Prakash Javadekar
MINISTERENVIRONMENT, FOREST &CLIMATE CHANGE AND
INFORMATION & BROADCASTING
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

AMIT KHARE, IAS
Secretary

Government of India
MINISTRY OF INFORMATION & BROADCASTINGSHASTRI BHAWAN, NEW DELHI-110001

Shashi Shekhar Vempati
Chief Executive Officer| PRASAR BHARATI| India's Public Service BroadcasterPrincipal Director General

Ira JoshiNews Services Division: All India Radio

Prasar Bharati
India's Public Service Broadcaster1-

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ij MkW- vEcsMdj dk Hkk"k.k

8

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vEcsMdj eseksfj;y ysDpj
21 ekpZ] 2016 dks çèkkuea=h Jh ujsUæ eksnh th ds Hkk"k.k ls m)`r dqN va'k

15

3-

MkW- Hkhejko vEcsMdj thou% frfFk&Øe

17

4-l‍afoèkku dh dgkuh

5-MkW- vrqy dqekj
frokjh21

efgyk l'kfädj.k esa MkWD‍Vj vE‍csMdj dh Hkwfedk

gjh yky24

6-xzke Lojkt] lafoèkku] xkaèkh vkSj vE‍csMdj

mes'k prqosZnh

27

7-fodkl dh uhao j[kus okys egkekuo% Hkkjr jRu^MkW- ckck lkgc vEcsMdj*

g"kZoèkZu nhf{kr30

8-MkWDVj ckck lkgc vE‍csMdj dk i=dkfjrk esa ;ksxnku

lquhy Mchj

31

9-cgqeq[kh çfrHkk ds èkuh% Hkkjr jR‍u MkW- Hkhejko vE‍csMdj

yfyrk tks'kh

35

10-

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku vkSj MkW- Hkhejko vE‍csMdj

gfj çdk'k fla?ky

37

11-

MkW- vE‍csMdj th ds èkkfeZd fopkj

39

12-

lafoèkku fuekZ.k esa vfxze Hkwfedk

42

13-

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku vkSj MkWD‍Vj Hkhejko vE‍csMdj

QSt+kuqy gd

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,d Hkkjr Js"B Hkkjr

lehj oekZ

46

15-fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa f[kyk dey&vE‍csMdj

yoyhu fuxe

48

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^u, Hkkjr* ds fuekZ.k ds fy, tkiku ls cgqr dqN lh[k ldrs
gSa gelatho 'kekZ

50

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,d Nr ds uhps iwoksZÙkj n'kZu es?kky; dk MkWu ckLdks E;wft;elehj oekZ5818-d.‍o _f"k vkJe

yfyrk tks'kh

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62

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vkneh vkSj lius

vuqHko cSjok

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dk'kok.kh lekpkj Hkkjrh^ dk ukSaok vad
vkids le{k gSA blesa çdkf'kr ys[k]dgkuh vkSj dfork çHkkx ds dfeZ;ksa dh l`tu'khyrk
dh dY‍iuk dh mM+ku dks ewrZ :i nsrs gSaA budh
jpuk /kfeZrk vkidks fparu] euu ds fy, viuh vksj
vk—"‍V djsaxh vkSj vkidk euksjatu HkhA
çHkkx dk ;g vad lafo/kku fuekZrk ckck
lkgc M‚- Hkhejko vE‍csMdj vkSj Hkkjrh; lafo/kku
dks lefiZr gSA ckck lkgc dk lE‍iw.kZ thou ekuo
ewY‍;ksa] lekt ds oafpr oxksaZ vkSj efgykvksa dks lekurkçnku djus ds fy, lefiZr jgkA mudk —frR‍o vkSjO‍;fäR‍o Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa Hkh çfrfcfEcr gksrk gSA
mudk L‍oI‍u Fkk fd lekt ds fdlh Hkh oxZ dk fdlh
rjg ls 'kks"k.k u gksA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dks vafre
çk:i nsus esa M‚- vE‍csMdj dks 11 ekg vkSj 18 fnu
dk le; yxkA 26 uoE‍cj] 1949 dks lafo/kkulHkk us
lafo/kku dks L‍ohdkj fd;k rFkk 26 tuojh] 1950 dks
lafo/kku ykxw dj fn;k x;kA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku fo'‍odk lcls yE‍ck ,oa fyf[kr lafo/kku gSA lafo/kku
esa ç'kklu ds vf/kdkj] drZO‍; vkSj ukxfjdksa ds
vf/kdkjksa dh o`ºn O‍;k[‍;k dh xbZ gSA^vkdk'kok.kh lekpkj Hkkjrh^ dk ;g vad Hkkjrh;
lafo/kku fuekZrk ckck lkgc M‚- Hkhejko vE‍csMdj dks
lknj lefiZr gSAegksn;] lafoèkku lHkk ds dk;Z ij utj Mkyrs
gq, 9 fnlacj]1946 dks gqÃ mldh igyh cSBd
ds ckn vc nks o"kZ] X;kjg eghus vkSj l=g fnu gks
tk,axsA bl vofèk ds nkSjku lafoèkku lHkk dh dqy
feykdj 11 cSBdsa gqÃ gSaA bu 11 l=ksa esa ls ¼Ng½
mís'; çLrko ikl djus rFkk ewyHkwr vfèkdkjksa ij]
la?kh; lafoèkku ij] la?k dh 'kfä;ksa ij] jkT;ksa ds
lafoèkku ij] vYila[;dksa ij] vuqlwfpr {ks=ksa vkSj
vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ij cuh lfefr;ksa dh fjiksVks±
ij fopkj djus esa O;rhr gq,A lkrosa] vkBosa] ukSosa]
nlosa vkSj X;kjgosa l= çk:i lafoèkku ij fopkj djus
ds fy, mi;ksx fd, x,A lafoèkku lHkk ds bu 11
l=ksa esa 165 fnu dk;Z gqvkA buesa ls 114 fnu çk:ilafoèkku ds fopkjkFkZ yxk, x,Açk:i lfefr dh ckr djsa rks og 29 vxLr]
1947 dks lafoèkku lHkk }kjk pquh xÃ FkhA mldh
igyh cSBd 30 vxLr dks gqÃ FkhA 30 vxLr ls 141
fnuksa rd og çk:i lafoèkku rS;kj djus esa tqVh jghAçk:i lfefr }kjk vkèkkj :i esa bLrseky fd, tkus
ds fy, laoSèkkfud lykgdkj }kjk cuk, x, çk:ilafoèkku esa 243 vuqPNsn vkSj 13 vuqlwfp;ka FkÈA çk:ilfefr }kjk lafoèkku lHkk dks is'k fd, x, igys
çk:i lafoèkku esa 315 vuqPNsn vkSj vkB vuqlwfp;kaFkÈA ml ij fopkj fd, tkus dh vofèk ds var rd
çk:i lafoèkku esa vuqPNsnksa dh la[;k c<+dj 386 gks
xÃ FkhA vius vafre Lo:i esa çk:i lafoèkku esa 395
vuqPNsn vkSj vkB vuqlwfp;ka gSaA çk:i lafoèkku esa
dqy feykdj yxHkx 7]635 la'kksèku çLrkfor fd,
x, FksA buesa ls dqy feykdj 2]473 la'kksèku okLro
esa lnu ds fopkjkFkZ çLrqr fd, x,Atk jgh Fkh] tks jkse ds tyus ds le; oa'kh ctk jgk
FkkA D;k bl f'kdk;r dk dksÃ vkSfpR; gS\ tjk ns[ksafd vU; ns'kksa dh lafoèkku lHkkvksa us] ftUgsa mudk
lafoèkku cukus ds fy, fu;qä fd;k x;k Fkk] fdruk
le; fy;kA

eSa bu rF;ksa dk mYys[k blfy, dj jgk gwa fd,d le; ;g dgk tk jgk Fkk fd viuk dke iwjk
djus ds fy, lHkk us cgqr yack le; fy;k gS vkSj
;g fd og vkjke ls dk;Z djrs gq, lkoZtfud èku
dk viO;; dj jgh gSA mldh rqyuk uhjks ls dh;kn j[kus yk;d nwljh ckr ;g gS fd vesfjdk]
dukMk] v‚LVªsfy;k vkSj nf{k.k vÝhdk ds lafoèkku
fuekZrkvksa dks la'kksèkuksa dh leL;k dk lkeuk ugÈ
djuk iM+kA os ftl :i esa çLrqr fd, x,] oSls gh
ikl gks x,A bldh rqyuk esa bl lafoèkku lHkk dks

dqN mnkgj.k ysa rks vesfjdu dUosa'ku us 25
eÃ] 1787 dks igyh cSBd dh vkSj viuk dk;Z 17
flracj] 1787 vFkkZr pkj eghuksa ds Hkhrj iwjk dj
fy;kA dukMk dh lafoèkku lHkk dh igyh cSBd 10vDVwcj] 1864 dks gqÃ vkSj nks o"kZ ikap eghus dkle; ysdj ekpZ 1867 esa lafoèkku dkuwu cudj rS;kj
gks x;kA v‚LVªsfy;k dh lafoèkku lHkk ekpZ 1891 esa
cSBh vkSj ukS o"kZ yxkus ds ckn ukS tqykÃ] 1900 dks
lafoèkku dkuwu cu x;kA nf{k.k vÝhdk dh lHkk dh
cSBd vDVwcj 1908 esa gqÃ vkSj ,d o"kZ ds Je ds ckn
20 flracj] 1909 dks lafoèkku dkuwu cu x;kA
;g lp gS fd geus vesfjdu ;k nf{k.k vÝhdh
lHkkvksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd le; fy;kA ijarq geus
dukfM;u lHkk ls vfèkd le; ugÈ fy;k vkSjv‚LVªsfy;u lHkk ls rks cgqr gh deA lafoèkku&fuekZ.k
esa le;kofèk;ksa dh rqyuk djrs le; nks ckrksa dk
è;ku j[kuk vko';d gSA ,d rks ;g fd vesfjdk]
dukMk] nf{k.k vÝhdk vkSj v‚LVªsfy;k ds lafoèkku
gekjs lafoèkku ds eqdkcys cgqr NksVs vkdkj ds gSaA
tSlk eSaus crk;k] gekjs lafoèkku esa 395 vuqPNsn gSa]
tcfd vesfjdh lafoèkku esa dsoy 7 vuqPNsn gSa] ftuesa
ls igys pkj lc feydj 21 èkkjkvksa esa foHkkftr gSaA
dukMk ds lafoèkku esa 147] vkLVªsfy;kÃ esa 128 vkSj
nf{k.k vÝhdh esa 153 èkkjk,a gSaA

8

feF;kfHkeku dh nks"kh gksrhA ;fn ;g ,d xyrh Fkh
rks eq>s [kq'kh gS fd çk:i lfefr us ,slh xyfr;ksa dks
Lohdkj djus esa ladksp ugÈ fd;k vkSj mUgsa Bhd djus
ds fy, dne mBk,A2]473 la'kksèkuksa dk fuiVkjk djuk iM+kA bu rF;ksa
dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, foyac ds vkjksi eq>s fcydqy
fujkèkkj yxrs gSa vkSj brus nqxZe dk;Z dks brus dele; esa iwjk djus ds fy, ;g lHkk Lo;a dks cèkkÃ
rd ns ldrh gSA
çk:i lfefr }kjk fd, x, dk;Z dh xq.koÙkk
dh ckr djsa rks uth#íhu vgen us mldh Çunk djus
dks viuk QtZ le>kA mudh jk; esa çk:i lfefr}kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z u rks rkjhQ ds dkfcy gS] cfYd
fuf'pr :i ls vkSlr ls de ntsZ dk gSA çk:i lfefr
ds dk;Z ij lHkh dks viuh jk; j[kus dk vfèkdkj gS
vkSj viuh jk; O;ä djus ds fy, uth#íhu vgendk [;ky gS fd çk:i lfefr ds fdlh Hkh lnL; ds
eqdkcys muesa T;knk çfrHkk gSA çk:i lfefr muds
bl nkos dks pqukSrh ugÈ nsuk pkgrhA;g ns[kdj eq>s çlUurk gksrh gS fd çk:ilfefr }kjk fd, x, dk;Z dh ç'kalk djus esa ,dvdsys lnL; dks NksM+dj lafoèkku lHkk ds lHkh lnL;,der FksA eq>s fo'okl gS fd vius Je dh bruh
lgt vkSj mnkj ç'kalk ls çk:i lfefr dks çlUurk
gksxhA lHkk ds lnL;ksa vkSj çk:i lfefr ds esjs
lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk eqä daB ls esjh tks ç'kalk dh xÃgS] mlls eSa bruk vfHkHkwr gks x;k gwa fd viuh
—rKrk O;ä djus ds fy, esjs ikl i;kZIr 'kCn ugÈ
gSaA lafoèkku lHkk esa vkus ds ihNs esjk mís'; vuqlwfpr
tkfr;ksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk djus ls vfèkd dqN ugÈ FkkA

bl ckr dk nwljk igyw ;g gS fd ;fn lHkk
us mUgsa bl lfefr esa fu;qä djus ds dkfcy le>kgksrk rks lfefr vius chp mudh mifLFkfr dk Lokxr
djrhA ;fn lafoèkku&fuekZ.k esa mudh dksÃ Hkwfedk
ugÈ Fkh rks fuf'pr :i ls blesa çk:i lfefr dk
dksÃ nks"k ugÈ gSA çk:i lfefr ds çfr viuh uQjr
trkus ds fy, uth#íhu us mls ,d u;k uke fn;kA
os mls *fMªÇyx desVh* dgrs gSaA fuLlansg uth#íhu
vius O;aX; ij [kq'k gksaxsA ijarq ;g lkQ gS fd og
ugÈ tkurs fd fcuk dq'kyrk ds cgus vkSj dq'kyrk
ds lkFk cgus esa varj gSAeq>s nwj rd ;g dYiuk ugÈ Fkh fd eq>s vfèkd
mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ dk;Z lkSaik tk,xkA blhfy,] mlle; eq>s ?kksj vk'p;Z gqvk] tc lHkk us eq>s çk:ilfefr ds fy, pqu fy;kA tc çk:i lfefr us eq>s
mldk vè;{k fuokZfpr fd;k rks esjs fy, ;g vk'p;Zls Hkh ijs FkkA çk:i lfefr esa esjs fe= lj vYykfn—".kkLokeh v¸;j tSls eq>ls Hkh cM+s] Js"Brj vkSj
vfèkd dq'ky O;fä FksA eq> ij bruk fo'okl j[kus]eq>s viuk ekè;e cukus ,oa ns'k dh lsok dk volj
nsus ds fy, eSa lafoèkku lHkk vkSj çk:i lfefr dk
vuqx`ghr gwaA

;fn çk:i lfefr fMªy dj jgh Fkh rks ,slk
dHkh ugÈ Fkk fd fLFkfr ij mldh idM+ etcwr u
gksA og dsoy ;g lkspdj ikuh esa dkaVk ugÈ Mky jgh
Fkh fd la;ksx ls eNyh Qal tk,A mls tkus&igpkus
ikuh esa yf{kr eNyh dh ryk'k FkhA fdlh csgrj pht
dh ryk'k esa jguk çokg esa cguk ugÈ gSA

tks Js; eq>s fn;k x;k gS] okLro esa mldk
gdnkj eSa ugÈ gwaA og Js; lafoèkku lHkk ds laoSèkkfud
lykgdkj lj ch-,u- jko dks tkrk gS] ftUgksaus çk:ilfefr ds fopkjkFkZ lafoèkku dk ,d lPpk çk:i rS;kj
fd;kA Js; dk dqN Hkkx çk:i lfefr ds lnL;ksa dks
Hkh tkuk pkfg, ftUgksaus] tSls eSaus dgk] 141 cSBdksa esa
Hkkx fy;k vkSj u, Q‚ewZys cukus esa ftudh n{krk rFkk
fofHkUu –f"Vdks.kksa dks Lohdkj djds mUgsa lekfgr
djus dh lkeF;Z ds fcuk lafoèkku&fuekZ.k dk dk;ZlQyrk dh lhf<+;ka ugÈ p<+ ldrk FkkA;|fi uth#íhu ,slk dgdj çk:i lfefr
dh rkjhQ djuk ugÈ pkgrs Fks] eSa bls rkjhQ ds:i esa gh ysrk gwaA lfefr dks tks la'kksèku nks"kiw.kZ
yxs] mUgsa okil ysus vkSj muds LFkku ij csgrj
la'kksèku çLrkfor djus dh Ãekunkjh vkSj lkgl u
fn[kk;k gksrk rks og viuk drZO;&ikyu u djus vkSj
9

muds ;ksxnku dks de vkadrh gSA eSa mudk —rK gwaA
muds fcuk eq>s lafoèkku ds ewy fl)karksa dh O;k[;kdjus dk volj u feyk gksrk] tks lafoèkku dks ;a=or
ikfjr djk ysus ls vfèkd egRoiw.kZ FkkA

Js; dk ,d cM+k Hkkx lafoèkku ds eq[;
Mªk¶V~leSu ,l-,u- eq[ktÊ dks tkuk pkfg,A tfVyreçLrkoksa dks ljyre o Li"Vre dkuwuh Hkk"kk esa j[kusdh mudh lkeF;Z vkSj mudh dM+h esgur dk tksM+
feyuk eqf'dy gSA og lHkk ds fy, ,d laink jgs
gSaA mudh lgk;rk ds fcuk lafoèkku dks vafre :insus esa lHkk dks dÃ o"kZ vkSj yx tkrsA eq>s eq[ktÊds vèkhu dk;Zjr deZpkfj;ksa dk mYys[k djuk ugÈ
Hkwyuk pkfg,] D;ksafd eSa tkurk gwa fd mUgksaus fdruh
cM+h esgur dh gS vkSj fdruk le;] dHkh&dHkh rks
vkèkh jkr ls Hkh vfèkd le; fn;k gSA eSa mu lHkh ds
ç;klksa vkSj lg;ksx ds fy, mUgsa èkU;okn nsuk pkgrk
gwaA

vkSj var esa] jk"Vªifr egksn;] ftl rjg vkius
lHkk dh dkjZokÃ dk lapkyu fd;k gS] mlds fy, eSa
vkidks èkU;okn nsrk gwaA vkius tks lkStU; vkSj le>lHkk ds lnL;ksa ds çfr n'kkZÃ gS os mu yksxksa }kjk dHkh
HkqykÃ ugÈ tk ldrh] ftUgksaus bl lHkk dh dkjZokb;ksa
esa Hkkx fy;k gSA ,sls volj vk, Fks] tc çk:i lfefr
ds la'kksèku ,sls vkèkkjksa ij vLoh—r fd, tkus Fks]
tks fo'kq) :i ls rduhdh ç—fr ds FksA esjs fy, os{k.k cgqr vkdqyrk ls Hkjs Fks] blfy, eSa fo'ks"k :i ls
vkidk vkHkkjh gwa fd vkius lafoèkku&fuekZ.k ds dk;Z
esa ;kaf=d fofèkoknh joS;k viukus dh vuqefr ugÈ nhA;fn ;g lafoèkku lHkk Hkkuqefr dk dquck gksrh],d fcuk lhesaV okyk dPpk QqVikFk] ftlesa ,ddkyk iRFkj ;gka vkSj ,d lQsn iRFkj ogka yxk gksrk
vkSj mlesa çR;sd lnL; ;k xqV viuh euekuh djrk
rks çk:i lfefr dk dk;Z cgqr dfBu gks tkrkA
rc vO;oLFkk ds flok; dqN u gksrkA vO;oLFkk dh
laHkkouk lHkk ds Hkhrj dkaxzsl ikVÊ dh mifLFkfr ls'kwU; gks xÃ] ftlus mldh dkjZokb;ksa esa O;oLFkk vkSj
vuq'kklu iSnk dj fn;kA ;g dkaxzsl ikVÊ ds vuq'kklu
dk gh ifj.kke Fkk fd çk:i lfefr ds çR;sd vuqPNsn
vkSj la'kksèku dh fu;fr ds çfr vk'oLr gksdj mls
lHkk esa çLrqr dj ldhA blhfy, lHkk esa çk:ilafoèkku ds lqxerk ls ikfjr gks tkus dk lkjk Js;
dkaxzsl ikVÊ dks tkrk gSA

lafoèkku dk ftruk cpko fd;k tk ldrk Fkk]og esjs fe=ksa lj vYykfn —".kkLokeh v¸;j vkSj VhVh- —".kekpkjh }kjk fd;k tk pqdk gS] blfy, eSa
lafoèkku dh [kwfc;ksa ij ckr ugÈ d:axkA D;ksafd eSa
le>rk gwa fd lafoèkku pkgs ftruk vPNk gks] og cqjk
lkfcr gks ldrk gS] ;fn mldk vuqlj.k djus okys
yksx cqjs gksaA,d lafoèkku pkgs ftruk cqjk gks] og vPNk
lkfcr gks ldrk gS] ;fn mldk ikyu djus okys yksxvPNs gksaA lafoèkku dh çHkko'khyrk iwjh rjg mldh
ç—fr ij fuHkZj ugÈ gSA lafoèkku dsoy jkT; ds vaxksa& tSls foèkkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk &dk çkoèkku dj ldrk gSA jkT; ds bu vaxksa dkçpkyu ftu rRoksa ij fuHkZj gS] os gSa turk vkSj mudhvkdka{kkvksa rFkk jktuhfr dks larq"V djus ds midj.k
ds :i esa muds }kjk xfBr jktuhfrd nyA;fn bl lafoèkku lHkk ds lHkh lnL; ikVÊvuq'kklu ds vkxs ?kqVus Vsd nsrs rks mldh dkjZokb;kacgqr Qhdh gksrÈA viuh laiw.kZ dBksjrk esa ikVÊvuq'kklu lHkk dks thgqtwfj;ksa ds tekoM+s esa cny
nsrkA lkSHkkX;o'k] mlesa foæksgh FksA os Fks dker] M‚ih-,l- ns'keq[k] flèkok] çks- lDlsuk vkSj ia- Bkdqjnkl
HkkxZoA buds lkFk eq>s çks- ds-Vh- 'kkg vkSj ia- ân;ukFk
dqat: dk Hkh mYys[k djuk pkfg,A mUgksaus tks ÇcnqmBk,] muesa ls vfèkdka'k fopkjkRed FksA

;g dkSu dg ldrk gS fd Hkkjr dh turk vkSj
muds ny fdl rjg dk vkpj.k djsaxs\ vius mís';ksa
dh iwÆr ds fy, D;k os laoSèkkfud rjhds bLrseky
djsaxs ;k muds fy, Økafrdkjh rjhds viuk,axs\ ;fnos Økafrdkjh rjhds viukrs gSa rks lafoèkku pkgs ftruk
vPNk gks] ;g ckr dgus ds fy, fdlh T;ksfr"kh dhvko';drk ugÈ fd og vlQy jgsxkA blfy, turk
vkSj muds jktuhfrd nyksa dh laHkkfor Hkwfedk dks;g ckr fd eSa muds lq>koksa dks ekuus ds fy,
rS;kj ugÈ Fkk] muds lq>koksa dh egÙkk dks de ugÈ
djrh vkSj u lHkk dh dkjZokb;ksa dks tkunkj cukus esa
10

ea'kk ds }kjk Lo;a dks çfrcafèkr djus dk vfèkdkj gS(
ijarq ftl rjg mls fdlh vU; ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dks
çfrcafèkr djus dk vfèkdkj ugÈ gS] Bhd mlh rjg
Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dks ckaèkus dk vfèkdkj Hkh ugÈ gSA

è;ku esa j[ks fcuk lafoèkku ij dksÃ jk; O;ä djuk
mi;ksxh ugÈ gSA
lafoèkku dh Çunk eq[; :i ls nks nyksa }kjk dh
tk jgh gS & dE;qfuLV ikVÊ vkSj lks'kfyLV ikVÊA
os lafoèkku dh Çunk D;ksa djrs gSa\ D;k blfy, fd
og okLro esa ,d cqjk lafoèkku gS\ eSa dgwaxk] ugÈAdE;qfuLV ikVÊ loZgkjk dh rkuk'kkgh ds fl)kar ij
vkèkkfjr lafoèkku pkgrh gSA os lafoèkku dh Çunkblfy, djrs gSa fd og lalnh; yksdra= ij vkèkkfjr
gSA lks'kfyLV nks ckrsa pkgrs gSaA igyh rks os pkgrs gSa
fd lafoèkku ;g O;oLFkk djs fd tc os lÙkk esa vk,arks mUgsa bl ckr dh vktknh gks fd os eqvkots dk
Hkqxrku fd, fcuk leLr futh laifÙk dk jk"Vªh;dj.k;k lkekftdj.k dj ldsaA lks'kfyLV tks nwljh pht
pkgrs gSa] og ;g gS fd lafoèkku esa fn, x, ewyHkr
vfèkdkj vlhfer gksus pkfg,] rkfd ;fn mudh ikVÊlÙkk esa vkus esa vlQy jgrh gS rks mUgsa bl ckr dhvktknh gks fd os u dsoy jkT; dh Çunk dj ldsa]
cfYd mls m[kkM+ QsadsaA,d vU; LFkku ij mUgksaus dgk gS & jk"Vª ds
mi;ksx ds fy, ftu laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dh xÃ]
mUgsa vius —R;ksa ds fy, mÙkjnk;h cukus ds fy, Hkhmuds lapkyu ds fy, fu;qä yksxksa ds vfèkdkjksa ds
ckjs esa Hkzkar èkkj.kkvksa ds vèkhu ;g fopkj fd mUgsa
NsM+k ;k cnyk ugÈ tk ldrk] ,d fujadq'k jktk }kjklÙkk ds nq#i;ksx ds f[kykQ ,d ljkguh; çkoèkku
gks ldrk gS] ijarq jk"Vª ds fy, og fcYdqy csrqdk gSA
fQj Hkh gekjs vfèkoäk vkSj èkeZxq# ;g ekudj blfl)kar dks yksxksa ds xys mrkjrs gSa fd fiNyh ihf<+;ksa
dh le> gels dgÈ vPNh FkhA mUgsa os dkuwu ge
ij Fkksius dk vfèkdkj Fkk] ftUgsa ge cny ugÈ ldrs
Fks vkSj mlh çdkj ge Hkh ,sls dkuwu cukdj mUgsa
Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa ij Fkksi ldrs gSa] ftUgsa cnyus dk mUgsa
Hkh vfèkdkj ugÈ gksxkA lkjka'k ;g fd èkjrh ij e`rO;fä;ksa dk gd gS] thfor O;fä;ksa dk ugÈAeq[; :i ls ;s gh os vkèkkj gSa] ftu ij lafoèkku
dh Çunk dh tk jgh gSA eSa ;g ugÈ dgrk fd lalnh;çtkra= jktuhfrd çtkra= dk ,dek= vkn'kZ Lo:igSA eSa ;g ugÈ dgrk fd eqvkots dk Hkqxrku fd,
fcuk futh laifÙk vfèkx`ghr u djus dk fl)kar
bruk ifo= gS fd mlesa dksÃ cnyko ugÈ fd;k tk
ldrkA eSa ;g Hkh ugÈ dgrk fd ekSfyd vfèkdkj
dHkh vlhfer ugÈ gks ldrs vkSj mu ij yxkÃ xÃlhek,a dHkh gVkÃ ugÈ tk ldrÈA eSa tks dgrk gwa]
og ;g gS fd lafoèkku esa varfuÆgr fl)kar orZeku
ih<+h ds fopkj gSaA ;fn vki bls vR;qfä le>sa rks eSa
dgwaxk fd os lafoèkku lHkk ds lnL;ksa ds fopkj gSaA
mUgsa lafoèkku esa 'kkfey djus ds fy, çk:i lfefr
dks D;ksa nks"k fn;k tk,\ eSa rks dgrk gwa fd lafoèkku
lHkk ds lnL;ksa dks Hkh D;ksa nks"k fn;k tk,\ bl lacaèk
esa egku vesfjdh jktusrk tsQjlu us cgqr lkjxÆHkr
fopkj O;ä fd, gSa] dksÃ Hkh lafoèkku&fuekZrk ftudhvuns[kh ugÈ dj ldrsA

eSa ;g Lohdkj djrk gwa fd tks dqN tsQjlu
us dgk] og dsoy lp gh ugÈ] ije lR; gSA bl
lacaèk esa dksÃ lansg gks gh ugÈ ldrkA ;fn lafoèkku
lHkk us tsQjlu ds ml fl)kar ls fHkUu #[k viuk;kgksrk rks og fuf'pr :i ls nks"k cfYd Çunk dh Hkkxh
gksrhA ijarq eSa iwNrk gwa fd D;k mlus lpeqp ,slk
fd;k gS\ blls fcYdqy foijhrA dksÃ dsoy lafoèkku
ds la'kksèku lacaèkh çkoèkku dh tkap djsaA lHkk u dsoy
dukMk dh rjg lafoèkku la'kksèku lacaèkh turk ds
vfèkdkj dks udkjus ds tfj, ;k vkLVªsfy;k dh rjg
lafoèkku la'kksèku dks vlkèkkj.k 'krks± dh iwÆr ds vèkhu
cukdj ml ij vafrerk vkSj veks?krk dh eqgj yxkus
ls cph gS] cfYd mlus lafoèkku la'kksèku dh çfØ;kdks ljyre cukus ds çkoèkku Hkh fd, gSaA
eSa lafoèkku ds fdlh Hkh vkykspd dks ;g lkfcr
djus dh pqukSrh nsrk gwa fd Hkkjr esa vkt cuh gqÃ
fLFkfr;ksa tSlh fLFkfr;ksa esa nqfu;k dh fdlh lafoèkku
lHkk us lafoèkku la'kksèku dh bruh lqxe çfØ;k dsçkoèkku fd, gSa! tks yksx lafoèkku ls vlarq"V gSa] mUgsa,d LFkku ij mUgksaus dgk gS &ge çR;sd ih<+hdks ,d fuf'pr jk"Vª eku ldrs gSa] ftls cgqer dh11**vnkyrsa ekewyh gsj&Qsj dj ldrh gSa]çfrLFkkfir ugÈ dj ldrÈA os iwoZ O;k[;kvksa dks u,rdksZa dk Lo:i ns ldrh gSa] u, –f"Vdks.k çLrqr dj
ldrh gSa] os lhekar ekeyksa esa foHkktd js[kk dks FkksM+kf[kldk ldrh gSa] ijarq ,sls vojksèk gSa] ftUgsa os ikj
ugÈ dj ldrh] 'kfä;ksa dk lqfuf'pr fuèkkZj.k gS]
ftUgsa os iqujkoafVr ugÈ dj ldrÈA os orZeku 'kfä;ksa
dk {ks= c<+k ldrh gSa] ijarq ,d çkfèkdkjh dks Li"V:i ls çnku dh xÃ 'kfä;ksa dks fdlh vU; çkfèkdkjh
dks gLrkarfjr ugÈ dj ldrÈA** blfy,] la?kokn dks
detksj cukus dk igyk vkjksi Lohdk;Z ugÈ gSA

dsoy nks&frgkÃ cgqer Hkh çkIr djuk gS vkSj o;Lderkfèkdkj ds vkèkkj ij ;fn os laln esa nks&frgkÃ
cgqer Hkh çkIr ugÈ dj ldrs rks lafoèkku ds çfr
muds vlarks"k dks tu&leFkZu çkIr gS] ,slk ugÈ ekuk
tk ldrkA
laoSèkkfud egRo dk dsoy ,d Çcnq ,slk gS]
ftl ij eSa ckr djuk pkgwaxkA bl vkèkkj ij xaHkhj
f'kdk;r dh xÃ gS fd lafoèkku esa dsaæh;dj.k ij
cgqr vfèkd cy fn;k x;k gS vkSj jkT;ksa dh Hkwfedk
uxjikfydkvksa ls vfèkd ugÈ jg xÃ gSA ;g Li"VgS fd ;g –f"Vdks.k u dsoy vfr'k;ksfäiw.kZ gS cfYd
lafoèkku ds vfHkçk;ksa ds çfr Hkzkar èkkj.kkvksa ij vkèkkfjr
gSA tgka rd dsaæ vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp lacaèk dk lokygS] mlds ewy fl)kar ij è;ku nsuk vko';d gSA
la?kokn dk ewy fl)kar ;g gS fd dsaæ vkSj jkT;ksa ds
chp foèkk;h vkSj dk;Zikyd 'kfä;ksa dk foHkktu dsaæ}kjk cuk, x, fdlh dkuwu ds }kjk ugÈ cfYd Lo;alafoèkku }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA lafoèkku dh O;oLFkk blçdkj gSA

nwljk vkjksi ;g gS fd dsaæ dks ,slh 'kfä;kaçnku dh xÃ gSa] tks jkT;ksa dh 'kfä;ksa dk vfrØe.k
djrh gSaA ;g vkjksi Lohdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ijarqdsaæ dh 'kfä;ksa dks jkT; dh 'kfä;ksa ls Åij j[kusokys çkoèkkuksa ds fy, lafoèkku dh Çunk djus ls igys
dqN ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A igyh ;g fd bl
rjg dh vfHkHkkoh 'kfä;ka lafoèkku ds lkekU; Lo:idk vax ugÈ gSaA mudk mi;ksx vkSj çpkyu Li"V :ils vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr;ksa rd lhfer fd;k x;k gSA

gekjs lafoèkku ds varxZr viuh foèkk;h ;kdk;Zikyd 'kfä;ksa ds fy, jkT; fdlh Hkh rjg lsdsaæ ij fuHkZj ugÈ gSA bl fo"k; esa dsaæ vkSj jkT;
lekukfèkdkjh gSaA ;g leL;k dfBu gS fd ,sls lafoèkku
dks dsaæoknh dSls dgk tk ldrk gSA ;g laHko gS fd
lafoèkku fdlh vU; la?kh; lafoèkku ds eqdkcys foèkk;hvkSj dk;Zikyd çkfèkdkj ds mi;ksx ds fo"k; esa dsaæds fy, dgÈ vfèkd foLr`r {ks= fuèkkZfjr djrk gksA
;g Hkh laHko gS fd vof'k"V 'kfä;ka dsaæ dks nh xÃgks] jkT;ksa dks ugÈA ijarq ;s O;oLFkk,a la?kokn dk eeZugÈ gSA tSlk eSaus dgk] la?kokn dk çeq[k y{k.k dsaævkSj bdkb;ksa ds chp foèkk;h vkSj dk;Zikyd 'kfä;ksa
dk lafoèkku }kjk fd;k x;k foHkktu gSA

è;ku esa j[kus ;ksX; nwljh ckr gS& vkikrdkyhu
fLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, D;k ge dsaæ dks vfHkHkkoh'kfä;ka nsus ls cp ldrs gSa\ tks yksx vkikrdkyhu
fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh dsaæ dks ,slh vfHkHkkoh 'kfä;ka fn,
tkus ds i{k esa ugÈ gSa os bl fo"k; ds ewy esa fNih
leL;k ls Bhd ls voxr çrhr ugÈ gksrsA bl leL;kdk lqfo[;kr if=dk( *n jkmaM Vscy* ds fnlacj
1935 ds vad esa ,d ys[kd }kjk bruh Li"Vrk ls
cpko fd;k x;k gS fd eSa mlesa ls ;g m)j.k nsus ds
fy, {kekçkFkÊ ugÈ gwaA ys[kd dgrs gSa& **jktuhfrd
ç.kkfy;ka bl ç'u ij voyafcr vfèkdkjksa vkSj drZO;ksa
dk ,d feJ.k gSa fd ,d ukxfjd fdl O;fä ;k fdl
çkfèkdkjh ds çfr fu"Bkoku jgsA

;g fl)kar gekjs lafoèkku esa lfUufgr gSA bl
lacaèk esa dksÃ Hkwy ugÈ gks ldrhA blfy,] ;g dYiuk
xyr gksxh fd jkT;ksa dks dsaæ ds vèkhu j[kk x;k gSAdsaæ viuh vksj ls bl foHkktu dh lhek&js[kk dks
ifjoÆrr ugÈ dj ldrk vkSj u U;k;ikfydk ,slk
dj ldrh gSA D;ksafd] tSlk cgqr lVhd :i ls dgk
x;k gS&

lkekU; fØ;kdykiksa esa ;g ç'u ugÈ mBrk]
D;ksafd lqpk# :i ls viuk dk;Z djrk gS vkSj ,dO;fä veqd ekeyksa esa ,d çkfèkdkjh vkSj vU; ekeyksa
esa fdlh vU; çkfèkdkjh ds vkns'k dk ikyu djrk
gqvk vius dke fuiVkrk gSA ijarq ,d vkikrdkyhu
fLFkfr esa çfr}a}h nkos is'k fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj ,slh
12Çlèk ij gq, eksgEen&fcu&dkfle ds geys ls
jktk nkfgj ds lSU; vfèkdkfj;ksa us eqgEen&fcu&dkfle
ds nykyksa ls fj'or ysdj vius jktk ds i{k esa yM+us
ls budkj dj fn;k FkkA og t;pan gh Fkk] ftlus
Hkkjr ij geyk djus ,oa i`Fohjkt ls yM+us ds fy,
eqgEen xksjh dks vkeaf=r fd;k Fkk vkSj mls viuh olksyadh jktkvksa dks enn dk vk'oklu fn;k FkkA tc
f'kokth Çgnqvksa dh eqfä ds fy, yM+ jgs Fks] rc dksÃejkBk ljnkj vkSj jktiwr jktk eqxy 'kga'kkg dh vksj
ls yM+ jgs FksAfLFkfr esa ;g Li"V gS fd vafre çkfèkdkjh ds çfr
fu"Bk vfoHkkT; gSA fu"Bk dk eqík varr% lafofèk;ksa dh
U;kf;d O;k[;kvksa ls fu.kÊr ugÈ fd;k tk ldrkA
dkuwu dks rF;ksa ls lehphu gksuk pkfg,] vU;Fkk ogçHkkoh ugÈ gksxkA ;fn lkjh çfØ;kRed vkSipkfjdrkvksa
dks ,d rjQ dj fn;k tk, rks fujk ç'u ;g gksxk
fd dkSu lk çkfèkdkjh ,d ukxfjd dh vof'k"V fu"Bk
dk gdnkj gSA og dsaæ gS ;k lafoèkku jkT;\**bl leL;k dk lekèkku bl loky] tks fd
leL;k dk eeZ gS] ds mÙkj ij fuHkZj gSA blesa dksÃ lansg
ugÈ fd vfèkdka'k yksxksa dh jk; esa ,d vkikrdkyhu
fLFkfr esa ukxfjd dks vof'k"V fu"Bk vaxHkwr jkT;ksa ds
ctk; dsaæ dks funsZf'kr gksuh pkfg,] D;ksafd og dsaægh gS] tks lkewfgd mís'; vkSj laiw.kZ ns'k ds lkekU;
fgrksa ds fy, dk;Z dj ldrk gSA ,d vkikrdkyhu
fLFkfr esa dsaæ dh vfHkHkkoh 'kfä;ka çnku djus dk;gh vkSfpR; gSA oSls Hkh] bu vkikrdkyhu 'kfä;ksa ls
vaxHkwr jkT;ksa ij dkSu lk nkf;Ro Fkksik x;k gS fd,d vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr esa mUgsa vius LFkkuh; fgrksa
ds lkFk&lkFk laiw.kZ jk"Vª ds fgrksa vkSj erksa dk Hkh
è;ku j[kuk pkfg,& blls vfèkd dqN ugÈA dsoy
ogh yksx] tks bl leL;k dks le>s ugÈ gSa] mlds
f[kykQ f'kdk;r dj ldrs gSaAtc fczfV'k fl[k 'kkldksa dks lekIr djus dhdksf'k'k dj jgs Fks rks mudk eq[; lsukifr xqykcÇlg
pqi cSBk jgk vkSj mlus fl[k jkT; dks cpkus esa
mudh lgk;rk ugÈ dhA lu~ 1857 esa tc Hkkjr ds,d cM+s Hkkx esa fczfV'k 'kklu ds f[kykQ Lokra«; ;q)dh ?kks"k.kk dh xÃ Fkh rc fl[k bu ?kVukvksa dks ewd
n'kZdksa dh rjg [kM+s ns[krs jgsA D;k bfrgkl Lo;adks nksgjk,xk\ ;g og fopkj gS] tks eq>s Çprk ls Hkj
nsrk gSA bl rF; dk ,glkl gksus ds ckn ;g ÇprkvkSj Hkh xgjh gks tkrh gS fd tkfr o èkeZ ds :i esa
gekjs iqjkus 'k=qvksa ds vfrfjä gekjs ;gka fofHkUu vkSj
fojksèkh fopkjèkkjkvksa okys jktuhfrd ny gksaxsA D;kHkkjrh; ns'k dks vius erkxzgksa ls Åij j[ksaxs ;k mUgsa
ns'k ls Åij le>saxs\ eSa ugÈ tkurkA ijarq ;g r; gS
fd ;fn ikÆV;ka vius erkxzgksa dks ns'k ls Åij j[ksaxs
rks gekjh Lora=rk ladV esa iM+ tk,xh vkSj laHkor%og ges'kk ds fy, [kks tk,A;gka ij eSa viuh ckr lekIr dj nsrk] ijarq
gekjs ns'k ds Hkfo"; ds ckjs esa esjk eu bruk ifjiw.kZ
gS fd eSa eglwl djrk gwa] ml ij vius dqN fopkjksa
dks vkids lkeus j[kus ds fy, bl volj dk mi;ksx
d:aA 26 tuojh] 1950 dks Hkkjr ,d Lora= jk"VªgksxkA ¼djry èofu½ mldh Lora=rk dk Hkfo"; D;kgS\ D;k og viuh Lora=rk cuk, j[ksxk ;k mls fQj[kks nsxk\ esjs eu esa vkus okyk ;g igyk fopkj gSA;g ckr ugÈ gS fd Hkkjr dHkh ,d Lora= ns'k ugÈ
FkkA fopkj Çcnq ;g gS fd tks Lora=rk mls miyCèk
Fkh] mls mlus ,d ckj [kks fn;k FkkA D;k og mls
nwljh ckj [kks nsxk\ ;gh fopkj gS tks eq>s Hkfo"; dks
ysdj cgqr Çpfrr dj nsrk gSA ;g rF; eq>s vkSj
Hkh O;fFkr djrk gS fd u dsoy Hkkjr us igys ,dckj Lora=rk [kksÃ gS] cfYd vius gh dqN yksxksa ds
fo'okl?kkr ds dkj.k ,slk gqvk gSA

ge lcdks –<+ ladYi ds lkFk bl laHkkouk ls
cpuk gSA gesa vius [kwu dh vkf[kjh cwan rd viuh
Lora=rk dh j{kk djuh gSA ¼djry èofu½ 26 tuojh]
1950 dks Hkkjr bl vFkZ esa ,d çtkrkaf=d ns'k cu
tk,xk fd ml fnu ls Hkkjr esa turk dh turk }kjk
vkSj turk ds fy, cuh ,d ljdkj gksxhA ;gh fopkj
esjs eu esa vkrk gSA mlds çtkrkaf=d lafoèkku dk D;kgksxk\ D;k og mls cuk, j[ksxk ;k mls fQj ls [kksnsxk\ esjs eu esa vkus okyk ;g nwljk fopkj gS vkSj
;g Hkh igys fopkj ftruk gh Çprktud gSA;g ckr ugÈ gS fd Hkkjr us dHkh çtkra= dks
tkuk gh ugÈA ,d le; Fkk] tc Hkkjr x.kra=ksa ls
13

;s rjhds vjktdrk ds O;kdj.k ds flok; dqN
Hkh ugÈ gSa vkSj ftruh tYnh bUgsa NksM+ fn;k tk,]gekjs fy, mruk gh vPNk gSA nwljh pht tks gesa
djuh pkfg,] og gS t‚u LVqvVZ fey dh ml psrkouhdks è;ku esa j[kuk] tks mUgksaus mu yksxksa dks nh gS]
ftUgsa çtkra= dks cuk, j[kus esa fnypLih gS] vFkkZr**viuh Lora=rk dks ,d egkuk;d ds pj.kksa esa HkhleÆir u djsa ;k ml ij fo'okl djds mls bruh
'kfä;ka çnku u dj nsa fd og laLFkkvksa dks u"V djus
esa leFkZ gks tk,A**

Hkjk gqvk Fkk vkSj tgka jktlÙkk,a FkÈ ogka Hkh ;k rks os
fuokZfpr FkÈ ;k lhferA os dHkh Hkh fujadq'k ugÈ FkÈA;g ckr ugÈ gS fd Hkkjr lalnksa ;k lalnh; fØ;kfofèk
ls ifjfpr ugÈ FkkA ckS) fHk{kq la?kksa ds vè;;u ls ;girk pyrk gS fd u dsoy lalnsa& D;ksafd la?k lalnds flok; dqN ugÈ Fks& FkÈ cfYd la?k lalnh; çfØ;kds mu lc fu;eksa dks tkurs vkSj mudk ikyu djrs
Fks] tks vkèkqfud ;qx esa loZfofnr gSA
lnL;ksa ds cSBus dh O;oLFkk] çLrko j[kus]dksje fOgi] erksa dh fxurh] eri=ksa }kjk oksÇVx] ÇunkçLrko] fu;ferhdj.k vkfn lacaèkh fu;e pyu esa FksA;|fi lalnh; çfØ;k lacaèkh ;s fu;e cq) us la?kksa dh
cSBdksa ij ykxw fd, Fks] mUgksaus bu fu;eksa dks mudsle; esa py jgh jktuhfrd lHkkvksa ls çkIr fd;kgksxkA Hkkjr us ;g çtkrkaf=d ç.kkyh [kks nhA D;kog nwljh ckj mls [kks,xk\ eSa ugÈ tkurk] ijarq Hkkjr
tSls ns'k esa ;g cgqr laHko gS& tgka yacs le; ls
mldk mi;ksx u fd, tkus dks mls ,d fcydqy uÃ
pht le>k tk ldrk gS& fd rkuk'kkgh çtkra= dk
LFkku ys ysA bl uotkr çtkra= ds fy, ;g fcydqy
laHko gS fd og vkoj.k çtkra= dk cuk, j[ks] ijarq
okLro esa og rkuk'kkgh gksAmu egku O;fä;ksa ds çfr —rKrk O;ä djus
esa dqN xyr ugÈ gS] ftUgksaus thoui;±r ns'k dh lsok
dh gksA ijarq —rKrk dh Hkh dqN lhek,a gSaA tSlk
fd vk;fj'k ns'kHkä Msfu;y vks d‚esy us [kwc dgkgS] **dksÃ iq#"k vius lEeku dh dher ij —rK ugÈ
gks ldrk] dksÃ efgyk vius lrhRo dh dher ij—rK ugÈ gks ldrh vkSj dksÃ jk"Vª viuh Lora=rk
dh dher ij —rK ugÈ gks ldrkA** ;g lkoèkkuh
fdlh vU; ns'k ds eqdkcys Hkkjr ds ekeys esa vfèkd
vko';d gS] D;ksafd Hkkjr esa Hkfä ;k uk;d&iwtk
mldh jktuhfr esa tks Hkwfedk vnk djrh gS] ml
Hkwfedk ds ifj.kke ds ekeys esa nqfu;k dk dksÃ ns'k
Hkkjr dh cjkcjh ugÈ dj ldrkA èkeZ ds {ks= esa Hkfä
vkRek dh eqfä dk ekxZ gks ldrk gS] ijarq jktuhfr
esa Hkfä ;k uk;d iwtk iru vkSj varr% rkuk'kkgh dk
lhèkk jkLrk gSA

pquko esa egkfot; dh fLFkfr esa nwljh laHkkouk
ds ;FkkFkZ cuus dk [krjk vfèkd gSA çtkra= dks dsoy
cká Lo:i esa gh ugÈ cfYd okLro esa cuk, j[kus ds
fy, gesa D;k djuk pkfg,\ esjh le> ls] gesa igyk
dke ;g djuk pkfg, fd vius lkekftd vkSj vkÆFkd
y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, fu"BkiwoZd laoSèkkfud
mik;ksa dk gh lgkjk ysuk pkfg,A bldk vFkZ gS] gesaØkafr dk [kwuh jkLrk NksM+uk gksxkA bldk vFkZ gS fd
gesa lfou; voKk vkanksyu] vlg;ksx vkSj lR;kxzg
ds rjhds NksM+us gksaxsA tc vkÆFkd vkSj lkekftdy{;ksa dks çkIr djus dk dksÃ laoSèkkfud mik; u cpk
gks] rc vlaoSèkkfud mik; mfpr tku iM+rs gSaA ijarq
tgka laoSèkkfud mik; [kqys gksa] ogka bu vlaoSèkkfud
mik;ksa dk dksÃ vkSfpR; ugÈ gSA

rhljh pht tks gesa djuh pkfg,] og gS fd
ek= jktuhfrd çtkra= ij larks"k u djukA gesa gekjs
jktuhfrd çtkra= dks ,d lkekftd çtkra= Hkhcukuk pkfg,A tc rd mls lkekftd çtkra= dk
vkèkkj u feys] jktuhfrd çtkra= py ugÈ ldrkA
lkekftd çtkra= dk vFkZ D;k gS\ og ,d ,slh
thou&i)fr gS tks Lora=rk] lekurk vkSj caèkqRo dks
thou ds fl)karksa ds :i esa Lohdkj djrh gSA

14

power generation, electricity

structured
Electric Board

electricity generation

self - sufficient

structured

15

combination

Industrialisation,
labour reforms

labour16

 14 vçSy 1891 egw esa tU‍eA
 1907 esa eSfVªd rFkk 1912 esa ch-,-A tqykbZ 1913 esa mP‍p f'k{kk gsrq vejhdk x;sA
 1915 esa ^çkphu Hkkjr dk O‍;kikj* bl ‘kksèk&çcaèk* ij ,e-,- mikfèkA 1916 esa M‚- xksY‍Mu cs>j }kjk vk;ksftr laxks”‍Bh esa vkys[k okpuA 21 vxLr 1917 eqacbZ okilA 31 tuojh 1920 ^ewd uk;d* ikf{kd dk laiknuA ebZ 1920 ukxiqj esa ^cfg”‍—r lekt ifj”‍kn* dh L‍FkkiukA twu 1921 ,e-,l-lh- mikfèk çkI‍rA
 1922 cSfjL‍Vj dh mikfèkA 1923 esa ih-,p-Mh- vkSj Mh-,l-lh- mikfèk;kaA fnlE‍cj 1923 ^fn ç‚C‍yse v‚Q :ih* çcaèk çdkf'krA
 tqykbZ 1923 cSfjL‍Vjh dh ‘kq#vkrA
 ekpZ 1924 ^vL‍i`'‍;rk lekt ifj”kn* dh L‍‍FkkiukA tqykbZ 1924 ^cfg”‍—r fgrdkfj.kh lHkk* dh L‍FkkiukA fnlE‍cj 1925 ls 1928 ckVyhc‚; vdkÅaVlh Vªsfuax bfULVV~îwV esa f'k{kdA 20 ekpZ 1927 egkM ds ponkj rkykc lR‍;kxzg dk fu.kZ;A
 3 vçSy 1927 ^cfg”‍—r Hkkjr* ikf{kd dk vkjE‍HkA
 25 fnlE‍cj 1927 egkM lR‍;kxzgA twu 1928 ‘kkldh; fofèk egkfo|ky; esa çkè‍;kidA
 vxL‍r 1928 eqacbZ çkafrd lfefr ij pqukoA
 vD‍rwcj 1928 eqacbZ çkafrd lfefr dh vksj ls ^lkbeu deh'ku* ds lE‍eq[k nfyrksa
ds ç'‍uksa ij xokghA ekpZ 1930 ukfld esa dkykjke efUnj lR‍;kxzgA flrE‍cj&vD‍rwcj 1930 Hkkjrh; nfyr usrk ds :i esa xksyest ifj”kn ds fy,
fueU‍=.k vkSj ml gsrq yanu çL‍FkkuA
 Qjojh 1931 eqacbZ dks okfilA
 Qjojh 1932 eækl esa ‘kkunkj L‍okxrA
 ebZ 1932 baX‍ySaM ds fy, çL‍FkkuA nfyrksa ds fy, ^L‍ora= ergkj* la?k dh ekaxA flrE‍cj 1932 xkaèkhth ds miks”k.k ij] iq.ks djkjA
 uoE‍cj] 1932 xksyest ifj”kn gsrq rhljh ckj yanu çL‍FkkuA
 27 ebZ 1935 iR‍uh jekckbZ dh e`R‍;qA
17

 twu 1935 ‘kkldh; fofèk egkfo|ky; ds çkpk;Z ds :i esa fu;qfäA 13 vD‍rwcj 1935 ;soyk ds nfyr ifj"kn esa èkeZ&ifjorZu dh ?kks”k.kkA
 uoE‍cj 1936 L‍okL‍F‍; gsrq ;wjksi dks çL‍FkkuA
 1936 L‍ora= etnwj ny dh L‍FkkiukA tuojh 1937 eqacbZ okfilA
 Qjojh 1937 fofèkeaMy ds pquko esa L‍o- e- n- dh fot;A vE‍csMdj th fot;hA ebZ 1938 çkpk;Z in ls R‍;kxi=A
 tuojh 1939 iq.ks ds xks[kys vFkZlaL‍Fkk esa Hkk”k.kA twu 1940 vE‍csMdj&lqHkk”kpU‍æ cksl HksaVA 1940 ^Fk‚V~l v‚u ikfdL‍rku* çdkf'krA ekpZ 1942 fØI‍l vE‍csMdj HksaVA tqykbZ 1942 Jeea=h in dh L‍oh—frA
 uoE‍cj] 1945 fgU‍n dkexkj ifj”kn ds vè‍;{kA
 twu 1946 eqacbZ esa fl)kFkZ d‚yst dh L‍FkkiukA tqykbZ 1947 esa lafoèkku lfefr ij caxky foèkku&lHkk ls pqukoA
 vxL‍r 1947 lafoèkku çk:i ys[ku lfefr ds vè‍;{k] L‍ora= Hkkjr ds çFke U‍;k;vkSj fofèk ea=h ds :i esa fu;qfäA 15 vçSy 1948 M‚- ‘kkjnk dchj ls iqu% fookgA
 20 uoE‍cj 1948 lafoèkku dh X‍;kjgoha èkkjk L‍oh—rA vL‍i`'‍;rk dkuwu lekI‍rA
 ebZ 1950 ^cq)k ,.‍M fgt èkE‍ek* dk ys[ku iw.kZA
 twu 1950 vkSjaxkckn ¼egkjk”‍Vª½ esa fefyan d‚yst dh L‍FkkiukA 20 flrE‍cj 1951 ea=hin lss R‍;kxi=A
 uoE‍cj 1951 eqacbZ esa L‍Fkk;h fuokl gsrq fnY‍yh ls çL‍FkkuA twu 1952 dksyfEc;k fo'‍ofo|ky; ls ^MkD‍Vj v‚Q ykt^ dh mikf/k ls lE‍ekfurA tuojh 1953 mL‍ekfu;k fof'ofo|ky; ls M‚D‍Vj v‚Q fyVjspj ¼Mh-fyV-½A
 fnlE‍cj 1954 fo'‍o ckS) ifj"kn gsrq jaxwu çL‍FkkuA
 14 uoE‍cj 1956 ckS)/keZ~‍ esa ços'kA
 6 fnlE‍cj 1956 fnY‍yh esa egkfuokZ.kA
 ns'k ds lafoèkku fuekZrk M‚ Hkhejko vEcsMdj dks 31 ekpZ 1990 dks ej.kksijkar^Hkkjr jRu* ls lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA

18

19

20

nq

fu;k ds lcls cMs+ fyf[kr lafoèkku dk l`tu]
mldh çL‍rkouk vkSj fo'ks"krk,a vius vki esa ,dxgu [kkst dk fo"k; gSaA lafoèkku lHkk ds xBu ls
ysdj lafoèkku ds çk:i bldh O‍;kid –f"V] ns'k dk
HkkSxksfyd vkSj lkaL‍—frd foL‍rkj] Hkk"kkÃ vkSj lkaL‍—frd
fofoèkrk] yksxksa dh t:jrsa] vktknh ds ckn dk ifjos'ktSlh i`"‍BHkwfe esa ;g dgkuh dkQh dqN dgrh gSA fdl
rjg ns'k dk loksZP‍p dkuwu L‍o:i esa vk;k] blds
ihNs dkSu ls fopkj jgs gksaxs] os dkSu yksx Fks tks bls
vatke nsus esa tqVs vkSj Hkkjr ds vykok fdu&fdu
ns'kksa ds foèkku ls yksdfgr dh phtsa Hkkjr ds lafoèkku
esa lekfgr gqÃA bu ij ,d utj%

iq:"kksre nkl VaMu vkSj galk esgrk ljh[ks çeq[k yksx
bl lHkk ds lnL‍; cuk, x,Alafoèkku lHkk ds dqy lnL‍;ksa dh la[‍;k 389
FkhA buesa jkT‍;ksa ds 292 çfrfufèk] ns'kh fj;klrksa ds
93 çfrfufèk] eq[‍; vk;qD‍r {ks=ksa ds rhu çfrfufèk vkSj
cywfpL‍rku dk ,d çfrfufèk 'kkfey FkkA ysfdu ckn
esa eqfLye yhx dh la[‍;k de gksus ds pyrs blesa
299 çfrfufèk jg x,A gSnjkckn fj;klr dk dksÃ Hkhçfrfufèk lafoèkku lHkk esa lfEefyr ugÈ gqvk tcfd
t;çdk'k ukjk;.k vkSj rst cgknqj lçw us lafoèkku
lHkk dh lnL‍;rk ysus ls euk dj fn;kA
11 fnlE‍cj 1946 dks lafoèkku lHkk dh cSBd
esa M‚D‍Vj jktsU‍æ çlkn dks L‍FkkÃ vè‍;{k pquk x;ktks var rd bl in ij cus jgsA M‚D‍Vj ch vkj
vE‍csMdj dks lafoèkku dk çk:i cukus okyh lfefr
dk vè‍;{k pquk x;kA çk:i fjiksVZ rS;kj djus ds fy,
13 lfefr;ka cukÃ xÃA

bldh 'kq#vkr lu~ 1946 esa lafoèkku lHkk ds
xBu ls gqÃ] ftls vaxzstksa us dSfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk
ds rgr Hkkjr dh vkt+knh dh rS;kfj;ksa ds flyflys
esa eatwjh nh FkhA lafoèkku lHkk ds lnL‍; Hkkjr ds
jkT‍;ksa ds lnuksa ds fuokZfpr lnL‍;ksa ds }kjk pqusx,A lafoèkku lHkk ds lnL‍;ksa ds fy, pquko 9tqykÃ 1946 dks gqvkA lafoèkku lHkk dh igyh cSBd
9 fnlE‍cj 1946 dks gqÃ ftlesa lfPpnkuan flU‍gk
dks bl lHkk dk vL‍FkkÃ lnL‍; cuk;k x;kA çeq[klnL‍;ksa esa iafMr tokgjyky usg:] MkD‍Vj HkhejkovE‍csMdj] M‚D‍Vj jktsU‍æ çlkn] ljnkj oY‍yHkHkkÃ
iVsy] ekSykuk vcqy dyke vktkn] pØorÊ jkt
xksikykpkjh] M‚D‍Vj loZiY‍yh jkèkk—"‍.ku] M‚D‍Vj '‍;kekçlkn eq[ktÊ] ,u xksikyk L‍okeh vk;axj] ljksftuh
uk;Mw vkfn psgjs 'kkfey FksA buds vykok vkpk;Zts oh —iykuh] iafMr xksÇcn oY‍yHk iar] ds- ,eeqa'kh] iafMr ân;ukFk dqatq:] cky xksÇon [ksj] jktf"kZ
21loksZP‍p U‍;k;ky; lfefr,l0 okjnkpkfj;kj

lnu lfefriêkfHk lhrk jEeS;klapkyu lfefr

M‚0 jktsU‍æ çlknla?k lafoèkku lfefr

ia0 tokgj yky usg:

la?k 'kfä lfefr

ia0 tokgj yky usg:

jkT‍; lfefr

ia0 tokgj yky usg:

ewy vfèkdkj mi lfefr

ts0 ch —iykuh

çk:i lfefr

M‚0 Hkhejko vE‍csMdjçkarh; lafoèkku lfefr

ljnkj oY‍yHk HkkÃiVsy

ijke'kZ lfefr

ljnkj oY‍yHk HkkÃiVsy

fu;e lfefr

M‚0 jktsU‍æ çlknvY‍ila[‍;d milfefr,p lh eq[ktÊlafoèkku lHkk esa 13 fnlE‍cj 1946 dks tokgj yky
usg: }kjk mís'‍; çL‍rko çL‍rqr fd;k x;k] ftls lafoèkku
lHkk us djhc ,d eghus ckn 22 tuojh 1947 dks L‍oh—fr
ns nhA fQj 22 tqykÃ 1947 dks jk"‍Vªh; è‍ot viuk;kx;kA lafoèkku ds çk:i ij dqy 114 fnu cgl gqÃAml dky [kaM dh ppkZ djsa] rks vkadMksa ds eqrkfcd
lafoèkku lHkk ij vuqekfur [kpZ djhc ,d djksM+#i;s vk;k FkkA 29 vxL‍r 1947 dks lafoèkku lHkk
dh çk:i lfefr dk xBu gqvk] ftlesa M‚0 ch vkj
vE‍csMdj dks çk:i lfefr dk vè‍;{k pquk x;kA

Hkkjr ds lafoèkku dks nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh ns'k
ds lcls yE‍cs fyf[kr lafoèkku ds :i esa tkuk tkrk
gSA tc lafoèkku dh jpuk gqÃ ml le; blesa 395
vuqP‍Nsn Fks tks 12 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr Fks vkSj blesa
dsoy vkB vuqlwfp;ka FkÈA rc ls ysdj vkt rd
blesa 101 la'kksèku gq, gSa tks lafoèkku lHkk }kjk
çL‍rkfor ns'k ds loksZP‍p dkuwu dh O‍;kid ç—fr
dks n'kkZrk gSA vkt dh rkjh[k esa Hkkjr ds lafoèkku
esa 465 vuqP‍Nsn gSa tks 22 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gSa vkSj
blesa 12 vuqlwfp;ka 'kkfey gSaA lafoèkku esa ç'kklu
vFkok ljdkj ds vfèkdkj] mlds drZO‍; vkSj ukxfjdksa

26 tuojh 1950 dks ns'k dk loksZP‍p dkuwu]
lafoèkku ykxw dj fn;k x;kA xkSjryc gS fd
ftl fnu lafoèkku ij gL‍rk{kj gks jgs Fks ml fnu
ewlykèkkj ckfj'k gks jgh Fkh] ftls 'kq: ladsr dh
laKk nh xÃA22

ds vfèkdkjksa dh O‍;k[‍;k dh xÃ gSA lafoèkku fuekZrk
M‚0 ch vkj vE‍csMdj us çfrikfnr fd;k Fkk fd Hkkjr,d la?k gS vkSj fdlh Hkh jkT‍; dks la?k ls vyx
gksus dk vfèkdkj ugÈ gSA ;gh ckr lafoèkku ds igys
vuqP‍Nsn esa ifjyf{kr gksrh gS ftlds vuqlkj Hkkjr
jkT‍;ksa dk la?k gSA ljdkj ds lalnh; L‍o:i dhO‍;oL‍Fkk lafoèkku ij vkèkkfjr gSA

lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us ns'k ds loksZP‍p dkuwu dh
lajpuk djrs le; u flQZ Hkkjr dh lH‍;rk] laL‍—fr]
ijE‍ijk vkSj fo'ks"krkvksa dk è‍;ku j[kk] cfYd nwljs
ns'kksa ds lafoèkku ls mu fopkjksa dks lekfgr fd;ktks ,d yksdrkaf=d èkeZfujis{k x.kra= dh voèkkj.kk
dks etcwrh çnku djrs gSaA bl flyflys esa nqfu;kds dqN ns'kksa ds lafoèkku ls dqN çL‍rkouk,a Hkkjr ds
lafoèkku esa yh xÃ ftudk mís'‍; lg;ksxh la?kokn],drk vkSj ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa vkSj drZO‍;ksa dks cyçnku djuk gSA

vejhdklafoèkku dh çL‍rkouk&ge yksx la?kkR‍ed'kklu ç.kkyh] ekSfyd vfèkdkj]
U‍;kf;d leh{kk ç.kkyh] U‍;k;ikfydk
dh L‍ora=rk vkSj mijk"‍Vªifr dk in

vk;jySaM

jkT‍; ds uhfr funsZ'kd rR‍o] jk"‍Vªifr
fuokZpu dh i)fr vkSj jkT‍;lHkk esa
dqN lnL‍;ksa dk euksu;udukMk

la?kh; <kaps esa etcwr dsU‍æh; lR‍rk dh
voèkkj.kk] ljdkj dh vof'k"‍V 'kfä;kateZuhvkikrdky dh voèkkj.kk

tkiku

dkuwu }kjk L‍Fkkfir 'kC‍nkoyh

nf{k.kvÝhdk

lafoèkku la'kksèku dh çfØ;kÝkalL‍ora=rk] lekurk vkSj HkkÃpkjs dkfl)kar] x.kra=

fczVsulalnh; ç.kkyh] dkuwu cukus dh çfØ;k]laln dh çfØ;k] ,dy ukxfjdrk:lewy drZO‍;

Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ns'k dk loksP‍Z p foèkku gS tks 26
uoE‍cj 1949 dks ikfjr gqvkA ;g fnu Hkkjr ds lafoèkku
fnol ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA tcfd 26 tuojh 1950
ds fnu ls gekjk lafoèkku çHkko esa vk;k vkSj blh fnu
Hkkjr ,d x.kra= ds :i esa ?kksf"kr gqvkA rc ls 26 tuojh
dk fnu Hkkjr esa x.kra= fnol ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA
lafoèkku dh 'kfä fdlh Hkh ns'k ds ukxfjdksa ds fufgrkFkZ
gS tks yksdra= dh ml voèkkj.kk dks 'kfä çnku djrk
gS ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd yksdra= yksxksa dk] yksxksa ds}kjk vkSj yksxksa ds fy, gSA 130 djksM dh vkcknhokys] vusd Hkk"kkvks]a vusd laL‍—fr;ks]a vusd ijE‍ijkvksa
okys bl fo'kky ns'k dks ges'kk vkxs ys tkus dh rkdr
lafoèkku ds }kjk fuèkkZfjr uhfr fu;eksa ls feyrh gS vkSj
;gh mls thoar cuk, j[krk gSA ueu djrs gSAa vius
ns'k ds lafoèkku dks tks gekjh] vkidh vkSj ge lcdh
rkdr gSAv‚L‍Vªsfy;k leorÊ lwph rFkk O‍;kikj vkSj lekxe
dh L‍ora=rk

23

ck

ck lkgc M‚D‍Vj Hkhejko vE‍csMdj dk ekuuk
Fkk fd&^^;fn fdlh lekt dh çxfr dks
ekiuk gS rks ml lekt dh fL=;ksa ds fodkl dks
ns[kdj vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd og fdruk
fodflr lekt gS**A

vusd euhf”k;ksa us lekt dks bl tdM+u ls fudkyus
dk ç;kl fd;kA ,d le; ;g Hkh Fkk tc lektlrh çFkk ij xoZ dj jgk FkkA jktkjke eksgu jk;
us lrh çFkk ds f[kykQ vkanksyu fd;k vkSj dgk fd^lrh çFkk iki gS] foèkok ngu iki gS vkSj ;g ns'k esa
ugha py ldrkAbZ'‍ojpan fo|klkxj us dgk fd foèkokvksa dks
thouHkj ;kruk,a >syuh iM+rh gSa mudk iqufoZokg gksukpkfg,A mU‍gksaus lekt dks :f<+xr ijE‍ijk vkSj dqjhfr;ksa
ls eqfä fnykus ds fy, f'k{kk ij tksj fn;kA ckn ds
fnuksa esa T‍;ksfrck Qwys] lkfo=h ckbZ Qwys] lar xkMxs]
bZ-oh- jkekL‍okeh isfj;kj] ukjk;.kk xq# lfgr dbZ
egkiq#”k vk, ftU‍gksaus bu lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ds ihNs
vf'k{kk dks eq[‍; dkj.k ekuk vkSj yksxksa dks f'kf{krdjus dk vfHk;ku pyk;kAçkphu dky esa ukjh L‍ora= Fkh] vius iwjs ifjokj
dh eqf[k;k FkhA lcdh ns[kHkky djrh FkhA og f'kdkj
djrh Fkh vkSj fey&ckaVdj [kkrh Fkh] dksbZ HksnHkko
ugha FkkA bldk vanktk ,d okd;s ls yxk;k tk
ldrk gS fd ckyd lR‍;dke tkcky _f”k vkJe
esa tkrk gS vkSj fo|k vè‍;;u dk vuqjksèk djrk gSA_f”koj iwNrs gSa fd rqE‍gkjs firk dk D‍;k uke gSa ckyd
fu:R‍rj gks tkrk gS vkSj viuh eka tckyk ls vius
firk dk uke iwNrk gSA tckyk mR‍rj nsrh gS fd&;qok
voL‍Fkk esa eSaus dbZ _f”k;ksa&eqfu;ksa ds ;gka dke fd;kgS] muesa ls fdlh ,d ds iq= gksA lR‍;dke tkcky us_f”koj ls iwjh ckr crkbZ vkSj os mls f'k{kk nsus ds
fy, rS;kj gks x,Ablh nkSj esa M‚D‍Vj Hkhejko vE‍csMdj vk,
mudh fopkjèkkjk dk ewy vkèkkj lerk] L‍ora=rk vkSj
caèkqR‍o FkkA mU‍gksaus f'kf{kr cuks] laxfBr gks vkSj vius
vfèkdkjksa ds fy, la?k”kZ djks dk ewy ea= fn;kA mudk
er Fkk fd fdlh lekt dh çxfr dk vuqeku ml
lekt dh efgykvksa }kjk dh xbZ çxfr ls yxk;ktk ldrk gS fd og lekt fdruk çxfr'khy gSA
os dgrs Fks fd lkekftd ekU‍;rkvksa dk caèku fL=;ksa
ds fiNM+siu dk ewy dkj.k gSA efgykvksa dk lkjk
vfLrR‍o vkSj O‍;fäR‍o lkekftd caèkuksa vkSj :f<+oknh
ekU‍;rkvksa ds cks> ls nck gSA

dkykU‍rj esa gfFk;kjksa dk ;qx vk;k] mR‍iknu c<+kvkSj O‍;fäxr lE‍ifÙk dk cksyckyk gqvkA fQj èkhjs&èkhjs
ukjh dh L‍ora=rk de gksrh pyh xbZA ukjh xqyke] xqyke
vkSj xqyke gksrh pyh xbZ vkSj mldk otwn çrhdkR‍edjg x;kA ckY‍;oL‍Fkk esa firk] ;qokoL‍Fkk esa ifr vkSjo`‍)koL‍Fkk esa iq=ksa }kjk lajf{kr dh tkus yxhA lkfgj
yqfèk;kuoh us fy[kk gS fd- ^^vkSjr us tU‍e fn;k enksaZdks] enksaZ us mls cktkj fn;kA** gekjk ns'k ijE‍ijkvksa ds
pyrs ,sls lekt esa tdM+ x;k] tgka iqjksfgr euekuh
dj jgs FksA pSrU; egkçHkq] dchj lkgc] ujflag lfgr

ckck lkgc us efgykvksa dks ?kj ls ckgj fudydj
viuh leL‍;k,a dgus dk vkºoku fd;k ftldk ifj.kke
24leku volj miyC‍èk djk,A mU‍gksaus reke fojksèkkHkklksa
ds ckotwn dsU‍æ dks etcwr cuk;k ftlds dkj.k
Hkkjr tks fofHkU‍u L‍ora= fj;klrksa esa caVk gqvk Fkk
dks ,d jk”‍Vª ds :i esa fodflr gksus esa enn feyhA
M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj us dkuwu ea=h ds :i esa fgU‍nw dksM
fcy lnu esa is'k fd;kA Hkkjh fojksèk ds pyrs ;gfoèks;d lnu esa fxj x;k vkSj 1951 esa ckck lkgc us
rR‍dky bL‍rhQk ns fn;kA

jgk cM+h la[‍;k esa efgyk viuh ihM+k vkSj nq[k&nnZ
lkoZtfud :i ls O‍;D‍r djus ds fy, eapksa ij vkus
yxhA 13 uoE‍cj] 1927 esa vejkorh eafnj esa ços'k
ds fy, ,d lE‍esyu dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k ftlesa
Hkkjh la[‍;k esa efgyk,a ‘kkfey gqbZA 28 tqykbZ] 1928
dks cE‍cbZ foèkkulHkk esa dkj[kkuksa vkSj laL‍Fkkuksa esa dke
djus okyh efgykvksa ds fy, çlwfr vodk'k foèks;dis'k fd;kA ;g foèks;d loZlEefr ls lnu ij ikfjr
gksdj dkuwu cu x;kA bl dkuwu ds cu tkus ds ckn
efgykvksa dks çlwfr vodk'k vkSj dkj[kkuksa esa ØSp dhO‍;oL‍Fkk nh xbZA

ckck lkgc us efgykvksa ds ekuokfèkdkj vkSj
dkuwu dks O‍;ogkj esa yk, tkus] bldh tkudkjh
iqfyl vkSj efgykvksa dks nsus] iqfyl] odhy vkSj U‍;k;çfØ;k ls tqM+s yksxksa dks laosnu'khy cukus ds fy,
çf'k{k.k nsus] jkT‍; ljdkj dks efgyk dY‍;k.k dhuhfr cukus vkSj uhfr fuekZrkvksa dks laosnu'khy cuk,tkus] efgykvksa ls tqM+s ekeyksa dh lquokbZ efgyk
U‍;k;kèkh'kksa ;k laosnu'khy iq#”k U‍;k;kèkh'kksa ls djk;stkus] vkadM+ksa ds laxzg.k esa efgykvksa }kjk fd, x,
lHkh dk;ksaZ dks ‘kkfey djuk vkSj mldk vkfFkZd
ewY‍;kdau fd;s tkus vkSj jk”‍Vªh; vk; esa efgykvksa ds;ksxnku dk fgL‍lk tksM+s tkus] lalkèkuksa ds vkaoVu esa
ipkl çfr'kr vkj{k.k efgykvksa ds fy, lqjf{kr djus]
ftyk vkSj jkT‍; L‍rj ij efgykvksa ds fodkl dk;ZØeksa
dk vk;kstu dj ewY‍;kadu djus ds fy, laosnu'khy
efgyk vfèkdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfä fd, tkus] lR‍rk ij
efgykvksa dk vfèkdkj vkSj fu;a=.k cuk, tkus] efgyk
laosnh ctV ,oa ySafxd fodkl ds uke ij ,d çeq[kctV ‘kh”kZ cukus lfgr mU‍gsa ipkl çfr'kr vkj{k.kjktuhfrd vkSj vkbZ-,-,l-] vkbZ-ih-,l- tSlh dsU‍æh;lsokvksa esa fn, tkus dk lq>ko fn;k FkkA

M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj efgykvksa ds lkFk&lkFk Jfed
oxZ ds dY‍;k.k ds çfr Hkh fpafrr FksA 1942 ls 1946rd ok;ljk; dh Je dk;Zdkjh ifj”kn esa Je lfpo
ds :i esa 27 uoE‍cj] 1942 dks lkrosa Je lE‍esyu ds
nkSjku Je vofèk 12&14 ?kaVs ls ?kVkdj 8 ?kaVs djus
dk çL‍rko j[kkA mU‍gksaus [knku ekr`R‍o ykHk ;kstuk
dkuwu vkSj loSrfud vodk'k ds lkFk Hkwfexr dks;yk[knkuksa esa efgykvksa us dke u djkus vkSj fcuk fdlh
ySafxd HksnHkko ds leku dke ds fy, leku osru dkdkuwu cuok;kA M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj etnwjksa ds laj{k.kds fy, Hkwfe lqèkkj vkSj vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa ij jkT‍;
ds gL‍r{ksi ds i{kèkj FksA lafoèkku lHkk esa mU‍gksaus çeq[kdsU‍æh; m|ksxksa dks ljdkjh {ks= esa] cqfu;knh m|ksxksa
dks ljdkj }kjk fu;af=r fuxeksa }kjk lapkfyr djus
vkSj —f”k dks jk”‍Vªh; m|ksx ?kksf”kr djus dk çL‍rko
fn;kA
ns'k dh L‍ora=rk ds ckn ckck lkgc dks
lafoèkku cukus ds elkSnk desVh dk vè‍;{k cuk;k x;kA
vius elkSnksa esa mU‍gksaus lerk] L‍ora=rk vkSj caèkqR‍o dks
vkèkkj cuk;kA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd lkekftd U‍;k;dk vFkZ] vfèkd ls vfèkd yksxksa dks [kqf'k;ka feyuk gSA
lafoèkku esa mU‍gksaus tgka lfn;ksa ls ncs dqpys nfyroxZ ds dY‍;k.k ds fy, fo'ks”k çkoèkku fd,A ogha
tkfr&èkeZ ls Åij mBdj lHkh oxksaZ ds fy, leku
lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd vfèkdkj nsus ds

ckck lkgc ds lq>ko dk vuqikyu muds thou
dky ls ‘kq: gks x;kA dsU‍æ ljdkj us iapo”khZ;;kstuk,a cuk;h ftlesa efgykvksa ds fodkl vkSj
l'kfädj.k dks çkFkfedrk nh tkus yxhA iapk;rhjkt
vfèkfu;e esa efgykvksa dk vkj{k.k lqfuf'pr fd;ktkuk mudh l'kfädj.k dh fn'kk esa ,d egR‍oiw.kZ
igy FkhA f'k{kk dk çpkj&çlkj gksrs gh vke turk
25esa efgykvksa ds çfr laosnu'khyrk c<+h vkSj csfV;ksa
dh f'k{kk ds fy, yksx tkx:d gq,A 1980 ds n'kd
esa xzkeh.k bykdksa ds L‍dwyksa esa Nk=kvksa dh mifLFkfr
ux.; FkhA ysfdu vc ns'k ,ao jkT‍;ksa ds lHkh f'k{kkcksMksaZ dk ,d gh ifj.kke vk jgk gS fd csVksa ls csfV;kavkxs gSaA dsU‍æh; ,oa çkarh; lsokvksa esa Hkh csfV;ka çFkenl L‍Fkkuksa esa ls rhu&pkj L‍Fkku >Vdus esa lQy
gks jgh gSaA j{kk lsokvksa esa ‘kkfey gksdj csfV;ka csVksa
ds daèks ls daèkk feykdj nq'‍eu dks eqagrksM+ tokc ns
jgh gSA gkykafd foèkkf;dk esa vkj{k.k ugha gS] fQj

Hkh efgyk mE‍ehnokjksa dh la[‍;k fujU‍rj c<+ jgh gSA
vkt efgyk,a vius vfèkdkjksa ds çfr ltx gks jgh gSa
vkSj vkanksyu dj jgh gSaA 13 uoE‍cj] 1927 dks ckck
lkgc }kjk efgykvksa dks vius vfèkdkjksa ds la?k”kZ ds
fy, vkºoku fd;k x;k FkkA ftl fnu efgyk,a vius
la?k”kZ ds cwrs foèkkf;dk lfgr dsU‍æh; vkSj çkarh;
lsokvksa ds gj {ks= esa ipkl çfr'kr L‍Fkku çkI‍r dj
ysaxh og fnu Hkkjr ds fy, L‍of.kZe gksxk vkSj ckck
lkgc ds liuksa dk efgyk l'kfädj.k vfHk;ku lQy
gks tk,xkA

26

26

tuojh 1950 dks ykxw gksus ds gh fnu ls
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku lokZfèkd çfrf”Br vkSj iwT;
xzaFk jgk gSA Hkkjrh; jkt ,oa lekt O;oLFkk ds lkFk
gh yksdra= ij tc Hkh dksbZ la'k; gksrk gS] ladV dh
dksbZ ?kM+h vkrh gS] vktkn x.krkaf=d ns'k ds ukxfjd
ds ukrs lcls igyk vkSj xaHkhj è;ku lafoèkku dk vkrk
gSA bl lafoèkku dks ysdj nks voèkkj.kk,a çpfyr gSaA
igyk ;g fd bl ij xkaèkhth dk çHkko gS rks nwljk]
bldk fuekZ.k Lora= Hkkjr ds igys fofèk ea=h M‚DVj
Hkhejko vEcsMdj us fd;k FkkA fons'kh vaxzsth ‘kklu
ls Hkkjr dks ftl egkekuo xkaèkh dh vxqvkbZ esa
vktknh feyh] mudk laçHkq Hkkjr ds lafoèkku ij çHkko
iM+uk ykteh gSA gkykafd ;g Hkh vkaf'kd lR; gh gSA
pwafd vE‍csMdj lafoèkku lHkk ds rgr lkr lnL;h;çk:i vkSj ys[ku lfefr ds vè;{k vkSj muesa ls lcls
T;knk esgur mUgksaus gh dh] blfy, mUgsa lafoèkku
fuekZrk dk lEeku gkfly gqvkA

us 10 flracj 1931 dks ;ax bafM;k ds vad esa fy[kk Fkk]
eSa ,sls lafoèkku dh jpuk djokus dk ç;kl d:axk] tks
Hkkjr dks gj rjg dh xqykeh vkSj ijkoyacu ls eqä
dj nsA eSa ,sls Hkkjr ds fy, dksf'k'k d:axk] ftlesa
xjhc ls xjhc Hkh ;g eglwl djsaxs fd ;g mudk
ns'k gS] ftlds fuekZ.k esa mldh vkokt dk egRo gSA*
vktkn Hkkjr ds lafoèkku esa O;fä bdkbZ gksxk ;k xkao]
bl ij lafoèkku lHkk esa cgl gqbZA ysfdu xkaèkhth dhlksp bl elys ij Li”V FkhA os xkao dks gh Hkkjrh;
vktknh ds ckn dh O;oLFkk dh ewy bdkbZ cukuk
pkgrs FksA tc vktknh utnhd Fkh] xkaèkhth us vius
bl fopkj dks vkSj vkxs c<+k;kA ,d tqykbZ 1947
ds ;ax bafM;k ds vad esa mUgksaus fy[kk] vktknh uhpsls ‘kq: gksuh pkfg,A gj ,d xkao esa tEgwjh lYrur;k iapk;r dk jkt gksxkA mlds ikl iwjh lÙkk vkSj
rkdr gksxhA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd gj ,d xkao dks
vius ikao ij [kM+k gksuk gksxk] viuh t:jrsa [kqn iwjh
dj ysuh gksaxh] rkfd og viuk lkjk dkjksckj [kqnpyk lds] ;gka rd fd og lkjh nqfu;k ds f[kykQ
viuh j{kk [kqn dj ldsA* vius blh ys[k esa xkaèkh
vkxs dgrs gSa] * ,slk lekt vufxur xkaoksa dk cuk
gksxkA mudk QSyko ,d ds Åij ,d ds <ax ijugha] cfYd ygjksa dh rjg ,d ds ckn ,d dh ‘kDy
esa gksxkA ftanxh ehukj dh ‘kDy esa gksxh vkSj O;fämldk eè; fcanq gksxkA*

vktkn Hkkjr dk lafoèkku rS;kj djus ds fy,
ftl lafoèkkulHkk dk pquko gqvk Fkk] mlesa rhu lkS
ls T;knk lnL; FksA ftldh vè;{krk M‚DVj jktsaæ
çlkn us dh FkhA ysfdu gdhdr ;g gS fd lafoèkku
dh jpuk esa lafoèkkulHkk ds ftu pkj lnL;ksa uslcls xaHkhj vkSj lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ] muesa vdsys
xSj dkaxzslh M‚DVj vEcsMdj gh FksA ckdh rhu lnL;
dkaxzslh Fks vkSj rhuksa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds cM+s uke
FksA ;s gfLr;ka Fkha] iafMr tokgj yky usg:] ljnkj
oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy vkSj M‚DVj jktsaæ çlknA iafMr usg:
Hkh xkaèkhth ds gh f'k”; Fks] ysfdu mudh rqyuk esa ckdh
nksuksa dgha T;knk xgjs xkaèkhoknh FksA blds ckotwn
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa de ls de xzke iapk;r dks ysdj
xkaèkhth ds fopkjksa dk vlj ugha fn[krkA xkaèkhth

tkfgj gS fd xkaèkh Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh ewy
bdkbZ xkaoksa dks cukuk pkgrs Fks] ftldk O;fä Hkh,d fgLlk gksrkA fparu dh ckr gS fd xkaèkh ds liuksa
ds eqrkfcd vxj lafoèkku dh jpuk gqbZ gksrh] xkaoksa
vkSj xzke iapk;rksa dks bl rjhds ls vfèkdkj nsus vkSj
mUgsa rkdroj cukus dh dksf'k'k gksrh rks Hkkjr dk27

xkaèkh fopkj dk gh foLrkj gSaA vius fucaèk ^Hkkjrh; jkt
O;oLFkk dk iqufuZekZ.k* esa t;çdk'k ukjk;.k çkphu dky
ls pyh vk jgh xzke O;oLFkk dks ysdj csgn vk'kkfUor
utj vkrs gSaA bl fucaèk esa t;çdk'k ukjk;.k fy[krs gSa**Hkkjr ‘kk;n yksdra= dh lcls çkphu Hkwfe jgk gS
vkSj mlds dqN x.kra= gtkj&gtkj lky rd thfor
jgs gSaA tc jktra= dh O;oLFkk çpfyr gks xbZ vkSj
¼x.krkaf=d½ lfefr;ka fuf”Ø; gks xbZa] rc Hkh xzke vkSj
uxj leqnk;] O;kikjh vkSj dkjhxj la?k] o.kZ O;oLFkk]
èkeZ ;k lkekftd uhfr'kkL= dsaæh; jkT; ls Lora=
gksdj dk;Z djrs jgsA tcfd dsaæh; jkt O;oLFkk xzke
vkSj uxj leqnk;] O;kikjh vkSj dkjhxj la?k ds ekeys
esa fojys gh gLr{ksi djrs FksA bl rjg bl O;oLFkk
us ,d lq–<+ yksdrkaf=d vkèkkj dk;e j[kkA xzke
leqnk;ksa dk yksdra= bruk lq–<+ vkSj l{ke Fkk fd
og fczfV'k dky rd tkjh jgkA**

dSlk uD'kk gksrk@tc Hkkjrh; lafoèkku jpk tkus
yxk rks xkaèkh dh bl lksp dks vEcsMdj us vLohdkj
dj fn;kA lafoèkku lHkk esa tc ;g cgl gqbZ fd
lafoèkku esa ns'k dh bdkbZ xkao dks ekuk tk, ;k fQj
O;fä dks rks O;fä dk iyM+k Hkkjh jgkA gkykafd
lafoèkku lHkk ds xkaèkhoknh lnL; lafoèkku esa ns'k dhcqfu;knh bdkbZ xkao dks ekuus ds fy, rdZ ns jgs FksA
bl eqís ij lafoèkkulHkk esa tedj cgl gqbZA ysfdu
vEcsMdj us bls [kkfjt dj fn;kA ckck lkgc dk rdZ
Fkk] ^^xzke ;k nsgkr ds çfr ftUgsa vfHkeku gS] os ;s ugha
lkspuk pkgrs fd nsgkrksa esa ?kfVr ?kVukvksa ;k mldh
Hkfo”; dh fufeZfr esa xkao okyksa dk D;k ;ksxnku jgkA
bl ns'k esa vusd jktuhfrd ?kVuk,a gqbZaA fganw] iBku]
eqxy] ejkBk] fl[k vkSj vaxzst ckjh&ckjh ls bl ij
jkT; djrs jgsA ij iapk;rsa oSlh dh oSlh jghaA ‘k=qvksa
dh lsuk bu ns'kksa ls dwp dj jgh Fkha] ijarq xkao okyksa
us dHkh fdlh ‘k=q dk fojksèk ugha fd;kA myVs muds
fy, jkLrk cukdj fn;kA** vEcsMdj us vius blh
Hkk”k.k esa vkxs dgk] ^^iapk;rksa dh bl fuf”Ø;rk dk
vglkl gksrs gq, Hkh muds çfr ge vfHkeku dSls j[ksaA
egRo fVds jgus dk ugha gSA ç'u gS fd fdl Lrj
ij ;s fVdh gSaA----xzke iapk;rksa us bl ns'k dk uk'k
gh fd;k gSA gekjs nsgkr vkSj gekjh iapk;rsa LFkkfud
vgadkjksa dh xanxh ls ;qä] vKku dh xqQk] ladqfprrk
vkSj tkfrokn ds çrhd cu x, gSaA ,slh iapk;rksa dks
bdkbZ dSls cuk ldrs gSa\**

cgjgky lafoèkkulHkk esa xzke iapk;rksa dh O;oLFkk
ds lanHkZ esa nsgkr vkSj xzke dks ysdj vEcsMdj us
tks Hkk”k.k fn;k] ml ij tcjnLr gaxkek gqvkA blls
vEcsMdj ncko esa Hkh vk, vkSj mUgsa ,d la'kksèkuçLrko Lohdkj djuk iM+kA blds ckn gh lafoèkku
ds ekxZ n'kZd rRoksa esa xzke iapk;rksa dh LFkkiuk
dk çLrko Lohdkj fd;k x;kA ftldh cqfu;kn ij
1993 esa lafoèkku esa 73osa la'kksèku ds tfj, f=Lrjh;
iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk dks eatwjh nh xbZA gkykafd ;g
O;oLFkk Hkh uk rks xkaèkh dh lksp ds eqrkfcd gS vkSj
uk gh t;çdk'k dh O;k[;k ds vuqlkj gSA

vEcsMdj dk ftl ifjos'k esa ikyu&iks”k.k
gqvk Fkk] ftl rjg dh mudh thou ;k=k xqtjh
Fkh] lafoèkkulHkk esa mUgksaus tks dgk] njvly muds
vuqHkoksa dh gh vfHkO;fä FkhA mUgksaus iapk;rksa vkSj
nsgkrksa dks ysdj djhc 75 lky igys tks dgk Fkk]
nsgkrh lksp fdafpr oSlh gh gSA cfYd tkfrokn
vkSj LFkkfud vgadkjksa dk ogka foLrkj gh gqvk
gSA ysfdu ;g D;ksa ugha ekuuk pkfg, fd blesa
ml ekStwnk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk Hkh gkFk gS] tks
lafoèkku çnÙk O;oLFkk ij pyrh gS] pquko thrrh gS
vkSj ljdkj cukrh gSA

M‚DVj vEcsMdj Hkys gh xzke iapk;r dks ‘kklu
vkSj laoSèkkfud O;oLFkk dh bdkbZ ugha ekurs Fks] ysfdu
xzke lqèkkj ,oa —f”k fodkl dks ysdj mudh lksp Li”V
FkhA os ekurs Fks fd ns'k dh O;oLFkk esa fdlkuksa dk
lcls T;knk ‘kks”k.k gqvk gSA blfy, mUgksaus fdlkuksa
vkSj xkaoksa dh fLFkfr lqèkkjus ds fy, dqN lq>ko t:jfn, FksA vius e'kgwj xzaFk ^LVsV ,aM ekbukWfjVh ¼jkT;
vkSj vYila[;d½* esa M‚DVj vEcsMdj us dgk gS]
1-

xkao dks ysdj nwljh vktknh ds uk;d vkSj
xkaèkhoknh&lektoknh t;çdk'k ukjk;.k ds fopkj
28

laiw.kZ —f”k Hkwfe dk jk”Vªh;dj.k fd;k tk,Atehankjh vkSj Hkwfe ekfydksa dks Hkwfe dk iSlk
fn;k tk,A2-u”V djuk t:jh gSA

lkewfgd [ksrh ‘kq: dh tk,A Jfedksa vkSj
etnwjksa dks etnwjh dh xkjaVh nh tk,Alafoèkku esa xkao vkSj nsgkr dks ysdj fo'ks”kçkoèkku ds fy, vEcsMdj Hkys gh lger ugha Fks
ysfdu bldk ;g Hkh eryc ugha gS fd xzke vkSj—f”k O;oLFkk dks ysdj os fpafrr ugha Fks vkSj mUgksaus
bldh HkykbZ ds fy, mik; ugha lq>k, FksA [ksrh vkSj
fdlkuh dks ysdj vEcsMdj dh lksp dks 1936 esa
xfBr Lora= etnwj ikVhZ ds ?kks”k.kk i= esa ns[kk tk
ldrk gS] ftldh LFkkiuk mUgksaus [kqn dh FkhA bl
ikVhZ ds ?kks”k.kk i= esa mUgksaus fy[kk Fkk%
1-—f”k dh vksj O;olk; ds :i esa ns[kk tk,A
bl O;olk; dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk dh vR;fèkdvko';drk gSA blds fy, Hkw&fodkl cSad
dks&v‚ijsfVo ØsfMV lkslk;Vh] ekdsZfVax
lkslk;Vh dh LFkkiuk dh tk,A

2-—f”k O;olk; vkt ?kkVs esa gS] D;ksafd tehu ds
NksVs&NksVs VqdM+s fd, x, gSaA —f”k ij cgqr
cM+h tula[;k fuHkZj gSA bl tula[;k dks nwljs
O;olk;ksa dh vksj eksM+uk t:jh gSA

3-

m|ksx O;olk; dh f'k{kk nsus okys f'k{kk dsaæ‘kq: djus t:jh gSaA

4-

tufgr dh –f”V ls ns'k ds cM+s m|ksxksa dk
jk”Vªh;dj.k t:jh gSA

5-

ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk ykHk fof'k”V oxZ dks gh
gksrk gSA cgqr cM+s oxZ ij vxj vU;k; gksrk gks
rks bl O;oLFkk dks cnyuk] ifjofrZr djuk ;k6-tehu tksrus okys dh gh gksuh pkfg,A7-

etnwjksa dk ‘kks”k.k de dj muds osru ij
ljdkjh fu;a=.k gksuk pkfg,A mUgsa mudhNqfê;ksa vkSj dke dh vofèk losru Nqêh] cksul]
isa'ku vkfn nsus dh dkuwuh O;oLFkk t:jh gSA

è;ku jgs] vEcsMdj us Li”Vr% bl ?kks”k.kk i=
esa xkao dks ysdj dqN Hkys gh ugha dgk gks] ysfdu—f”k ds ftu ladVksa dh vksj os è;ku fnyk jgs Fks]
os vkt Hkh cjdjkj gSaA mUgsa djhc 36 djksM+ dh
vkcknh ds fglkc ls —f”k tksr Hkwfe NksVh yx jgh
Fkh rks lkspk tkuk pkfg, fd 135 djksM+ dh vkcknh
ds fygkt ls og tksr fdruh NksVh gks pqdh gSA
cgjgky ;g ‘kksèk vkSj xgu vè;;u dk fo”k; gS fd
lafoèkkulHkk dk lnL; cuus ls djhc ,d n'kd igys
vEcsMdj —f”k dks ysdj tks dg jgs Fks] mls lqèkkjus
vkSj mldh cqfu;knh bdkbZ xzke iapk;r dks Li”V
laoSèkkfud vfèkdkj nsus ls lger flQZ blhfy, ugha
Fks fd nsgkrksa esa tkfroknh vgeU;rk T;knk gksrh gSA
njvly xkaèkh viuh lksp esa xzke Lojkt ds tfj, gh
ns'k dh Hkkoh O;oLFkk vkSj fodkl dh rLohj ns[k jgs
FksA ftls tkus ;k vutkus lafoèkku esa rRdky ‘kkfey
ugha fd;k tk ldkA cs'kd vEcsMdj dk xzke Lojkt
xkaèkh ds xzke Lojkt dh rjg dk ugha FkkA ysfdu
muds nLrkostksa ds vè;;u ls ;g t:j tkfgj gksrk
gS fd vEcsMdj dh fparkvksa ds dsaæ esa xkao vkSj xkao
dh [ksrh&fdlkuh dks ysdj muds ljksdkj de ugha
FksA

29

e

gkjk”Vª esa ejkBokM+k lEHkkx dk çeq[k ‘kgj
vkSjaxkckn vkt ,T;qds'kuy gc ds :i esa tkuk
tkrk gSA ;gka ds fo'ofo|ky;] vfHker fo'ofo|ky;
vkSj baftfu;fjax rFkk esfMdy d‚ystksa esa Hkkjr&Hkj
ds gh ugha cfYd fons'kksa ls Hkh dbZ Nk=&Nk=k,a i<+us
ds fy, vkrs gSaA f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vkSjaxkckn ‘kgj us
vkt tks eqdke gkfly fd;k gS] mldh uhao j[kh Fkh
Hkkjr jRu Mk- ckck lkgc vEcsMdj th usA

tek dj] ;g jde iwjh gqbZ vkSj ckck lkgc ds liuksa
dk egkfo|ky; cu dj rS;kj gqvkA bl egkfo|ky;
esa vPNh xq.koÙkk dh f'k{kk feys blfy, ckck lkgc us
eqca bZ ds lkFk&lkFk dsjy] dukZVd] mÙkj çns'k] eè;
çns'k ls Hkh f'k{kd fu;qä fd;s FksAlHkh fo”k;ksa dh iqLrdksa ls ltk gqvk xzFa kky;AlkbUl dh f'k{kk ds fy, t:jh lHkh midj.kksa ls
lqlfTtr ç;ksx'kkyk ds lkFk ‘kq: gq, bl egkfo|ky;
esa u flQZ vkSjx
a kckn vkSj ejkBokM+k cfYd fonHkZ] [kkuns'k
vkSj if'pe egkjk”Vª ds dbZ ‘kgjksa ls Nk= i<+us ds fy,
vkrs Fks] vkSj ;gka vkt Hkh vkrs gSAa ;g egkfo|ky; Hkys
gh vuqlfw pr tutkfr ds cPpksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, ‘kq:
fd;k x;k gks] ysfdu fdlh Hkh tkfr ;k èkeZ ds Nk= dks;gka ços'k ds fy, euk ugha fd;k x;kA ckck lkgc us;gka tks cht cks;k Fkk] mlls cus oVo`{k dh Nkao esa dbZ
Nk=&Nk=kvksa us vius thou dks laokjk gSA

17 flracj 1948 esa gSnjkckn çkar futke ds paxyq
ls rRdkyhu dsæa h; x`gea=h ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy
us vktkn dj] Lora= Hkkjr esa ‘kkfey djk;kA ysfdu
lkyksa lky futke esa vey esa jgus ds dkj.k gSnjkcknçkar dk ejkBokMk lEHkkx lkekftd vkSj f'k{kk ds {ks=esa fiNMk gqvk FkkA NqvkNwr ds dkj.k ;gka vuqlfw pr
tutkfr ds cPps f'k{kk dh eq[;èkkjk ls dkslksa nwj FksA
ckck lkgc vEcsMdj us bl ckr dks le> dj];gka vuqlfw pr tutkfr ds cPpksa ds fy, f'k{kk dk çcUèk
djkus dk fu'p; fd;k vkSj viuh ihiYl ,T;qd's ku
lkslkbVh ds ekè;e ls 1950 esa ihbZ,l egkfo|ky;
dh LFkkiuk dhA yxHkx lky Hkj fdjk,] dh txg
esa pykus ds ckn 1951 dh ,d flracj dks rRdkyhujk”Vªifr M‚ jktsæa çlkn ds gkFkksa ihbZ,l egkfo|ky;
dh uhao j[kh xbZA ckck lkgc us Ms<+ lkS ,dM+ tehu
[kjhn dj egkfo|ky; dk fuekZ.k ‘kq: djk;k FkkA
gSnjkckn ds futke ljdkj ds ‘;sMîwy dkLV VªLV
QaM ls 12 yk[k #i;s dtkZ ys dj ;g dke ‘kq: rks
gqvk] ysfdu ckck lkgc ds vafre fd, gq, fMtkbu ds
vuqlkj egkfo|ky; dh fcfYMax cukus ds fy, 20 yk[k:i;ksa dh vko';drk FkhA ml oä vkoke ls panku flQZ f'k{kk ds {ks= esa cfYd fodkl ds gj,d {ks= esa vkSjaxkckn vkSj ejkBokM+k vkxs jgs] ;gckck lkgc dk fopkj FkkA iwuk vkSj eqacbZ tSls ‘kgjksa
ls vkSjaxkckn iDdh lM+d ls tqMk gqvk gks] vkSjaxkckn
esa gokbZvìk cus] vkdk'kok.kh dsaæ cus] ;gka dh jsyos
cz‚Mxst esa ifjofrZr gks] vkfn dbZ fo”k;ksa ij ckck
lkgc us ,d elkSnk rS;kj Hkh fd;k FkkA 6 fnlacj
1956 dks ckck lkgc dk fuèku gqvkA ejkBokM+k ds
fodkl dk liuk muds thoudky esa lp ugha gks
ik;kA ysfdu mudh gj bPNk vkt ;gka lkdkj Lo:iys pqdh gSA bl fodkl dk Js; dsoy ckck lkgc dks
gh tkrk gS] D;ksafd bl fodkl dh uhao ckck lkgc
vEcsMdj us gh j[kh Fkh] bls dksbZ udkj ugha ldrkA

30

MkW

DVj ckck lkgc vE‍csMdj dk O;fäRo
cgqvk;keh FkkA fganw lekt esa çpfyr tkfr
O;oLFkk ds fojksèk esa ç[kj la?k”kZ vkjaHk djus okys usrk]
nfyrksa ds m)kj ds fy, dk;Zjr lefiZr ;ks)k]ekuokfèkdkj dk lPpk leFkZd rFkk Hkkjrh;
lafoèkku vkSj jk”Vªh; fodkl esa vR;ar egRoiw.kZ;ksxnku nsusokys jktusrk ds :i esa mUgsa tkuk
tkrk gSA blds vykok MkDVj vE‍csMdj ,d çeq[kè;s;oknh i=dkj Hkh FksA mUgksaus vius lekpkj i=ksa
ds ekè;e ls vusd Økafrdkjh ladYiuk] vuqHko rFkk
fopkjksa dk çlkj fd;kA lkFk gh mUgkasus nfyr]vYila[;d ,oa fiNM+s yksxksa dks vU;k;] vkfFkZdfo”kerk] jktuhfrd opZLo vkSj lkaL—frd ‘kks”k.k dsfo#) la?k”kZ djus gsrq laxfBr fd;kA ^ewduk;d*]^cfg”—r Hkkjr*] ^lerk* vkSj ^turk* bu i=ksa ds
ekè;e ls MkDVj vE‍csMdj us gj çdkj ds mRihM+u
ds f[kykQ dM+k la?k”kZ fd;kA lkFk gh vNwrksa dks
lkekftd U;k; fnykus ds fy, mUgksaus i=dkj ds :iesa ,sfrgkfld dk;Z fd;kA fdarq Hkkjrh; lekpkj i=ksa
ds bfrgkl esa muds i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa fn;s ;ksxnku
ij ;Fkksfpr è;ku ugha fn;k x;kA

ifjPNsn ds varHkwZr fLFkfr esa bl ij fucaZèk yxk;s tk
ldrs gSaA
vejhdk vkSj baXySaM esa mPp f'k{kk çkIr djus ds
ckn vxLr 1917 esa ns'k esa ykSVus ds i'pkr MkDVj
vE‍csMdj‌us dqN le; rd cM+ksnk ds egkjkt ds
lsuk lfpo vkSj eqacbZ ds flMsugSe dkyst esa çkè;kid
ds :i esa dke fd;kA fdarq bl nkSjku mUgsa lektesa O;kIr tkfr O;oLFkk] fo”kerk rFkk vLi`';rk tSlhvfu”V çFkkvksa ds dkj.k vU;k; vkSj voeku dk lkeuk
djuk iM+kA blls vLi`';rk vkSj lkekftd fo”kerk
dk mUewyu dj nfyrksa ds m)kj ds fy, dM+k la?k”kZ
djus dk mudk ladYi vfèkd etcwr cukA
blh le; gekjs ns'k esa Lo;a'kklu dhekaxiqjtksj rjhds ls dh tk jgh FkhA MkDVj vE‍csMdj
us VkbEl vkQ bafM;k esa miuke ls ,d i= fy[kdjçfriknu fd;k fd Lo;a 'kklu ls igys lekt esa
lekurk vkSj Lora=rk dh vkdka{kk j[kusokys fiNM+srFkk nfyrksa dks U;k; fnykuk çxr ,oa mPp o.khZ;
yksxksa dh ftEesnkjh gSA mUgsa f'k{kk nsdj çxfr ds
iFk ij ykuk ;g mudk çFke drZO; gSA tc rd;g Hkwfedk fuf'pr ugha gksxh] rc rd Lo;a'kklu
dk vfèkdkj gesa ugha feysxkA lkekftd fo”kerk ds
dkj.k jktuhfrd Lora=rk vkSj yksdra= ds fy, ladV
fuekZ.k gksxk] ;g mudk iDdk fo'okl FkkA lkFk gh
tkfr O;oLFkk dk mUewyu dj Lora=rk] lekurk rFkk
caèkqrk dh f=lw=h ds vkèkkj ij u;s lekt dk fuekZ.k
djus dk fu'p; mUgksaus fd;kA

MkDVj vE‍csMdj lekpkj i=ksa dh Lora=rk dsi{kèkj FksA yksdrkaf=d lekt O;oLFkk esa lekpkj i=ksa
dh Hkwfedk ds lanHkZ esa mudh lqLi”V èkkj.kk FkhA vr%
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh jpuk djrs le; mUgksaus Hkk”k.k ,oa
vfHkO;fä dh Lora=rk dks loksZPp LFkku fn;kA lafoèkku
dh çLrkouk esa fd;s x;s mYys[k ds vuqlkj lHkh yksxksa
ds fopkjksa rFkk vfHkO;fä dh Lora=rk dh j{kk djuk
lafoèkku dk çeq[k mís'; gSA èkkjk 19 ¼1½ ¼v½ ds vuqlkj
ukxfjdksa ds fopkjksa rFkk vfHkO;fä dh Lora=rk dh
j{kk dh xkjaVh nh xbZ gS vkSj dsoy blh èkkjk ds nwljs

MkDVj vE‍csMdj us lekpkj i=ksa dk egRo rFkk
muds lkeF;Z dks igys gh tku fy;k FkkA fiNMs+ vkSj
nfyr lekt ds dY;k.k gsrq budh Hkwfedk ij mUgksaus
31esa mUgksaus ;g LojkT; ugha] gekjs Åij jkT; gS*‘kh”kZd laikndh; esa lkQ&lkQ dgk Fkk fd LojkT;
feys rks mlesa vNwrksa dk Hkh fgLlk gksA LojkT; ij
MkDVj vE‍csMdj dk fparu yacs le; rd pykA 27
ekpZ 1920 dks çdkf'kr ^ewduk;d* ds ikaposa vad dhlaikndh; dk ‘kh”kZd Fkk] LojkT; esa gekjk vkjksg.k]
mldk çek.k vkSj mldh i)fr*A

dkQh tksj fn;kA blh dkj.k ls 1910 esa lekpkj i=ksa
dh Lora=rk ij fucaZèk yxkusokys vfèkfu;e dk mUgksaus
dM+k fojksèk fd;kA lkFk gh rRdkyhu lekpkj i=ksa
ij çLFkkfir mPpo.khZ; rFkk èkfudksa ds ,dkfèkdkj dk
Hkh ckck lkgc us fojksèk fd;kA vLi`';rk mUewyu]
lkekftd vU;k;] vkfFkZd fo”kerk vkSj jktuhfrd
opZLo ls nfyrksa dks eqä djus gsrq dfVc) ,d Hkh
lekpkj i= ml le; miyCèk ugha FkkA blfy,
mUgksaus tuekul ij [kklk çHkko j[kusokys bl ekè;edk vius lkekftd vkanksyu ds egRoiw.kZ lkèku ds:i esa mi;ksx djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA os ekurs Fks fd
vNwrksa ds lkFk gksus okys vU;k; ds f[kykQ nfyr
i=dkfjrk gh la?k”kZ dj ldrh gSA^ewduk;d* dh vkjafHkd ntZu Hkj
laikndh; fVIif.k;ka vE‍csMdj us Lo;a fy[khFkhA laikndh; fVIif.k;ksa dks feykdj MkDVj
vE‍csMdj ds dqy 40 ys[k ^ewduk;d* esa
Nis ftuesa eq[;r% tkfrxr xSj cjkcjh ds f[kykQ vkokt
cqyan dh xbZ gSA ^ewduk;d* ds nwljs laikndèkzqoukFk?kksyi vkSj MkDVj vE‍csMdj ds chp fookn gksus
ds dkj.k mldk çdk'ku vçSy 1923 esa can gks x;kA
mlds pkj lky ckn 3 vçSy 1927 dks mUgksaus nwljk
ejkBh ikf{kd ^cfg”—r Hkkjr* fudkykA og 1929
rd fudyrk jgkA ckck lkgc vNwrksa dh detksfj;ksa
dks Hkh Bhd&Bhd igpkurs Fks vkSj mldh [kqydj
vkykspuk djrs FksA muds bl vkykspukRed foosd dh>yd ge ^cfg”—r Hkkjr* ds nwljs vad ;kuh 22 vçSy
1927 ds vad esa çdkf'kr mudh laikndh; fVIi.kh
esa ik ldrs gSa] ^vkpkj&fopkj vkSj vkpj.k esa ‘kqf)
ugha vk,xh] vNwr lekt esa tkx`fr vkSj çxfr ds
cht dHkh ugha mxsaxsA vkt dh fLFkfr iFkjhyh catj
eu%fLFkfr gSA blesa dksbZ Hkh vadqj ugha QwVsxk blfy,
eu dks lqlaL—r djus ds fy, iBu&ikBu O;olk;
dk voyacu djuk pkfg,A** vkykspukRed foosd ds
lekarj MkDVj vE‍csMdj us nfyrksa ds vkj{k.k dk
loky tksj&'kksj ls mBk;k Fkk rkfd nfyrksa dks Åij
mBk;k tk ldsA 20 ebZ 1927 dks çdkf'kr ^cfg”—r
Hkkjr* ds pkSFks vad dh laikndh; esa ckck lkgc us tks
fy[kk mlds eqrkfcd fiNM+s oxZ dks vkxs ykus ds fy,
ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa mls çFke LFkku feyuk pkfg,A

blh mís'; dh çkfIr ds fy, mUgksaus 31 tuojh
1920 dks ejkBh ikf{kd ^ewduk;d* dk çdk'ku çkjaHk
fd;k FkkA ^ewduk;d* ;kuh ewd yksxksa dk uk;dA^ewduk;d* ds ços'kkad ds laikndh; esa vE‍csMdj
us blds çdk'ku ds vkSfpR; ds ckjs esa fy[kk Fkk]^cfg”—r yksxksa ij gks jgs vkSj Hkfo”; esa gksusokys
vU;k; ds mik; lkspdj mudh Hkkoh mUufr ,oamuds ekxZ ds lPps Lo:i dh ppkZ djus ds fy,
orZeku i=ksa esa txg ughaA vfèkla[; lekpkj i=
fof'k”V tkfr;ksa ds fgr lkèku djusokys gSaA dHkh&dHkh
mudk vkyki brj tkfr;ksa dks vfgrdkjd gksrk
gSA* blh laikndh; fVIi.kh esa mUgksaus fy[kk] ^^fganw
lekt ,d ehukj gSA ,d&,d tkfr bl ehukj dk,d&,d ry gS vkSj ,d ls nwljs ry esa tkus dk
dksbZ ekxZ ughaA tks ftl ry esa tUe ysrk gS] mlhry esa ejrk gSA** os dgrs gSa] ^ijLij jksVh&csVh dk
O;ogkj u gksus ds dkj.k çR;sd tkfr bu ?kfu”Blacaèkksa esa Lo;aHkw tkfr gSA jksVh&csVh O;ogkj ds vHkko
dk;e jgus ls ijk;kiu Li`';ki`'; Hkkouk ls brukvksr&çksr gS fd ;g tkfr fganw lekt ls ckgj gS] ,slk
dguk pkfg,A* MkDVj vE‍csMdj us bl laikndh;
fVIi.kh esa 97 o”kZ igys tks dgk Fkk] ogh vkt dk Hkh
dVq ;FkkFkZ gSA

3 twu 1927 dks fudys ^cfg”—r Hkkjr* ds ikaposa
vad esa vE‍csMdj us vktdy ds ç'u LraHk esa ,fMuojks
esa Hkkjrh; fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk HksnHkko ij dM+h çfrfØ;kO;ä dhA ^cfg”—r Hkkjr* esa mUgksaus ^egkj vkSj mudk
oru* ‘kh”kZd ls pkj fd'rksa esa laikndh; fVIif.k;kalHkh {ks=ksa esa nfyrksa dh fgLlsnkjh lqfuf'pr
fd, tkus ds çcy i{kèkj Fks MkDVj vE‍csMdjA 28
Qjojh 1920 dks çdkf'kr ^ewduk;d* ds rhljs vad
32

;kiu djus okys ,d iapeka'k Hkkjrh; tula[;k dkçfrfufèkRo djrs gSaA
blds i'pkr ckck lkgc ds lg;ksfx;ksa us^turk* ikf{kd dk çkjaHk fd;kA ns'k dh lkekftd]
jktuhfrd vkSj i=dkfjrk ds {ks= esa MkDVj vE‍csMdj
dh Hkwfedk esa y{k.kh; Økafrdkjh ifjorZu ns[kus dks
feykA çFke pj.k esa ^ewduk;d* ds ekè;e ls vNwrksa
dh osnukvksa dks gqadkj feykA nwljs pj.k esa ^cfg”—r
Hkkjr* ds ekè;e ls nfyrksa dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa ijÅgkiksg fd;k x;kA rhljs pj.k esa ^lerk* ds ekè;els mudh lekurk dh vkdka{kkvksa dks Loj feyk] ogha
pkSFks pj.k esa ^turk* }kjk Lora=rk] lekurk rFkk
caèkqrk dh f=lw=h ds vkèkkj ij fganw lekt esa lEeku
ds lkFk lfEefyr gksus dh ea'kk tkfgj dh x;hA
1935 esa igyh ckj MkDVj vE‍csMdj us èkekaZrj.k
ds i;kZ; dk xaHkhjrk ls fopkj fd;k vkSj bl lanHkZ esa
viuh Hkwfedk dks ,d iqfLrdk ds :i esa çLrqr fd;kA
nfyrksa ds m)kj ds fy, ekuo lalkèku] iSlk rFkk
ckSf)d {kerk dh furkar vko';drk gS vkSj tc rd
os fganw èkeZ esa gS] rc rd mUgsa budk ykHk ugha gksxk],slh mudh èkkj.kk FkhA nfyrksa dks caèku eqä djokdj
mUgsa laxfBr rFkk l{ke cuokus ds fy, èkekaZrj.k dh
vifjgk;Zrk dk çfriknu Hkh ckck lkgc us fd;kA
Lora=rk ds i'pkr iafMr tokgjyky usg: ds
usr`Ro esa cus igys dsaæh; eaf=eaMy esa fofèkea=h ds:i esa MkDVj vE‍csMdj dk lekos'k fd;k x;kA lkFk
gh mudh vè;{krk esa lafoèkku dk elkSnk cukus okyh
lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kA vius vFkd ifjJe ds
ckn lfefr us Kku] mR—”Vrk] ekuorkokn] lektokn]èkeZfujis{krk vkSj yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr
fof'k”V elkSnk lafoèkkulHkk esa çLrqr fd;kA
bl le; MkDVj vE‍csMdj us ns'kokfl;ksa dks
psrk;k fd u;k lafoèkku ykxw gksus ij jktuhfrd {ks=esa gjsd O;fä dks ,d er dk vfèkdkj çkIr gksxk vkSj
mldk ewY; leku gksxkA fdarq lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd{ks= esa fo|eku jpuk ds vuqlkj fo”kerk dk;e jgsxhA
bl folaxfr ds pyrs gekjh yksdrkaf=d lajpuk ds
pjejkus dh laHkkouk mUgksaus trkbZA

fy[khA 23 fnlacj 1927 ds vad esa ^cfg”—r Hkkjr*
dh laikndh; dk ‘kh”kZd gS% ^vLi`';ksa dh mUufr dk
vkèkkjA* ;kuh eq[;r;k vLi`';ksa dh mUufr ds fy, gh
ckck lkgc dh i=dkfjrk la?k”kZ'khy jghA^cfg”—r Hkkjr* ds ckn 1928 esa MkDVj vE‍csMdj
us lekt esa lerk ykus ds mís'; ls ^lerk* uked
ikf{kd i= fudkykA ckn esa mldk uke ^turk*
dj fn;k x;k vkSj varr% 1954 esa ikf{kd ^lerk*
dk uke cnydj ^çcq) Hkkjr* dj fn;k x;kA^çcq) Hkkjr* vkjaHk ls vkf[kj rd lkIrkfgd jgkA
^ewduk;d*] ^cfg”—r Hkkjr*] ^lerk* vkSj ^çcq) Hkkjr*
esa çdkf'kr vE‍csMdj dh Li'khZ laikndh; fVIif.k;ka
Hkkjr dh lekt O;oLFkk ls eqBHksM+ ds :i esa ns[khtkuh pkfg,A MkDVj vE‍csMdj fdlh fo”k; ij rVLFki;Zos{kd dh rjg ugha fy[krs Fks] vfirq gj cgl
esa gLr{ksi djrs gq, ;FkkfLFkfr cnyus dk ç;kl
djrs FksA mUgksaus èkeZ] tkfr ,oa o.kZ O;oLFkk dh
folaxfr;ksa dh tgk¡ xgjh Nkuchu dh] ogha mllkekftd <k¡ps dh ij[k Hkh dh] ftlds vUnj ;s o.kZ
O;oLFkk dke djrh gSA bl fygkt ls tkfr&o.kZ
O;oLFkk ij ckck lkgc dk ewY;kadu lVhd gS bl
nLrkost dk ewY; rc vkSj c<+ tkrk gS] tc iwjs ifj–';
dk tk;tk O;kidrk vkSj xgjkbZ ls ysrs gq, lEcfUèkr
lHkh eqíksa dks mHkkjus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gksA blhfy,
vE‍csMdj dk ys[ku vkt Hkh mruk gh çsj.kkLin ,oaçklafxd gS ftruk muds le; esa FkkA ckck lkgc
dh i=dkfjrk gesa ;gh fl[kkrh gS fd tkfr] o.kZ] èkeZ]laçnk;] {ks=] fyax] oxZ vkfn ‘kks”k.kdkjh ço`fÙk;ksa ds
çfr lekt dks vkxkg dj mls bu lkjs iwokZxzgksa vkSj
euksxzafFk;ksa ls eqä djus dh dksf'k'k bZekunkjh ls dh
tkuh pkfg,A blh ds lekarj eq[;èkkjk ds lHkh i{kksadks nfyr eqíksa ds çfr laosnu'khy cukus dk ç;kl Hkh
fd;k tkuk pkfg,Aväwcj 1930 ls uoacj 1932 rd yanu esa
vk;ksftr rhu xksyest ifj”knksa esa MkDVj vE‍csMdj
us Hkkx fy;kA dkaxzsl }kjk çFke ifj”kn dk cfg”dkj
fd;s tkus ds ckn mUgksaus ifj”kn esa ?kksf”kr fd;k fd
os fczfV'k jkt ds vfèkiR; esa xqykeksa lk thou&33

1952 ds pqukoksa esa MkDVj vE‍csMdj vkSj muds
lg;ksxh mEehnokjksa dks ijkt; dk lkeuk djukiM+kA blds i'pkr mUgksaus jktuhfr ls laU;kl ysdj
ckS) èkeZ dk iqu#Tthou rFkk çlkj djus dk fu.kZ;
fd;kA ckS) èkeZ ds lekurk ij vkèkkfjr rRoksa lsçHkkfor ckck lkgc us väwcj 1956 esa ukxiqj esa vius
gtkjksa vuq;kf;;ksa ds lkFk èkEenh{kk xzg.k dhA mudsèkekaZrj.k ds ,sfrgkfld fu.kZ; ls lewps ns'k esa ,dØkafrdkjh vkanksyu dk lw=ikr gqvkA fdarq yksx mudsmís';ksa dks Bhd ls le> ugha ldsA bl dkj.k ls mUgsa
iqu%'p vkykspuk rFkk vkjksiksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA
vius thou ds vafre {k.kksa rd os vU;k; ,oa fo”kerk
ds fojksèk esa tw>rs jgsAvkSj vU;k; ds dkj.k ihfM+r fiNMs+ yksxksa dks mUgksaus viuh
vkstLoh i=dkfjrk rFkk vlkekU; usr`Ro ds ekè;e lsla?k”kZ ds fy, çsfjr fd;kA lkFk gh nfyrksa ds fodkl
ds lanHkZ esa fofHkUu eqíksa ij fopkj- foe'kZ djokus gsrq
MkDVj vE‍csMdj us vius i=ksa dk eap miyCèk djok;kvkSj mUgsa laxfBr dj mudk leqfpr ekxZn'kZu Hkh
fd;kA blds vykok Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh jpuk djrs
le; Hkk”k.k ,oa vfHkO;fä dh Lora=rk ds vfèkdkj
dks mUgksaus lqfuf'pr fd;kA vius nwjn'khZ fopkjksa ds
ekè;e ls Lora=rk] lekurk rFkk caèkqrk dh f=lw=h ds
vkèkkj ij u;s lekt dh jpuk dk leFkZu dj mUgksaus
yksdkfHkeq[k rFkk ewY;kèkkfjr i=dkfjrk dk vkn'kZ
LFkkfir fd;kA bl vrqyuh; ;ksxnku ds cy ij
MkDVj vE‍csMdj dks ns'k ds çeq[k i=dkj] cqf)thoh
rFkk jktusrkvksa esa vxzx.; LFkku çkIr gqvk gS vkSj
Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk ds bfrgkl esa Hkh vfHkuo lkekftd
Økafr ds mn~xkrk ds :i esa mudk uke Lof.kZe v{kjksa
esa fy[kk tk;sxkA

ns'k ds djksM+ksa vlgk;] nfyr rFkk ‘kksf”kr
yksxksa ds eq[; çoäk ds :i esa bl {ks= esa ços'k
djusokys ckck lkgc us Økafrdkjh i=dkfjrk ds u;s ioZ
dk çkjaHk fd;kA vLi`';rk] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd fo”kerk

34

Hkk

jr dks lafoèkku nsus okys egku O‍;fäR‍o ^^Hkkjr
jR‍u** ckck lkgc Hkhejko vE‍csMdj dk tU‍e
14 vçSy] 1891 dks eè‍; çns'k ds ,d NksVs ls xkao
esa gqvk FkkA M‚0 Hkhejko vE‍csMdj ds firk dk uke
Jh jketh ekyksth ldiky vkSj ekrk dk uke Jherh
HkhekckbZ FkkA Hkhejko vE‍csMdj ds cpiu dk uke Jhjketh ldiky FkkA ckck lkgc ds iwoZt yE‍cs le;rd fczfV'k bZL‍V bafM;k daiuh dh lsuk esa dk;Z djrs
Fks vkSj muds firk fczfV'k Hkkjrh; lsuk dh em Nkouh
esa lsokjr FksA Hkhejko ds firk f'k{kk ds çfr dkQh
ltx Fks vkSj vius cP‍pksa dh f'k{kk ij tksj nsrs FksA

}kjk viuh f'k{kk dks u, vk;keksa rd ys x, vkSj blh
dkj.k os ,d fopkjd ds :i esa lfn;ksa rd ge lc
ds le{k thoar :i esa lnSo mifLFkr jgsaxsA*
ckck lkgc dk ekuuk Fkk fd ^^thou yE‍ck gksus
dh ctk; egku gksuk pkfg,** vkSj mudk ;g Hkhekuuk Fkk fd- ^fdlh Hkh lekt dh çxfr ml lektdh efgykvksa dh çxfr ls vkadh tkuh pkfg,* ckck
lkgc dk ;g Hkh ekuuk Fkk fd- ^çR‍;sd ukxfjd vius
vki dks lcls igys vkSj lcls var esa Hkkjrh; le>srkfd jk”‍Vªh; ,drk dk;e jgsA* ftl le; Hkkjrh;
lekt NwvkNwr ds nkSj esa Fkk vkSj lekt dk ,d oxZ
bl vfHk'kki ls tw> jgk Fkk rks ml nkSjku ckck lkgc
us ;g mn~?kks”k fd;k Fkk fd ^viuh nklrk L‍o;a feVkuh
gSA f'k{kk] laxBu ,oa la?k”kZ blds fy, ewyea= gSa*A

1894 esa Hkhejko vE‍csMdj ds firk lsokfuo`Ùk gks
x, vkSj mlds nks lky ckn budh ekrk dk Hkh nsgkar
gks x;kA vius 14 HkkbZ&cguksa esa ls flQZ vE‍csMdj ghL‍dwy dh ijh{kk esa lQy gq, vkSj rR‍i'‍pkr cM+s L‍dwyksa
ls Hkh f'k{kk ikus esa lQy jgsA Hkhejko vE‍csMj us vius
uke jketh ldiky ls ldiky gVkdj vius xkaovE‍ckokM+s ds uke ij gh viuk uke jketh vE‍csMdj
j[k fy;kA

ckck lkgc ds bu oD‍rO‍;ksa dks ;gka çL‍rqr djus
dk mís'‍; ;g gS fd ckck lkgc us vius gj dFku
dks ewrZ :i fn;k rFkk lafoèkku }kjk ,d u;s Hkkjr
ds fuekZ.k dk egku dk;Z vkjaHk fd;kA ckck lkgc ds
bu mn~xkjksa ls muds jk”‍Vª] lekt] efgykvksa] f'k{kk ovL‍i`'‍;rk ds çfr –f”Vdks.k L‍or gh L‍i”‍V gks tkrk
gSA ckck lkgc us lafoèkku ds fuekZ.k esa viuh cgqeq[khçfrHkk ,oa f'k{kk dk ifjp; lE‍iw.kZ fo'‍o ds le{kçL‍rqr fd;kA ckck lkgc ds thou dk eq[‍; mís'‍;vL‍i`'‍;rk fuokj.k Fkk vkSj mU‍gksaus bl vkanksyu dk‘kqHkkjaHk 20 tqykbZ] 1924 dks ^cfg”‍—r fgrdkfj.kh
lHkk* dh L‍Fkkiuk ls vkjaHk fd;k Fkk vkSj ekuokfèkdkjksa
dh ekax Hkh dh FkhA ckck lkgc ds dk;Z brus fo'kky,oa O‍;kid :i fy, gq, gSa fd mls bl NksVs ls mn~xkj
esa crk ikuk vlaHko&lk çrhr gks jgk gS fQj Hkh gekjk

ckck lkgc dk tU‍e egkj tkfr esa gqvk Fkk ftls
yksx vNwr vkSj csgn fupyk oxZ ekurs FksA cpiu
ls gh ckck lkgc us lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls
xgjk Hksn&Hkko lgu fd;kA bu fo”ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa
vkSj muds firk dh f'k{kk ds çfr xgu :fp ds dkj.kckck lkgc esa f'k{kk ds çfr –<+ ladY‍i dk chtkjksi.k
dj fn;k Fkk vkSj blh chtkjksi.k ls mU‍gksaus jk”‍Vªh;o varjjk”‍Vªh; L‍rj ds lqçfl) ‘kS{kf.kd laL‍Fkkuksa
tSls ^dksyafc;k fo'‍ofo|ky;* vkSj ^yanu L‍dwy v‚QbD‍u‚feD‍l* ls f'k{kk çkI‍r dhA os L‍o;a vius dk;ksaZ35

ç;kl gS fd ckck lkgc ds egR‍oiw.kZ dk;ksaZ dh lwpuk
ikBdksa rd igqaps] tksfd bl çdkj gS%

lekt ;k leqnk; dh çxfr ml leqnk; dh efgykvksa
dh çxfr ls vkadh tkuh pkfg,A* ckck lkgc dh ;glksp mudh çxfr'khyrk ,oa nwjnf'kZrk dh ifjpk;dgSA tc vfèkdka'k ns'kksa vkSj Hkkjr esa Hkh efgykvksa dh
f'k{kk ,oa vfèkdkjksa dks ysdj yksx mnklhu Fks rc
ckck lkgc dh lksp esa efgykvksa dk f'kf{kr gksuk
fdruk egR‍oiw.kZ Fkk ;g muds bl oD‍rO‍; ls gh
le>k tk ldrk gSA ckck lkgc dk O‍;fäR‍o dSlk Fkk;g ge lcdks ekywe gh gS fd mU‍gksaus vkthou f'k{kk]nfyrksa] efgykvksa ,oa etnwjksa ds leku vfèkdkjksa ds
fy, la?k”kZ fd;k vkSj os vius bl la?k”kZ esa lQy HkhjgsA Hkkjr ds lafoèkku elkSnk lfefr ds vè‍;{k dkdrZO‍; lQyrkiwoZd ogu djrs gq, mU‍gksaus vius bln'kZu dks lafoèkku }kjk çnR‍r ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa esa ewrZ:i fn;kA gekjs lafoèkku esa ;g fy[kk x;k gS fd
Hkkjr ds lHkh ukxfjdksa dks fyax] tkfr vkSj jaxHksn ls
ijs leku vfèkdkj ,oa leku volj çnku fd, tkrs
gSaA bldk Js; ckck lkgc dks gh gSA

1920 esa ^ewd uk;d* v[kckj dh ‘kq#vkr dh ftlesavL‍i`'‍;ksa ds lkekftd vkSj jktdh; la?k”kZ dh ‘kq#vkr dhA
1924 esa ^cfg”‍—r fgrdkfj.kh lHkk* dh L‍Fkkiuk dhA
bldk mís'‍; nfyr lekt esa tkx:drk mR‍iU‍u
djuk FkkA
1927 esa egkM+ esa ikuh ds fy, lR‍;kxzg fd;k vkSj
;gka vL‍i`'‍;ksa ds fy, ;gka dh >hy ls ihus ds ikuh
ij yxh ikcanh lekI‍r gqbZA
1930 esa ukfld ds dkykjke eafnj esa vL‍i`'‍;ksa dks
ços'k nsus ds fy, lR‍;kxzg fd;kA
1930 esa yanu esa gq, xksyest lE‍esyu esa vL‍i`'‍;ksa ds
çfr‍fufèk cu dj mifLFkr jgsA
flrE‍cj] 1932 dks egkR‍ek xkaèkhM‚- vE‍csMdj ds chp ^iwuk iSD‍V* gqvkA

vkSj

29 vxL‍r 1947 dks L‍ora= Hkkjr ds lafoèkku elkSnk
lfefr dk vè‍;{k fu;qD‍r fd;k x;kA

ckck lkgc ds thou dh ,d egR‍oiw.kZ ?kVuk 14
vD‍rwcj] 1956 dks ukxiqj esa ?kfVr gqbZ tgka mU‍gksaus
vius leFkZdksa ds lkFk ,d vkSipkfjd lkoZtfud
lekjksg esa ckS) èkeZ xzg.k fd;kA vL‍oL‍Fkrk vkSj yachchekjh ds dkj.k bl egku O‍;fäR‍o us 6 fnlE‍cj
1956 dks fnY‍yh fLFkr vyhiqj ds vius fuokl L‍Fkku
esa vafre lkal yhA ckck lkgc dks 1990 esa ns'k ds
loksZP‍p lE‍eku Hkkjr jR‍u ls lE‍ekfur fd;k x;kA

14 vD‍rwcj] 1956 dks ukxiqj esa ckck lkgc us vius
leFkZdksa ds lkFk ,d vkSipkfjd lkoZtfud lekjksg
esa ckS) èkeZ xzg.k fd;kA*;s rks ckck lkgc ds dqN egR‍oiw.kZ dk;ksaZ dh ,dNksVh&lh ckuxh Hkj gSA ckck lkgc efgyk f'k{kk vkSj
vfèkdkjksa ds çfr çfrc) Fks mudk fopkj Fkk fd ^fdlh

M‚- ch- vkj- vE‍csMdj O‍;fäR‍o ,oa —frR‍oM‚- ch- vkj- tkVo

36

26

uoE‍cj] 1949 dks ^Hkkjrh; lafoèkku* cudj
rS;kj gqvk FkkA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds fuekZ.k
esa M‚- vE‍csMdj us egR‍oiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA
lu~ 1945 esa tc f}rh; fo'‍o‍;q) lekI‍r gqvk Fkk
mlds ckn Hkkjr dks lR‍rk lkSaius dk elyk [kM+kgks x;kA 24 ekpZ] 1946 dks fczfV'k çèkkuea=hy‚MZ ,Vyh us fczfV'k eaf=eaMy ds rhu lnL‍;ksa
dks Hkkjr esa jktuSfrd xfrjksèk dks jksdus rFkk
Hkkjr dks lR‍rk lkSaius ds mís'‍; ls Hkkjr HkstkA bls^dsfcusV fe'ku* dgk x;kA tc dsfcusV fe'ku us
lafoèkku lHkk rFkk varfje ljdkj dh :ijs[kk lacaèkh;kstuk dh ?kks”k.kk dj nh FkhA ftlesa vE‍csMdj ds}kjk j[kh xbZ dfFkr nfyrksa ds fy, ekaxksa dh mis{kkdh xbZA ftlds QyL‍o:i mU‍gksaus laxfBr gksdj
vkanksyu dj fn;kA mlds ckn dsfcusV fe'ku us
fgU‍nw&eqfLye leku çfrfuèkR‍o ds vkèkkj ij varfje
ljdkj dh :ijs[kk lacaèkh ;kstuk dh ?kks”k.kk dh
Fkh&ftlesa 14 lnL‍; FksA 5 dkaxzslh lo.kZ fgU‍nw] 1
dkaxzslh nfyr] 5 eqfLye vkSj ,d&,d ikjlh] fl[ko blkbZA fgU‍nw-eqfLye erHksnksa ds pyrs bl ;kstuk
dks L‍ohdkj ugha fd;k x;kA
M‚- vE‍csMdj us iwuk ls viuk vkanksyu ‘kq: dj
fn;k vkSj crk;k fd nfyrksa ds fgrksa dh dsfcusV fe'ku}kjk iw.kZr% mis{kk dh xbZA ckn esa fczfV'k Hkkjr ds
vèkhu çkarh; foèkku lHkkvksa dk pquko fd;k x;k]ftlesa 296 lnL‍;ksa dks pquk x;kA blds ckn lcls
cM+k eksM+ rc vk;k tc caxky ls ^tksxsU‍æ ukFk eaMy*
us M‚- vE‍csMdj dks caxky ls pquko yM+us ds fy,
vkeaf=r fd;kA M‚ vE‍csMdj ds fy, ;g pquko
thou&ej.k dk loky cu pqdk FkkA 20 tqykbZ]
1946 dks tc ifj.kke ?kksf”kr gqvk rks lkjk ‘kgj ukp

mBk rFkk t; t;dkj ds ukjs xwat jgs Fks D‍;ksafd
vE‍csMdj ,aX‍yks bafM;u lnL‍;] funZyh; nfyr lnL‍;
vkSj eqfLye yhx ds lnL‍;ksa dh enn ls pquko thr
x, FksA M‚- vE‍csMdj us ;g fot; nfyr oxZ dh
crkbZ rFkk blds fy, lcdks èkU‍;okn Hkh fd;k vkSj
dgk fd ^eSa jD‍r dh vafre cwan rd vius yksxksa dsfy,] muds fgrksa ds fy, muds vfLrR‍o ds fy, dke
djrk jgwaxkA lafoèkku lHkk esa igqap tkus ds ckn
vE‍csMdj us jk”‍Vªh; ?kks”k.kk i= vkfn rS;kj djus
esa dkaxzsfl;ksa ds lkFk feydj dke fd;k vkSj lkFk
gh mU‍gksaus vius dke ls dbZ lnL‍;ksa dks çHkkfor Hkh
fd;kA ysfdu dkaxzsl us ,d dqfVy pky py nh
ftlds dkj.k vE‍csMdj dks ogka ls bL‍rhQk nsuk
iM+kA M‚- vE‍csMdj us bl fo”k; ls lacafèkr fczfV'kçèkkuea=h ls eqykdkr dh vkSj mU‍gksaus dkaxzsl ds}kjk pyh xbZ dqfVy pky ls voxr djk;kA‍ fczfV'k
ljdkj us bls xaHkhjrk ls fy;kA reke nckoksa ds
pyrs dkaxzsl dks M‚- vE‍csMdj dks lafoèkku lHkk esa
cE‍cbZ ls pqudj Hkstuk iM+kA blds vykok 1946 ds
dk;Zdky esa lafoèkku lHkk ds dqN lnL‍; tks muds
Kku ls ifjfpr gks x, Fks oks muds lkFk dke djus
ds bP‍Nqd FksA M‚- vE‍csMdj dh iqL‍rd ^^L‍VsV~l ,aM
ek;ukfjVht** ftldh jpuk mU‍gksaus la;qD‍r x.kjkT‍;ds lafoèkku ds :i esa dh Fkh] bldh çfr;ka Hkh lafoèkku
lHkk esa lHkh ds ikl igqap pqdh Fkh ftls i<+dj lHkh
muds Kku ds dk;y gks x, FksA nwljh rjQ usg:
fdlh lafoèkku fo'ks”kK dh ryk'k esa FksA ,slh fLFkfr
esa M‚- jktsU‍æ çlkn us 30 twu] 1947 dks cE‍cbZ ds
eq[‍;ea=h ch-th-[ksj dks i= fy[kdj lafoèkku lHkk esa
M‚- vE‍csMdj dk pquko lqfuf'pr djus dk funsZ'k
fn;kA
37

bl i= esa mU‍gksaus fy[kk- ^^vU‍; ckrksa ds vykok
geus ;g Hkh vuqHko fd;k fd lafoèkku lHkk vkSj
fofHkU‍u lfefr;ksa] ftlesa M‚- vE‍csMdj dks fu;qD‍rfd;k x;k FkkA og dk;Z cgqr gh vP‍Nk jgk rFkk
mudh lsokvksa ls L‍o;a dks oafpr ugha dj ldrsA
esjh çcy bP‍Nk gS fd mU‍gsa lafoèkku lHkk ds fy,
fuokZfpr djk,a] rkfd 14 tqykbZ] 1947 ls ‘kq: gksus
okys vfèkos'ku esa fuokZfpr gksdj lafoèkku lajpuk esa;ksxnku ns ldasA 29 vxL‍r] 1947 dks tc lafoèkku
lHkk us lafoèkku&çk:i lfefr dk xBu fd;k Fkk
ftlesa M‚- vE‍csMdj dks çk:i lfefr dk vè‍;{kcuk;k x;kA M‚- vE‍csMdj us lafoèkku lHkk esa çk:ilfefr ds vè‍;{k gksrs gq, cgqr esgur dh] muds iSjksa
esa Hkh nnZ jgrk Fkk] mudk L‍okL‍F‍; [kjkc gks x;k FkkA
muds bl dk;Z dks ns[krs gq, 4 uoE‍cj] 1948 dks Vh-Vh—”‍.kkekpkjh us dgk fd ^^eSa bl ifjJe vkSj mR‍lkg
dks tkurk gwa] ftlls mU‍gksaus lafoèkku lHkk dk çk:irS;kj fd;kA lafoèkku lHkk esa lkr lnL‍; euksuhr FksA
muesa ls ,d us lafoèkku lHkk ls R‍;kx i= ns fn;k]ftldh iwfrZ dj nh xbZA ,d lnL‍; dk nsgkar gks x;k]mldk L‍Fkku ugha Hkjk x;kA ,d vejhdk pyk x;kvkSj L‍Fkku [kkyh jgkA ,d vU‍; lnL‍; jktdh; dk;ksaZ
esa O‍;L‍r jgk vkSj mudk L‍Fkku Hkh [kkyh jgkA ,d;k nks lnL‍; fnY‍yh ls ckgj jgs vkSj L‍okL‍F‍; Bhd ugksus ds dkj.k mifLFkr ugha gks ldsA bu lc dkj.kksa
ls lafoèkku dks cukus dk lkjk Hkkj M‚- vE‍csMdj ds

daèkksa ij vk iM+kA blesa eq>s lansg ugha fd ftl <ax
ls mU‍gksaus lafoèkku rS;kj fd;k gSA mlds fy, —rK
gSa rFkk ;g ç'kaluh; dk;Z gSA usg: us Hkh mudhlafoèkku lajpuk esa muds ;ksxnku dh ç'kalk djrs gq,
dgk Fkk ^^vD‍lj M‚- vE‍csMdj dks lafoèkku fuekZrk
dgk tkrk gS D‍;ksafd mU‍gksaus cM+h lkoèkkuh vkSj d”‍VmBkdj lafoèkku cuk;kA mudk cgqr egR‍oiw.kZ vkSj
jpukR‍ed ;ksxnku jgk gSA** 26 uoE‍cj] 1949 dks
M‚-vE‍csMdj us Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dks 2 o”kZ] 11 ekg
vkSj 18 fnu esa ns'k dks lefiZr dj fn;kA bl fnu
dks ^^lafoèkku fnol** ds :i esa Hkh euk;k tkrk gSA
x.kra= Hkkjr esa 26 tuojh] 1950 dks lafoèkku vey
esa yk;k x;kA
bl volj ij ^^M‚- jktsU‍æ çlkn** us dgk FkkA^^lHkkifr ds vklu ij cSBdj eSa çfrfnu dh dk;Zokghdks è‍;kuiwoZd ns[krk jgk vkSj blfy, çk:i lfefr
ds lnL‍;ksa fo'ks”kdj M‚- vE‍csMdj us ftl fu”‍Bk vkSjmR‍lkg ls viuk dk;Z iwjk fd;k] bldh dY‍iuk vkSjksa
dh vis{kk eq>s vfèkd gSA M‚- vE‍csMdj dks çk:ilfefr esa ‘kkfey djus vkSj mudk vè‍;{k fu;qD‍rdjus ls c<+dj dksbZ vkSj vP‍Nk ge nwljk dke u
dj ldsA mU‍gksaus vius pquko dks u dsoy U‍;k;ksfpr
Bgjk;k gS] cfYd ml dke esa Økafr dk ;ksxnku fn;kgS ftls mU‍gksaus lE‍iU‍u fd;k gSA ^^fuf'pr rkSj ij
ckck lkgc M‚] vE‍csMdj us lafoèkku cukus esa cgqr
ifjJe fd;k gSA

38

M‚-

ckck lkgc ds cpiu ls gh èkkfeZd laL‍dkj FksAmuds firk dchjiaFkh FksA lkjh ckSf)drk vkSjfo}rk ds ckotwn os èkkfeZd Fks] ijarq mudh èkkfeZdrk
esa deZdk.‍M vkSj :f<+;ksa dks L‍Fkku ugha FkkA 1917 ls
mudk lkoZtfud thou ‘kq: gqvkA rc ls ysdj 1935rd os fgU‍nw èkeZ esa lqèkkj ykus ds fy, ç;R‍u'khy jgsAèkeZ dks ugha djuk pkfg,A vFkok ^nfjærk* dk
mnkR‍rhdj.k Hkh ugha gksuk pkfg,Amuds erkuqlkj bu pkjksa dh iwfrZ ckS) èkeZ djrk
gSA 1935 ls 1956 rd ds dky[k.‍M esa vE‍csMdj thèkeZeaFku esa Mwcs jgsA nqfu;k ds çeq[k èkeksaZ dk os vè‍;;u
dj jgs FksA çR‍;sd èkeZ dh lhekvksa ls os ifjfpr gks
jgs FksA mudh esèkkoh çfrHkk vkSj rstL‍oh cqf)eR‍rk
dks ckS) èkeZ vk—”‍V dj jgk FkkA bl èkeZ dk vR‍;arckjhdh ls vè‍;;u dj mU‍gksaus varr% blh èkeZ esa nh{kkysus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA mudk ;g fu.kZ; Hkkoqdrk ls
Hkjk gqvk ugha FkkA ckS) èkeZ dk u;k Hkk”‍; mU‍gksaus
çL‍rqr fd;kA ijE‍ijkxzL‍r] :f<+xzLr] tM+ vkSj Hkz”‍VckS) èkeZ dks ‘kq) djus dk mudk ç;R‍u Fkk vkSj ;gdke mU‍gksaus iwjh fu”‍Bk ds lkFk fd;kA vU‍; èkeksaZ ds
çfr mudh ;g f'kdk;r Fkh fd ;s èkeZ vifjorZu'khy
gksus dk nkok djrs gSaA çpfyr lHkh èkeksaZ dh uhao^J)k* gSA bZ'‍ojh —ik çkI‍r djuk vkSj mldh vo—ik
ls cpuk ;g ^èkeZekxZ* gSA blds flok ckdh lHkh
vèkeZ vkSj fuf”k) ekuk x;k gSA ^ijes'‍oj*~ vkSj ^J)k*ds flok ^èkeZ* esa fdlh vkSj ckr dks L‍Fkku gh ugha gSAeuq”‍; dh cqf)] mlds fopkj] ppkZ vkfn dks fdlh HkhèkeZ us ekU‍;rk ugha nh gSA bl dkj.k bZ'‍oj ds vfLrR‍ods lacaèk esa ppkZ gh ugha dh tk ldrhA ftU‍gsa bZ'‍oj
dh —ik çkI‍r gS] mU‍gsa gh èkeZ&ppkZ dk vfèkdkj ;gkaçkI‍r gSA blh o`fÙk ds dkj.k ^èkeZihB* rS;kj gksrs gSa
vkSj bu èkeZihBksa esa fLFkr vkpk;Z egar vkSj czkã.kksa dk
jkT‍; ‘kq: gks tkrk gSAèkeZ ds mís'‍; dks le>krs gq, os dgrs gSa fd O‍;fäds ln~xq.kksa dk fodkl ;gh lP‍ps èkeZ dk vfUre mís'‍;gSA ftl dkj.k çtk dk èkkj.k gksrk gS ogh èkeZ gSA èkeZdh bl O‍;k[‍;k ls os viuh lgefr çdV djrs gSaA çtkds dkj.k ds fy, èkeZ caèkqHkko] lerk vkSj L‍ora=rk ds
ln~xq.kksa ds laL‍dkj Mkys] ,slh vis{kk gksrh gSA vis{kkgh ugha] fdlh Hkh èkeZ dh ;gh vge ftE‍esnkjh gksrh gSAèkeZ dh vko'‍;drk dks L‍i”‍V djrs gq, mU‍gksausdgk] ^eSa vkidks fQj ls ;g L‍i”‍V dj nsuk pkgrk gwa
fd èkeZ euq”‍; ds fy, gS] euq”‍; èkeZ ds fy, ugha gSA**^cq) vkSj mlds èkeZ dk O‍;fäR‍o* uked ,dys[k M‚- ckck lkgc us 1950 esa fy[kk FkkA ys[k dsvkjE‍Hk esa os O‍;fä ds thou esa èkeZ dh vko'‍;drk ds
pkj çeq[k dkj.k L‍i”‍V djrs gSa- lekt dh ^fLFkjrk* vkSj ^fu;a=.k* ds fy, uhfr
dh vko'‍;drk gksrh gSA buesa ls fdlh ,dds çHkko esa lekt jlkry dks tk ldrk gSA
blfy, fdlh Hkh lekt dks èkeZ dh vko'‍;drk
gksrh gSA èkeZ vxj cuk;s j[kuk gks rks mls cqf)çkek.‍;oknh
gksuk pkfg;sA foKku cqf)çkek.‍;oknh gSAckS) èkeZ ds lacaèk esa muds fu”‍d”kZ bl çdkj ds gSa%^^cq) dk èkE‍e ijyksd ds lacaèk esa ugha gSA bgyksd esa gh
mldk lacaèk gSA og u L‍oxZoknh gS] u ujdoknh gS] ogi`F‍ohoknh gSA og èkE‍e O‍;fDxr eks{k dh ckr ugha djrk]
lkekftd eqfä dk lans'k nsrk gSA ;g èkE‍e fujh'‍ojoknh] dsoy ^uh‍fr dh lafgrk* dk vFkZ èkeZ ugha gSA èkeZdh uhfr&lafgrk esa L‍ora=rk] lerk vkSj cU‍èkqrk
bu ewyHkwr rR‍oksa dks ekU‍;rk çkI‍r gksuh pkfg,A nfjærk dks ifo= ekuus dk vkxzg fdlh Hkh39

vukR‍eoknh] HkkSfrdoknh vkSj cqf)oknh gSA ;g èkE‍evifjorZuh; ugha gS ifjorZuokn dk [kqyk leFkZd
gSA vius 45 o”kZ ds èkeZ çlkj dk;Z esa [kqn cq) us
vius èkE‍e esa mldh f'k{kk esa mlds vkpkj&fopkjksaesa] fu;e&mifu;eksa esa lrr ifjorZu fd, gSaA vFkkZr~ckS) èkeZ fodkl'khy gSA ;g èkE‍e fopkj'khy gSA**

dqN Hkh ugha gSA ifjorZu vkSj lrr ifjorZu ;ghlR‍; gSA M‚- ckck lkgc cq) ds bu okD‍;ksa lsvR‍;fèkd çHkkfor FksA nqfu;k ds vkSj èkeZ vkSj èkeZxzU‍Fk‘kC‍nçkek.‍; dks egR‍o nsrs gSa] ijarq cq) ,slk dksbZ nkok
ugha djrsA vius mR‍rjkfèkdkjh ds :i esa os viusèkE‍e dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gSaA fdlh Hkh ç'‍u ij vxj
fu.kZ; ysuk gks rks fHkD‍[kq la?k esa mldh [kqyh ppkZgks] ,slk mudk vkxzg FkkA bl ppkZ esa vxj lgefr
u gks jgh gks rks ernku ls fu.kZ; fy;k tk;s ,slk
mudk vkxzg FkkA tura= ij fu”‍Bk j[kus okys ckck
lkgc dks blh dkj.k ckS) èkeZ Js”‍B yxkA ftu ç'‍uksa
ds dkj.k O‍;fä dk foosd dqafBr gks tkrk] vaèkJ)kdk vkjE‍Hk gksrk gS] ,slksa dh ppkZ dks gh cq) us oftZr
fd;kA ;s ç'‍u gSa --bu vusd fo'ks”krkvksa ds dkj.k fo'‍o ds vU‍;
èkeksaZ dh rqyuk esa ckS) èkeZ dh ekSfydrk dks os L‍i”‍Vdjrs tkrs gSaA vU‍; èkeksaZ dh rqyuk esa cq) èkE‍evkèkqfud] oSKkfud fu”‍d”kksaZ ij] dlkSfV;ksa ij Js”‍Bfl) gksrk gSA vkèkqfud ;qx dh pqukSfr;ksa dks og
L‍ohdkj dj ldrk gSA cqf)okn]lkekftd lR‍rk] caèkqrk]
L‍ora=rk] lektokn] tura= vkfn vkèkqfud ewY‍;ksa ds
vkyksd esa bl èkE‍e dks fl) fd;k tk ldrk gSA,slk vE‍csMdjth dk nkok FkkA bl èkE‍e dh mi;qZD‍R‍k‘kfä;ksa ls vius vuq;k;h ifjfpr gks tk,a bl mís'‍;ls mU‍gksaus bl xzUFk dh jpuk dhA ;g xzU‍Fk mU‍gksaus
vaxzsth Hkk”kk esa fy[kk gSA blds ewy esa bruh gh –f”V
Fkh fd bl èkE‍e dh thoarrk vkSj vkèkqfudrk dks fo'‍ods lHkh yksx tku ysaA ckS) èkE‍e oSf'od èkeZ cusA

 eSa dkSu gwa\ dgka ls vk;k gwa\ dgka tkÅaxk\ bu
rhuksa ç'‍uksa dh ppkZ mU‍gksaus cU‍n dj nhA
 vkR‍ek&lacèa kh lHkh dY‍iukvksa dks mU‍gksua s ^cdokl*
dgkA ‘kjhj laons uk] psruk vkSj vuqHko buesa
fdlh dks Hkh ^vkR‍ek* ekuus ls mU‍gksua s bU‍dkj
fd;kAckS) èkeZ ds laL‍Fkkid fl)kFkZ dks os ,d euq”‍;
ds :i esa gh ns[krs gSaA mldk pfj= egkekuo dk
pfj= ugha ,d euq”‍; dk pfj= gSA ,d ,sls euq”‍;
dk tks euq”‍;ek= dks nq[kksa ls eqD‍r djuk pkg jgk
FkkA ckS) èkeZ dh fo'ks”krk mlds ^la?k* esa gSA bl
la?k esa lHkh dks [kqyk ços'k FkkA blh la?k dks cq)
us ^f='kj.k* vkSj ^iap'khy* fn;kA lekt ifjorZu ds
fy, fHkD‍[kq cq) us la?k dh vko'‍;drk ij cy fn;kAla?k L‍o;aHkw ‘kkflr FksA laiw.kZ lekt gh L‍o;aHkw ‘kkflr
gks ,slh cq) dh vis{kk FkhA cq) dh fopkj i)fr
vkSj rdZehekalk esa ‘kC‍n çkek.‍;] xzU‍Fk çkek.‍; dks
dgha ij Hkh L‍Fkku ugha gSA çR‍;{k çek.k vkSj vuqeku
bl ij gh cq) dk rdZ'kkL‍= [kM+k gSA cq) us ,dL‍Fkku ij dgk gS] ^esjs ‘kC‍nksa dks çek.k u ekuksA
rqE‍gkjh cqf) vFkok vuqHko ls tks ckr tprh gks mls
gh lR‍; ekuksA bl fo'‍o esa vafre vkSj vifjorZuh; fo'‍o&fodkl dk vkjE‍Hk fdlh fof'k”‍V {k.k esa
gqvk gS ;g dY‍iuk Hkh mU‍gksaus vL‍oh—r dj nhA
 bZ'‍oj us euq”‍; dh fufeZfr dh vFkok czãk ds ‘kjhj
ls euq”‍; dh mR‍ifÙk gqbAZ bl fl)kar dks Hkh mU‍gksua s
udkjkA
 vkR‍ek ds vfLrR‍o dks Hkh mU‍gksaus udkjkA^^cq) dk èkE‍e O‍;fäfu”‍B u gksdj lektfu”‍B
gSA ckS) n'kZu ^èkeZ* vFkok fjyhtu* ‘kC‍n ds varxZrugha vkrk] og ^èkE‍e* vFkok fQy‚lQh v‚Q fjyhtu
gSA ckS) èkE‍e us ^uSfrdrk* dks lokZfèkd egR‍o fn;kA;g ^uSfrdrk] L‍ora=rk] lerk vkSj caèkqrk ds laoèkZu
ds fy, gh gksuh pkfg,A ifjofrZr lekt eu dhfofoèk ço`fÙk;ksa ij lE‍;d fu;a=.k j[kus dk dk;Z bl
uSfrdrk dks djuk gSA M‚- ckck lkgc blh uSfrdrk
dks ^èkE‍e* dgrs gSaA ¼cq) ,aM fgt èk‍E‍ek½ ,d L‍Fkku ij
40blh uSfrdrk dks mU‍gksasus tura= ^MseksØslh* dgk gSA

mudh L‍Fkkiuk FkhA èkeZ ds dkj.k gh O‍;fä fujk'kk ls
ckgj vk ldrk gS] vkR‍egR‍;k ls foeq[k gks ldrk gS]
vfèkd lkgl ls ifjfLFkfr ds lkFk la?k”kZ dj ldrkgS] ,slk mudk fo'‍okl FkkA ,d vksj èkeZ O‍;fä ds
vkpj.k dks fu;af=r djrk gS rks nwljh vksj og mls
Hkfo”‍; ds çfr vkL‍Fkkoku cuk;s j[krk gSA bU‍gha dkj.kksa
ls èkeZ dks udkjuk muds fy, laHko ugha FkkA nfyr
lekt dks ckS) èkeZ esa ços'k djokrs le; mudk ;gvVwV fo'‍okl Fkk fd ckS) èkeZ ds Js”‍B ewY‍;ksa dks nfyrviuk;saxs] ç[kj cqf)oknh] vukR‍eokn vkSj L‍o;aHkw ‘kklu
dh o`fÙk dks L‍ohdkj djrs gq, os laxfBr gksaxs] la?k”kZ
djsaxs vkSj viuh ;krukvksa ls eqD‍r gks tk;saxsA lekttSls&tSls vfèkd cqf)oknh gksrk tk;sxk] oSls&oSls og
ckS) èkeZ dh vksj vk—”‍V gksrk tk;sxkA ,slh mudhekU‍;rk FkhA

vE‍csMdj ds èkeZ&fo”k; fopkjksa ds mi;qZD‍r
fo'‍ys”k.k ls ;g L‍i”‍V gS fd os èkeZ dks euq”‍; dhmU‍ufr dk ,d lkèku ek= ekurs FksA èkeZ euq”‍;
ds fy, gS vFkok euq”‍; èkeZ ds fy, gS] ,slk ç'‍umNkyrs gq, os bldk L‍o;a mR‍rj nsrs gSa] ^^tks èkeZgekjh fpark djrk gks] gesa volj çnku djrk gks]
mlds fy, ge çk.k rd nsus ds fy, rS;kj gSaA tks
èkeZ gekjh ijokg gh ugha djrk] mldh ijokg ge
D‍;ksa djsaA euq”‍; ds fy, èkeZ dks os vfuok;Z ekurs
gSaA èkeZ mudh –f”V esa ^fo'kq) uSfrdrk* dk nwljk
uke gSA ;qodksa dh èkeZ fojksèkh o`fÙk ls mU‍gsa nq[k gksrk
FkkA os bl ckr ij fo'‍okl j[krs Fks fd èkeZ esa O‍;fädh vk'kk dks] mlds ifjJe vkSj mldh ftn dks
cuk;s j[kus dh vn~Hkqr ‘kfä gksrh gSA fo'ks”kr% xjhcksa
ds thou esa èkeZ cgqr vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS] ,slh

41

4

fLFkfr vkus ij jk”‍Vªifr mn~?kks”k.kk }kjk jkT‍;ksa dh
gqdwer vius gkFk esa ys ldrs gSaA fdarq mlh rjg
jkT‍;ksa dks dqN fo'ks”k vfèkdkj feys gSa ftuesa dsU‍æ
gL‍r{ksi ugha dj ldrkA blfy, laoSèkkfud O‍;oL‍Fkk
ds ekeys esa gekjk lafoèkku fo'‍o dk vuks[kk o vf}rh;
foèkku gSA dkuwu cukus dh ‘kfä ds ekeys esa vkL‍Vªsfy;kds foèkku dh rjg laln vkSj jkT‍;ksa ds foèkkueaMyksa
ds dk;ksaZ dk caVokjk Hkh gS vkSj leorhZ lwph ds fo”k;rS;kj dj nksuksa dks dkuwu cukus ds vfèkdkj fn;s x;sgSaA

uoE‍cj] 1948 dks lafoèkku lHkk esa M‚- vE‍csMdj us
lafoèkku dk elfonk is'k djrs gq, dgk] ^^lafoèkku
elfonk l‍fefr lHkk ds 29 vxL‍r] 1947 ds çL‍rko }kjk
xfBr gqbZ FkhA lHkk us fofHkU‍u desfV;ka cukbZ FkhaA
mudh fjiksVZ vkSj lHkk dh cgl dks è‍;ku esa j[kdj,d elfonk rS;kj fd;k x;kA blesa 315 èkkjk,a rFkk
8 vuqlwfp;ka gSaA nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh ns'k dk lafoèkku
vkdkj esa bruk c`gn~ ugha gSA ftUgksaus bldk lkaxksikax
vè‍;;u ugha fd;k gS muds fy, blds fo'ks”k vkSjegR‍oiw.kZ eqíksa dks le> ikuk dfBu gSA bls turk
dh jk; tkuus ds fy, 8 eghus rd ifjpkfyr fd;kx;k vkSj muds le;&le; ij vk;s lq>koksa dk Hkhlekos'k fd;k x;k gSA dqN yksxksa us blds çkoèkkuksa
dh vkykspuk,a dh gSaA blesa ls dqN vkykspuk rks iwjh
xSj tkudkjh ij vkèkkfjr gSA bu elfonksa dks Bhd
ifjçs{‍; esa le>k tk lds blfy, eSa fofHkU‍u desfV;ksa
dh fjiksVZ Hkh lnu ds voyksdukFkZ çL‍rqr djrk gwaA**

gekjh la?kh; O‍;oL‍Fkk nqfu;k esa vuwBh blfy,
Hkh gS fd geus dk;Zikfydk] U‍;k;ikfydk o foèkkf;dk
ds {ks=ksa dk fofèkor caVokjk fd;k gSA jk”‍Vª dh ,drk
ds fy, geus ewyHkwr ekeyksa esa lekurk n'kkZ;h gSA ¼1½
U‍;k;ikfydk] ¼2½ ewyHkwr flfoy QkStnkjh dkuwuksa dh,drk] ¼3½ ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; flfoy lsokA
mU‍gksaus uhfr funsZ'kd rR‍oksa dks lafoèkku esa
lekfo”‍V fd;s tkus dks vn~Hkqr mnkgj.k crkrs gq, dgk
fd dsoy vk;fj'k lafoèkku esa bl rjg dh ckr gSA
mU‍gksaus bl vU‍;k; ds lekos'k dk cpko djrs gq, dgk
fd blesa dkuwuh cafn'ksa Hkys u gksa ysfdu ;g baL‍VªwesaVv‚Q baL‍VªD‍‘ku gS ;g foèkkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk dks
baL‍VªD‍‘ku gSA ftldk L‍okxr gksuk pkfg,A tgka dgha
Hkh lkekU‍;r% vP‍Nh ljdkj] ‘kkafr vkSj O‍;oL‍Fkk èkkjd
ljdkj dh ckr gks ogka t:jh gS fd mlds lqpk::i ls lapkyu ds fy, ,d fn'kk&funsZ'k Hkh gksA blesa
yksdrkaf=d O‍;oL‍Fkk ds vuq:i ,d funsZ'k rS;kj fd;kx;k gSA bu funsZ'kksa dh mis{kk ugha dh tk ldrhA,slk djus ij U‍;k;ikfydk ds le{k tokcnsgh gksxhA
os ‘kfä;ka tks lafoèkku ds vuqlkj lR‍rk esa gksaxh bu
funsZ'kksa dh mis{kk djus ij turk ds çfr tokcnsg
gksxhA blesa dsU‍æh; ljdkj vkSj jkT‍; ljdkjksa ds
vfèkdkjksa ds chp ,d larqyu L‍Fkkfir fd;k x;kgSA bl lafoèkku ds ns'kh fj;klrksa vkSj dsU‍æ ds chp
lacaèkksa dks ysdj gksus okyh vkykspuk dk mR‍rj nsrs gq,

mU‍gksaus laoSèkkfud dkuwu fo'ks”kKksa ds nks ç'‍uksaA
fdl i)fr dh ljdkj vkSj fdl i)fr dk lafoèkkudk mR‍rj nsrs gq, dgk] ^vesfjdh lafoèkku dh rjg
Hkkjr esa Hkh çslhMsaV gh loksZP‍p gksxk ysfdu vesfjdh
vkSj Hkkjrh; i)fr fHkU‍u gksxh] ogka çslhMsaV loksZP‍p
gksrk gSA ge lalnh; loksZP‍prk dh i)fr L‍ohdkj
djrs gSaA*
tgka rd lafoèkku ds L‍o:i ds fl)kar dk
loky gS lafoèkku ,dkR‍ed vkSj la?kkR‍ed gksrs gSaAçFke esa dsU‍æh; lR‍rk dh loksZP‍prk gksrh gS vkSj
vèkhuL‍Fk loksZP‍prk ds lkFk vèkhuL‍Fk bdkb;ka HkhloksZP‍p gksrh gSaA vFkkZr la?kkR‍ed O‍;oL‍Fkk esa nksgjh
iksfLVax gksrh gSA gekjs lafoèkku esa la?kkR‍ed O‍;oL‍Fkk,dkR‍ed :i esa gS---vesfjdk esa nksgjh ukxfjdrk gSA
jkT‍;ksa dks Hkh dqN fo'ks”k vfèkdkj çkI‍r gSaA geus iwjs
ns'k dh ,d gh ukxfjdrk L‍ohdkj dh gSA mU‍gksausdgk] ^gekjk lafoèkku la?kkR‍ed vkSj ,dkR‍ed nksuksa gSA
vkikr fLFkfr ykxw gksus ij vFkok jkT‍;ksa esa fof'k”‍V42

mU‍gksaus dgk] ^geus bU‍gsa viuh lHkk cukus dh NwV nh
gSA os viuk lafoèkku cuk ysa] ;|fi ;g nqHkkZX‍;iw.kZ gSA
blds fy, esjs ikl dksbZ cpko ugha gSA* ;g fLFkfr
Hkkjr ds Hkfo”‍; ds fy, pqukSrh gS vkSj [krjukd gSA
tc rd jkT‍;ksa ds vfèkdkj ds ekeys esa nksgjh O‍;oL‍Fkk
jgsxh ;g jkT‍; ds fy, Bhd ugha gSA dHkh ;q) oxSjg
dh fLFkfr esa jkT‍; dh gkyr [kjkc gks tk;sxhA ekStwnk
lafoèkku esa bu ns'kh fj;klrksa dks viuh lsuk Hkh j[kusds vfèkdkj fn;s x;s gSaA bl çkoèkku ls rks Hkkjrh;
la?k dh ,drk u”‍V gks ldrh gS vkSj dsU‍æh; lR‍rkè‍oL‍r dh tk ldrh gSA Mªkf¶Vax desVh bl fLFkfr ls
çlU‍u ugha FkhA bl lanHkZ esa lafoèkku lHkk gh fu.kZ;
djsxh D‍;ksafd lHkk us Hkh bu fj;klrksa ls ckr djus
ds fy, le>kSrk lfefr cuk j[kh gS vkSj cgqr dqN
muds le>kSrs ij fuHkZj gSA mU‍gksaus teZuh dk mnkgj.knsrs gq, dgk] ^1870 esa foL‍ekdZ us 25 fj;klrksa dks
feyk;k vkSj vc os ,d ns'k] tkfr vkSj ,d lafoèkku
esa cusA mU‍gksaus ns'kh fj;klrksa ls iqjtksj vihy dh fd
os Hkkjrh; la?k esa feydj la?k ds jkT‍; tSls cu tk;savkSj Hkkjrh; la?k dks ‘kfä'kkyh cuk;saA os esjh vihy
ij è‍;ku nsrs gq, viuh lafoèkku lHkk cukus ds >a>Vls eqD‍r gksaA ge fdlh jkT‍; dks la?k ls vyx gksus
dk vfèkdkj ugha nsrs gSaA ;|fi ns'k vkSj yksx fofHkU‍u
jkT‍;ksa vkSj fgL‍lksa esa caVs jgsaxsA ,slk ç'kkldh; lqfoèkk
ds fy, fd;k tk jgk gS fdU‍rq ns'k ,d gh laxfBr
bZdkbZ gSA ns'k ds lHkh yksx ,d gh Nrjh esa jgus okys
,d bZdkbZ gSaA bl dke dks djus ds fy, vejhdk dks
x`g ;q) ds nkSj ls xqtjuk iM+kA ge Mªkf¶Vax desVhdh vksj ls bl ckr dks lnk ds fy, nQu dj jgs gSa
fd bl la?k esa foyhu gksus okyh dksbZ bZdkbZ dHkh Hkhvyx ugha gks ldrhA*

M‚- vE‍csMdj dk mD‍r Hkk”k.k Hkkjr dh ,drk ds
fy, mudh rM+i dks n'kkZus ds fy, dkQh gSA ckn esa
lHkh lnL‍;ksa us M‚- vE‍csMdj }kjk çL‍rqr elfons dh
Hkwfj&Hkwfj ç'kalk dhA var esa yxHkx blh :i ls bl
elfons dks L‍ohdkj fd;k x;k dsoy L‍Fkkuh; fudk;ksa
o xzke iapk;rksa ds ckjs esa tks mudh –f”V Fkh mldh
yksxksa us fuank dh] fdarq muds çcy vkykspdksa dks
Hkh muds laoSèkkfud Kku rFkk elfons dh dkS'kyiwoZçL‍rqfr dks L‍ohdkj djuk iM+kA M‚- lU‍Fkkue us] ,dla'kksèku j[kk] ^jkT‍; xkao iapk;rksa dks laxfBr djus ds
fy, dne mBk;sxk vkSj le;&le; ij L‍o'kklu dh–f”V ls mU‍gsa ‘kfä vkSj vfèkdkj nsxkA *blds i{k esa
vuU‍r ‘k;ue~ v;axkj] lsB xksfoU‍nnkl] Vh çdk'kd]
L‍o;a vè‍;{k M‚- jktsU‍æ çlkn vkSj dk;Zokgh ls ,slk
yxrk gS fd ,u- th- jaxk vkfn lHkh us xkaèkhth dks
m)`r djrs gq, bl la'kksèku dks L‍ohdkj djus ds
fy, dkQh ncko iSnk fd;s rc tkdj M‚- vE‍csMdj
us fcuk fdlh fVI‍i.kh ds bl la'kksèku dks L‍ohdkj dj
fy;kA ;g ?kVuk lafoèkku lHkk ds fy, egR‍oiw.kZ gSA
M‚- vE‍csMdj us cgqer ds vkxs >qddj vius fopkjksa
vkSj O‍;D‍r jk; ds f[kykQ iapk;rh jkt O‍;oL‍Fkk ls
lacafèkr çkoèkku dks L‍ohdkj dj fy;kA
bl rjg lafoèkku ykxw gksus ds rhu o”kZ ds
Hkhrj U‍;k;ikfydk dk cVokjk gks tk;sxkA bl fo”k;dks mU‍gksaus uhfr funsZ'kd rR‍oksa esa j[kk vkSj dgk fd
cgqr le; ls dkaxzsl ikVhZ ,slk ekax dj jgh Fkh
fdU‍rq tku&cw>dj fczfV'k ljdkj dkaxzsl ds çL‍rko
ij vey ugha djrh FkhA ge yksx Hkh bls rqjar ykxw
djus dh gkyr esa ugha gSaA blfy, uhfr funsZ'kdksa esa;g çkoèkku lafoèkku ykxw gksus ds rhu o”kZ ckn djus
dh O‍;oL‍Fkk dh x;hAO‍;fäR‍o ds dqN igyw
ys[kd% eksgu flag

43

M‚

D‍Vj vE‍csMdj dh çfr”‍Bk ,d vf}rh;fo}oku vkSj fofèkosR‍rk dh Fkh ftl dkj.ktc] 15 vxL‍r 1947 esa Hkkjr dh L‍ora=rk ds ckn]
dkaxzsl ds usr`R‍o okyh ubZ ljdkj vfLrR‍o esa vkbZ rks
mlus M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj dks ns'k ds igys dkuwu ,oaU‍;k; ea=h ds :i esa ‘kkfey gksus ds fy, vkeaf=rfd;k] ftls mU‍gksaus L‍ohdkj dj fy;kA 29 vxL‍r1947 dks] M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj dks L‍ora= Hkkjr ds u,
lafoèkku dh jpuk ds fy, cuh lafoèkku dh elkSnk
lfefr ds vè‍;{k in ij fu;qD‍r fd;k x;kA bl dk;Zesa M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj dk ckS) la?k jhfr;ksa vkSj vU‍;
ckS) xzaFkksa dk ‘kq#vkrh vè‍;;u Hkh dke vk;kArd ,d ‘kwU‍; FkkA ,d ;k nks yksx fnY‍yh ls cgqr
nwj Fks vkSj ‘kk;n L‍okL‍F‍; dkj.kksa us mU‍gsa Hkkx ysus
dh vuqefr ugha nhA blfy, varr% ;g gqvk fd bllafoèkku dk elkSnk rS;kj djus dk lkjk Hkkj M‚D‍Vj
vE‍csMdj ij iM+k vkSj blds fy, ge muds vkHkkjh
gSaA bl dk;Z dks çkI‍r djus ds ckn eSa ,slk ekurk gwa
fd ;g fuL‍lansg ljkguh; gSA
xzuS foys v‚fLVu us ^igyk vkSj lcls egR‍oiw.kZ
lkekftd nL‍rkost* ds :i esa M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj }kjk
rS;kj Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk o.kZu fd;kA ^Hkkjr ds
vfèkdka'k laoèS kkfud çkoèkku ;k rks lkekftd Økafr ds
mís'‍; dks vkxs c<+kus ;k bldh miyfCèk ds fy, t:jh
fLFkfr;ksa dh L‍Fkkiuk djds bl Økafr dks c<+kok nsus ds
ç;kl esa lhèks igqp
a s gSAa *M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj }kjk rS;kj fd, x, lafoèkku
ds ikB esa ukxfjdksa ds fy, ukxfjd L‍ora=rk dh ,dfoL‍r`r Ja[kyk ds fy, laoSèkkfud xkjaVh vkSj lqj{kkçnku dh xbZ gS] ftlesa èkeZ dh vktknh] NqvkNwr dks[kR‍e djuk vkSj HksnHkko ds lHkh :iksa dk mY‍ya?ku
djuk ‘kkfey gSA M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj us efgykvksa ds fy,
O‍;kid vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd vfèkdkjksa ds fy, rdZ
fn;k vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa
vkSj vU‍; fiNM+k oxZ ds lnL‍;ksa ds fy, ukxfjd
lsokvksa] L‍dwyksa vkSj d‚ystksa esa ukSdfj;ksa ds vkj{k.k dhO‍;oL‍Fkk ‘kq: djus ds fy, vlsacyh dk leFkZu thrk]
tks ,d ldkjkR‍ed dne FkkA Hkkjr ds lkalnksa us
bu mik;ksa ds ekè‍;e ls Hkkjr ds fujk'k oxksaZ ds fy,
lkekftd&vkfFkZd vlekurkvksa vkSj voljksa dh deh
dks [kR‍e djus dh mE‍ehn çnku dhA lafoèkku lHkk
}kjk 26 uoE‍cj] 1949 dks lafoèkku viuk;k x;k FkkA

M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj ,d lafoèkku fo'ks”kK Fks rFkk
mU‍gksaus yxHkx 60 ns'kksa ds lafoèkkuksa dk vè‍;;u fd;kFkkA M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj dks ^^Hkkjr ds lafoèkku ds firk**
ds :i esa ekU‍;rk çkI‍r gSA lafoèkku lHkk esa] elkSnk
lfefr ds lnL‍; Vh-Vh- —”‍.kkekpkjh us dgk Fkk] ^vè‍;{kegksn;] eSa lnu esa mu yksxksa esa ls ,d gwa] ftU‍gksaus
M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj dh ckr dks cgqr è‍;ku ls lquk gSA eSa
bl lafoèkku dh Mªkf¶Vax ds dke esa tqVs yksxksa ds dke
vkSj mR‍lkg ds ckjs esa tkurk gwaA** mlh le;] eq>s;g eglwl gksrk gS fd bl le; gekjs fy, ftrukegR‍oiw.kZ lafoèkku rS;kj djus ds mís'‍; ij è‍;ku nsuk
vko'‍;d Fkk] og Mªkf¶Vax desVh }kjk ugha fn;k x;kA
lnu dks ‘kk;n lkr lnL‍;ksa dh tkudkjh gSA vkids}kjk ukfer] ,d us lnu ls bL‍rhQk ns fn;k Fkk vkSj
mls cny fn;k x;k FkkA ,d dh e`R‍;q gks xbZ Fkh vkSj
mldh txg dksbZ ugha fy;k x;k FkkA ,d vesfjdk
esa Fkk vkSj mldk L‍Fkku ugha Hkjk x;k Fkk vkSj ,dvU‍; O‍;fä jkT‍; ds ekeyksa esa O‍;L‍r Fkk] vkSj ml lhek

44

dh viuh bP‍Nk çdV dh FkhA 1951 esa laln esa vius
fgU‍nw dksM fcy ds elkSns dks jksds tkus ds ckn M‚D‍Vj
vE‍csMdj us eaf=eaMy ls bL‍rhQk ns fn;kA fganw dksM
fcy esa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dks vfèkdkj çnku djus dh
ckr ‘kkfey FkhA bl elkSns esa mR‍rjkfèkdkj] fookg
vkSj vFkZO‍;oL‍Fkk ds dkuwuksa esa ySafxd lekurk dh ekax
dh x;h FkhA gkykafd çèkkuea=h usg:] dSfcusV vkSj
dqN vU‍; dkaxzslh usrkvksa us bldk leFkZu fd;k ijU‍rqjk”‍Vªifr M‚D‍Vj jktsU‍æ çlkn ,oa ljnkj oY‍yHkHkkbZ
iVsy lesr laln lnL‍;ksa dh ,d cM+h la[‍;k blds
f[kykQ FkhA M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj us 1952 esa c‚E‍cs ¼mR‍rj
eè‍;½ fuokZpu {ks= esa yksdlHkk dk pquko ,d funZyh;mE‍ehnokj ds :i esa yM+k ij og gkj x;sA bl pquko
esa M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj dks 1]23]576 oksV rFkk ukjk;.klMksck dktksydj dks 1]38]137 oksV feysA ekpZ 1952
esa mU‍gsa jkT‍; lHkk lkaln ds fy, pquk x;k vkSj blds
ckn thoui;ZUr oks bl lnu ds lnL‍; jgsAvius dke dks iwjk djus ds ckn M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj usdgk] ^eSa e‍glwl djrk gwa fd lafoèkku] lkè‍; gS] ;gyphyk gS ij lkFk gh ;g bruk etcwr Hkh gS fd
ns'k dks ‘kkafr vkSj ;q) nksuksa ds le; tksM+ dj j[kldsA okL‍ro esa] eSa dg ldrk gwa fd vxj dHkh dqN
xyr gqvk rks bldk dkj.k ;g ugha gksxk fd gekjk
lafoèkku [kjkc Fkk cfYd bldk mi;ksx djus okykeuq”‍; vèke FkkA**

M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj leku ukxfjd lafgrk ds i{kèkjFks vkSj d'‍ehj ds ekeys esa èkkjk 370 dk fojksèk djrs
FksA M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj dk Hkkjr] vkèkqfud] oSKkfud
lksp vkSj rdZlaxr fopkjksa dk ns'k gksrk] mlesa ilZuy
dkuwu dh txg ugha gksrhA lafoèkku lHkk esa cgl ds
nkSjku] M‚D‍Vj vE‍csMdj us leku ukxfjd lafgrk dks
viukus dh flQkfj'k djds Hkkjrh; lekt esa lqèkkj

45

la

foèkku fuekZrk vkSj egku lekt lqèkkjd ckck
lkgc Hkhejko jketh vEcsMdj dk mä dFku
ns'k dh ,drk&v[kaMrk dks iw.kZrk çnku djrk gSA
vkt ge tc ^,d Hkkjr Js”B Hkkjr* dh ckr djrs
gSa rks eu esa ;g loky vkuk ykfteh gS] fd vktknh
ds brus cjl ckn Hkh D;k Hkkjr ,d ns'k vkSj Js”B
ns'k ugha cuk gS\ oSls rks ^,d Hkkjr Js”B Hkkjr* dh
ifjdYiuk orZeku ljdkj ds eqf[k;k çèkkuea=h ujsaæ
eksnh dh gS tks ,d vfHk;ku gS] ns'k dks ,drk ds lw=
esa fijksus dkA Jh eksnh us 31 vDVwcj 2015 dks ljnkj
oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy ds tUe fnol ij bl u;h igy dks‘kq: djus dh ?kks”k.kk dh FkhA bl ;kstuk dk mís';
ekStwnk lkaL—frd lacaèkksa ds ekè;e ls ns'k ds fofHkUu
Hkkxksa esa ,drk dks c<+kok nsuk gSA bldk mís'; mu
Hkkjrh;ksa ds chp Hkh lEcaèkksa dks lqèkkjuk gS tks iwjs ns'k
esa vyx&vyx Hkkxksa esa jg jgs gSaA Hkkjr fo'oHkj esa
viuh ,drk] ‘kkfUr vkSj ln~Hkko ds fy;s tkuk tkrk
gSA blfy;s] ;s igys ljdkj }kjk ‘kq: fd;k x;koks ç;kl gS ftlls iwjs ns'k esa yksxksa dks ,d&nwljs
ls tksM+dj ,drk] ‘kkfUr vkSj ln~Hkkouk dks c<+kok
fn;k tk ldsxkA bl dk;ZØe ds tfj;s ns'k ds 36
jkT;ksa vkSj dsUæ'kkflr çns'kksa dh le`) laL—fr rFkk
fojklr] [kku&iku] gLrdykvksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa dks
çnf'kZr fd;k tk jgk gSA çèkkuea=h us vkdk'kok.kh
ls çlkfjr vius ^eu dh ckr* dk;ZØe esa dgk Hkh
Fkk fd ^,d Hkkjr Js”B Hkkjr* ;kstuk Hkkjr dks ^oubafM;k lqçhe bafM;k* cuk;sxkA bls ,d vPNh igy
ekuk tkuk pkfg,] bl vfHk;ku ds varxZr lkaL—frd
vknku&çnku dks c<+kok nsus gsrq nks vyx&vyx
jkT;ksa dks tksM+hnkj cuk;k x;k gS ftlls ,d nwljs
dks djhc ls tkuk le>k tk ldrk gSA blls fuf'pr

rkSj ij ns'k esa vkarfjd :i ls O;kIr lkaL—frd
varj dks ikVdj vyx&vyx jkT;ksa ds yksxksa ds chp
vkilh var%fØ;k dks c<+kok feysxkA
ge lc us Hkkjr dh fofoèkrk ds lEcUèk esa ;g
mfä t:j lquh gksxh ^dksl dksl ij cnys ikuh]
pkj dksl esa ok.kh*A ;gh gekjh lH;rk] laL—fr dh
gdhdr gSA bruh fofoèkrk ‘kk;n gh fdlh ns'k dh
laL—fr lH;rk esa gksA blesa dksbZ ‘kd ugha fd gekjs
ns'k esa vkilh HkkbZpkjk vU; if'peh ns'kksa ls dgha
vfèkd gS tcfd ge reke vyx&vyx èkeZ laL—fr
Hkk”kk okfl;ksa ds ns'k ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA vxj
if'peh ns'kksa dh ,drk v[kaMrk dh ckr dh tk;srks] if'peh fopkjdksa us tks ,d jk”Vª dh ladYiukçLrqr dh mlesa ,d leku Hkk”kk] tkfr vkSj èkeZ dks
jk”Vª fuekZ.k dk çeq[k vkèkkj crk;k gS vkSj ;s dgk
fd blds vHkko esa cus fdlh Hkh jk”Vª dk vfLrRofVdkÅ ugha gks ldrkA ,sls fopkjdksa dk ekuuk gS fd
orZeku dk Hkkjr ,d ns'k u gksdj vyx&vyx jk”Vªksa
dk ,d lewg gS tks fdlh rjg ls ,d cuk gqvk gSA
blesa u rks dksbZ lk>kiu gS vkSj u gh dksbZ jktuhfrd
vkSj lkekftd psruk gh gS tks ,d jk”Vª ds :i esa
bldh igpku cu ldsA mUgsa ;g crkuk t:jh gS fd
fofoèkrk esa ,drk] Hkkjr dh çeq[k fo'ks”krk gSA lghek;uksa esa Hkkjr viuh fofoèkrk ds lanHkZ esa vuks[kkjk”Vª gSA vkfndky ls gh gekjs jk”Vª ds fy, ^,drk*
dks lcls cM+s gfFk;kj ds :i esa bLrseky fd;k x;kgSA ,drk ds cy ij gh gekjs ns'k us eqxyksa ls ysdj
vaxzstksa rd ds ‘kklu dks [kRe fd;k FkkA Hkkjr dhvktknh ds le; ftl rjg ls lHkh yksxksa us ,dtqV
gksdj la?k”kZ fd;k Fkk vkSj fot; gkfly dh FkhA ;g
Hkkjr dh ,drk dk lcls cM+k mnkgj.k gSA
46

Hkkjr esa tkfr] èkeZ] igukok] cksyh] laL—fr]
jhfr&fjokt] ijaijk esa dkQh fofoèkrk gksus ds ckotwn
Hkh gekjs ns'k dh ,drk dh felky nh tkrh gSA
vkt Hkkjr fo'o dk lcls cM+k yksdrkfU=d ns'k
gSA HkkSxksfyd –f”V ls ckr djsa rks Hkkjr brukfo'kky ns'k gS fd bldk ,d&,d jkT; ;wjksi ds
dbZ ns'kksa ls cM+k gSA mÙkj esa fgeky; ioZr Ja[kykrks nf{k.k esa fgUn egklkxj] caxky dh [kkM+h rFkk
vjc lkxj gSA Hkkjr esa çeq[k èkeZ fgUnw] ckS)] tSu]
fl[k] eqlyeku] bZlkbZ rFkk ikjlh ds vykok vusd
tutkfr;ka fuokl djrh gSa lHkh eafnj] efLtn] eB]
xq#}kjksa] fxfjtk?kjksa dk leku vknj fd;k tkrk gS
bZn] fnokyh] n'kgjk] fØlel] cq) t;arh] vE‍csMdj
t;arh] egkohj t;arh lfgr lSdM+ksa ioZ R;kSgkj lHkh
feytqy dj eukrs gSaA tks yksx ;g ekurs gSa fd ,dèkeZ Hkk”kk laL—fr okys ns'k T;knk rjDdh djrs gSa
muds lkeus ikfdLrku çR;{k mnkgj.k gS foHkktu
ds ckn ikfdLrku us bLykfed jk”Vª ds :i esa [kqndks fodflr fd;k] mlds D;k gky gSa oks lcds
lkeus gS tcfd Hkkjr us [kqn dks èkeZfujis{k jk”Vªds :i esa fodflr fd;kA ;gk¡ gj jkT; dh viuh
lkaL—frd ijaijk lH;rk gSA ;g fofHkUurk vkSj
fofoèkrk Hkkjr dks ,d lqUnj ikjEifjd vkSj lkaL—frd
ns'k cukrh gSA d'ehj ls ysdj dU;kdqekjh vkSj dPN
ls ysdj dksfgek rd vufxur yksdxhr] laLdkj]
laL—fr vkSj yksdxkFkk,a gSaA ns'k esa vkilh esy&tksy
bruk etcwr gS fd vusdksa vM+puksa] fojksèkh rkdrksa
ds ckotwn ;gka ,dkRed Hkkouk {kh.k ugha gqbZ gSA;gka èkkfeZd] uSfrd] lkekftd] lkaL—frd] lkfgfR;dpsruk us cjkcj yksxksa dks ,d lw= esa ckaèks j[kk gSA
vktknh ds ckn gekjs egkiq#”kksa dh lcls cM+h
fpark ;g Fkh fd tkfr;ksa esa caVk Hkkjrh; lekt ,djk”Vª dh ‘kDy dSls ysxk vkSj vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd
xSjcjkcjh ds jgrs og jk”Vª ds :i esa vius vfLrRodh j{kk dSls dj ik,xk\ bl ekeys esa gesa ckck lkgc
Hkhejko jketh vEcsMdj dk —rK gksuk pkfg, fd
mUgksaus lafoèkku esa lekurk dk vfèkdkj nsdj bl[kkbZ dks ikV fn;kA oks ges'kk ls lekurk ij fo'ks”kcy nsrs FksA og dgrs Fks* ^vxj ns'k dh vyx&vyx
tkfr ,d nwljs ls viuh yM+kbZ lekIr ugha djsaxh] rks
ns'k ,dtqV dHkh ugha gks ldrkA ;fn ge ,d la;qä,dh—r vkèkqfud Hkkjr pkgrs gSa rks lHkh èkeZ&'kkL=ksa
dh laçHkqrk dk var gksuk pkfg,A gekjs ikl ;gvktknh blfy, gS rkfd ge mu phtksa dks lqèkkj ldsa]
tks lkekftd O;oLFkk] vlekurk] HksnHkko vkSj vU;phtksa ls Hkjh gS tks gekjs ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa ds fojksèkh
gSaA ,d lQy Økafr ds fy, dsoy vlarks”k dk gksuk
gh dkQh ugha gS cfYd blds fy, U;k;] jktuhfrd
vkSj lkekftd vfèkdkjksa esa xgjh vkLFkk dk gksuk
Hkh cgqr vko';d gSA* oks dgrs Fks ^eSa ,sls èkeZ dks
ekurk gwa] tks Lora=rk] lekurk vkSj HkkbZpkjk fl[kk,Alafoèkku dk elkSnk is'k djrs gq, vius lekiu Hkk”k.kesa MkW- vEcsMdj us Hkkjr ds Hkfo”; dks ysdj Li”V:i ls viuh vk'kadk,a Hkh O;ä dha FkhA mUgksaus dgk
Fkk ^D;k Hkkjrh; vius ns'k dks vius laçnk; ls Åij
j[ksaxs ;k vius laçnk; dks ns'k ls Åij j[ksaxs\ eSa ugha
tkurkA fdarq bruk fuf'pr gS fd ;fn gekjs ns'k esa
jktuhfrd ny vius laçnk; dks ns'k ls Åij j[krsgSa rks gekjh Lora=rk nwljh ckj ladV esa iM+ tk,xh
vkSj ‘kk;n lnk ds fy, lekIr gks tk,xhA ge lcdks–<+rkiwoZd bl laHkkouk dk fujkdj.k djuk pkfg,Agesa vius jä dh vafre cwan ds lkFk viuh Lora=rk
dh j{kk djus ds fy, –<+ fu'p;h gksuk pkfg,A ckck
lkgc pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjr ds yksx] reke vU; igpkuksa
ls Åij] [kqn dks flQZ Hkkjrh; ekusa jk”Vªh; ,drk ,sls
gh LFkkfir gksxhA jk”Vª&fuekZ.k dsoy ljdkjksa dk gh
nkf;Ro ugha gks ldrk gSA ukxfjdksa dks Hkh mruh ghegRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gksxhA vxj Hkkjr dks ,dloZJs”B jk”Vª cuuk gS] rks lcls igys bl okLrfodrk
ls :c: gksuk vko';d gS fd ge lc ekusa fd tehu
ds ,d VqdM+s ij dqN ;k vusd yksxksa ds lkFk jgus Hkj
ls jk”Vª ugha cu tkrk jk”Vª fuekZ.k esa O;fä;ksa dk ^eSa*
ls ^ge* cu tkuk cgqr egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA ,sls esa ^,d
Hkkjr Js”B Hkkjr* tSls vfHk;ku ns'k ds ewy fl)kar
rFkk mldh çeq[k fo'ks”krk fofoèkrk esa ,drk dks cuk,j[kus esa ,d vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkk,axsA

47

O‍;

nqgkbZ nsrs gSaA buesa vkL‍Fkk ls T‍;knk j{kk dop gSA
ftu laxBuksa ds iwoZ iq#”kksa us vktknh ds igys ls ysdj
muds fuokZ.k çkfIr rd muds çfr ?k`.kk vkSj oSeuL‍;dk tgj mxyk ;gka rd fd lekpkj i=ksa ds rR‍dkyhu
O‍;aX‍; fp=ksa esa Hkh mU‍gsa fpf=r fd;kA ysfdu yksxksa dks;g xqeku Hkh u gksxk fd 1916 esa vE‍csMdj us ih ,p
Mh ds fy, Fkhfll nh Fkh ftlesa mU‍gksaus fy[kk Fkk fd
Hkkjr esa vaxzstksa dh vkfFkZd uhfr fczVsu ds m|ksxifr;ksa
ds iks”k.k ds fy, cukbZ xbZ gSA blls Hkkjr dk ‘keZukd
rjhds ls ‘kks”k.k gks jgk gSA ;g vU‍;k; vkSj mR‍ihM+u
dk dq—R‍; gSA

olk; ds vkèkkj ij leqnk; lalkj Hkj esa jgs gSaA
Hkkjr esa Hkh O‍;olk; ds vuqlkj oxZ pys vk jgs
gSaA ijarq varj ;g jgk fd gekjs ns'k esa O‍;olk; tU‍etU‍ekarj esa tkfr cu x,A tks oxZ ftruk gh Je djds
isV Hkjrk gS mruk gh mldk lkekftd thou fuE‍uJs.kh
esa vkrk gSA
M‚- Hkhejko vE‍csMdj ,sls gh nhughu vkSj
esgurd'k oxZ esa iSnk gq, FksA ;g oxZ ‘kks”k.k dh xgjh
[kkbZ esa iM+k flld jgk FkkA viuh esgur yxu vkSj
lkgl ds cy ij Kku vkSj fo}rk dh mu cqyafn;ksa ij
igqap x, fd vpjt ds vorkj cu x,A ,slk yxrk gS
fd vkx dh yiVksa esa dey f[ky x;k gksA

fczVsu ,d çtkrkaf=d ns'k jgk gS ogka dh laln esavE‍csMdj }kjk çfrikfnr fopkj foi{kh nyksa dks ljdkj
dh vkykspuk djus ds gfFk;kj ds :i esa feys vkSj
mudk ckjE‍ckj mY‍ys[k gqvkA çFke xksyest lE‍esyu esa
tc xkaèkhth us Hkkx ysus ls bU‍dkj dj fn;k rks lE‍esyu
dk vk;kstu gh [kVkbZ esa iM+ x;k Fkk D‍;ksafd xkaèkhth
dh vuq‍ifLFkfr esa Hkkjr dk çfrfufèkR‍o lafnX‍èk gks x;kFkkA vE‍csMdj bl lE‍esyu ds dqN gh fnu igys egkM
uxj ikfydk ds ponkj rkykc ls vNwrksa ds fy, ikuh
ysus dk lQy vkSj vçfre vkanksyu pyk pqds Fks vkSj
ukfld ds dkykjke eafnj ços'k ds fy, gtkjksa vNwrksa
dks ykecan djds tuusrk cu pqds Fks rks os vaxzstksa dh
fuxkg esa p<+ pqds Fks blhfy, mU‍gsa xksyest lE‍esyu
esa Hkkjr ds çfrfufèkR‍o ds :i esa L‍Fkkfir fd;k x;kA

lekt esa O;kIr <ksax] ik[k.‍M vkSj èkhaxkeq'‍rh ds
f[kykQ vE‍csMdj us j.kHksjh ctkbZ vkSj vkt lkekftd
cjkcjh dk tks nh;k fVefVekus yxk gS muesa vE‍csMdj
ds çk.kksa dk rsy ty jgk gSA oSls Åap&uhp vkSj
tkrikr ds fi'kkp dks fèkD‍dkjus dk chtkjksi.k bZlk
ds ikap lkS lky igys gks pqdk FkkA egkR‍ek cq) us
lkekftd U‍;k; vkSj lekurk dk mn~?kks”k dj fn;k FkkA
ysfdu lekt lqèkkjdksa ls tqM+us ds fy, vNwrksa dks ulkgl Fkk u fo'‍oklA ijarq eè‍;dkyhu Hkkjr esa Hkfä
vkanksyuksa dh ygj vkbZ mlh nkSjku dchj] jSnkl vkSj
nknw tSls lar dfo misf{kr oxZ ds eu ekul ij Nkx,A dkj.k ;gh Fkk fd ;s lar muds chp ls fudydj
vk, lkekU‍; tu FksA os u jkt?kjkuksa ls Fks u rFkkdfFkr
mP‍p oxZ ls lacafèkr FksA vE‍csMdj L‍o;a dchj ls çHkkfor
FksA var esa ckS) cu x,A vkt Hkkjr esa vkanksyuksa vkSj
çn'kZuksa dk cktkj xeZ gSA fdlh Hkh eqís ij vkanksyu
gks jgk gks mlesa M‚- vE‍csMdj dk QksVks vo'‍; utj
vk,xkA vkanksyudkjh vkSj vkanksyu nksuksa gh ckck lkgcdh] muds lafoèkku dh] muds yksdrkaf=d fopkjksa dhchloha ‘krkC‍nh esa Hkkjr dk L‍okèkhurk laxzke p<+rs
lwjt dh rjg tksj idM+rk tk jgk FkkA 1929 esa
lkbeu deh'ku us viuh fjiksVZ ns nh Fkh vkSj 1930esa baX‍ySaM esa igyk xksyest lE‍esyu cqyk;k x;kA rc
rd vE‍csMdj vNwrksa ds ,dN= usrk ds :i esa L‍Fkkfir
gks pqds FksA muds yanu jokuk gksus ls igys muds48

nsxk vkSj blls yhx dks ykHk igqapsxkA vE‍csMdj ij
csbargk ncko Mkyk x;kA xkaèkhth us vkej.k vu'ku
dk ,syku dj fn;kA ,slh fodV ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa f?kjdj
vE‍csMdj dks viuh ekax okil ysuh iM+hA

lEeku esa ,d lekjksg vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA vfHkuanu
ds tokc esa vE‍csMdj us dgk Fkk fd ns'k dh vktknh
dk loky muds fy, lcls cM+k eqík gksxkA og blds
fy, th&tku ls yM+saxsA ijarq lkFk gh vNwrksa dks ‘kks”k.k
ds f'kdats ls vktkn djkus dh ‘krZ Hkh j[ksaxsA dkaxzsl
us igys ls gh bl lE‍esyu dk cfg”‍dkj dj j[kk FkkA
vE‍csMdj dkaxzsl ds fiNyX‍xw rks Fks ugha] mudh lksp
esa flQZ jktuhfrd L‍ora=rk gh ugha] lkekftd vkSj
vkfFkZd lekurk Hkh FkhA blfy, lE‍esyu esa Hkkx ysus
yanu pys x,Anjvly] bl [ksy esa cM+s&cM+s fnX‍xt fHkM+ jgs
FksA ftuds lkFk iwjs eè‍;e lo.kZ oxZ] iwathifr vkSj
lekpkji=ksa dh ‘kfä FkhA vE‍csMdj rks [kkyh gkFk FksAmuds vuq;k;h Hkh dkSu FksA cscl] cslgkjk] daxkyA D‍;k
dj ysrs os\ vE‍csMdj gkj x,] ij eSnkus&tax esa lg
lokj dh rjg gh fxjsA bruk lkfcr gks pqdk Fkk fd
mUgksusa lth ltkbZ lsuk ds nkar [kês dj fn,Alj rstcgknqj lçw Hkh muds lkFk lE‍esyu esa Hkkx
ys jgs FksA vE‍csMdj us L‍ora=rk vkanksyu dk l'kD‍r<ax ls fp=.k fd;k vkSj yanu esa nfyr vkanksyu dh
Hkh fo'kn O‍;k[‍;k dhA mudk dguk Fkk fd vaxzstksa ds
Hkkjr vkus ls nklkuqnkl vNwrksa dh gkyr esa dksbZ lqèkkj
ugha vk;k gSA D‍;k ykHk gS bl ljdkj dk\ mU‍gksaus
vaxzstksa dks ;g dgdj HkkSapD‍dk dj fn;k fd Hkkjr esa
mudh ljdkj us iwathifr;ksa vkSj tehankjksa dks ‘kg nh
gSA nfyr vkSj etnwj muds ‘kkludky esa ‘kksf”kr gh
jgsA ge etnwjksa vkSj fdlkuksa dk ‘kks”k.k djus okyh
ljdkj ugha pkgrsA ljdkj dh ckxMksj gekjs gkFkksa esa
gksuh pkfg,A^iwuk iSD‍V* ds ckn 1937 esa pquko gksus FksA lHkh
nyksa us viuh viuh dej dl yh FkhA vE‍csMdj us
L‍ora= ikVhZ cukbZ vkSj eSnku esa dwn iM+sA dkaxzsl us,M+h&pksVh dk tksj yxk;k ij vE‍csMdj dks ijkftr
u dj ikbZA
lu~ 1938 esa ^cacbZ èkkjk lHkk* esa vkS|ksfxd fookn
fcy ij mU‍gksaus dgk fd ;g fcy etnwjksa ds vfèkdkjksa
ij dqBkjk?kkr gSA mudk dguk Fkk] ^gM+rky vkSj
L‍ora=rk dk vfèkdkj nksuksa ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSaA** mlh
lky 7 uoacj dks mU‍gksaus etnwjksa dh gM+rky vk;ksftr
dhA lkE‍;oknh bl ckj M‚- vE‍csMdj ds lkFk FksA

Hkkjr ykSVus ij mudk HkO‍; L‍okxr gqvkA mU‍gsa
nwljs xksyest lE‍esyu ds fy, Hkh vkeaf=r fd;k x;kA
xkaèkhth us vEcsMdj ls HksaV dk vuqjksèk fd;k vkSj ;gHksaV 14 vxL‍r] 1931 dks gqbZA xkaèkhth us dgk fd og
nfyrksa ds fy, rc ls fpafrr gS tc vE‍csMdj iSnk Hkhugha gq, FksA dkaxzsl nfyrksa ds mR‍Fkku ds fy, nl yk[k:i;s [kpZ dj pqdh gSA vk'‍p;Z dh ckr gS fd rqe
gekjk fojksèk dj jgs gksAuoacj 1939 esa dkaxzsl ljdkjksa us R‍;kxi= ns
fn;kA vE‍csMdj dk vkjksi Fkk fd ^iwuk iSD‍V* ykxw gks
tkus ds ckotwn ç'kklu esa nfyr tkfr;ksa dk çfrfufèkR‍ou ds cjkcj gSA og vNwrksa ds fgr dks loksZifj ekurs FksA
1942 esa tc ^fØI‍l fe'ku* Hkkjr vk;k rks mU‍gksaus ,elh- jktk ds lkFk feydj nfyrksa dks uL‍yh vkSj etgchvY‍ila[‍;d ekuus ij tksj fn;kA
tqykbZ 1942 esa vE‍csMdj ok;ljk; dh dk;Zdkjh
ifj”kn esa Je lnL‍; cuk, x,A ge lkns ‘kC‍nksa esa
Jeea=h Hkh dg ldrs gSaA rHkh mU‍gksaus ^f'kM;wY‍M dkL‍V
QSMjs'ku* Hkh cukbZA vE‍csMdj ebZ 1946 rd Je lnL‍;
jgs vkSj bl chp etnwjksa ds fgr esa vusd QSlys fd,
x,A ^dSfcusV fe'ku* ds lkeus mU‍gksaus ekax dh fd
vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fy, vyx ernku ç.kkyh dhO‍;oL‍Fkk dh tk, vkSj mU‍gsa iwjk laj{k.k fn;k tk,AvE‍csMdj ls nyhy djuk vklku u FkkA mU‍gksaus
iyVdj xkaèkhth ls iwNk fd vkids nl yk[k dk çHkko
D‍;k gqvk gS\ eq>s :i;s ls ugha ifj.kke ls xjt gSA
tc nwljk ^xksyest lE‍esyu* yanu esa gqvk rks xkaèkhth
nsj ls igqapsA ogka nksuksa ds chp fQj ckrphr gqbZ ij
fj'‍rk NR‍rhl dk gh fudykA i`Fkd ernku ds loky
ij dkaxzsl vkSj lo.kZ leqnk; esa rh[kh fryfeykgV FkhA
ns'kHkj dk okrkoj.k rukoiw.kZ gks x;k FkkA dkaxzsl dks
yx jgk Fkk fd i`Fkd ernku fganqvksa ds nks VqdM+s dj¼'ks"k i`"B 65 ij½

49

tk

iku ds vkslkdk esa fiNys fnuksa gq, th&20
f'k[kj lEesyu esa gekjs çèkkuea=h ujsaæ eksnh
Hkh ‘kkfey gq, Fks vkSj mUgksaus egt nks fnu esa 18 ns'kksa
ds jk”Vª çeq[kksa ls eqykdkr dj f}i{kh; lacaèkksa dks vkSj
,d dne vkxs ys tkus dk nkf;Ro fuHkk;kA [kkl ckr;g gS fd ;s jk”Vª çeq[k vesfjdh jk”Vªifr MksukYM VªEi]:l ds çeq[k Cykfnehj iqfru] tkiku ds f'katks vcs
vkSj ,sls gh reke cM+s usrk Fks ftudk viuk O;Lrredk;ZØe FkkA bl lEeysu dks vkdk'kok.kh ds Hkksiky
laoknnkrk us doj fd;k FkkA gkyk¡fd bu ;k=kvksa esa
bruk oä ugha fey ikrk fd vki fdlh ns'k@'kgj
dks euekfQd rjhds ls ns[k&le> ldsa ysfdu ;gha
ehfM;k dk is'kk lg;ksxh
cudj de le; esa
T;knk ns[kus@tkuus@
le>us dk utfj;k nsrk
gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd
fjiksfVaZx ds mÙkjnkf;Roksa
ds chp le; esa bl
bykds dks vius eksckby
vkSj fdLlksa esa dSn djus dk ç;kl fd;kA vkb,]
tkurs gSa dSlk gS tkiku vkSj ogka ds ‘kgj%

mrkj p<ko ds dkj.k vkslkdk gesa ubZ fnYyh dk lk
vkHkkl nsrk gSA
viuh ;k=k ij dqN fy[kus dh ‘kq#vkr fdlh
‘kgj ds ifjp;kRed mYys[k ls\ ;g ckr dbZ yksxksa
dks ‘kk;n jkl u vk, ysfdu ,slk djus dk mís';;g gS fd de ls de os yksx Hkh tkiku ds vkslkdk‘kgj dks vkSj blds egRo dks le> ldsa ftuds fy,
tkiku dk eryc cl Vksfd;ks gS vkSj og Hkh gekjh^yo bu Vksfd;ks* ljh[kh fQYeksa ds tfj;s feys Kku
ls ;k fQj fgjksf'kek&ukxklkdh ceckjh dh ?kVuk ds
lUnHkZ esa--- tkiku dks igpkurs gSaA
[kqn
lksfp,]
tkiku tSlk rduhdh
laiUu vkSj fodflr
ns'k ;fn nqfu;k dh 20
egk'kfä;ksa dh estckuh
dk xkSjo Vksfd;ks ls
brj vius fdlh ‘kgj
dks nsrk gS rks tkfgj
lh ckr gS fd og ‘kgj
vius vki esa [kkl gksxk vkSj tc ckr vkslkdk ‘kgj
dh gks rks ekeyk [kkle[kkl gks tkrk gSA

Hkksiky ds ‘;keyk fgYl vkSj fnYyh esa jk;lhukfgYl dh rjg ds igkM+h bykds lQkbZ esa ns'k ds lcls
LoPN ‘kgj bankSj ls Hkh vkxs vkSj ifjogu O;oLFkk esa
eqacbZ ls dbZ xquk O;ofLFkr esVªks&cl&VSfDl;ka] lM+dksa
ij lqdwu ls lkbZfdy pykrs efgyk&iq#”k vkSj gjvtuch dk gYdh eqLdjkgV ls Lokxr djrs yksx;s vkslkdk gSA tkiku dk nwljk lcls cM+k ‘kgjA
vkslkdk (Osaka) dk vFkZ gh gS ^cM+h lh igkM+h vkSj
<yku*A tSlk fd eSaus Åij fy[kk gS fd vius bUgha

vkslkdk okLro esa tkiku dk ,d cM+k canjxkg‘kgj vkSj okf.kfT;d dsaæ gSA tc ge tkiku ds
dalkbZ varjjk”Vªh; gokbZ vìs ls ckgj fudys rks ,dvksj tkikfu;ksa ds LoHkko dh rjg ‘kkar vkSj fo'kkyleqæ Fkk rks nwljh vksj ?kj vkSj dy&dkj[kkusA gokbZvìs dh yackbZ pkSM+kbZ dk vanktk bl ckr ls yxk;ktk ldrk gS fd ;gk¡ ,d xsV ls nwljs xsV rd tkus
ds fy, Hkh Vªsu dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gSA ,d vkSj
50

[kkl ckr ;g gS fd gokbZ vìs ls vkslkdk ‘kgj rd
dk yxHkx iwjk lQj leqæ ds Åij cus ¶ykbZvksoj
ij gh djuk iM+rk gSA bls ekuo fufeZr lcls cM+k}hi Hkh dgrs gSa D;ksafd blds tfj;s ;gk¡ leqæ dk
csgrj mi;ksx Hkh gks jgk gSA;g ‘kgj viuh vkèkqfud okLrqdyk] ukbV&ykbQ]Å¡ph&Å¡ph bekjrksa] jkS'kuh ls ugkbZ lM+dksa vkSj ytht
LVªhV QwM ds fy, Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA vkslkdk nqfu;kds vxz.kh ‘kgjksa esa ‘kkfey gS vkSj oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk
esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA oSls rks vkslkdk tkiku
ds dsaæ esa fLFkr gS vkSj ;gk¡ ds vge egkuxjksa vkSj
ftyksa esa ls ,d gS ysfdu ;g vius vki esa ,d çkUrgS tks yxHkx 33 ‘kgjksa rFkk 9 dLcksa esa foHkkftr gSA
vkslkdk çkUr dh vkcknh yxHkx 80 yk[k gS vkSj ;gk¡rdjhcu 2 yk[k fons'kh ukxfjd gSa ftuesa yxHkx 3
gtkj Hkkjrh; gSaA oSls vkslkdk ‘kgj dh vkcknh Hkh
rdjhcu 18 yk[k gSA

loky nkxk& fop Vkbi vkQ osthVsfj;u ehUl flaiy
osthVsfj;u ;k fgUnw osthVsfj;u\ viuh yxHkx <kbZ
n'kd dh ukSdjh esa ;g loky pkSadkus okyk Fkk D;ksafd
vc rd rks ‘kkdkgkjh dk ,d gh çdkj vius dks
Kkr FkkA vc ‘kkdkgkj Hkh fgUnw&eqfLye Vkbi gksrk
gS bldh tkudkjh tkiku ;k=k ds nkSjku gh feyhA[kSj eSaus crk;k fd fgUnw osthVsfj;u rks mlus dgk
fd vkidks 20 feuV bartkj djuk gksxk D;ksafd eq>s
vkids fy, [kkuk idkuk iM+sxk ! vc lksfp, fons'kh
foeku esa dksbZ fons'kh O;kseckyk ¼,;j gksLVsl½ dgs
fd eSa vkids fy, [kkuk cukdj ykrh gw¡ rks fny esa
yìw QwVuk LokHkkfod gSA yxHkx 20&25 feuV ds
bartkj ds ckn og cVj esa c?kkjh gqbZ f[kpM+h] pus
dh nky vkSj jksVh ds uke ij czsM ds VqdM+s ysdj
gkftj gqbZA mlus Hkjld ç;kl fd;k Fkk fd [kkukLokfn”V jgs vkSj viu us Hkh nckdj [kk fy;k rkfd
mls Hkh eglwl gks fd [kkuk Lokfn”V gh FkkA [kSj bl,d fdLls ls ;g rks lkQ gks x;k Fkk fd tkiku esa‘kkdkgkj ds fy, la?k”kZ djuk iM+sxk vkSj nwljk ;g
fd ;k=k ij jokuxh ls igys b”V fe=ksa dh ckr lghyx jgh Fkh tks mUgksaus vius vkSj viuksa ds vuqHko ds
vkèkkj ij crkbZ Fkh fd tkiku esa rqEgsa miokl djukiM+ ldrk gSA

ge ;gk¡ twu ekg ds vkf[kjh fnuksa esa Fks vkSj rc
Hkh ;gk¡ ds yksx xehZ ls cpus ds fy, gkFk esa cSVjh ls
pyus okyk NksVk lk ia[kk ysdj ?kj ls fudyus yxs
FksA gkyk¡fd rkieku 26 ls 27 fMxzh ds chp Fkk vkSj
tkikfu;ksa ds fglkc ls xehZ ‘kq: gks jgh FkhA mUgsa
D;k irk fd ge 45 fMxzh rkieku esa Hkh ?kj ls ckgj
jgus okys ns'k ls vk;s gSa vkSj 27&28 fMxzh rkieku rks
gekjs fy, B.M esa jgrk gSA oSls ;gk¡ yksx crkrs gSa fd
vkslkdk esa BaM vke rkSj ij de iM+rh gS vkSj tuojh
ds lcls BaMs eghus esa Hkh rkieku 9-3 fMxzh lsfYl;ljgrk gSA ckfj'k dk ekSle twu ls tqykbZ rd vkSj
xfeZ;ksa esa vfèkdre rkieku 33 fMxzh lsfYl;l rdtkrk gSA dqy feykdj vkslkdk ds tfj;s ge tkiku
dh thou'kSyh] vkèkqfudrk] fodkl vkSj fojklr dks
dkQh gn rd le> ldrs gSaA

vc tc eSnku esa dwn iM+s rks fQj tax ls D;k
Mjuk blfy, tks tSlk feysxk&dke pyk ysaxs] ds
vankt esa eu cuk fy;k vc fuf'pr gh vki lHkh ds
eu esa ;g loky mNy jgs gksaxs fd fQj ogka D;k[kk;k rks lcls igys rks lqu vkSj tku yhft, fd
geus ogka ‘kkgh iuhj] nky eD[kuh] jlxqYyk] xqykc

vc ckr fnYyh ls vkslkdk dh yxHkx 10&12?kaVs dh ;k=k dhA dSFkh iSflfQd ,;jykbUl ds
foeku esa [kkuk ijkslrs gq, ,;j gksLVsl us iwNk& ;w
vkj osthVsfj;u\ esjs gk¡ dgrs gh mlus rRdky nwljk
51

i=dkj lkFkh us iuhj&Øhe lsaMfop dk cM+k lk ihl
eqag esa Bwalrs gq, dgk&cgqr gh tksjnkj gS] vki Hkhyhft,! viu Bgjs ydhj ds Qdhj--- gj fM'k dks
le>dj&i<+dj [kkus okys] blfy, mudh lykg ij
vey ls igys ,d pDdj yxkdj ml lsaMfop dk
uke ryk'kk rks ml ij tks fy[kk Fkk mldk eryc
iwNus ij irk pyk fd og lsaMfop lqvj ds ekal dh
gS!! vc mu i=dkj fe= dk gky er iwfN;s D;ksafd
rc rd os vkèkh ls T;knk lsaMfop gyd ls uhps
mrkj pqds Fks vkSj vc u mxyrs cu jgk Fkk vkSj u
gh fuxyrsA

tkequ] f[kpM+h] lksu&ikiM+h] vkywcksaMk] iksgk] mRie
vkSj bMyh lfgr oks lc dqN [kk;k tks ;gk¡ Hkkjr
esa [kkus dks feyrk gS vkSj mruk gh Lokfn”V D;ksafd^eksnh gS rks eqefdu gSA*
th gk¡] blesa tjk Hkh xyr ugha gS D;ksafd
tkiku esa çèkkuea=h Jh eksnh ds dkj.k gh ;g eqefdu
gqvkA njvly gekjs çèkkuea=h Bgjs ge ls T;knk‘kkdkgkjh blfy, tkiku ds ftl gksVy esa ge yksx
Bgjs Fks] mlus Hkkjr ls [kklrkSj ij jlksb, cqyk,
Fks vkSj tc jlksb, Hkkjrh; Fks rks Lokn Hkh Hkkjrh;
Fkk vkSj vankt Hkh] ysfdu tkiku esa [kkus dk ekeyk
bruk lhèkk Hkh ugha Fkk D;ksafd bl dgkuh dk nwljk
fgLlk Hkh gS ftlesa t:j tkiku esa ‘kkdkgkjh [kkusds ladV dk vglkl gksrk gSA njvly gksVy esa rks
Hkkjrh; jlksb, dh esgjckuh ls ‘kkdkgkjh Hkkstu fey
x;k ysfdu varjjk”Vªh; ehfM;k lsaVj esa rks nqfu;kHkj
ds yksxksa dk è;ku j[kk x;k Fkk blfy, ogka ‘kkdkgkj
vkSj fo'ks”k rkSj ij fgUnw ‘kkdkgkj ¼!½ dgha ihNs jg
x;kA ehfM;k lsaVj esa viuk [kkuk rks nwj viuh pk;¼ogh nwèk&'kDdj vkSj iÙkh dh tqxycanh ls Hkjiwj[kkSyus ds ckn rS;kj½ ds fy, Hkh rjluk iM+kA oSls
rks tkiku esa ohvkbZih esgekuksa dks 24 çdkj dh pk;
miyCèk Fkh ftlesa dbZ vcw> ukeksa ds chp gekjh
nkftZfyax pk; vkSj vkbl Vh tSls dqN tkus ekus uke
Hkh ‘kkfey Fks ysfdu ogh viuh vly dM+d&[kkSyrh
pk; ugha FkhA pk; ds vykok d‚Qh ds Hkh ntZu Hkjçdkj Fks ftuesa vkslkdk ds LFkkuh; czkaM ds vykok^20 ns'kksa ds 20 nkusa* (20 beans of 20 countries) tSlhmÙke fdLe dh d‚Qh Hkh Fkh ysfdu fnDdr ;gk¡ Hkh
nwèk dh Fkh vkSj fcuk nwèk ds dM+oh d‚Qh dks gyd ls
uhps mrkjuk vius fy, rks fdlh ltk dh rjg gSA
gkyk¡fd ;gk¡ d‚Qh ds ,d çdkj d‚Qh ySVs us enn
dh D;ksafd blesa i;kZIr nwèk gksrk gS vkSj bl rjg dqN
gn rd pk;&d‚Qh dk ladV nwj gqvkA

gkyk¡fd] blesa ml cspkjs dh Hkh dksbZ xyrh ugha
Fkh D;ksafd ;fn eSa vkils dgw¡ fd lq'kh] lkf'keh] VsEiqjk];kdhrksjh] mMksu] lksck] dSlsdh] lqdhvkdh] lqdeksuks
vpkj vkSj felks lwi--- bu ukeksa dks lqudj dqN le>vk;k-- rks vki Hkh vk'p;Z ls iydsa >idkrs jg tk,axs
D;ksafd tc eq>s tkiku tkus ds ckn Hkh le> ugha
vk;k rks vki [kkyh uke i<+dj dSls le> ldrs
gSa--- pfy, bl igsyh dks vklku cukrs gSaA njvly;s lHkh uke tkiku ds lcls yksdfç; vkSj ytht
O;atuksa ds gSa vkSj cM+h la[;k esa reke ns'kksa ds yksx
budk Lokn p[kus ds fy, tkiku tkrs gSaA th&20
ns'kksa ds egkjfFk;ksa dks Hkh ;s vkSj buds lkFk ntZuksa
vU; O;atu ijksls x, FksA O;atu rks NksfM+;s] nqfu;k ds
bu lcls rkdroj eqYdksa ds çfrfufèk;ksa ds fy, 100
ls T;knk çdkj ds ‘ksd] 24 çdkj dh pk;] 8 çdkjdh dkQh] ntZu Hkj ls T;knk çdkj dh ch;j] 17çdkj dh okbu] 12 rjg ds lk¶V fMªad] 30 çdkj dh
ns'kh efnjk&'kkspq ijkslh x;hA ‘kkspq xUuk] ‘kdjdan]
Tokj] pkoy tSls dbZ vukt vkSj Qyksa ls curh gSA
rdjhcu nkS lkS ls T;knk O;atuksa vkSj fMªaDl dh lwph

nqfu;kHkj ds i=dkjksa ds fy, vkslkdk esa cus
baVj&us'kuy ehfM;k lsaVj esa ,Iiy lsaMfop vkSj
ikbu&,Iiy isfVl ij gkFk lkQ djrs gq, gekjs ,d52

esa eq>s cl pkoy] nkftZfyax Vh] vkbl Vh] dkQh tSls
dqN uke gh le> vk, ;k vius ls utj vk,Aigys ls crk fn;k tk, rks tSu Hkkstu Hkh fey tkrk
gS blfy, ;fn tkiku tkus dk eu cuk fy;k gS rks
cs[kkSQ vkSj csf>>d tkb, D;ksafd nky&pkoy&jksVh
rks ?kj esa fey gh tkrh gS ysfdu tc ns'k ls ckgj
vk;s gSa rks lq'kh] lkf'keh] VsEiqjk] ;kdhrksjh dk Hkh
yqRQ mBk;k tk, D;ksafd ;s lc FkksM+h gekjs ns'k esa
vklkuh ls feysaxsAoSls] ‘kk;n de gh yksx tkurs gksaxs fd tkikuh
Hkkstu nqfu;k esa dkQh yksdfç; gS vkSj bldk dkj.k;g gS fd ikjaifjd tkikuh [kkus esa ik¡p fu;eksa dks
è;ku esa j[kdj fofoèkrk vkSj larqyu ij tksj fn;ktkrk gSA bu fu;eksa ds varxZr [kkus esa ikap jaxksa¼dkyk] lQsn] yky] ihyk vkSj gjk½] [kkuk idkus dhikap rduhdksa ¼dPpk Hkkstu] fxzfyax] LVhfeax] mckyuk
vkSj ryuk ds lkFk&lkFk ikap Lokn ¼ehBk] elkysnkj]
uedhu] [kêk vkSj dM+ok½ dk [kkl è;ku j[kk tkrk
gSA ;gk¡ rd fd lwi vkSj pkoy cukrs le; Hkh bu
fu;eksa dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA blds vykok rkth
vkSj mPp xq.koÙkk okyh ekSleh dPph lkexzh dk
bLrseky vkSj uQklr ds lkFk ijkslus ds dkj.k Hkhtkikuh [kku&iku ds eqjhn c<+ jgs gSaA

D;k vki dYiuk dj ldrs gSa fd cf<+;klwV&cwV igus dksbZ O;fä lkbZfdy pyk jgk gks ;kdksbZ efgyk lky&nks lky ds cPps dks ysdj lkbZfdy
ij cktkj djus ;k v‚fQl tkus dks fudyh gks] oks
Hkh cs[kkSQ&fcankl&csf>>d!-- gekjs ns'k esa dksbZ ,slk
djsxk rks ‘kk;n nwljs fnu v[kckjksa esa mldh QksVks
Ni tk, ysfdu tkiku esa ;g vke ckr gSA vkslkdk
esa cM+h la[;k esa efgyk@iq#”k@;qok@cPps lHkh cM+s
vkjke ls lkbZfdy ij ?kwers utj vkrs Fks vkSj ogka
ds yksxksa ls ckrphr esa irk pyk fd iwjs tkiku esa
lkbZfdy ds çfr blh rjg dk çse gSA
u xkfM+;ksa dh ddZ'k fpYyiksa] u csrgk'kk Hkkxrs
yksx ,oa okgu vkSj u gh jsM ykbV ij gekjs tSlh
ph[k&iqdkj lc dqN lqdwu@'kkafr@vkjke vkSj lEeku
ls lEeku iSny ;kf=;ksa dk vkSj lEeku lkbZfdy
lokjksa dkA tkiku lkbZfdy dh lokjh ds ekeys esa
Hkys gh nqfu;k esa uhnjySaM] MsuekdZ vkSj teZuh tSls
ns'kksa ls ihNs gks ysfdu ‘kk;n ge ls cgqr vkxs gSA
gekjs ns'k esa nqfu;k Hkj esa dqy lkbZfdy mRiknu dk
10 Qhlnh fgLlk curk gS ysfdu lkbZfdy pykuk
gesa xaokjk ugha gSA tkiku ds flQZ vkslkdk ‘kgj esa gh
10 yk[k ls T;knk lkbZfdy gSa tcfd vkcknh gekjh
fnYyh rks nwj] Hkksiky tSlh gh eryc 18&20 yk[kds vklikl gSA ;fn ge vkslkdk dh rqyuk Hkksiky
ls djsa rks lkbZfdy dks ysdj ekufldrk lkQ tkfgj
gks tkrh gS- Hkksiky esa lkbZfdy pykus ds fy, vke
yksxksa dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, LekVZ lkbZfdy
lfoZl ‘kq: dh x;h FkhA vc rd blds fy, egt 65
gtkj yksxksa us gh jftLVªs'ku djk;k gS vkSj çfrfnu
vkSlru 1200 yksx gh lkbZfdy pykrs gSaA njvly

vc ;fn vki fgUnw osthVsfj;u ¼tSlk dSFkh
iSflfQd ,;jykbUl esa iwNk x;k Fkk½ tSls fdlh [kwaVs
ls ugha caèks gSa rks tkiku esa vkidh thHk ds fy, Hkjiwj
xqatkb'k gS tks eNyh&eVu&fpdu ls vkxs c<+dj
lqvj] xk; vkSj lh QwM esa v‚DVksil&dsdM+s vkSj dbZçdkj ds dhM+s edksM+s dk Hkh Lokn ys ldrh gSA ,slk
Hkh ugha gS fd ‘kkdkgkfj;ksa ds fy, tkiku esa Hkw[ks ejus
dh ukScr vk ldrh gS D;ksafd czsM&cVj rks lkekU;:i ls gj txg miyCèk gSA fQj reke uqMYl] twl]
Qy dk vkuan Hkh fy;k tk ldrk gSA vc rks vusd
Hkkjrh; jsLrjka ;gk¡ [kqy x, gSa tks vkidks Hkkjrh;
Lokn esa Hkkjrh; [kkuk ijksl jgs gSa vkSj dbZ tkikuh
Hkh bl [kkus ds nhokus gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd dqN gksVyksa esa
53vkSj ‘kk;n dHkh tkiku dh cjkcjh Hkh u dj ik,axsA

lkbZfdy pykus ds fy, ekufldrk pkfg, vkSj gekjs;gk¡ rks lkbZfdy xjhch dh igpku gSA vc Hkys gh
eksVkis ls eqfä] rksan ls NqVdkjs vkSj MkDVj dh lykg
ij eu ekjdj lkbZfdy pykus yxs gSa ysfdu os Hkh
cl ikdZ ;k ?kj ds vklikl rd gh lhfer gSa rHkh
rks tc dksbZ lkaln@foèkk;d lkbZfdy ij laln@foèkkulHkk igq¡p tkrk gS rks og [kcj cu tkrk gS
tcfd tkiku tSls ns'kksa esa ;g lkekU; ckr gSA

tkiku esa ,fQy V‚oj ;k isfjl vkSj U;w;kdZ
dk utkjk--- lqudj vk'p;Z gksrk gS u] eq>s Hkh gqvk
tc crk;k x;k fd vkslkdk esa ,fQy V‚oj gS !!
cl fQj D;k Fkk geus vkslkdk igqapdj lcls igyk
dke ,fQy V‚oj ns[kus dk fd;kA tc ogka igqaps
rks ,fQy Vkoj rks ugha mldh çfr—fr t:j feyh
ysfdu vkd”kZ.k vkSj yksdfç;rk ds ekeys esa mlls ,ddne Hkh ihNs ughaA njvly] vkslkdk dk lcls cM+k
vkd”kZ.k ;gk¡ ds f'kulsdkbZ (Shinsekai) bykds esa fLFkr;g lqVsuDdq V‚oj (Tsutenkaku Tower) gSA bls vkslkdk
dk ,fQy Vkoj dgk tkrk gS vkSj ge le>us ds fy,
bls fnYyh ds bf.M;k xsV vkSj tuiFk ekdsZV dk
feyk tqyk :i dg ldrs gSaA tkikuh ‘kCn lqVsuDdq
dk eryc LdkbZ :V V‚oj gS vkSj ;gk¡ lqcg ls ysdj
jkr rd LFkkuh; vkSj ge tSls fons'kh i;ZVdksa dk
tekoM+k yxk jgrk gSA blds dkj.k bl bykds dh
jkSud] lqUnj&jax fcjaxh cukoV] lLrk lkeku feyuk
vkSj tkiku ls tqM+s Le`fr fpUg feyus dk loZçeq[kLFkku gksuk gSA

tkiku esa gj O;fä fnuHkj esa vkSlru 15 çfr'kr;k=k,¡ lkbZfdy ls gh djrk gS vkSj ;dhuu tkikfu;ksa
dh Njgjh dk;k dk jkt Hkh ;gh gSA vkslkdk esa eq>s
rks dksbZ rksan okyk vkSj cs<c dk;k okyh efgyk utj
ugha vk;hA vc vki dg ldrs gSa lweks igyoku Hkh rks
tkikuh gSa ysfdu og [kkl gS vkSj ;gka ge tkiku ds
lkekU; yksxksa dh ckr dj jgs gSaA gky ds o”kksaZ esa ;gka
10 yk[k ls vfèkd ckbd ¼lkbZfdy½ gj lky csph
tkrh gSaA tkiku esa eksVjlkbZfdyksa ds fodYi ds :i
esa lkbZfdy dk O;kid :i ls mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
cgqr lkjs yksx Vªsu LVs'kuksa ij lokjh djus ds fy,
mudk mi;ksx djrs gSaA vktdy vfèkd ls vfèkd
tkikuh VªSfQd tke vkSj HkhM+ okyh Vªsuksa ls cpus ds
fy, lkbZfdy pyk jgs gSaA gj txg lkbZfdy [kM+hdjus ds fy, ckdk;nk lkbZfdy LVSaM cus gq, gSa- ekyesa] v‚fQlksa esa] vke cktkjksa esa] QqVikFk ij] cl LVki
ij lHkh txg vkèkqfud lkbZfdy LVSaM gSaA yksx fu;els lkbZfdy ikdZ djrs gSa vkSj tscjk Økflax ij yksxykycÙkh gksus dk bartkj ugha djrs cfYd lkbZfdy
vkSj iSny ;kf=;ksa dks lqdwu vkSj ‘kkafr ls fudyus
nsrs gSaA okguksa dh ykbu gksus ds ckn Hkh dksbZ gkuZ
ctk&ctkdj iwjs bykds dks lj ij ugha mBkrk cfYd
vkxs c<+us ds fy, pqipki viuh ckjh dk bartkj
djrk gSA

tc bl Vkoj ds ckjs esa tkudkjh tqVkbZ rks irk
pyk fd ewy Vkoj dk fuekZ.k 1912 esa gqvk FkkA ewy
V‚oj ds ‘kh”kZ dks isfjl ds ,fQy V‚oj ds leku gh
cuk;k x;k FkkA 64 ehVj Åapk ;g Vkoj ml le;,f'k;k dh nwljh lcls cM+h lajpuk FkhA 1943 esa
vkx yxus ls ;g cqjh rjg {kfrxzLr gks x;k blfy,
bls ;gk¡ ls gVk fn;k x;k FkkA ckn esa] LFkkuh;
yksxksa us blh LFkku ij u, V‚oj ds fuekZ.k ds fy,
vfHk;ku pyk;k vkSj rc tkdj 1956 esa ekStwnk Vkoj
vfLrRo esa vk;kA vc 103 ehVj Å¡psa] bl Lekjd
dks vkfdZVsDV rkpw furks us cuk;k Fkk] ftUgksaus VksD;ksV‚oj Hkh fMtkbu fd;k FkkA

vkSj var esa lcls lq[kn vglkl ;gk¡ yM+fd;kavkSj efgyk,a vius eu eqrkfcd diM+s igudj
eupkgs le; rd iSny vkSj lkbZfdy ij ?kwerh gSa
ysfdu mu ij dksbZ QCrh ugha dlrk] dksbZ vka[kQkM+ QkM+dj ugha ns[krk] diM+ksa dh vkM+ ysdj dksbZ
cykRdkj ugha djrk vkSj mUgsa ukjhRo dks ysdj dksbZ‘keZ dk vglkl ugha djkrk cl ;gha ge cgqr ihNs gSa

V‚oj dh 4 vkSj 5 oha eafty rd tkdj i;ZVd
vkslkdk ‘kgj dh LdkbZ ykbu vkSj iwjs ‘kgj ds
fogaxe –'; dk vkuan ys ldrs gSaA blds fy, 500;su ;k rdjhcu 400 #i, fVdV yxrh gSA V‚oj esa,d laxzgky; Hkh gS tgk¡ vkslkdk] bl bykds vkSj
54

tkrk gS fd fcfydsu dh ewfrZ ds iSj Nwus ls lkSHkkX;dh çkfIr gksrh gSA

yxrk gS eq>s ;gk¡ ds gSIihusl ‘kqHkadj ^fcfydsu*
dh nqvk,a fey x;h gSa rHkh rks lkyHkj igys vkSj ;gk¡rd fd vksyafid [ksyksa dh vkfèkdkfjd rkSj ij e'kky;k=k ‘kq: gksus ds igys gh vksyafid e'kky dks gkFk
esa ysus dk volj fey x;kA f[kykfM;ksa gh ugha] [ksyksa
ls nwj jgus okyksa ds fy, Hkh vksyafid [ksyksa dh e'kky
Fkkeuk xkSjo dh ckr gksrh gSA eSa HkkX;'kkyh gw¡ fd eq>s
e'kky Fkkeus ds lkFk&lkFk vksyafid ‘kqHkadjksa ds lkFk
rLohj ysus dk ekSdk Hkh fey x;kA njvly] th&20
f'k[kj lEesyu ds nkSjku tkiku us ;gk¡ vkus okys
fons'kh esgekuksa ds fy, ,d fo'kky çn'kZuh Hkh yxk;hFkhA bl çn'kZuh esa vksyafid e'kky] 'kqHkadj vkSj [ksyksa
ds vk;kstu esa lgHkkxh cuus okys jkscksV lfgr reke
phtsa muds okLrfod :i&jax&vkdkj vkSj çdkj esa
çnf'kZr dh x;h FkhaA

tkiku dh dyk laL—fr ij dsfUær Hkjiwj HkaMkj gSA
V‚oj dks tc jkr esa jks'ku fd;k x;k gS rks ;gk¡ iwjk
bykdk jaxfcjaxh jks'kuh ls ljkcksj gks tkrk gSA ;gk¡yksx crkrs gSa fd Vkoj dh jks'kuh ekSle ds lkFk jax
Hkh cnyrh gS] lkFk gh V‚oj ij yxh ?kM+h tkiku esa
lcls cM+h gSA

tkiku dh jktèkkuh VksD;ks esa 24 tqykbZ ls 9
vxLr 2020 rd vksyafid [ksy gksaxs vkSj blds Bhd
ckn 25 vxLr ls 6 flrEcj ds chp iSjk vksfyEid[ksyksa dk vk;kstu gksxkA ,d rjg ls bu [ksyksa dk
dkmaV&Mkmu ‘kq: gks x;k gSA vkidks tkudj gSjkuh
gksxh fd VksD;ks nks ckj vksyafid [ksyksa dh estckuh
djus okyk ,f'k;k dk igyk ‘kgj gSA ogha] tkiku esa
pkSFkh ckj v‚yafid [ksyksa dk vk;kstu gks jgk gSA

f'kulsdkbZ (Shinsekai) bykds dh Hkh viuh ,dvyx dgkuh gSA crk;k tkrk gS fd bls vkslkdk
çhQsDpj vFkkZr vkslkdk laHkkx esa ,d euksjta u ‘kgj
ds :i esa fMtkbu fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj ewy :i ls bls
U;w;‚dZ vkSj isfjl ‘kgjksa dh jaxhfu;r vkSj :ekfu;rnsus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA f'kulsdkbZ dk ‘kkfCnd vFkZ
Hkh gS&ubZ nqfu;k vkSj viuh vkèkqfud Nfo ds dkj.k;g {ks= okdbZ vkslkdk ds yksdfç; LFkkuksa esa ls ,d gSA
f'kulsdkbZ {ks= ds pkjksa vksj vkidks LFkkuh;‘kqHkadj fcfydsu (Billiken) dh ewfrZ;k¡ vkSj fp= yxs
fn[ksaxs vkSj cM+h la[;k esa yksx bUgsa [kjhnrs Hkh gSaA
fcfydsu dks tkiku esa xqM yd dk çrhd ;k vPNh
fdLer nsus okyk nsork ekuk tkrk gS blfy, dgk
55

xqykch&lqugjs jax dh vksyafid e'kky dks
tkiku ds e'kgwj fMtkbuj rksdqftu ;ks'khvksdk us
fMtkbu fd;k gSA e'kky dh fMtkbu ;gk¡ cgqrk;resa feyus okys psjh Qwy ls çsfjr gSA psjh] vc gekjs
ns'k esa f'kykax lfgr iwoksZÙkj ds dbZ ‘kgjksa esa Qwyus
yxh gSA gkyk¡fd tkiku tSlh fofoèkrk vHkh gekjs ns'k
esa rks ugha feyrh ysfdu blds jax ;gk¡ t:j fc[kjusyxs gSa vkSj es?kky; dh jktèkkuh f'kykax esa rks tkiku
dh rtZ ij vc ckdk;nk ^psjh Cyksle* tSls vk;kstu
Hkh gksus yxs gSaA

vkslkdk dSly ;k vkslkdk egy fuf'pr :ils tkiku esa lcls çfl) i;ZVu LFkyksa esa ls ,d gSA;g tkiku ds rhu lcls çeq[k egyksa esa ls ,d gSA
yxHkx 450 lky iqjkuk ;g ik¡p eaftyk egy ns'k
ds lcls vfèkd vkSj lcls çkphu n'kZuh; jpukvksa esa‘kkfey gSA vkslkdk dSly dks ge ikjaifjd tkikuh
okLrqdyk dk ,d lqanj olh;rukek dg ldrs gSA
egy ds vanj çR;sd eafty ij vkslkdk ds O;kidbfrgkl dks dyk—fr;ksa ds ekè;e ls çfrfcafcr fd;kx;k gSA LFkkuh; yksxksa ds eqrkfcd lfn;ksa ls ;g egy
dbZ mYys[kuh; ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dk eap jgk gSA
vkslkdk dSly viuh fo'kky vkdkj okyh iRFkj dh
nhokj ds fy, Hkh çfl) gSA crk;k tkrk gS fd blds
fuekZ.k esa yk[kksa dh la[;k esa cM+s iRFkjksa dk mi;ksx
fd;k x;k gSA

bu vksyafid [ksyksa dk vkfèkdkfjd ‘kqHkadj
fejkbrksok gSA tkikuh dykdkj fj;ks rkfuxqph }kjk
fufeZr bl ‘kqHkadj dks nks gtkj ls T;knk ‘kqHkadjksa
ds chp ls ,d çfr;ksfxrk ds ekè;e ls pquk x;kA
fejkbrksok dk uke tkikuh ‘kCnksa ^fejkbZ* vkSj ^rksok*
dks feykdj j[kk x;k gS] ftldk vFkZ ^mEehnksa Hkjk
Hkfo”;*] ogha iSjk vksyafid [ksyksa ds ‘kqHkadj dk uke
lksfeVh gS ftldk vFkZ gS ^'kfä'kkyh*A;gk¡ ds bfrgkl ij utj Mkysa rks vkslkdk
dSly dk fuekZ.k 1583 esa tkiku esa reke dchyksa
dh ,drk ds iqjksèkk V‚;ksVkseh fgns;ks'kh (Toyotomi
Hideyoshi-1536 - 1598) us fd;k Fkk ysfdu 1615 ds
x`g ;q) ds nkSjku ;g ty x;kA bls rc Vksdqxkok
ckdqQq (Tokugawa Bakufu-1603 - 1867) ds ‘kkludky
ds nkSjku fQj ls cuk;k x;kA bl egy vkSj vkx
ds chp dqN vthc lk fj'rk gS rHkh rks ;g egy
ckj&ckj vkx dk f'kdkj curk jgk vkSj QhfuDl i{khdh rjg iqu% uofufeZr gksrk jgk gSA crk;k tkrk gS

bu vksyafid [ksyksa dh ,d vU; [kwch ;gk¡
[ksyksa esa gkFk caVkus okys jkscksV gksaxsA ;s Hkfo”; dsfUær
¼¶;wpfjfLVd½ jkscksV u dsoy [ksyksa esa ,FkyhVksa vkSj
n'kZdksa dk Lokxr djsaxs cfYd [ksyksa ds vk;kstu LFkyksa
rd igq¡pus esa Hkh lgk;d cusaxsA tkiku bu [ksyksa ds
nkSjku pkj çdkj ds jkscksV dh lgk;rk ys jgk gSA56

ltk;k&laokjk x;kA rc ls ;g egy fcuk fdlh {kfrds vkslkdk dk xkSjo xku cu x;k gS vkSj ckj&ckj
tyus@u”V gksus ds ckn Hkh ;g HkO; egy vkt Hkh
viuh oSHko'kkyh fojklr dks le>kus vkSj fn[kkus esa
dke;kc gSA dgk rks ;g Hkh tkrk gS fd çkjafHkd dky
esa ydM+h ls cus bl egy dh vkarfjd lkt&lTtk
lksus dh FkhA
vkslkdk dSly dh lqUnjrk esa pkj pk¡n blds
vklikl cuk ikdZ yxk nsrk gSA yxHkx 10 yk[koxZehVj esa QSyk vkslkdk dSly ikdZ Hkh 1931 esa cuk;kx;k Fkk vkSj ;g ikdZ psjh Cy‚le Qwyus ds nkSjku
nqfu;kHkj ds i;ZVdksa dks viuh vksj [khaprk gSA vkslkdk
dSly dk ,d vU; vkd”kZ.k] blds vklikl cuh xgjh
[kkbZ gSA blesa pyus okyh jax&fcjaxh ukoksa ds tfj;s
Hkh ;gk¡ ds çk—frd oSHko ls :c: gqvk tk ldrk gSA
vkslkdk dSly ifjlj esa ukSdk fogkj ds nkSjku fnYyh
ds iqjkus fdys esa cksfVax djus tSlk yxrk gS] gkyk¡fd;gk¡ okguksa dk ‘kksjxqy ugha gS tks fnYyh esa fdlh Hkhi;ZVu LFky dk lcls dM+ok lp gSA

fd 1665 esa fctyh fxjus ds dkj.k bl egy dks fQj
dkQh uqdlku igqapkA bruk gh ugha] ,d ckj fQj
cus bl egy esa 1868 esa fQj vkx yx xbZA ckj&ckj
vkx yxus dh ?kVukvksa ds dkj.k blds fQj ls fuekZ.k
dk bjknk R;kx fn;k x;k ysfdu vkslkdk ds yksxksa
dh çcy bPNkvksa ds dkj.k] 1931 esa bls fQj ls

57

;

fn vkidks ,d gh LFkku ij iwoksZÙkj ds lHkh
jkT;ksa ds lekt mudh laL—fr [kkuiku ds ckjs
esa vklkuh ls tkudkjh fey tk;s rks vki t:j ,slh
txg tkuk ilan djsaxsA çk—frd :i ls iwoksZÙkj ds
lcls [kwclwjr jkT; es?kky; dh jktèkkuh f'kykax
esa fLFkr M‚u ckLdks E;wft;e ,slk gh LFkku gS tgk¡
vkidks leLr iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa dh tkudkjh fey tk,xhA
bl laxzgky; esa vki ekuo fodkl dh ‘kq#vkr ds
lkFk gh iwoksZÙkj dh vkfnoklh lkekftd laL—fr ds
n'kZu csgn djhc ls dj ldrs gSA i;ZVd ;gka iwoksZÙkj
jkT;ksa ls ,df=r fd,
x, f'kYi—fr] ifjèkku]gLrf'kYi] ltkoV ds
lkeku] gfFk;kj nqyZHk
QksVksxzkQ Hkh ns[k ldrs
gSaA M‚u cksLdks E;wft;edk
fuekZ.k
jkseu
dSFkksfyd
lsysfl;ulkslkbVh }kjk djok;kx;k Fkk vkSj bldk ukeM‚u cksLdks uked bVyh
ds ,d e'kgwj jkseudSFkksfyd lar ds uke ij gh j[kk x;k gSA 1980 ds
n'kd esa bl ekuo foKku vkSj lkaL—frd laxzgky;
dh LFkkiuk dh x;h ftls vkt M‚u c‚Ldks laxzgky;
ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA lsfØM gkVZ ppZ ds ifjlj
esa fLFkr bl E;wft;e dks dSFkksfyd ppZ ds lkysfl;uv‚MZj }kjk pyk;k tkrk gSA ;g ,f'k;k dk lcls cM+klkaL—frd laxzgky; gSA

tkrk gSA bls vke laxzgky; dh rjg vki ugha ns[kldrs bls ns[kus dh vPNh [kklh fVdV gS oks blfy,
dh ;fn vki okdbZ xaHkhjrk ls tkudkjh gkfly djuk
pkgrs gS rks gh vki ;gk¡ tkuk ilan djsaxsA ;gka ij
çnf'kZr oLrqvksa dks [kwclwjr O;ofLFkr <ax ls j[kkx;k gSA ;gka dh çdk'k O;oLFkk Hkh cgqr cf<+;k gS] tks
n'kZdksa dh vkoktkgh ds vuqlkj Lo;a lapkfyr gksrh
gSA blls ,d rks fctyh dh cpr gksrh gS vkSj çnf'kZr
oLrqvksa dks Hkh yxkrkj —f=e jks'kuh dk lkeuk Hkh ugha
djuk iM+rkA blds vykok ;gka ds çR;sd çn'kZu d{kesa Vp LØhu fd;ksLdgSa] tks vkidks çnf'kZr
oLrqvksa ds ckjs esa dkQh
tkudkjh çnku djrs gSaA
[kkl ckr bl laxzgky;
dh ;g gS fd ;gk¡ ij
j[kh x;h vfèkdka'koLrq,a csgn çkphu gSa
ftUgas lHkh jkT;ksa ls,d= fd;k x;k gS tks
e‚My cuk;s x, gS os
csgn ltho yxrs gSaA
bl laxzgky; esa dqy 20 nh?kkZ,a ¼xSyjh½ gSaA
;s iwjk laxzgky; lkr eaftyk bekjr ij cuk gS
blds gj ,d eafty esa vki iwoksZÙkj dh vyx&vyx
tutkfr;ksa dh jgu lgu dh >kafd;ka ns[k ldrs
gSaA bldh vydksOl xSyjh esa lHkh iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa dh
lkekftd vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dh tkudkjh e‚Myksa ds
lkFk çnf'kZr dh x;h gS] lHkh iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa ds fofHkUuçdkj ds tutkfr;ksa dh ewfrZ;ka Hkh yxh gqbZ gS] mudh
os'k&Hkw”kk [kkuiku ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA ,d NksVk

vkt rd eSaus ftrus Hkh laxzgky; ns[ks gSa] muesa
ls ;g laxzgky; csgn is'ksoj <ax ls lapkfyr fd;k58

ls crk;k x;k gSA gfFk;kj xSyjh esa ik”kk.k dky ls
ysdj vkt rd bLrseky fd;s x, fofHkUu gfFk;kjksa
dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA os'k&Hkw”kk ,oa vkHkw”k.k xSyjh esa
fofHkUu ifjèkkuksa rFkk vkHkw”k.kksa dks j[kk x;k gSA ;gkaij çnf'kZr pk¡nh vkSj i'kqvksa dh gfì;ksa ls cus fofoèk
çdkj ds vkHkw”k.k csgn vkd”kZd gSa bUgsa ns[kdj vkidks
vpjt gksxk fd ml le; Hkh yksx lkt Jaxkj ds
çfr fdrus ltx FksA M‚u&cksLdks dYpj xSyjh esa
ikapksa egk}hiksa esa M‚u cksLdks }kjk fd;s x, f'k{kk ds
çpkj&çlkj vkSj lkaL—frd ;ksxnku dks crk;k x;kgSA gkmflax iSVuZ xSyjh esa iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr esa fofHkUuçdkj ds ?kj cukus dh ‘kSyh dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA dyk
xSyjh esa iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds lHkh jkT;ksa ds isafVaXl vkSj
gLr dykvksa dk ladyu gSA ehfM;k ,oa dYpj xSysjh;g lcls vafre iM+ko gS] ;gka ij ,d lHkkxkj gS]
tgka ij vkxarqdksa ds fy, mÙkj iwohZ Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa
ls tqM+s dqN fpÙkjatd fofM;ks çLrqr fd, tkrs gSa
ftlds }kjk f'kykax dh çfl) vkSj ns[kus ;ksX; txgksa
ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nh tkrh gSA blds vykok ;gka ij
Hkkjr ds vkBksa iwoksZÙkj jkT;ksa ds fofoèk u`R; çdkjksa ds
fofM;ks Hkh fn[kk;s tkrs gSA var esa bZekjr dh Nr ij
LdkbZo‚d cuk;k x;k gS] ftlls vki f'kykax ‘kgj dk
eueksgd vkSj fogaxe utkjk ns[k ldrs gSaA iwoksZÙkj
jkT;ksa ds n'kZu dk blls ‘kkunkj laxzgky; rks dksbZ
gks gh ugha ldrkA

lk feuh E;wft;e gS ftlesa cPpksa ds [ksyus ds fy,
txg nh x;h gS] ftl oDr vfHkHkkod laxzgky; dk

Hkze.k djrs gSa muds cPps ogka :ddj [ksy ldrs gSaA
iMkslh ns'kksa dh xSyjh cuk;ha x;h gS] Hkkjr ds iM+kslh
ns'kksa tSls usiky] HkwVku] phu] E;aekj vkSj ckaXykns'k
ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA ,d Vp LØhu daI;wVj dh
enn ls gj ns'k ds ckjs tkudkjh fey tkrh gSA QksVks
xSyjh esa mÙkj&iwoZ Hkkjr ds dqN nqyZHk QksVks j[ks x,
gSaA CySd ,aM okbV QksVks ipkl ls lkB lky iqjkus
gSaA fe'ku vkSj dYpj xSyjh esa lHkh laL—fr;ksa dks
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bZlkbZ lekt dh LFkkiuk dks ysdj
tkudkjh nh x;h gSA çkxsfrgkfld xSyjh esa Hkkjr ds
iwoksZÙkj fgLls ds tutkfr;ksa ds nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k esa
egRo ,oa muds fodkl ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dks fn[kk;kx;k gSA ySaM vkSj ihiy xSyjh esa iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds
çk—frd Lo:i vkSj tutkfr;ksa ds :iksa dks fn[kk;kx;k gSA eRL;] f'kdkjh] laxzg.k xSyjh esa iqjkus le;esa eNyh idM+us] f'kdkj djus rFkk mUgsa j[kus ds
fy, fofHkUu çdkj ds vkStkjksa dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA—f”k xSyjh esa iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds yksxksa }kjk [ksrh djus
ds fofHkUu rjhdksa dks fn[kk;k x;k gS- tSls >we —f”k]lh<+huqek [ksrh] o”kkZ [ksrh vkfnA ijaijk ,oa çkS|ksfxdh
xSyjh esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa yksxksa dh vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa
rFkk ijEijkvksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA Vksdjh xSyjh esa
ckal vkSj ?kkl&Qwl ds cus vusd çdkj ds vkd”kZd
Vksdfj;ksa dks çnf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA ok| ;a= xSyjh
esa vki iwoksZÙkj Hkkjr ds laxhr lqu ldrs gSa vkSj
muds ok| ;a=ksa dks ns[k ldrs gSaA èkeZ ,oa lkaL—frd
xSyjh esa fofHkUu èkeksaZ ,oa lH;rkvksa ds ckjs esa foLrkj

59

fn

Y‍yh ls dksV}kj yxHkx 220 fd-eh- dh nwjh
ij gSA bls x<+oky dk ços'k}kj Hkh dgk tkrk
gS vkSj ;gka ls ikSM+h] ySalMkmu] Jhuxj vkSj cæhukFk
Hkh tk;k tk ldrk gSA dksV}kj [kksg unh ds fdukjs
fgeky; dh rygVh esa clk 'kgj gS A ;gka dk jsyos
L‍Vs'ku 1890 esa cuk;k x;k Fkk tgka vkdj jsyos ykbu[kR‍e gks tkrh gSA ;gka ds eq[‍;cl vìs ls 14 fd-eh- nwjh ijd.‍o _f"k dk vkJe gSA pfy,d.‍o vkJe dh vksjA bl vkJe
dk fuekZ.k ,d xSj ljdkjh laL‍Fkk
us fd;kA vkJe ekfyuh unh ds
ck,a rV ij ?kus taxy ds chp gSA;g cgqr lqanj vkSj lqjE‍; L‍Fkku gSa
tgka dydy djrh ekfyuh unh
dh vkokt+ lqukÃ nsrh jgrh gSA
xÆe;ksa ds le; ekfyuh unh esa
ikuh cgqr de gks tkrk gS ysfdu
o"kkZ _rq esa ekfyuh unh dk osx
çp.‍M gksrk gSA

esa Mwch gqÃ FkhA viuh mis{kk ns[kdj _f"k nqokZlkvR‍;ar Øksfèkr gq, vkSj mU‍gksaus 'kdqaryk dks Jki fn;kfd oks ftldh ;kn esa og [kksÃ gqÃ gS og O‍;fä gh
mls foL‍e`r dj nsxkA 'kdqaryk vius bl —R‍; ij'kÉenk gqÃ vkSj mlus _f"k ekQh ekaxh vkSj _f"k FkksM+s
ilhts vkSj mU‍gksaus dgk fd rqE‍gsa viuh ;kn fnykus ds
fy, jktk nq"‍;ar dks muds }kjk
gh migkj esa nh xÃ vaxwBh jktknq"‍;ar dks fn[kkuh iM+sxhA d.‍o_Æ"k tc okil ykSVs rks 'kdqaryk
us mU‍gsa jktk nq"‍;ar ds lkFk vius
xaèkoZ fookg ds ckjs esa crk;k] rks
mU‍gksaus 'kdqaryk dks fonk djus
ds fy, le; fuf'pr fd;k vkSj
fuf'pr le; ij 'kdqaryk dks
gfLrukiqj Hkst fn;k] ysfdu bl
chp 'kdqaryk dks migkj L‍o:ifeyh vaxwBh unh esa fxj xÃ vkSj
ftls ,d eNyh us fuxy fy;kA
tc 'kdqaryk jktk ls feyh rks
jktk nq"‍;ar us mls igpkuk gh ugÈ vkSj 'kdqaryk
dks egy ls okil Hkst fn;kA mèkj ,d eNqvkjs dks
og eNyh feyh vkSj mlus tc ml eNyh dks dkVk
rks mls eNyh ds isV ls ,d ewY‍;oku vaxwBh feyhA
eNqvkjk vaxwBh cspus ds fy, cktkj x;k rks mls jktk
ds yksxksa us vaxwBh lfgr idM+ fy;kA tc eNqvkjs dks
jktk ds le{k is'k fd;k x;k rks mlus crk;k fd mls;g vaxwBh eNyh ds isV ls feyh gSA jktk dks vaxwBhns[krs gh jktk 'kdqaryk dh ;kn vk xÃ vkSj 'kdqaryk
dks [kkst dj okil gfLrukiqj yk;k x;kA jktk nq"‍;arvkSj 'kdqaryk dh ,d larku ¼Hkjr½ mR‍iU‍u gqÃA ;ghekU‍;rk gS fd gfLrukiqj ds jktk nq"‍;ar f'kdkj
djrs gq, HkVd x, vkSj d.‍okJe tk igqapsA d.‍o_f"k rhFkZ ;k=k ij FksA 'kdqaryk ftls _f"k us csVhdh rjg ikyk Fkk us] jktk nq"‍;ar dh vkoHkxr dhA
jktk nq"‍;ar vkSj 'kdqaryk esa çse gqvk vkSj mU‍gksaus
xaèkoZ fookg dj fy;kA jktk nq"‍;ar us okfil tkrs gq,'kdqaryk dks vaxwBh igukÃ vkSj dgk fd gfLrukiqj
vkdj feysA 'kdqaryk jktk nq"‍;ar dh L‍e`fr;ksa esa f?kjh
jgrh Fkh vkSj 'kdqaryk dks ;g Hkh L‍ej.k ugÈ jgrk
Fkk fd dksÃ vk;k Hkh gSA ,sls gh ,d le; nqokZlk_f"k ogka igqaps] ysfdu 'kdqaryk nq"‍;ar ds çseL‍e`fr
60

Hkjr dkykarj esa pØorÊ lezkV cus vkSj bU‍gÈ ds uke
ij Hkkjro"kZ dk uke Hkkjr iM+kA
laL‍—r ds egkdfo dkfynkl us blh ?kVuk ij,d ukVd **vfHkKku 'kkdqarye** fy[kk vkSj bl jpukls jktk nq"‍;ar vkSj 'kdqaryk ds çlax dks vkSj çfl)hfeyhA dkfynkl }kjk d.‍o _f"k ds vkJe dk tks
o.kZu **vfHkKku 'kkdqarye** esa fd;k x;k gS Bhd oSlk
gh d.‍o&vkJe gesa ns[kus dks feykA

vkrs gSa] ysfdu ;gka u rks dksÃ lkoZtfud 'kkSpky; gS
vkSj u gh dksÃ jsL‍VksjsaVA ;gka ij dHkh&dHkkj Nk= olSykuh vk tkrs gSaA ekfyuh unh ds nwljh rjQ ,dljdkjh xsL‍Vgkml gS] og Hkh misf{kr lk gh gSA d.‍ovkJe igqapus dk ekxZ Hkh cgqr vP‍Nh voL‍Fkk esa ugÈ
gSA bl {ks= esa i;ZVu dh vlhe laHkkouk,a gSa] ysfdu
mis{kk ds dkj.k ;gka ij ckgj ds i;ZVd de vkrs gSa
vkSj L‍Fkkuh; yksx gh ;gka ij ?kweus ds fy, vkrs jgrs
gSaA bl vkJe esa clar iapeh ds fnu cM+k esyk yxrkgS] ftlesa gtkjksa yksx tqVrs gSaA

ftl pØorÊ lezkV ds uke ij gekjs ns'k dk
uke j[kk x;k gS mldh tU‍e L‍Fkyh bruh misf{kr gS]
ftldk o.kZu djuk nq[kn gSA ;gka ij ml le; ds
dqN HkX‍uko'ks"k Hkh feyrs gSa] ysfdu vfèkdka'k HkX‍uko'ks"k;k rks u"‍V gks pqds gSa ;k mU‍gsa yksxksa }kjk mBk fy;kx;k gSA;g dgk tkrk ldrk gS fd d.‍o _f"k dhriksL‍Fkyh dks HkO‍; :i fn;k tk ldrk Fkk] ysfdu vHkh
rd ;g th.kksZ)kj dh çrh{kk esa gSA ;gka ij yksx vD‍lj

61

d

Fkk,a Hkh bfrgkl dh gh rjg viuk Hkwrdky
le>us esa dkQh gn rd enn dj ldrh gSAa
tSls bfrgkl ds iU‍us [kqn dks nksgjkrs gSa blh rjg
dFkk,a Hkh mu okdkr dks nksgjkus ds ,d vge olhys
dk fdjnkj fuHkkrh gS]a tks okdkr dHkh :.kek gq, gksxa As
dFkk,a u flQZ fnycgykÃ dk gh dke nsrh gSa cfYd
chrs gq, dy dh xokgh Hkh nsrh gSAa buesa Hkh vge?kVukvksa dh lnk,s ckt+x'‍r lquus dks feyrh gSA ;sdFkk,a pkgs çkphu gh D‍;ksa u gks]a lekt esa ,d cnyko
ykus dk dke Hkh dj ldrh gSAa Hkkjr gh 'kk;n ,d,slk ns'k gS tks dFkkvksa ds cs'kcgk [kt+kus ls ekykeky
gSA ;gka ds ,d&,d 'kC‍n] L‍okal @pI‍i&
s pI‍is vkSj
dne&dne ds lkFk ,d&,d dgkuh tqMh+ gqÃ gSA
buesa vkichrh Hkh gS vkSj txchrh HkhA gekjs Hkkjr dh
dFkkvksa dk ,d çkphu bfrgkl gSA tks gekjs 'kkunkj
vkSj mTToy Hkwrdky dh fu'kkunsgh djrk gSA balkuhtU‍e ds lkFk gh cksypky Hkh viuk L‍o:i èkkj.k djus
yxkA T‍;ks&
a T‍;ksa balku ,d&,d dne vkxs c<+kus yxk
mlds fny o fnekx esa irk ugÈ dkSu&dkSu ls vkSjdSl&
s dSls [‍;kykr mBs gksxa As D‍;k&D‍;k ns[kk gksxkAD‍;k&D‍;k eglwl fd;k gksxk vkSj D‍;k fo'‍ys"k.k fd;kgksxkA okil vkdj bu rtqcks± dks t:j nksgjk;k gksxkA
bu fopkjksa us t:j ,d dgkuh dh 'kD‍y bf[r;kj dh
gksxhA dHkh&dHkkj bl balku us ;g nyhy fdlh nwljs
O‍;fä dks lqukÃ gksxhA bl rjg ls dFkk lquus&lqukus
dh 'kq#vkr gqÃ gksxhA bl rjg ls ge fu%langs ;g
dg ldrs gSa fd dgkuh dk tU‍e Hkh mruk gh iqjkuk gS
ftruk dh balkuh rgthc dkA vkjafHkd dky esa balku
dh lkaL‍—frd {ks= esa vfHkO‍;fä T‍;knkrj ifn esa gh gqÃAgekjs ns'k dh vfèkdrj çkphu dFkk,a x| ds ctk;s i|
esa gh feyrh gSAa vius çkphu dky ds lkaL‍—frd ,oa

lkfgfR;d gkykr vkfn ds ckjs esa tkuus ds fy, dFkk,apkgs os nar dFkk,a gksa ;k fyf[kr dFkk,a gksa ,d egR‍oiw.kZ;ksxnku vnk djrh gSAa bl rjg gesa vius vrhr dks
le>us esa vkSj ij[kus vkSj eglwl djus dk ,d vge
olhyk bu dFkkvksa ds t+fj;s miyC‍èk gksrk gSA,dlkFk c`gRdFkk ,d vR‍;ar çkphu dFkkvksa
dk laxzg gSA ;g dgkfu;ka cgknqjksa] jktkvksa] ifj;ksa]
Hkwrçsrksa] i'kq&if{k;ksa] balkuksa vkSj mu ls lacafèkr fo"k;ksa
ij vkèkkfjr gSaA c`gr~ dFkk dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS cM+hdFkkA db;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd ;g ,d rohy dFkk
gSA dÃ rks bls Hkkjrh; dFkkvksa dk [kt+kuk ekurs gSaA
egku dfo vkSj fo}ku xq.kkMî }kjk fyf[krc`gRdFkk iS'kkp Hkk"kk esa gSA ;g dFkk Nanksa esa fy[kh xÃ
gS vkSj blesa ,d yk[k '‍yksd gSaA ekuk tkrk gS fd
c`gRdFkk esa lkr yk[k '‍yksd Fks] ysfdu vc ek= ,dyk[k '‍yksd gh feyrs gSaA bldk dkj.k gS%& dgrs gSa
fd xq.kkMî jktk lkrokgu ds ea=h FksA xq.kkMî pwafd
laL‍—r] çk—r vkSj viHkza'k ds cM+s fo}ku Fks fygkt+kmudk dkQh vknj lR‍dkj fd;k tkrk FkkA egkjktk
lkrokgu dh laL‍—r ij idM+ vP‍Nh ugÈ FkhA mudhjkuh dkQh fo}ku Fkh vkSj jktk ds eqdkcys esa mU‍gsalaL‍—r Hkk"kk esa dkQh egkjr gkfly Fkh vkSj os vP‍NhlaL‍—r cksyus esa l{ke FkÈ] ysfdu jktk lkrokgu
laL‍—r u cksy ikus ds dkj.k ek;wl vkSj mnkl jgk
djrs FksA ,d fnu tc jkuh dks ;g irk pyk fd jktklaL‍—r esa det+ksj gSa rks os muls et+kd djus yxÈ
vkSj jktk ls ;g cnkZ'‍r u gks ldkA mU‍gksaus ;g ç.k
fd;k fd og laL‍—r lh[k dj gh ne ysaxsA ,d fnu
jktk lkrokgu us xq.kkMî vkSj 'koZoekZ dks cqyk;k vkSj
muls dgk fd os de ls de le; esa laL‍—r O‍;kdj.kesa mU‍gsa egkjr gkfly djk;saA xq.kkMî ds eqrkfcd
62

;g fo|k gkfly djus esa ckjg lky dk le; yxrk
FkkA xq.kkMî de ls de le; esa laL‍—r fl[kkus esa
vleFkZ FksA fQj Hkh mU‍gksaus jktk dks ;g vk'‍oklu
fn;k fd os mU‍gsa ;g fo|k flQZ Ng lky esa fl[kk;saxsA
nwljh rjQ 'koZoekZ us] tks fd dkQh pkykd Fks] jktk
dks vk'‍oklu fn;k fd os mU‍gsa flQZ Ng eghus esa ghlaL‍—r O‍;kdj.k fl[kk nsaxsA bl ij xq.kkMî cksyiM+s fd ;g laHko ugÈ gSA ;fn 'koZoekZ jktk dks Ng
eghus esa laL‍—r O‍;kdj.k fl[kk nsaxs rks eSa eaf=in NksM+
nwaxk vkSj laL‍—r esa fy[kuk Hkh NksM+ nwaxkA 'koZoekZ
us jktk dks Ng ekg esa laL‍—r O‍;kdj.k fl[kkus ds
fy, th&rksM+ esgur dh vkSj jktk us laL‍—r O‍;kdj.kiwjh rjg lh[k yhA xq.kkMî 'krZ gkj x, vkSj viuk
eaf=in R‍;kx dj Çoè‍;kpy ioZr pys x,A xq.kkMî
taxyksa esa nj&c&nj ?kwers jgs mudk fny VwV pqdk
Fkk vkSj mU‍gksaus laL‍—r] ikyh vkSj çk—r dks fcY‍dqy
gh ut+jvankt dj fn;kA iyk;u ds ckn os ,dtxg ls nwljh txg ?kwers jgsA bl chp os dk.kHkwfr
uked ,d 'k[‍l ls feysA mU‍gksaus xq.kkMî dks cgqr
dgkfu;ka lqukb±A xq.kkMî bu dgkfu;ksa dks cgqr gh'kkSd ls lqurs Fks vkSj mU‍gsa ;g dgkfu;ka csgn ilan
vkb±A xq.kkMî us bu dgkfu;ksa dks fy[kus dk fu.kZ;
fy;kA ysfdu mU‍gksaus laL‍—r NksM+us dh dle [kkÃ Fkh
fygkt+k mU‍gksaus ;s dFkk,a iS'kkp Hkk"kk esa fy[kuh vkjaHk
dhA mU‍gksaus bu dFkkvksa dks ,d iqL‍rd dk :i fn;kA
blesa lkr yk[k '‍yksd fy[ks x,A ;g iqL‍rd fdlh
rjg ls jktk ds ikl igqap xÃA jktk dks igys ls gh
xq.kkMî ij xqL‍lk Fkk] blfy, mU‍gksausa bl iqL‍rd ijdksÃ è‍;ku ugÈ fn;k vkSj mU‍gsa vkSj Hkh xqL‍lk vk x;krks mU‍gksaus bl iqL‍rd dks jí dj fn;kA dk.kHkwfr ds
vuqlkj ;g fdrkc peM+s ij fy[kh xÃ FkhA jktk }kjk
;g xzU‍Fk [kkfjt fd, tkus ij xq.kkMî vR‍;ar fujk'k
gks x,A og ;g fujknj fdlh Hkh lwjr esa u lg ldsA
db;ksa dk dguk gS fd mU‍gksaus ;g dgkfu;ka balkuh[kwu ls fy[kh gSaA xq.kkMî brus xexhu vkSj mnkl
gks x, fd mU‍gksaus vkx tykÃ vkSj ,d&,d djds
dgkfu;ka i'kq&if{k;ksa dks lqukrs x, vkSj tks&tks i`"‍Bos i<+rs x, ml i`"‍B dks vkx dh ut+j djrs x,Abl rjg Ng yk[k 'yksd vkx esa HkL‍e gks x,A ,slk
dgk tkrk gS fd i'kq&i{kh Hkh bl nkSjku fujkgkj

jgdj dFkk Jo.k esa yhu jgus ds dkj.k detksj gks
x, vkSj xq.kkMî HkhA ;g nkL‍rku jktk lkrokgu
rd igqap xÃA jktk dks xq.kkMî ds bl vn~Hkqr
dk;Z dk ,glkl gqvk vkSj lkFk gh viuh xyrh dk
HkhA mU‍gksaus xq.kkMî dks vknj&lR‍dkj ds lkFk okil
cqyk;k vkSj ,d yk[k '‍yksdksa dks tSls&rSls cpk;kx;kA jktk lkrokgu us xq.kkMî ls ekQh ekaxh vkSj
cps ,d yk[k '‍yksdksa dk laL‍—r esa vuqokn djok;kA
exj xq.kkMî us ea=h in L‍ohdkj ugÈ fd;kA ;g Hkh
dgk tkrk gS fd **c`gR‍dFkk esa ikaMooa'k ds oR‍ljkt
ds iq= ujokgunR‍r dk pfjr¼dFkk½ oÆ.kr gSA bldk
ewy:i çkI‍r ugÈ gksrk] Çdrq ;g dFkklfjrlkxj]
c`gR‍dFkkeatjh rFkk c`gRdFkk'‍yksdlaxzg% vkfn laL‍—r
xzaFkksa esa :ikU‍rfjr :i esa fo|eku gSA iapra=]fgrksins'k] osrky iapÇo'kk] dFkk,a laHkor% blh ls yh
xÃ gSaA**¼fodhih‍fM;k½ xq.kkMî ds bu ckdh cps ,dyk[k Nanksa dk jktk lkrokgu us laL‍—r esa vuqokn
djok;kA ;g ,d yk[k '‍yksd c`gR‍dFkk dgyk,A blhc`gR‍dFkk dk vkxs pydj laL‍—r esa rjtqek fd;kx;kA d'‍ehjh bfrgkldkj vorkj —"‍.k jkgcj fy[krsgSa] **c`gR‍dFkk ds vkèkkj ij tks fdrkcsa laL‍—r esa fy[khxÃ] buesa lksenso dh *dFkk lfjrlkxj*] 'ksesU‍æ dh*c`ºRdFkk&eatjh* vkSj lkse Ã'‍oj dh *c`ºRdFkk '‍yksd
laxzg* dk Hkh ft+Ø gSA c`ºRdFkk ds ckdh cps gq,
fgL‍ls ds rtqZes vkSj Hkh cgqr lkjh Hkk"kkvksa esa fd, x,
gSa] ftuesa *usikyh*] vkSj *teZu*] rtqZek Hkh 'kkfey gSA*usikyh* rtqZek vkBoÈ 'krkC‍nh esa gqvkA usikyh vkSj
lksenso dk rtqZek dkQh iqjkuk gSA 'ksesU‍æ dk rtqZek
csgrj gS vkSj vly ds djhc ekuk tkrk gSA 'ksesU‍æ
us mu ckrksa dk Hkh bufd'kkQ fd;k gS] ftuds varxZrc`gR‍dFkk fy[kh xÃ FkhA* laL‍—r esa c`ºRdFkk ds dÃ
vkSj vuqokn fd, x, gSa] exj 'ksesU‍æ ds vuqokn dks gh
T‍;knk egR‍o feyk gSA ys[kd ,oa cz‚MdkL‍Vj eksrhyky
tsy[kkuh c`ºRdFkk ij viuh jk; t+kfgj djrs gq,
dgrs gSa] *11oÈ 'krkC‍nh esa laL‍—r Hkk"kk ds çfl) fo}ku'ksesU‍æ c`gR‍dFkk dk ,d [kqyklk dfork ds :i esa
is'k djrs gSa------'ksesU‍æ dk dguk gS fd c`gR‍dFkk ewyr%
iS'kkp Hkk"kk esa gSA 'ksesU‍æ dh bl jpuk esa c`gR‍dFkk dh
g;r vkSj eqokn dk irk pyrk gSA ;g jpuk ;kfu*c`gR‍dFkk eatjh* cgqr gh ljy ,oa L‍i"‍V t+cku esa
63rjg ;g fdrkc Hkkjr dh lkfgR‍;dyk dk ,d [kt+kuk
FkhA okY‍ehfd vkSj O‍;kl dks tks lE‍eku fo}kuksa us fn;kgS ogh :rck xq.kkMî dks Hkh fn;k x;k gSA dY‍yklkgc et+hn fy[krs gSa fd dÃ fo}kuksa dk dguk gS
fd c`gR‍dFkk dk lzksr jkek;.k dh dFkk gSA bl lacaèk
esa dksÃ lansg ugÈ gS fd xq.kkMî dks jkek;.k] egkHkkjr
vkSj cq) dh tkrd dFkkvksa dk dkQh Kku FkkA**
c`gR‍dFkk ds ckjs esa ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd ;g i|
esa ugÈ cfYd x| esa fy[kh xÃ gSA
ys[kd fe'ky lqY‍rkuiqjh dk ekuuk gS fd c`gR‍dFkk
dgkfu;ksa dh ,d fdrkc gSA ;g çk—r ;qx dh nsu
gSA ewy iqL‍rd miyC‍èk ugÈ gS] ugÈ rks bruh d;klvkjkÃ djus dh xqt
a kÃ'k ugÈ FkhA bl iqL‍rd ds flQZ
vuqokn feyrs gSAa *cæhukFk dY‍yk* dgrs gS]a **'kseU‍s æ ds
vuqlkj xq.kkMî dk tU‍e nf{k.k Hkkjr esa xksnkojh unh
ds fudV çfr"‍Bku uxj esa gqvkA ;g lkrokgu [kkunku
vkSj vkaèkzçns'k dh jktèkkuh FkhA egkHkkjr ds eqrkfcd
çfr"‍Bku@xaxk vkSj teuk ds ikl ,d rhFkZ FkkA**;g Hkh ekuk tkrk gS fd xq.kkMî vkxjkg ds FksAc`gR‍dFkk dsoy dgkfu;ksa dk ,d cM+k [kt+kuk gh ugÈ]tks i<+us okyksa dk euksjta u djrk gks ;g bfrgkl Hkh
gSA Çtnxh ls tqM+s okd;kr dh vkichrh Hkh gS vkSj
vius tekus dh txchrh Hkh gSA xq.kkMî tSls fo}ku dks
vius vkl&iM+kl
S ij xgjh fuxkg jgrh Fkh vkSj gkykr
dk xgjkÃ ls eqrkyk fd;k djrs FksA ;g Hkh dgk tk
ldrk gS fd xq.kkMî us ckt+kfcrk rkSj ij dgkfu;kafy[kus dh ,d et+crw uÈo j[kh blh vkèkkjf'kyk ij
vkxs pydj dgkfu;ka fy[kus dk fjokt iwjh rjg ls
L‍Fkkfir gqvkA xq.kkMî dgkuh ds Qu ls iwjh rjg
okfdQ FksA mudh ut+jksa ds lkeus tks Hkh okdk xqtj+ kmU‍gksua s mls tqcku nhA ,slk dkSu&lk ekeyk gS tks
fd xq.kkMî dh ut+jksa ls vks>y gqvk gksA lrhçFkk gks;k efgykvksa dh leL‍;k,a] eB ds >xM+]s t+Y‍+q eksa flre]lkfgR‍;] laL‍—fr] laxhr tSls fo"k;ksa ij Hkh xq.kkMî usviuh dye mBkÃA bu dgkfu;ksa esa ,d ukVdh;rk Hkh
gS vkSj ;g ikBdksa dk fny thr ysrh gSAa
c`gR‍dFkk vkSj blds jpf;rk xq.kkMî us tks
eqdke Hkkjr ds bfrgkl] lkfgR‍; ,oa laL‍—fr dks çnkufd;k oks ns'k dh vt+er dks pkj&pkan yxkrk jgsxkAfy[kh xÃ gSA 'ksesU‍æ ds ckn lksenso Hkh bldk vuqokn
djrs gSa vkSj os dgrs gSa fd mU‍gksaus vuqokn vlyh
ikB ls fd;k gSA blls t+kfgj gksrk gS c`gR‍dFkk dk
vlyh *iS'kkp* ewy ys[k mu nksuksa ds ikl FkkA 'ksesU‍ædh c`gR‍dFkk eatjh ls dkQh gn rd vlyh c`gR‍dFkk
fy[kus dh rkjh[k vkSj t++ekus dk irk pyrk gSA**
lksenso us Hkh xq.kkMî dh c`gR‍dFkk dk laL‍—r
esa vuqokn fd;kA ;g vuqokn *dFkklfjrlkxj* 'kh"kZd
ds varxZr çdkf'kr gqvk FkkA çks- eg;wíhu gkt+uh
ds eqrkfcu db;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd lksenso dh
dFkklfjrlkxj ij c`gR‍dFkk eatjh dk vlj gSA'kseU‍s æ vkSj lksenso nksuksa gh d'‍ehjh fo}ku Fks
vkSj nksuksa ds fo"k; esa ;g dgk tkrk gS fd bU‍gksua sjktk vuar ds gh le; esa vius Kku dk çdk'k fc[ksjkFkkA ys[kd *vjtunso etcwj* dFkklfjrlkxj ij vius
fopkj O‍;D‍r djrs gq, fy[krs gSa fd **igys dÃ lkjs
bl 'kd esa Fks fd 'kseU‍s æ vkSj lksenso ,d gh gSAa
exj 1871 esa *cksgyj* us ;g lkfcr dj fn;k fd;g nks vyx&vyx fo}ku gSAa ftU‍gksua s vyx&vyx
c`gR‍dFkk dk vuqokn fd;kA** dFkklfjrlkxj ds dÃÇgnh vuqokn Hkh 'kk;k gks pqds gSAa etcwj lkgc fy[krsgSa fd **dFkklfjrlkxj egt+ fny cgykÃ dk t+fj;k gh
ugÈ gS] cfYd blesa ml le; ds lekt esa efgykvksa ds:rcs vkSj 'kgjksa ds fnypL‍i fdL‍ls c;ka fd, x, gSAa **vfèkdka'k dk ekuuk gS fd c`gR‍dFkk NBh 'krkC‍nh
ls igys fy[kh xÃ gSA dacksfM;k ds ,d f'kykys[k ijc`gR‍dFkk dk mY‍ys[k feyrk gSA
eksrhyky tsy[kkuh ds vuqlkj c`gR‍dFkk eatjh
vkSj dFkklfjrlkxj fdrkcksa esa dkQh lekurk,a gSaA
nksuksa ds 18&18 Hkkx gSa] ftuesa vyx&vyx uke gSaA
tsy[kkuh lkgc ds eqrkfcd c`gR‍dFkk NBh 'krkC‍nh esa
fy[k yh xÃ gksxhA
c`gR‍dFkk u flQZ viuh dFkkvksa ls ikBdksa dks
rQjh dk lkeku miyC/k djkrh gSA ;g vius t+ekus
ds Hkkjr dk gky Hkh c;ka djrh gSA bu dFkkvksa esa Kku
Hkh gS vkSj 'k[k'kk Hkh gSA laL‍—r ds fo}ku *cæhukFk
dY‍yk* c`gR‍dFkk dks Hkkjr dh lcls iqjkuh fdrkc
ekurs gSaA vki fy[krs gSa fd jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr dh64https://in.pinterest.com/pin/300263500147436130/¼i`"B 49 dk 'ks"k½nqfu;k Hkj dks 1945 esa gh ;g vkHkkl fey pqdk
Fkk fd vaxzst vc T‍;knk fnu Hkkjr esa ugha jg ldrsA
24 ekpZ] 1946 dks ^dSfcusV fe'ku* Hkkjr vk;kA mlds
lkeus vE‍csMdj us fQj nkok is'k fd;k fd vuqlwfpr
tkfr;ksa ds fy, cqfu;knh vfèkdkj vkSj i`Fkd ernku
dh O‍;oL‍Fkk dh tk,A mU‍gksaus fczfV'k ljdkj ls dgk fd
vNwrksa dks vY‍ila[‍;d ?kksf”kr djds mU‍gsa laj{k.k fn;ktk, vkSj og laj{k.k lkèkkj.k cgqer ds }kjk lekI‍r u
fd;k tk ldsA 1932 ds iwuk iSD‍V esa ;fn vE‍csMdj usi`Fkd ernku dh ekax ls ihNs gVus ds cnys ;g dgk

gksrk fd fey dkj[kkuksa esa Jfedksa dh HkrhZ esa vNwrksa dks
mfpr vkj{k.k fn;k tk;s vkSj —f”k Hkwfe dks tehankjksa ls
eqD‍r djkus ds lkFk gh mu Hkwfeghu etnwjksa dks Hkh Hkwfe
nh tk;s ftudk thou —f”k Je ij fuHkZj gS rks ;g ekaxL‍ohdkj gks ldrh Fkh blds ifj.kkeL‍o:i vuqlwfpr
tkfr;ksa dh vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fLFkfr fuf'pr :ils lqèkjrhA gka vE‍csMdj us mU‍gsa jktuhfrd L‍okèkhurk
vo'‍; fnykbZ Fkh ukSdfj;ksa dk vkj{k.k rks dsoy vkaf'kd
miyfCèk gSA

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