00192 F63 2-E Embedded

1

1

Paper

Tailoredcigarette

FP00193 F63 2-E Embedded

1

1

Metal

Foil bottle seal

circular,compressed
flat

Pink with text

Eating /Drinking

Whole

None

FP00194 F63 2-E Embedded

2

2

Metal

Tacks

Tack

Ferrous

Structural

Fragment /whole

FP00195 F63 2-E Embedded

2

0

Wood

Matches

Square Profileno burning
evidence

Smoking

FP00196 F63 2-E Embedded

2

2

Wood

Timber batons

batons(203x20x3mm
Jarrah&170x20x3mm)

FP00197 F63 2-E Embedded

1

1

Cardboard Unidentified

FP00198 F63 2-E Embedded

NA

NA

Organic

Hair / Fibre

Primary
refusePrimary
refuseIntrusionPrimary
refusePrimary
refuse

None

Burnt

Primary
refuseNone

DetachedNAfrom bottle

Sunnywest NA

None

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

Possibly furniture
tacks?

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

unburnt

NA

NA

NA

Structural

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

cut edges

broken
ends

NA

NA

Semi-circular Pink

Unknown

Fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Organic

NA

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Primary
refusePrimary
refuseNA

1850-1860

1911 -

1890-1930
1911 -

c. 1970 -1911 -

FP00199 F63 2-E Embedded

99Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

fragment

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA
NA

Brown

Organic

Whole

None

Primary
refuseRodent Poo

Pellets (~1.5Brown
5x0.5mm)

Organic

Whole

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

Insects

VariedOrganic

fragment

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00587 F63 2-E

115.44gNA

Organic

Congealed dust Lumps

FP00588 F63 2-E

1

2.02g

NA

Organic

FP00589 F63 2-E1476

358 Organic

Varied181

FP00590 F63 2-E

161.34gNA

Plaster

ceiling plaster

Lumps

white

Structural

fragment

None

Primary
refuseFP00591 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Plastic

button13mm, 4 hole,concaveBlack
centreClothing

Whole

None

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

1940 -

FP00592 F63 2-E

1

3

3

Metal

Staples

Whole

Stationary

Whole

None

Primary
refuseChemical

bent

NA

NA

NA

20th
century?

FP00593 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Metal

Button handmade

15mm, 4hole, indented steel
centreClothing

Whole

None

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

Holes appear
punched by hand

FP00594 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Metal

Button15mm, 4 hole,indentedsteel
centreClothing

Whole

None

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00595 F63 2-E

1

4

4

Metal

Razor blades

double sided Steel (bluesafety blade blades)

Hygiene

Whole

None

Primary
refuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Gillette post 1933
design - blue
1933 - 1975
blade product

FP00596 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Metal

Tack with paper flat top, chisel
Ferrousattachedtip, 12mm

Art / Graffiti
Whole/ Décor

None

Loss

None

paper
attached

NA

NA

NA

FP00597 F63 2-E

1

1

1

TextileCotton string

White

Fastening

Whole

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00598 F63 2-E

1

34

22

Paper

Rolled cigarettes Butts

Uncoloured

Smoking

Fragment

None

None

SmokedNA

NA

NA

FP00599 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Organic

toenailnail clippingNA

Organic

Whole

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

EggshellShellcream & pinkish Eating /brown
Drinking

fragment

None

None

BrokenNA

NA

NA

unidentified

Recreation

fragment

None

None

Teeth marks NA

NA

NA

Clear

Trade

Fragment

Illicit

None

Bent - tied? NA

NA

nylon
monofilimentused post 1960

c. 1960 -

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

1950 - 1991

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

FP00600 F63 2-E

1

3

2

Shell

balledSteel

FP00601 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Synthetic

Chewing gum

Chewedfragment

FP00602 F63 2-E

1

5

5

Plastic

Fishing line

Bent

FP00603 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Plastic

Red biro lid clip lid clip

Red

Writing

fragment

None

FP00604 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Wood

Pencil (lead)

OrangeWriting

fragment

None

Sharpenings

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseFP00605 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Wood

Pencil (lead)

Sharpenings

dark red

Writing

fragment

None

FP00606 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Wood

Pencil (lead)

Sharpenings

Pink

Writing

fragment

None

FP00607 F63 2-E

1

4

1

Wood

Pencil (lead)

Sharpenings

Red

Writing

fragment

None

FP00608 F63 2-E

1

5

1

Wood

Pencil (lead)

Sharpenings

Blue

Writing

fragment

None

FP00609 F63 2-E

1

38

38

Metal

Tacks

Flat top, chisel
Ferroustip, 9-12mm

Unknown

Whole

None

FP00610 F63 2-E

1

12

12

Metal

Tacks

Flat top, chisel
Ferroustip, 6-7.5mm

Unknown

Whole

FP00611 F63 2-E

1

11

11

Metal

Tacks

Flat top,round shaft,
11-19mm

Unknown

FP00612 F63 2-E

1103

103 Wood

Matches

Square Profile burnt
burnt with
Square Profilesulphur

182

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Whole

None

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Smoking

fragment

None

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

Smoking

fragment

None

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

Smoking

Fragment

None

None

Half smoked NA

NA

NA

wire withGreen
plastic casing

Structural

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Plastic casing black

Structural

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

1905 -

Plastic casing grey

Structural

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

1905 -

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FerrousFP00613 F63 2-E

1

8

8

Wood

Matches

FP00614 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Paper

Rolled cigarette Butt

FP00615 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Metal

Electrical wire

FP00616 F63 2-E

1

3

3

Plastic

FP00617 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Plastic

FP00618 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Organic

Feather

Undiagnostic White

Organic

fragment

None

FP00619 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Organic

Feather

Whole

Grey

Organic

Whole

None

FP00620 F63 2-E

1

1

1

TextileCotton string

stringbrown

Fasteningfragment

None

FP00621 F63 2-E

1

1

1

TextileWool string

stringwhite

Unknown

fragment

None

FP00622 F63 2-E

1

1

1

TextileWool string

stringgreen

Unknown

fragment

None

FP00623 F63 2-E

1

1

1

TextileCotton thread

Threadwhite

Unknown

fragment

None

FP00624 F63 2-E

1

3

1

Metal

Alfoil wrapper

wrappersilverPackagingfragment

None

Electrical wirecasingElectrical wirecasingPrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseUncoloured

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse1970 -

Mattress
stuffing?
Polyurethane
foam invented
late 1950s
www.pfa.org
Polyurethane
foam invented
late 1950s
www.pfa.org

183

Furnishings fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

plasticised foam Undiagnostic black

Unknown

Fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

Organic

Fruit seedstem base

NA

Eating /Drinking

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

1

TextileCotton threadballedblack

Unknown

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

2

1

Plastic

Comb prong

tips

Uncoloured

Hygienefragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

3

3

Plastic

beads

Flat & roundBlue

Unknown

Whole

None

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Smoking

fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

NA

BrokenNA

NA

Unknown

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Recreation

Whole

Recreation

Primary
refuse

None

burnt

Glue onend

NAModelling

1911 -

FP00625 F63 2-E

1

2

1

plastic

Foam

FP00626 F63 2-E

1

1

1

plastic

FP00627 F63 2-E

1

1

1

FP00628 F63 2-E

1

1

FP00629 F63 2-E

1FP00630 F63 2-E

1

Undiagnostic grey

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusec. 1960 -c. 1960 -1940 -

FP00631 F63 2-E

1

23

0

Wood

Matchesno burning
Square Profile
evidence

FP00632 F63 2-E

1

7

1

Glass

Glass shards

Undiagnostic.
Clear
<10mm

FP00633 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Wood

Match with glue
Square Profile burnt, glue
on end

FP00634 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Wood

Match withgreen paintno burning
Square Profile evidence, green Recreation
paintfragment

Recreation

Primary
refuse

None

NA

Green
paint onend

NAModelling

1911 -

FP00635 F63 2-E

1

15

0

Wood

Matches

Square Profile, no burningcut
evidence

fragment

Recreation

Primary
refuse

None

NA

Cut

NA

Modelling

1911 -

FP00636 F63 2-E

1

3

3

Wood

Matches

Square Profile

fragment

None

Loss

None

Unburnt

NANA

Two are whole, 1just end broken
off.

1911 -

FP00637 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Plastic

Plastic fragment Undiagnostic Black

Unknown

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00638 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Plastic

Plastic fragment Undiagnostic Blue

Unknown

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00639 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Plastic

Plastic fragment Undiagnostic Orange

Unknown

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00640 F63 2-E

1

2

1

Plastic

Plastic fragments Undiagnostic white

Unknown

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00641 F63 2-E

1

295

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

Structural

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Matches FP00124

NA

NA

FP00642 F63 2-E

1

1

1

Paper

FP00643 F63 2-E

1

13

0

Paper

FlakesRecreation

unburnt with red
Smokingsulphur

Variedbrown, white
Tobacco packet Undiagnostic
font
Undiagnostic
Undiagnostic Variedfragments

Smoking

fragment

None

Unknown

fragment

None

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseBiologicalNA

Biological

NA

gnaw
marks
gnaw
marks

1911 -

c. 19501960?

FP00644 F63 2-E

1116.32g

NA

Organic

Fluff / fibres

hair & fibres

VariedOrganic

Whole

None

FP00645 F63 2-E

229.47gNA

Plaster

ceiling plaster

Lumps

White

Structural

fragment

None

FP00646 F63 2-E

2

7.18g

NA

Organic

Fluff / fibres

hair & fibres

VariedOrganic

Whole

None

FP00647 F63 2-E

2

14.52gNA

Organic

Congealed dust Lumps

Brown

Organic

Whole

None

FP00648 F63 2-E

2

0.7g

NA

Organic

Rodent Poo

Pellets (~1.5Brown
5x0.5mm)

Organic

Whole

None

FP00649 F63 2-E

2165

134 Organic

Insects

VariedOrganic

fragment

FP00650 F63 2-E

2

1

1

Wood

Match

Square Profile red sulphur

Smoking

Whole

FP00651 F63 2-E

2

161

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

Flakes

StructuralHygiene

184

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

None

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Whole

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

Gillette post 1933
design - blue
1933 - 1975
blade productfragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

Unidentified

fragment

None

None

BrokenNA

NA

NA

fragment

None

None

NA

BrokenNA

NA

1911 -

fragment

Recreation

None

NA

Cut

NA

Modelling

1911 -

Structural

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

1905 -

Plastic casing black

Structural

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

1905 -

Plastic casing white

Structural

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

1905 -

None

Bent

NA

NA

Rusty

20th
century?

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

None

Smoked

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

VariedVaried

FP00652 F63 2-E

2

1

1

Metal

Razor blade

Half of double
Steel (bluesided safety
blades)blade

FP00653 F63 2-E

2

1

1

Metal

Unidentified

Toothedfragment

FP00654 F63 2-E

2

5

2

Shell

Eggshell

FP00655 F63 2-E

2

6

0

Wood

Matches

FP00656 F63 2-E

2

2

0

Wood

Matches

FP00657 F63 2-E

2

1

1

Metal

Electrical wire

FP00658 F63 2-E

2

1

1

Plastic

FP00659 F63 2-E

2

1

1

Plastic

FP00660 F63 2-E

2

1

1

Metal

Staple

Whole

Steel

Stationary

Whole

None

FP00661 F63 2-E

2

1

1

TextileWool string

stringgrey

Unknown

fragment

None

FP00662 F63 2-E

2

1

1

Wood

Pencil (lead)

Sharpenings

Red

Writing

fragment

None

FP00663 F63 2-E

2

1

1

Wood

Pencil (lead)

Sharpenings

Blue

Writing

fragment

None

FP00664 F63 2-E

2

5

5

Paper

Rolled cigarettes Butts

Uncoloured

Smoking

Fragment

None

FP00665 F63 2-E

2

1

1

Bone

Animal bone

Undiagnostic. no gnaw marks. Eating /<10mm
No pitting
Drinking

fragment

None

Electrical wirecasingElectrical wirecasingPrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusenon-ferrous
Unknown
alloy?
cream & pinkish Eating /
Shell
brown
Drinkingno burning
Square Profile
Smoking
evidence
no burning
Square Profile
Recreation
evidence
Wire

copperPrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse1911 -

185

FP00666 F63 2-E

2

6

0

Glass

Glass shards

Undiagnostic.
Clear< 10mm

Unknown

fragment

None

FP00667 F63 2-E

2

1

1

Plastic

Plastic fragment Undiagnostic Red

Unknown

fragment

None

FP00668 F63 2-E

2

2

1

Plastic

Plastic fragments Undiagnostic Black

Unknown

fragment

None

FP00669 F63 2-E

2

1

1

Plastic

Plastic fragment Undiagnostic blue

Unknown

fragment

None

FP00670 F63 2-E

2

8

8

Metal

Tacks

Flat top, chisel
tip, 10Ferrous
12.5mm

Unknown

Whole

None

FP00671 F63 2-E

2

4

4

Metal

Tacks

Flat top, chisel
tip, 6.5Ferrous
8.5mm

Unknown

Whole

FP00672 F63 2-E

2

8

8

Metal

Tacks

Flat top,round shaft,
12-19mm

Ferrous

Unknown

FP00673 F63 2-E

2

1

1

Cardboard Playing Card

Cut corner

blue back

FP00674 F63 2-E

2

3

3

Wood

Matches

Square Profile

burnt withsulphur

FP00675 F63 2-E

2

33

33

Wood

Matches

Square Profile burnt

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Whole

None

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Recreation

fragment

None

None

NA

Cut

NA

NA

Smoking

fragment

None

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

Smoking

fragment

None

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseFP00200 F63 2-W

Surface

1

NA

Metal

Cut Nail

Shaft

Iron

Structural

Fragment

None

Intrusion

Intrusion

NA

Cut

NA

Intrusion fromfloorboard
removalFP00201 F63 2-W

Surface

2

2

Wood

Matches

Square Profile Burnt

Smoking

Fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

Burnt

NA

NA

NA

FP00202 F63 2-W

Surface

2

0

Wood

Timber baton

Baton(192x20x3mm Jarrah)

Structural

Fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

cut

NA

NA

NA

FP00203 F63 2-W

Surface

2.60g

NAOrganic

Congealed dust Lumps

Brown

Organic

Whole

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00204 F63 2-W

Surface11Organic

Seed husk

husk

NA

Organic

Fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00205 F63 2-W Embedded

NA

NA

Organic

Hair / Fibre

NA

NA

Organic

NA

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00206 F63 2-W Embedded

3

3

Wood

Matches

Square Profile Burnt

Smoking

Fragment

None

None

Burnt

NA

NA

NA

FP00207 F63 2-W Embedded

2

0

Wood

timber splintersplinterlight wood &jarrahStructural

Fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00208 F63 2-W Embedded

5

5Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

fragment

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

FP00209 F63 2-W Embedded

29

1

Bone

Rodent skeleton Skeleton

Bone

Organic

Articulated

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusealmost complete

1850-1860
1911 -

1911 -

FP00540 F63 2-W

1

4

NA

Wood

Wood fragments Undiagnostic Jarrah

Structural

fragment

None

FP00541 F63 2-W

1

38.64gNA

Plaster

ceiling plaster

Lumps

Structural

fragment

None

FP00542 F63 2-W

1

3

3

Metal

Tacks

flat top, chisel
Ferroustip, 5-11mm

Unknown

Whole

None

FP00543 F63 2-W

1

2

2

Plastic

Fishing line

Bent

Trade

fragment

FP00544 F63 2-W

1

18

3

Wood

Matches

Square Profile, no burning
brokenevidence

Unknown

FP00545 F63 2-W

1

10

10

Wood

Matches

Square Profile burnt

Smoking

white

clear

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

IllicitPrimary
refuseNone

Bent - tied? NA

NA

nylon
monofilimentused post 1960

c. 1960 -fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

NA

BrokenNA

NA

1911 -

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

Primary
refuse186

FP00546 F63 2-W

1

1

1

Metal

Wire Nail

Rhomboid

steel

Structural

Whole

None

FP00547 F63 2-W

1

1

1

Synthetic

Chewing gum

Chewedfragmentpink

Recreation

fragment

None

Undiagnostic Varied

Unknown

fragment

None

Writing

fragment

None

FP00548 F63 2-W

1

4

0

Paper

Undiagnostic
fragments

FP00549 F63 2-W

1

1

0

Wood

Pencil (lead)

Sharpenings

FP00550 F63 2-W

1

1

1

Wood

Pencil (lead)

Tip fragment green

Writing

fragment

None

FP00551 F63 2-W

1

1

1

TextileCotton string

StringnaturalFasteningfragment

None

FP00552 F63 2-W

1

1

1

TextileWool string

stringlight green

Unknown

Fragment

None

steel

Unknown

Whole

Illicitcream & pinkish Eating /brown
Drinking

fragment

None

red

Primary
refusePrimary
refuseFP00553 F63 2-W

1

1

1

Metal

Heavy wire

bent intocircleFP00554 F63 2-W

1

2

0

Shell

Eggshell

Shell

FP00555 F63 2-W

1

1

1

Paper

Butt with
Rolled cigarette tobacco
remnants

Uncoloured

Smoking

Fragment

None

FP00556 F63 2-W

1

141

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

fragment

None

FP00557 F63 2-W

1

1

1

Plastic

Comb prong

Tip

brown

Hygienefragment

None

FP00558 F63 2-W

1

1

1

TextileCotton thread

Threaddark green

Clothing

fragment

None

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse

None

bent

NA

NA

Varman (1980)
Type I Mb / Arch
Nails Fig. 32L /1890 - 1930
dating Burke &Smith (2004)

None

Teeth marks NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

bent

NA

NA

NA

None

Broken

NA

NA

NA

None

SmokedNANA

tobaccoremaining

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

1940 -

187

FP00559 F63 2-W

1

1

1

TextileCotton thread

Threadwhite

Clothing

fragment

None

FP00560 F63 2-W

1

1

1

TextileCotton thread

Threadblack

Clothing

fragment

None

FP00561 F63 2-W

1

2

2

Metal

Electrical wire

Wire

copper

Structural

fragment

None

FP00562 F63 2-W

1

2

2

Metal

Staples

Whole

Steel

Stationary

Whole

None

FP00563 F63 2-W

1

132

78

Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

fragment

None

FP00564 F63 2-W

1

1g

NA

Organic

Rodent Poo

Pellets (~1.5Brown
5x0.5mm)

Organic

Whole

None

FP00565 F63 2-W

1

35.96gNA

Organic

Fluff / fibres

hair & fibres

VariedOrganic

Whole

None

FP00566 F63 2-W

1

4.38g

NA

Organic

Congealed dust Lumps

Brown

Organic

Whole

None

FP00567 F63 2-W

2

10.1g

NA

Organic

Fluff / fibres

VariedOrganic

Whole

None

FP00568 F63 2-W

2

23.97gNA

Organic

Congealed dust Lumps

Brown

Organic

Whole

None

FP00569 F63 2-W

2

16.85gNA

Plaster

ceiling plaster

Lumps

white

Structural

fragment

None

FP00570 F63 2-W

2

1.19g

NA

Organic

Rodent Poo

Pellets (~1.5Brown
5x0.5mm)

Organic

Whole

None

FP00571 F63 2-W

2

127

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

fragment

FP00572 F63 2-W

2

3

0

Glass

Glass shards

Undiagnostic.
Clear< 10mm

Unknown

FP00573 F63 2-W

2

2

0

Shell

Eggshell

Shell

FP00574 F63 2-W

2

7

6

Wood

Matches

FP00575 F63 2-W

2

2

2

Paper

Paper

FP00576 F63 2-W

2

2

2

Paper

Rolled cigarettes Butts

FP00577 F63 2-W

2

3

3

Metal

Tacks

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Chemical

Bent

NA

NA

NA

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Eating /Drinking

fragment

None

None

BrokenNA

NA

NA

Square Profile burnt

Smoking

fragment

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

twistedwhite

Unknown

fragment

None

NA

TwistedNA

NA

Uncoloured

Smoking

Fragment

None

SmokedNA

NA

NA

Unknown

Whole

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

hair & fibres

eggshellFlat top, chisel
Ferroustip, 11-19mm

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimaryNonerefuseSecondary
Unidentified
refusePrimaryNonerefuse
None

Loss

20th
century?

1911 -

FP00578 F63 2-W

2

1

1

Metal

Wire Nail

Rhomboid

steel

Structural

Whole

None

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

Varman (1980)
Type I Mb / Arch
Nails Fig. 32L /dating Burke &Smith (2004)

FP00579 F63 2-W

2

1

1

TextileCotton thread

Threadwhite

Clothing

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00580 F63 2-W

2

1

1

Cigarette paper
rectangle
Cardboard packet (Rizla
packetsmall)

white, blue andSmokingyellow text

fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiological

Gnaw marks torn

Rizla +

Style 1935-40 per
cigpapers.co.uk

FP00581 F63 2-W

2

1

1

Rubberrubber band

band

unidentified

Fasteningfragment

None

None

NA

knottedNA

NA

Plastic casing Beige

Structural

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

Cut

NA

NA

1911 -

NA

1911 -

FP00582 F63 2-W

2

1

1

Plastic

Electrical wirecasingFP00583 F63 2-W

2

2

0

Wood

Pencil (lead)

Sharpenings

Writing

fragment

None

Recreation

fragment

Recreation

redPrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse1890s 1930sc. 19351940

1905 -

188

FP00584 F63 2-W

2

4

1

Wood

Matches

Square Profile, no burningcut
evidence

FP00585 F63 2-W

2

2

0

Wood

Matches

Square Profile, no burning
brokenevidence

Unknown

fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

NA

BrokenNA

FP00586 F63 2-W

2

138

90

Organic

Insects

VariedOrganic

fragment

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

cigarette packet
wrapping

1930 -

None

Burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

unburnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

None

Burnt

NA

NA

sulphur head stillpresent

1911 -

None

knotted

NA

NA

NA

None

Empty

NA

NA

stained, water
damageVariedFP00001 F63 3-E

Surface3

1

Plastic

Cellophane

rectangle

clear

Packaging

Fragment

None

FP00002 F63 3-E

Surface

48

48

Wood

Matches

Square Profile burnt

Smoking

Fragment

None

Fragment

None

Fragment

None

Whole

None

light coloured &splinter
Structural
jarrahno burning
Square Profile
Unknown
evidence
burnt with
Square Profile
Smokingsulphur

FP00003 F63 3-E

Surface

2

1

Wood

timber splinterFP00004 F63 3-E

Surface

7

2

Wood

Matches

FP00005 F63 3-E

Surface

4

3

Wood

Matches

FP00006 F63 3-E

Surface1

1

TextileCotton string

FP00007 F63 3-E

Surface11

Cardboard Matchbox

FP00008 F63 3-E

Surface10Cardboard

FP00009 F63 3-E

Surface11

Cardboard Cigarette Box

Lift off cover

FP00010 F63 3-E

Surface

1

1

Metal

Unidentified

Flat rectangle
Galvanised steel Unknown
plaquePaper

Cigarette rollingrectangle
paper

FP00011 F63 3-E

Surface11stringRed

Fastening

Whole

None

Base

stained

Smoking

Whole

None

Matchbox (Black
Sliding cover red & black label Smoking
Swan)

Whole

None

Whole

None

unknown

None

Fragment

None

Red with black
font

White

Smoking

SmokingPrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseSecondaryrefuseSecondaryNonerefuseSecondary
BiologicalrefusePrimaryNonerefuseLoss

None

Striking plateNAscratched

Trove ads 1934Black Swan 1948, company 1934 - 1953
going until 1953

NA

NA

State
Express

Unknown

Unknown NA

NA

Unsmoked

NA

NA

NA

Red lift off box
cover 68x38mm

c. 19241950s

189

FP00012 F63 3-E

Surface11Organic

Root

NA

NA

Organic

NA

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00013 F63 3-E

Surface1

1

RubberRubber band

band

red

Fastening

Whole

None

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

Degraded andstained black

FP00014 F63 3-E

Surface1

1

TextileHessian Twine

Tied into loop natural

Fastening

Whole

None

Primary
refuse

None

Tied

NA

NA

Knotted into loop

FP00015 F63 3-E

Surface

1

1

Paper

Tailoredcigarette

Butt

Beige & whitewith red font

Smoking

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

SmokedNA

President
VirginianPresident was aMichel ides Ltd
brand (WA)

FP00016 F63 3-E

Surface11

Cardboard

Cigarette Paper Rectangle
Packet strip
strip

Uncoloured

Smoking

Whole

None

Primary
refuseNone

Unknown

NA

NA

NA

FP00017 F63 3-E

Surface

2

2

Paper

Tailoredcigarette

Butt

Uncoloured

Smoking

Fragment

None

SmokedNA

NA

Unmarkedcigarette butts

FP00018 F63 3-E

Surface

1

1

Paper

Brown paper

Twisted Cone Brown

Packaging

unknownNA

twisted

NA

NA

FP00019 F63 3-E

Surface11

Cardboard

Letter card
packetperforated
strip

Uncoloured

Corresponde
Whole
nce

Torn

NA

NA

see FP0052 forsimilar artefact

FP00020 F63 3-E

Surface

1

1

Paper

Tailoredcigarette

Opened shaft

Beige & whitewith red font

Smoking

Fragmented
whole

EconomyPrimary
refuseNone

UnsmokedNA

State
Express

Unsmokedc. 1924cigarette, tobacco
1950sremovedFP00021 F63 3-E

Surface

41

28

Paper

Rolled cigarettes Butts

Uncoloured

Smoking

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

SmokedNA

NA

NA

FP00022 F63 3-E

Surface

1

1

Paper

Tailoredcigarette

Butt

Beige & whitewith black font

Smoking

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

SmokedNA

Marcovitch NA

FP00023 F63 3-E

Surface

9

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

flakesVariedStructural

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

Mixed paintflakes from
artefact cleaning

FP00024 F63 3-E

SurfaceNA

NA

Organic

Hair / Fibre

Fibre

Multiple

Organic

unknown

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00025 F63 3-E

Surface

57

43

Organic

Insects

fragment

NA

Organic

unknown

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

Paper

Undiagnostic
fragments

Undiagnostic Varied

Unknown

Fragment

None

black font,
double sided

Recreation

Fragment

None

FP00026 F63 3-E

Surface70PrimaryNonerefuseSecondary
Unidentified
NonerefusePrimaryNone
NonerefuseFP00027 F63 3-E

Surface

1

1

Paper

Newspaper

Word gameanswers

FP00028 F63 3-E

Surface

1

1

Paper

Envelope

Envelope

plain

Rations

Fragment

None

FP00029 F63 3-E

Surface

1

0

Paper

Envelope

Envelope

plain

Rations

Fragment

None

FP00030 F63 3-E

Surface

1

0

Paper

Envelope

Envelope

plain

Rations

Fragment

None

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseSecondaryrefusePrimary
refuseBiologicalNA

Biological

NA

None

Unknown

None

Unknown

None

Unknown

gnaw
marks
gnaw
marks
gnaw
marks
gnaw
marks
gnaw
marks

NA

NA

NA

Answers to word
game

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

1920-1960

c. 19071938

FP00031 F63 3-E

Surface

1

1

Paper

Tobacco packet
rectangle
label

blue with white
Smoking
writing

FP00222 F63 3-E

Surface

1

1

Wood

Timber baton

Baton(106x5x12mm lightweight wood Structural)

FP00223 F63 3-E

Surface

1

1

Wood

Timber offcut

FP00224 F63 3-E

Surface

1

1

Wood

Timber baton

FP00225 F63 3-E

Surface11

PlasterWall plasterFP00226 F63 3-E

Surface

11

NA

Plaster

ceiling plaster

Lumps

White

Structural

Fragments

None

FP00227 F63 3-E

Surface5

5

PlasterWall plaster

Lumps

White

Structural

Fragments

None

Amorphous
block
Jarrah, straight(22x54x110m saw marksm)
Baton
Jarrah(75x23x4mm)
Grey / White
Lump
float

190

FP00032 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Paper

Light bulb label Label

FP00033 F63 3-E Embedded

1

0

Paper

Newspaper

FP00034 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Paper

Lined notebook
Bound edge
paper

FP00035 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Paper

Brown paper

FP00036 F63 3-E Embedded

3

1

Paper

Coloured paper Fragments

FP00037 F63 3-E Embedded

5

5

Paper

NewspaperBlue label on
white background c 1950s (R.
carefully torn out. Dalyrymple
Michelides Ltd)
brand of tobacco

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Straight saw
NA
marks

NA

NA

None

cut edges

broken
ends

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

432.18g

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Fragment

None

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseStructural

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseStructural

Fragment

None

Structural

Fragment

None

blue with redborder and red & Packaging
white writing

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseSmall redfragments may be
associated withthis artefact.
c. 1920 Dating based on
1960syear of GEC
registration inAustralia &advertising logo
Ad forrheumatismc. 1940 treatment style1950
and text is samefor approx. 10yrs

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiological

NA

gnaw
marks

Osram

Reading

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiological

NA

gnaw
marks

NA

red lines, cotton
Writingbinding

Fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

Packaging

Fragment

Unidentified

Secondary
BiologicalrefuseNA

twisted /insectNAdamageNA

Red with bluelines, text onreverseUnknown

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiological

NA

gnaw
marks

NA

NA

black font &illustrations

Reading

Fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Advertisemen Black font,tsdouble sided

Twisted Cone Brown

Comic strip

NA

Label
Luxor
curating? TobaccoPrimary
Conservatory
RefuseFragment frompre-lined boundnotebookFP00038 F63 3-E Embedded

1

0

Paper

Newspaper
The Australian
Women's
WeeklyMagazine

None

Primary
refuse191

None

Cardboard Library Card

Fragment

Pink with black
font

Reading

Fragment

None

2

Paper

Book pages

Interleafedblack fontReading

Fragments

Illicit1

Paper

Envelope

Edge

Plain with stamp Rations

Fragment

None

Primary
refuse1

Cardboard
Cardboard Packet or Book?
cover

Yellowbackground with
Unknown
black font &illustration

Fragment

None

Secondary
BiologicalrefuseUndiagnostic Varied

Reading

Fragment

None

Primary
refusePackaging

Fragment

FP00040 F63 3-E Embedded

10FP00041 F63 3-E Embedded

2FP00042 F63 3-E Embedded

1FP00044 F63 3-E Embedded

28

0

Paper

Undiagnostic
fragments

FP00045 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Paper

Brown paper

FoldedPaper

Letter handwritten

Balled/Scrunc White with red
hed
lines

The Australian
Women's
WeeklyMagazine

Articles &Black font &Advertisemen photos, double
ts
sided

1

Brown

gnaw
marks

NA

NA

The
Australian Photographs of
Women's soldiers
WeeklyFremantle
Name filled out
Prison

NA

gnaw
marks

None

Labelled
with name

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

None

Torn

gnaw
marks

Fremantle
PrisonNA
Storekeeper

Unknown

Folded gnaw
marks

NA

Book or packet

Biological

NA

gnaw
marks &
insectdamage

NA

NA

None

Secondary
BiologicalrefuseNA

Folded /
gnaw
marks

NA

NA

Packaging

Secondary
BiologicalrefuseScrunched/Stained handwriting container NA? - gnaw
marks

Fragment

None

Secondary
BiologicalrefuseNA

Photographs ofTorn/rolle The
Women'sd/stuffed Australian
Auxiliary- gnaw
Women'sAustralian Air
marks
WeeklyForcePrimary
refuseNone

Corner cut

NA

Unknown

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Unknown

Unknown NA

Furniture stuffing

None

Torn

NA

Same as FP00019

FP00047 F63 3-E Embedded

1

0

Paper

FP00048 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Cardboard Playing Card

Corner

ACE (red) withblue circle back Recreation
designFragment

None

FP00049 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Plaster

Plaster corner

CornerWhite
undecorated

Structural

Fragment

None

FP00050 F63 3-E Embedded

23

NA

Plaster

ceiling plaster

Lumps

White

Structural

Fragment

None

FP00051 F63 3-E Embedded

10

TextileWool

Undiagnostic natural

Furnishings Fragment

Illicit

FP00052 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Cardboard

Letter card
packetperforated
strip

Corresponde
Fragment
nce

None

White with red
font

Reading

NA

Biological

Corresponde
Fragmentnce

Primary
refuseBiologicalFragment

Paper

1

fragment

Reading

1FP00046 F63 3-E Embedded

Reading

black font,
double sided

1

1Black font,
double sided

Page Header

FP00039 F63 3-E Embedded

FP00043 F63 3-E Embedded

spine

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseNA

11-Nov-44

NA

Note, scrunched
up aroundsomething oily

11-Nov-44

FP00053 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

TextileFP00054 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Paper

FP00055 F63 3-E Embedded

1

0

Paper

FP00056 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Paper

FP00057 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1FP00058 F63 3-E Embedded

1FP00059 F63 3-E Embedded

1

Light cotton
burntfabricfragment
TailoredButtcigarette
Cigarette rolling
Fragmentpaper

Primary
refusePrimaryNonerefusePrimaryNonerefuseSecondary
Unidentified
refusebeige/stained

Unknown

Fragment

Illicit

Beige

Smoking

Fragment

White

Smoking

Fragment

Paper

Twisted Cone White

Unknown

unknown

Paper

Tailoredcigarette

Butt

Beige & whitewith red font

Smoking

Fragment

None

1

TextileWool string

stringwhite

Fastening

Fragment

None

1

TextileCotton thread

threadwhite

Clothing

Fragment

None

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse

192

None

NA

burnt

NA

NA

None

Smoked

NA

NA

NA

None

Unsmoked

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

twisted

NA

NA

None

SmokedNA

State
Express

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Torn

WD & HO
Wills(Australia)
Ltdmatch wedged
inside. possibly
Capstan Navy Cut.
1870-1950
Dating fromBurke & Smith
2004

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

rolled up NA

NA

Empty

one side
sections
cut out.
Gnaw
marks

Rizla +

Style 1935-40 per
cigpapers.co.uk

FP00060 F63 3-E Embedded

2

1

Metal

Tobacco Tin

Pinched seamGold / blue text Smokingof tin baseFragment

None

FP00061 F63 3-E Embedded

5

0

Wood

Timberfragments

Splinters

JarrahStructural

Fragment

None

1

Cardboard Toilet rollRolled up
fragment

Uncoloured

HygieneFragment

None

1

Cigarette paper
rectangle
Cardboard packet (Rizla
packetlarge)

white, blue andSmokingyellow font

Whole

SecondaryConservatory
Biologicalrefusewhite with blue
Smoking
font

Fragment

None

Primary
refusestringnaturalFastening

Fragment

None

Smoking

Fragment

None

Clothing

Fragment

None

FP00062 F63 3-E Embedded

FP00063 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1FP00064 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Cigarette paper
rectangle
Cardboard packet
packet(Repeater)

FP00065 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

TextileHessian Twine

Buttwhite blue
writing

thread

Black

FP00066 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Paper

Tailoredcigarette

FP00067 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

TextileCotton thread

1

Cigarette paper rectangle
Cardboard
packet (Tally-Ho) packet

FP00068 F63 3-E Embedded

1

White with red
font

Smoking

Whole

None

SecondaryNonerefusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusec. 19241950sc. 19351940

None

Empty

NA

Repeaterpacked by
S.T.Leigh & Co Pty
Ltd - changed
1930 - 1962
name to LeighMardon in 1962

None

Cut

NA

NA

NA

None

SmokedNA

Camel

Dating from RJ
Reynolds

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Tally-Hopacked by
S.T.Leigh & Co Pty
Ltd - changed
1950- 1962
name to LeighMardon in 1962

SecondaryNonerefuseEmpty

NA1913 -

FP00069 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1Organic

Bindi prickle

Seed

Brown

Organic

Fragment

None

Fragment

beige with blue
Clothing
spots

Fragment

Illicit

FP00070 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

TextileLight cotton
fabricFP00071 F63 3-E Embedded

89

85

Wood

Matches

Square Profile Burnt

Smoking

Whole

None

FP00072 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Wood

Pencil (lead)

Sharpenings

Writing

FragmentNoneknotted string natural

Fastening

Fragment

None

Red

193

FP00073 F63 3-E Embedded

44

TextileHeavy hessian
twine

FP00074 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Plastic

Cellophane

wrapperclear

Packaging

Fragment

None

FP00075 F63 3-E Embedded

2

2

TextileCotton string

stringwhite

Fastening

Fragment

None

FP00076 F63 3-E Embedded

44Cardboard

Cigarette Paper strip.
Packet strip
67x16mm

Uncoloured

Smoking

Whole

None

FP00077 F63 3-E Embedded

80

51

Paper

Rolled cigarettes Butts

Uncoloured

Smoking

Fragment

None

FP00078 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

TextileHessian Twine

knotted string natural

Fastening

Fragment

None

FP00079 F63 3-E Embedded

11

11

TextileCotton stringknotted string red

Fastening

Fragment

None

Heavy hessiantwineknotted string natural

Fastening

Fragment

None

FP00080 F63 3-E Embedded

3

3

TextileFP00081 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Cigarette paper
rectangle
Cardboard packet (Rizla
packet flap
large)

white with blue
Smoking
and yellow font

Fragment

Conservatory

FP00082 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

RubberRubber band

band

red

Fastening

Whole

None

FP00083 F63 3-E Embedded

2

2

TextileCotton thread

threadlight blue

Clothing

Fragment

None

FP00084 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

TextileWool

Undiagnostic natural

Furnishings unknown

IllicitCotton string

stringwhite

Fastening

unknown

None

FP00085 F63 3-E Embedded 2.15g

2.15g Textile

FP00086 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Paper

Tailoredcigarette

Butt

Beige & whitewith black font, Smoking
red logo

Fragment

None

FP00087 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

TextileCotton string

stringbright red

Fastening

Fragment

None

FP00088 F63 3-E Embedded

22

9

Wood

Matches

Square Profileno burning
evidence

Smoking

Fragment

None

FP00089 F63 3-E Embedded 4.68g

0

TextileWool

Undiagnostic natural

Furnishings unknown

Illicit

FP00090 F63 3-E Embedded

1

TextileReinforced

stringClothing

None

1

White

Fragment

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseSecondaryrefusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseSecondaryrefuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

burnt

NA

NA

None

Burnt

NA

NA

NA

None

Hand
NA
sharpened?

NA

NA

None

Knotted

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Cut

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

Possibly fromcigarette paper
packets?

None

Smoked

NA

NA

NA

None

Knotted

NA

NA

NA

None

knotted &
cut

NA

NA

NA

None

knotted

NA

NA

NA

NA

Label
Rizla +
curated?

Style 1935-40 per
cigpapers.co.uk

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

Furniture stuffing

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

SmokedNA

Marcovitch NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

unburnt

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

stuffing?

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Secondary
None
RefusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary1911 -

1930 -

c. 19351940

c. 19241950s

1911 -

shoelace end

refuse194

FP00091 F63 3-E Embedded

12

12

Wood

Matchesburnt with
Square Profilesulphur

FP00092 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Glass

Glass shard

Undiagnostic.
Clear< 10mm

Unknown

Fragment

None

FP00093 F63 3-E Embedded

1

1

Plastic

Pull tag

strip

red

Packaging

Fragment

None

FP00094 F63 3-E Embedded

NA

NA

Organic

Hair / Fibre

NA

NA

Organic

NA

None

FP00095 F63 3-E Embedded

8

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

Fragment

None

FP00096 F63 3-E Embedded

63

34

Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

fragment

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

FP00770 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Paper

Book page

story

Black font,
double sided

Reading

fragment

IllicitSecondary
BiologicalrefuseNArolled up /
gnaw
NA
marks

Cowboys andIndians story

FP00771 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Paper

Newspaper

Cut strip

Black font,
double sided

Reading

fragment

Unidentified

Primary
refuseNoneNAcut into
strip

NA

FP00772 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Paper

Newspaper withblack font,
Art / Graffiti
Undiagnostic
fragment
paint and plasterplaster attached / Décor

IllicitPrimary
refuse

None

NA

Paint/plasNAterpatching wall
cavity?

FP00773 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Paper

Newspaper

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00774 F63 3-E

1

5

1

Paper

Book pages

Biological

NA

gnaw
marks

NA

spines and edges

FP00775 F63 3-E

1

2

1

FP00776 F63 3-E

1

1

FP00777 F63 3-E

1FP00778 F63 3-E

Black font,
double sided
Black font,
Undiagnostic
double sided
Comic strip

Smoking

Whole

None

Primary
refuse

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseNA

Reading

fragment

None

Reading

fragment

IllicitCigarette paper
rectangular
Cardboard packet
packet(Repeater)

White with blue
Smokingfont and design

fragment

Conservatory

Primary
refuse

None

empty

Label
Repeatercurated?

1

Cardboard Book binding

Spine

Green withgreen textile

Reading

fragment

IllicitPrimary
refuseNone

NA

Cut with
NA
blade

1

1

Cardboard Card corner

Corner cut off Black border

Unknown

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

Cut

1

1

1

Cardboard Card

Undiagnostic blue illustration Unknown

fragment

Recreation

None

NA

FP00779 F63 3-E

1

2

1

Paper

Envelope

edge

White withstamp

fragment

None

Biological

Torn

FP00780 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Paper

Light bulb label

blue with redbottom rightborder and red & Packaging
hand corner
white writing

fragment

None

None

NA

Rations

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseNA

1911 -ST Leigh & Cochanged name to
1932-1962
Leigh-Mardon
1962
Cut across spine matches otherbook binding
fragment
refits with othercard corner
FP00676

Torn intoNANA
squaregnaw
Fremantle Storekeepers
marks
Prisonenvelope
NA

Osram

Refits FP00032

c. 1920 1960s

FP00781 F63 3-E

1

1

0

Cardboard Library Card

Centrefragment

Pink with blacklines

Reading

Fragment

None

PrimaryNonerefuseSecondaryNonerefuse

195

NA

NA

Fremantle
NA
Prison

FP00782 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Paper

Paper towel

Crumpled

Uncoloured

Hygienefragment

None

Crumpled

NA

NA

NA

FP00783 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Paper

Paper label

Green & orange
Eating /Undiagnostic fruit picture with
Drinking
white font

fragment

None

Primary
refuseNA

NA

Unknown

NA

FP00784 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Paper

newspaper

Comic strip

Full colour,
double sided

Reading

fragment

None

Secondary
BiologicalrefuseNAgnaw
marks &
insectdamageNA

NA

FP00785 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Paper

Newspaper

Comic, stories

Black font,
double sided

Reading

fragment

Unidentified

SecondaryNonerefuseNA

FP00786 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Paper

Newspaper

Articles &letter to
editorBlack font,
double sided

Reading

fragment

None

Secondary
BiologicalrefuseNA

FP00787 F63 3-E

1288

167 Paper

Rolled cigarettes Butts

Uncoloured

Smoking

Fragment

None

Undiagnostic Varied

Unknown

fragment

None

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseNone

Refits bothThe
torn into
FP00689 andAustralianstrip
FP00690 (JS3-W
Journal?
spit 1)
Articles reference
War in the Pacific,
gnaw
The Daily
seems like local
3-Oct-42marks
News
paper due toletters to editor

None

Smoked

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

knotted

NA

NA

NA

None

knotted

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

Stuffing?

FP00788 F63 3-E

1

114

0

Paper

Undiagnostic
fragments

FP00789 F63 3-E

1

9

9

TextileCotton stringknotted string white

Fasteningfragment

None

FP00790 F63 3-E

1

7

7

TextileCotton stringknotted string red

Fasteningfragment

None

FP00791 F63 3-E

1

1

1

TextileWool

Undiagnostic natural

Furnishings fragment

Illicit

FP00792 F63 3-E

1

2.39g

NA

Organic

Rodent Poo

Pellets (~1.5Brown
5x0.5mm)

Organic

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00793 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Metal

Punched metalpierced, cut
rectangle

galvanised steel
with green paint Furnishings fragment
remnants

None

Primary
refuseChemicalUnknownNA

NA

part of a hinge?
Or floor patch?

FP00794 F63 3-E

1

64.7g

NA

Organic

Fluff / fibres

hair & fibres

VariedOrganic

Whole

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00795 F63 3-E

128.18gNA

Organic

Congealed dust Lumps

Brown

Organic

Whole

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00796 F63 3-E

1

118.05g

NA

Plaster

ceiling plaster

Lumps

white

Structural

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00797 F63 3-E

1

3

0

Glass

Glass shards

Undiagnostic.
Clear
<10mm

Unknown

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Whole

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse

196

FP00798 F63 3-E

1

5

1

Metal

Offcuts

Undiagnostic.
galvanised< 10mm

Unknown

fragment

None

FP00799 F63 3-E

1

21

13

Wood

Matches

Square profile

burnt withsulphur

Smoking

Whole

None

FP00800 F63 3-E

1135

115 Wood

Matchessquare profile burnt

Smoking

Fragment

None

FP00801 F63 3-E

1

27

4

Wood

Matches

Square Profile, no burning
brokenevidence

Unknown

Fragment

None

FP00802 F63 3-E

1

12

12

Wood

Matchessquare profile, no burningcut
evidence

Recreation

Fragment

Recreation

FP00803 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Metal

StapleWhole

Stationary

Whole

None

FP00804 F63 3-E

1

1

1

TextileWoollen fabricUndiagnostic unidentified

Furnishings fragment

Illicit

FP00805 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Paper

Butt

beige, red font

Smoking

fragment

None

FP00806 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Paper

Butt

white

Smoking

fragment

None

FP00807 F63 3-E

1

13

3

Paper

Butts

beige

Smoking

fragment

None

FP00808 F63 3-E

1

4

2

Paper

Butt

beige

Smoking

fragment

None

FP00809 F63 3-E

1

3

1

TextileUndiagnostic white

Unknown

fragment

Illicit

FP00810 F63 3-E

1

2

1

Plastic

ButtonUndiagnostic,
Brown
fragments

Clothing

fragment

None

FP00811 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Metal

Electrical wire

Wire

copper

Structural

fragment

None

FP00812 F63 3-E

1

2

1

TextileCoarse wool
fabricCut squares

Black with red
stripeFurnishings fragment

Illicit

FP00813 F63 3-E

1

4

4

Paper

Tailoredcigarettes

Butts

Beige with black
Smoking
font, red logo

FP00814 F63 3-E

1

2

1

Metal

Punched metalthin with
Steelholes punched

FP00815 F63 3-E

1

3

1

TextileLight cotton
fabricButtons

FP00816 F63 3-E

1

3

3

Metal

Tailoredcigarette
Tailoredcigarette
Tailoredcigarettes
Tailoredcigarettes
Coarse cotton
fabricSteelPrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseChemical

cut

NA

NA

Metal offcuts

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -None

NA

BrokenNA

NA

1911 -

None

NA

cut

NA

Modelling

1911 -

Chemical

bent

NA

NA

NA

20th
century?

None

NAtorn strip NA

NA

None

SmokedNA

Unknown

NA

None

SmokedNA

UnknownNA

None

Unsmoked

NA

NA

NA

None

Smoked

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

torn

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

broken halves,possibly Bakelite?

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

Cut

NA

looks similar todisplay blankets

Marcovitch NA

fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

SmokedNA

Unknown

fragment

None

Primary
refuseChemicalUnknownpunched,
NA
cut

NA

Undiagnostic burnt

Unknown

fragment

IllicitPrimary
refuse

None

NA

Burnt

NA

NA

16mm, 4holes, concave steel
centreClothing

Whole

None

Loss

None

NA

NA

NA

slightly rustyc. 19071938

FP00817 F63 3-E

1

13

0

Wood

Pencil (lead)

Sharpenings

FP00818 F63 3-E

1

4

0

Wood

Pencil (lead)

FP00819 F63 3-E

1

2

2

Organic

FP00820 F63 3-E

1

2

1

FP00821 F63 3-E

1

1

FP00822 F63 3-E

1FP00823 F63 3-E

197

Writing

fragment

None

Tip fragment Uncoloured

Writing

fragment

None

Bindi Prickle

Seed

Brown

Organic

fragment

None

Plastic

Pull tag

strip

red

Packagingfragment

None

1

plastic

Plastic fragment Undiagnostic Clear

Unknown

fragment

None

1

1

Cardboard

torn strip rolled Rolled up
up
fragment

Uncoloured

Unknown

fragment

None

1

1

1

Rubberrubber band

red

Fastening

Whole

None

FP00824 F63 3-E

1

6

6

Plastic

Black biro lid clip lid clip

black

Writing

fragment

None

FP00825 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Metal

Hinge bracket

Furnishings fragment

None

FP00826 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Metal

Punched metal

Furnishings fragment

None

FP00827 F63 3-E

1

3

3

Metal

Nails

Structural

Whole

None

FP00828 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Metal

Cut bolt & nut

square nut

steel

Structural

fragment

None

Steel

Structural

Whole

None

band

dark red

rectangle withcast ironhole
cut strip with
galvanisedholeclout head,galvanised
20mm

FP00829 F63 3-E

1

7

7

Metal

Screwsflat head,
25mm

FP00830 F63 3-E

1

3

3

TextileWool string

stringwhite

Unknown

fragment

None

FP00831 F63 3-E

1

119

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

fragment

None

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseLoss
Primary
refusePrimary
refuseNone

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

rolled up NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

ChemicalPunchedNA

NA

hinge?

ChemicalPunched

NA

NA

NA

None

bent

NA

NA

NA

Chemical

NA

cut

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Chemical

bent

NA

NA

Varman (1980)
Type I Mb / Arch
Nails Fig. 32L /1890 - 1930
dating Burke &Smith (2004)

FP00832 F63 3-E

1

5

5

Metal

Wire Nails

Rhomboid

steel

Structural

Whole

None

Primary
refuseFP00833 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Metal

Tacks

flat head,chisel tip,
15mm

Ferrous

Unknown

Whole

None

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00834 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Metal

Tacks

flat head,chisel tip,
8mm

Ferrous

Unknown

Whole

None

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00835 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Metal

Tacks

round shaft,
25mm

Ferrous

Unknown

Whole

None

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00836 F63 3-E

1

1

1

TextileCotton thread

threadblack

Unknown

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00837 F63 3-E

1

1

1

TextileHessian Twine

frayednaturalFasteningfragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Primary
refusePrimary
refuse1950 - 1991

Heavy hessiantwineknotted string natural

Fasteningfragment

None

Primary
refuseNoneknottedNA

NA

356 Organic

Insects

VariedOrganic

fragment

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

splinters

jarrahStructural

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00838 F63 3-E

1

1

1

FP00839 F63 3-E

1519

TextileVariedNA

198

FP00840 F63 3-E

1

9.7g

NA

Wood

Timberfragments

FP00841 F63 3-E

1

2

2

Wood

Timber batons

batons(120x13x4mm
jarrah&230x13x4mm)

Structural

fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

cut edges

broken
ends

NA

NA

FP00921 F63 3-E

1

1

1

Metal

Wire Nail

Joltheadsteel

Structural

Whole

None

Loss

Chemicalstraight

NA

NA

Arch Nails Fig.
32M / dating
Burke & Smith(2004)

1940 -

FP00924 F63 3-E

1

6

3

Metal

Razor blade
corners

cornerfragments

steel, 3 cornershapesHygieneFragment

None

Primary
refuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00842 F63 3-E

2

1

1

Cigarette paper
Cardboard packet
vertical side
(Repeater)

white with blue
Smokingfont

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

Empty

NA

RepeaterNA

1930 - 1962

FP00843 F63 3-E

2

2

2

Paper

Newspaper
black font,
Art / Graffiti
fragments with Undiagnostic
fragment
plaster attached / Décor
paint and plaster

IllicitPrimary
refuse

None

NA

Paint/plasNA
terPatching walls?

FP00844 F63 3-E

2

1

1

Plastic

Cellophane

foldedwrapper

Clear

Packagingfragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

Torn

NA

NA

NA

FP00845 F63 3-E

2

2

2

Metal

Buttons

16mm, 4 hole,concavesteel
centreClothing

Whole

None

Primary
refuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00846 F63 3-E

2

1

1

Metal

Cut bolt & nut

square nut

steel

Structural

fragment

None

Chemical

NA

Cut

NA

NA

FP00847 F63 3-E

2

1

1

TextileCotton string

stringred

Fasteningfragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00848 F63 3-E

2

2

2

Metal

Cut Nails

Head & shaft Iron

Structural

Whole

None

ChemicalbrokenNA

NA

whole nail isperfect, unused

silver with white
Packagingbacking

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

knotted

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00849 F63 3-E

2

1

1

Metal

Alfoilcornerfragment

FP00850 F63 3-E

2

79

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

fragment

None

Screwsflat head,
25mm

Steel

Structural

Whole

None

FP00851 F63 3-E

2

1

1

Metal

FP00852 F63 3-E

2

1

1

Organic

Bindi Prickle

Seed

FP00853 F63 3-E

2

2

2

TextileCotton string

Paper

Undiagnostic
fragment

FP00854 F63 3-E

2

36

0

Brown

Organic

fragmentNoneknotted string white

Fasteningfragment

None

Undiagnostic Varied

Unknown

fragment

None

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseLoss
Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse1850 - 18601970 -

FP00855 F63 3-E

2

2

2

Plastic

Black biro lid clip lid clip

black

Writing

fragment

None

galvanised

Structural

Whole

None

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

1950-1991

199

FP00856 F63 3-E

2

1

1

Metal

Nail

clout head,
20mm

FP00857 F63 3-E

2

2

2

Metal

Electrical wire

Wire

copper

Structural

fragment

None

FP00858 F63 3-E

2

2

2

Metal

Tacks

flat head,chisel tip,
15mm

Ferrous

Unknown

Whole

None

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00859 F63 3-E

2

2

2

Metal

Tacks

flat head,chisel tip,
9mm

Ferrous

Unknown

Whole

None

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00860 F63 3-E

2

2

2

Metal

Tacks

flat head,chisel tip,
5mm

Ferrous

Unknown

Whole

None

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00861 F63 3-E

2

12

0

Wood

Matches

Square Profile, no burning
brokenevidence

Unknown

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

NA

BrokenNA

NA

1911 -

FP00862 F63 3-E

2

4

3

Wood

Matchessquare profile, no burningcut
evidence

Recreation

Fragment

Recreation

None

NA

cut

NA

Modelling

1911 -

FP00863 F63 3-E

2

103

59

Paper

Rolled cigarettes Butts

Smoking

Fragment

None

None

SmokedNA

NA

NA

Structural

Whole

None

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

Primary
refuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

door bolt?

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Uncoloured

FP00864 F63 3-E

2

1

1

Metal

Screw

phillips head,
Steel
8mm

FP00865 F63 3-E

2

1

1

Metal

Bolt

round head,
38mm

iron with green
Structural
paint remnants

Whole

None

FP00866 F63 3-E

2

5

1

Wood

Pencil (lead)

Sharpenings

dark red

Writing

fragment

None

FP00867 F63 3-E

2

2

0

Wood

Pencil (lead)

Sharpenings

Uncoloured

Writing

fragment

None

Undiagnostic Uncoloured

Unknown

fragment

IllicitPrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseFP00868 F63 3-E

2

4

1

TextileLight cotton
fabricFP00869 F63 3-E

2

1

1

TextileCotton string

5 strands tied
white
togetherFasteningfragment

None

Primary
refuseNoneknotted

NA

NA

NA

FP00870 F63 3-E

2

11

1

Metal

Offcuts

Undiagnostic
steel
corners

Unknown

fragment

None

Primary
refuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00871 F63 3-E

2

1

1

Glass

Glass shard

Undiagnostic.
Clear< 10mm

Unknown

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00872 F63 3-E

2

1

1

TextileLight cotton
fabricUndiagnostic

beige with blue
Clothing
spots

fragment

IllicitPrimary
refuse

None

NA

Burnt

NA

NA

1905 -

FP00873 F63 3-E

2

2

2

Metal

Punched metal

FP00874 F63 3-E

2

1

1

Metal

Hinge bracket

FP00875 F63 3-E

2

6

5

Wood

Matches

FP00876 F63 3-E

2

87

80

Wood

Matches

FP00877 F63 3-E

2214

184 Organic

Insects

FP00878 F63 3-E

2

5

5

Paper

FP00879 F63 3-E

2

3

1

Paper

FP00880 F63 3-E

2

2

2

Metal

Tailoredcigarettes
Tailoredcigarette
Screwscut rectangles Galvanised steel
with holes
with green paint Furnishings fragment
punchedremnants
rectangle withcast ironholesburnt with
Square profilesulphurNone

Furnishings fragment

None

Smoking

Whole

None

square profile burnt

Smoking

Fragment

None

VariedOrganic

fragment

None

Varied

Butts

beige

Smoking

fragment

None

Butts

beige

Smoking

fragment

Noneflat head,
37mm

Steel

Structural

Whole

None

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseEcofact
Primary
refusePrimary
refuseLoss

200

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseNone

Punched

NA

NA

NA

ChemicalPunched

NA

NA

NA

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

Biological

NA

NA

NA

None

Smoked

NA

NA

NA

None

Unsmoked

NA

NA

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00881 F63 3-E

2

16.25gNA

Organic

Fluff / fibres

hair & fibres

VariedOrganic

Whole

None

FP00882 F63 3-E

2

54.56gNA

Plaster

ceiling plaster

Lumps

white

Structural

fragment

None

FP00883 F63 3-E

2

32.7g

NA

Organic

Congealed dust Lumps

Brown

Organic

Whole

None

FP00884 F63 3-E

2

2.7g

NA

Organic

Rodent Poo

Pellets (~1.5Brown
5x0.5mm)

Organic

Whole

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00885 F63 3-E

2

2.57g

NA

Wood

Timberfragments

splinters

Structural

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00922 F63 3-E

2

1

1

Metal

Button14mm, 4 hole,galvanised
concave

Clothing

Whole

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00925 F63 3-E

2

1

1

Metal

Cut NailWhole &
straight

Iron

Structural

Whole

None

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00097 F63 3-W

Surface20Cardboard Library Card

Fragment

Pink with black
print & faded ink Reading
writing

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

Filled out

NAFremantle
NA
PrisonFP00098 F63 3-W

Surface

10

0

Paper

Undiagnostic
fragments

Unknown

Fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00099 F63 3-W

Surface

1

1

Paper

Very thin paper Fragment

Unknown

Fragment

None

Biological

NA

gnaw
marks

NA

NA

FP00100 F63 3-W

Surface

1

0

Paper

Newspaper

fold fragment Black fontReading

Fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00101 F63 3-W

Surface

1

1

Paper

EnvelopeEdge

lined & stamped Rations

Fragment

None

None

OpenedNA

Fremantle
PrisonNA
Storekeeper

jarrahUndiagnostic Varied
Uncoloured

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse1850 - 1860

201

FP00102 F63 3-W

Surface

1

1

Paper

Envelope

Edge

Brown paper
Correspondewith red franking
Fragment
nce
stamp

None

SecondaryNonerefuseOpenedNA

FP00103 F63 3-W

Surface

1

1

Paper

Notepaper

FoldedWhite, lined with Corresponde
Fragment
pen
nce

None

SecondaryNonerefusetorn / folded

cigaretteNAburninternal
correspondence

FP00104 F63 3-W

Surface

1

1

Paper

Book title page

Torn in half / White, black
scrunchedprint

Reading

Whole

IllicitSecondaryNonerefuseNA

Torn &
Unknown
scrunched

Announces 'This
Freedom' (1922)
as a new book

FP00105 F63 3-W

Surface

1

1

Paper

Brown paper

Scrunched

Brown

Packaging

Fragment

Unidentified

SecondaryNonerefuseNA

Scrunched NA

NA

FP00106 F63 3-W

Surface

1

1

Paper

Tailoredcigarette

Opened shaft

Beige & whitewith red font

Smoking

Fragment

EconomyPrimary
refuseUnsmoked

openedState
Express

Trove ads 19241928 (bought by
BATA 1925)

c. 19241950s

FP00107 F63 3-W

Surface1

1

Cigarette paper
rectangle
Cardboard packet (Rizla
packetlarge)

white with blue
Smoking
and yellow font

Whole

None

Secondary
Biologicalrefuse

Empty

gnaw
marks

Rizla +

Style 1935-40 per
cigpapers.co.uk

c. 19351940

FP00108 F63 3-W

Surface1

1

Cigarette paper
rectangle
Cardboard packet (Rizla
packetlarge)

white with blue
Smoking
and yellow font

Fragmented

None

SecondaryNonerefuseEmpty

NA

Rizla +

Style 1935-40 per
cigpapers.co.uk

c. 19351940

FP00109 F63 3-W

Surface11

Cardboardwhite & red
Matchbox (Black
Sliding cover background,Swan)black text

Smoking

Whole

None

SecondaryNonerefuseStriking
panel
scratchedNA

Trove ads 1934Black Swan 1948, company 1934 - 1953
going until 1953

FP00110 F63 3-W

Surface

1

1

Paper

Paper

ScrunchedWhite

Unknown

Fragment

None

NA

scrunched NA

NA

FP00111 F63 3-W

Surface

2

0

Wood

Timberfragments

splinters

JarrahStructural

Fragment

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00112 F63 3-W

Surface11

Cardboard

Cigarette Paper
strip
Packet strip

Uncoloured

Smoking

Whole

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00113 F63 3-W

Surface

1

1

Paper

Paper

Unknown

Fragment

Unidentified

None

NA

twisted

NA

NA

FP00114 F63 3-W

Surface

6.08g

NAOrganic

Congealed dust Lumps

Brown

Organic

NA

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00115 F63 3-W

Surface

31

16

Paper

Rolled cigarettes Butts

Uncoloured

Smoking

Fragment

None

None

SmokedNA

NA

NA

FP00116 F63 3-W

Surface10Cardboard Matchbox

Box basestained

Smoking

Whole

None

None

Empty

NA

NA

NA

FP00117 F63 3-W

Surface

1

1

Wood

Baton
Softwood,(105x25x13m straight saw
m)
marks

Structural

Whole

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00118 F63 3-W

Surface1

1

Cigarette paper
rectangle
Cardboard packet (Rizla
packetlarge)

white with blue
Smoking
and yellow font

Whole

None

Secondary
Biologicalrefuse

Empty

gnaw
marks

Rizla +

Style 1935-40 per
cigpapers.co.uk

Timber baton

Twisted Cone brown

Biological

Secondary
BiologicalrefusePrimaryNonerefusePrimary
refuseSecondaryrefusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseSecondaryrefuseNA

International post

1922 -

c. 19351940

FP00119 F63 3-W

Surface1

1

Cigarette paper
rectangle
Cardboard packet (Rizla
packetlarge)

FP00120 F63 3-W

Surface

2

2

Wood

Matches

Square Profile

FP00121 F63 3-W

Surface

26

26

Wood

Matches

Square Profile burnt

white with blue
Smoking
and yellow font

FragmentNoneburnt withsulphur

Smoking

Fragment

None

Smoking

Fragment

None

Primary
refusePrimary
refuseNA

NA

NA

1911 -

202

Empty

gnaw
marks

Michelides
matches FP00137 1950-1960
Ltd

None

unburnt

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

SecondaryNonerefuseEmpty

cigarette
Trove ads 1934butt
Black Swan 1948, company 1934 - 1953
insidegoing until 1953

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

Possibly cigarette
packet wrapping.

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

IllicitPrimary
refuseBiologicalNA

Writing /Torn title page of
Cherry Treegnawbook reused to
Books
marks
write poetry on

None

Primary
refuseBiological

NA

gnaw
marks

Intrusion

FP00123 F63 3-W

Surface1

1

TextilePlaited cotton
stringPlaited band

Uncoloured

Clothing

Whole

Personal

FP00124 F63 3-W

Surface

1

1

Paper

Tobacco Packet Scrunched

White andbrown withmaroon font

Smoking

Fragment

None

FP00125 F63 3-W

Surface

1

1

Wood

Match

Square Profileno burning
evidence

Smoking

Fragment

None

FP00126 F63 3-W

SurfaceNA

NA

Organic

Hair / Fibre

NA

NA

Organic

NA

None

FP00127 F63 3-W

Surface11Organic

Feather

Undiagnostic Dark Brown

Organic

fragment

None

FP00128 F63 3-W

Surface11

Cardboard

Matchbox (Black
Whole
Swan)

white & red with
Smoking
black font

Whole

None

FP00129 F63 3-W

Surface11

Plastic

Cellophane

Foldedclear

Packaging

Fragment

None

FP00130 F63 3-W

Surface2

NA

Plaster

ceiling plaster

Lumps

White

Structural

Fragment

None

FP00131 F63 3-W

Surface

9

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

Fragment

None

FP00132 F63 3-W

Surface30

27Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

fragment

None

Black font /pencilhandwriting

Reading

Fragment

Black font / red
Recreationline border

Fragment

Word gameanswersburnt

Secondary
BiologicalrefuseNone

Newspaper

None

NA

Fragment

Paper

1911 -

NA

Structural

1

NA

NA

Iron

1

NA

Unknown

Shaft

FP00134 F63 3-W Embedded

NA

SecondaryNonerefuseCut NailBook title page

burnt

NA

Metal

Paper

None

NA

NA

1

c. 19351940

NA

1

1

Style 1935-40 per
cigpapers.co.uk

Intrusion fromfloorboard
removalSurface

FP00133 F63 3-W Embedded

Rizla +

Secondary
BiologicalrefuseFP00122 F63 3-W

Title pagewithhandwritten
poem

Empty

foldedwithmatch
inside.
Gnaw
marks

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseIntrusion

NA

Word gamequestions andpossibly poem onside 2

1850-1860

1911 -

1930-

The
scrunched
Australian/ gnaw
NA
11-Nov-44
Women'smarks
WeeklyThe
scrunched
Australian Coloured print on/ gnaw
31-Oct-42
Women's reverse sidemarks
WeeklyFP00135 F63 3-W Embedded

2

1

Paper

Newspaper

Advertisemen
Black fonttReading

Fragment

None

Secondary
BiologicalrefuseNA

FP00136 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

Paper

NewspaperBlack font,
Advertisemen
colour ontreverse

Reading

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiological

NA

FP00137 F63 3-W Embedded

2

1

Paper

TobaccoPackaging

Scrunched

Brown withwhite text

Smoking

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiological

NA

gnaw
marks

Western
TobaccoMatches FP00124 1950 - 1960

FP00138 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

Paper

Graph Paper

Cut strip

White with 7mm
Writingsquares

Fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

Cut

NA

NA

Pink with black
Torn fragment print & faded ink Reading
writing

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

BooksloanedNA

Fremantle
NA
PrisonUndiagnostic Varied

Unknown

Fragments

None

Primary
refuseBiological

NA

gnaw
marks

NA

NA

Hygiene

Whole

None

Primary
refuseBiological

Empty

gnaw
marks

Gillette

Standard' blades
introduced during 1943-1975
WWII

FP00139 F63 3-W Embedded

10

Cardboard Library Card

FP00140 F63 3-W Embedded

28

0

Paper

FP00141 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

Paper

Undiagnostic
fragments

White & blue
with white anddark blue print

203

Razor blade
packetrectangle
packetSoap packet(Lifebuoy)

Red background,
Side of packet white font, white Hygiene
borderCarbolic soap
packet, label
design fromc. 19301930s to mid1950
20th century(lifebuoy.com)
WD & HO Wills
assigned to ST
Leigh & company 1932 - 1962
1932 - BATA
Historical doc

Fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

Label
Lifebuoycurated? Soap

white with blue
Smoking
font

Fragment

Conservatory

Primary
refuse

None

Empty

Label
Repeatercurated?

Torn

White, lined,stampedRations

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseNoneTorn open

NA

Fremantle
PrisonNA
Storekeeper

Envelope

Torn

White

Rations

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiological

Torn open

gnaw
marks

Fremantle
PrisonNot lined
Storekeeper

Paper

Envelope

Torn

White, lined

Rations

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiological

Torn open

gnaw
marks

Fremantle
PrisonNA
Storekeeper

Paper

Envelope

Torn

White, lined,stampedRations

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiological

Torn open

gnaw
marks

Fremantle
PrisonNA
Storekeeper

FP00142 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

Cardboard

FP00143 F63 3-W Embedded

10

Cigarette paper
rectangle
Cardboard packet
packet flap
(Repeater)

FP00144 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

Paper

Envelope

FP00145 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

Paper

FP00146 F63 3-W Embedded

10FP00147 F63 3-W Embedded

11Batons
Timber batons & (260x20x3mm
Jarrahsplinters&
185x22x3mm)

FP00148 F63 3-W Embedded

5

5

Wood

FP00149 F63 3-W Embedded

55

TextileFP00150 F63 3-W Embedded

4

4

Paper

FP00151 F63 3-W Embedded

2

2

Wood

FP00152 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1Paper/Textil Paper with fabricFragmentebinding

FP00153 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

Paper

Heavy hessian
twine
Brown paper
cones

Timber batons

Tailoredcigarette

NA

Knotted

NA

NA

NA

NA

twisted

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Primary
refuseNone

UnknownNA

State
ExpressNA

Fastening

Fragment

None

Twisted Cone Brown

Packaging

Fragment

Baton(108x13x20m
Pine
m and
60x13x5mm)

Structural

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseUncoloured

Reading

Fragment

None

Beige & whitewith red font

Smoking

Fragment

None

Butt

None

PrimaryNonerefuseSecondary
Unidentified
NonerefuseWire nailRhomboid

steel

Structural

Whole

None

FP00155 F63 3-W Embedded

6

6

TextileCotton stringknotted string red

Fastening

Fragment

None

FP00156 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

RubberRubber band

Band

Red

Fastening

Whole

None

FP00157 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

TextileWool string

stringwhite

Unknown

fragment

None

FP00158 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

Leather

Leather lacing

stringBrown

Clothing

Fragment

None

FP00159 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

Wood

Bark

Fragment

Brown

Organic

Fragment

None

204

Metal

FP00160 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

Cigarette paper rectangle
Cardboard
packet (Tally-Ho) packet

FP00161 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

TextilePlaited cotton
stringPlaited band

Black

Clothing

Whole

Personal

FP00162 F63 3-W Embedded

7

7

TextileCotton string

TangledWhite

Fastening

Fragment

None

FP00163 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

Cardboard Matchbox

Base

Uncoloured

Smoking

Whole

None

Wood

burnt with
Square Profilesulphur

Smoking

Whole

None

MatchesNAknotted string natural

1

6

broken
ends

None

1

7

cut edges

Fragment

FP00154 F63 3-W Embedded

FP00164 F63 3-W Embedded

Primary
refuseStructural

White with red
font

Smoking

Whole

None

Loss

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseChemical

NA

NA

NA

Varman (1980)
Type I Mb / Arch
Nails Fig. 32L /1890-1930
dating Burke &Smith (2004)

None

knotted

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Empty

gnaw
marks

Tally-Ho

None

Unknown

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Empty

NA

NA

NA

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

Secondary
BiologicalrefuseSecondaryrefusePrimary
refuseSecondaryrefusePrimary
refusec. 19241950s

S.T Leigh & Cochanged name to1950 - 1962
Leigh-Mardon in
1962.
Matches otherplaited band

1911 -

FP00165 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

TextileHessian Twine

knotted string natural

Fasteningfragment

None

Primary
refuseChemicalDeformed
end

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Varman (1980)
Type H / Arch
Nails Fig. 32A-B / 1850 - 1860
Dating Burke &Smith 2004

Structural

Whole

None

Organic

Fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Smoking

Whole

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Unknown

Fragment

Illicit

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

no burning
evidence

Smoking

Fragment

None

None

unburnt

NA

NA

NA

NA

Smoking

Fragment

None

None

Smoked

NA

NA

NA

1

1

Metal

Cut Nail

Whole

FP00167 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1Organic

Feather

Undiagnostic Brown

FP00168 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

Cardboard

Cigarette Paper
strip
Packet strip

FP00169 F63 3-W Embedded

3

1

TextileLight cotton
fabricundiagnostic burnt / stained

FP00170 F63 3-W Embedded

8

4

Wood

Matches

Square Profile

FP00171 F63 3-W Embedded

69

41

Paper

Rolled cigarettes Butt

Iron

Uncoloured

205

NA

NA

NA

None

Burnt

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Primary
refuse

None

Burnt

Snapped NA

NA

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

None

Secondary
Biologicalrefuse

NA

NA

NA

NA

Fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

cut

NA

NA

fragment

None

Biological

NA

gnaw
marks

NA

knitting
advertisement

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

1

Metal

Cut Nail

Whole

Iron

Structural

Whole

None

FP00173 F63 3-W Embedded

52

50

Wood

Matches

Square Profile Burnt

Smoking

Fragment

None

FP00174 F63 3-W Embedded

25

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

Fragments

None

FP00175 F63 3-W Embedded

1

1

Wood

Matches

Square Profile,burnt
brokenSmoking

Whole

None

FP00176 F63 3-W Embedded

NA

NA

Organic

Hair / Fibre

NA

NA

Organic

NA

FP00177 F63 3-W Embedded

99

82

Organic

Insects

VariedVariedOrganic

fragment

Sheet

Brown

Corresponde
Fragment
nce

printed image,
black border

Unknown
Reading

1

1

Paper

FP00676 F63 3-W

1

1

0

Cardboard Card corner

Corner cut off

FP00677 F63 3-W

1

2

1

Paper

Advertisemen
Black fonttFP00678 F63 3-W

1

1

1

Cardboard

FP00679 F63 3-W

1

1

1

Thick cardboard
Undiagnostic solid black print Packaging
fragment
red with white
Cardboard Label
Undiagnostic
Packagingfont

1911 -

Chemical

1

FP00178 F63 3-W Embedded

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseVarman (1980)
Type H / Arch
Nails Fig. 32A-B / 1850 - 1860
Dating Burke &Smith 2004

FP00172 F63 3-W Embedded

Newspaper

KnottedPrimary
refuseFP00166 F63 3-W Embedded

Brown paper

None

Loss

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse1911 -

1911 -

206

FP00680 F63 3-W

1

1

1

Cardboard

Cigarette Paper
Undiagnostic Uncoloured
Packet strip

Smoking

fragment

None

Primary
refuseNonefolded

torn

NA

NA

FP00681 F63 3-W

1

1

1

Cardboard

Cigarette Paper
rectangle strip Uncoloured
Packet strip

Smoking

Whole

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00682 F63 3-W

1

1

0

Cardboard Book binding

Spine

Green withgreen textile

Reading

fragment

IllicitPrimary
refuse

None

NA

Cut

NA

NA

FP00683 F63 3-W

1

1

1

Paper

Tobacco packet packet

white & green
with blue font

Smoking

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

empty

NA

Wild
woodbine

NA

FP00684 F63 3-W

1

1

1

Paper

NewspaperWhite paint &fragment with Undiagnostic
plasterpaint and plasterArt / Graffiti
fragment/ Décor

IllicitPrimary
refuseBiologicalNA

Paint/plaster - gnaw NA
marks

FP00685 F63 3-W

1

1

1

Paper

Newspaper

Illustrations

Colour print one
Readingside, black otherfragment

None

Primary
refuseBiological

NA

gnaw
marks

NA

FP00686 F63 3-W

1

1

1

Paper

Newspaper

Undiagnostic

black, red strip
on one side

Reading

fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiological

NA

gnaw
marks

NA

FP00687 F63 3-W

1

1

1

Paper

Newspaper

Advertisemen Black font,tsdouble sided

Reading

fragment

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

The Sunday 1940s style ofTimessoap box
Magazine illustration

IllicitPrimary
refuse

None

NA

NA

Pardelup
Fremantle (1927)/Karnet
Prison(1963)/Wooroloo(1972)?

patching wall
cavity?

Reference to
Hercules planes

FP00688 F63 3-W

1

1

1

Paper

Prisonblack font, single
Prison document Undiagnostic
Administrati fragment
sided
on

FP00689 F63 3-W

1

1

0

Paper

Newspaper

Stories

Black font,
double sided

Reading

fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiological

NA

gnaw
marks

The
Australian Refits FP00785
JournalFP00690 F63 3-W

1

1

0

Paper

Newspaper

Comic strip & Black font,
illustration
double sided

Reading

fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiological

NA

gnaw
marks

The
Australian Refits FP00785
JournalFP00691 F63 3-W

1

1

1

Cardboard Library Card

Right handcornerPink with black
font

Reading

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

Filled out

NA

FP00692 F63 3-W

1

1

1

Paper

Newspaper

ArticlesBlack font,
double sided

Reading

fragment

None

SecondaryNonerefuseNA

NA

FP00693 F63 3-W

1

25.23gNA

Organic

Fluff / fibres

hair & fibres

VariedOrganic

Whole

None

Primary
refuse

NA

NA

None

Fremantle
NA
PrisonFilm fan magazine- references Betty
Photoplay Grable's 2
Magazine daughters, last ofwhich was born in
1947
NA

NA

18-Mar-45

1927 -

c. 1947

FP00694 F63 3-W

1

54

49

Wood

Matches

Square Profile burnt

Smoking

Fragment

None

Smoking

Fragment

None

207

FP00695 F63 3-W

1

6

4

Wood

Matchesburnt with
Square Profilesulphur

FP00696 F63 3-W

1

1

1

TextileHessian Twine

knotted string natural

Fasteningfragment

None

FP00697 F63 3-W

1

8

8

TextileCotton stringknotted string white

Fasteningfragment

None

FP00698 F63 3-W

1173

114 Paper

Rolled cigarettes Butts

Uncoloured

Smoking

fragment

None

FP00699 F63 3-W

1

13.1g

NA

Organic

Congealed dust Lumps

Brown

Organic

Whole

None

FP00700 F63 3-W

1

202

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

fragment

None

FP00701 F63 3-W

1

1

1

TextileCotton ropeknotted string natural

Fasteningfragment

None

FP00702 F63 3-W

1

3

3

TextileWool string

stringUnknown

fragment

None

FP00703 F63 3-W

1

6

6

TextileCotton stringknotted string red

Fasteningfragment

None

FP00704 F63 3-W

1

3

1

TextileLight cotton
fabricUndiagnostic white

Unknown

fragment

Illicit

FP00705 F63 3-W

1

1

1

TextileCotton threadtangled thread light green

Unknown

fragment

None

FP00706 F63 3-W

1

2

2

TextileHessian Twine

Tied into loop natural

Fastening

Whole

None

FP00707 F63 3-W

1

1

1

Metal

Razor blade

double sided
Steelsafety blade

Hygiene

Whole

None

FP00708 F63 3-W

1

3

0

TextileLight cotton
fabricUndiagnostic burnt

Unknown

fragment

Illicit

FP00709 F63 3-W

1

1

1

TextileHessianMattedUnknown

fragment

None

FP00710 F63 3-W

1

2

2

Metal

Punched metal

Undiagnostic steel

Unknown

fragment

None

FP00711 F63 3-W

1

2

1

RubberRubber

Undiagnostic grey

Unknown

fragment

None

Undiagnostic Varied

Unknown

fragment

None

FibresFurnishings fragment

None

Undiagnostic
fragment
Coir mattressstuffing

white

natural

FP00712 F63 3-W

1

86

0

Paper

FP00713 F63 3-W

1

0.03g

1

Organic

FP00714 F63 3-W

1

1

1

TextileHessian Twine

knotted string natural

Fastening

Whole

None

FP00715 F63 3-W

1

1

1

Paper

Tailoredcigarette

Opened shaft White

Smoking

Whole

EconomyBrown

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseLoss
Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

None

knotted

NA

NA

NA

None

knotted

NA

NA

NA

None

Smoked

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

knotted

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

knotted

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

knotted

NA

NA

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

Gillette brandpost 1933.
1933 - 1975
standard blade?

None

NA

Burnt

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Unsmoked

openedNAcigarette opened
to get at tobacco?

FP00716 F63 3-W

1

1

0

Wood

Pencil (lead)

Sharpenings

no paint

Writing

fragmentNonefragment

None

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseNone

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

None

Broken

NA

NA

NA

None

Teeth marks NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

slightly rusty

None

Smoked

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

208

FP00717 F63 3-W

1

2

0

Shell

EggshellFragment

cream

Eating /Drinking

FP00718 F63 3-W

1

3

0

Synthetic

Chewing gum

Fragment

Pink

Recreation

fragment

None

FP00719 F63 3-W

1

1

1

Metal

Button15mm, 4 hole,concavegalvanised
centreClothing

Whole

None

FP00720 F63 3-W

1

5

4

Paper

Tailoredcigarettes

Butts

beige

Smoking

fragment

None

FP00721 F63 3-W

1

5

0

Organic

Feather

Undiagnostic Grey

Organic

fragment

None

FP00722 F63 3-W

1

1

1

TextileCotton stringballed andnaturalknotted string

Fastening

Whole

Recreation

Primary
refuseNone

NA

Balled/pla
ited/knott NA
ed

NA

FP00723 F63 3-W

1

10

0

Wood

Matches

Square Profile, no burning
brokenevidence

Unknown

Fragment

None

Primary
refuseNone

NA

BrokenNA

NA

1911 -

FP00724 F63 3-W

1

8

5

Wood

Matchessquare profile, no burningcut
evidence

Recreation

Fragment

Recreation

Primary
refuse

None

NA

cut

NA

Modelling

1911 -

FP00725 F63 3-W

1

2.55g

NA

Organic

Rodent Poo

Pellets (~1.5Brown
5x0.5mm)

Organic

Whole

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00726 F63 3-W

1

626

356 Organic

Insects

VariedOrganic

Fragment

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA
Looks similar to
Gillette razor
packetFluff / fibres

VariedFP00727 F63 3-W

1

5.30g

NA

Organic

FP00728 F63 3-W

1

7.95g

NA

Wood

FP00729 F63 3-W

1

1

1

TextileFP00730 F63 3-W

1

151.58g

NA

Plaster

Rectangle
Uncoloured
folded packet

Timberfragments
Light cotton
fabricceiling plasterloss
Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusehair & fibres

VariedOrganic

Whole

None

splinters

jarrahStructural

fragment

None

Undiagnostic black

Unknown

fragment

Illicit

Lumps

Structural

fragment

Nonewhite with solid
Undiagnostic
Packagingblue print

fragment

None

Whole

None

Primary
refuse

None

empty

NA

NA

IllicitPrimary
refuseBiological

NA

gnaw
marks

Fremantle
NA
PrisonNone

Secondary
Biologicalrefuse

NA

gnaw
marks

The
Australian NA
Journal

FP00731 F63 3-W

2

1

1

Cardboard
Cardboardpackaging

FP00732 F63 3-W

2

1

1

Paper

Paper packet

FP00733 F63 3-W

2

1

1

Paper

Prison document Undiagnostic

FP00734 F63 3-W

2

1

1

Paper

Newspaper

white

HygienePrisonblack font, single
Administrati fragment
sided
on

Editors Letter Black font,& Story
double sided

Reading

fragment

1900 - 1975

1865- c.
1960

FP00735 F63 3-W

2

1

1

Paper

Paper towel

FoldedUncoloured

Hygienefragment

None

FP00736 F63 3-W

2

96.33gNA

Plaster

ceiling plaster

Lumps

white

Structural

fragment

None

FP00737 F63 3-W

2

18.38gNA

Organic

Fluff / fibres

hair & fibres

VariedOrganic

Whole

None

FP00738 F63 3-W

2

13.09gNA

Organic

Congealed dust Lumps

Brown

Organic

Whole

None

Undiagnostic Burnt

Unknown

fragment

Illicit

Undiagnostic Varied

FP00739 F63 3-W

2

1

1

TextileFP00740 F63 3-W

2

19

0

Paper

Light cotton
fabricUndiagnostic
fragments

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

209

c. 1910 -

None

NA

NA

NA

comb prongs?

1950 - 1991

None

NA

BrokenNA

NA

1911 -

None

NA

cut

NA

Modelling

1911 -

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

None

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

None

SmokedNA

Marcovitch NA

c. 19071938

None

SmokedNA

NA

NA

Chewing gum

Fragment

unknown

Recreation

fragment

None

FP00744 F63 3-W

2

1

1

Plastic

Black biro lid clip lid clip

black

Writing

fragment

None

FP00745 F63 3-W

2

8

0

Wood

MatchesUnknown

Fragment

None

FP00746 F63 3-W

2

9

1

Wood

Matches

Recreation

Fragment

Recreation

FP00747 F63 3-W

2

5

5

Wood

Matches

Smoking

Fragment

None

FP00748 F63 3-W

2

52

48

Wood

Matchessquare profile burnt

Smoking

Fragment

None

FP00749 F63 3-W

2

1

1

Paper

Butt

beige

Smoking

fragment

None

FP00750 F63 3-W

2

1

1

Paper

Butt

beige

Smoking

fragment

None

1

NA

NA

Synthetic

1

None

NA

1

2

NA

Teeth marks NA

2

FP00754 F63 3-W

NA

None

2

1

NA

1933 - 1975

FP00743 F63 3-W

1

NA

Possibly Gillette

None

2

None

NA

fragment

FP00753 F63 3-W

NA

NA

Hygiene

Paper

NA

NA

double sided
Steelsafety blade

55

NA

ChemicalRazor blade
fragments

102

NA

Primary
refuse

Metal

2

None

NA

2

FP00752 F63 3-W

NA

NA

4

shaft & tip

NA

NA

2

Cut nailNA

NA

FP00742 F63 3-W

Metal

NA

None

Animal bone

1

None

Primary
refuse

Bone

1

NA

None

0

2

NA

fragment

1

FP00751 F63 3-W

FoldedNone

2Tailoredcigarette
TailoredcigaretteNAfragment

FP00741 F63 3-W

square profile, unburnt
cut
fragments
burnt with
Square profilesulphur

None

Unknown

little outer
Undiagnostic.
Eating /surface. No gnaw
< 20mmDrinking
marks

Square Profile, unburnt
brokenfragments

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseIron

Structural

fragment

None

Rolled cigarettes Butts

Uncoloured

Smoking

Fragment

None

Metal

Staple

Whole

Steel

Stationary

Whole

None

Metal

Electrical wire

twistedcopper

Structural

fragment

None

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse

None

bent

NA

NA

Varman (1980)
Type H / Arch
Nails Fig. 32A-B / 1850 - 1860
Dating Burke &Smith 2004

None

SmokedNA

NA

NA

Chemical

bent

NA

NA

rusty

20th
century?

None

NA

TwistedNA

NA

1905 -

FP00755 F63 3-W

2

1

1

TextileCotton string

stringFP00756 F63 3-W

2

1

1

Organic

Feather

FP00757 F63 3-W

2

1

0

Wood

FP00758 F63 3-W

2

2

0

FP00759 F63 3-W

2

1

FP00760 F63 3-W

2FP00761 F63 3-W

red

210

Fasteningfragment

None

Undiagnostic Grey

Organic

fragment

None

Pencil (lead)

Sharpenings

red

Writing

fragment

None

Wood

Pencil (lead)

Sharpenings

dark red

Writing

fragment

None

1

Wood

Small wooden
letter cut out

d' ??

black lacquered Unknown

fragment

None

1

0

Glass

Glass shard

convex/conca
Clear
ve. < 10mm

Unknown

fragment

2

1

1

Metal

Button15mm, 4 hole,concavesteel
centreClothing

FP00762 F63 3-W

2

1

1

Metal

Button16mm, 4 hole,concavesteel
centreFP00763 F63 3-W

2

1

1

Paper

Tailoredcigarette

FP00764 F63 3-W

2

1

1

TextileFP00765 F63 3-W

2

3

3

FP00766 F63 3-W

2

140

NA

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

None

Sharpened

NA

NA

NA

Primary
refuseNone

NA

Broken

NA

NA

None

Primary
refuse

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

Whole

None

Loss

ChemicalNA

NA

DefenceNA
Department

Clothing

Whole

None

Loss

Chemical

NA

NA

NA

NA

Opened shaft White

Smoking

Whole

EconomyNone

Unsmoked

openedstate
express

possibly opened
to get tobacco?

Wool string

stringwhite

Unknown

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

TextileCotton stringknotted string white

Fasteningfragment

None

None

knotted

NA

NA

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

FlakesVariedStructural

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA

splinters

jarrahStructural

fragment

None

None

NA

NA

NA

NA
NA

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse1942-1943

c. 19241950s

FP00767 F63 3-W

2

6.21g

NA

Wood

Timberfragments

FP00768 F63 3-W

2

2.27g

NA

Organic

Rodent Poo

Pellets (~1.5Brown
5x0.5mm)

Organic

Whole

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

FP00769 F63 3-W

2380

322 Organic

Insects

VariedOrganic

fragment

None

Ecofact

Biological

NA

NA

NA

Chewedfragment

Newspaper

Reading

fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiological

NA

NA

NA

Multiple
speciesMultiple

Organic

Whole

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

fragment

None

Secondary
Biologicalrefuse

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Whole

NA

Primary

burnt

NA

NA

NA

1911 -

FP00926 F63

4

1

4.28g

NA

Paper

Chewednewspaperfragments

FP00927 F63

4

1

7

7

Organic

Insects

VariedFP00928 F63

4

1

2

1

Bone

Animal bone

Rib

Bone

Eating /Drinking

FP00929 F63

4

1

5

5

Wood

Matches

Square profile burnt

Smoking

Biological

Extremely
fragmentary,embeddedthroughout thecoir fibre nestNA

refuse
FP00930 F63

4

1

1

1

Wood

Match

no burningsquare profile
evidence, cut

FP00931 F63

4

1

4

NA

Paint

Paint flakes

flakesstripsWhite

Packagingfragment

None

Fragment

VariedSmoking

fragment

Recreation

Primary
refuseBiological

NA

cut

NA

NA

1911 -

Structural

fragment

NA

NA

Biological

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Biological

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Biological

NA

NA

NA

smoke free ad

BiologicalNA

NA

Unknown

NA

NA

BiologicalNA

NA

Unknown

NA

NA

Biological

Folded

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00932 F63

4

1

2

2

Undiagnostic
Cardboardfragments

FP00933 F63

4

1

1

1

Paper

NewspaperBlack fontReading

fragment

None

blue / green /yellow

Smoking

fragment

None

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuse211

FP00934 F63

4

1

13

3

Plastic

Cellophanefragments
tobacco packet

FP00935 F63

4

1

2

2

Paper

Religious text

fragments

Black font

Religionfragment

None

FP00936 F63

4

1

1

1

Paper

Masking tapefolded piece

beige

Packagingfragment

None

FP00937 F63

4

1

1

1

RubberElastic band

whole

red

Fastening

Whole

None

Loss

Biological

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00938 F63

4

1

8

4

TextileWoollen string

stringgreen / cream /Unknownpink / orange

fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiological

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00939 F63

4

1

1

1

Paper

Newspaperfragment

Black fontReading

fragment

None

Biological

NA

NA

NA

NA

1935-1950

FP00940 F63

4

1

1

1

Paper

Cigarette filter

butt

beige

Smoking

fragment

None

BiologicalSmoked

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00941 F63

4

1

12

11

Paper

Rolled cigarettes butt

Uncoloured

Smoking

fragment

None

BiologicalSmoked

NA

NA

NA

NA

fragment

pink / gold/ silver Smoking

fragment

None

Biological

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

fragment with
ChineseBlack fontwriting

fragment

None

Biological

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

fragment

None

Biological

NA

NA

Gillette

NANA

fragment

None

BiologicalNA

NA

Unknown

NA

NA

FP00942 F63

4

1

4

3

Paper

Cigarettewrapper

FP00943 F63

4

1

2

1

Paper

Newspaper

FP00944 F63

4

1

1

1

Paper

FP00945 F63

4

1

1

1

Paper

Razor blade
waxed paper
packetRazor blade
paper
packetRodent skeleton
articulated- adult
Rodent skeleton
articulated- juvenile

FP00946 F63

4

1

1

1

Bone

FP00947 F63

4

1

1

1

Bone

FP00948 F63

4

1

2

1

Paper

Brown paperwith pencil
handwriting

FP00949 F63

4

1

1

1

Paper

Brown paperwith pencil
handwriting

Reading

white with whiteHygienefont
white with black
Hygienefont

Primary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refusePrimary
refuseAdult - size andteeth eruptions
Juvenile - size andteeth eruptionsbone

Organic

Whole

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

bone

Organic

Whole

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

fragment

brown

Gambling

fragment

Gambling

Primary
refuseBiologicalhandwriting NA

NA

list of figures,
possibly gamblingrecordsNAfragment

Brown

Writing

fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiologicalhandwriting NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

FP00950 F63

4

1

1

1

Paper

FP00951 F63

4

1

1

1

Paper

Paper with biro
fragment
handwriting
Paper with biro
fragment
handwriting

blue biro

Writing

fragment

None

black biro

Writing

fragment

None

Primary
refusePrimary
refuseBiologicalhandwriting NA

NA

NA

NA

Biologicalhandwriting NA

NA

NA

NA

212

FP00952 F63

4

1

23

1

Paper

Paper with biro chewed into
& pencil drawing fragments

white dotted
lined paper, with Art / Graffiti
fragment
blue biro &/ Décorpencil

FP00953 F63

4

1

2

1

Paper

Paper with biro
fragments
marks

Blue biro

Writing

fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiologicalhandwriting NANA

ink purplish

NA

FP00954 F63

4

1

1

1

Paper

Paper withpencilhandwriting

white

Writing

fragment

None

Primary
refuseBiologicalhandwriting NANAvery faint pencil
marks

NA

FP00955 F63

4

1

2

1

Paper

Paper with
fountain pen ink fragment
handwriting

lined notepaper, Correspondefragment
ink handwriting nce

None

Primary
refuseBiologicalhandwriting NA

NA

External

NA

FP00956 F63

4

1

3

1

Paper

Interleafed
pages ofpublication

fragment

black font

None

Secondary
Biologicalrefusechewed intofragments

lined paper, blue
Correspondebiro, cursive
fragment
nce
handwriting

None

Secondary
Biologicalrefusehandwriting NA

chewed intofragments

unlined paper,
Corresponde
blue biro, cursive
fragment
nce
handwriting

None

Secondary
Biologicalrefuselined paper,
pencilhandwriting

None

Secondary
Biologicalrefusefragment

FP00957 F63

4

1

25

1

Paper

Letter handwritten

FP00958 F63

4

1

26

1

Paper

Letter handwritten

FP00959 F63

4

1

1

1

Paper

Notepaper with chewed into
list of figures
fragments

Reading

Gambling

fragment

fragment

Recreation

Primary
refuseBiologicalhandwriting NA

NA

Biro 'bubble'
writing, shaded inwith lead pencil

NA

NA

Pockettorn andBook
scrunchedWeeklyNA

26-May-56

NA

Unsent letter toinmate's
daughter.
Handwriting
matches FP00958

1962

handwriting NA

NA

matches
handwriting
FP00957

1960s

handwriting NA

NA

list of figures,
possibly gamblingrecords

NAAppendix Five – Insects

Click Beetles (Elateridae) – dorsal view

Darkling Beetles (Tenebrionidae Gonocephalum) –dorsal view

Spider Beetle (Ptinidae Mezium) – dorsal view (L) and lateral view (R)Spider Beetle (Ptinidae Ptinus) – dorsal view (L) and lateral view (R)213

Weevil abdomen (Curculionidae) – dorsal view

Weevil elytra (Curculionidae Acantholopus) –dorsal view

Ground Beetle elytra (Carabidae Promecoderus) – Lawn Beetle abdomen (Scarabaeidae
dorsal view
Heteronychus) – posterior view

Pie-Dish Beetles (Tenebrionidae Sympetes) abdomen (L) and head and thorax (R) – dorsal view214

Cockroach (Blattodea) (L) – ventral view & cockroach ootheca (R)Fly pupal casing (Diptera)

Earwig forceps (Dermaptera) – dorsal view

Slater (Isopoda) – dorsal view

Cricket (Orthoptera) – dorsal view215

Carpet Beetle (Dermestidae Attagenus) larval casting (L) – lateral view & adult beetle (R) - dorsal view

Museum Beetle (Dermestidae Anthrenus) larval
casting

Unidentified Dermestid Beetle (Dermestidae) larval
casting

Bed Bug (Cimicidae Cimex) – ventral view

Spider – ventral view216