The 4th International Symposiumon Primatology and Wildlife Science(PWS Interium Symposium)～Toward the Asian Federation for Primatology～

July 21st-22nd, 2015
Science Seminar House,
Kyoto University(North Campus of Yoshida Campus)

http://www.wildlife-science.org/en/symposium/2015-07.html



MEXT “Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science” (host)
JSPS Core-to-core program A. Advanced Research Networks “Comparative
Cognitive Science Network for understanding the origins of human mind” (co-host)The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science (PWS Interim Symposium)- Toward the Asian Federation for Primatology at Science Seminar House, Kyoto University, JapanPROGRAM
Day 1

July 21 (Tue)Time(min) Title

Speaker

Registration
Tetsuro
10:00(10) Opening Remark
MATSUZAWA
Session 1 : JSPS Core-to-Core Program ʺResearch of Wild chimpanzees in Africaʺ (1)Chimpanzee feeding behaviour and resource competition Kimberley Jane
O-01 (30)with local people at Caiquene-Cadique, Guinea-Bissau
HOCKINGS
Catherine
O-02 (30) Gestural communication in the Budongo chimpanzees
HOBAITER
10:10
Humans as neighbours : behavioral and health|O-03 (30)
Sabrina KRIEF
consequences for wild chimpanzees in Sebitoli, Uganda
12:10
Potential suitable field station for long-term primate
Augustin K.
O-04 (30) research and conservation activities on Idjwi Island,
BASABOSE
Eastern Democratic Republic of CongoGroup Photo
12:10-13:30(80)<Lunch Break>Affiliation

9:30

PWS Program Coordinator
Chair: Michio NAKAMURA
Centre for Research in Anthropology(CRIA-FCSH/UNL), Portugal
University of St Andrews, Scotland
Muséum national d’histoire naturelle,
FranceLaboratoire de Primatologie, Centre deRecherche en Sciences Naturelles, RD
Congo

Session 2 : JSPS Core-to-Core Program ʺResearch of Wild chimpanzees in Africaʺ (2)Chair: Satoshi HIRATA
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
Naruki MORIMURA
University

O-05 (15) Green Corridor Project at Bossou-Nimba, Guinea
13:30
|
15:00

O-06 (15) Wild chimpanzees at Kpala use stones in various contexts Gaku OHASHI
William C.
McGREW<Coffee Break>O-07 (60) Chasing After Chimpanzees
15:00-1530(30)

17:00-19:00

Chair: Yuko HATTORI
Sayuri TAKESHITA Primate Research Institute, Kyoto(L4)
University
Sofi BERNSTEIN
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto(L4)
University
Duncan WILSON
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto(L3)
University
Makiko TAKE
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
O-11 (10) Report of Yankushima Field Science Course(L1)
University
Natsuko TAJIMA
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
O-12 (10) Report of Genome science course and my research plan
(L1)
University
The education value of zoos: Report on the zoo/museum Cécile SARABIAN Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
O-13 (10)(L3)
courseUniversity
Preliminary identification surveys and underwater
Kasumi
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
O-14 (10)observation of wild dolphins around Jeju island in Korea.
SAKAKIBARA(L3) University
Poster Session
Academic Interaction

19:00-20:30

July 22 (Wed)Time(min) Title

9:00-9:30

Speaker
Registration

Session 4 : Poster Award
9:30-10:00

Suchinda
MALAIVIJITNOND

Competitive exclusion principle reduces earthworm
biodiversity
Good gibbons and evil macaques - A historical review on
O-17 (30) cognitive features of non-human primates in Chinese
traditional culture
O-16 (30)

10:00
|
12:30

O-18 (30)

Primatological Research in Sri Lanka: past, present andfuture prospects

O-18 (30) Spatial Distribution of Malaysian Primates
12:30-13:30

15:00

Chair: Ikuma ADACHINational Primate Research Center ofThailand, Chulalongkorn University,
ThailandBambang
SURYOBROTO

Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Peng ZHANGSun Yat-sen University, China

Charmalie
NAHALLAGE

Department of Sociology andAnthropology, University of SriJayewardenepura, Sri Lanka

Mashhor MANSOR Malaysia Science University, Malaysia<Lunch Break>(60)

Session 6 : Research introduction by PWS members
How do primates respond to unfairness between third
O-19 (30)parties?
Fifty-Eight Items: A Universal Language to Assess
O-20 (30)
Primate Personality and HappinessO-21 (30)

Affiliation
Chair: Takashi HAYAKAWA(30) Award Winners
Session 5 : Toward Asian Federation for Primatology
O-15 (30) Research diversity on primate diversity in Thailand

13:30
|
15:00

University of Cambridge, United
Kingdom

Session 3 : Progress reports by PWS students
Factors regulating steroid hormones in Japanese
O-08 (15)
macaques and Orangutans
Investigating the Vocal Repertoire of Tibetan Macaques
O-09 (15)and Collaborative Work at the Valley of the Wild Monkeys
Interdepartmental Exchange and Koshima Field Science
O-10 (10)Course

15:30
|
17:00

Day 2

College of Humanites, Chubu University

Conservation Genomics - Applying the Latest DNA
Analysis Methods to Wildlife Management(10) Closing Remark

James R.
ANDERSON

Chair: Takushi KISHIDA
Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto
University

Alexander WEISSThe University of Edinburgh, Scotland

Robert OGDEN

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University / Royal Zoological Society of
Scotland, Scotland

Tetsuro
MATSUZAWAPWS Program CoordinatorPoster Session (Day 1 17:00-19:00)
Title

Presenter

Affiliation

P-1

The evolutionary origins of human hygiene: Infection-risk avoidance Cécile SARABIAN
in chimpanzees and bonobos(L3)

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

P-2

Implication of social tolerance in the evolution of cooperation

Morgane ALLANIC Primate Research Institute, Kyoto(L3)
University

P-3

The story of colorblind macaques

Kanthi ArumWIDAYATI

P-4

Functional variation of PTC bitter taste receptor in leaf-eatingmonkeyLaurentia Henrieta
Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
PERMITA

P-5

Silent bared teeth displays and dominance certainty in captive
Rhesus macaques

Kelly FINN

University of California Davis, UnitedStates of America

P-6

Endocrinological background of copulatory behavior inpostmenopausal female Japanese macaque

Aru TOYODA

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

P-7

Host-Parasite Systems Dynamics in Human-Modified Habitats (aresearch proposal)

Liesbeth FRÍAS
(L3)

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

P-8

Case report: Cannibalism in wild bonobos at Wamba

NahokoTOKUYAMA

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

P-9

Tibetan macaque Infant Mortality and Field Site Management in the Sofi BERNSTEIN
Valley of the Wild Monkeys
(L4)

P-10

The Rock-Paper-Scissors Game in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Jie GAO
Peking University, China(L1, fall admission)

P-11

Genomic basis of baleen whale olfaction: a comparative study ofolfactory receptor gene repertoires among cetacean species

Takushi KISHIDA

P-12

Abundance, arrangement, and function of structural elements in the
Hideaki ABEchicken promoters

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

P-13

Androgen receptor and monoamine oxidase polymorphism in wildbonobos

Cintia GARAIPrimate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

P-14

Habitat use of wild bonobos at Wamba in the Democratic Republicof the Congo: by both remote sensing and ground observation

Saeko TERADA

Nature Conservation Bureau, Ministry of
the Environment

P-15

Mother-offspring behavior in wild Bornean orangutans (P.
pygmaeus morio) before weaning: implications for development

Renata MENDONÇ Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
A
University

P-16

Object and Color Categorization in Chimpanzees: Study design and Gabriela Bezerra
Progress Reportde MELO DALY

Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University

The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
July 21st-22nd, 2015

Plenary Speaker
O-1
Chimpanzee feeding behaviour and resource competition with local people at
Caiquene-Cadique, Guinea-Bissau○Kimberley Jane HOCKINGS1,2,3 , Claudia SOUSA1,2 †12Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA-FCSH/UNL), Portugal
Department of Anthropology, Faculdade de Ciencias Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de3

Lisboa, Portugal
Anthropology Centre for Conservation, Environment and Development, Oxford Brookes†

University, UK
Passed away September 29th 2014

We are in a new epoch, the Anthropocene, and research into nonhumangreat ape behaviour must keep pace with the speed at which our species isdriving global change. The ways in which great apes modify their feeding
strategies in response to human pressures (such as agriculture and forest
resource exploitation) is important to assess their ability to cope withchanging conditions and to evaluate the potential sustainability ofresource competition with humans. Using a case study of chimpanzees(Pan troglodytes verus) inhabiting a forest-savannah-mangroveagricultural mosaic at Caiquene-Cadique, Guinea-Bissau, we provide cross-disciplinary data on
human and chimpanzee use of wild and cultivated plants, and discuss the sustainability of resourcecompetition with local people. To ensure that diverse ape populations survive the Anthropocene
requires finding ways for humans and apes to coexist and utilise shared resources in shared landscapes.

1

The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
July 21st-22nd, 2015

Plenary Speaker
O-2
Gestural communication in the Budongo chimpanzees.
Catherine HOBAITER
University of St Andrews, Scotland
The Budongo forest is located in north-west Uganda, high on theAlbertine Rift escarpment above Lake Albert. It comprises around 435km2
of dense rain-forest with a rich diversity of flora and fauna including: two
species of prosimian, four monkey species, and one great ape, Pantroglodytes schweinfurthii. The behaviour of the Budongo chimpanzees
was first investigated in 1962 at around the same time as research wasstarting in the near-by Tanzanian sites of Gombe and Mahale; however,political instability in Uganda prevented the establishment of long-term
research. In the late 1980s Professor Vernon Reynolds returned to Budongo and, finding that theforest and its wildlife were in urgent need of conservation, in 1990 he started the habituation of the
Sonso chimpanzee community and established a permanent field-station. Now, 25-years later we havebeen able to accumulate a wealth of knowledge about the behaviour and ecology of these chimpanzees.
Once a rich source of mahogany, today the forest is predominantly secondary growth with aparticularly high density of ficus species that supports a large population of chimpanzees. Recent
research on Sonso chimpanzee behaviour has focused on their social communication and their
unusual repertoire of tool use, which seems to be restricted to leaves.
Research methods include long-term observational studies, in combination with innovative fieldexperiments incorporating vocal play-back and predator models. My own work has focused on theuse of their gestural communication. The first long-term systematic study of gesture in the wild has
allowed us to demonstrate that they offer chimpanzees a rich and flexible way to communicate
specific goals in an intentional manner. We are now looking at how these gestures are integrated
within the complete system of communication that includes vocalization and facial expression; aswell as comparing gesture use with that in other communities.
An exciting new development of the chimpanzee research in Budongo is the study of the twoneighbouring communities of Waibira and Kamira. In Kamira we are employing remote monitoringand surveying methods such as camera-traps. In Waibira we have habituated the chimpanzees todirect observation and are now able to address new questions such as intercommunity social
interactions, and the study of female behaviour during immigration. As well as long-term behaviouralstudies work in Budongo has also focused on conservation - with the chimpanzees acting as a crucial
flag-ship species. A particular challenge is the widespread use of hunting snares that, while notintended for the chimpanzees, frequently trap and maim. Here work focuses on community educationand the provision of alternative resources.
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The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
July 21st-22nd, 2015

Plenary Speaker
O-3
Humans as neighbours : behavioral and health consequences for wild chimpanzees
in Sebitoli, Uganda
Sabrina KRIEF
Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, France
In a rapidly changing landscape highly impacted by anthropogenic
activities, the great apes are facing new challenges to coexist withhumans. We hypothesized that behavioural adjustments may occur inwild chimpanzees inhabiting encroached territories. We observed wild
chimpanzees in Sebitoli site, in the Northern part of Kibale nationalpark, in Uganda. Their home range is a fragmented habitat, partly inregeneration, surrounded by tea and eucalyptus plantations, as well as
gardens. Inside the forest, an asphalted highway cuts through the park
and their territory. Chimpanzees demonstrated behaviors attesting they took into account risky
situations. They prevent the risk of detection by human guarding their field by engaging in nocturnal
cropraiding. Before crossing the road, they look both sides and check on vulnerable conspecific whilecrossing. However, if habitat destruction may have promoted behavioural adjustments, at least 10%of the Sebitoli chimpanzee community present a characteristic facial phenotype with flattened nose,
reduced nostrils and concave mid-face. In addition to this facial dysplasia, some chimpanzees sufferof other congenital anomalies, such as cleft lip, patches of depigmented hairs and limb defects. The
possibility that environmental pollution from pesticides used in neighbouring plantation contribute totheir etiology is currently under investigation. Such threats to wildlife life induced by human activities
have to be considered and efforts should be deployed to reduced them in the future.

3

The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
July 21st-22nd, 2015

Plenary Speaker
O-4
Potential suitable field station for long-term primate research and conservation
activities on Idjwi Island, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Augustin K. BASABOSE
Laboratoire de Primatologie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles, RD Congo
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is the first inland Africancountry with the most non-human primate species, counting more thansixty-five different known taxa. It is the forth richest country worldwide
in non-human primate species diversity behind Brazil, Madagascar andIndonesia. Despite its well acknowledged richness in primate species,
the country has a very limited number of professional Congolese
primatologists. Likewise, there is no country-based professional
institution solely dedicated to primate research and conservation. In
an attempt to fill this gap, we established the Primate Expertise (PEx), a country based organization
dedicated to primate research and conservation.
Primate Expertise aims to inspire young generation of Congolese primatologists to take theleadership in research and conservation to ensure long-term survival of the rich primate biodiversityof the Democratic Republic of Congo.
To achieve this ultimate goal, PEx has recently carried out a scope survey on Idjwi Island to identify
a suitable field station including an emblematic key primate species and establish long-term researchand conservation activities.
Located in Lake Kivu, Eastern of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Idjwi is the second largest
island (310 sq. km) of the inland African continent. It is home to several endemic species, including
the endangered blue monkey subspecies (Cercopithesus mitis schoutedeni). Population of blue
monkey inhabiting Idjwi Island (known to belong to Schoutedeni subspecies) may have separated
from other Cercopithecus mitis groups of the mainland around 20,000 years ago during the formationof Lake Kivu and has therefore evolved separately on this island. Due to the large scale deforestation
happening on Idjwi Island, it was once believed that this endemic subspecies was possibly extinct(John Hart, 2008). During my last trip at Idjwi, I observed a small population of blue monkey (c.a.
50 individuals) living in a tiny forest fragment. There is still a number of such small remnant
fragmented forests on the Island where presence of blue monkey has been confirmed.
Effort should be made to restore a viable population of Cercopithecus mitis schoutedeni on theisland. To achieve this, there is a need to analyse ongoing threats to the long-term survival of
Cercopithecus mitis schoutedeni and develop recommendations to halt all activities that negatively
impact the primate population. This has to be done in collaboration with the local community.
Through a participatory stakeholders’ consultation, PEx facilitated to establish a local-based
conservation initiative willing to support primate research and conservation programs at Idjwi Island.
4

The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
July 21st-22nd, 2015

Plenary Speaker
O-7
Chasing After Chimpanzees
William C McGREW
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
The scientific study of wild chimpanzees is now in its second halfcentury, and accordingly some stocktaking may be in order. Reviewing
decades of work published in thousands of papers and hundreds ofbooks on Pan troglodytes is a daunting task. Here I will focus on
ethology and ecology, especially as practiced by the pioneering
generation, but carried on by their descendants, from East and West.
There is variation to be explained, such as asking why researchers from
North America came mostly from anthropology, from Europe mostly
from zoology, from United Kingdom mostly from psychology, and from Japan from all three.
Technological progress has been immensely enabling: consider compass, aerial photographs,
aerogrammes, and calculators versus GPS, satellite imagery, email, and personal computers! Key
figures and field sites have provided visionary leadership and varied opportunities, and their influence
persists. I will attempt to chart the progress of ‘chimpology’ using an analogy to the development ofanthropology, through successive stages of natural history, ethnography, and ethnology. The first wasa period of exploratory description, anecdote, and not a little serendipity; the second comprised
systematic and comparative observation, field experimentation, and quantitative rigor; the third
moved on to theory-driven and focussed probing, hypothesis testing, and modelling and sophisticatedstatistical analyses. I will try to give telling but admittedly selective examples of all of these. Finally,
I will conclude with an assessment of the current state of play, such as the emergence of primate
archaeology, and suggest some topics for future study, such as the use of new technology to revisit
basic problems, such as next-generation sequencing to tackle dietary niches. Thus, there will be some
old wine in new bottles, and some new wine in old bottles.

5

The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
July 21st-22nd, 2015

Plenary Speaker
O-15
Research diversity on primate diversity in Thailand
Suchinda MALAIVIJITNOND
National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand

Thailand has high diversity of primate species from prosimians to small
apes. At present, at least 16 species of primates have been reported;
Sunda slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), Bengal slow loris (N.
bengalensis), banded leaf-monkey (Presbytis femoralis), dusky langur(Trachypithecus obscurus), slivered langur (T. cristatus), Phayre’s
langur (T. phayrei), long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), rhesus
macaque (M. mulatta), Assamese macaque (M. assamensis), stumptailed macaque (M. arctoides), northern pig-tailed macaque (M.
leonina), southern pig-tailed macaque (M. nemestrina), agile gibbon (Hylobates agilis), pileatedgibbon (H. pileatus), white-handed gibbon (H. lar), and siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus). Thishigh species diversity is due to the geographic position and geography of Thailand that connects
Asian continent with insular SE Asia. Thailand is also borders of range between many sister speciesof primates, for example, Sunda and Bengal slow loris, rhesus and long-tailed macaque, northern andsouthern pig-tailed macaque, and pileated and white-handed gibbon. The hybrids between the
different species have thus been widely assessed. Many fossil primates from variety of geologicaltimes and taxa such as Krabia minuta and Siamopitheucs from Eocene to Khoratopithecus or Tarsius
from Miocene were also unearthed. Because of economic development, logging and land-conversion,
primates’ habitats have been converted to agricultural field and human settlements and the co-existing
between primates and humans occur in many locations in Thailand. Interaction between humans andnon-human primates, especially human-macaque conflicts, becomes severely. Although research on
primates in Thailand is focusing mainly on macaques and gibbons, it covers diverse fields of study:
population census and genetics, phylogeography, morphology, physiology, reproductive
endocrinology, ecology, socioecology, conservation biology and population control, human-macaqueconflict, hybrids, locomotion, and social interactions. Tool using behaviors of long-tailed macaques
which have been discovered in Thailand in a past decade also become a focal point of interest for
researchers from various fields. Although very few Thai primatologists are counted and vast majorityof primate researches are in collaboration with researchers from abroad such as Singapore, Japan,
USA, Germany, and UK, the primate research and number of primatologist in Thailand are growing
and advancing.

6The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
July 21st-22nd, 2015

Plenary Speaker
O-16
Competitive exclusion principle reduces earthworm biodiversity
Bambang SURYOBROTO
Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
Competitive exclusion principle where complete competitors cannot
coexist leads to reduced biodiversity and less energy flux in acommunity. Conceived by Lotka, Voltera and Gause in early 1900s andlater called Gause’s Principle, however, this important ecologicalprinciple had only been proven in laboratory. In addition, recently it had
been shown that the underlying resource competition mechanism resultsin the coexistence of functionally equivalent species in estuarine
ecosystem of phytoplankton. Here we show that the anthropogenic
disturbance of natural habitats decreases biodiversity by constraining the availability of resources tomake the competing species excluding each other. At the same time, the most frequent land-use
change of deforestation into agricultural area brings the opportunist exotic species to fill the leftover
niche in support for the exclusion principle. Indonesia experienced the world’s second largest annual
forest area net loss in 1990–2000 and the third in 2000–2010. The forest of Mount Gede in West Javais undergoing land-use change into mixed and homogenous plantations, and consequently decreasing
their soil organic matter. We presumed that this process enhances the conversion of ‘limitless’ into
limited resources and this constraint lowers earthworm abundance and their cocoon density. Whenthe earthworms are incapable of adapting the environmental change, they might expel each other out
and the niche left is filled by the species that have better tolerance, most probably the exotic ones. It
is predicted that the extent of deforestation into mixed and homogenous plantations reduces
biodiversity of the earthworm communities. We identified five native Oriental (Drawida nepalensis,
Notoscolex javanica, Pheretima pura-group, Polypheretima moelleri, and Polypheretima
sempolensis) and eighteen exotic earthworms (including Ocnerodrilus occidentalis and Pontoscolex
corethrurus) in Mount Gede. The changing land-use from forest to mixed and homogenous
plantations was found, as predicted, to decrease biodiversity shown by the lowering trend of
Shannon’s diversity index. It left N. javanica out as the only native which survived the deforestation,
while exotics O. occidentalis and P. corethrurus thrive to be the eudominant species.

7

The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
July 21st-22nd, 2015

Plenary Speaker
O-17
Good gibbons and evil macaques - A historical review on cognitive features of nonhuman primates in Chinese traditional culture
Peng ZHANGSun Yat-sen University, China
Ancient Chinese has accumulated rich knowledge on non-humanprimates that are widely distributed in China with written literature andfolklore for several thousand years. I used the method of critical text
analysis and discourse analysis to make clear when and how ancient
Chinese distinguished gibbons from macaques. I divided the progress
into four main stages, which include Pre-Shang to Shang Dynasty(before 1046 B.C.), Zhou to Han Dynasty (1046 B.C. – 220 A.D.), Six
Dynasties to Song Dynasty (220 – 1279 A.D.) and Yuan to Qing
Dynasties (1279 – 1840 A.D.). I found that China’s traditional cognition of gibbons and macaquesemphasized the appearance of animals, organoleptic performance or even whether their behaviors
were 'moral' or not. They described them as human-like animals by ethical standards but ignored thespecies itself. This kind of cognitive style actually embodies the 'pursuit of goodness', which is thefeature of Chinese traditional culture. This study presents some original views on Chinese traditional
knowledge of non-human primates.

Keywords: Chinese traditional culture, Non-human primates, Gibbon, Macaque, Cognitive feature

8

The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
July 21st-22nd, 2015

Plenary Speaker
O-18
Primatological Research in Sri Lanka: past, present and future prospects
Charmalie NAHALLAGE
Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka is home to five species of primates, the toque macaque(Macaca sinica), purple face langur (Semnopithecus vetulus), grey
langur (Semnopithecus priam) and two species of slow loris (Loris
tardigradus, L. lydekkerianus). The toque macaque, purple face langur
and one species of slender loris (L. tardigradus) are endemic. In 2013,
the Horton Plains slender loris, feared to be extinct, was sighted after
75 years. The country’s diverse ecology, climate and geography
provide Sri Lanka with a high degree of biodiversity in flora and fauna.
The primates are no exception, with multiple sub-species described for each of the species listed
above.
While detailed records of the country’s primates date back to as early as the chronicles of Robert
Knox around 1681, modern primatogical research began in the 1970’s with the pioneering work ofwestern scientists like Wolfgang Dittus, who has focused his long-term research at the archeologicalsite of Polonnaruwa in the North-Central Province, a low elevation woodland forest in the dry zone.
The majority of what is known about the behavior and ecology of this species, distributed widely
across the island, is based on the efforts from this one site. A few studies have also been conductedon the purple face langur and slender loris. Despite the relatively long history of primate studies in
Sri Lanka, only four professional Sri Lankan primatologists are conducting research in the country,
and the subject primatology is offered only at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura under Biological
Anthropology.
Since 2004, in collaboration with Kyoto University faculty, Michael A Huffman and Yoshi
Kawamoto, we have been conducting multidisciplinary research on the macaque and langur species
at sites across the island representative of their entire natural distribution. The topics we areinvestigating include fossil remains, morphology, phylogeography, parasitology, ethnoprimatology
and human primate conflict. Current information about the nature and diversity of these primates andtheir interactions with humans across the country is limited; focusing to date largely on few locations.
Some of our current and future projects include, research on phylogeography of purple-faced leaf
langur and gray langur, human primate conflict in agricultural areas, examination of primates bones
excavated from prehistorical cave sites and to begin research on simian malaria and primate zoonosis
studies. Several undergraduates and our first Masters student are conducting fieldwork at locations
across the country.

9

The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
July 21st-22nd, 2015

Plenary Speaker
O-19
Spatial Distribution of Malaysian Primates
Mashhor MANSOR
Malaysia Science University, Malaysia
Based on ecological spatial distribution on 13 states (q-mode) in
Malaysia and 13 main primate species (r-mode), several results can be
drawn. The two most dominant species are Long Tailed Macaque(Macaca fascicularis) and Southern Pig Tailed Macaque (Macaca
nemestrina). Both species are recorded in all 13 states in Malaysia.
Apparently the high populations of Long Tailed Macaca, in some parts,
they are considered as pest. Dusky Leaf Monkey (Trachypithecus
obscures) found at 11 states in Peninsular Malaysia, but not in Sarawak
and Sabah. Silvery Lutung (Trachypithecus cristatus) wild populations are recorded at 7 states in
Malaysia. The species are not found in the East Coast States of Peninsular Malaysia. Siamang(Symphalangus syndactylus) and White Handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar). Siamang wild populations
are recorded in 6 states, namely Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Pahang and Terengganu.
While White-Handed Gibbon populations are recorded in Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Malacca
and Johor. White-Thighed Surili (Presbystis siamensis) wild populations are recorded at four states
in Peninsular Malaysia. Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis) wild populations are recorded in 3 northernstates of Peninsula Malaysia. Red Leaf Monkey ((Presbytis rubicund) and Proboscis Monkey(Nasalis larvatus) are recorded only in Sarawak and Sabah. Sarawak Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus
var. pygmaeus) is only found in Sarawak, while Sabah Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus var. morio) isrecorded only in Sabah. According to the IUCN Red List, both Orangutan populations in Sarawak
and Sabah are included in endangered list. In addition Siamang wild populations are also in theendangered list. Perhaps the main culprits for most these arboreal primates are habitat loss due to oilpalm plantations, illegal loggings, encroachment and human developments.

10

The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
July 21st-22nd, 2015

Plenary Speaker
O-20
How do primates respond to unfairness between third parties?
James R. ANDERSON
Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University
Developmental psychologists are interested in how children develop
an understanding of reciprocity in social exchanges and fairness inresource distribution, including social exchanges between third parties.
There are few studies of whether nonhuman primates detect reciprocity
and violations of reciprocity between third parties. We found thatcapuchin monkeys discriminate between humans who reciprocate in an
exchange of items with others and those who do not. Specifically,monkeys more readily accepted food from reciprocators than nonreciprocators or partial reciprocators. However, when exchange asymmetry was due to one partner
starting out with fewer goods, the initially impoverished reciprocator was not discriminated against.
When we tested squirrel monkeys in a similar situation, we again found a tendency to avoid accepting
food from non-reciprocators, but also a simple preference for the individual who most recently
donated items to another. This finding suggests that sensitivity to reciprocity and violations thereof
may be based on different psychological mechanisms, with capuchin monkeys but not squirrel
monkeys engaging in a form of emotional or affective bookkeeping.

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The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
July 21st-22nd, 2015

Plenary Speaker
O-20
Fifty-Eight Items: A Universal Language to Assess Primate Personality andHappiness
Alexander WEISSThe University of Edinburgh, Scotland
Historically, a major barrier to carrying out large scale research on the
personality and affect of animals has been variability in how researchers
measure these characteristics. Complications may also arise when researchers
compare species or when researchers come from different cultures. Starting in
1998, I began working with Jim King who had developed ways to measurechimpanzee personality and happiness. His approach was to adapt methods
used to overcome these barriers by psychologists who study human behavior
and affect. This approach involves using questionnaires. Until 2012, withcollaborators at the Kyoto University Wildlife Research Center, the Kyoto University Primate
Research Institute, and other institutions, my students and I focused on testing whether these measuresare valid measures of behavior and affect, and whether they can be applied across different
populations and species. Since then we have spent more time addressing more interesting questions.
These have included questions about the development of personality and happiness, more questions
about the genetics of personality and happiness, and the association of personality and happiness onlongevity. Most recently we have examined the role of personality in the life histories of the wild
chimpanzees living in Gombe National Park, a further examination of the genetics of personality, andlinks between personality and cognitive abilities. For my talk, I will first briefly describe thesemeasures and the work we conducted up to 2012. I will then discuss our recent work on personality
development in chimapnzees and orangutans, the genetics of chimpanzee personality, the association
between personality and cognition, and how personality influences rank over the lifetime of wild
chimpanzees. My talk will conclude with thoughts on how research using these measures may be
used to help conservation efforts.

12

The 4th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
July 21st-22nd, 2015

Plenary Speaker
O-21
Conservation Genomics - Applying the Latest DNA Analysis Methods to Wildlife
Management
Robert OGDEN1, 2
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Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University
Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Scotland

The application of molecular genetic data to wildlife conservation,
known generally as Conservation Genetics, has been an establisheddiscipline for over 15 years. During the same period we have entered a
new phase in the battle against the illegal wildlife trade, while threats tobiodiversity through habitat destruction and over-exploitation continue toincrease. How can DNA analysis be applied to address these issues? With
the rapid uptake of genomic technologies by the conservation genetic
community, are we in a better position to conserve wildlife, or simply to
publish more papers?
This paper will focus on the applied uses of genomics in wildlife conservation and will examine
whether or not these technologies are actually starting to provide novel data to conservation
practitioners. Four short case studies will be presented, examining the use of genetic data across theconservation spectrum from captive management, reintroduction projects and wild population studies
to law enforcement and wildlife forensics. Through these examples I hope to provide an overview of
how conservation genetics is developing in the genomic era, but also to emphasize the importance ofdesigning and implementing research projects that encompass solid experimental research andaddress a clearly defined conservation issue, in order to maximise the impact of conservation genetic
science.

13

Introduction to the Program
Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science (PWS)
While working towards Kyoto University’s mission statement of the well-being of the world, the Leading Graduate Program in Primatology andWildlife Science (PWS) strives for many other goals. This program also aims to foster the type of individual that will have the ability to make quick
judgement of one’s environment, the ability to design the future of global society, while all at the same time nurture a leader-type of individual who
will be indispensable for oversea expansion.
(Japanese) primatology originated from Japan, and plays a big role in leading this unique academic study to the world. During the recent years, anemerging field of academic study called “Wildlife Science” that targets endangered species has been on the verge of establishment. With fieldworkas its foundation, a comprehensive understanding of the human mind, body, life and genome, as well as engaging in hands-on activities that aims
for a “the well-being of the world” are all vital to this establishment.
While being the front line of an academic field, in Japan this field has a shortage of three important careers that is not lacking in the West.
(1) Conservation specialists of international organization(s) such as the United nations and NGO; (2) Curators of museums, zoos, aquariums, andthe like, as well as one that can develop and/or expand a museum or zoo as a “field museum” in a specific habitat; and (3) Outreach workers thatinvests a great length of time in outreach activities in a specific countries and societies. While providing a foundation for new research, educationand hands-on experience, this program aims to nurture a global leader that interconnects this academic field and one’s accomplishments.
For further details on the program, please refer to our HP（http://www.wildlife-science.org/）

1
Conservation specialists of internationalorganization(s) such as the United Nations andNGO
Significant international contributions:
Produce an individual that acquires
expertise, high linguistic skills, andexperience in fieldwork

2

3

Curator (Zoo, Museum, Aquarium, and the like)（Ph.D. level curator)
A career path in specialized knowledge,
demonstrating one’s experiences, andcontributing to society

Outreach workers investing a great length oftime in outreach activities in a specificcountries and societies
Expanding Kyoto University’s tradition:
Identifying the needs through onon-site field ofview; a leader who can propose significant
contributions to JapanTo enhance a connection with the next generation by creating an organization that facilitates a mutual relationshipThe curriculum of a practitioner that acquired “internationality”
PWS Core Staff Members /Collaborators◆HandsHands-on fieldwork
Domestic fieldwork
International fieldwork
Supervisors / Mentors

External Evaluation Committee◆Relationship with International
Organizations
International Organizations◆Training at domestic facilities◆Acquiring the skills / Knowledge that
becomes the foundation for fieldwork◆Language Learning

English achievements received by entrance exam, education, and degree through the “Global 30” Project◆General admission to the Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University (Entrance exam in August,August, Enrollment in April)◆International enrollment from Spring and Fall of 2009: entrance exam for foreign students only

Facilities for International Collaborations

Domestic Facilities for Fieldwork Courses
Sasagamine Hütte (cabin)in Myoko-kogen

We have field stations in 3 of thelargest tropical rain forest(Amazon, Congo, Borneo)

KUMAMOTO Sanctuary
Wildlife Research Center
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Japan Monkey Centre

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YAKUSHIMA Field Station“PWS House YAKUSHIMA”

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KOSHIMA Field Station

Primate ResearchInstituteThe enrollment process of the Leading Graduate Programin Primatology and Wildlife Science
The Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science (PWS) is a 5-year program. Students approved to join the PWS program from theirfirst year of Master’s program will progress from L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, and will complete the program in 5 years.
The PWS program is completed by students parallel to their existing Kyoto University master’s and doctoral programs. Therefore, students do notneed to change their supervisor or section/laboratory to join PWS. However, there are two necessary conditions for eligibility:
1. A graduate student of Kyoto University:
It is required to become a graduate student of the Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science (Kyoto University). However, we are in theprocess of adjustment for students of other graduate departments to enroll in our program, so please do not hesitate to inquire.
2. To apply and receive approval to enroll into our program:
The process is the same for both Japanese natives and foreign students. Eligible students: 1st year Master’s students (will be called L1 student), or adoctoral students (will be called L3 student). Annually, we will disclose the guidelines for applicants in mid-January, and administer the entrance examin the beginning of March.

Curriculum
Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science (PWS)
The following contents show the curriculum and schedule that the Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science offer. Credits
obtained through the mandatory courses can also be used as credit for Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University.
NOTE: Course schedules are subject to change. For more information, refer to the following site: http://www.wildlife-science.org/en/curriculum/
Please contact the following e-mail address for any questions about the curriculum of PWS: info@wildlife-science.org▼ MANDATORY COURSES (corresponds to Master course)◎Interdepartmental
Exchange “Inter“Inter-lab”◎KOSHIMA Field
Science Course◎YAKUSHIMA Field
Science Course◎Genome Science
CourseTo obtain a general idea of thediverse areas of study in the
Division of Biological Science,
Kyoto University. Visit thefollowing facilities in succession:
Kyoto City Zoo, Center for
Ecological Research (KU),
Research Reactor Institute (KU),
Seto Marine Biological Laboratory(KU), Primate Research Institute(KU), Japan Monkey Centre

To learn the basis of wildlife
research. Conduct observation on
wild Japanese macaques(protected species) in Koshima,
the birthplace of Japanese
primatology. Required to develop
independent research topic (e.g.,
Identification of food items infeces)To learn the basis of wildlife
research. Conduct fieldwork on
animals/plants in Yakushima, a
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
English is the official language in thiscourse to facilitate exchange ofideas with international participants,
e.g. from Tanzania, India, Malaysia
and elsewhere. Samples collectedduring the course will be used in thefollowing Genome Science Course.

Complementary to the Yakushima
Field Science Course. Designed forparticipants who expect to engage inboth laboratory work and fieldwork.
Beginner (direct sequencing) andadvanced (next generation
sequencing) courses are available.
English is the official language as in
the previous course. The samples
from Yakushima will be used toperform various experiments andanalyses. Students give a poster
presentation at the international
symposium scheduled on the last dayof this course.

WRC: Apr. 25th-May 2nd, 2015
PRI: May 6th-13th, 2015

Spring: May 23th-29th, 2015
Fall: Oct. 18th-24th, 2015

Apr. 8th-11th, 2015

◎Zoo/Museum Course
To obtain practical experiencein environmental education in
the field of primatology/wildlife
science as well as to learn towork as a curator, one of thethree exit points of the PWS
program. This course provides
lectures by zoo technicians
and practical training as
zookeepers.
Place: Japan Monkey Centre
Spring: Jun. 15th-17th, 2015
Fall: February or March, 2016

Spring: Jun. 1st-6th, 9th, 2015
Fall: Oct. 26th-30th, Nov. 5th, 2015
EXAMPLES (Academic Year 2014):◎Comparative Cognitive
Science Course /Animal Welfare Course
To learn the basis of comparative
cognitive science. Understand theprocedures in cognitive
experimentation and behavioral
observation. Work with:- Chimpanzees & Horses (Primate
Research Institute): Comparative
Cognitive Science Course- Bonobos (Kumamoto Sanctuary):
Animal Welfare Course
Comparative Cognitive Course：
Aug. 24th-26th, 2015
Animal Welfare Course: Schedulebeing adjusted◎ SASAGAMINE Field
Science Course◎Fieldwork(designed by each PWS student)(Non(Non-snow season / Snow Season)

To develop skills in planning
To learn survival skills as the basis
projects aimed at one or more offor future fieldwork. Activities include: the three exit points (goals) of the- Wildlife observation
PWS program (i.e., conservation- Climbing Hiuchi Mountain (2,420m) specialization, curation, outreach).
- Night-time bivouac practicum
Required to design/conduct(improvised encampment)
individual overseas training
Place: Kyoto University Sasagamine
projects.
Hütte (cabin) in Myoko-kogen(plateau at 1,300m elevation), Nigata
PrefectureNon-snow Season:
Summer: Jul. 23th-26th, 2015
Autumn: Oct. 15th-18th,2015
Snow Season: March

Many group fieldworks are designed byStudents.
- JIGOKUDANI- Kids Jamboree@ TOKYO- SHODOSHIMA

Jun. 24th – Jul. 2nd, 2014 (L1@Rausu “羅臼”, JAPAN）：
Study on killer whale’s vocalization
Jun. 24th – Sep. 28th, 2014 (L1@DR Congo):
Study on the process of female-dispersal until natal
emigration in wild bonobos at Wamba
Jun. 28th – Jul. 31st, 2014 (L3@Tanzania):
Scats analysis of leopards (Panthera pardus) in Tanzania
Jun. 30th – Jul. 29th, 2014 (L3@U.S.A):
Hormonal profile of free-ranging Japanese macaques:effects of environment and social behavior
Aug. 2nd , 2014 – Jan. 28th, 2015 (L3@China):
Study of the vocal repertoire of Tibetan macaques at theValley of the Wild Monkeys in Mt. Huangshan, China
Oct. 8th – Nov. 28th, 2014 (L1@Brazil):
Ecological study on nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus
novemcinctus) living in Amazon rainforest
Nov. 7th, 2014 – Feb. 28th, 2015 (L1@Uganda):
The observation of chimpanzees living in Kalinzu Forest,
Uganda▼ LONGLONG-TERM INTERNSHIP TRAININGS (corresponds to Doctoral course)▼ LIBERAL ARTS SUBJECTS◎Conservation Biology
Internship Training◎Buddha Seminar

UN-related organizations and NGOs

◎Animal Welfare
Internship Training
Museums, Zoos and Aquariums◎Social OutreachInternship Training
Outreach activities in specificcountries and societies▼ LANGUAGE LEARNING“Self“Self-Study Paradigm”“Hands“Hands-on Experience through Fieldwork”
Students are required to become proficient in atleast one foreign language in addition to their native
language. English is required for all students whose
native language is not English. International
students whose native language is English arerequired to master another language of their choice.
Students are also strongly recommended to learn asecond foreign language.

- Lectures from WWF officers,
ambassadors, governors, etc.
- Official language: not specified◎Asura International
Seminar- Lectures from researchers,
government officials from theUnited Kingdom, Congo, Brazil,
Butan, etc.
- Official language: English▼ The International Symposiums
on Primatology and Wildlife Science- The 1st: Mar. 06-08, 2013
- The 2nd: Aug. 29-30, 2014
- The 3rd: Mar. 05-08, 2015
- The 4th: Jul. 21-22, 2015
- The 5th: Mar. 03-06, 2016
(TBA)