The 5th Philippine Studies Conference in Japan (PSCJ 2022)
November 26 – 27, 2022
In-person and via Zoom
Dear Participants,
In this conference, we aim to bring to the fore two trends in academia
surrounding the Philippines, namely the post-COVID 19 pandemic
researches and studies on the Philippines and Filipinos more oriented
towards East Asia.
The presentations range from traditional disciplines like political science,
history and migration studies to emerging fields of recent importance likeenvironmental studies and reactions to the COVID 19 pandemic.
From the panel and presentation proposals, in this age of uncertainties,
there are resurgent academic interests in the revaluation of the Philippines’
twentieth and brief twenty-first century history, most notably the three
years of brutal occupation under the Japanese, the martial law period, andthe iron-fist rule of Rodrigo Duterte.
At this historical juncture in this globalized world, all of us are at a loss
between imminent global issues and still narrow national interests, while
we are trying to find out where we are going as a humanity. Hopefully, thisconference marks an occasion for the Filipinists to reflect upon these large
issues.
Taihei Okada,
Convener, The 5th Philippine Studies Conference in Japan1

【Steering Committee】
Taihei Okada
Yusuke Takagi
Akiko Watanabe
Johanna O. Zulueta
Shinji Miyagawa, Sophia University
Nico Rallonza, The University ofTokyo, MA Student【Convener】
Taihei Okada【Advisory Committee】
Shinzo Hayase
Yutaka Katayama
Takeshi Kawanaka
Midori Kawashima
Yoshiko Nagano
Satoshi Nakano
Masaaki Satake
Hiromu Shimizu
Takefumi Terada
Mamoru Tsuda【Selection and Organizing Committee】

Waka Aoyama
Kentaro Azuma
Julius Bautista
Yoshihiro Chiba
Saya Kiba
Wataru Kusaka
Mario Ivan Lopez
Shingo Mikamo
Satoshi Miyawaki
Itaru Nagasaka
Atsumasa Nagata
Satoru Nishimura
Reiko Ogawa
Kazuhiro Ota
Koki Seki
Nariko Sugaya
Nobutaka Suzuki
Fumiko Uchiyama
Michiyo Yoneno-Reyes

2

ZOOM URLs
【ROOM A】
https://u-tokyo-ac-jp.zoom.us/j/83301290713
Meeting ID: 833 0129 0713
【ROOM B】
https://zoom.us/j/99809591456
Meeting ID: 998 0959 1456
【ROOM C】
https://zoom.us/j/95358938050?pwd=RkpnYzF6eDVuWDdoSS8xdTVic2
UxQT09Meeting ID: 953 5893 8050
Passcode: 929168【ROOM D】
https://sophia-ac-jp.zoom.us/j/95815147095
Meeting ID: 958 1514 7095
Passcode: ugSb4w【ROOM E】
https://u-tokyo-acjp.zoom.us/j/3888845285?pwd=a28xS2g5Wko1YVpoQ2FZeUNsc1lBdz09
Meeting ID: 388 884 5285
Passcode: 754092
Note: Please DO NOT post the ZOOM URLs on twitter, blogs, facebook or
any other site in the public domain in order to prevent ZOOM raids. If you
would like to invite your friend to this conference, please send him or her
the website URL, but not these ZOOM URLs.
3

Contents
Program
November 26 .......................................................................................................... 11
November 27 .......................................................................................................... 17
Abstracts
Panel 1a at Room A: Individual Papers on Conflict and Peacebuilding I ............ 26
Panel 1b at Room B: Revisiting Philippine Historiography: Narratives ofResilience, Recoveries, and Reimaginations ......................................................... 29
Panel 1c at Room C: Individual Papers on Migration I ........................................ 33
Panel 1d at Room D: DEAI: Encounters with Four Mindanao Researchers ........ 36
Panel 1e at Room E: Individual Papers on Law and IR ....................................... 39
Panel 2a at Room A: From Frontier to Hotspot: Philippine Waters and the Storyof Natural Resources ............................................................................................. 41
Panel 2b at Room B: Individual Papers on History I ............................................ 45
Panel 2c at Room C: Filipinos in Japan and COVID-19: A Look into theirExperiences and Challenges .................................................................................. 48
Panel 2d at Room D: Philippine Language, Culture and Education in the Context
of Globalization and Pandemic .............................................................................. 51
Panel 2e at Room E: Murder, Lies, and Corruption in the Marcos-Duterte
Narratives .............................................................................................................. 54
Panel 3a at Room A: Individual Papers on Environment and Climate Change .. 57
Panel 3b at Room B: War and Historiography--Filipino and Japanese
Perspectives on the Japanese Occupation in the Philippines .............................. 60
Panel 3c at Room C: Individual Papers on Migration II ....................................... 63
Panel 3d at Room D: Individual Papers on Representation I ............................... 65
Panel 3e at Room E: Thickening and Meddling?: Multiple Links between thePhilippines and China ........................................................................................... 68
Panel 4a at Room A: Individual papers on Filipinos and the Pandemic I ........... 72
4

Panel 4b at Room B: The Politics and Economics of Philippine Authoritarianism:
Revisionist Historiography for 20th Century Philippine Historiography ............ 75
Panel 4c at Room C: Individual papers on Migration III...................................... 78
Panel 4d at Room D: Representations of the Filipina in the Public and Private
Spheres in the 19th to the 20th Centuries ............................................................ 81
Panel 4e at Room E: Facing Uncertainties: Economic Policies and Governance in
the Philippines ....................................................................................................... 84
Panel 5a at Room A: Rethinking Intimacy during 2010s in the Philippines ....... 86
Panel 5b at Room B: Memory and Connection under the US-Ruled Philippines as
Reconstructed from Home Movies by a Japanese Migrant Entrepreneur ........... 90
Panel 5c at Room C: Migrant Care Workers through EPA: Old, New, andEmerging Issues and Challenges .......................................................................... 94
Panel 5d at Room D: Individual Papers on Literature and Culture I .................. 96
Panel 5e at Room E: Individual Papers on the Duterte Administration.............. 99
Panel 6a at Room A: Frontiers of Extraction: Power, conflict and resistance inPhilippines’ resource sectors ............................................................................... 102
Panel 6b at Room B: Individual Papers on WWII............................................... 105
Panel 6c at Room C: (Im)mobilities, (Mis)representations, and Socialities among
Filipino Migrant Workers under the Pandemic .................................................. 107
Panel 6d at Room D: Individual Papers on Conflict and Peacebuilding II ........ 111
Panel 6e at Room E: Individual Papers: Looking Back and Looking Forward on a
Marcos Administration I...................................................................................... 113
Panel 7a at Room A: Individual Papers on Filipinos and the Pandemic II ........ 115
Panel 7b at Room B: Individual Papers on History II ........................................ 118
Panel 7c at Room C: Transnational Generations in the Gulf and Beyond:Precarity, Temporariness, and the Search for Belonging ................................... 121
Panel 7d at Room D: Individual Papers on Literature and Culture II .............. 124
Panel 7e at Room E: Recollections of the Two-Decade Marcos Presidency: By
Three Eyewitnesses ............................................................................................. 127
5

Panel 8a at Room A: Urban Governmentality and Emerging Sociality in thePhilippines Cities: Reconfiguration of Community, Market, Civil Society, andState ..................................................................................................................... 129
Panel 8b at Room B: A Catholic University as a Space and Facilitator of ServiceLearning in the Philippines ................................................................................. 133
Panel 8c at Room C: Multidisciplinary Approach to the Role of Filipinos in
Sustaining Rural Japan....................................................................................... 137
Panel 8d at Room D: Individual Papers on Representation II ........................... 141
Panel 8e at Room E: Individual Papers: Looking Back and Looking Forward on a
Marcos Administration II .................................................................................... 144
Index of Participants ........................................................................................... 149

6

Day 1: 26 November 2022, SaturdayTime

Room A

Room B

Room CRoom D

8:00-8:50

Registration

8:50-9:25【Room A】Opening Speech and Lecture: A Comment on Transborder Philippine Studies

Room E

Churchill, Bernardita “Nita” R.: Institutionalizing Philippine Studies Conferences in Japan: International/Transnational

9:3011:00

Panel 1a: Individual Papers
on Conflict andPanel1b: Revisiting
Philippine

Panel 1c: Individual
Papers on Migration I

Panel 1d: DEAI:
Encounters with Four

Panel 1e: Individual
Papers on Law and IR

Peacebuilding I

Historiography:
Narratives of Resilience,
Recoveries, andReimaginations(Chair: Cabalquinto, AlvinD.)

11:20-

Panel 2a: From Frontier toPanel 2b: Individual

Panel 2c: Filipinos in

Panel 2d: Philippine

Panel 2e: Murder, Lies,

12:50

Hotspot: Philippine Waters
and the Story of
Natural Resources(Chair: Medrano, Anthony D.)

Papers on History I

Japan and COVID-19: A
Look into theirExperiences
and Challenges(Chair: Zulueta, Johanna O.)

Language, Culture and
Education in the Context
of Globalization andPandemic(Chair: Laranjo, Ronel Ortil)and Corruption in the
Marcos-Duterte
Narratives(Chair: Ariate, Joel Fajardo)

12:5013:45

Lunch break

13:4516:00【Room A】Keynote Speech + Plenary Session “Looking Back, Looking Forward: What Now in ‘the New Normal?’”Presenter: Racelis, Mary; Discussant: Nagano, Yoshiko; Ocampo, Ambeth; Tsuda, Mamoru

16:0016:30

Coffee break

Mindanao Researchers(Chair: Aoyama, Waka)7

16:30-Panel 3a: Individual Papers

Panel 3b: War andPanel 3c: Individual

Panel 3d: Individual

Panel 3e: Thickening and

18:00

on Environment and Climate
ChangeHistoriography--Filipino
and Japanese Perspectiveson
the Japanese Occupationin the Philippines(Chair: Okada, Taihei)

Papers on Migration II

Papers on Representation
I

Meddling?: Multiple
Links between thePhilippines
and China(Chair: Takagi, Yusuke)

8Day 2: 27 November 2022, SundayTime

Room A

8:00-8:30

Registration

8:3010:00

Panel 4a: Individual papers
on Filipinos and thePandemic I

Room B

Room CRoom D

Room E

Panel 4b: The Politics andEconomics of Philippine
Authoritarianism:
Revisionist

Panel 4c: Individual
Papers on Migration III

Panel 4d: Representationsof the Filipina in the
Public and Private
Spheres

Panel 4e: Facing
Uncertainties: Economic
Policies and Governancein the Philippines

in the 19th to the 20th
Centuries(Chair: Alfaro, Ma. Rita
Lourdes Arce)(Chair: Mikamo, Shingo)

Historiography for 20th
Century Philippine
Historiography(Chair: Claudio, LisandroE.)
10:20-

Panel 5a: Rethinking

Panel 5b:Panel 5c: Migrant Care

Panel 5d: Individual

Panel 5e: Individual

11:50

Intimacy during 2010s in thePhilippines(Chair: Nishio, Zenta)

Memory and Connection
under the US-Ruled
Philippines as
Reconstructed from Home
Movies by a Japanese
Migrant Entrepreneur(Chair: Yoneno-Reyes,

Workers through EPA:
Old, New, and Emerging
Issues and Challenges(Chair: Ogawa, Reiko)

Papers on Literature andCulture I

Papers on the Duterte
Administration

Michiyo)

11:5012:50

Lunch break9

12:50-Panel 6a: Frontiers ofPanel 6b: Individual

Panel 6c: (Im)mobilities,

Panel 6d: Individual

Panel 6e: Individual

14:20

Extraction: Power, conflictand resistance inPhilippines’ resource sectors(Chairs: Lopez, Mario Ivan &Singh, Jewellord T. Nem)

Papers on WWII(Mis)representations, andSocialities among Filipino
Migrant Workers under
the Pandemic(Chair: Nagasaka, Itaru)

Papers on Conflict andPeacebuilding II

Papers: Looking Back andLooking Forward on a
Marcos Administration I

14:4016:10

Panel 7a: Individual Papers
on Filipinos and thePanel 7b: Individual
Papers on History II

Panel 7c:
Transnational Generations

Panel 7d: Individual
Papers on Literature andPanel 7e: Recollections of
the Two-Decade Marcosin the Gulf and Beyond:Precarity, Temporariness,and the Search for
Belonging(Chair: Watanabe,
Akiko)

Culture II

Presidency: By Three
Eyewitnesses(Chair: Tsuda, Mamoru)

Panel 8c:
Multidisciplinary
Approach to the Role ofFilipinos in Sustaining
Rural Japan(Chair: Nishimura, Satoru)

Panel 8d: Individual
Papers on Representation
II

Panel 8e: Individual
Papers: Looking Back andLooking Forward on a
Marcos Administration II

Pandemic II

16:10-

Coffee break

16:30
16:3018:00

Panel 8a: Urban
Governmentality andEmerging Sociality in thePhilippines Cities:
Reconfiguration ofCommunity, Market, Civil

Panel 8b: A Catholic
University as a Space andFacilitator of ServiceLearning in thePhilippines(Chair: Alipao, Froilan,

Society, and State(Chair: Seki, Koki)

Asuncion)10

Program
November 26
8:00 – 9:00 Registration
9:00 – 9:25 Opening Speech and Greetings: A Comment on Transborder Philippine
Studies•

Churchill, Bernardita “Nita” R.: Institutionalizing Philippine Studies Conferences in Japan:
International/Transnational

9:30 – 11:00 Panel 1a at Room A: Individual Papers on Conflict and Peacebuilding I
Moderator: Taniguchi, Miyoko•

Miole, Giselle Lugo: Japan’s peacebuilding support for children in armed conflict:Examining the case in the Mindanao peace process•

Santos, Rafael Ibe: Social Media Deathscapes: (Re)configuring Death and Mourning Amid
the Continuing Threat of Covid-19•

Erfe, Alastair Grace: Emergency Education in the Philippines: Analyzing the Department of
Education’s Policies and Implementations during the 2017 Marawi Crisis•

Imbong, Jerry Degollacion: Epistemic injustice, militarization, and the closure of Lumad
schools in Mindanao

9:30 – 11:00 Panel 1b at Room B: Revisiting Philippine Historiography:
Narratives of Resilience, Recoveries, and Reimaginations
Chair: Cabalquinto, Alvin D, Discussant: Ocampo, Ambeth•

Cabalquinto, Alvin D.: Recovering Bodied Experiences of Women in Philippine
Historiography: A Reexamination of the Body and History of Early Twentieth-Century
Philippines•

Redison, Frances Anthea R.: War and Beauty: The Kalibapi Women of the Japanese
Occupation•

Silva, Camille L.: Tanauan’s Wartime Experience: A Story of Survival and Recovery•

Ferrer, Maria Elena: From Submission to Adaptation: A Review of the Historiography of
Education in the Philippines•

Claveria, Bianca Angelien A.: Weathering Changes: Changing Lenses of Historiographies on
the Manila Observatory119:30 – 11:00 Panel 1c at Room C: Individual Papers on Migration I
Moderator: Hosoda, Naomi•

Saito, Yu: Empirical research on Filipino migration: examining the function of a religious
community in Japan•

Arriola, Angelo Christiane Del Mundo: The Multiple Roles of the Franciscan Sisters of the
Immaculate Conception in the Lives of Filipino Migrants in the Catholic Diocese of Kyoto•

Wada, Ayuhikoangelo: Life Course of Filipino Women in Japan: Interviews with Women
Who Continue to Work as Hostesses•

Yap, Cherry Amor Dugtong: On to the Next Chapter: Reimagining the Filipinos in Japan,
Real Life Stories from the Margins

9:30 – 11:00 Panel 1d at Room D: DEAI: Encounters with Four Mindanao Researchers
Panel Chair: Aoyama, Waka•

Cordenillo, Kristine: Farming and Healing Practices of an Ata-Manobo Ethnolinguistic
Community•

David, Karlo Antonio Galay: “Persons of a Common Destiny become Brothers”
Documenting Narratives of the Second World War in Kidapawan•

Pasion, Christian: Mineral Rents and Poverty Reduction in the Philippines•

Limbadan, Nelly: Nikkei-jin or Nihon-jin? Rethinking the Social Representation of Selected
Filipino- Japanese Descendants and Japanese-Filipino Children in Japan

9:30 – 11:00 Panel 1e at Room E: Individual Papers on Law and IR
Moderator: Watanabe, Akiko•

Tagupa, May Hazel M: Legal Insanity Defense: Its Implication to Actual Case Dispositionin the Philippines•

Solis, Manuel P.S.: Reviving the Philippine Nuclear Energy Program in the Context of
Sustainability and Disaster Risk Management: Lessons Learned from Post-Nuclear Disaster
Japan

•

Willis, Charmaine Noelle: Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Resistance to the US Military in thePhilippines•

Madrona, Severo Jr Canete: A Review on Japan’s Health Diplomacy to the Philippines: A
Chapter in Philippines-Japan Relations•

Hall, Rosalie Arcala: Deep Blue Yonder: Security, Economy and Fisheries Nexus in thePhilippine South

12

11:20 – 12:50 Panel 2a at Room A: From Frontier to Hotspot: Philippine Waters and theStory of Natural Resources
Panel Chair: Medrano, Anthony D.
•

Medrano, Anthony D.: Fishways: Life and Loss in Lake Lanao’s Fisheries•

Pagunsan, Ruel V.: Building Authority over Ecology: Science, Labor and Conservation in
the Twentieth Century Laguna de Bay•

Tsuji, Takashi: Dependence on and Devastation of the Spider Conch at Mactan Island, Cebu•

Acebes, Jo Marie V.: The Rise and Fall of the Mobulid Ray Fishery in the Bohol Sea

11:20 – 12:50 Panel 2b at Room B: Individual Papers on History I
Moderator: Uchiyama, Fumiko•

Avestruz, Darren Ramon Chichioco: Being and Becoming: How the Martial Law era forged
the Filipino Identity•

Salomon, Elgin Glenn Regencia: Testimonial Narratives as Counter-History: The Early Yearsof Militarization in Sulu (1972-1974)•

Hipolito, Lorenzo Santos., Jr: Revisiting the Elcano-Magellan Circumnavigation Route in
the Philippines: Victory in Mactan and Humanity•

Mohammad, Kamaruddin, Bin Alawi: Foregrounding Pangayaw Tausug: Understanding
Muslim Filipino History Using a “Discourse from Within”•

Odaka, Konosuke: Exploring personal consumption and the Engel's Law in the Philippines,
1903-39

11:20 – 12:50 Panel 2c at Room C: Filipinos in Japan and COVID-19: A Look into theirExperiences and Challenges
Panel Chair: Johanna O. Zulueta•

Fermin, Tricia and Okada, Tricia: The Road Less Traveled? A Duoethnography of Two
Filipina Scholars and English Language Teachers in Japan During the COVID-19 Pandemic•

McCallum, Derrace: Family life under lock-down: Can Filipino transnational families
survive restricted spatial mobility?

•

Yap, Cherry Amor: The Filipino Residents in Japan, Grass-root Responses and Aggregate
Narratives to National Policies in a time of Pandemic•

Zulueta, Johanna O.: In the Red? Filipino Entrepreneurs in Japan During the Pandemic

11:20 – 12:50 Panel 2d at Room D: Philippine Language, Culture and Education in theContext of Globalization and Pandemic
Panel Chair: Laranjo, Ronel Ortil
13•

Laranjo, Ronel Ortil: Situating the Philippine Studies Academic Programs in Japanese
Universities: Traditions, Trends and Prospective•

Concepcion, Gerard Panggat: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of The
Philippine Track Program in Busan University of Foreign Studies: Implications in Teaching
Filipino Language Abroad as Agenda•

Perez, April, Juan: The Filipino concept of Ayuda in the time of Pandemic•

Encinares- Enaje, Ivy: Online Teaching of Filipino Language during Covid-19 Pandemic:
The Case of Xavier School Nuvali•

Santos, Zarina Joy Tesoro: Investigating the Neoliberal Practices and Policies of the
University of the Philippines

11:20 – 12:50 Panel 2e at Room E: Murder, Lies, and Corruption in the Marcos-Duterte
Narratives
Panel Chair: Ariate, Joel Fajardo•

Reyes, Miguel Paolo Palacio: Japanese Reparations, Ferdinand Marcos Sr., and the(Mis)development of Philippine Railways, 1956-1986•

Del Mundo, Larah Vinda: The Marcos State Machinery in the Immediate Aftermath of the
Aquino Assassination•

Noriega, Nixcharl Cue: The Lethal Consequences of Duterte’s Drug War Rhetoric•

Ariate, Joel Fajardo: Lying About Killings and the Murderous Presidencies of Marcos andDuterte12:50 – 13:45 Lunch Break
13:45 – 16:00 Keynote speech + Plenary at Room A
Looking Back, Looking Forward: What Now in "the New Normal?"•Presenter: Racelis, Mary•

Discussant: Nagano, Yoshiko; Ocampo, Ambeth; Tsuda, Mamoru•

Moderator: Zulueta, Johanna O.

16:00 – 16:30 Coffee break
16:30 – 18:00 Panel 3a at Room A: Individual Papers on Environment and Climate
ChangeModerator: Alvares, Kerby
14

•

Tran, Dalena Le: The holes their bullets left in our communities: Murders of Filipina
environmental defenders•

Compton, Caroline: Adaptive landscapes: Filipino planning, property, and informality underclimate change•

Delina, Laurence L.; Cagoco-Guiam, Rufa; Gaviola, Jon: Pagkalinawan, Homer: Climate
fragility risks and conflict emergence in Bangsamoro’s Maguindanao province•

Talamayan, Fernan: Violating Indigenous Peoples' Rights, Resisting Mega-Dam Projects: A
Philippine Case Study

16:30 – 18:00 Panel 3b at Room B: War and Historiography--Filipino and Japanese
Perspectives on the Japanese Occupation in the Philippines
Chair: Okada, Taihei; Discussant: Bolasco, Karina•

Jose, Ricardo T.: Looking back after seven decades: Recent books on the Japanese
Occupation and World War II in the Philippines•

Nagano, Yoshiko: Re-reading of the Historical Writings on the Battle of Manila 1945•

Ara, Satoshi: Filipino Collaboration and the Atrocities in the Japanese-occupied Philippines:
Case Study in Tacloban, Leyte and Sagay, Negros Occidental•

Bersales, Jose Eleazar; Okada, Taihei: Focusing on Regions, Connecting Individuals: Cebu
Japanese in Peace and War

16:30 – 18:00 Panel 3c at Room C: Individual Papers on Migration II
Moderator: Nagasaka, Itaru•

Tigno, Jorge Villamor: Protecting the Migrants or Protecting the Market? A Critical Review
of Philippine Reform Regulations Governing Migrant Domestic Workers•

San Jose, Benjamin Arcena & Santos, Carlos L.: Deployment or Integration? Negotiating
Japanese Multiculturalism through the JFT Basic and the SSW•

Encinas-Franco, Jean: Migrant Bride Seminars and the Sending State in Cross-Border
Marriages: The Philippine Case•

Arellano, Bernardo III, Muerong: Pagpangayaw sa Dutang Ginsaad: The Migration andSettlement of Ilonggos in Tacurong, Mindanao, 1930s-1970s

16:30 – 18:00 Panel 3d at Room D: Individual Papers on Representation I
Moderator: Sugaya, Nariko•Samoza, Sheila Cardona: Japan and Japanese Representations in the Sakdal Newspapers in
the Philippines, 1930-1937•

Resurreccion, Analiza Dalisay: Comparative Analysis on the Photographic Self15

Presentations of the Top Philippine Universities in their Official Websites•

Domingo, Luis Zuriel Parial: The ‘Unfinished Revolution’ Project in 21st Century Philippine
Mass Media and Politics•

Heriberto, Ruiz Tafoya & Raymond, Perez C. Marc: Comparative perspectives on ‘Living
Well’ in the Global South: Buen Vivir and Ginhawa

16:30 – 18:00 Panel 3e at Room E: Thickening and Meddling?: Multiple Links between
the Philippines and China
Chair: Takagi, Yusuke•

Camba, Alvin: The enemy of my enemy is my friend: China, Duterte, and PDP-Laban•

Gloria, Enrico: Qualifying Influence: A discursive analysis of China’s public diplomacy as
represented in Philippine news media•

Llanto, Jesus: All Politics is Local: The Nexus of Philippine-China Relations at a Local Levelin the Northern Philippines•

Takagi, Yusuke: UNCLOS and the DFA: Institutional Foundation of the Legal Battlegroundwith China

16

November 27
8:00 – 8:30 Registration
8:30 – 10:00 Panel 4a at Room A: Individual papers on Filipinos and the Pandemic I
Moderator: Chiba, Yoshihiro•

Canceran, Delfo Cortina: Community Pantries Phenomenon in the Philippines•

Bongapat, Gladys Fusingan: Irregular Filipino Migrants and the COVID-19 Pandemic•

Juliano, Hansley Adriano: The COVID-19 Pandemic's Impact on Philippine Civil Society:Uncovering Longstanding and New Issues•

Toring, Romeo Jr. Jumao-as: Filipino Technical Interns in Coastal Japan during COVID-19
Pandemic

8:30 – 10:00 Panel 4b at Room B: The Politics and Economics of Philippine
Authoritarianism: Revisionist historiography for 20th century Philippine Historiography
Chair: Claudio, Lisandro E.
•

Acosta, Inigo Chotirawe: Pacification Through Pineapple: The Role of the Del Monte
Plantation in American Colonialism in Mindanano•

Cororaton, Claire D.: Rubi’s Escape: Land, Law, and Progressive Conservatism in thedevelopment of a Philippine postcolony, 1916 – 1941•

Pante, Michael Domingo: Research under Duress: State-Directed Science and Technology
under the Marcos Years•

Bassett, John McCann: Re-examining the role of crony capitalism in Philippine
historiography

8:30 – 10:00 Panel 4c at Room C: Individual papers on Migration III
Moderator: Seki, Koki•

Agonos, Mariam Jayne, Macafe: Filipinos in diaspora: Exploring sense of belonging andcitizenship in the host country among Filipinos in Taiwan•

Matsumoto, Issay: Roman Cariaga and the Invention of the Filipino American: Sexual
Citizenship, Nationalism, and History in 1930s Hawaiʻi•

Villota, Alleson II Decena: Transnational Scavenging and User-Content Creation of Filipino
Migrants on YouTube•

Mecija, Casey: Sonic Agencies and Filipinx Intimacies in the Diaspora

178:30 – 10:00 Panel 4d at Room D: Representations of the Filipina in the Public andPrivate Spheres in the 19th to the 20th Centuries
Chair: Alfaro, Ma. Rita Lourdes Arce•

Alfaro, Ma. Rita Lourdes Arce: From Invisibility to Visibility: The Filipina Woman and theLaw from the 19th to the 20th centuries•

Jose, Mary Dorothy De Lara: From “Entertainers” to Generals: Revisiting Women’s
Representations in the Philippine Revolution•

Reguindin-Estella, Janet: Women as Social Workers: Feminist Movements and their Rolesin the Institutionalization of Social Work in the Philippines•

Wani-obias, Rhodalyn C.: Put Up On a Pedestal: Motherhood and Mothering During the
Early Twentieth Century

8:30 – 10:00 Panel 4e at Room E: Facing Uncertainties: Economic Policies andGovernance in the Philippines
Chair: Mikamo, Shingo•

Mikamo, Shingo: Questioning Democracy and Economic Governance in the Philippines•

Ito, Susumu: Challenges in the Infrastructure Governance in the Philippines: From Duterte
to Marcos•

Balboa, Jenny D.: From Duterte to Marcos: The China Foreign Policy Pivot and its Economic
Impact10:20 – 11:50 Panel 5a at Room A: Rethinking Intimacy during 2010s in the Philippines
Chair: Nishio, Zenta•

Iida, Yuya: Rethinking Migrant bodies: Male farm workers and their and their temporal
intimacy•

Tagawa, Yumeno: Expression of Intimacy in Emotional Labor: Focus on Call Center Industry
and Sex Industry•

Yoshizawa, Asuna: Intimate and distant “other”: The dynamism of relatedness among
Muslims and Christians in Mindanao•

Kubo, Yuko: Quest for silent intimacy: Reconsidering response-ability for the object within
the body in pregnancy losses

10:20 – 11:50 Panel 5b at Room B: Memory and Connection under the US-Ruled
Philippines as Reconstructed from Home Movies by a Japanese Migrant Entrepreneur
Chair: Yoneno-Reyes, Michiyo; Discussant: Huzioka, Hirosi•

Sugaya, Nariko: Japanese business and migrant communities in the U.S. colonial Philippines18•Jose, Ricardo T.: The Philippines in the early 1930s as seen through Japanese home movies•

Barriga, Maria Cynthia: Cracks in the Moving Curtain: Davao beyond Dabao-kuo•

Afable, Patricia Okubo: Border-crossing Adventures in Baguio Japanese Studio
Photography: A Counterpoint to S. Matsui’s Baguio Film•

Yoneno-Reyes, Michiyo: Who Owns Memory?: Actors and Relations in Archiving a Private
Collection

10:20 – 11:50 Panel 5c at Room C: Migrant Care Workers through EPA: Old, New, andEmerging Issues and Challenges
Chair: Ogawa, Reiko; Discussant: Zulueta, Johanna O.
•

Vilog, Ron Bridget: Revisiting JPEPA: Recruitment, Entry, and Training Schemes•

Piquero-Ballescas, Maria Rosario: JPEPA Review: Implications for Migrant Protection•

Ogawa, Reiko: Migrant Care Workers in Post EPA

10:20 – 11:50 Panel 5d at Room D: Individual Papers on Literature and Culture I
Moderator: Nagata, Atsumasa•

Rodriguez, Rommel Barona: Some notes on the analysis of selected words in the classic
Tagalog short story "Suyuan sa Tubigan (Courtship at the Water's Edge)" by Macario Pineda
using Antconc•

Golland, David Hamilton: Journey and the Philippines: Arnel Pineda and the Integration ofModern Rock•

Magpile, Christine Marie Lim: Tabemasho: A Survey Analysis on the Japanese FoodPatronized by Filipinos and How It Reflects Transculturation•

Baloloy, Paterno Jr., Buban: The Suklaban as The World-Within: A Sacred Rite to the Sole
Sovereign Healer (Among the Dumagat of Mauban, Philippines)

10:20 – 11:50 Panel 5e at Room E: Individual Papers on the Duterte Administration
Moderator: Miyagawa, Shinji•

Briones, Jervy Cariño: A critical discourse analysis of Rodrigo Duterte’s language on endo
and labor unionism•

Pineda, Andrei Pinzon: "Kill Them All" Intellectualized: Reading Power Relations andAntagonisms of Strategies and Dissections in Sandata's Kolateral•

Quintana, Michael Ray Bolanio: Localizing Duterte’s Philippine Anti-Illegal Drugs Strategy•

Santos, John Carlo Sanchez: Chico River Pump Irrigation Project Under Duterte: A
Continuity ff Marcos Sr.’s Development Aggression in the Cordilleras•

Candelaria, John Lee: Duterte’s Transactionalist Foreign Policy and the COVID-19
19

Pandemic
11:50 – 12:50 Lunch Break
12:50 – 14:20 Panel 6a at Room A: Frontiers of Extraction: Power, conflict and resistancein Philippines’ resource sectors
Chairs: Lopez, Mario Ivan & Singh, Jewellord T. Nem•

Camba, Alvin: The cement, steel, and infrastructure interface: China’s export and investment
boom in the Philippines•

Singh, Jewellord T. Nem: A coalitional politics framework in studying High Rent Sectors:
The Philippines as a case study•

de los Reyes, Julie: Power shift: A political ecology approach to Philippine energy transition•

Saguin, Kristian Karlo: Populist Ecologies of Laguna Lake

12:50 – 14:20 Panel 6b at Room B: Individual Papers on WWII
Moderator: Okada, Taihei•

Joven, Arnel Estrada: Revisiting Collaboration and Resistance: The Philippine General
Hospital during the Japanese Occupation Period•

Badilles, Hannee Saloria & Barriga, Maria Cynthia: Asia-Pacific War in Southeastern
Mindanao: Comparing Japanese and Filipino Stories in Davao City and NLSA•

Okimoto, Naoko: Filipino ‘Comfort Women’ Issues––What is still Necessary to Restore
Justice for the Lolas?

12:50 – 14:20 Panel 6c at Room C: (Im)mobilities, (mis)representations, and socialities
among Filipino migrant workers under the pandemic
Chair: Nagasaka, Itaru; Discussant: Asis, Maruja•

Fresnoza-Flot, Asuncion & Buson, Kristine: Coping with the economic blow of thepandemic: the case of (ir)regular Filipino migrant domestic workers in Paris•

Galam, Roderick & Siruno, Lalaine & Gatinao, Allysa: Navigating the COVID-19 pandemic:
The resilience strategies of undocumented Filipino migrant domestic workers in the UK and
Netherlands•

Bonifacio, Glenda Tibe: Differences and Transformations: Negotiating Filipino-ness in
Canada during the Pandemic•

Ono, Eri & Ogaya, Chiho: Invisibilities and (mis)representation of Filipina Migrant Workers
in Japan during the pandemic•

Iida, Yuya & Nagasaka, Itaru: Mobilizing and Remobilizing Immobilized Labor: Filipino
20

Technical Interns in Japanese Agricultural Sector and their Pandemic Experiences
12:50 – 14:20 Panel 6d at Room D: Individual Papers on Conflict and Peacebuilding II
Moderator: Taniguchi, Miyoko•

Duaqui Yellowbelle Del Mundo & Pendatun, Sittie Amirah K.: An Overview of the
Economic Performance and Human Development in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Regionin Muslim Mindanao, 2019-2021: Future Prospects and Challenges•

Marte, Harmond Pedrosa: Role of Social Enterprises in the Peacebuilding Agenda inBangsamoro, the Philippines•

Ochiai, Naoyuki: Dividing the Bangsamoro - challenges and opportunities for 2025

12:50 – 14:20 Panel 6e at Room E: Individual Papers: Looking Back and Looking
Forward on a Marcos Administration I
Moderator: Ota, Kazuhiro•

Miyawaki, Satoshi: Development of Ideas of the Post EDSA Philippine Catholic Church on
National Elections•

Cardenas, Kenneth: "De-Marcosification" and the rise of new urban rentiers: On theunintended consequences of post-EDSA privatizations•

Nadal, Paul: Marcos and Pinochet at the International Writing Program

14:40 – 16:10 Panel 7a at Room A: Individual Papers on Filipinos and the Pandemic II
Moderator: Kiba, Saya•

Tiongson, Aleeza, Casipit, Danielle, Cordero, Dominic & Echague, Precious: Please
Forward: An Ethnographic Analysis on Messages Circulating in Social Media (Chain
Messages) during the Time of COVID 19•

Calma, Christian Placido, Gacrama: Online Capacity Building Activities (OCBA): the PPPCenter’s Strategic Response to Learner Demand in the Time of the Pandemic•

Pareja, Kathryn Nicole Ang, Villanueva, Isabela Fernandez, Villarin, Jose Miguel Labuca, &Cuizon, Ana Leah Dungog: On and Off: Challenges and Evolution of Student Activism in
Post-Pandemic Philippines

14:40 – 16:10 Panel 7b at Room B: Individual Papers on History II
Moderator: Suzuki, Nobutaka•

Wang, Luer: Hokkien Monks and Chinese Buddhism in the Philippines: A Preliminary Studyon Manila Seng Guan Temple•

Alvarez, Kerby Clado: Disaster Studies, Scientific Knowledge Production, and the Project21

of Nation Building in the Philippines, 19th-20th Centuries•

Sarmiento, Anthony Demin & Nito, Mary Josefti Cruz: The Pagoda Mansion of Jose Ocampo
in Quiapo, Manila: Documenting the Last of the Japanese Pre-War Architecture in Manila•

See, Karl Gerrard Tiu: Human Security and Olongapo Residents’ Nostalgia for the US Subic
Base•

Rallonza, Miguel Niccolo Veneracion: Brewed over time: A Preliminary Exploration ofCoffee’s History in the Philippines beyond the "Lipa Narrative"

14:40 – 16:10 Panel 7c at Room C: Transnational generations in the Gulf and beyond:precarity, temporariness, and the search for belonging
Chair: Watanabe, Akiko; Discussant: Morada, Hector B.
•

Hosoda, Naomi: Localities, ‘citizenship’, and coping strategies of OFW children raised in
UAE cities•

Watanabe, Akiko: “We are a black sheep”: the priviledgeness and immobilities of young
Filipino-Kuwaiti second-generations of bicultural families•

Matsukawa, Kyoko: The perpetuated “in-betweenness” experienced by Gulf-born NRIs:
Analysis of Cases in Kuwait•

Norbakk, Mari: Belonging as familiarity: the bitterness of permanent temporariness among
Qatar-born Egyptians

14:40 – 16:10 Panel 7d at Room D: Individual Papers on Literature and Culture II
Moderator: Miyawaki, Satoshi•

Jacinto, Gerard Rey Zapanta: Ang Pasyon sa saliw ng Tugtugin ng Banda: An examinationof the sonic soundscape of Pabasa as affects•

Gomez, Luisa Luzon: Framing Nick Joaquin’s Cosmopolitan Vision in the Context of his
Penguin Canonization•

Alcopra, Anica Leska Nicolas: Understanding Sulu Habi: Siyabit Tapestry as a Projection of
Religious Qualities

14:40 – 16:10 Panel 7e at Room E: Recollections of the Two-Decade Marcos
Presidency: By Three Eyewitnesses
Chair: Tsuda, Mamoru; Discussant: Ocampo, Ambeth•

Ventura, Rey: Images Taken by a Student Activist During the Marcos Years (mainly from1981-1986)•

Ono, Takushi: Marcos as a Hawk’s Claw and Cow’s Tail•

Tsuda, Mamoru, ‘I-witness’-ing the Two Decades of FM in Power and the G-to-G, B-to-B
22

and P-to-P Japan Philippine Relations
16:10 – 16:30 Coffee break
16:30 – 18:00 Panel 8a at Room A: Urban Governmentality and Emerging Sociality in
the Philippines Cities: Reconfiguration of community, market, civil society, and state
Chair: Seki, Koki•

Seki, Koki: Toward an “Anthropology of the Suburb” in the Global South: Its Scope andSignificance•Fujiwara, Naoki: Inclusive Growth and the Politics of Resettlement•

Arcilla, Chester Antonino C.: Neoliberal Countersolidarities: Containing Militant Urban
Subaltern Struggle for a Right to the City in the Philippines•

Tafoya, Heriberto Ruiz: Unpacking the relationship between the corporate food regime andthe governance of the poor in Metro Manila•

Saguin, Kristian Karlo: Urban Gardens and Peripheral City-Making in Metro Manila

16:30 – 18:00 Panel 8b at Room B: A Catholic University as a Space and Facilitator ofService- Learning in the Philippines
Chair: Alipao, Froilan, Asuncion•

Alipao, Froilan Asuncion: Service-Learning Linking with Communities for Development:
Exploring the Service Learning Praxis Framework of the University of Santo Tomas vis-àvis Salamanca Process•

Romero, Adrian Dela Cruz: Praxis of Salamanca: Process and Politics of the ServiceLearning in the University of Santo Tomas Lumad Bakwit School•

Abiog, Evalyn Bonquin: Catholic Social Teachings in Service-Learning: A Multiple-Case
Study in a Philippine Catholic Higher Education Institution•

Turingan, Melanie Del Pozo: Service-Learning: The University of Santo Tomas Experience•

Estrologo, Micah Sumpay: A Phenomenological Study of Service-Learning Experiences in
National Service Training Program of University of Santo Tomas (UST) Selected College
Students in the Time COVID-19 Pandemic

16:30 – 18:00 Panel 8c at Room C: Multidisciplinary Approach to the Role of Filipinos in
Sustaining Rural Japan
Chair: Nishimura, Satoru•

Peña, Romeo Palustre & Sulit, Gayle T.: Research Trends in the Roles of Filipino Residents
on the Sustainability of Rural Japan23

•

Sulit, Alondra Gayle Torres: Identifying the Changing Roles of Filipino Migrants in Kikai
Island, Japan: A Case Study•

Nishimura, Jo-Ann Tejada & Nishimura, Satoru: A Study on Filipino Intern TechnicalTrainees and Agricultural Business by Filipinos Residents in Rural Japan•

Serafica, Paul Benedict & Nishimura, Satoru: A Scenario for Settled Filipinos to Contributeto the Formation of Sustainable Agriculture on a Small Remote Island in Japan.

16:30 – 18:00 Panel 8d at Room D: Individual Papers on Representation II
Moderator: Aoyama, Waka•

Taton, Jose Jr., Rabara: Conflation and Negotiation in the Notion of the “Datu” Identity
Among the Panay Bukidnon Indigenous Cultural Communities in Central Philippines•

Andres, Brenson Yabes: LGBTQ+ Representation in High School Gender Studies: An
Analysis of Social Studies Grade 10 Textbooks in the Philippines•de Vera, Leilani Ogalesco: Gender Relations in the Contemporary Retelling of Mga
Kuwento ni Lola Basyang•

Zulueta, Jeffrey Orgiles: An Empowered Alternative: Entrepreneurial Intentions of Students
Who are Deaf in Miriam College Higher Education Unit

16:30 – 18:00 Panel 8e at Room E: Individual Papers: Looking Back and Looking
Forward on a Marcos Administration II
Moderator: Kusaka, Wataru•

Crudo, Eugene Raymond Parado: Anastacio T. Caedo and the Marcos Years: A ClassicalSculptor’s Contributions (1965-1986)•

Alarcon, Jeorge Jr., Garcia: The Son Rises in the East: understanding the narratives andmaterial condition of the Marcos Jr 2022 presidential campaign•

Duran, Mary Diane Alcantara & Alcantara, Sunshine Therese Sinapilo: A Tale of Two
Contents: Facts, Memes, and the 2022 Philippine Presidential Election24Abstracts

25

Panel 1a at Room A: Individual Papers on Conflict and Peacebuilding I
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Taniguchi, Miyoko
Japan’s peacebuilding support for children in armed conflict: Examining the case in the
Mindanao peace process
Miole, Giselle Lugo
(Waseda University Graduate School of Asia Pacific Studies)
IN05MioleG
Literature on children in armed conflict and its link to peacebuilding in the literature remains
underexplored. Japan has emerged as a peacebuilder of Asia in the last decade and functioned asa bridgebuilder between the West and the East. However, much of its contribution to children in
the armed conflict remained understudied. In a recent move, the Philippines enacted the “Special
Protection for Children in Situations of Armed Conflict Act” in 2019. This new law was an output
from deliberations and lessons learned from the Marawi siege, and the disengagement of morethan a thousand ex-child soldiers from the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. The Act echoes that ofinternational agreements and criminalizes forms of child recruitment into both state and non-statearmed forces. Japan has been among the active contributors to the peacebuilding process of thePhilippines, particularly the Bangsamoro transition project. In 2017, Japan has also provided grant
aid in the disengagement of children from the armed forces. This paper seeks to identify the
motives of Japan to focus on contributing to the aspect of children in armed conflict issues in thecase of the Philippines. The study has conducted a qualitative meta-review of policies anddocuments from JICA and the MOFA that are related to children in armed conflict agenda. It isrevealed that Japan’s distinct ‘hybrid’ position as a perpetual peacebuilder and bridgebuilder ofthe West paved its way towards contributing to the disengagement of children in armed conflict.
SOCIAL MEDIA DEATHSCAPES: (Re)configuring Death and Mourning Amid theContinuing Threat of Covid-19
Santos, Rafael Ibe(University of Asia and the Pacific)
IN07SantosRThis study attempts to gain insights on how death and mourning are signaled through computer
mediated communication particularly on social media amid the continuing threat of the corona
virus. Grounded on the theory of multimodality in semiotics and McLuhan’s theory ofcommunication, it analyzes select Facebook posts as it seeks answers to the question, How do26social media users (re)configure death and go through the grieving process given the restrictionsin terms of mobility because of Covid-19? Using a quasi-cyberethnography and interviews, thisstudy features five technologically mediated semiotic resources which demonstrate the medium,
which is Facebook, as the message as per McLuhan, and through which death and mourning are
signaled. These are: (a) posts containing pictures of the deceased, (b) death candles as temporary
profile photos, (c) black ribbons as temporary profile pictures, (d) image-text combination in
posts, and (e) multimodal posts (emojis-text-photos combination). These online deathscapes
showcase meaning making through computer generated social semiotics while also highlighting
a multimodal tactic in computer mediated transactions. The Facebook as a medium fordeathscapes embodies other messages such as death rituals and other forms of communal
memorializations in place of the usual print announcements. Further analysis also points tolayers of online mediation in signaling death and mourning, the reliance on Facebook as thedefault platform for memorializing the dead owing to its extreme popularity, and the propensity
to use or integrate elements of one’s own native language in honoring the departed.
Key words: candle, death, deathscapes, mourning, semiotic, social media
Emergency Education in the Philippines: Analyzing the Department of Education’s Policies
and Implementations during the 2017 Marawi Crisis
Erfe, Alastair Grace(Osaka University School of International Public Policy)
IN18ErfeA
In crisis and post-crisis situations, education constituents from government and non-government
agencies implement emergency education programs and policies to provide for the needs of theaffected learners and teachers. Education-in-Emergencies (EiE), which includes the provision oflearning and teaching kits, temporary learning shelters, and psychological first aid for affectedteachers and learners, was administered by the Department of Education (DepEd) and its partners
during the 2017 Marawi crisis to Dep-Ed accredited schools. In 2019, DepEd also developed apolicy framework declaring schools and learners as zones of peace and emphasized the need forchildren to be away from armed combatants. Despite these EiE interventions, their effectivenessis not free from contestation due to the existence of traditional madaris, which are still struggling
for government recognition. Therefore, this paper examines how the 2017 Marawi crisis revealed
the gaps in delivering EiE in the context of the bifurcated education system in the Philippines: (1)public and government accredited schools and (2) marginalized schools like the traditionalmadaris that operate outside government control. The data gathered for this research are based on27

remote interviews with EiE practitioners from DepEd in 2020, surveyed grey literature (policy
and legal documents), and previous studies on Islamic schools in the Bangsamoro region. In
conclusion, I advance that emergency education needs rethinking beyond liberal state-centric
approaches and should adapt to the socio-cultural needs of the affected group.
Epistemic injustice, militarization, and the closure of Lumad schools in Mindanao
Imbong, Jerry Degollacion(Visayas State University)
IN41ImbongJ
Lumad refers to the collective identity of Indigenous Peoples (IPs) of various ethnolinguistic
groups in Mindanao. The Lumad views education as essential to their identity and unity. Lumad
community schools is a product of the Lumad people’s historic struggle for self-determination.
Under the present Duterte administration, various forms of harassment, intimidation, and attacks
against Lumad schools took place. Human rights groups documented at least 584 cases of attacks
and other school related extra-judicial killings from 2017-2019. The military and police areaccusing Lumad schools as “training grounds” for the armed communist group. Lumad leadersbelieve that that these harassments are intended to drive they away from their lands to pave theway for big foreign mining corporations. In 2019, the Department of Education (DepEd) throughthe recommendation of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) ordered the closure of 55
Lumad schools in Davao region. At present, there are now 178 Lumad schools shut down by thegovernment.
The article briefly examines the historical roots of Lumad school-communities vis-à-vis theircollective struggle for ancestral land and self-determination. Second, discusses their uniquecurriculum and teaching methods anchored in their cultural identity. Third, it will argue that theattacks against Lumad schools constitute an “epistemic injustice” or more specifically an “identity
prejudice” against the Lumad people. Miranda Fricker, in her book Epistemic Injustice: Power &the Ethics of Knowing (2007) argues that epistemic injustice happens when a dominant socialgroup wrongs someone in their capacity as a subject of knowledge or as a knower. (p.5) The harmor wrong done to a particular group is a form of intrinsic injustice as it can hinder selfdevelopment and prevent people from becoming who they are. Political and cultural freedom canonly be restored in Lumad communities if epistemic justice is achieved (Fricker, 2013). This canonly be realized if the Lumad people continue to assert a “transgressive pedagogy” (Sefa Dei,
2010) that would challenge the oppressive dominant, colonial and neoliberal education."28

Panel 1b at Room B: Revisiting Philippine Historiography: Narratives of Resilience,
Recoveries, and Reimaginations
Panel Chair: Cabalquinto, Alvin D.
(Ateneo de Manila University)
Panel discussant: Ocampo, Ambeth(Department of History, Ateneo de Manila University)
PA02CabalquintoA
Panel Abstract:
Current trends of Philippine historiography have shown significant developments that question
nation-bounded approaches and frameworks. For the longest time, the general Philippine
historiography has focused on themes such as politics and diplomacy and on historical actors
who are predominantly male and elite. In revisiting various approaches and frameworks in
Philippine historiographies, this panel seeks to recover and reimagine different narratives andactors of resilience and adaptation. Seen through the lenses of gender, health, sciences, politics,
and education, the panel appreciated the dynamic and changing progression of Philippine
historiography through the years, critiqued notable gaps, and recommended possible
recommendations to broaden narratives.
Revisionism in Philippine historiography becomes a highly contested issue in the current
political climate. Yet the call to revise Philippine history is grounded on the need for an
inclusive narrative of history beyond the nation-state. The narratives of resiliencies, recoveries,
and imaginations in Philippine history call for the need of an inclusive revision to Philippine
historiography that allow invisible actors to reclaim their space in history.
Recovering Bodied Experiences of Women in Philippine Historiography: A Reexaminationof the Body and History of Early Twentieth-Century Philippines
Cabalquinto, Alvin D.
(Ateneo de Manila University)
Beyond the histories of the nation-state, the experiences of individuality in history through bodied
experiences signify the need for recognition of diverse individual and collective experiences of anation-state’s citizens. The historiography of the human body and the Philippine nation-state has
previously discussed institutions’ role and control over the body through the lens of biopolitics.
Influenced by Foucauldian biopolitics and postcolonial theories, historians and scholars haveconceived the colonized body as a docile body.
29

Using the embodied citizenship framework, this research on early twentieth-century Filipino
women in Manila and their political motherhood shows the relationship between bodied
experiences and their embodiment in citizenship. This research suggests the need toreconceptualize the colonized body beyond the colonizer’s gaze.
This paper argues the need to widen the conception of the body in history beyond emphasizing
who controls the body. Instead, this research argues how historical actors used their bodies as asite of identity, meaning, and representation. This study explores such reconceptualization of
bodies through women’s bodied experiences from early twentieth Filipino women in public
discourse. As an integral component in redefining a form of citizenship, these bodied experiences
redefined women’s identities and allowed them to negotiate their position within the state andbroader society. Thus, the research explores the possibility of broadening the history of thePhilippine nation-state through the recovery of its citizens’ individual and collective bodied
experiences.
War and Beauty: The Kalibapi Women of the Japanese Occupation
Redison, Frances Anthea R.
(University of the Philippines Visayas )The historiography of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines predominantly portrayed womenas victims of atrocities and war combatants. Although this narrative was the reality for many
Filipinas during the war, there is scant knowledge on women who participated in the Japanesesponsored socio-civic activities during the occupation, particularly their role in the Kapisanan sa
Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (Kalibapi) organization. This study examines a 1944 Kalibapisponsored beauty pageant in Iloilo City, Philippines and how this participation of women can
provide nuancing in the complexity of wartime elite collaboration, gender roles, and survival. The
Kalibapi allowed women to join a cause that could be of interest to their community and to support
Japan’s wartime agenda. Still, one cannot simply assume that women’s participation in Japanesesponsored activities meant genuine allegiance to Japan. The Kalibapi event gave women a space
though limited, to be present actors during a perilous time and challenged the Japanese attempt tolimit women to the home.

30

Tanauan’s Wartime Experience: A Story of Survival and Recovery
Silva, Camille L.

(National University – Manila, National University – Lipa)
The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines greatly affected the living conditions of the Filipinos.
It was a period characterized by the lack of prime commodities and everyday needs, as well as offear and unsettled living conditions. A number of sources talk about the Philippine history under
the Japanese colonial years; however, only some of which in passing discuss the war experiencesin the Philippine provinces like Batangas. Most of the written narrative presents a general andnational political history of the Philippines, which is Manila-centric. Local history is another angle
to the story which is very seldom given attention.
This study aimed at analyzing the Japanese Occupation experience of Batangas, specifically the
town of Tanauan (now a city). It traced the condition of the province and Tanauan from pre-war
years, war years, and post war years. Analysis of primary sources like archives which includes
the 1930s- 1960s newspapers, war crime reports, Tanauan ledger, and the Historical Data Paper(HDP) was done in gathering data for this paper. This showed how the condition of Tanauan, andits people, changed from peacetime to war times. It also dealt with the Tanauan Massacre, andhow the people survived and recovered from such an atrocious period through the locals’
initiatives.
From Submission to Adaptation: A Review of the Historiography of Education in thePhilippines
Ferrer, Maria Elena(Ateneo de Manila University)
This paper reviews select works done on the history of education in the Philippines and points out
the gaps and limitations of its scope, sources, and approach. As this paper will show, the literatureon the history of education in the country has grown over the years. From its traditional form
comprised mostly of chronological narration of government policies, school curricula, as well as
establishment of learnings of institutions, it subsequently took on a nationalist stance thathighlight the use of education and language as tools of colonial masters to subjugate, pacify, andmold the Filipinos according to their standards. More recent studies, however, assert Filipino
culture’s tenacity and persistence in the face of foreign control of education. However, despite thenoteworthy growth in the historiography of education, there remains a lacuna of studies on thedevelopment of postcolonial education. Moreover, studies scrutinizing educational philosophiesand pedagogical approaches implemented in the past, and their implications on the country’s
31educational system are still lacking. This paper urges historians of education to turn their attention
to school and university archives, whose collections are rich mines yet to be fully explored.
Weathering Changes: Changing Lenses of Historiographies on the Manila Observatory
Claveria, Bianca Angelien A.
(Ateneo de Manila University)
Historiographies on colonial sciences such as meteorology were traditionally framed within
imperial structures and colonial administrations, and were further prescribed by anachronistic
narratives that often depicted the sciences of the “peripheral” colonies to be the pale comparisons
to the superior versions of their “metropole” equivalents. Expanding from these perspectives,
significant shifts in views and approaches to colonial science historiographies have motivatedperspectives that extended beyond linear and Eurocentric models of metropole-to-peripherydiffusion of scientific knowledge. Revisiting historiographies on colonial meteorologicalobservatories such as the Manila Observatory (MO) allows for a reappreciation of its dynamicroles through the years, and encourages a reevaluation of meteorology’s changing purposes asboth a local and global science.
An esteemed proof of the Philippines’ resilience to typhoon-related disasters by the late 19th
century, the MO provided services that ensured both the safety of people and the endurance ofindustries that were vulnerable to the whims of the weather. However by the early 20th century,
the practices and influences of meteorology gradually extended beyond the boundaries of thecolony, and the MO had to adapt to standardized methods agreed upon by international bodies,while still responding to particular local expectations and needs. By endorsing a transnationalframework, this paper seeks to study how relevant historiographies on the MO have depicted theinstitution as both an icon of resilience and adaptation.

32

Panel 1c at Room C: Individual Papers on Migration I
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Hosoda, Naomi
Empirical research on Filipino migration: examining the function of a religious community
in Japan
Saito, Yu(Kobe University)
IN16SaitoY
This presentation focuses on the impact of the network of the catholic religious community on
the migration of Filipinos in Japan, and discusses the findings of empirical research.
This religious community began their activities in the Philippines in 1981, and currently havebranches in all 81 administrative districts in the Philippines. This community has started theiractivities in Japan since 1996, and currently has 21 branches in Japan. This research has revealed
that some Filipinos in Japan have been skillfully utilizing these networks in moving within Japanand internationally, such as between Japan and the Philippines.
The following is a description of the research conducted by the reporter: Participatory observation
has been conducted since 2018 with a Catholic Filipino community in the suburbs of Osaka City,
Japan. The sites of the participant observation were Catholic churches in the suburbs of Osaka
City, members' homes, public community facilities, and online meetings. In addition, interviews
were conducted with participants in these communities. The surveys were conducted in July 2019,
August 2021, and November 2021. There were 13 survey participants.
By utilizing the network of congregations, the survey targets were able to know the key persons
and places of activities in their new locations in advance of their move. This enables them to meet
people from the same country smoothly after relocation, and has been confirmed to reduce
psychological barriers related to the move. The network is maintained through regularcommunication among branch leaders and members in positions of responsibility.

33

The Multiple Roles of the Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Conception in the Lives ofFilipino Migrants in the Catholic Diocese of Kyoto
Arriola, Angelo Christiane Del Mundo(Department of History, De La Salle University, Manila)
IN32ArriolaA
This presentation is about the Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Conception (SFIC), the only
group of foreign nuns in the Catholic Diocese of Kyoto and the only group therein whose primary
purpose is to care for Filipino migrants.
A feature of studies on Filipino migrants in Japan is the near-absence of the roles of Catholic
priests and, most especially, nuns. Existing scholarship on Filipino Catholic missionaries in Japanis limited. In the studies done by Terada (2010), Mateo (2000), Ofreneo and Samonte (2005), themissionaries are not the focus.
This presentation answers the research question: What roles do members of the Franciscan Sistersof the Immaculate Conception play in the lives of Filipino migrants in the Catholic Diocese of
Kyoto? The main research question was answered by interviewing seven SFIC Sisters, aFranciscan priest, and twenty Filipino migrants. Interviews have revealed that the SFIC was thefirst group of Filipino Sisters who came to Japan to help Filipino migrants in a professional
capacity. Since 1989, the Sisters have provided social capital to Filipino migrants in the forms ofspiritual support, psychological support, and social support. The roles that the Sisters play haveresulted in Filipinos’ regard for the Sisters as not just religious women but also mothers, older
sisters, teachers, close friends, intermediaries, defenders, among others.
This study shows the indispensable role of religion in the lives of Filipino migrants. Through thesupport of the SFIC Sisters, Filipino migrants are able to maintain their Filipino Catholic identity
in Japanese society.
Life Course of Filipino Women in Japan: Interviews with Women Who Continue to Workas Hostesses
Wada, Ayuhikoangelo(The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences)
IN63WadaA
This study focuses on Filipino female hostesses who continue to work in Philippine pubs in Japan.
The purpose is to identify transformations in micro-gender, class, and ethnic relations at
workplace and at home by analyzing the life course that led to their continued employment.
Since the 2000s, a series of legal reforms aimed at combating human trafficking has curbed the34number of Filipina female entertainers who come to Japan on ""entertainment"" visas. However,
the women featured in this report entered Japan before the law was revised, married and gavebirth in Japan, and at the same time continued to work as hostesses. Previous studies on Filipino
women have discussed social mobility through job changes and participation in social activity,
but have not examined the social status of women who remain in the sexual industry. The
questions of this report are: (1) How is hostessing positioned in the life course of Filipino women,and (2) How is the micro-gender, class, and ethnic relations in the household and workplace
involved in the continuation of hostessing. The above questions will be clarified throughfieldwork in Philippine pubs and interviews with Filipino women, which the author has been
conducting since April 2022. Their life course, in which they have secured their status as hostesses
in relationships with regular customers, colleagues, and family members built over time, suggests
the possibility of transforming micro-gender, class, and ethnic relations.
On to the Next Chapter: Reimagining the Filipinos in Japan, Real Life Stories from the
Margins
Yap, Cherry Amor Dugtong(Asia University)
IN70YapC"Filipinos in Japan are ranked fourth among the total foreign resident population. They hold mid
to long-term or permanent visas. They are represented in different sectors in the Japanese labormarket and are in disparate social and economic classes. They engage in work - part-time, fulltime, or even both while living in rural or urban areas. Some are entrepreneurs, nurses, caregivers,
factory workers, artists, researchers, educators, trainees, students, and homemakers, to name afew. While some are retired or working in their senior years, many are at employment age, andothers are still in school. With the changing demographics over the past fifteen years, we now
need an updated understanding and a more nuanced picture of “who are the Filipinos in Japan?”The migrant story evolves and changes, enriched and interwoven by their multiple lives, dense
networks, and layered spaces of habits and identities. Recent changes in policies by the Japanese
government created both intentionally or as a consequence of realities on the ground paved theway for the multiplication of roles and identities undertaken by the Filipinos in Japan. The paper
will present a complementary analysis of the statistics on foreign residents and government
policies on entry and residency from 2006 to 2020. Foregrounded are cases of Filipinos in Japan
creating their own stories beyond the jobs they initially undertook. By introducing an enlarged
trove of narratives, this paper intends to expand, amend, complicate, and even counter the familiar
images and understanding of the Filipino migrant story in Japan35

Panel 1d at Room D: DEAI: Encounters with Four Mindanao Researchers
Panel Chair: Aoyama, Waka
(University of Tokyo)
PA01AoyamaW
Panel Abstract:
Four researchers from the southern Philippine island of Mindanao gather to share some of theirlatest findings from their different fields. Anthropologist Kristine Cordenillo will give a glimpse
into a day in the lives of the Ata Manobo ethnolinguistic group in a remote village in the town ofKapalong, Davao del Norte. In the process she will show their farming and healing practices, andthe stories she gathered from the community. Economist Christian Pasion zooms in on urban
poverty in the Philippines’ highly urbanized cities, creating a picture of the urban poor based ondata provided by the 2018 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES). By providing thispicture he will highlight how the divide between rich and poor is increasing in Urban Philippines
Local historian Karlo Antonio Galay David shares some fascinating stories that unfolded in his
hometown of Kidapawan, Cotabato during the Second World War, sharing tales of love and death
between the locals and the occupying Japanese forces. And psychologist Nelly Limbadan takes alook at two distinct but similar communities in the Philippines with Japanese roots, the Nikkeijin (descendants of historical Japanese immigrants to the Philippines) and the Japanese-FilipinoChildren (offspring of more recent unions between Filipinos and Japanese). She will explore thechallenges, difficulties, joys and coping styles of these two communities as they deal with their
distinct realities. The four researchers come from different fields but are gathered together in Prof.
Waka Aoyama’s socially engaged art project ‘Cultivating a Place Together.’ The project has
proceeded with the guiding nickname ‘Project DEAI,’ emphasizing on encounters and unwitting
discoveries –‘deai,’ the Japanese word encounter, is a homophone of the ‘diay,’ an interjectionin the Bisaya language (the four researcher’s shared tongue) said when something new is learned.
After the four researcher share their findings, they interact with one another and the audience tohighlight where the participants – who come from two nations and very different backgrounds –have arrived at new learning encounters.

36

Farming and Healing Practices of an Ata-Manobo Ethnolinguistic Community
Cordenillo, Kristine(Ateneo de Davao University)
Sitio Luno-luno, Barangay Gupitan is a far-flung area, which is part of the Municipality of
Kapalong, Davao del Norte, in Mindanao, Philippines. The territory was initially occupied by
Ata-Manobo, Dibabawon, and Mandaya ethnolinguistic groups. Based on my interviews withtribal chieftains, there were two waves of migration in the area. The first one was during theJapanese occupation, together with their workers coming from different areas in the Philippines.
Another wave happened in the 1960s during the entry of the logging company Aguinaldo
Development Corporation (ADECOR), which too brought workers and their families to resettle
in Barangay Gupitan. This paper seeks to share the story of a displaced Ata-Manobo community
composed of about 74 families. The paper will also attempt to show a typical day in thecommunity and their reasons for doing these activities. It also highlights the Ata-Manobo healing
and planting ritual narrated by the tribal leaders. This paper includes the socio-cultural, economic,
and political context of the research site. As a researcher, I wanted to share the stories that I
gathered from the community—not seeking to generate analysis but hoping to give awareness of
their existence, practices, hopes, and aspirations as a community.
“Persons of a Common Destiny become Brothers” Documenting Narratives of the Second
World War in Kidapawan
David, Karlo Antonio Galay
Writer
The present study sought to demystify the historiography of Kidapawan City, Cotabato Province
during the Second World War. It gathered surviving oral accounts of the War from some of thecity’s oldest residents and families, recording them before they are lost to posterity. Thesenarrative accounts, together with information gathered from both local archival text and publishedreferences, were then presented to tell a general picture of Kidapawan and its people during theWar, from occupation to liberation. Some sections were dedicated to incidents of note: tribal
resistance and the Kollut poisonings in Maliri and Kamasi, the kidnapping of Juan Sibug, theassassination of Eliseo Dayao Sr., the escape of Lorenzo Saniel from death, the forced leadershipand symbolic incarceration of the hostage-mayor Filomeno Blanco, the torture of Patadon Tungao,
and the romance and tragedy of Hayao Nakamura. The last incident in particular is important to
Kidapawan history, as Nakamura’s love affair and subsequent marriage with his secretary,37

Rosalina Madrid, led to a general “mellowing” of Japanese treatment to locals in Kidapawan.
Many of these incidents and accounts see print for the first time with this study, and it is hoped
more attention is given to them now that they have been recorded.
Mineral Rents and Poverty Reduction in the Philippines
Pasion, Christian(Ateneo de Davao University)
This paper explores the effects of direct distribution of mineral rents (MR) on the poverty situationin the Philippines. Using the 2015 family income and expenditure survey (FIES) with 41,544
household respondents, this distributional policy is illustrated by adding the mineral rents per
capita to the income per capita of each household. Then, the number of poor families andindividuals with and without mineral rents are counted based on the annual per capita poverty
threshold. The impact of this distributional policy is gauged using three scenarios: (1) equal
distribution to all citizens; (2) targeted transfer to low-income families; (3) targeted transfer to thebottom 20 percent of the population. While all three policy scenarios lessen the magnitude ofpoverty, the results indicate that targeted distribution schemes are the most effective strategy inreducing it, moving approximately 1.3 million to 3.7 million individuals closer to the poverty line.
As the distribution becomes more equitable, the income and poverty gaps correspondingly shrink.
An exclusive allocation of mineral rents to mining regions also shows that the policy may help an
estimated 737 thousand to 3.8 million individuals in combating extreme poverty. The study
demonstrates that this policy may be a feasible way to improve the situation of the poorest
households in mining communities, and to promote their social development. The study also
discusses the justifications of the policy and proposes a mechanism for allocating the rents.
Nikkei-jin or Nihon-jin? Rethinking the Social Representation of Selected FilipinoJapanese Descendants and Japanese-Filipino Children in Japan
Limbadan, Nelly(Ateneo de Davao University)
This paper attempts to re-analyze the social identity and other socio-emotional factors affecting
the Japanese descendants or Nikkei-jin and Japanese-Filipino Children (JFC) or the Nihon-jin. A
number of legislations legitimizes the Filipino-Japanese international relations. These laws havealso implications on the psychological development of the descendants or the JFC. Althoughborn with same foreign affiliation, these two groups presented varied levels of social realities.
This current study explores topic beyond citizenship but rather investigates the psycho-social
38

dimensions. Qualitatively, this explores the challenges, difficulties, joys and coping styles of
the respondents as they share their present conditions. Different theoretical frameworks of cultural
psychology have guided the analysis of this paper.
Panel 1e at Room E: Individual Papers on Law and IR
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Watanabe, Akiko
Legal Insanity Defense: Its Implication to Actual Case Disposition in the Philippines
Tagupa, May Hazel M(Supreme Court of the Philippines)
IN15Tagupa
The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines belongs to the classical school of thought which posits
that a human person is essentially a moral creature with an absolute free will to choose between
good and evil. There are however circumstances which exempt one from punishment because
there is wanting in the agent of the crime any of the conditions that make the act voluntary or
negligent. Notably, the one who acts by virtue of the exempting circumstance commits a crime
but incurs no criminal liability. One of the causes which will overthrow the presumption ofvoluntariness and intelligence is insanity in which event the actor is exempt from criminal liability.
Nonetheless, such defense is solely hinged on the Revised Penal Code that neither defines nor
explains the concept, thereby giving the judiciary a greater room for construction. This paper thus
evaluates the defense as presented by statutory and case laws and its implication to actual casedisposition in the Philippines with a goal of remedying the jurisprudential gaps within the realmof legal insanity.
Reviving the Philippine Nuclear Energy Program in the Context of Sustainability andDisaster Risk Management: Lessons Learned from Post-Nuclear Disaster Japan
Solis, Manuel P.S.
(Deakin University)
IN33SolisM
The Philippines has expressed an interest to revive its nuclear energy program for electricity
generation. In an initial assessment of the country’s capability to adopt nuclear energy forelectricity generation, there is a need to adopt a legal and regulatory framework that ensures anddemonstrates a commitment to sustainability and safety, especially in the context of disaster39

preparedness and response considering a future nuclear power project. The paper will focus on
examining the current legal and policy framework to assist the Philippines in developing a nuclear
energy program that effectively addresses issues of sustainability, safety, and disastermanagement. It also investigates Japan’s experience in developing and implementing its nuclear
energy program, particularly in a post-nuclear disaster context, to gain valuable insights andlessons learned. These will be highly relevant in putting in place the necessary legal and policy
framework for the Philippines’ nuclear energy program considering the challenges
Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Resistance to the US Military in the Philippines
Willis, Charmaine Noelle(University at Albany, State University of New York)IN44WillisC
While the Philippines once hosted some of the largest and most strategically important US basesin the Indo-Pacific, it witnessed one of the few successful anti-US-military movements in which
activists influenced Filipino policymakers to terminate the US’s basing access in the early 1990s.
However, the Philippines has allowed a small contingent of US troops to use some of its own
military bases on a temporary basis since the late 1990s. This renewed US troops presence has
faced fewer and smaller protests than those prior to the US’s departure in 1992. What accounts
for this disparity? Through paired comparison, I argue that this difference is mostly due todifferences in the discursive opportunity structures around the US troop presence and the way
activists’ frames are received. While activists still frame the US presence as a violation of Filipino
sovereignty, the lowered visibility of the presence in the latter period undermines the credibilityof activists’ frames.

A Review on Japan’s Health Diplomacy to the Philippines: A Chapter in Philippines-Japan
Relations
Madrona, Severo Jr Canete(Ateneo De Manila University)
IN48MadronaS
Over the past decades, Japan has focused on health in its development assistance efforts in AsiaPacific, including the Philippines. By engaging in a bilateral and technical assistance program,
Japan seeks to influence the global health agenda and use its outreach on health to solidify its
40political influence in the Southeast Asian region. It is within this context that this paper is being
presented. It attempts to trace the history of the vibrant and innovative health diplomacy between
Japan and the Philippines, transcending health, foreign policy and international trade. In the end,
this paper argues that the health diplomacy undertaken by Japan is strongly associated with its
national interests.
Deep Blue Yonder: Security, Economy and Fisheries Nexus in the Philippine South
Hall, Rosalie Arcala(University of the Philippines Visayas)
IN53HallR
The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) has the poorest
population in the Philippines and most highly dependent on fisheries. Degraded marine
environment, insecurity from piracy and terror activities, and rampant illegal, unreported andillegal fishing (IUUF) combine to inhibit productivity in the Moro Gulf, Sulu and Celebes Seas.
This same space is traversed by agents of illicit activities, e.g. human trafficking and smuggling,which the Trilaterial Cooperation Agreement between the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia istrying to address. Serious gaps in law enforcement capabilities and unresolved territorial issues
between the Philippines and Malaysia over Sabah overlay these concerns. The paper maps theinstitutional architecture in the Philippines’ southern maritime reach from the combined lens ofdefense/order-at-sea configuration of maritime security, and sustainable and equitabledevelopment focus of the Blue Economy. This maritime space is home to robust military andcoast guard footprint, but marginal national civilian agency presence, e.g. customs, immigration.
Local littoral governments (municipality and province) anchor politics in this periphery, whereformal rules defined by the faraway capital have weak bearing. It describes how state security
agents given their capabilities engage local littoral governments of Tawi Tawi and Zamboanga toaddress maritime challenges, and inquires whether these processes include the interests offisheries/aquatic sector and coastal communities. The paper adopts a multi-scalar and network
governance approaches to identify a nexus from which policy reforms could be drawn.
Panel 2a at Room A: From Frontier to Hotspot: Philippine Waters and the Story of Natural
Resources
Panel Chair: Medrano, Anthony D.
(Yale-NUS College)
PA06MedranoA
41

Panel abstract:
Life abounds in Philippine waters in a way that has marked the islands from the rest of the world.
Biologically, for example, the archipelago not only sits within today’s Coral Triangle, but is infact home to “the center of the center of marine shore fish biodiversity.” And yet, these same
biological waters--fresh, salty, and brackish--have figured the islands’ foodways and industries.
Whether supplying Manila with baskets of banak (Mugil spp.) or feeding Davao’s demand forhipon (Penaeus spp.), the species and habitats of Philippine waters have been worked in industrial
and itinerant ways, and transformed through the rise of “natural resources.” As our panel shows,the complexity of these activities and their afterlives provides an urgent frame for analyzing how
and explaining why the country’s fishery frontiers became biological hotspots in less than acentury. From Laguna Bay to Cebu Strait, and from mobulid rays to spider conchs, we draw onplace-based research to examine the continuities and discontinuities of resource management aswell as, and more critically, the risks and disasters embedded within the mass production of
aquatic proteins. In doing so, our panel charts new directions and depths for local biodiversity
scholarship while at the same time innovating novel sites and methods for exploring multispecies
encounters alongside environmental changes in Philippine waters.
Fishways: Life and Loss in Lake Lanao’s Fisheries
Medrano, Anthony D.
(Yale-NUS College)
In 1933, Lake Lanao was a site of Maranao taxonomy, economic life, and “explosive evolution.”
It was home to at least twenty endemic cyprinids (Cyprinidae) that were vernacularly named andhighly-valued among the “people of the lake.” As endemics, these freshwater fish were only foundin Lake Lanao and nowhere else in the world. And as proteins, they were central to Maranao
fishways. Baolan (Puntius baolan) was especially prized because it was rich in body fat and could
be fried without coconut oil. But by 1963, Lake Lanao’s ichthyofauna had changed more in a
generation than any (recorded) period up to that point. Shortly after its founding in 1961,
Mindanao State University (MSU) conducted a study of Lake Lanao and found that it was teemingwith aliens: introduced food fishes such as bongkaong (Cyprinus carpio), kadurog (Glossogobius
giuris), and mampawi (Oreochromis mossambicus). Once the lifeblood of Maranao fishways, theendemic cyprinids accounted for less than half of the composition of fish caught. Today, all but
two of these endemics are extinct: and while lindog (Puntius lindog) and tumba (Puntius tumba)
remain, they do so in perilous numbers. This paper explores the rise and fall of Lake Lanao's
fisheries as an entangled story of “natural resource management” and “man-made disaster.” It42

does so through the career of Domiciano K. Villaluz (1909-1986), the lead researcher in the 1963
study who would become Dean of MSU’s College of Fisheries in Marawi and Director of MSU’s
Institute of Fisheries and Development in Naawan.
Building Authority over Ecology: Science, Labor and Conservation in the TwentiethCentury Laguna de Bay
Pagunsan, Ruel V.
(University of the Philippines, Diliman)
Laguna de Bay (LDB) or Laguna Lake is the largest freshwater lake in the Philippines and isregarded as the most productive in the country. In the first half of the twentieth century, various
scientific investigations and mediations were carried out to transform LDB into a resource capitalof harvestable fish species. The establishment of Limnological Station in 1928 under the
University of the Philippines and other research infrastructures had produced literatures
advocating for the freshwater frontier as a national lake ecology in which to experiment on
fisheries technologies, exotic species development, and other mechanisms aimed to increase fish
production. This paper examines the epistemological history of LDB as a site of science, resource
extraction, labor and conservation in the twentieth century. It investigates the scientific archives
which the American and Filipino scientists had built from the foundation of the Bureau of
Science’s Ichthyology Section in 1907 until the establishment of Laguna Lake Development
Authority in 1969. I argue that the scientific narratives about LDB have created notions ofauthority that consequently reimagined how the lake ecology and its faunal resources should be
developed, utilized, regulated and protected.
Dependence on and Devastation of the Spider Conch at Mactan Island, Cebu
Tsuji, Takashi(Saga University)
The spider conch (Lambis lambis) is a shellfish classified into the Strombidae family and known
as “sa’an” among the Cebuano people in Mactan Island, Cebu, the Philippines. This shellfish isedible, and the shell is also used for shell crafts. Sa’an are harvested in tidal flats. This paper
focuses on spider conch harvesting and circulation on the island. This study is based on ecologicalanthropology, and researchers observed the harvesting activity of small-scale fishermen using
quantitative research methods to investigate the shellfish harvesting while considering resource
devastation. The survey results found that fishermen harvest the Strombidae shellfish and that43

53% of the harvest comprised the spider conch. The fishermen target the shellfish in particular tosatisfy the developing market value and tourism economy. Many local people rush to harvest theshellfish to earn a better income, but no conservation restrictions have been implemented toprotect the resources on the harvesting ground. Consequently, it is becoming difficult to harvest
the shellfish in shallow water due to resource depletion as the area has become a battlefield withcompeting harvesters; thus, the fishermen have begun to dive into undeveloped water that is four
fathoms deep to search for the shellfish. This paper concludes that the spider conch and thefishermen are in a vicious cycle as the fishermen intensively depend on the shellfish to sustain
their main livelihoods and naturally devastate the shellfish resources, exposing their physicaldanger.
The Rise and Fall of the Mobulid Ray Fishery in the Bohol Sea
Acebes, Jo Marie V.
(National Museum of the Philippines)
The fisheries for sharks and rays have been practiced in the Philippines for centuries. Sharks andrays were considered as some of the commercially important marine resources of the Philippines
in the early 1900s and were abundant yet their fisheries were deemed unexplored or underutilized
until the late 20th century. Fishers in the Bohol Sea have hunted rays since at least the late 19th
century using harpoons and gaff hooks. Although the directed hunt has been reduced to a few
communities in certain regions by the beginning of the 20th century, they still make up asignificant proportion of catches in small and large-scale fisheries. Five species of mobulid rays,
including the giant manta ray and the reef manta ray, were caught. This paper will describe how
the fishery flourished in the early 1900s through the stories of fishers of Jagna and Pamilacan.
Modernized in the 1960s, it probably reached its peak in the 1980s. With the protection of manta
rays and the ban on its hunting in 1998, the fisheries focused on the smaller mobula species andcontinued to take in profitable catches until 2016. In 2017, with the listing of all Mobula species
in CITES, the Philippines banned all catches of all mobulid rays, essentially shutting down thefishery in the Bohol Sea. Five years after the ban, no traces of this fishery remain in Bohol.

44Panel 2b at Room B: Individual Papers on History I
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Uchiyama, FumikoBeing and Becoming: How the Martial Law era forged the Filipino Identity
Avestruz, Darren Ramon Chichioco(Naga College Foundation; Asian Center, University of the Philippines Diliman)
IN02AvestruzD
The Martial Law era of 1972 – 1981 is a crucial component of Philippine history, rendering it
invaluable for Filipinos to learn and understand the realities of the period and its impact to ourcountry and its people. This paper is an attempt to explore and expound on the lived experiencesof survivors of the Marcos regime, and its contributions to their being and becoming of a Filipino.
Specifically, this describes the sense of identities the survivors have before and after the martial
law era. Interviews and correspondences were conducted among four survivors of the period andthematic analysis was done to analyze the data. The respondents claim that their experiences
during the martial law era contributed to their identities as a Filipino, and organized and conscious
efforts to combat historical distortion about the era must be done to preserve the collective
memory of the Filipino people.

Testimonial Narratives as Counter-History: The Early Years of Militarization in Sulu (19721974)
Salomon, Elgin Glenn Regencia(University of the Philippines Visayas)
IN11SalomonE
Using oral history and eyewitness accounts, I explore the use of testimonial narratives of Muslim
Tausug witnesses and survivors during the early years of militarization of Sulu province (19721974) in the southern Philippines as a counter-history to the dominant, monochromatic, andpolarizing historiography of Martial Law in the Philippines. Collected through semi-structured
interviews, this article focuses on the silenced and subjugated narratives of war and violence andthe role of identities and culture in articulating the conflict. Their narratives serve as an alternative
source of knowledge on the marginalization of Muslim Mindanao during the repressive years of
Ferdinand Marcos’ Martial Law. Locating Islamic Studies in Philippine and Bangsamoro contexts
would deepen the understanding of how Islam was used by the Muslim Tausug to air theirgrievances and to fight against oppression. Rooted on their postcolonial experience and their45

material condition, the Muslim Tausug were able to use Islam as their framework for
emancipation.
Revisiting the Elcano-Magellan Circumnavigation Route in the Philippines: Victoryin Mactan and Humanity
Hipolito, Lorenzo Santos., Jr(Centro Escolar University – Philippines)
IN13HipolitoL
After Magellan’s death in Mactan in 1521, Juan Sebastian Elcano took command of the ship
Victoria sailing back to Spain. The Philippines was part of the first circumnavigation of the world.
During a long, hard journey home, the people on the ship suffered from starvation, scurvy, andharassment by Portuguese ships. Only Elcano and 21 other passengers survived to reach Spain in
September 1522.
The quincentennial commemoration of Magellan’s arrival in the Philippines also marked theinstallation of historical sites of the first circumnavigation routes. The marking of the thirty-foursites of the Magellan-Elcano expedition. This is in solidarity with the international project oftracing the route of the unprecedented achievement of humanity and science which proved thatthe world was indeed round.
The quincentennial is a commemoration not only of the country’s part in the first
circumnavigation of the world, but also a celebration of our ancestors’ humanity, identity, andhistory. It highlights the hospitality, established civilization, and rich culture and tradition ofFilipinos way before the arrival of our colonizers. The study seeks to revisit the Philippine role inearly globalization through an appreciation for our ancestors. The opportunity to show the world
the history of the Filipino contribution to the circumnavigation of the world.
Foregrounding Pangayaw Tausug: Understanding Muslim Filipino History Using a“Discourse from Within”
Mohammad, Kamaruddin, Bin Alawi(University of the Philippines Diliman)
IN26MohammadK
Based on existing literature, biased discourses popularized by colonizers initially dominated
Muslim Filipino history in the Philippines. As time goes by, with sources of history-making
becoming more accessible and reliable, "counter-discoursing" biases and misleading historicalsources appear to be a trend of their own. In such a field, historians like Cesar A. Majul and James
46

F. Warren are trailblazers in their own right. The former is known for his magnum opus "Muslims
in the Philippines," while the latter with his "Sulu Zone."
However, with the evolving character of history-making, one of the trends now is to understandhistorical phenomena using "discourse from within." Majul, Warren, and other historians on
Muslims in the Philippines mentioned such a perspective to some extent but never took it as apoint of reference. It is the gap that the author is attempting to fill by using the indigenous
discourse on Pangayaw Tausug. In other words, this paper seeks to answer the following researchquestions:(1) What are the different theories that attempt to explain Muslim Filipino history?
(2) How do such theories explain Muslim Filipino history?
(3) How does Pangayaw Tausug explain Muslim Filipino history?
The author will utilize primary and secondary data in answering the research questions. Primarydata includes first-hand knowledge of the author and the selected respondents' interview.
Secondary data include books (e.g. Jose S. Arcilla's "Kasaysayan Vol. II, The Spanish Conquest"),journal articles (e.g. Eric S. Casiño's "Mangayaw at Banyaga: Moro Wars, China Trade..."), think
papers (e.g. Tatiana Seijas' "The Global Moro Wars..."), and online resources.
Keywords: Tausug, Sulu, Indigenous, Ethnohistory
Exploring personal consumption and the Engel's Law in the Philippines, 1903-39
Odaka, Konosuke(Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University)
IN28OdakaKThe present paper estimates Filipino laborers' living standard under the U.S. colonial rule,utilizing family budget surveys conducted by the Labor Bureau and others. The provisional
estimates suggest that their standard of living was unexpectedly high during the early decades,slightly declined and then improved during the 1910s and the 1920s but failed to record drastic
improvements in the late 1930s, leading the average consumption propensity to somewhat comedown during the whole decades47Panel 2c at Room C: Filipinos in Japan and COVID-19: A Look into their Experiences
and Challenges
Panel Chair: Zulueta, Johanna O.
(Toyo University)
PA21ZuluetaJ
Panel abstract:
Since Japan reported its earliest case of COVID-19 on 16 January 2020, foreign residents in Japan
had to grapple with the challenges brought about by the pandemic when it imposed travel bansand placed the country under states of emergency (and quasi emergencies) in 2020 to 2021.
Currently, effects of the pandemic are still felt in the country, and while vaccines have beendeveloped and administered, it is still difficult to see the light at the end of the tunnel as
uncertainties arise with the emergence of new variants of the virus in different parts of the globe
and in Japan. On the micro-level, families and individuals continue to adjust their everyday lives
as they are faced with numerous challenges such as lay-offs, business downturns, reduced
economic and financial resources, as well as transformations in their daily routines and lifestyles
spurred by the sudden shift to remote work and online schooling, where boundaries between
work/school and home, public and private have been blurred. Of notable concern is also thepandemic’s effects on the migrants and non-citizens residing in these countries, such as Japan.
This panel examines the experiences and challenges of Filipinos in Japan such as professionals,
families, and entrepreneurs as they navigated through the impacts of the pandemic in theirprofessional and personal lives. Utilizing ethnographies, autoethnographies, and interviews thepapers in this panel offer a deeper comprehension of the transformation of migrant lives in a crisis
such as a pandemic.
The Road Less Traveled? A Duoethnography of Two Filipina Scholars and English
Language Teachers in Japan During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Fermin, Tricia and Okada, Tricia(Josai International University and Tamagawa University)
This chapter will present a duoethnographic study of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on
the professional lives and well-being of two Filipino women scholars and English language
teachers in Japan. Through dialogic interaction, it delves into a discussion of the authors’ ongoing
research on Filipino English teachers in Japan that focus on qualifications, employee contract,and civil status. It aims to reveal the intersectional nature of migrant teachers’ experiences of thepandemic. In particular, it will explore how their migration pathways may intersect or run parallel48

with the life trajectories of their research participants and other English teachers in Japan. It willshow that the effects of the pandemic can vary significantly from person to person based not only
on their position within the English language teaching profession (i.e. university professor,
assistant language teacher, conversation school teacher) but also on geography, teaching context,
and personal disposition. The implication of the findings can contribute to examining educational
institutions and developing migration policies that cater to Filipino English language teachers
who face new challenges in the post-pandemic era.
Family life under lock-down: Can Filipino transnational families survive restricted spatial
mobility?
McCallum, Derrace(Aichi University)
With the onset of the coronavirus pandemic over two years ago, the physical mobility and locationof people in relation to others have come under extreme scrutiny and regulation. Pre-existing
conditions of physical dispersion have intensified; leaving family members with feelings ofdisorientation, disconnection and, in some cases, despair.
Under conditions of continual travel restrictions, lock downs and other strict public managementof physical mobility, how can Filipino transnational families recapture and sustain a semblanceof normality and connected co-presence? Are online platforms and various other communication
media enough to keep family connections active and thriving across time and space?
Based on findings from an ongoing ethnographic study which started in 2016, in this paper, I will
elaborate how these families craft and utilize sophisticated ways of exchanging care through ICTs,
notwithstanding the arduous emotional and technical labour family members perform. This paper
engages with issues regarding the virtual (re)construction of temporal and spatial intimacy andthe attendant challenges involved. The paper also examines how Filipino transnational family life
is embedded in complex systems of migration, mobilities and socially-constructed demands. By
interrogating these issues, I hope to further the discourse surrounding whether and how ICTs
facilitate new and potent forms of intimacy, affection and virtual kinship.
The Filipino Residents in Japan, Grass-root Responses and Aggregate Narratives to
National Policies in a time of Pandemic
Yap, Cherry Amor
(Asia University)
The number of Filipinos residing in Japan falling under the category of mid to long-term residents49and permanent residency status were ranked fourth among all foreign nationals. At the end of
2019, the Immigration Services of Japan identified 282,798 Filipino residents. This comprises
9.6% of the total foreign resident population and shows an increase of 4.2% the previous year.
Unlike the earlier wave of migrant workers, who started by working in the entertainment industry,
the majority of these residents are represented in different sectors of the Japanese labor market.
These residents are highly fluent and largely conversant in the Japanese language. With years ofexperience, established networks and an enlarged circle of friends and families, the Filipino
residents of Japan are firmly rooted in Japanese society. The COVID-19 pandemic challenged
that stability.
This paper intends to provide a general picture of policies adopted by the Japanese government
as measures to the COVID-19 pandemic and how it affected its population of foreign residents.
In response, how did the Filipino residents manage their respective situations? What had changedin their practices and behaviors? What were their coping mechanisms, and where did they findthe help they needed?
Using interviews from mid to long term residents and permanent residents, this research will
examine real life experiences and survival strategies that the Filipinos in Japan undertook inpandemic times.
In the Red? Filipino Entrepreneurs in Japan During the Pandemic
Zulueta, Johanna O.
(Toyo University)
How were migrant entrepreneurs affected during the COVID-19 pandemic? This paper
investigates the everyday lives and business situations of Filipino entrepreneurs during the firsttwo years of the pandemic (2020-2022). Based on semi-structured interviews, this study examines
how these entrepreneurs navigated the disruptions caused by the Japanese government's
implementation of states of emergency, travel bans, online work arrangements, among others.
This paper examines this phenomenon from a mobilities perspective, and looks at how theinterplay of mobility and immobility is linked. It also investigates how other forms of mobility
play a role in understanding human lives affected by this global health crisis. This paper situatesthese entrepreneurs’ everyday lived experiences in the context of national and global processes
that have been largely affected by the new realities that emerged out of this pandemic.

50Panel 2d at Room D: Philippine Language, Culture and Education in the Context of
Globalization and Pandemic
Panel Chair: Laranjo, Ronel Ortil(University of the Philippines Diliman, University of Shizuoka)
PA08LaranjoR
Panel abstract:
Globalization permeates in every country around the world and the Philippines is not exemptedfrom it. As early as the 16th century, globalization reached the Philippines through trade activities
with the Chinese, Indians, Arabs and Japanese and was intensified by the colonization of
Spaniards, Americans, and Japanese. At present, globalization has many forms and can be directly
linked to the rise of the pandemic brought about by the virus that started in China. This panel will
explore the different forms and effects of globalization and pandemic in the contemporary
Philippine society in terms of language, culture and education. Specifically, the researches will
focus on the following topics: transnational teaching of Filipino language and culture (Philippine
Studies) in Korea and Japan; sociolinguistic landscape of Filipino language and culture during
the pandemic; online teaching of Filipino language during the pandemic; and neoliberal practices
and policies of the University of the Philippines in the context of globalization.
Situating the Philippine Studies Academic Programs in Japanese Universities: Traditions,Trends and Prospective
Laranjo, Ronel Ortil(University of the Philippines Diliman, University of Shizuoka)
Japanese studies in the Philippines started as early as 1920 (Gonzales 1996). Currently, courses
related to Japanese language, culture and society are offered to over twenty academic institutionsin the Philippines. From this data, it could be inferred that Japanese studies in the country is
popular and well researched. However, there is a gap in research about Philippine studies in Japan.
This study will consolidate and analyze all the Philippine Studies academic programs at theuniversity level, specifically in the following universities: Osaka University, Tokyo University ofForeign Studies, University of Shizuoka, Takushoku University, Kagoshima University, Sophia
University and Nagoya Gakuin University. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the Philippine
Studies program on a macro and micro-level. On the macro-level, the researcher will investigate
the historical and socio-political context of the establishment of Philippine Studies programs inJapanese universities and their prospective in post-pandemic Japan. On the micro-level, theresearcher will identify the common trends in seven Japanese universities in terms of: curriculum(subjects), learning materials, students’ motivation, professors’ background, impact to students’51

life and career and the effect of pandemic in the programs. The stated elements will also be
evaluated using Strength-Weakness-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis. In examining themacro and micro-level, a complete situationer of the Philippine Studies in Japan can be realized.
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of The Philippine Track Program in
Busan University of Foreign Studies: Implications in Teaching Filipino Language Abroadas Agenda
Concepcion, Gerard Panggat(University of the Philippines Diliman)
There are two main objectives of this paper: first, to present the Philippine Track Program of
Busan University of Foreign Studies (BUFS) as a milestone in teaching Filipino language in South
Korea; and second, to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the said
program as implications to the teaching of the Filipino language abroad as an agenda. Discussion
will revolve around the context of Filipino language teaching in South Korea, the brief history of
the establishment and environment of the Philippine Track program in BUFS, and the program’s
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Finally, the paper will put forth some
implications regarding the teaching of the Filipino language abroad as an agenda.
The Filipino concept of Ayuda in the time of Pandemic
Perez, April, Juan
(University of the Philippines Diliman)
Throughout this pandemic, especially at its peak during the year 2020, the term ayuda has beenvery widely used in the day-to-day conversation of Filipinos. Ayuda is a Spanish word for help or
assistance, based on the Diccionario Hispano-tagalog (Serrano-Laktaw, 1899). As a loan word in
the Filipino language, the same definition corresponds to the term ayuda. This paper aims todescribe some morphological characteristics of ayuda and explicate its essence and relevance toFilipino society in the pandemic setting.
Filipino, being an agglutinative language, demonstrates the rich morphology of ayuda andshowcases its various functions, and significance, particularly in the said context. In the Philippine
setting, ayuda comes in the form of relief goods, financial assistance, and other means that aid in
the burden of the people brought by the COVID-19. Even some volunteer groups and nongovernment organizations have been inspired by the term ayuda for their projects and advocacies.
In these difficult times, ayuda is more than just a word. It projects the spirit of the people who in
one way or another contribute in easing the agony that they are feeling and cause them to gradually52

move on and adapt to the new normal.
Online Teaching of Filipino Language during Covid-19 Pandemic: The Case of Xavier
School Nuvali
Encinares- Enaje, Ivy
Xavier School Nuvali
The paper explores the effects of online teaching of Filipino language competency during online
learning during the Covid-19 pandemic in Xavier School Nuvali. In the pre-pandemic era, it isobserved that most of the students struggle to articulate their ideas both in oral and written form,
despite Filipino being the national language.Several factors could be attributed to the poor
proficiency in Filipino such as perception on the language, mass media, and exposure to thelanguage. Motivation from the teacher to see the value of the language through its practical use,
especially during pandemic helped the students appreciate learning and using the language in theirlives. The study explores the integration of technology in engaging the students to learn and use
the language. With the use of technology, exposure to various materials, and authentic
assessments the students have the agency and opportunities to explore the use of the language
allowing them to commit errors, practice, and master the skills. The study anchored its pedagogy
on principles of adaptive design, adaptability, active and interactive learning, 3C's (content, coach,community) of online learning, synchronous, asynchronous learning, and modality. The
utilization of learning management system using adaptive design is one of the key factors toensure quality and equitable learning experience. Through classroom recordings, assessments
results, random interview, stimulated-recall and semi-structured interviews hoped to reveal theeffects of the new modality on learning the Filipino language. New trends in teaching and learning
Filipino language could gear towards deeper appreciation of the practical use of the language andits connection to its community and cultural roots.
Investigating the Neoliberal Practices and Policies of the University of the Philippines
Santos, Zarina Joy Tesoro(University of the Philippines Diliman)
This paper examines the relationship between education and neoliberalism, with a particular focus
on the University of the Philippines (UP). UP is known as the premier institution of higher
learning in the Philippines. Established in 1908, it is a university system composed of eight
constituent universities housed in 17 campuses. As the only national university in the country, UP
53

has nevertheless not been spared with the reforms and structural adjustments demanded byneoliberal education. This is manifested in the changes made in the curricular development
initialized and implemented by the University throughout the years (the RGEP or Revitalized
General Education Program, Hybrid General Education Program, and the UP General Educationof 2015), UP Strategic Plans, and UP Language Policy. This paper will look through thesecurricular programs and policies and delve on how these were affected by the neoliberal agenda
which has penetrated the educational system in the Philippines.
Panel 2e at Room E: Murder, Lies, and Corruption in the Marcos-Duterte Narratives
Panel Chair: Ariate, Joel Fajardo(Third World Studies Center, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of thePhilippines Diliman)
PA03AriateJ
Panel abstract:
Autocrats who rely on democratic practices and institutions to accumulate unrivaled powers givethe pretense of saving the majority of its citizens in executing its most brutal measures, or whenplunderous corruption must be done, it must be in the guise of technocratic efficiency. A narrative
must always be devised to confer legitimacy and rationality to their naked exercise of power. This
is not only to manage dissent to the point of stifling it or making it irrelevant, but it is the autocrat’s
forceful attempt to dictate how the history of their rule must be written. The nakedly nihilist tyrant
without any regard on how he or she is perceived in history is now as uncommon as the benevolent
dictator. The likes of Marcos and Duterte, practitioners of autocratic powers in a state that they
insist is still democratic, are often adept in poisoning the roots of historical knowledge. Not only
do they hope for vindication in the future, they also ensure that their dictatorial ways, or how they
have hollowed out democratic institutions, is covered in lies and ambiguity so that no categorical
judgment can be easily made in the future. Through narratives of erasures and distortions—theforemost of which is the insistence that they have kept the state democratic—the mechanisms of
autocracy that prey on a democratic state for its survival are made to elude close scrutiny andcategorical condemnation. The history of autocratic habit remains unlearned. The democratic statecannot simply be inoculated from autocratic irruptions.

54

Japanese Reparations, Ferdinand Marcos Sr., and the (Mis)development of Philippine
Railways, 1956-1986
Reyes, Miguel Paolo Palacio(Third World Studies Center, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of thePhilippines Diliman)
From 1956-1976, Japan provided the Philippines with reparations for losses incurred during theSecond World War. Among the most heavily damaged public utilities in the Philippines after the
war were the country's railways: tram systems in Manila and the island of Corregidor weredestroyed, a railway system in Cebu was rendered useless, and the railways traversing the islandsof Luzon and Panay needed extensive rehabilitation and reconstruction. The corporations
managing the last two systems, the Manila Railway Company (later the Philippine National
Railways/PNR) and the Philippine Railway Company (later Panay Railways, Inc.) were among
the earliest beneficiaries of the Reparations Agreement. In fact, extending the Luzon PNR
network to connect the northern province of Cagayan to Sorsogon in the south was for nearly adecade among the Philippines’s major reparations-funded projects. However, in the late 1960s,
the Philippine government's priorities changed; what was allocated for railway development wasapparently shifted to road development. This historical paper focuses on this shift, showing how
projects that largely survived presidential transitions from 1956-1965 became deprioritized during
the administration of Ferdinand E. Marcos, who, as a lawmaker before becoming president, had
become intimately familiar with reparations allocation. The paper also discusses how Marcos later
did partly rely on reparations again for improving the PNR, but a continuing preference forfunding roads/highways and poor railway management—and corruption—led to a perceptible
decline in Philippine railway quality toward the end of Marcos's decades-long rule, a fact that
pro-Marcos propaganda has since tried to cover up.
The Marcos State Machinery in the Immediate Aftermath of the Aquino Assassination
Del Mundo, Larah Vinda(Third World Studies Center, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of thePhilippines Diliman)
On August 21, 1983, the opposition leader Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr., was shot at the back of
his head at point-blank range seconds after stepping out of the plane upon returning to the country
after three years of self-imposed exile. The assassination plunged the country into deeper
economic crisis; segments of the public were emboldened to join and organize anti-government
55

protests, and international creditors, to which Marcos depended on for his administration’ssurvival, demanded impartial and thorough investigations on the murder. Needless to say, theAquino assassination, which happened as Marcos was suffering from a debilitating disease, wasthe biggest challenge to the dictator’s tenure in power since he declared martial law in 1972. With
the world watching—whether or not Marcos had a hand in the killing of his political nemesis—
the Marcos administration had to undertake calculated steps in order to deflect the blame awayfrom the chief executive. This paper seeks to analyze the Marcos government’s official
pronouncements and political maneuvers in the aftermath of the Aquino assassination. Covering
the period between August 21, 1983 - August 21, 1984, the paper is a look into how an
authoritarian leader managed the crisis to his legitimacy and credibility—how the state machinery
was used, and how narratives were crafted in an attempt to stay in power.
The Lethal Consequences of Duterte’s Drug War Rhetoric
Noriega, Nixcharl Cue(Third World Studies Center, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of thePhilippines Diliman)
The contents and delivery of Rodrigo Duterte’s speeches and pronouncements—described as
crass, belligerent, and “unpresidential”—have been a focal area scholars turn to in their attempts
to grapple with his idiosyncratic presidency. Discourse and rhetorical analysis have been
employed to understand how it has served to establish his dominance, to silence critics anddissenters, and, in the case of the administration’s flagship “war on drugs” campaign, to render asegment of society disposable and justify the call for fatal violence against those allegedly
involved in the illegal drug trade. The paper attempts to expand and refine efforts that unpack thematerial consequences of Duterte’s pronouncements around the drug war by examining the extent
of violence, particularly drug-related killings, that follows each of its mentions in his speeches. It
timelines and analyzes the shifts and continuities in his pronouncements along with other relevant
developments in the drug war’s implementation, and crosses these with data on drug-related
killings collated by the University of the Philippines Third World Studies Center. It looks into
both the quantitative impact measures, i.e. number of killings, and the qualitative aspects of thekillings that occurred in certain time periods such as who is killed, by whom, and otherinformation surrounding the incident which their database holds. By doing so, the paper provides
a more nuanced breakdown of the material consequences of the necropolitical logic underlying
Duterte’s drug war discourse.

56

Lying About Killings and the Murderous Presidencies of Marcos and Duterte
Ariate, Joel Fajardo
Third World Studies Center, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of thePhilippines Diliman
In government publications touting President Rodrigo Duterte’s accomplishments and legacy,
nothing is mentioned of the thousands killed in his drug war. In his final report to the people,
Tatag at Malasakit Tungo sa Pagbangon, he hinted at it but duly distanced himself. “To affirm that
our anti-illegal drug operations are legitimate and adhere to human rights laws, our law
enforcement agents have collaborated with the interagency panel, led by the DOJ, for the
judicious review of anti-illegal drug operations where alleged deaths occur.” With a case pending
before the International Criminal Court, Duterte’s official statements have drastically paled incomparison to his more sanguine pronouncements at the start of his term that called for a purgeof people involved in illegal drugs. Fifty years from now, what Duterte refuses to mention at theend of his term may by then become an unchallenged propaganda masquerading as truth. On how
is this possible, one should only look at how President Ferdinand Marcos and his unwavering
propagandists were able to hang in front of the Marcos’s World Peace Center in Batac, Ilocos
Norte a large poster boldly stating, “He did not implement a Death Penalty to a Filipino during
and after Martial Law.” He sentenced to death at least twelve Filipinos during martial law. Thislie also became part of the “truths” that the Marcoses peddled about themselves online. This paper
then is a study on how strongmen conjure the menace of state violence and then whitewash it to
invoke judicious restraint.
Panel 3a at Room A: Individual Papers on Environment and Climate Change
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Alvares, Kerby
The holes their bullets left in our communities: Murders of Filipina environmental
defendersTran, Dalena Le(Institute of Environmental Science and Technology - Autonomous University of Barcelona)
IN10TranD
This article contributes to discussions of extractive violence by exploring how gender influences
circumstances under which women were assassinated during environmental conflicts. Partnershipwith local activists facilitated the reporting of cases of martyred Filipina women environmental
57

defenders on the Environmental Justice Atlas (EJAtlas). Twenty cases from the EJAtlas involving
thirty-one women environmental defenders martyred for their activism were analyzed
qualitatively examining why and how differences and similarities emerge based on intersectional
factors with special attention to gender. Findings suggest that 1) impoverished, rural, Indigenous,
and otherwise multiply marginalized women were at high risk of vulnerability and retaliation inenvironmental conflicts because of their loss of agency and status; 2) mining and logging weredeadliest partly because such industries institutionalize and exacerbate violent, gendered
subordination 3) the circumstances of their murders were subtly gendered, including their
exposure and vulnerability to conflicts, mobilization opportunities, and experienced violence.
While women’s rising leadership is now recognized enough to be threatening, their voices are stillsilenced, and their deaths remain unpunished.
Adaptive landscapes: Filipino planning, property, and informality under climate change
Compton, Caroline(Western Sydney University)
IN14ComptonC
Climate change is transforming landscapes and land use practices. This paper makes theoreticaland descriptive contributions to the discussion of land use practice, in the Philippines. To the first,
the paper moves away from traditional theorisations of dispossession in the Philippines to explore
the governmental impact of land use planning on informal land use. Informal land use systems
are displaced in favour of formal systems of property ownership as land use planning “renders
technical” (Li) and territorializes (Vandergeest and Peluso, Sack) risk. It does this through casestudies developed between 2014 and 2021, including interviews, document analysis and fieldwork in Tacloban City and Santa Fe (Cebu).
Climate fragility risks and conflict emergence in Bangsamoro’s Maguindanao province
Delina, Laurence L.; Cagoco-Guiam, Rufa; Gaviola, Jon; Pagkalinawan, Homer(The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)
IN24DelinaLAs climate change further intensifies to the level of an emergency in the Philippines, one of theworld’s most climate-vulnerable countries, many of the old drivers of conflict can resurface in theBangsamoro region. An agriculture-dependent region, Bangsamoro is home to almost four million
58

poor and marginalized people and was the site of decades-old struggles and violent conflicts.
Despite concerns about the linkages between conflicts and weather extremes due to climatechange, the existing literature still lacks robust and empirical evidence on these links. This paper
seeks to close this gap by examining the relationships between intense precipitations andprolonged droughts with the emergence of recorded conflicts, focusing on the Bangsamoro
province of Maguindanao between 1960 and 2020. We used long-term climate and satellite data
to understand the region’s and Maguindanao’s hydrological dynamics and land-use changes
during the said period and complemented them with conflict- and gender-sensitive semistructured interviews and focus group discussions with key community actors in Maguindanao.
Here, we provide some evidence on the levels and histories of inequality, violence, anddemographic shifts that came along with extreme changes in Maguindanao’s weather conditions.
We also identified some factors that increased the risk of violent conflicts beyond weather changes,
including increases in food prices leading to local economic shocks, inconsistent politicalinstitutions, and low levels of economic development.
Violating Indigenous Peoples’ Rights, Resisting Mega-Dam Projects: A Philippine Case
Study
Talamayan, Fernan(National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University)
IN39TalamayanF
Issues surrounding water reservoir construction and hydropower development provide evidenceof the marginalization of indigenous peoples. This phenomenon is especially observable in thePhilippines, where state-sponsored mega-dam projects often entail the encroachment of ancestral
lands and violation of indigenous peoples’ rights. Using the Global Atlas of Environmental Justice(EJAtlas) database, this study maps the mega-dam projects in the Philippines, mainly those thatdeny indigenous peoples’ rights over water resources and sustainable livelihood. Particularattention is given to different forms of transgression, observing them as implications of what
David Harvey (1974) described as the population-resource problem. After uncovering rampant
violations of the Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) principle and several incidences of
red-tagging, the study found that the precarity of indigenous peoples’ lives partly resulted fromthe state’s urban-centric interpretation of the notion of the “common good.” It also underlined therelationship between the state and various resistance movements across the country,
demonstrating how the Philippine state asserts control over indigenous lands and how indigenous
peoples and allies confront and resist power. In the end, the study echoed various activists andanthropologists’ call to denormalize dispossession and end state repression of the indigenous
59

peoples.
Panel 3b at Room B: War and Historiography--Filipino and Japanese Perspectives on
the Japanese Occupation in the Philippines
Panel Chair: Okada, Taihei(The University of Tokyo)
Panel Discussant: Bolasco, Karina(Ateneo de Manila University Press)
PA16OkadaT
Panel abstract:
Now that almost all the survivors are gone, the Asia Pacific War is sliding into the historical pasteach year. This panel reflects upon the history of research on the Japanese occupation period
primarily in the Philippines and Japan. One of the most esteemed accomplishments in this field
was the Filipino-Japanese joint research project funded by the Toyota Foundation in the early 90s,
which culminated in a few book-length studies. 30 years since, the academic milieu surrounding
the Japanese occupation is vastly different. This panel bridges the gap between the generation ofscholars who participated in the Toyota Foundation project and the scholars who came thereafter.
Aside from politics of memory, this panel explores how research on the Japanese occupation
period is still important and relevant, what topics are left unexplored and how international joint
research can be made possible in the third decade of the 21st century. (The brief historicalbackground of the past 30 years will be presented at the opening remarks of the session.)
Looking back after seven decades: Recent books on the Japanese Occupation and WorldWar II in the Philippines
Jose, Ricardo T.
(University of the Philippines, Diliman)
The period immediately before the Covid-19 pandemic coincided with the 70th and 75th
anniversaries of World War II in the Philippines. Such key anniversaries are usually accompanied
by numerous formal national and local commemorations, but these were complicated by politicalchanges and the pandemic itself. Still, numerous books were published in the Philippines and the
US concerning various aspects of the Japanese Occupation of and World War II in the Philippines.
This paper will look into some of the key books written by Filipinos, Filipino-Americans andAmericans in trying to either reexamine the war years or to break new ground. Notably, despite
the accessibility of Japanese language material, few of these works have utilized primary Japanese60sources. Thus the importance of joint research in the manner of the 1990s Filipino-Japanese
researches is extremely important.
Re-reading of the Historical Writings on the Battle of Manila 1945
Nagano, Yoshiko(Kanagawa University, Professor Emeritus)
The Battle of Manila (February 3 to March 3, 1945) has been remembered as one of the most
brutal battle fronts in Asia during World War II, together with the ones in Stalingrad, Berlin, andWarsaw in Europe. Various memoirs or narratives have been written in the Philippines on themassive atrocities that caused the death of approximately 100,000 Filipino citizens.
In this presentation, I first examine the Japanese perceptions on the Battle of Manila after WorldWar II, by analyzing some writings published in Japan from the 1940s to the 1970s. By doing so,
we may get some insight on how the Japanese initially tried to understand the Japanese invasions
into Southeast Asia, albeit with their awkwardness and biases.
Second, I look into the recent Japanese scholars’ efforts headed by Satoshi Nakano on the
research of the Battle of Manila and refer to various in-depth research projects on the Japanese
Occupation in the Philippines since the 1990s. For this purpose as well, Alfonso J. Aluit’s By
Sword and Fire (1994) and Richard Connaughton et al.’s The Battle for Manila (1995) are
discussed. Through re-reading these two works, I would like to seek some common ground among
Filipino and Japanese scholars for future research on the Battle of Manila as a manifestation of
the imperial war between the two empires, the United States and Japan.

Filipino Collaboration and the Atrocities in the Japanese-occupied Philippines: Case Studyin Tacloban, Leyte and Sagay, Negros Occidental
Ara, Satoshi
Ohtsuki City College
Wartime violence sometimes results in a kind of social division in local society. A large scaleof foreign invasion and subsequent military control could not have been carried out without thecollaboration of the locals in the occupied areas. As transpired in the Philippine-American war at
the turn of 20th century in the Philippines, American colonial rule could not have been successful
without the collaboration of the Filipino oligarchs. During the Japanese occupation of thePhilippines, numerous Filipino civilians including the local officials in rural municipalities as well61

as the poor such as minor merchants or landless peasants collaborated with the Japanese for theiroccupation policies, mostly focusing on the disciplinary activities for maintenance of law andorder in the occupied areas of the country. They say that some of such collaborators induced theKempeitai (Japanese Military Police), for example, to be brutal against their fellowmen.
Examining one collaboration cases in Sagay, Negros Occidental, this study will show how some
Filipino civilians, irrespective of being local elites or the poor, involved in wartime violence
which brought about tortures and killing of civilians. It also shows how the rich collaborators
exonerated from the disgrace of being a “local traitor” in the treason charges against them inPeople’s Court during the rehabilitation period after the war.
Focusing on Regions, Connecting Individuals: Cebu Japanese in Peace and War
Bersales, Jose Eleazar & Okada, Taihei(University of San Carlos; The University of Tokyo)
This presentation focuses on a book-length narrative on Japanese in Cebu. The project entitled"The Japanese Community of Cebu in Peace and War (1900-1945)" started with the Sumitomo
Foundation fund has developed into a two-man Filipino-Japanese joint research project. Given
78 years since the end of the Asia Pacific War and our focus on ordinary Japanese, there are
obvious difficulties especially in finding descendants and locating relevant documents. There
are also differences as to how the present generation should understand the Asia Pacific War ineach society, Cebu and Japan at large. In Cebu, admittance of being the descendants of the oldstock Japanese is still a sensitive issue. In Japan, centered in Tokyo, the war is rapidly becomingthat of the past with thick documentation, especially with the postwar redress movements now
moving into the dusk. In this presentation, we will talk about the behind-the-scenes of the bookin the making and present the joint efforts we made as well as the difficulties we faced. In thatway, perhaps, Filipino and Japanese scholars may find clues as to how we can utilize this painful
past between the two peoples in search of a better future within and beyond the Philippines andJapan.

62

Panel 3c at Room C: Individual Papers on Migration II
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Nagasaka, Itaru
Protecting the Migrants or Protecting the Market? A Critical Review of Philippine Reform
Regulations Governing Migrant Domestic Workers
Tigno, Jorge Villamor(Department of Political Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman)
IN30TignoJ
The Philippines has always attempted to be proactive and creative in its efforts to protect its
migrant workers particularly and especially those employed abroad in vulnerable occupations
such as domestic or householder service workers (HSWs). Since the 1990s, the Philippine
government has given paramount attention to promoting the protection and safety of Filipino
women many of whom work as migrant HSWs as their numbers have increased dramatically over
the years especially those going to the Middle East. In the wake of numerous reported instancesof abuses and deaths of migrant HSWs from the Philippines, the government in 2007 initiated a
set of reforms that set the conditions for migrant domestic workers leaving the country. This paper
reviews several evaluation studies on the impact of the HSW reform package on the plight of
migrant domestic workers from the Philippines. These evaluations reveal gaps between policy
and reality as well as gaps between migrants’ knowledge and understanding of the regulations. In
the end, the paper questions whether such restrictive mechanisms offer effective relief to themigrants or serve mainly to foster and protect the lucrative market for Filipino HSWs.
Deployment or Integration? Negotiating Japanese Multiculturalism through the JFT Basicand the SSW
San Jose, Benjamin Arcena & Santos, Carlos L.
(Ateneo de Manila University)
IN31San JoseB
In 2019, Japan introduced the Specified Skilled Worker Program (SSW) which promised toaddress Japan’s demand for skilled foreign human resources while providing a transparent
recruitment process for labor migrants with provisions grounded on multicultural coexistence.
With language proficiency a major requirement for deployment, this paper explores the newly
created Japan Foundation Test for Basic Japanese (JFT- Basic), which is expected to be an
efficient alternative to the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT). While the JLPT has been
the standard to measure Japanese language proficiency, it entails more training and study hours.
63

Meanwhile, the JFT Basic measures the language proficiency needed to communicate in everyday
work and life situations. Furthermore, since the examination is computerized and can be taken
several times in a year, it assures fast results and the retaking of exams.
Other than analyzing the policy objectives, learning content, and testing process of the JFT Basic,
this paper looks at intermediaries in the Philippines, consisting of recruitment agencies, training
centers, and language schools, and their views on the prospects of the JFT Basic and Japanesemulticulturalism. This paper argues that while Japan’s language education and multiculturalism
initiatives have lofty ideals, the SSW’s recruitment and training policies highlight that the pressureof deployment often outweighs the goals of multiculturalism and integration.
Migrant Bride Seminars and the Sending State in Cross-Border Marriages: The Philippine
Case
Encinas-Franco, Jean
(Department of Political Science, University of the Philippines Diliman)
IN64Encinas-FrancoJ
The Philippines is one of the world's top sources of migrant brides since the 1970s and 1980s.
While the literature on `mail-order brides' and later on, cross-border marriages, has dealt with thisphenomenon, the focus is on lived experiences of migrants and their narratives of agency anddisempowerment in host countries. There is scant attention on the sending state, particularly on
how it controls and regulates its migrant brides. This focus is consistent with migration literaturethat often treats sending states as having little agency in the politics of migration. However, sucha view constructs the state as neutral arbiters of migrant bride flows, which is not the case for thePhilippines which has built an elaborate bureaucracy dealing with the process of bride export.
This paper critically examines the manner in which the Philippines deals with the process ofsending Filipino brides abroad, particularly to South Korea. Because of issues of tracking,fraudulent marriages, and domestic violence, the Philippines, as a `model' in migration
management, has initiated pre-departure orientation seminars, counseling, and laws protecting
migrant brides. Drawing on policy analysis, participant observations, and interviews, this paper
finds that these processes reify women's femininity and their role as ""maternal citizens"" in hostsocieties. While on the one hand, these seminars seek to `protect' migrant brides, findings suggestthat it uncritically accepts host societies' gender ideology and assimilationist projects, in a bid to
downplay state-sponsored migration. The paper hopes to contribute to a fuller understanding of
the role of the sending state in facilitating cross-border marriages and the¥ ways that thesegendered processes affect women.

64Pagpangayaw sa Dutang Ginsaad: The Migration and Settlement of Ilonggos in Tacurong,
Mindanao, 1930s-1970s
Arellano, Bernardo III, Muerong(University of the Philippines Los Baños)
IN25ArellanoB
Mindanao in southern Philippines has become the home of multiple cultures, particularly called
the “tri-people” in literature, which is composed of the Moros, the “Kristyano” Filipino Settlers,
and the Lumad or indigenous peoples. However, the island was predominantly a Moro and Lumad,
with unsuccessful attempts of the Spanish colonial forces in subjugating the Mindanaoan
sultanates into the Spanish Crown. It was during the entry of the United States that the migrationand settlement of Mindanao came into fruition, through land settlement programs that encouraged
the Filipinos from Luzon and the Visayas to migrate and develop the land. The study will focus
on the historical migration and settlement of the Ilonggos of Western Visayas to the present-day
city of Tacurong in Sultan Kudarat Province immediately after World War II up to the 1960s. It
will explore and divulge the factors that led to the massive migration of the Ilonggos in the city,which has altered the social dynamics of central and the rest of post-World War II Mindanao.
Panel 3d at Room D: Individual Papers on Representation I
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Sugaya, Nariko
Japan and Japanese Representations in the Sakdal Newspapers in the Philippines, 19301937
Samoza, Sheila Cardona(University of the Philippines Baguio)
IN19SamozaS
In a strong desire of Filipinos to achieve independence, various social movements appeared in
1930s. Movements’ success depended on their activities, principles, and ideologicalunderpinnings, yet, consisted of many suspicions and intrigues. Particularly, the Sakdal, led by
Benigno Ramos, was quickly characterized as pro- Japanese in orientation. Several accounts
labelled the Sakdalistas as traitors to Philippine independence, significantly impacting their image
in Philippine history.
However, a careful evaluation of Sakdal weekly reveals new information about Sakdalistas’
identities as a movement and their goals toward independence. This study traced the narratives
65

formed from the Sakdalistas' perspectives on Japan and the Japanese. By using historicalrepresentations, this study discussed themes exhibited in the Sakdal weekly newspaper written by
Sakdalistas through their editorial articles. It also attempted to locate significant shifts on these
representations during their publication from 1930 to 1937.
Considering Sakdalistas’ voices, the study utilized textual analysis method.This attempted tocategorize the representations as provided by 11 themes including Japan’s good governance,
economic development, cultural values, power in the global setting, ideological power, andJapanese influential factor on Philippine independence and involvement in Sakdal uprising.
Articles show that Pan-Asianism mainly contributed to how Sakdalistas admired Japan in its
overallimage. The study concluded that the representation of Sakdalistas on Japan’s role inPhilippine Independence depended on the changing political climate at that time and the
movement's core guiding principles. The Sakdalistas were sincere in the path toward Philippine
Independence, making it possible to look for immense assistance from Japan and the Japanese.
Comparative Analysis on the Photographic Self-Presentations of the Top Philippine
Universities in their Official Websites
Resurreccion, Analiza Dalisay(De La Salle Lipa)
IN20ResurreccionA
This paper is a visual analysis on photographs that were gathered from the main and secondary
pages of the websites of the Philippines’ top four higher educational institutions (HEIs), namely
University of the Philippines Diliman (UPD), Ateneo De Manila University (ADMU), De La
Salle University (DLSU), and University of Santo Tomas (UST). Specifically, this paper used
denotative reading, analysis of visual grammar, and connotative reading on the photographs toascertain how each of these four Philippine HEIs represented their self-images in contradistinction
with each other in terms of their teaching, research, extension, internationalization, campus andfacilities, and student life, as well as their overall positioning. This paper was able to establishthat UPD has strongest self-representation in teaching, and campus and facilities; ADMU in
campus and facilities, and teaching; DLSU in teaching and student life; and UST in student life,and campus and facilities. This paper was also able to establish that UPD has the weakest selfrepresentation in extension and internationalization; ADMU in research and extension; DLSU in
extension and internationalization; and UST in research and internationalization. This paper issignificant as it is the first publication that analyzes the websites of Philippine HEIs and even ofPhilippine corporations, while contributing to meager international literature on websites of HEIs
and corporations. By looking at individual and collective self-representations of the top Philippine
66

HEIs, this paper aims to gather insights on the status of Philippine higher education including thechallenges it faces.
The ‘Unfinished Revolution’ Project in 21st Century Philippine Mass Media and Politics
Domingo, Luis Zuriel Parial(University of the Philippines Baguio)
IN37DomingoL
In the last two decades, at least ten historical films have been produced centered on the characters,
stories, and themes of the Philippine Revolution (1896-1902). At the same time, selected local
and national politicians have capitalized on the idea of the said revolution for political/electoraluse. This study is an interdisciplinary and critical investigation that examines how contemporary
mass media and political actors capitalized on and exploited the Philippine Revolution. Reynaldo
Ileto (1993) termed such nostalgia and recollection of the Philippine Revolution for such purposes
as the ‘Unfinished Revolution’ framework/project. Since the granting of independence in 1946,
Filipino historians have long treated the revolutionary period as the most significant event in
Philippine history; Filipinos, in turn, regarded its importance and significance related to nationbuilding and identity. The use of the said framework is not new to Philippine mass media andpolitics. In the post-war period, the ‘Unfinished Revolution’ framework was used by state actors
and various social forces in mobilizing the Filipino people for collective action and inflaming
nationalism. This study is also advised on the same framework but repurposed on selected mass
media films and political actors in recent Philippine history. I argue that the repurposing of thecountry’s revolutionary spirit in select historical films in the 21st century unintentionally endorsed
authoritarianism and normalized patriotic masculinity that played a significant part in the electoral
performance of a few certain candidates in the last nine years.
Comparative perspectives on ‘Living Well’ in the Global South: Buen Vivir and Ginhawa
Heriberto, Ruiz Tafoya & Perez, C. Marc Raymond(Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University; University of the Philippines, Diliman)
IN81TafoyaH
This article conducts a comparative analysis of the concepts of Buen Vivir—living well, life in
fullness—in Latin America (Acosta, 2009; Gudynas, 2011; Bautista 2020) and Ginhawa— vitalspirit, well-being, comfortable life—in the Philippines (Mercado, 1991; Tan, 2012; Muyco 2016).
67

These concepts gained relevance for social movements, governments and academics in thecontext of the conjunction of simultaneous ecological, economic and political crises synthesized
by the crisis of ""developmentalism"" (Escobar, 1992). The comparison between the Latin
American and Philippine categories related to ‘Living well’ is relevant as there is a historicalconnection between both regions and, despite different political trajectories, both retain culturalsimilarities in terms of religion, social and economic systems that make the comparison
worthwhile. The comparative analysis is based on literature review in Spanish, English andTagalog, as well as interviews with poor people in the periphery of Mexico City and Manila. The
result of the analysis reveals that Buen Vivir is an ethico-political category that focuses on themacro-social elements of living well. For example, the Buen Vivir proposal influenced
constitutional enactments and government program reforms in Ecuador and Bolivia, andterritorial autonomies in several Latin American countries (Acosta 2009, Escobar 2020).
However, Ginhawa is a psycho-spiritual category that focuses on the micro-social elements ofgood living—e.g. in people’s reaction after typhoons and during moments of economic distress.
Despite the differences, Buen Vivir and Ginhawa have points of connection in terms of people's
spiritual attitude towards mother earth and in the communitarian basis of their social organization,solidarity and resistance against state and corporate powers.
Keywords: Living Well, Wellness, Buen Vivir, Ginhawa, Latin America, Philippines
Panel 3e at Room E: Thickening and Meddling?: Multiple Links between the Philippines
and China
Panel Chair: Takagi, Yusuke(GRIPS)
PA13TakagiY
Panel abstract:
In the last few years, great power competition has become a common topic among worldwide. In
the Philippines, this issue of great power competition has become more salient due to vaccilating
stance of the president towards China. While area studies scholars have studied Chineseness as
an issue of national or ethnic identity, the diplomatic relations between the Philippines and Chinaneed to be further explored. In this panel, we examine the multiple linkages between thePhilippines and China, exploring the Chinese government’s approach towards politicalcompetition, media discourse, Chinese diplomacy locally, and the Philippine government’s “longgame”. Using the case of China’s relationship with Rodrigo Duterte and PDP-Laban, Cambaargues that there are limits to China’s ability to co-opt political elites in the Global South. Gloria
scrutinizes how the Philippine mainstream media crafts dominant themes that effectively
68represent China’s public diplomacy in the Philippines. He offers additional insights on how themedia could influence the persistent negative mass perceptions of Chinese influence in thePhilippines. Llanto zooms in Philippine-China relations at the local level in Northen Philippines
including Ilocs and Cagayan where the Chinese government established a consulate office andhas expanded the ties with local elite. Takagi traces the development of the cabinet-levelcommittee to consider the implication of UNCLOS in the Philippines, which has become an
institutional foundation of the Philippines’ legal battle against China. Multiple linkages do notnecessarily guarantee stable relations. Instead, they may provide an analysis on the various
dynamics that impact Philippine-China relations. This panel aims to shed new light on PhilippineChina relations and highlight the agency of actors within the Philippines .
The enemy of my enemy is my friend: China, Duterte, and PDP-Laban
Camba, Alvin(Josef Korbel School of International Studies, Denver University)
My paper examines how the People’s Republic of China (PRC) engages political elites and deals
with political competition in the Global South. Specifically, I situate this paper in case thePhilippines, examining the specific case of the PRC’s engagement with Rodrigo Duterte (20162022) and Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-Laban). Using this specific case,I argue that there are limits to the PRC’s ability to co-opt political elites in the Global South. Theselimits can be explained by the PRC’s institutional structure to largely work with leaders in power,
an outcome of China’s own non-interference principle, and also the need to adhere to the politicalpreferences of their host country partners, which are often zero-sum choices. Specifically, after
Duterte won the presidency in 2016, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) engaged the PDPLaban in various exchanges, such as party buillding, cadre training, and indoctrination. At thesame time, the PRC and CCP maintained a strong relationship with Duterte and his politicalfaction. In 2020, the PDP-Laban split into two factions with one supporting Manny Pacquiao andother belonging to Duterte. In this case, the PRC supported Duterte, disengaging with the PDPLaban and limiting their interaction. I illustrate this episode using interviews with party elites andlocal brokers in the Philippines.

69

Qualifying Influence: A discursive analysis of China’s public diplomacy as represented in
Philippine news media
Gloria, Enrico(Department of Political Science, University of the Philippines Diliman)
Chinese influence saw significant headways in the Philippines, as exemplified by institutionalized
public diplomacy efforts in the past six years under the Duterte administration. Likewise,
Philippine mainstream news outlets also saw more news coverage as they engaged in a more
amplified focus on China’s public diplomacy efforts. This paper evaluates the Philippine media’s
coverage and reporting of these public diplomacy efforts and how the Filipino audience has
engaged with the media’s dominant discourses. It is the assumption of this paper that Filipino
mass perceptions of China’s engagement with the country can also be influenced by the media’svarious mechanisms of impact. A discourse analysis of the mainstream news outlets’ reportingand coverage of three critical public diplomacy events in the past six years—Duterte’s 2016 first
official visit to China, the Chinese embassy’s ‘Iisang Dagat’ tribute, and the unveiling of theEstrella-Pantaleon bridge—will be presented. This will be complemented by a content analysisof the Filipino masses’ engagement as reflected in social media. With the Philippines being a top
social media user globally, online footprint could act as a useful barometer for inspecting how theFilipino masses have engaged the with media’s discourses. This research will also process-trace
how the salient themes from the media’s reporting of these events impact how Filipinos perceive
China’s engagement and, therefore, its influence in the Philippines. Ultimately, this research seeks
to contribute to the existing literature on Chinese influence, focusing on domestic imperatives inrecipient countries that prove crucial in mediating its impact.
All Politics is Local: The Nexus of Philippine-China Relations at a Local Level in the
Northern Philippines
Llanto, Jesus(Independent scholar)
Chinese presences are not only in national media or in diplomacy. They have appeared in local
politics, business and society. The links with China at a local level have been still understudied,though some may assert that the Chinese government strengthened its tie with President Rodrigo
Duterte not in Manila but in Davao, where the Chinese government established the Consulate
General’s Office. After reviewing the existing literature discussing Philippine-China relations at
the local level, this research zooms into the growing presence of Chinese public sector and nonpublic sector actors establishing ties with local government and society in the northern Philippines,70

including the Ilocos Region and Cagayan. Acting individually or as agents of the Chinese
government, these actors have allocated their time and resources to nurture relations with local
government units in Ilocos Norte, as well as other neighboring provinces. The research focuseson these actors’ relationships and engagements with the region from the early 2000s. Since then,China has cultivated some local government links with its Philippine counterparts, and China
established in Laoag City, the capital of Ilocos Norte Province, a consulate office that has
jurisdiction over the 15 provinces in three regions in Northern Philippines in 2007. This paper
scrutinizes various activities of the Chinese Consulate Office, local commercial networks,
including casino and cruise ship businesses absorbing Chinese tourists, and a China-fundedirrigation project under the “Build Build Build” project of the Duterte administration.
UNCLOS and the DFA: Institutional Foundation of the Legal Battleground with China
Takagi, Yusuke(GRIPS)
Institutional dimensions of Philippine China relations have been understudied. Understandably,
China’s power play reminds us of realism in international relations. Besides, most of the scholars
in Philippine studies have underestimated institutions’ role in politics in general. Against thisbackdrop, this paper argues that the Philippine government, especially the Department of Foreign
Affairs (DFA), creates institutional foundations on which the government faces assertive China in
the South China Sea. The legal foundations allowed the Philippines to bring the case on the South
China Sea into the international arena in 2013. The Philippine government worked for them notspecifically to deal with China but to implement the UNCLOS since the 1980s. The Philippine
government established the Cabinet Committee on the Treaty on the Law of the Sea in 1981 to
examine the implication of the UNCLOS. It revised the committee several times until it transformed
it into a National Coastal Watch System (NCWS) with the Philippine Coast Guard as animplementation arm. Until the government established the NCWS, the DFA played a role of thesecretariat of the preceding committees despite several organizational transformations. As a part oflegal preparation, the Philippine government led by the DFA also passed the Archipelagic Law of2009. By tracing the evolving roles played by the DFA, this paper sheds new light on theinstitutional dimension of Philippine China relations.

71Panel 4a at Room A: Individual papers on Filipinos and the Pandemic I
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Chiba, Yoshihiro

Community Pantries Phenomenon in the Philippines
Canceran, Delfo Cortina(De La Salle University)
IN03CanceranD
This paper delves on the community pantry system in the Philippines. Thus, the research question
can be stated in the following: How do we account for the sprouting of the community pantries
in the country? The theoretical framework is an interdisciplinary attempt to gather relevant
concepts or theories from the different social sciences perspectives such as social movements inpolitical science, social identity in social psychology and personal initiative in social organization.
Due to the prolonged coronavirus pandemic, many people get impoverished. Some businesses
have closed down and many workers are laid off. The Philippine government has been indecisive,
if not insensitive on the plight of the people. Thus, the community pantries have emerged andestablished in response to the starvation of the people. The community pantry is a complex
phenomenon and multiple perspectives are needed to understand it. Thus, different theories andconcepts derived from social sciences are deployed to explain such phenomenon. Throughcontagion theory, we can state that the community pantries have scattered in different parts of thecountry due mainly to the imitation or reproduction of other concerned citizens on the plight ofthe starving people. This phenomenon started with a personal initiative by a single person andthen through the media, the news about the pantry circulated and multiplied in different areas of
the country. Other leaders and organizers have mobilized their capitals to cup up these pantries.
The initial personal initiative has transformed itself into a collective behavior or action of different
groups. The community pantries waned as the lockdown is relaxed and people have returned towork.
Key words: capital, collective behavior or action, corona virus pandemic, lockdown, personal
initiative social identity72

Irregular Filipino Migrants and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Bongapat, Gladys Fusingan(Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University)
IN17BongapatG
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected almost everyone, and it has also brought out thevulnerability and coping mechanisms of some migrants. This study explores the impact of the
COVID-19 pandemic on irregular Filipino migrants in Japan. It utilizes an ethnographic approach,where data was gathered from participants in Chiba, Japan using participant observation and oral
history methods. Further, content analysis was employed in interpreting the collected data. It
discusses irregular Filipino migrants’ perspectives about citizenship in Japan and its relationshipto their everyday politics during the pandemic. I argue that irregular Filipino migrants manifest“perceived” autonomy and resiliency during the COVID-19 pandemic despite the limitations of
their status because through their habitation in Japan as irregulars, they have developed theirsubjectivity which primarily revolves around their personal dignity and economic significance.
Their lack of legal citizenship has laid the foundation for their self-reliance. Contrary to abundant
literature emphasizing the roles of migrant-supporting NGOs, my findings reveal that theparticipants have not received assistance and protection from any formal organizations. Further,I argue that the stability of their occupation plays a crucial role in the irregular Filipino migrants’
perception of autonomy and resiliency. Finally, I contend that their perception of autonomy andresiliency work for and against them. At the outset, their everyday politics illustrates how theparticipants strategize to subsist and achieve better living conditions. However, even if they
consider themselves to be in a stable condition, the broader structures continue to pose constraints
on them.
The COVID-19 Pandemic's Impact on Philippine Civil Society: Uncovering Longstanding
and New Issues
Juliano, Hansley Adriano(Nagoya University)
IN21JulianoH
In what ways has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the operations of civil society organizations
CSOs in the Philippines? To what extent are these issues a) specifically caused by the pandemic; or b)
already longstanding even before the current crises? The current presentation is an exploratory attempt
at analyzing the internal management of civil society/non-government organizations. The literature73

assumes civil society organizations (CSOs) and social movements (SMs) have differing priorities forsurvival and constituency-building. In the Philippines, however, identity and operational modes
between CSOs and SMs overlap due to a) shared ideological and policy priorities; b) thecomplementarity and shared history of certain NGOs and movements; and c) the shrinking of
constituencies to individual organizations.
Interviews were conducted with specific types of organizations (labor-oriented, rural-sector oriented,
church-based and think-tanks), consistent with the historical and strategic overlaps. I demonstrate that
all types of organizations were experiencing organizational issues even prior to the pandemic—mostly
in seeking additional non-state and public support. These coincided with the dramatic shift in civilsociety-government relations under the Aquino and Duterte administrations. However, I also argue
that instead of assuming that solely either the type, ideologies or motivations of the organization willcause ease or difficulty in its operational shifts, I instead argue that a nexus of these factors can aid or
hamper an organization's ability to tide crises, as shown by their pandemic experiences. I also highlightthat advocating for larger constituencies (especially if they are already politically marginalized orpersecuted) can intensify pandemic-related organizational setbacks. These can point to larger
resiliency issues faced by CSOs in the Philippines and worldwide—especially as the “new normal” inthe Philippines proceeds under the second Marcos administration.

Filipino Technical Interns in Coastal Japan during COVID-19 Pandemic
Toring, Romeo Jr. Jumao-as(Hiroshima University)
IN27ToringR
The Japanese government's Technical Intern Training Program (TITP), which started in 1993,
allows foreign ""interns"" to temporarily work in Japan to transfer skills, technologies, andknowledge to their home countries. However, labor groups criticized the program as a scheme tomitigate Japan's aging population and labor crisis by employing foreigners from developing
countries. Scholars have documented several human rights cases of abuse indicating forced labor–
deceptive recruitment, debt traps, limited communications, financial penalties, withholding ofassets and wages, unjust dismissals, physical violence, excessive overtime, and other hazardous
arrangements, which are prevalent among TITP employers. This research contributes to the
corpus of empirical data of ""technical interns"" (TI) in Japan, mainly Filipinos working inshipping and manufacturing industries in coastal cities along the Inland Sea of the Chugoku region.
Aside from documenting the humanitarian concerns faced by TIs, one key element of this paper74

is exploring how the pandemic protocols have affected the socio-economic conditions of Filipino
TIs, particularly on the restrictions of domestic and international movements. By utilizing
ethnographic techniques – semi-structured in-depth interviews and focused group discussions,this research aims to demonstrate how disasters like the pandemic can disrupt, mitigate, or
exacerbate existing exploitative power structures that limit human (im)mobilities.
Keywords: Technical Interns, Filipino migrants, Japanese labor conditions, COVID19 pandemic
Panel 4b at Room B: The Politics and Economics of Philippine Authoritarianism:
Revisionist Historiography for 20th Century Philippine Historiography
Panel Chair: Claudio, Lisandro E.
(Department of South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley)
PA19ClaudioL
Panel abstract:"Scholars of the Philippines have spilt much ink in recent years exploring the origins and effectsof Philippine authoritarianism, often focusing on the origins of authoritarianism during theCommonwealth period and the poor performance of the national economy under the Marcos
administration a half century later. These narratives adopt similar, but insufficiently explanatory
narratives that are pervasive in Philippine historiography, including the closely-related themes ofpatron-client relations, crony capitalism, and bossism.
In response to the conference theme’s call to “revisit old themes with new lenses”, this panel
explores new directions for examining the relationship between the state and economy in 20thcentury Philippine history, with an eye toward understanding how the two developed at times intandem and at others independently of one another. Relevant questions include: Does a morerobust understanding of economic change also help us understand the rise of authoritarianism
better? Are there new spatial frames and new approaches to periodization that can inform ouranalysis? Whose voices need to be incorporated into the discussion? How did the development of
the Philippine state in the 20th century shape the 21st century?
This panel seeks new directions for a revisionist historiography of the Philippines, by advancing
a more nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between state-making and economictransformations. In doing so, these papers also highlight the need for historians of the Philippines
to review and challenge long-standing notions about Philippine authoritarianism, a task that isincreasingly important now as politicians from dictatorships-past return to Malacañang."

75

Pacification Through Pineapple: The Role of the Del Monte Plantation in American
Colonialism in Mindanano
Acosta, Inigo Chotirawe(Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison)This paper examines the role of landlessness in Mindanao as a new spatial frame in understanding
the rise of authoritarianism and land inequality in Philippine state formation. Using the Del Monteplantation in Bukidnon as a case study, I argue that pineapple plantations like Del Monte werepart of the American colonial government’s incursion into Mindanao by acting as an agriculturalcolony to aid in the pacification of non-Christian Indigenous populations. The acquisition of land
was also aided by a valuable alliance between company executives, national government
politicians, local landowners, and the Philippine constabulary. This paper also argues that
American “agribusiness” companies, as represented by Del Monte, set a precedent for arbitrary
and top-down land acquisitions that has impacted land, indigenous peoples’, and local
government issues up to the present. Using Deborah Thomas’ concept of garrison politics, thispaper will aim to connect the Philippines with Caribbean studies of patronage politics as
originating from plantation structures established during colonial rule.
Rubi’s Escape: Land, Law, and Progressive Conservatism in the development of aPhilippine postcolony, 1916 – 1941
Cororaton, Claire D.
(Department of History, Cornell University)
This paper analyzes the legal case Rubi vs Provincial Board of Mindoro (1919) as a prelude for
Manuel L. Quezon’s Social Justice Program in the 1930s. On December 4, 1917, the Provincial
Governor of Mindoro ordered the Mangyans in the township of Naujan and Pola to be placed ina reservation on Naujan Lake. One of the individuals, Rubi, escaped, and was detained by the
local sheriff. In a contested decision, the Philippine Supreme Court resorted to an expansive
notion of police power to argue that the Mangyans’ “confinement in reservations…does notconstitute slavery and involuntary servitude” and was for the benefit of “public welfare”. I argue
that this case is crucial for understanding the logics of Public Land Laws during the US colonial
period, particularly the Insular and the Commonwealth Government’s approach to tenure
problems after 1916. The Rubi decision does not just concern “indigenous peoples” of thePhilippines, nor can it be fully understood within racial or religious frameworks. Instead, it
indexes how a “Filipinizing” bureaucracy imagined the relationship between government,
economy, and individual civil liberties in the creation of a post-colony. The Philippine state76

adopted an aggressive and militarist approach to creating agriculturalists in pursuit of an ideal ofa self-sustaining, civic-minded farmer. This entailed the combination of a moralistic critique oflaissez-faire economics with state-planned national economic development, mobilizing
frameworks of duty, progress, and productivity. The creation of an ideal Filipino agrarian citizenry
informs and persists in future permutations of state-driven corporatism and development today.
Research under Duress: State-Directed Science and Technology under the Marcos Years
Pante, Michael Domingo(Department of History, Ateneo de Manila University)
Academics had to adjust how they conducted research during Ferdinand Marcos’s authoritarianregime. During this period, Marcos wanted to align scientific research in ways that helped
legitimize his rule as a non-elected president, following his declaration of martial law in 1972.
The regime also sought to make the social science community a state mouthpiece to articulate its
ideology. A complex network of research-oriented bodies did emerge in the succeeding years,
including the Development Academy of the Philippines, the Philippine Center for Advanced
Studies, and the Philippine Institute for Development Studies. The same level of increased support
for research and knowledge-producing institutions under martial law was seen in the naturalsciences. In 1976, the National Academy of Science and Technology was established, while therole of the National Science Development Board in directing the development of science in the
country was greatly enhanced when it was reorganized as the National Science and Technology
Authority in 1982. These massive administrative changes in science governance evinced theimportance of research in the sustainability of the regime, which tried to deploy so-called
innovations, such as “green agriculture” and nuclear power, as a way to show that the country
enjoyed a progressive economy under the New Society. Yet, this relationship between academia
and the state was not that simple; even under the Marcos regime, there were scientists andacademics who decided to make a stand on issues such as nuclear power and environmental
degradation, even if that meant going against the regime.
Re-examining the role of crony capitalism in Philippine historiography
Bassett, John McCann(Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison)
The shadow of rent seeking in the Philippines is long, especially in historical analyses of the77country's economic underperformance in the 20th century. In this paper, however, I argue thatthese claims are overblown. Through a review of the relevant economic literature and a re-analysisof the theory of rent-seeking in the context of Philippine historiography, this paper argues that
historians writing about rent seeking in the Philippines have consistently overestimated its
negative impacts on the national economy due to a misunderstanding of the underlying economic
theory. This error, though seemingly minor, has focused historians’ attention on characters rich in
wealth and drama but lacking in theoretical significance. The impact of this error has been
profound. It has enshrined the narrative of crony capitalism in the political discourse, despite
consensus among economists that it is a poor explanation for the Philippines’ economic
performance. In response, this paper seeks to advance the scholarly discourse by bringing
historical analyses of Philippine economics in line with mainstream economic literature, which
considers rent-seeking a minor player in a more nuanced and comprehensive history.
Panel 4c at Room C: Individual papers on Migration III
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Seki, Koki
Filipinos in diaspora: Exploring sense of belonging and citizenship in the host country
among Filipinos in Taiwan
Agonos, Mariam Jayne, Macafe(University of the Philippines Diliman)
IN08AgonosM
Migration has already become part of the Filipino culture, and its continuity and expansion
contribute to growth of the already visible Filipino diaspora. Being part of a diaspora provides a
space for migrants to reinvent their identity as they seek their own fortune and experience a senseof adventure in a different social setting. On the other hand, the continuity of Filipinos in diaspora
also suggests an “involuntary displacement from homeland” and subsequently, “alienation fromhost land”, either of which evokes victimhood of the individual (Aguilar, 2015). Both perspectives
may be coming from opposite poles, and this indicates the spectrum of perspectives andexperiences of Filipinos in diaspora. This qualitative study seeks to illustrate how Filipinos in
diaspora pursue and achieve sense of belonging and citizenship given the context of the hostcountry. The study argues that Filipinos employ conscious and intentional individual actions(human agency) alongside their respective social networks (social capital) in achieving sense of
belonging and manifesting citizenship in their journey within the host country, particularly in
Taiwan. As a phenomenological study, this research emphasizes the need to involve and recognize
the Filipinos in diaspora in understanding and subsequently fulfilling their needs. The continuity78

of migration may not stop anytime soon, but this does not mean that individuals remaincomplacent with the structures that persist; rather, there must be an active effort to seek actions to
help these Filipinos and include them in the battle for their safety and security as their individual
agencies are recognized.
Roman Cariaga and the Invention of the Filipino American: Sexual Citizenship,
Nationalism, and History in 1930s Hawaiʻi
Matsumoto, Issay(University of Southern California)
IN66MatsumotoI
This presentation examines the categorization and visualization of the “Filipino American” in
1930s Hawaiʻi, one of the earliest instances of hyphenated Asian American identity. I focus on a1936 master’s thesis by Filipino anthropologist Roman Cariaga, later published in 1937 by theFilipino Public Relations Bureau as The Filipinos in Hawaii. I argue that through the figure of theFilipino American, Cariaga, the Filipino Public Relations Bureau, and local Philippine and white
American elites in Hawaiʻi who sponsored the thesis’s publication, sought to reform the sexual
citizenship of Filipino/as in Hawaiʻi by representing a group predominantly composed of single
male migrant laborers as a community of settled families. Representing Filipino American sexual
citizenship through anthropological study and photography, Cariaga and elite Filipino/as shored
up local Americanism that justified U.S. occupation in Hawaiʻi, while also mobilizing for
Philippine independence following the 1934 Tydings-McDuffie Act. Considering the invention of
the “Filipino American” during the 1930s through Philippine migrants’ self-representations shows
how ideas about U.S. colonial possessions in the Pacific formed in relation to one another,according to the sexual politics of U.S. exclusion and Philippine nationalism. Furthermore, thecase of hyphenated Filipino American identity in Hawaiʻi expands theorizations of sexual
citizenship beyond nation-state-based belonging. During the 1930s, Filipino American sexual
citizenship in Hawaiʻi was also defined by its colonial and transnational dimensions.

79

Transnational Scavenging and User-Content Creation of Filipino Migrants on YouTube
Villota, Alleson II Decena(University of Tokyo)
IN67VillotaA
Advancements in information and communications technology have profoundly impacted theway migrants articulate their identities and experiences. In particular, the advent of Internetenabled, video-recording capable hand-held devices, as well as the Web 2.0 social media
platforms, provided affordances for the migrants to articulate, self-represent, and circulate—
through audio-visual user-created contents—their lived experiences and everyday practices as
Filipino migrants. Because of the user-friendly features of these technologies and platforms, it
has become possible for an average person to become a content produser (a portmanteau of
producer and consumer). This paper critically examines one of the prominent tropes of usercreated content of Filipino migrant cum content creators on YouTube, i.e., “dumpster diving.” Asof this writing, the most viewed “dumpster diving” content of a Filipino migrant has more than
three million views and more than 3,600 comments. A simple google search using the searchwords “dumpster+diving+pinoy+ofw” will generate at least 179,000 results. Using a combinationof big data analytics, natural language processing, and conventional visual research methods, thisresearch looks at images and discursive practices of the Filipino migrants by which the conceptsof migration, waste, and scavenging are negotiated, challenged and reconstituted through usercontent creation practices.
Sonic Agencies and Filipinx Intimacies in the Diaspora
Casey Mecija(York University)
IN78MecijaC
In this presentation, I consider how sound offers a methodological framework that can uniquely
register modes of care, collectivity, and desire that may be otherwise rendered unintelligible. In
doing so, I offer a theory of “queer sound” that expands on how sonicity might be used as aconceptual resource for making sense of the affective and psychic lives of diasporic communities,
particularly Filipinx. I emphasize how the queer valences of sound can contest histories ofracialization, colonialism, and their gendered aspects. In them, we might take notice of empathies
and capacities for care that are otherwise repressed or disregarded. In offering discussion of how
this works, my presentation includes examples of transpacific aesthetic expression, such as music,
80

viral new media such as a YouTube karaoke performance, and other sounds that may becharacterized as coincidental or mundane. These sonic moments offer insight into the many waysthat diasporic people practice care, enliven creativity, and repair from colonial violence, acrossmultiple geographic spaces such as Canada and the Philippines.
Panel 4d at Room D: Representations of the Filipina in the Public and Private Spheresin the 19th to the 20th Centuries
Panel Chair: Alfaro, Ma. Rita Lourdes Arce
(Ateneo de Manila University)
PA09AlfaroM
Panel abstract:
Works on the history of women have often been characterized by tensions. How she is represented,
primarily through lenses that are altogether male, illustrate processes that have contributed to her
exclusion. While this, in itself, constitutes an integral part of the Filipina's story, even more
important, are the ways in which she manages to negotiate and contest prevalent patriarchal
narratives. How she asserts her agency lies at the very heart of the Filipino woman's narrative.
Drawing inspiration from this, the papers in this panel interrogate the representations of theFilipina from the 19th to 20th centuries. The overall aim of the papers is to demonstrate how
women have been misrepresented by the “male gaze” and to assert the centrality of women as
they engage in both the private and public spheres of Filipino life.
The first paper by Alfaro aims to explain the Filipina’s political invisibility was laid down througha process that can be traced back to the imposition of legal codes by various colonizers.
Jose’s research, on the other hand, seeks the Filipino woman's inclusion in the chronicles of thePhilippine Revolution by examining how she was previously misrepresented in historical writings.
The third paper of the panel written by Reguindin-Estella investigates the Filipina’s socio-civic
participation by situating social work in the Philippines within the ambit of the emerging women’s
movement.
Finally, Wani-Obias's study interrogates societal norms in the representation of the Filipino
mother and aims to analyze emerging perspectives of domesticity with regard to motherhood.
From Invisibility to Visibility: The Filipina Woman and the Law from the 19th to the 20th
centuries
Alfaro, Ma. Rita Lourdes Arce
(Ateneo de Manila University)
Tackling the law as a gendered sphere, this research seeks to examine the seeming invisibility of81

the Filipino woman in public and private laws of the Philippines. This paper attempts to bring tolight the Filipina’s inclusion and exclusion from colonial laws first brought by Spain to its colonies
in the 1880s, to the first mention of the term “Filipina” in the Japanese-sponsored Philippine
constitution of the 1940s, and the pursuit of Filipina civil and political liberties towards thetwentieth century under American auspices and in post-colonial Philippines.
This analysis will be carried out by a closer look at the provisions of the laws -constitutions, civil,
and commercial laws, that governed the Filipino people as a whole, from the 19th to the 21st
centuries, and scrutinize the Filipino woman’s visibility or invisibility in these legal spaces, andhow she, as a subject of the law, negotiated these spaces.
This research is important in the study of the intersection of history, gender, and the law mademore imperative by the realization that these colonial laws continue to be in force in present-day
Philippines and have yet to be subjected to an overhaul -through amendments, to include theFilipina woman whom it has neglected for the last 300 years.
From “Entertainers” to Generals: Revisiting Women’s Representations in the Philippine
Revolution
Jose, Mary Dorothy De Lara
(University of the Philippines Manila)
Filipino women played various roles in the Philippine Revolution of 1896. Known as Katipuneras,
they served as soldiers, spies, messengers, document-keepers, flag-makers, strategists, guards,
and nurses, among others. While their participation in the revolution has been written by historians
in textbooks and biographical works alike, a closer look at these writings would tell us that they
were not only underrepresented but misrepresented. This could be attributed to the social milieu
where the stereotypical portrayal of women as inferior to men was dominant. As the women’s
movement gained strength and recognition over time, the images of women in historiography
have also changed towards a more critical view of their roles in the revolution.
This paper aims to examine the changing perspectives on women in the Philippine Revolution
then and now, from the writings of pioneer historians such as Gregorio Zaide, Teodoro Agoncillo,
and Renato Constantino, among others, to more recent works on women by the younger
generation of historians such as Atoy Navarro, Janet Reguindin-Estella, Mary Jane RodriguezTatel, and Nancy Kimuell-Gabriel, to name a few. Using the archival research method while
utilizing a feminist perspective, this study aims to compare and contrast women’s representationsin the Philippine Revolution then and now to uncover continuities and changes in how they weredepicted by historians and biographers. The analysis will be contextualized in the development of
the women’s movement in the Philippines to see if the continuities and changes coincide with the82emerging trends in women’s fight for gender equality.
Women as Social Workers: Feminist Movements and their Roles in the Institutionalizationof Social Work in the Philippines
Reguindin-Estella, Janet(Ateneo de Manila University)
The early part of the 20th century witnessed the establishment of various feminist movements in
the Philippines. These movements aimed to give women the right and power to participate inpolitical and social affairs. Often, these women’s organizations are associated with the struggle ofwomen to fight for their right to suffrage. However, a closer look at their initial programs andactivities would show that these were characterized by social service and philanthropy.
This paper is an attempt to trace the history of social work in the Philippines where women haveprimarily acted. It aims to assess how the feminist movements in the early twentieth century paved
the way for the institutionalization and professionalization of social work in the Philippines. Using
the annual reports of the Public Welfare Commissioner and relevant papers of Filipino womenfrom select feminist movements, this study will examine the impact of these programs on thepresent visions and activities of social work institutions in the country.
Put Up On a Pedestal: Motherhood and Mothering During the Early Twentieth Century
Wani-obias, Rhodalyn C.
(University of the Philippines Diliman)
While women have largely remained marginalized in Philippine history, an increasing number ofworks in recent decades have underscored their roles in the “public sphere”, participating in broad
historical processes such as the Philippine Revolution, the women’s suffrage movement in the
1930s, and the Second World War, to name a few. Despite the generally accepted views of womenas made for motherhood by virtue of their biology, their role as a mother in the more “private
sphere” such as the home, has eluded examination and remain unexplored.
In this paper, I interrogate the concept of motherhood as it is presented and constructed in earlytwentieth century Philippine magazines such as the Revista Filipina and The Philippine Magazine.
Through the representations of motherhood found in these magazines, I analyze societal
expectations and norms imposed on women and explore how the Filipino woman in the earlytwentieth century stood at the brink of emerging contestations between traditional perspectives of83

domesticity and liberal views of modernity.
Panel 4e at Room E: Facing Uncertainties: Economic Policies and Governance in thePhilippines
Panel Chair: Mikamo, Shingo(Shinshu University, Institute of Social Sciences)
PA12MikamoS
Panel Abstract:
The war in Ukraine has triggered to change economic conditions in the world. The economic
damage from the conflict will contribute to a significant slowdown in global growth in 2022 andadd to inflations. Fuel and food prices have increased rapidly, hitting the Philippine economy.
Will the new Marcos administration be able to manage this hardship? His leadership in democracy
is questioned from the beginning. In this panel, the issues of economic policy and governancewill be reviewed. We would like to address key questions as follows. How do we assess the
improvements of economic policies and governance under the previous administrations? How
will the change of leadership influence economic policy and governance? What are the remaining
challenges to improve economic policies and governance?
Shingo Mikamo will review debates on the progresses and deteriorations of economic governancein middle income countries in the past decades and locate the Philippines in the changes of thelandscape. Susumu Ito will review the improvements and changes of infrastructure governanceunder the previous administrations and discuss challenges for the new Marcos administration in
the area of infrastructure governance. Jenny Balboa will analyze how President Duterte’s foreign
policy pivot to China has affected the trade and investment situation of the Philippines during his
term and examine the implications of this closer economic ties with China to the succeeding
Marcos government, given the economic challenges that the new government is facing.
Questioning Democracy and Economic Governance in the Philippines
Mikamo, Shingo(Institute of Social Sciences, Shinshu University)
Governance does matter for developing the economy. The strong consensus has been consolidated.
Democracy has a great advantage for making governance accountable and transparent that is a
critical to combat corruption. Democratization in Latin America, Eastern Europe and Southeast
Asia was expected to bring with it new era of progress in the 1980s and 1990s. Most people across84the regions agreed at the time that democracy was preferable to any other form of governancealthough it was not perfect. Today, however, the situation has changed. For decades, unstabledemocracies were blamed for slow development and inequality in the countries. Trusts todemocratic governance, of course, vary from country to country because results also vary.
Countries that have managed to pursue better policies have enjoyed better development outcomes.
Political results have varied, too. In some countries authoritarianism has returned to govern. What
are institutional factors of new democracies have persevered with a program of structural reforms
coherent and sustained enough to reap significant economic and social benefits? In order to searchanswers, many research initiatives have launched across regions. The focus of research has beensifted to the process of policy making from a universal set of “right” policies. The differences inpolitical institutions, state-actors (policy elites) and non-state actors (businesses and NGOs)
explain how new democracies produce such diverse results. This paper first will review literatureson politics of policy processes and development outcomes. And then locate the Philippines in thechanges of the landscape to assess the progresses and the remaining challenges of the economic
governance. For building good economic governance in the Philippines, what kind of lessons
could be learned from the experiences of other middle-income countries? How would the analysisof the Philippines contribute to the debates on the issues?
Challenges in the Infrastructure Governance in the Philippines: From Duterte to Marcos
Ito, Susumu(University of Niigata Prefecture, Graduate School of International Studies and Regional
Development)
Faced with huge infrastructure gap, each administration of the Philippines has prioritized
infrastructure development as one of critical policies. With this backdrop, Duterte administration
announced infrastructure investment program called “Build, Build, Build” (BBB) of Peso 8.4
trillion (about USD 170 billion) which includes 75 large-scale flagship infrastructure projects in2017. The administration has promised to usher in “the golden age of infrastructure” by building
and modernizing major infrastructure throughout the country. How has infrastructure governancebeen improved and changed over the years in the Philippines? How should BBB be analyzed from
historical perspectives? What are the challenges for the Marcos administration in the area of
infrastructure governance? This paper assesses infrastructure governance of the Philippines bymainly focusing on financing aspect during the Duterte Presidency. The paper also analyzes themode of finance between public finance/ODA and public-private partnership (PPP), both solicitedand unsolicited, financial assistance from China through Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and85

policy recommendations for the current Marcos administration.
From Duterte to Marcos: The China Foreign Policy Pivot and its Economic Impact
Balboa, Jenny D.
(Tokyo University of Foreign Studies and GIS-Hosei University)
This paper is an examination of former Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte’s foreign policy
pivot to China and how it affected the trade and investment situation of the Philippines. The
implications of this unprecedented shift to the new Marcos Jr. government are then further
analyzed. During his term, Duterte dramatically changed the foreign policy landscape of thePhilippines when he announced his intentions to pivot to China. That announcement createdsubstantial ripples, not only in the political and diplomatic relations of the Philippines, but also in
its economic sphere. In pursuit of this so-called pivot, Duterte actively encouraged Chinese
investments in the Philippines and sought the support of the Chinese government for his own
flagship program: “Build, Build, Build.” After the Philippines transitioned to the new Marcos
administration, the Philippine foreign policy has become uncertain. Three months into his
presidency, Marcos, Jr. has shown no clear signs of his foreign policy plans and preferences. Earlyon, Marcos, Jr. has been quoted that he wants to maintain the cozy relationship with China. Someexperts argue however, that he will likely seek a balancing act between the former and thePhilippines’ traditional ally, the U. S. given the diplomatic gap that was created due to Duterte’s
outbursts against the latter, and the West in general. Marcos’ foreign policy preference, whatever
it is, will have an enormous impact both on the Philippine foreign relations and in its prospects
towards economic recovery. The country now finds itself in dire straits, putting pressure on the
new administration to find ways to jumpstart the economy to address the severe economic blowof the pandemic, record-high national debt, and rising food and fuel prices amidst increasing
poverty and income inequality in the country.
Panel 5a at Room A: Rethinking Intimacy during 2010s in the Philippines
Panel Chair: Nishio Zenta(Ritsumeikan University)
Panel Discussant: Piocos, Carlos M. & Docot, Ma. Ledda Brina
PA14NishioZ
Panel abstract:
This panel will inductively rethink and enrich “intimacy” as an analytical concept in the86Philippines. Philippine society had been experiencing rapid economic growth in the 2010s as abenefit of globalization, accompanied by conflicts, exploitation, and violence. In response to thesituation, various political and social theories have been applied to the analysis of the Philippines.
These studies are certainly important because the Philippines is a part of the global transformation.
This panel argues, however, that the discussion on “intimacy” in the Philippines and its ongoingtransformations should be further examined by more empirical analyses. All the members of thispanel, Japanese and Filipino researchers, although working on different topics in different areas
by various methodologies, have conducted fieldwork during the 2010s and had commonly gotten
interested in the manners of “intimacy” among people in rapid social change. Scholars havestressed the positive role of intimacy that has provided basements for survival and resistance.
Given some vernacular ideologies such as “sakripisyo” for the family are nowadays colluding
with the immigration policy, however, the enclosure of intimate relations by the state and capitalshould be a premise of discussion on intimacy. Whereas the violence and exclusivity evoked bymobilizing intimate relations are increasing in the current Philippine context, we try to explore
the possible politics and cohabitation by using intimacy referring not only to sustained communal
relationships but to more dynamic conditional phenomena temporarily embodied between people.
Some keywords from the four presentations would be affect, emotion, physicality, and relatedness
tied to different forms of intimacy in that sense.
Rethinking Migrant bodies: Male farm workers and their and their temporal intimacy
Iida, Yuya
(Ehime University)
This paper examines how migrants’ physical experiences at worksites affect their bodies andsometimes construct potential solidarity based on temporal intimate relations among OFWs. It
has frequently been pointed out that labor migration often goes with class mobility. Comparatively
less attention has been paid to the fact that such class mobility also brings a lotof changes to the migrant bodies through their labor process in their destination country, including
not only occupational injuries and fatigue but also changes in body weight and even in skin color.
Based on a case study with participatory observations and interviews with male Filipino migrantfarm workers in Japanese lettuce fields, this paper firstly illustrates how migrants’ selfunderstanding of their social situations and personhood is created through these physical changes,
especially by body pain. In this context, “sakripisyo” is a key concept to their body-learned
neoliberal attitudes here too, as a dominant ideology that valorizes casualties of overseas
deployment as civic and pious virtues and strengthens their masculinity (Bautista 2014).
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In contrast, by focusing on several exceptional cases, the paper discusses that migrant’s physicalexperiences may also deliver deviant behavior critical toward the dominant ideology which cangenerate momentary solidarity with workmates beyond ethnicity and nationality. Bodies in thispaper are hence conceptualized as contested terrains, exposed to neoliberal economies andideology which discipline and mobilize them towards a vulnerable position in production sites,
while migrants continuously rediscover their bodies, giving meanings to them and learning andexpanding their significance.
Expression of Intimacy in Emotional Labor: Focus on Call Center Industry and Sex
Industry
Tagawa, Yumeno(Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University)
This presentation aims to clarify the situation of the Philippine workplace, which is at the
periphery and, in a sense, at the center of the global care chain. The words such as hospitality,
care, and friendliness are frequently used to describe the Filipino national character. These arealso the characteristics emphasized as being superior to others when considering Filipinos as a“workforce”. Also, these characteristics become the basis for the perception of Filipinos as being
suited for work related to “care”.
This presentation will focus on two industries (call center and sex industry) where the vocabularythat values Filipino labor is prominently used. Based on fieldwork and interviews with thoseworkers who work in inbound customer care service center and who works in night pub for foreign
customers, it will examine how the qualities of hospitality, care, and friendliness are constructed
and reproduced in the workplace, rather than being intrinsic to the workers in these industries in
actual working situations. In particular, It will focus on feelings of familiarity and emotional
relationships and examine how they are used and contribute to workers&#39; value in the global
labor market. Furthermore, it will also discuss how feelings of closeness and emotional
relationships are a resource for workers to overcome difficulties in pursuing emotional tasks.
Intimate and distant “other”: The dynamism of relatedness among Muslims and Christiansin Mindanao
Yoshizawa, Asuna(Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University)
In the Southern Philippines, Muslim separatist movements started around 1970, and election
related violence that polarized people on religious lines repeatedly occurred. In this context,88

previous studies tend to describe Muslim-Christian relations as either hostile or friendly.
This paper examines the everyday practices of ordinary people in a city where Maranao Muslims
and Visayan Christians live side-by-side and how they create dynamic relatedness with religious
and ethnic “others.” First, this paper focuses on daily interactions among neighbors in deprived
communities. Their fluctuating mutual relations are based on the subtle sense of anxiety, thenecessity for survival, and the contingent intimacy based on the vulnerable bodies at risk ofdisplacement and disease.
Second, this paper tries to rethink different modes of intimacy regarding marriages between
Maranao Muslim men and Visayan Christian women and how they shape the relatedness. Their
first meeting and courtship narratives emphasize the power of “love” that gets over the difference
in religion and ethnicity. However, the couples need to be aware of each other’s faith or ethnicity
and identify their relations as an inter-religious marriage through several moments of long-term
marital life, including children’s religious choices, husbands becoming pious, and polygamy.
Significantly polygamy can critically affect their relatedness because it vividly evokes the gendernorms and masculinity of the Maranao Muslim society. Since this incident cannot be processedin a framework of “love,” it sometimes forces Christian wives to choose between deeplyinternalizing and completely rejecting the Maranao Muslim’s norms and the husbands.
Quest for silent intimacy: Reconsidering response-ability for the object within the body inpregnancy losses
Kubo, Yuko
(The University of Tokyo)
One of the main arguments for those who focus on the induced abortion has been women’s process
and practice of their decision making. So did the Philippines scholars due to the long- term concerns
around the reproductive health law enacted in 2012 in which there have been some arguments whether
using artificial contraception is legally conforming or not.
This paper aims to reconsider Filipino women’s decision making process as the way of “finding a way(paggawa ng paraan) “to uncertainty. Mainly focused in this paper would be women who I encounteredduring two years field work in Metro Manila and had experienced pregnancy losses including
miscarriage and the induced abortion before. How they had faced the event of uncertainty depends onwhether it was pre intentional action or intention in action.
Also, the way Filipino women’s decision making could be deeply connected to the way of response
ability for the object. It would be related to getting some assumptions about why many Filipino women
having experience of abortion in the first-term pregnancy tend to say the fetus“dugo pa lang: it’s just blood.”89

Another thing to consider here would be something emotional such as intimacy, which is silent,
unvoicical engagement with the object within the body during a woman’s pregnancy and in facing acrisis like pregnancy losses. In this point, I’d like to discuss intimacy from two relations: the relation
between speech and silence, and the relation between the surface and the depth of the body (Das 2007).

Panel 5b at Room B: Memory and Connection under the US-Ruled Philippines as
Reconstructed from Home Movies by a Japanese Migrant Entrepreneur
Panel Chair: Yoneno-Reyes, Michiyo(University of Shizuoka)
Panel Discussant: Huzioka, Hirosi(Kyoto City University of Arts)
PA22Yoneno-ReyesM
Panel abstract:
Approximately 50,000 Japanese migrants sailed to the Philippines between the 1890s and the1940s as inspired by the “heading south” (nanshin) ideology. The existing literature (e.g.,Goodman 1963; Hayase 1984; Yu-Jose 1996; Abinales 1997; Afable 2004; Ohno 2015; Serizawa
2020) reveals that they were engaged in diverse occupations and co-lived relatively peacefully
with Filipinos and Americans in the US-ruled Philippines. Among them was the Matsui family
who left 50 short home movies taken in the 1920s–30s across the archipelago, as well as some
2000 photographs and other relics (Matsui Family Collection), which this project team is indexing.
The Collection offers unconventional resources for Philippine Studies: What major cities andother places looked like just before the massive infrastructural development across thearchipelago––with cars running, horses trotting, and shoppers flooding at Christmas Sale. The
collection also presents a glimpse of the lifestyle of Japanese entrepreneurs, office employees,
laborers, farmers, and their family members–playing baseball, watching a local parade, dying
abaca fibers, sawing lumber, drinking beer, and taking a walk with family members. It further
displays the household goods imported in the inter-war years from Japan; from katol antimosquito incense to soy sauce.
This panel approaches the history of the US-ruled Philippines through the Japanesebusiness/migrant communities (Sugaya), through the analysis of the moving images (Jose,
Barriga), and through the postcards for whose production Japanese played a significant role
(Afable). It also elucidates on the research ethics in indexing the historical, private, home movies(Yoneno-Reyes).

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Japanese business and migrant communities in the U.S. colonial Philippines
Sugaya, Nariko(Ehime University)
This paper is to give an overview of the Japanese business and migrant communities in the U.S.
colonial Philippines in the first half of the 20th century. The Japanese were visible everywhere aspart of the Philippine colonial life during the early 20th century, nowadays, however, that fact haslargely been forgotten.
As part of the research project on the private films and photographs that were taken during the1920's and early 30's by a Japanese businessman in Manila, Matsui Seiei, this paper is to provide
a background to his motives or interests in taking those pictures; i.e., what he took and what hedid not, as well as his economic activities as a member of the Japanese commercial community
in Manila.
Matsui Seiei was one of the proprietors of a leading Japanese trading firm established in Manila
in 1934, the Osaka Boeki, which was the successor of its forerunner founded in 1919 under thename of Osaka Bazar. The company having incorporated the Osaka Bazaar as its retail outlets,flourished in the colonial Philippines before World War II, catering a wide range of Japanese
goods to the colonial people, both Japanese and Filipinos, as well as exporting Philippine lumber,and iron and scrap to Japan.
This paper also hopes to be a preliminary study to shed light on how the Osaka Boeki developed
its business in the American colonial Philippines and to place it properly in its historical context.
The Philippines in the early 1930s as seen through Japanese home movies
Jose, Ricardo T.
(University of the Philippines)
The Philippines in the early 1930s was in a state of flux. The archipelago was an American colony,
but the U.S. was beginning to consider independence for the Philippines. At the same time, thePhilippine political campaign for independence was reaching its peak. At this time, a significant
number of Japanese had settled in the Philippines, and were being eyed with suspicion by both
Americans and Filipinos. The Great Depression, the rise of fascist states in Europe and consequent
challenges to Philippine security occupied the front pages of newspapers. In the midst of thesechanges and challenges, a Japanese family documented their lives and the Philippines by moving
pictures. The films, recently made available by the family, show various locations of the country
and aspects of life and business of the Japanese community. They thus open a new vista to
examine the years where direct American rule were coming to an end, and before the largely
91

autonomous Philippine Commonwealth government was established. This presentation will
highlight some of the unique footage captured in the home movies of the Matsui family in Manila
and selected sites in the Philippines, focusing on how we can interpret the films as historicalmaterials.
Cracks in the Moving Curtain: Davao beyond Dabao-kuo
Barriga, Maria Cynthia(Waseda University)
The paper examines the content of the Matsui Collection’s Film 1, a five-minute home video taken
by a Japanese migrant in Davao in the 1930s. Davao, a southern Philippine province, had aJapanese business community that exerted economic and political influence not only on Davaobut also on Manila, the national capital. In the context of an expanding Japanese empire andFilipino nation-state-building in the first half of the 20th century, this presence has been thesubject of much academic attention. Indeed, scholars, echoing their textual and oral sources,
dubbed Davao as “Dabao-kuo,” after the Japanese-occupied “Manchu-kuo” (Hayase 2014; Ohno
2008; Abinales 1997). As Yu-Jose and Dacudao (2015) have pointed out and problematized, theJapanese are visible while the Filipinos are invisible in the history of Davao’s prewar development.
In response to this imbalance in the historiography, I seek to exhume Davao’s history beyond its
current image of “Dabao-kuo.” Following William Henry Scott’s approach of peeking throughthe cracks of the parchment curtain, I examine Film 1 as a historical source from which we canglean Davao as a place. Instead of inquiring into the film’s Japanese gaze, I focus on its content
and then juxtapose these with other archival materials. A scene in an abaca plantation with plying
trucks, another scene of a village settlement with its mixed architectures, locals, flora, and fauna– Film 1 provides us of scenes of the local life which has escaped the attention of scholars who
were mostly concerned with the controversial “Davao-kuo” and “Davao Land Problem.” By using
Film 1 of the Matsui Collection to raise Davao’s lost history as a place, the paper presents thepotential of advancing area studies using archival footage.
Border-crossing Adventures in Baguio Japanese Studio Photography: A Counterpoint to S.
Matsui’s Baguio Film
Afable, Patricia Okubo(Yale Peabody Museum)In the early 20th-century photographic history of the Philippine Cordillera, little is known of thesignificant role played by Japanese studios in the commercial production of images of this region.
92

With a few exceptions in the Spanish period, this history began with American government
photography and was dominated in the early years by the widespread circulation of ethnologicalrepresentations of native peoples. In the 1910s, the advent of Japanese studio photography in
Baguio first presented individuals with the choice of how they wished to be photographed. It
invited explorations of identity among tourists and local people in the intimacy of studio dressing
rooms and portrait galleries.
Using a small set of 1920s and 1930s personal postcards from private collections, my focus here
is on how Japanese settlers made use of photography to evoke and document the border-crossingscreated through their marriages, work relationships, and long residence with native peoples. I pose
this as a counterpoint to S. Matsui's film that envisions Baguio as an ideal and singular Japaneseplace, for it elides the social and historical possibilities that this multiply diverse region had tooffer.
Who Owns Memory?: Actors and Relations in Archiving a Private Collection
Yoneno-Reyes, Michiyo(University of Shizuoka)
Social sciences since the late 1980s has been radically questioning the objectivity of knowledge
and the asymmetrical power relations in knowledge production. In the 1990s, the trend has
prompted a reflexive mode of research where researchers' positionality and their relationship withinformants itself became the subject of queries. Since the 2000s, such practice has further
developed unconventional, more performative experiments in ethnography and other forms ofknowledge production.
On this premise, this paper asks who owns the historical and ethnological primary material by
theoretically contemplating the meaning of, and the ethics in, the database production of the
Matsui Collection. The issues the paper explore includes a) researchers’ respect of the privacy,
will and decision of the family members, the original owners of the materials and research ethics
in sharing the materials with researchers, the community of subjects of photographs/films, andgeneral public; b) objectivity, subjectivity and neutrality in dealing with data; and c)
performativity of the data. The paper discusses these themes in the context of the Philippine sociocultural settings in terms of doing research in the Philippines and with Filipinos.

93

Panel 5c at Room C: Migrant Care Workers through EPA: Old, New, and Emerging
Issues and Challenges
Panel Chair: Ogawa, Reiko(Chiba University)
Panel Discussant: Zulueta, Johanna(Toyo University)
PA20OgawaR
Panel abstract:
This panel aims to revisit the crucial issues related to the provisions and implementation of theJapan – Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement (JPEPA) which since 2009, has facilitatedthe deployment of 15 batches of nurses and careworkers. About 3000 Filipino healthworkers haveparticipated in this government-to-government program.
The presenters will review JPEPA from both the policy side and the narratives of Filipino
careworkers in Japan, particularly: 1.) the JPEPA provisions and its actual implementation - fromrecruitment, pre-departure training, to actual deployment and training/residence in Japan; 2.) theissues and concerns related to the welfare, health, safety, and protection of Filipino
nurses/caregivers in Japan. In view of the old, new, and emerging issues and challenges, the paneloffers policy recommendations not only to further strengthen bilateral ties, but most importantly,
to strengthen and ensure effective access to justice, welfare and protection of migrants in Japanthat will enrich the tabunka kyosei (multi-cultural coexistence) at both the national and local
levels.
Revisiting JPEPA: Recruitment, Entry, and Training Schemes
Vilog, Ron Bridget(De La Salle University – Manila)
This paper aims to revisit the crucial issues surrounding the implementation of the JPEPA,
particularly those concerning the recruitment, entry, and actual work conditions while undertaking
trainings in Japan. Through literature review and narratives of Filipino nurses working in
healthcare facilities, we examine the existing frameworks and schemes. We also identify theirissues and concerns, particularly those related to their health, safety, and protection. Interviews
were conducted with government officials involved in the planning and operation of the existing
frameworks. Finally, this study identifies the crucial issues that warrant immediate attention andfurther discussion among the stakeholders in the labor policy and diplomatic sectors of Japan and
the Philippines. This paper discusses the experiences of the care workers, and the implications ofthese narratives to the policy frameworks auxiliary to the JPEPA, with the hope of causing reforms
94

to further strengthen bilateral ties and improve the conditions of the migrant health workers inJapan.
JPEPA Review: Implications for Migrant Protection
Piquero-Ballescas, Maria Rosario(Toyo University)
Since 2009, the Japan-Philippine Economic Partnership Agreement has facilitated the entry ofFilipino nurses and caregivers to Japan.
An accident in southern Japan that left a Filipino nurse candidate comatose clearly showed gaps
in the coverage and implementation of the JPEPA rendering foreign migrants more vulnerable interms of their welfare and protection. Hence, the urgency for a much-awaited review of the JPEPA.
Drawing data from literature and field research, this paper intends to focus on the JPEPA and thewider context of its conceptualization, finalization, and implementation. Statistical and qualitative
data about the Filipino nurses and caregivers in Japan, their number, their location and theirsituation, challenges and experiences from 2009 up to the present will also be presented.
The paper focuses on the issues and concerns related to the welfare, health, safety, and protectionof Filipino nurses/caregivers in Japan. The highlight of the paper will retrace and analyze, formigrant policy and protection, the various needs and responses of the Philippine and Japanese
governments and non-government social networks to a Filipino JPEPA candidate nurse still
comatose after an accident that happened shortly before the Covid pandemic.
Migrant Care Workers in Post EPA
Ogawa, Reiko
Chiba University
Aside for resident Filipinos, migrant care workers under EPA were the first foreign staff to be
employed in the Japanese care facilities. EPA not only laid out the ground for migrants to work incare facilities but enhanced reputation of migrants to be capable of undertaking care work.
However, the number was too small to mitigate the labor shortage, so the government decided toopen up new channels for migrants to enter care work. The paper will discuss the potential risks
that the opening up of new channels will bring. It argues that this deregulation of migration policy
does not solve the issues raised by EPA including lack of protection and ensuring decent working
condition but further accelerates the issue by relegating the migration channels to the market.
Based on the experiences of EPA care workers, policy recommendation will be discussed tostrengthen access to justice for migrants in Japan.
95Panel 5d at Room D: Individual Papers on Literature and Culture I
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Nagata, Atsumasa

Some notes on the analysis of selected words in the classic Tagalog short story "Suyuan sa
Tubigan (Courtship at the Water's Edge)" by Macario Pineda using Antconc
Rodriguez, Rommel Barona(University of the Philippines, Diliman)
IN06RodriguezRThis paper aims to contribute to the method of analysis of the classic Tagalog short story""Suyuan sa Tubigan (Courtship at the Water's Edge)"" by Macario Pineda. This short story was
published in 1943 and has appeared several times in various Philippine literary anthologies. The
close reading of ""Suyuan sa Tubigan"" has been presented by leading scholars of Philippine
literature in their previous studies and has undergone various points of critical and formalist
interpretation. In this paper, I use Antconc software to explore an additional method of analysis
and interpretation of the selected text to give way to the interface of Digital Humanities andliterary criticism. The main objective of the paper is to serve as a model on how I integrate thismethod of analysis in literary criticism of the Tagalog/Filipino short story genre class (Panitikan
ng Pilipinas 162-Maikling Kuwento ng Pilipinas/Philippine Literature 162-Short Story of thePhilippines) which I'm currently teaching at the University of the Philippines, Diliman. In addition,
this study also aims to show how Digital Humanities further advances the understanding ofstudents of the complexities of the linguistic stylistics and aesthetics of Macario Pineda as an
author of Tagalog short stories. I will use Antconc to explore and uncover the stylistic devices
used by Macario Pineda in writing this literary canon. The paper will focus on broadening theliterary environment of the most frequent words appearing in the text such as ""kalabaw (water
buffalo),"" ""kalakian (male water buffalo),"" ""tila (seems),"" and specific adjectives such as""ma(pula) (red),"" and ""mabuti (good)."" In doing this, students will be able to articulate notionsof reference in storytelling, context building, and levels of interpretation using these selectedwords. The paper hopes to contribute to the teaching of Philippine literature and literary criticism
in the Tagalog/Filipino language using Digital Humanities.

96

Journey and the Philippines: Arnel Pineda and the Integration of Modern Rock
Golland, David Hamilton(Governors State University)
IN09GollandD
In 2007, the American rock band Journey consisted of white musicians, playing concerts before
white audiences mostly in “red states” with histories of racial intolerance. That year, the band
hired a relatively unknown Filipino cover band singer, Arnel Pineda, as the latest replacement for
their iconic former front man, Steve Perry. Orphaned at a young age and raised on the streets ofManila, one reporter said Pineda’s incredible rags-to riches story would have made Dickens blush.
While a tad overblown, the truth was that his background was very similar to that of his idol,
Perry. He brought the same hunger and fear and anxiety to the band that Perry did. From his first
performance with the band, in Chile, Pineda added a youthful intensity to a group that had long
been written off as “rock dinosaurs.” Touring the States, Pineda’s presence added thousands of
new fans from the Filipino immigrant community. And when the band played the Philippines forthe first time in Pineda’s honor in 2008, they discovered a fan base that had always been there,
waiting for them. In 2020, when Journey disintegrated over legal issues, the new band thatemerged included Pineda and two mainstays of San Francisco’s African-American community.
Thanks to Pineda, Journey allowed itself to become what Americans call “majority-minority”—
and return to the pinnacle of stardom. This paper, part of a larger book project on race in American
popular music, will discuss Arnel Pineda’s background and how his long tenure in Journey has
altered the face of American rock music.
Tabemasho: A Survey Analysis on the Japanese Food Patronized by Filipinos and How It
Reflects Transculturation
Magpile, Christine Marie Lim(University of the Philippines, Diliman)
IN51MagpileC
According to American novelist Jonathan Safran Foer, “food is culture, habit, craving, andidentity” In his Choice Cuts, Mark Kurlansky wrote that “food is a central activity of mankind
and one of the single most significant trademarks of a culture.” Using a purposive survey,
interview, and observation, this analytical study would like to identify what Japanese food is
popular among Filipinos from Metro Manila. Specifically, the study would like to compare andcontrast if the choice of Japanese food among Filipinos are the same or different when it comes97

to age and gender. Additionally, this study would like to explain and analyze the factors that
influence why Filipinos patronize Japanese food like ramen, takoyaki, tempura, and maki.
Thematic analysis will be employed to find out the reason why Filipinos patronize Japanese food.
Lastly, the study would like to describe the level of transculturation in the preference of Filipinos
on Japanese food such as the ingenuity of the names of the stalls or restaurants.
The Suklaban as The World-Within: A Sacred Rite to the Sole Sovereign Healer (Among
the Dumagat of Mauban, Philippines)
Baloloy, Paterno Jr., Buban(University of the Philippines Baguio)
IN68BaloloyP
The paper and the corresponding demonstration will attempt to explicate the specifics anddynamics of Suklaban as a particular rite among the indigenous people/s called Dumagat fromthe town of Mauban in Southern Luzon, Philippines. Suklaban is a Dumagat term itself and it
literally means “surrounded by” but as a rite, it means a “healing within” based on the belief thatthe world-within has been meant to be healed as long as there is a prior recognition to and for the
all-powerful deity called locally as Makidyepat. Makidyepat means “the sovereign who remains
as the sole healer of the world-within” and as such, the Suklaban will be performed, in word/s anddeed, which has been a sacred practice even before the advent of the Covid pandemic. The WorldWithinness in Suklaban also emphasizes (a) the clear primacy of Makidyepat as the assigned
healer since healing has been understood as a special or extraordinary power not given to all and(b) that organic healing is an assertion of the rite as a way to offer the warding off of all diseases,
Covid included, as foreign intrusions in the order of the World-Within which remains both
intrinsically cosmic and earth-grounded. Further discourses on Suklaban will be also expounded
relative to inclusion-exclusion and integral-holistic paradigms and attendant reflections will be
provided as well on some comparative annotations/ruminations/studies on indigenous knowledge,(de)colonization and post-coloniality within Asia-Pacific and the world.

98

Panel 5e at Room E: Individual Papers on the Duterte Administration
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Miyagawa, Shinji

A critical discourse analysis of Rodrigo Duterte’s language on endo and labor unionism
Briones, Jervy Cariño(University of the Philippines Los Baños)
IN01BrionesJ"Rodrigo Duterte, back in his presidential campaign in 2016, promised to end endo orcontractualization. It is a labor practice in the Philippines where companies temporarily employ
workers not exceeding six months otherwise regularization comes that obligates employers to pay
workers’ benefits. With less than a year remaining in his term as president, endo continues
affecting millions of Filipino workers as ending it is no longer a priority of his government. Since
taking power, Duterte gave numerous speeches and interviews on some labor issues, such as endo
and unionism. Interestingly, his perspective had shifted significantly from being a working classhero to a status quo defender characterized by his red-tagging of labor unions that he sees ascommunist ‘fronts’ and his refusal to end endo to seek a so-called balance between labor andcapital. In this study, I considered the spoken and written discourse of Duterte on
contractualization and unionism which can be found online on the websites of different news
agencies and the Presidential Communications Operations Office (PCOO). The text and talk thenwere analyzed through the lenses of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), specifically the sociocognitive approach by Teun van Dijk. The results show that Duterte’s discourse on labor issues
exemplifies power and ideology and reinforces social representations against labor unionism.
Keywords: critical discourse analysis, labor unionism, power, Rodrigo Duterte"Kill Them All" Intellectualized: Reading Power Relations and Antagonisms of Strategies
and Dissections in Sandata's Kolateral
Pineda, Andrei Pinzon
IN35PinedaA"Kill Them All" Intellectualized is an attempt to critically examine the political sites of power
relations present in the musical album Kolateral (2019) by Sandata and its depiction of Philippine
President Duterte's drug war. With the rising death toll in the Philippines caused by the war on
drugs orchestrated by President Rodrigo Duterte, many eyes were widened with the seemingly
utter disregard for the value of human lives in the administration. Reports on extrajudicial killings99

rose, the poor being targeted in the drug war was observed, and the President’s frequent remarks
filled with foul and vulgar words regarding the drug war were all considered quotidian in the
country’s fight towards the eradication of drug trade. As rights groups protest the bloodshed, anorganization that consists of artists called Sandata released a twelve-tracked project to counter
President Duterte’s drug war; a project called Kolateral. The album contains songs that highlightand chronicle the plights of several drug war victims as the songs were based on real-life stories.
Grounded on the theories of power relations by Michel Foucault and Marxism and power by Bob
Jessop, this study specifically attempts to read the maneuverings of the Duterte Administration’s
war on drugs as well as Kolateral’s active opposition towards such initiative of the government.
To achieve this, five central themes are highlighted: the condition of Filipino laborers, theprejudice the lower class faces in the drug war, images of resistance against the government,
extrajudicial killings, and general representations of power dynamics.
Localizing Duterte’s Philippine Anti-Illegal Drugs Strategy
Quintana, Michael Ray Bolanio(Department of the Interior and Local Government)
IN36QuintanaM
President Rodrigo Duterte launched the Philippine Anti-Illegal Drugs Strategy (PADS) in 2018.
The program served as the blueprint of the Philippine government’s strategies in addressing thenation’s drug use problems using a whole-of-nation approach. The goal is to combat the
proliferation of illegal drugs, suppress its supply, and create greater awareness through the many
Local Government Units (provinces, cities, and municipalities) that comprise the Philippines.
Pursuant to the PADS, the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) was tasked
to conduct the Anti-Drug Abuse Council (ADAC) Audit, to ensure that the Local Government
Units would strengthen their respective ADACs.
This study examines the performance of Iloilo Province located in the Western Visayan region of
the Philippines. Using publicly accessible data of ADAC audit for the period of 2019-2021, theresearch probes the ADAC Audit Instrument and how selected local government units responded
to the program’s initiatives. Furthermore, this preliminary study looks into the strengths andweaknesses of its implementation as well as raises questions on how the Anti-Drug Abuse Council(ADAC) Audit attempted to translate genuine and meaningful change in the Iloilo, Philippines’
overall peace and order situation.

100Chico River Pump Irrigation Project Under Duterte: A Continuity ff Marcos Sr.’s
Development Aggression in the Cordilleras
Santos, John Carlo Sanchez(University of the Philippines Los Baños)
IN42SantosJ
This paper argues that Rodrigo Duterte’s Chico River Pump Irrigation Project under the Build,
Build, Build Program is a continuity of Ferdinand Marcos Sr.’s development aggression in the
Cordilleras.
The argument of this paper is based on three main points: 1) the public statements and appeal of
the Cordillera Peoples Alliance (with related publications stating that CRPIP is “antidevelopment”); 2) the anomalies surrounding the China Exim Bank Loan Agreement supporting
the CRPIP; 3) the violations against the rights of the national minorities that are supposed to beupheld under the Indigenous People Rights Act of 1997.
This paper will also use Gustavo Esteva’s (2010) concept of “underdevelopment” to further
explain 1) how the CRPIP and the BBB are considered anti-Filipino and 2) how and why thesedevelopment projects (and policies) are results of the neocolonial ideology that is further
strengthened by the Duterte-China relations.
In conclusion, this paper will explain the disparity in the concept of “development” under Duterte.
For the Cordilleras, this form of “development” promotes aggression, disenfranchises the identity
and history of the national minorities, and distorts the history of struggles of Macli-ing Dulag andits peoples under Marcos. Moreover, this paper will stand that the “genuine” essence ofdevelopment begins only when the government acknowledges the people’s right to selfdetermination and when the Philippine laws grant Cordillera its full autonomy.
Keywords:
development, Cordillera, Chico River, underdevelopment, Build Build Build, Duterte
Duterte’s Transactionalist Foreign Policy and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Candelaria, John Lee(Hiroshima University)
IN55CandelariaJ
The study aims to contribute a new layer to the existing analyses of Duterte’s foreign policy by arguingthat his foreign policy epitomized what Bashirov and Yilmaz (2020) identify as transactionalism. A
transactionalist foreign policy favors bilateral to multilateral relations, focuses on short-term wins101

rather than long-term foresight, adheres to a zero-sum world view, rejects value-based policymaking,and does not follow a grand strategy. Most of these qualities are already noticeable in many foreign
policy issues of the Duterte administration, such as its relationship with China and the United States.
However, the study finds that Duterte’s transactionalism was most observable during the COVID-19
pandemic. More specifically, the study’s analysis reveals that the logic behind the administration’s
pandemic management and its diplomatic overtures to secure vaccines could only make sense within
the lens of transactionalism. Ultimately, the study points to the perils of a transactional foreign policy
since diplomacy based on relationships of benefit could mean the erosion of trust in international
alliances and a rules-based order.

Panel 6a at Room A: Frontiers of Extraction: Power, conflict and resistance in Philippines’
resource sectors
Panel Chair: Lopez, Mario Ivan & Singh, Jewellord T. Nem(Center for Southeast Asian Studies (CSEAS) / International Institute of Social Studies (ISS),The Hague)
PA11LopezM
Panel abstract:
Economic globalization–ingrained within the neoliberal paradigm–has given rise to existential
threats at a planetary scale especially in the Global South. While the logic of frontier expansion
occurs across the world economy, the (re)ordering of nature-society relations in contemporary
Philippines offer a window through which we can study rent-seeking and historicallycontextualized forms of maintaining social power through (control of) the ‘environment’. At atime when changing socio-ecological conditions call for an overhaul of incumbent energy andresource regimes, it is increasingly urgent to examine how these dynamics play out across key
nature-based sectors--mining, energy, steel/cement and fisheries—and the extent to which thesedelay or inhibit transformative change. The panel thus seeks to ask broader questions relevant inclimate politics and comparative inter-disciplinary research on the environment through the lensof Philippine Studies: in what ways do existing dominant state-business and nature-society
configurations constrain effective policies aimed at decarbonization and growth strategies
promoting socio-ecological justice? What accounts for the stability of particular resource regimes,
and what are the possibilities for resistance and social change? Drawing from fieldwork based
research on the interface of political economy, resource geography, and political ecology,
participants seek to examine why and how extractivist logics, oligarchical power, and weak forms
of democratic accountability set important limitations on the pathway towards decarbonizationand the development of alternative forms of resource management.

102

The cement, steel, and infrastructure interface: China’s export and investment boom in thePhilippines
Camba, Alvin(Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver)
How does Chinese capital affect host country pathways toward decarbonization? Works havefocused on the nature of the energy systems, but they pay little attention to the complementaryindustries that generate huge amounts of carbon emissions. Chinese cement and steel, which are
expressions of overcapacity, are major contributors to host country carbon emissions. However,what is unexplored are the host country drivers for the expansion of cement and steel. I suggestthat the existence of a host country infrastructure drive is the key domestic driver in the expansionof Chinese cement and steel in the Global South. I argue that an infrastructure drive leads to anincrease in cement and steel imports and investors, generating an elite pact that consolidates
competing elite interests by properly allocating the gains to be made by subsequent construction
activities. While some incumbent firms will be dissatisfied with new competition, others, such as
those in construction and services, will be fine with the arrangement due to increased commercial
activities that follow, benefiting every participating firm in the process. Put simply, an
infrastructure’s artificial demand gap results in incumbent partners defending their new exporters
and foreign investors, effectively generating a demand for cement and steel that impedes global
efforts to decarbonize. I illustrate this argument using multiple exports and investment databases
alongside semi-structured interviews with firms and government officials in Rodrigo Duterte’s
Philippines (2016-2022).

A coalitional politics framework in studying High Rent Sectors: The Philippines as a case
studySingh, Jewellord T. Nem(International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), The Hague)
A growing scholarship has focused on the utility of political coalitions for its robust explanatory
power in explaining coalitional dynamics, rent-seeking, and economic development. This paper
aims to contribute to this literature by applying a coalitional politics framework in examining how
state actors respond in contexts where political stakes are high and economic rents are subject tocompetitive claims-making. By examining the changing political arrangements in the Philippine
mining industry, the paper demonstrates how policy consensus around paradigms are crafted,
consolidated, and sometimes contested by other actors. This paper focusses on how material103interests shape the dynamics between state bureaucrats, business organizations, and civil society
organizations and how rent-seeking interests shape the trajectory of policies. Firstly, I outline alonger historical timeframe starting from Ferdinand Marcos Sr. (1965-1986), and thenreclassifying contemporary regime dynamics as the Edsa Republic (1986-2016) and the return ofconservative authoritarianism (2016-present). Secondly, I focus on state-business relations as thefulcrum of coalitional stability and the role of civil society mobilization in reforming the dominantneoliberal orthodoxy in these regimes. In so doing, the study finds that mining regimes appear toretain more institutional continuity than change—a consensus around neoliberal paradigm
explaining the difficulty in promoting a redistributive paradigm—and this stability is derived fromthe apparently stable rent-seeking arrangements among businesses. Overall, this paper offers analternative pathway against the political settlement literature dominant in African political
economy and the neo-extractivist paradigm in Latin American studies.
Power shift: A political ecology approach to Philippine energy transition
de los Reyes, Julie(Center for Southeast Asian Studies (CSEAS), Kyoto University)
Despite holding significant potential for renewable energy, the Philippines has been heavily
reliant on fossil fuels to service its energy needs. Coal emerged, in particular, as a fuel of choice
as energy provision was progressively transferred to the private sector. This paper contextualizes
this preference for coal by examining the investment motives and practices of the country’s largest
energy producers which hold control of the on-grid electricity system. I demonstrate how thematerial characteristics of coal and the socio-economic arrangements that govern its use createdthe conditions for guaranteed wealth accumulation, allowing the largest firms to realize
economies of scale and high market share while transferring risks to consumers. This has not only
incentivized a build-out of coal over the past decades, but also complicates decarbonization in the
power sector in two ways: firstly, profit considerations make decentralized, typically smaller scale
low-carbon alternatives unattractive for established players, thereby increasing the likelihood ofa pivot to LNG as a bridge fuel to transition; secondly, the long economic lifespan of coal fired
power plants locks-in future emissions, making retirement necessary but costly and risky for gridstability. I mobilize a political ecology framework to elucidate the uneven sharing of cost, risks
and benefits in the Philippine energy system, and the challenge to oligarchic power required toensure that transition is both environmentally and socially just.

104Populist Ecologies of Laguna Lake
Saguin, Kristian Karlo(Department of Geography, University of the Philippines Diliman)
Since the introduction of aquaculture in 1970, Laguna Lake has become a hotbed of resource
conflicts that successive governance regimes have long sought to resolve. The place of the fishpen- large enclosures owned by wealthy individuals or corporations - and its dispossessive
implications have become central to the contentions surrounding resource use in the lake and its
environmental management. These conflicts at certain moments have also captured the national
imagination and have served as a venue for enacting populist performances. In this presentation,
I track the historical and contemporary controversies surrounding the governance of fisheries in
Laguna Lake and how it embodies particular populist ecologies, which emerge at the intersectionof populist politics and environmental issues. I compare Ferdinand Marcos’ rhetoric in earlyenvironmental governance strategies of managing the unruly expansion of fishpens in the lake inthe late 1970s and early 1980s with Rodrigo Duterte’s law-and-order approach to “cleaning up’’the lake and restoring it to its pristine condition after his election to the presidency in 2016. These
populist ecological narratives carry particular visions of the environment, development and thestate that have also been revived and reproduced in other spatial and temporal contexts in thePhilippines.
Panel 6b at Room B: Individual Papers on WWII
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Okada, Taihei
Revisiting Collaboration and Resistance: The Philippine General Hospital during theJapanese Occupation Period
Joven, Arnel Estrada(University of Asia and the Pacific)
IN45JovenA
This paper seeks to revisit the historiography of the Japanese occupation period by interrogating
the now-problematic binary opposition of “collaboration” versus “resistance.” To do so, this study
looks at a case study, that of the Philippine General Hospital as institution that represented themicrocosm of Philippine society under Japanese rule. PGH was a leading institution thatsuccessfully put the Japanese at bay yet accommodated them to some extent. Beyond theinstitutional biography, this study re-examines individual narratives from the medical
professionals to the patients who were involved with the PGH during the occupation period. There105

are numerous accounts published as wartime biographies, newspaper clippings, etc., including
oral histories and interviews of wartime survivors who worked at PGH or were involved with it
one way or another during the period. However, a unifying framework to understand thecomplexity of their experiences has been lost to a dogmatic dichotomy of either collaboration orresistance. Yet, existing accounts point both to varying degrees of collaboration and resistance atthe same time, for the sake of survival. Thus, this paper seeks to revisit these wartime experiences
as case studies within the confines of the PGH as a social history of the Filipinos who struggled
and juggled between collaboration and resistance in order to survive the period.

Asia-Pacific War in Southeastern Mindanao: Comparing Japanese and Filipino Stories in
Davao City and NLSA
Badilles, Hannee Saloria & Barriga, Maria Cynthia(History Department, Mindanao State University - General Santos City & Waseda University)
IN57BadillesH
Southeastern Mindanao had been a dynamic Filipino-Japanese settler zone since the early 20th
century. Yet, its Asia-Pacific War histories (1941-1945), undergirded by national war narrativesof “the Filipino” and “the Japanese,” rarely converse and fail to capture the diversity of the area.
In response, the presentation juxtaposes Japanese stories in Davao City and Filipino stories at the
National Land Settlement Area (NLSA) in the border of Davao and Cotabato provinces. During
the war, the Japanese locals in Davao City increasingly participated in Japan’s war effort, and by1944 the entire Japanese populace was militarized. In April 1945, the Japanese (including womenand children) escaped to Tamugan where they suffered inhospitable terrain, lack of provisions,and US air raids. At Japan’s defeat, they entered US camps where they faced Filipino retribution.
Finally, in late 1945, most were repatriated to Japan, thus ending the hybrid Davao settler zone.
In contrast, Filipino lives in NLSA continued mostly unchanged during the first half of the war,
due to an agreement between General Paulino Santos and local Japanese officers. However, as
the Japanese military hyped up its efforts, Filipinos were forced to construct the Buayan airport.
In 1945, they evacuated to even less populated areas to escape the increasingly ruthless Japanesesoldiers. Then after Liberation, Filipinos returned home without their Japanese neighbors who(the researchers suspect) were also shipped to Japan. By juxtaposing Japanese and Filipino stories
in southeastern Mindanao, we aim to compel Philippine and Japan historians to converse andadvance both war historiographies.

106Filipino ‘comfort women’ issues –what is still necessary to restore justice for the lolas?
Okimoto, Naoko(Pamana Rin Tayo (PART) / PHETHAPEP: Philippines-Hiroshima Exchange through History
and Peace Education Projects)
IN58OkimotoN
After three decades of continuous efforts, Japanese military wartime sexual violence survivors,
the lolas - grandmothers in Filipino, are still fighting for justice. What measures have been taken
and what is still necessary to restore justice for the lolas? In this presentation, an overview of theactions undertaken by the Japanese and Filipino governments are reviewed through (a) the
materials archived in the website of the Asian Women’s Fund (AWF) regarding the atonement
projects in the Philippines, (b) the views, demands and efforts for justice of Lila Pilipina and‘comfort women’ survivors reported in the publications by advocates for the lolas, such as “Primer
on Filipino ‘Comfort Women’: Questions and Answers” (1992), the second book of “War Crimes
on Asian Women: Military Sexual Slavery by Japan” - The case of the Filipino Comfort Women(1998), and “Piglas-Diwa” (2003) and (c) news articles, particularly on the removal of the first‘comfort woman’ statue by the Philippine government in 2018. The enduring struggles of the lolas
are discussed taking into account the activities of their Filipino and Japanese advocates. Somepoints in contrast to their Korean counterparts are also viewed. Discussing the gap between thepolicies of the governments and desired justice for the survivors, namely official apology andcompensation as well as historical inclusion, draws out some suggestions on further actions
citizens can make to bring justice to the lolas, in collaboration with them, their families and theirsupporters who have long been demanding justice for all the survivors.
Panel 6c at Room C: (Im)mobilities, (Mis)representations, and Socialities among Filipino
Migrant Workers under the Pandemic
Panel Chair: Nagasaka, Itaru(Hiroshima University)
Panel Discussant: Asis, Maruja
PA07NagasakaI
Panel Abstract:
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, governments had restricted people’s mobility, but they had
selectively encouraged certain categories of workers, referred to as “essential workers,” to remain
mobile to sustain society. Focusing on migrant workers amid the pandemic, we can observe that,while many of them were rendered immobile and forced to “stay at home” or to remain in their107

home countries, those who engaged or were planning to engage in essential work, such as healthcare or agriculture, were rendered mobile and required to work or even permitted to relocateinternationally. The pandemic increased the awareness that the presence of such migrant workers
is “essential” to support society, but at the same time, it tightened the surveillance and augmented
the sense of discrimination towards migrant workers, who are also represented as “those who
might spread the virus.” This panel aims to examine and compare the variegated ways Filipino
migrant workers engaging in different occupations in different countries have experienced the
pandemic and reconstructed their social lives, while they were required to be (im)mobile and wererepresented in various ways. Through such examination and comparison, this panel demonstrates
how migratory trajectories of Filipino workers in different countries have intersected with thediverse, in many cases exceptional, ways of (im)mobilization of labor, as well as the(mis)representations of migrant populations during the pandemic. It thus attempts to provide
insight into the complex interrelationships between migration infrastructure, the pandemic, andpeople’s agency.
Coping with the economic blow of the pandemic: the case of (ir)regular Filipino migrant
domestic workers in Paris
Fresnoza-Flot, Asuncion & Buson, Kristine(Université libre de Bruxelles & Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales)
Many studies show that irregular migration status causes everyday constraints on the lives of
undocumented migrant workers more than on those of their documented counterparts.
Considering this observation, workers in irregular migration situation may have encounteredduring the height of the CoVid-19 pandemic in 2020 more difficulties than regular migrant
workers. To find out, we examine in this presentation the impact of French state’s health measureson two groups of Filipino domestic workers in Paris: one composed of documented migrants andthe other composed of undocumented ones. For this presentation, we drew from our analysis of
French state’s health measures in 2020 and from a set of 20 semi-structured interviews with
Filipino domestic workers. Our analysis unveiled that documented and undocumented migrantsinterviewed differed in the impact of the pandemic on their economic situation. Whereas
documented Filipino workers benefited from the French state’s “partial unemployment package”
easing their economic burden, undocumented workers suffered from their “no work, no pay” setup and from eventual loss of employment. To confront their difficulties, these migrants relied on
the help of their Filipino friends and associations, and for a few of them, continued working albeit
forbidden by the law. Despite the relative economic effects of the pandemic on their lives, themigrants interviewed found themselves adapting well to the situation, thanks to the French state’s
108vaccination program, the aids from Filipino associations, and the emotional closeness they
developed with their family members.
Navigating the COVID-19 pandemic: The resilience strategies of undocumented Filipino
migrant domestic workers in the UK and Netherlands
Galam, Roderick & Siruno, Lalaine & Gatinao, Allysa(Oxford Brooks University & Maastricht University & Independent Researcher)
Drawing on 40 interviews conducted between December 2021 and April 2022, we examine in thispresentation the resilience strategies of undocumented Filipino migrant domestic workers in the
UK and Netherlands. Due to their legal status, they were fearful of seeking medical help as well
as excluded from various government economic and financial assistance programmes. We defineresilience strategies as the ways and means adopted by these Filipino migrants to cope with, adapt
to, or transform, the negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. We situate these strategies in
the context of the legal structure and bureaucratic landscape that have shaped and continue tovitally shape the precarious lives of these Filipinos. Further, we frame these strategies within theanalytic lens of “social navigation,” which accounts for the ways by which people “disentangle
themselves from confining structures, plot their escape and move towards better positions” (Vigh2009: 419). We identify and discuss micro-, meso-, and macro-level strategies, and highlight theimportant role of individual characteristics and circumstances, networks/social capital, andservice providers in how undocumented Filipinos navigated the COVID-19 pandemic and thevulnerabilities and social exclusions that are inseparable to their experience of the pandemic.
Differences and Transformations: Negotiating Filipino-ness in Canada during the Pandemic
Bonifacio, Glenda Tibe
(University of Lethbridge)
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted normative social relations brought about by mandated
public health protocols, travel restrictions, and individual adaptations to promote health and wellbeing. Migrant Filipino workers, newcomers, new residents, and other markers of migration statusseem ambiguous in the representation of Filipinos in Canada. This presentation examines thenotions of Filipino-ness as expressed in disrupted social engagements during the pandemic, howcultural affinities are transmuted under differing situations and the possibilities of transformations
in fostering trans/national identities. Filipino-ness is a subjective interplay of identity and place109

making within and across borders of belonging. Using a combination of critical race theories andthe model of the “circuit of culture” (du Gay et al 1997) with different moments to include
representation, identity, production, and regulation processes, I argue that the challenges brought
about by the pandemic significantly contributed to the reproduction and transformation of social
identities of marginalized communities. Filipinos as racialized immigration subjects have become
identified as ‘essential workers’ during the pandemic quite different from the negative positioning
as “TFWs” (temporary foreign workers) pre-pandemic. This presentation seeks to understand howchanging the economic discourse from disposable labour to essential labour during the pandemic
has contributed to shaping new Filipino identities in Canada while at the same time dealing withrising anti-Asian racism that foregrounds power and inequities. Data is based on twenty online
interviews with Filipinos in Alberta who worked in essential services and industry and areconsidered recent immigrants to Canada.
Invisibilities and (mis)representation of Filipina Migrant Workers in Japan during the
pandemic
Ono, Eri & Ogaya, Chiho(Dokkyo University & Ferris University)
Filipina migrant workers in Japan have been working as both productive and reproductive
labor in “essential” sectors such as the food processing and care industries. However,
because of the bias and misrepresentation against them, which have been embedded inJapanese society for a long time, they are rendered less valuable and more invisible despite
the socio-economic demand for their labor during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Based on the fieldwork in the rural areas of Japan, we will explore how Filipina migrants,
who have been living in Japan as permanent residents, are still recognized as “gendered”
disposable labor under the COVID-19 pandemic, in different ways than newcomer migrants,
such as TITP workers.
Mobilizing and Remobilizing Immobilized Labor: Filipino Technical Interns in Japanese
Agricultural Sector and their Pandemic Experiences.
Iida, Yuya & Nagasaka, Itaru(Ehime University & Hiroshima University)
Because of the need for increased labor intensity in food production and a shortage of labor in an
aging society, Japan’s agriculture and food production sectors have become increasingly
dependent on migrant workers with a “Technical Intern” status. These “interns” are rendered110

“immobile” in their destinations for a fixed period of time as they are not allowed to change theiroccupations and workplaces. The pandemic had a considerable impact on such a migration
infrastructure, as new technical interns, an indispensable element of this rotational migration
system, could not enter Japan owing to the border closure. On the one hand, Filipino workers
were rendered even more “immobile,” as their daily activities were severely restricted to theregion where the farm was located, and their scheduled off-season vacations were delayed. On
the other hand, they were made “mobile” as they were required to work at the farms to maintainvegetable production. Moreover, the border closure that hindered the entry of new interns as wellas the recognition of their labor as “essential work” has not resulted in a pay rise or an
improvement in their working conditions, partly because the government exceptionally allowed
technical interns, who were engaged in other occupations in other regions, to be brought(“remobilized”) into the agricultural sector. By introducing the analytical lens of“(im)mobilization of labor,” this presentation illustrates such dynamics where Filipino farmworkers in central Japan have experienced the pandemic based on face-to-face and online
interviews with Filipino interns and employers in 2021 and 2022.
Panel 6d at Room D: Individual Papers on Conflict and Peacebuilding II
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Taniguchi, Miyoko

An Overview of the Economic Performance and Human Development in the Bangsamoro
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, 2019-2021: Future Prospects and Challenges
Del Mundo, Duaqui Yellowbelle & Pendatun, Sittie Amirah K.
(De La Salle University and Bangsamoro Finance Office Ministry of Finance, and Budget andManagement Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao)
IN62DuaquiY
The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) was created with theratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law through plebiscite in 2019. It is a product of several
years of peace negotiations between the Philippine government and the Moro Islamic Liberation
Front (MILF) which culminated during the Aquino administration in 2014. BARMM is the only
Muslim-majority autonomous region in the Philippines. Since its inception, BARMM’s economy
has grown to 7.5 percent in 2021. It is currently the second fastest-growing region in thePhilippines. Beyond economic performance, this paper also dissects the state of humandevelopment in BARMM by looking at the health and education situation in the region using
various indicators such as life expectancy, poverty incidence, average food expenditure, access tosafe water and sanitary toilets, infant mortality, maternal mortality, malnutrition and other diseases,
111

basic and functional literacy, enrolment of elementary and high school children, andunemployment. This qualitative study makes use of documents review of government
publications such as laws, executive issuances, technical and socioeconomic reports, policy
speeches, among others. Overall, the study assesses BARMM’s current economic performanceand human development and charts its future prospects and challenges with regards to deepening
democratic processes, pursuing empowerment and poverty alleviation, and sustaining economic
growth in the region. Key words: Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao,
economic performance, human development.
Role of Social Enterprises in the Peacebuilding Agenda in Bangsamoro, the Philippines
Marte, Harmond Pedrosa(Graduate, Hiroshima University)
IN75MarteH
The ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL) in January 2019 ushered in optimism inbuilding sustainable peace in Bangsamoro, a Muslim-dominated region in the Philippines thatexperienced over 40 years of conflict. Following decades of secessionist movement, terrorist acts,and ethnic social cleavages, the BOL hopes to establish a just political system that isrepresentative of the desires of the Bangsamoro people. While parties traditionally involved in
the peace agenda include state actors and members of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, thisresearch looks at the opportunities tapped by social enterprises (SEs) in establishing its stake inthe peacebuilding agenda. In particular, this paper covers the activities of The Moropreneur Inc.
and the Maranao Collectibles, two SEs that emerged after the signing of the peace agreement in2014. This paper traces how these SEs foster peace in a post-conflict region that goes beyond
corporate social responsibility and philanthropic activities. Through a narrative analysis approach,the research captures the impact of SEs in security governance and identifies entry points forfruitful engagement. Participants of the research are based in Marawi and Maguindanao, and wereinterviewed from 2020 to 2021. Among the assertions of this research include the capacity of
livelihood to mitigate conflict cycle and the sense of normalcy brought by jobs especially during
times of intense fragility. Finally, business owners and CEOs were interviewed in order toinvestigate their motivation when conducting business in an unstable environment.

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Dividing the Bangsamoro - challenges and opportunities for 2025
Ochiai, Naoyuki(Japan International Cooperation Agency)
IN80OchiaiN
Former Senator Ferdinand Marcos Jr. won for the next Philippine President on national election
on May 9, 2022, while incumbent Vice President Leni Robredo lost. In Bangsamoro Autonomous
Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), two major groups divided to support each presidential
candidate. The Family Alliance which composed of traditional local leaders endorsed Candidate
Ferdinand Marcos Jr. while United Bangsamoro Justice Party of an electorate, Moro Islam
Liberation Front (UBJP-MILF) endorsed Candidate Leni Robledo. It is remarkable that he won
in all provinces in BARMM. Two major groups also competed each other on local elections,
Governorship and Mayorship in the region. Most of election sheets have been steadily possessedby the Family Alliance. UBJP have won only on Mayorship of Cotabato City and some
Mayorships in Maguindanao province and Basilan province. The transition period has been
extended by Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL) until next election in 2025. In this transitional
period, MILF leads continuously Bangsamoro Transitional Authority (BTA), the Executive Bodyin accordance with BOL. In the meantime, BOL says that the Chief Minister of BTA and 80
members of BARMM Parliament are appointed by the Philippine President. Dividing of theBangsamoro will definitely affect to its peace process. The presentation will discuss about
challenges and opportunities for 2025
Panel 6e at Room E: Individual Papers: Looking Back and Looking Forward on a Marcos
Administration I
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Ota, Kazuhiro

Development of Ideas of the Post EDSA Philippine Catholic Church on National Elections
Miyawaki, Satoshi(Osaka University)
IN29MiyawakiS
Public expression of the support of Leni Robredo by some groups in the Catholic Church in the2022 election, especially a group of clergies, is a remarkable phenomenon, as Catholic Church
authority has long been declaring “non-partisan” involvement of clergies.
113

Part of the background of what happened seems to be the ""development"" of the stance of theCatholic Church on national election – which needs further analyses, as most observers, including
the presenter himself, have seen the church policy as ""basically the same"" in post-EDSA.
This presentation will make the process of development clear, by analyzing the related official
church documents in the political and ecclesial context, and from these lenses by reexamining the
moves and statements of the church people in the latest 2022 election campaign“De-Marcosification” and the rise of new urban rentiers: On the unintended consequencesof post-EDSA privatizations
Cardenas, Kenneth
IN38CardenasKThis paper revisits the lasting imprint left by privatizations after the EDSA Revolution on thedevelopment of capitalism in the Philippines in the early 21st century, with an emphasis on pathdependence, unintended consequences, and domestic technocratic and bureaucratic actors.
Focusing on the efforts of the Presidential Commission on Government Reorganization (PCGR)
in the late 1980s, it re-evaluates how a specific understanding of the state’s role in the economy
was developed through the reorganization of crony- and state-owned enterprises. It proposes thatconsequential features of privatization were not the outcome of an ideologically-coherent
liberalization. Instead, they were part of a moralized “De-Marcosification” process: liquidating
crony-owned or inefficient state investments to fund agrarian reform. This practice of linking
proceeds from privatizations to specific policy objectives, in the form of “special accounts”, hadsince proliferated across the Philippine government. Key development and policy objectives werelinked to the speed and constancy of asset liquidation, and became decisive in how privatizationsin the 1990s and 2000s were implemented. It then situates the convergence of big Philippine
businesses on urban property development and infrastructure from 2001 onward within the
resultant political economy. By this period, the markets created by the privatizations had become
dominated by Philippine-nationality conglomerates, as they diversified away from their legacy
interests. These new investments reflect a strategy of vertically-integrated rentierism: valuecapture from overseas Filipinos and IT offshoring through the urban and infrastructuralenvironment, with minimal direct value-creation. This strategy had become the primary factor in
shaping economic landscapes across the Philippines.

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Marcos and Pinochet at the International Writing Program
Nadal, Paul(Princeton University)
IN40NadalP
What does a literary history of early neoliberal state formation look like? This paper situates thelate-60s establishment of Paul Engle and Hualing Nieh’s International Writing Program (IWP)
within political histories of neoliberalism by tracking the recruitment of two writers—Wilfrido D.
Nolledo (Philippines) and José Donoso (Chile). It shows how their presence at IWP facilitated theprogram’s self-fashioning as a counter-ideological force to so-called Third World authoritarianism.
Whereas Nolledo came to IWP as an MFA student, Donoso was employed as a visiting lecturer,
whose Fiction Writing course Nolledo took during his first year. The paper examines not only thestudent-teacher dynamic between Nolledo and Donoso, but also how the rise of US-backed
dictatorial regimes in their home countries (Ferdinand Marcos in Nolledo's Philippines andAugusto Pinochet's in Donoso's Chile) shaped their political translations of program-era ideas ofcraft. How to read the broader political story of totalitarianisms that hemmed in Donoso andNolledo's study abroad poses an interesting methodological problem for literary sociology, sinceneither Marcos nor Pinochet were rarely, if ever, overtly invoked. Whether to interpret thegeopolitical process in terms of ""field"" (Bourdieu) or ""totality"" (Adorno), I argue, will haveconsequences for how to critically interpret the role literary institutions like the IWP played insocial histories of neoliberalism.
Panel 7a at Room A: Individual Papers on Filipinos and the Pandemic II
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Kiba, Saya
Please Forward: An Ethnographic Analysis on Messages Circulating in Social Media(Chain Messages) during the Time of COVID 19
Tiongson, Aleeza; Casipit, Danielle; Cordero, Dominic & Echague, Precious(University of the Philippines)
IN34TiongsonA
As avenues of communication have now shifted towards the digital sphere, we can observe how
the increasing number of chain messages circulating in social media, especially in the time of
COVID-19, has fostered online communities despite the distance and lack of physical interaction.
In this study, we examined how forwarded messages can reflect the views and experiences of115

individuals during the pandemic and how these create networks of individuals with shared beliefs
and values. Applying Austin’s (1962) Speech Act Theory and Saville-Troike’s (2003)
Ethnography of Speaking, we aimed to determine how different themes (e.g. vaccines, home
remedies, religion, reminders) regarding the pandemic are tackled by a collection of selectmessages forwarded through Facebook Messenger by Filipino users. In analyzing these messages,
we conducted online interviews with those who forwarded these messages themselves. We also
looked into how these messages utilize certain registers and styles of communication to appeal to
the reader and how the receiver’s experiences affect their interpretation of the messages. In turn,the recipients were observed to forward and practice the information from the messages they
related to, thus serving as a reflection of their personal beliefs and values. The act of forwardingis also perceived to be an extension of the sender’s self, as these messages are utilized to connect
with and show care for their loved ones while also disseminating information regarding the
pandemic among their network. All these aspects of forwarding messages seem to create a senseof community despite the online setting.
Online Capacity Building Activities (OCBA): the PPP Center’s Strategic Response to
Learner Demand in the Time of the Pandemic
Calma, Christian Placido, Gacrama(Public-Private Partnership Center of the Philippines)
IN52CalmaC
Using Kurt Lewin’s model of change, the paper shall attempt to explain how the Public- Private
Partnership (PPP) Center of the Philippines transitioned the implementation of its training
mandate from a traditionally face-to-face experience to a technology-driven initiative, in responseto the greater demand for PPP knowledge among the many government agencies across thecountry and despite the limitations brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. With this in mind,
the main research question is posed: how can a small government agency, such as the PPP Center,deliver its capacity building mandate given the limited resources at its disposal due to theworkplace changes brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic?
Adapting Lewin’s model of change, the study shall divide the entire process as follows:•

During the Unfreeze Stage, the PPP Center had to revisit how the COVID-19 has
impacted how it delivers on its mandate; allow it to take stock of its existing processes
and available resources; articulate the problem given the lockdowns and suspension ofwork; and gather buy-in from principals, colleagues, partners, and clients.

116

•

At the Change Stage, the proposed solution is devised; allowing for the re-tooling ofcontent, processes, and platforms; capacitating personnel on the new competencies
needed to deliver an online training program; and tapping national and international
partners to augment resource deficiencies; and piloting the new system.

•

The Refreeze Stage documents the implementation and results of the change program
and the feedback processes necessary to improve; and leading to an exploration of thepotential for e-learning to complement the existing suite of capacity building services.

Results of this study may inform similarly-situated government institutions of the opportunities
and pitfalls of re-tooling certain aspects of their core services to better respond to client demands
and the consequences of large-scale disruptive events such as pandemics.
On and Off: Challenges and Evolution of Student Activism in Post-Pandemic Philippines
Pareja, Kathryn Nicole Ang; Villanueva, Isabela Fernandez; Villarin, Jose Miguel Labuca &Cuizon, Ana Leah Dungog(University of the Philippines Cebu)
IN65ParejaKSince the early 1960s, student activism and its related movements have occupied a permanent
space within Philippine politics in addressing local and national issues; it has become increasingly
prominent during the Duterte administration due to the threats and violations of human rights andis poised to continue under the Marcos-Duterte administration. As such, it has not been exemptedfrom the administration’s crackdown on state critics, with students being threatened, red-tagged,
and arrested. The COVID-19 pandemic caused an abrupt halt to in-person activism, which
prompted student activism to adapt from ‘offline’ to online activism. As a result of the worseningsocial conditions and the expansion of the means of democratic participation, student activism
has become more evident, but so have its pre-existing difficulties and those inherent to online
activism. This paper assesses the state of student activism (i.e., its forms, challenges, andeffectiveness) in private and public higher education institutions (HEIs) within Cebu City,
Philippines through interviews with student activists. It seeks to address the gaps with regards towhether online activism is an impediment and/or a boon to student activism and what its tradeoffs are. It analyzes such under the framework of Oliver, Marwell, & Teixeria’s Critical Mass
Theory (CMT). It ultimately aims to propose an inclusive post-pandemic model of student
activism. Entering the uncertain new normal necessitates an enduring system and culture of
democratic participation, which student activists have a large stake and considerable influence
over.
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Panel 7b at Room B: Individual Papers on History II
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Suzuki, Nobutaka
Hokkien Monks and Chinese Buddhism in the Philippines: A Preliminary Study on Manila
Seng Guan Temple
Wang Luer(Research School for Southeast Asian Studies, Xiamen University)
IN49WangL
In modern times, a large number of Hokkien people migrated to Philippine islands. Chinese
Buddhism was also implanted to the Philippine islands along with Hokkien migrants. In 1936, theManila Seng Guan Buddhist temple was set up, which is also the first Chinese Buddhist temple
in the Philippines. Chinese monks from Fujian have played an important role in spreading
Buddhism, which has become an important religion in shaping the Chinese community in thePhilippines. This paper, taking a case study of Seng Guan temple, attempts to explore thedissemination of Chinese Buddhism in the Philippines by adopting the methods of text analysis
and field investigation, and to understand the meaning of Buddhism in Manila Chinese society.
Moreover, the temple has been playing a pioneering role in the spread of Buddhism from Manila
to the outer islands, and even affected the surrounding provinces of Mindanao. In addition, thispaper also attempts to analyze the multiple factors that promote the spread of Chinese Buddhism
from the perspective of society, culture and gender, and explore the localization of Chinese
Buddhism in the Philippines.
Disaster Studies, Scientific Knowledge Production, and the Project of Nation Building in thePhilippines, 19th-20th Centuries
Alvarez, Kerby Clado(Department of History, University of the Philippines Diliman)
IN56AlvarezK
From the waning decades of the 19th century until the early decades of the 20th century, thePhilippine archipelago was at a crossroads - major developments in science coincided with thepolitical and social evolution of the Philippines from a colony to an emergent nation. On the one
hand, it was a colony that perennially experienced fiscal imbalance, a territory under the strong
influence of various religious orders, and an archipelago hampered by frequent environmentalcalamities. On the other hand, it was a site of burgeoning scientific advancements in the physical118

environment, instrumentation and institutionalization of scientific disciplines, and the influx offoreign knowledge for the benefit of the colonial economy. This work aims to trace the historicaldevelopment of scientific knowledge production on the environment, in particular, on disasters
that frequent the Philippine archipelago, namely typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.
Covering the period from the second half of the 19th century to the end of the 20th century, thisstudy analyzes how the studies pioneered by scientists and institutions contributed to theformation of the corpus of scientific knowledge that served as the building blocks of the modern
Philippine nation. How does studying disasters a viable approach to historically scrutinize theevolution of the idea of a nation? This work aspires to contribute to the expansion andcomplexification of studies on nationalism, through a scholarly investigation of the role ofscientific knowledge production on disasters in nation-building.
The Pagoda Mansion of Jose Ocampo in Quiapo, Manila: Documenting the Last of theJapanese Pre-War Architecture in Manila
Sarmiento, Anthony Demin & Nito, Mary Josefti Cruz
(National University Manila & University of Asia & the Pacific)
IN71SarmientoA
Architecture throughout history is a tool to exercise power and influence. This premise is evident
in the Philippines with more than 300 years of Spain’s rule along with the almost 40 years ofAmerican occupation which has brought about an amalgamation of style that has been accepted
as the Filipino Architectural style. It is not to say that Asia itself had not contributed to this socalled Filipino style of architecture such as Chinese, Southeast Asian, and Islamic style which has
proliferated the Philippine landscape. What is puzzling is the lack of Japanese influence toFilipino architecture when Japan itself conquered the Philippines during World War 2? Are
infrastructures and building not a priority of Imperial Japan then or did they simply not haveenough time in the Philippines to have established a greater influence on Philippine architecture.
This paper examines one of the few surviving pre-war Japanese inspired structures in Manila –the Ocampo Pagoda Mansion. In studying the architecture history of the Ocampo Pagoda Mansion
in Quiapo, Manila (Philippines), the researchers also seek to understand the perceptions on
Japanese culture in pre-war Manila. This paper will discuss the intent of this structure, themethodology of how it was constructed, the evolution of its use over the years and how truthfulis its architecture in following the traditional style and spirit of Japanese architecture. Perhaps thisexample might shed some light to why the Japanese style were not able to seep in to the now
complex – amalgamated Filipino architectural style.
119Human Security and Olongapo Residents’ Nostalgia for the US Subic BaseSee, Karl Gerrard Tiu(Nagoya University)
IN72SeeK
Olongapo City was economically dependent on the US naval station in Subic from the post-war
years until 1991 when the Philippine Senate removed it without local consultation. The removal
resulted from pressure at the national level from the Anti-Treaty Movement (ATM) on allegationsof the US Navy storing nuclear materials in Subic Base. This article aims to fill in gaps in theliterature on overseas US bases by exploring Olongapo’s story through grassroots sentiments
rather than state-level analysis. This work uses human security and its multifaceted view onhuman vulnerabilities in this case study. A mixed methods interview-survey approach shows thatmany residents are nostalgic about Subic Base and amenable to its hypothetical return to the city.
This study divides the reasons behind this nostalgia into four factors based on how residents
expressed their vulnerabilities: stunted economic growth, adjustments to post-base life, American
ties, security concerns, and disagreement with government goals. The findings show that people
were generally dissatisfied with the adjustments they had to make after Subic left, combined withthe lack of alternatives given to Subic Base. They cited the Subic Base Freeport Zone (SBFZ),
the successor to Subic Base, as too exclusive and catering to the wealthy rather than the city. Other
concerns included fear of Chinese incursion and persistent quality of life issues due to prolonged
redevelopment even 30 years after Subic Base.
Brewed over time: A Preliminary Exploration of Coffee’s History in the Philippines beyondthe "Lipa Narrative"
Rallonza, Miguel Niccolo Veneracion(University of Tokyo)
IN73RallonzaM
In recent years, the Philippines has seen a resurgence of interest in local coffee as well as moreconsistent efforts from both the government and the private sector to develop the country’s coffeeindustry. Despite this renewed attention, the academic understanding of what Philippine coffee‘is’ or ‘can become’ has not been accorded as much consideration. Moreover, for an item that
supposedly has had a presence of more than 200 years in the country, the history of Philippine
coffee is essentialized in what Castro (2003) remarks to be an uncritical repetition and retellingof a conventional historical narrative focused solely on the coffee boom and bust experienced by120

the city of Lipa, Batangas in Luzon during the 19th century. The following presentation is apreliminary attempt in developing a more nuanced understanding of the historical dynamics ofPhilippine coffee. It takes a cue from Castro’s work, and turns to census data, government reports,
period agricultural statistics, other available references, and interviews with current industry
actors to piece together a history of Philippine Coffee beyond the so-called “Lipa Narrative”. I
argue that rather than relying on a single “grand narrative of Philippine coffee”, there is a need touncover the distinct historical experiences and trajectories of the many growing areas especially
if we are to better make sense of the changes and developments that are taking place among
Philippine coffee growers at present.

Panel 7c at Room C: Transnational Generations in the Gulf and Beyond: Precarity,
Temporariness, and the Search for Belonging
Watanabe, Akiko(Bunkyo University)
Panel Discussant: Morada, Hector B.
(Polytechnic University of the Philippines)
PA18WatanabeA
Panel abstract:
Second to the Americas in the number of Filipinos living and working abroad is the Middle East,
particularly the Arab Gulf countries. In this region, almost all migrant workers and their offspring
are not eligible for nationality and live in perpetuated permanent temporariness. Unlike theprevious generation who aimed to move bilaterally between their home and destination countries,
these children of migrants are a generation that, because of their legal and social circumstances,
has been forced to lead a life based on transnational mobility in multiple localities for theirsurvival. We may call them transnational generations. What, then, was the social environment
they grew up in, how did they perceive themselves, what type of education and career have theychosen, what has been the meaning of ‘citizenship’ for them, and how did they view their future?
This panel examines the educational choices, career strategies, multiple senses of belongings, andpursuits for the place of settlement of the young transnational generation born in the Arab Gulf
states, where nationality, class, religion, generation, and gender intersect and are obscured. To
expand the scope, we explore and relativize the multilayered nature of transnational generations
by introducing the cases of batang OFW in the UAE (Hosoda) and Filipino-Kuwaiti nus-nus(meaning “half” in Arabic) born with Kuwait nationality (Watanabe). In comparison, weinvestigate the cases of the Gulf-born NRIs (Non-resident Indians) who compose the largest
121

ethnic community in the Gulf (Matsukawa), and the middle-class Qatar-born Egyptians who livein transient and fragile “Doha-bubble” (Norbakk).
Localities, ‘Citizenship’, and Coping Strategies of OFW Children Raised in UAE Cities
Hosoda, Naomi(Nagasaki University)
My paper will explore the lives of batang OFWs—the children of Filipino migrants raised in the
United Arab Emirates (UAE)—by examining their self-defined ‘identity’ in relation to different
localities, their meaning of ‘citizenship’, and their coping strategies, based on ethnographic datacollected from batang OFWs and their parents. Batang OFWs bear high levels of transnationality
and insecurity in their lives. Members of this generational group do not necessarily consider
themselves ‘Filipino’, nor do they necessarily consider the Philippines their ‘home country’. For
many batang OFWs, the UAE or the specific emirate they reside is their ‘home’. However, this‘home’ is not limited to Emirati society; rather, this home is the ‘global city’ comprising peopleof hundreds of different nationalities, speaking English as their lingua franca, and where
neoliberal logic plays a major role. Batang OFWs are customarily assertive about their high-level
capabilities and comfort in negotiating multinational environments and consider cross-culturalcommunication their strength. In contrast, the constant uncertainty arising from their precarious
status stays on their minds. They often consider a combination of strategic pathways to the future,including staying in the UAE semi-permanently, moving to and settling down in the Philippines
or a third country, or living in motion, preferably in other global cities.
“We are a black sheep”: the priviledgeness and immobilities of young Filipino-Kuwaiti
second-generations of bicultural families
Watanabe, Akiko(Bunkyo University)
The paper aims to depict privilegedness and immobilities of the young Filipino-Kuwaiti nus-nus(literally meaning “half-half” in Arabic) who have a nationality of Kuwait. It particularly
examines how their legal, social, and gendered conditions affect their educational choices andcareer strategies. It has been regarded that the society in the Arab Gulf states including Kuwait
are segregated according to nationality and social classes, thus the nationals were deemed to be
the most privileged and have the most rights among other peoples in the society. These perceptions,however, may not be necessarily true from the standpoint of the second generation of mixed122

marriages with nationals in the Arab Gulf states, especially those having Filipino mothers. What
hardships and privileges do these nus-nus face; how are they different between men and women,
and between generations; in what way do they deal with the general view of Kuwaiti toward
Filipina and find the way out by making choices in education and in career path; how do they
employ their social capitals to pursue their future plans; and what are the meanings of higher
education for them? To answer these questions, this empirical research explores the consciousness
on the citizenship (and other rights) and survival strategies of the migrant, intermarried mothers
and their children in Kuwait. By so doing, the research tries to clarify in what way the second
generations try to acquire the multiple sense of belonging in multilocalities, thus adds diversity
to the concept of the transnational generations.
The perpetuated “in-betweenness” experienced by Gulf-born NRIs: Analysis of Cases in
KuwaitMatsukawa, Kyoko(Konan University)
This presentation attempts to examine the experiences and identity formation of Gulf-born NRIs
(Non-Resident Indians), focusing especially on cases in Kuwait. As the Arab Gulf States (AGS)
rarely offer citizenship to expatriate residents, the second-generation Indians who are born in the
AGS continue to be foreigners, even though they have a feeling that the AGS are their home. For
expatriate residents in the AGS, community networks are important. Indians maintain relationshipwhich they bring from India, with people who have common language or religion. Gulf-born NRIchildren come to identify that they are Indians. They eat Indian thali at Udipi restaurants, watch
Bollywood films, attend Indian cultural events and go to Indian schools. However, after theyfinish the 12th grade and go to India for higher education, they start to recognize that as Gulfborn NRIs they are different from their compatriots born in India. A large number of Indianfamilies send their children back to India for higher education because it is financially less costly.
In the course of spending three or more years in India, Gulf-born NRIs discover that they do notreally belong to India even though nationality-wise they are Indians. Although Gulf-born NRIs
tend to return to the AGS after they finish higher education, their country of birth treats them as
temporary residents. This presentation tries to capture how the experiences of Gulf-born NRIs
form their sense of the perpetuated “in-betweenness” which makes them continually search forwhere to settle down.

123Belonging as familiarity: the bitterness of permanent temporariness among Qatar-born
Egyptians
Norbakk, Mari
(Chr. Michelsen Institute)
Starting from the case of the middle class “Qatar-born” Egyptians, this paper discusses how we
may come to understand belonging. Compared to other nationalities and classes, Egyptian “expats”
are privileged ethnically and economically, but do still experience a keen sense of precarity andtemporariness as labor- migrants to Qatar. The paper presents some ways long-term expatriates in
Qatar experience painful rejection from being part of Qatar. Yet, at the same time, “Qatar-born”
Egyptians are co- creators of a cosmopolitan space where their belonging is produced and sharedalmost reluctantly through familiarity. This space is referred to as the “Doha-Bubble,” a metaphor,underlining its transient and fragile nature. The bubble may burst as ones’ residency permit may
be terminated with near immediate effect. What happens within the Doha bubble is the creationof a particular (and, to a high degree consumption-based) middle class habitus – a transactional
citizenship of sorts. Focused on the consumption of “suitable” leisure, children’s education andof course other consumables, there arises a need to constantly purchase access to middle classspaces which were designed to allow in the desirable, willing-to-spend middle-class persons,while excluding those with too low income. Expatriate culture in Qatar is very much one focusedon “doing” middle class Qatar-style. By partaking in consumer-oriented leisure activities, theexpatriates can be part of Qatari society without being part of the Qatari nation.
Panel 7d at Room D: Individual Papers on Literature and Culture II
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Miyawaki, Satoshi
Ang Pasyon sa saliw ng Tugtugin ng Banda: An examination of the sonic soundscape ofPabasa as affects
Jacinto, Gerard Rey Zapanta(Hiroshima University Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences)
IN69GerardR
In many communities in the Philippines, the holy week is associated with different activities,
events, rituals, and traditional practices participated by people of all classes. Such traditions varyin the context of local Catholicism for each community. Pasyon, a narrative of the passion, death,and resurrection of Christ in the Roman Catholic religion, is usually performed in the lent season
as a public chanting by a group of people in the form of pabasa. Earlier scholarships that highlight124the pasyon as the perception of ‘masses’ of the revolutionary struggles (Ileto 1979) andacculturations and musical forms (Chongson 2000) have influenced the academic dialogue about
the practice. I aim to explore the social meaning behind the religious tradition, particularly how
the participation and music of the musiko affect the actors and the performance of pabasa. I featurein this paper the pabasa scene of a local community in Metro-Manila, Philippines, on the structureof its performance and the relations between the host, practitioners, and musicians. In addition, I
provide an ethnographic exposition of the study and its historical significance in a local context
while attempting to analyze the ideological values within the century-old tradition. Emphasizing
the musical experience within the practice, I discuss the affective role of music where it re-createsthe soundscape produced by the process of communal chanting of the pasyon and amplified by
the harmonic embellishment of the musiko. Keywords: pasyon, musiko, banda, anthropology ofmusic, musical affect In many communities in the Philippines, the holy week is associated withdifferent activities, events, rituals, and traditional practices participated by people of all classes.
Such traditions vary in the context of local catholicism for each community. Pasyon, a narrativeof the passion, death, and resurrection of Christ in the Roman Catholic religion, is usually
performed in the lent season as a public chanting by a group of people in the form of pabasa.
Earlier scholarships that highlight the pasyon as the perception of ‘masses’ of the revolutionary
struggles (Ileto 1979) and acculturations and musical forms (Chongson 2000) have influenced theacademic dialogue about the practice. I aim to explore the social meaning behind the religious
tradition, particularly how the participation and music of the musiko affect the actors and theperformance of pabasa. I feature in this paper the pabasa scene of a local community in MetroManila, Philippines, on the structure of its performance and the relations between the host,practitioners, and musicians. In addition, I provide an ethnographic exposition of the study andits historical significance in a local context while attempting to analyze the ideological values
within the century-old tradition. Emphasizing the musical experience within the practice, I discuss
the affective role of music where it re-creates the soundscape produced by the process ofcommunal chanting of the pasyon and amplified by the harmonic embellishment of the musiko.
Keywords: pasyon, musiko, banda, anthropology of music, musical affectFraming Nick Joaquin’s Cosmopolitan Vision in the Context of his Penguin Canonization
Gomez, Luisa Luzon(Ateneo de Manila University)
IN74GomezL

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Nick Joaquin and his works are practically synonymous with Philippine literature in English. In
time for Joaquin’s centenary in 2017, Penguin published a collection of his canonical fiction titled
The Woman Who Had Two Navels and Tales of the Tropical Gothic, under its Modern Classics
series. To be published by Penguin, or to be “Penguinized” as Hengmaheh Sasroukhani would
call it, is to align Joaquin with the prestige given to other writers of the Penguin Modern Classics
series. Looking at the selections of Filipino Anglophone writing by Penguin, the publishing houseseems to feature writers with a cosmopolitan vision. Using Joaquin’s The Woman Who Had Two
Navels as a case study and Berthold Schoene’s theoretical discussion of the cosmopolitan
imagination, this paper aims to analyze how the cosmopolitan vision in Joaquin’s work can beread in the context of his international canonization. Joaquin’s The Woman Who Had Two Navels
shares traits seen in the works of other cosmopolitan writers such as Salman Rushdie and Kazuo
Ishiguro where the narrative, according to Schoene, paradoxically gives both a high valuation of
the notion of nation but refutes nationalist essentialism. This paper ultimately seeks to explain
how Joaquin’s inclusion in the Penguin Modern Classics series gives new context and meaningin labeling Joaquin, a Philippine national artist both by government designation and peer
recognition, as a cosmopolitan writer.
Understanding Sulu Habi: Siyabit Tapestry as a Projection of Religious Qualities
Alcopra, Anica Leska Nicolas(University of the Philippines Diliman)
IN76AlcopraA
This paper draws attention to clothing of astounding form and beauty of the woven fabrics of
Sulu’s habi, the Pis Siyabit. This paper will tackle three points; first, it focuses on Sulu’s visualarts that depict through their woven fabrics. A brief overview of Sulu’s history and as well thesignificance of their “Siyabit” woven fabrics is narrated to provide a brief historical context forthe definition of Sulu people’s identity. Second, the paper tackles Sulu’s Pis Siyabit that will help
to understand Sulu, its people, and the projection of religious qualities of Siyabit, and third thepaper illustrates how religion is associated with Sulu’s Pis Siyabit particular the Islam, and its
relevance to the contemporary Bangsamoro era. The author will utilize archival research,
qualitative interviews mostly with the experts in Bangsamoro and Mindanao studies, and visual
ethnography pertaining to Sulu’s history, arts, and religious culture.
Keywords: Sulu, Islam, Religion, Siyabit, Tapestry, Anthropology, Ethnography.

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Panel 7e at Room E: Recollections of the Two-Decade Marcos Presidency: By Three
Eyewitnesses
Panel Chair: Tsuda, Mamoru(Osaka University, Professor Emeritus)
Panel Discussant: Ocampo, Ambeth
PA17TsudaM
Panel abstract:
Ferdinand R. Marcos, Jr, became the 17th President of the Republic of the Philippines on June 30,
2022. It seems, The ‘Marcos Administration’ has returned. Mr. Marcos, Jr., popularly called as‘Bong Bong,’ is the only son of Ferdinand E. Marcos, who had been a congressman, a senator,and eventually became the 10th president of the country in December 1965; he was as young as
56 years old. During the last electoral campaign, and even after the poll victory of Bong Bong, a
lot has been debated over the ‘continuity’ of the ‘Marcos Dynasty.’
This panel attempts to reflect on the socio-political scenes of the Marcos Era, and on the main
players: The President, the First Lady and other key personalities. The three panelists, in theirown and personal ways, are eyewitnesses of the Marcos Era. Sharing their experiences andinsights, the panelists hope to enlighten the younger generation about the background of thecurrent socio-political history of the Philippines. After the three presentations, Q&A anddiscussion will follow.
Images Taken by a Student Activist During the Marcos Years (mainly from 1981-1986)
Ventura, Rey(Writer-journalist, Meiji Gakuin University)
This panelist believes that in every photograph, there are hidden narratives, anecdotes, jokes,
knowledge and revealing emotions. Ventura started taking pictures with a borrowed camera in
1981. He learned street-photography by participating in numerous student demonstrations andmass mobilizations. Using personal images, the presenter looks back at a particular period: 19821992, a decade of lived-experienced in the Philippines, and tries to discover something that hehad not seen or felt before; he tries to find some aspects of the society, and of himself and thepeople around him, that he had not known of their existence.
Thus, Ventura selects several pictures taken during the last years of Ferdinand E. Marcospresidency and during the Corazon Aquino regime.
In this presentation, he discusses each photograph focusing on the background, the event, thepersonalities in it, and the significance of the image (for the photographer-student activist and for127

Philippine history, in general). The presenter recounts firsthand experiences, gives reflections andanalysis of each experience, time, and situation. The photographs are categorized, temporarily, as
follows: communist guerillas, rallies and demonstrations, leader-activists, famous personalities,
university life, friends, family members, February 1986 Revolution, and miscellaneous.
Marcos as a Hawk’s Claw and Cow’s Tail
Ohno, Takushi(Journalist, Okinawa University)
I started living in Manila in July 1970, knowing very little about the Philippines, as a graduate
student at the UP’s PCAS. I stayed until May 1977; it was during the Marcos regime, and before
the declaration of Batas Militar.
I will talk about what I had seen, heard, and thought at that time. From late 1985 to early ‘86, at
the final stage of the Marcos Administration, I covered events in the Philippines and wrote articles
as a reporter from Japan’s Asahi Shimbun. For three years from April 1991, I was stationed in the
country as its Manila bureau chief. In addition, as a journalist, in 1983, I was a watcher of exPrimer Kakuei Tanaka.
Based on the above dates and events, I would like to discuss the political style of President Marcos
focusing on the following four episodes.
1) The ‘Surrender Your Firearm’ and security issues;2) Developmental dictatorship as being a ‘pressure cooker’.
3) The bedrock of Philippine society as a ‘memory alloy shape’.
4) Comparing hhe ‘political style’ of K. Tanaka and F. E. Marcos.
‘I-witness’-ing the Two Decades of FM in Power and the G-to-G, B-to-B and P-to-P Japan
Philippine Relations
Tsuda, Mamoru(Osaka University, Professor Emeritus)
The panelist shares recollections covering various times, occasions and personalities. He gives
special focus on aspects of Japan- Philippine/Philippine-Japan Relations:(a) FM, during the election campaigns referring to himself as a resistance hero ‘nuong Panahon
ng Hapon;’(b) As Senator, he had already gained vested interests in the Reparation (1956-76) projects:
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(c) Right after his first election becoming President, he allowed selected sogo shoshas (such as
Marubeni, Mitsubishi, Mitsui and Sumitomo) and others to operate in the country even without a
Bilateral Treaty;(d) Around 1971, student activists protested against the re-entry of Japanese imperialism and therevival of Japanese militarism;(e) After the imposition of Martial Law, FM ‘ratified’ the Treaty of Amity, Commerce andNavigation with Japan;(f) Just ten days after the ratification, Prime Minister Tanaka Kakuei visited Manila; he received
a warm welcome;(g) Soon after Tanaka’s visit, President Marcos announced that Kawasaki Steel Corporation would
make a huge direct investment to the country. FM told that the country welcomes the entry of the“polluting” industrializaion.:(h) In the ‘New Society,’ Japan was often referred to as the ‘nation of good discipline;’(i) In the late 1970s, Tsurumi Yoshiyuki, a former anti-Vietnam War activist and researcher,, incollaboration with the newly-established UP Third World Studies Center, conducted a study on
the banana industry;(j) At the US Customs in Honolulu upon arrival of the Marcoses, thousands of pages of documents
were confiscated, and several of which would soon exposed the evidence of his malpractices
involving Japan’s Official Development Assistance to the country. These documents were later
caused the ‘Marcos Scandals’ in the Japanese Parliament.
Panel 8a at Room A: Urban Governmentality and Emerging Sociality in the Philippines
Cities: Reconfiguration of Community, Market, Civil Society, and State
Panel Chair: Seki, Koki
(Hiroshima University)
PA04SekiK
Panel abstract:
This panel tries to identify governmentality that is working in the transformation of cities in thePhilippines today including gentrification and sub-urbanization; the shift of “danger zones” into
“safe” and “resilient” communities against calamities; disciplining and policing of the community
under the war on drugs and amidst COVID19; and production of consumer citizens intensified by
global capitalism. It further explores the dynamism of the public sphere and counter-public spherethat emerged under such urban transformation and governmentality in the contemporary
Philippines. Urban studies, through anthropology and geography, have so far produced valuable
analytical lenses that are key to understanding the urban sociality, which includes “political129society” of the subaltern that works counter to the middle-class segregated arena of “civil society”(Chatterjee 2006); “deep democracy” for global solidarity from below (Appadurai 2001);“vernacular public arena” made possible by the entanglement of indigenous notions and themodern western notion of the civil public sphere (Neyazi and Tanabe 2014); and “dual publicsphere” comprising the “mass sphere” of the poor and “civic sphere” of the elite and middle class(Kusaka 2017). These analytical lenses provide the potential to “provincialize” (Chakrabarty2008) the concept of civil society and public sphere based on the experience of the modern west.
Focusing on various actors (the poor, middle class, NGOs, business sector, and the state) and theinfrastructure and institutions that both enable and constrain the agency of these actors, this panel
argues the emerging contour of sociality in the urban communities in the Philippines.
Toward an “Anthropology of the Suburb” in the Global South: Its Scope and SignificanceSeki, Koki
(Hiroshima University)“Suburbanization" could be a keyword reflecting the contemporary urbanization in thePhilippines and, more broadly, the Global South. Suburbanization accelerates with the dual
gentrification processes creating "productive space" in business districts and removing“unproductive space” of slums by their relocation to the suburbs. In the West as well as in Japan,
the suburbs is that space infiltrated with modern biopolitics, which has produced homogenousand standardized lives among mainly middle-class wage earners, or the Japanese “salaryman”,
with nuclear families. In contrast, a suburb in the Philippines is often described as a “death zone”
or “necroburbia” of the urban-poor relocatees governed by necropolitics (Ortega 2020). In thisstudy, however, the suburb will be looked into as a space where both bio- and necro-politics
closely entangle and permeate each other. While referring to Chatterjee's concept of “civil society”
and “political society” (Chatterjee 2004) to identify what kind of new sociality is emerging in thesuburban space, the study will consider suburban space as a boundary arena where formal
citizenship and subaltern informality are partially connected and overlapping. The study expounds
what kind of self, sociality, and community are emerging in the expanding space of the suburb
under a specific effect of governmentality. In doing so, it attempts to argue a comprehensive
framework to explain the diverse experiences of the suburb in the contemporary Global South.

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Inclusive Growth and the Politics of Resettlement
Fujiwara, Naoki(Kobe University)
Discourse on inclusive growth has been critical in the development of the political economy of
the Philippines in the 2010s. Inclusive growth does not merely aim at achieving economic growth
based on neoliberal economic policies, but to distribute the benefit of such growth and offer
various opportunities for the poor. In this paper, I examine the discourse on inclusive growth andits practices with a focus on the resettlement projects of Metro Manila. Firstly, I outline how this
discourse has been generated against the backdrop of economic growth since the mid 2000s andbecome more significant in the 2010s. Secondly, I examine the relationship between discourse
and the resettlement projects in the context of urban development. While the resettlement projects
do offer opportunities of social housing for the urban poor, they also entail an obligation to pay
off 30 year mortgages on the properties. In addition, this paper unveils how power relations in thename of inclusive growth are constituted and examines the liberal aspects of political projects.
Discourse on inclusive growth is integrated into the politics of resettlement, but at the same time,
it works to produce a nexus of power relations in establishing long-term debt.
Neoliberal countersolidarities: Containing militant urban subaltern struggle for a right tothe city in the Philippines
Arcilla, Chester Antonino C.
(University of the Philippines-Manila)
In 2017, the National Alliance of Urban Poor in the Philippines led ten thousand urban poorfamilies in perhaps the most massive collective housing takeover in the Global South, dubbed
Occupy Bulacan. Not only did it expose the failure of the Philippine socialized housing program,the occupation questioned shelter commodification and property rights, defied state power, andradically redistributed state resources. Due to its historic-politico importance, the Occupy Bulacan
was immediately subjected to containment strategies within a more comprehensive antiinsurgency program, including what I offer are neoliberal countersolidarities. This presentation
explores the formation, function, and discursive utterances of neoliberal countersolidarities using
the Occupy case.
By neoliberal countersolidarities, I refer to subaltern solidarities that may be created but are
sustained and even strengthened by the neoliberal elites and states to explicitly delegitimize andcriminalize radical solidarities in exchange for concessions in public good provisions.
Concessions may range from financial assistance to favored fast-tracking of the members' rights
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claims. These neoliberal countersolidarities are ""authoritarian innovations"" against radical classunities where the sociality rationalities can be said to be militant, but the objectives are towards
regime support, and re-institutionalization of law and ‘democratic’ order, on perceived unruly
citizens. While based on the radical housing takeover in the Global South, the marking of thesecountersolidarities may help explain the seeming lack of class politics among urban subalterns
amid rising neoliberal authoritarianism.
Unpacking the relationship between the corporate food regime and the governance of thepoor in Metro Manila
Tafoya, Heriberto Ruiz
(Kyoto University)
This paper aims to unveil the relationship between the corporate food regime (McMichael, 2013)
and the government of the poor (Procacci, 1993; Nally, 2010) through the use of packaged foodas an instrument of governmentality (Ruiz-Tafoya, 2022). This includes the construction of anenvironment in which the urban poor feel free because they buy and sell branded food, in addition
to feeling protected by a bloc of socio-political actors formed by state agencies, corporations,
NGOs and religious organizations that share the idea of helping the poor in times of hardship.
From this atmosphere, this paper focuses on the relationship between corporations and the urban
poor and identifies the links between governmentality and the pillars of the corporate food regime.
These are affordability, the provision of cheap food; availability, the provision of food anywhere,anytime; and adaptability, new products according to local tastes. The data was collected from six
urban poor neighborhoods in Metro Manila from 2014 to 2021. The result of the analysis showsthat corporate food is gradually advancing its presence in people's eating patterns and, in parallel,
permeates the symbolic meanings of progress. The objective and subjective perception of progress
eclipses individualization, commodification, ecological impact and unhealthiness. All thisdiminishes the possibilities of building emancipatory discourses and practices from the grassroots.
Urban Gardens and Peripheral City-Making in Metro Manila
Saguin, Kristian Karlo(University of the Philippines, Diliman)
Urban gardens have quietly emerged at the cracks and edges of the dense built environment ofMetro Manila, taking on a variety of forms from household backyard plots and container gardens
to institutionalized community gardens. The expansion of urban gardening practices has beenaccompanied by particular visions of their place in the city and goals to transform how urban
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residents encounter other urban dwellers and the urban environment. State-sponsored urban
community gardens, in particular, have multiplied across all 17 local government units of Metro
Manila and have cultivated new kinds of urban subjectivities and citizen-state relations that may
be read as aligning with neoliberal governmentality. However, beyond the formalization and cooptation as state projects, these same gardens and many other urban farming practices continue
to be precarious in their temporality and transverse official logics beyond the initially intended.
Characterized by bricolage, incrementalism and improvisation, urban farming in Metro Manila
may thus be also seen as producing a patchwork of heterogeneous spaces, practices andimaginaries that open up other possibilities for inhabiting the city and modestly reorienting the
trajectories of urban politics. Drawing from interviews with urban farmers, coordinators and city
officials involved in urban gardening projects in Metro Manila, I examine gardening as a citymaking practice where urban dwellers engage in multiple strategies of claiming and negotiating
the peripheral politics of urban belonging and inhabiting the city.
Panel 8b at Room B: A Catholic University as a Space and Facilitator of ServiceLearning in the Philippines
Panel Chair: Alipao, Froilan, Asuncion(University of Santo Tomas)
PA15AlipaoF
Panel Abstract:
The history and tradition of the Philippine Catholic educational system serve as a venue andvehicle for the learning to hone its citizens coming from young and old learners. Aside from thelearning opportunities being facilitated by the Catholic educational institutions, it also served asa space for serving the communities and larger society. This means the Catholic schools in the
country do the purpose of forming students through learning and serving others.
This panel will showcase the exploration and practices of a Catholic University in the Philippines
through Service-Learning. Service-Learning is a type of experiential learning where learners
put together and integrate academic knowledge and critical thinking skills to respond to thecommunity's needs and concerns.

The vital role of the Catholic higher educational institutions

is to focus on the dialogue process that is morally and intellectually guided and provided by thesocio-religious orientation. The different papers of this panel will display the vital role of theCatholic Higher Education institution in its Service-Learning guided and inspired by its
Salamanca process tradition, Catholic Social Teachings, and engagement inspirations with thedifferent stakeholders within and outside the university, partner communities, and marginalized
sectors. Students as learners and co-journeyers of the communities and sectors gained a lot in
integrating knowledge and skills through creative engagement, more profound theoretical133

reflections, and project development with values of care, empathy, partnership, and solidarity withthe communities and sectors despite the challenges of the pandemic.
Service-Learning Linking with Communities for Development: Exploring the Service
Learning Praxis Framework of the University of Santo Tomas vis-à-vis Salamanca Process
Alipao, Froilan Asuncion(University of Santo Tomas)
The Dominican's Salamanca process started as theological research in the sixteenth century during
the colonization of America wherein there was a realization to protect the life, dignity, and rights
of indigenous peoples against disrespect and violations. It is a process that led to the developmentof principles and laws that protect the life and culture of exploited, disremembered, and deprived
peoples.

It is a process of doing theology as complementary to law, order, respect, andpromotion of human dignity and rights of individuals and society. In this sense, it poses thesignificance of dialogue between religious, theologians, scholars of different disciplines, andpeoples from the margins experiencing rights violations and disrespected dignity. In essence, fora genuine dialogue between God and society, learning, and service must serve as resources forbringing and living the Good News that responds to the aspirations of peoples from (for and with)the local communities, world, and environment.
One of the particular commitments in this 800th year of St. Dominic is to “adopt and promote
Salamanca process which calls on Dominicans, educational institutions and ministerial programs
to direct study, research, analysis, and actions towards addressing the challenges of the world face,
thus creating a passionate synergy between intellectual and apostolic lives.” Thus, thispresentation aims to explore the Salamanca Process as a Service-Learning praxis framework of
the University of Santo Tomas as a Dominican and Catholic University in a Philippine setting.
Praxis of Salamanca: Process and Politics of the Service-Learning in the University ofSanto Tomas Lumad Bakwit School
Romero, Adrian Dela Cruz
(University of Santo Tomas)
The presentation explores how the engagement of the Thomasian community with the Lumad
Bakwit dialectically actualizes the Catholic Social Teachings and the Order of Preachers’(OP)Salamanca Statement on Human Rights (2016).
The Lumad Bakwit School is a mobile temporary school for the Lumad Bakwit, the vernacular134

term for the indigenous peoples in Mindanao who were forced to evacuate from their ancestral
land and travel to the Philippines’ capital (Metro Manila) due to the human rights violations,militarization fueled by development aggression. Different various institutions, schools, andchurches in Metro Manila including the University of Santo Tomas last Sept. 2017 and Sept. 2018accommodated the Lumad Bakwit to show their support and solidarity.
Using the ‘anthropology of the good’(Robbins, 2013), and ‘life projects’, ‘resistance’(Ortner,2016) as the theoretical guide, the presentation analyzes how this Lumad Bakwit School ‘event’
created a space where the participants are actively imagining, negotiating and investing on thebest ways to live, actualizing the values for empathy learning, solidarity & partnership, resistance,well-being, care, hope in the midst of harsh and tragic situations(Robbins, ibid), manifested in the
different interactions and ‘life projects’ of social actors(Ortner, ibid). In conclusion, thepresentation will reflect on this development in the history of the University of Santo Tomas andthe different limitations of the engagement that arose due to the recent Philippine political climate.
Catholic Social Teachings in Service-Learning: A Multiple-Case Study in a Philippine
Catholic Higher Education Institution
Abiog, Evalyn Bonquin(University of Santo Tomas)
Service to society has always been a significant part of an institutional mission. Students,
especially in the academe, are formed to be holistic individuals and future professionals who are
equipped with knowledge and skills to improve the lives of the poor and marginalized
communities. In recent years, higher education institutions have recognized the importance ofService-Learning by integrating it into the college curricula. However, the alignment of ServiceLearning programs with the Catholic Social Teachings of Catholic Higher Education Institutions
is rarely given much importance. It is in this light that this study examined the integration ofService-Learning into the college curricula, particularly on the presence of the Catholic Social
Teachings in the pedagogy. Specifically, the study is aimed at describing the Service-Learningpedagogies as employed by the academic units of the University of Santo Tomas – a Philippine
Catholic Higher Education Institution. Using a qualitative descriptive design, the study presents
within-case themes in Service-Learning which upholds three of the Catholic Social Teachings: 1)
call to family, community, and participation; 2) rights and responsibilities; and 3) care for God’s
creation. The study also presents the future directions of Service-Learning in Catholic Higher
Education Institutions towards an enriched Service-Learning delivery across disciplines.

135Service-Learning: The University of Santo Tomas Experience
Turingan, Melanie Del Pozo
(University of Santo Tomas)
Social responsibility of universities as part of their mission, vision and objectives has become
more and more popular in higher education. The Service Learning Approach stands out as asocially responsible teaching methodology. It was one of the ten experiences listed as a highimpact practice (HIP) when such practices were first identified by the Association of American
Colleges and Universities (AACU) in 2007 (Jacoby, 2015). In the Philippines, university-based
service-learning programs are emerging and generally focus on education, general health, andindigent socioeconomic wellbeing and livelihood (Guardino et al. 2015; Pottier 2013; and Tuaño& Pacardo 2013). This is true in the case of the University of Santo Tomas, which holds thedistinction of being Asia’s oldest existing university, its age is coupled with its preeminence inPhilippine education. Committed to its thrust to produce graduates that are globally competitiveand evangelizers who are actively engaged in social transformation through advocacy andministry. To this date, little is known about the history of service learning and its implementationin the University of Santo Tomas. This research carried out a descriptive exploratory approach.
Semi-structured interview questionnaire was used and the participants are from the different
academic programs which implemented service learning among their courses. Results showedthat this credit-bearing educational experience enabled them to meet identified community needs;
master the art of writing reflection understanding of the course content, a broader appreciation of
the discipline and most importantly an enhanced sense of civic responsibility.
A Phenomenological Study of Service-Learning Experiences in National Service Training
Program of University of Santo Tomas (UST) Selected College Students in the Time
COVID-19 Pandemic
Estrologo, Micah Sumpay(University of Santo Tomas)
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed how service-learning (S-L) is conducted in universities.
In-person community engagement is the conventional approach to facilitating students’integration with communities. With the pandemic, the shift to online community engagement
challenged student-community collaborative exchange. The new normal has impeded the process,
implementation, and delivery of service-learning outcomes for students and communities. In a
Catholic University like in the University of Santo Tomas where service-learning promotes social
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and spiritual integration, students continue their virtual fieldwork to accomplish their academic
coursework while providing service to communities.

This study utilized phenomenologicalresearch to analyse the experiences of UST college students in their service-learning virtual
fieldworks during the pandemic, with a particular focus on the Civic Welfare Training Service(CWTS).
Using Communicative Action Theory (Habermas, 1981), Levels of Reflexivity (Lipp, 2007), andthematic analysis of interviews, open-ended surveys, and document analysis, the study extracted
six salient themes, namely: (1) critical consciousness, (2) organizational reflection, (3)constrained engagement, (4) ideal speech situation, (5) sustainable solutions, and (6) unfulfilledservice. Through these themes, the data suggests that critical reflection enabled empathic
communication among students and communities, students preferred synchronous engagement,
students navigated adaptive solutions to the community's problems, and students faced
unsustainable project implementation with their partner communities. The preference for thetype of online engagement and the gravity of service-learning outcomes amidst the pandemic
should be monitored and evaluated until the end of the service-learning coursework. Moreover,service-learning in the 'new normal' continues to impact both the communities and the students.
Panel 8c at Room C: Multidisciplinary Approach to the Role of Filipinos in Sustaining
Rural Japan
Panel Chair: Nishimura, Satoru(Kagoshima University)
PA10NishimuraS
Panel abstract:
In Japan, it is difficult to sustain the economy and society due to labor shortages and population
aging. This situation is serious in remote islands and rural areas. To solve this situation, Japan is
promoting the acceptance of foreign workers through systems of technical intern trainees andspecial skilled laborers. The role of settled foreigners is also highly expected in the local economy
and society. This panel targets Filipinos who live in remote islands and rural areas in Kagoshima
Prefecture, Japan, and clarifies the potential and challenges of foreigners’ roles in thesustainability of local economies, societies, and cultures.
The first paper introduces the research trends in the roles of Filipino residents in the sustainabilityof rural Japan. The other three papers are based on field studies in Kagoshima Prefecture. The
first case study is on the role of Filipinos in family, community, and labor market on Kikaijima
island. The second study deals with the Filipino intern technical trainees and the agriculturalbusiness initiated by the Filipino residents either directly or indirectly in the Ohsumi region. The
last study presents an idea of a scenario for Filipinos to contribute to the formation of sustainable137

agriculture on Okinoerabujima island.
Filipinos in Japan have been well-adjusted to rural Japan in the last three decades, andnow it is time for them to lead in solving social and economic problems.
Keywords: Filipino residents, rural Japan, remote islands, sustainability, multiculturalism
Research Trends in the Roles of Filipino Residents on the Sustainability of Rural Japan
Peña, Romeo Palustre & Sulit, Gayle T.
(Polytechnic University of the Philippines)
Filipino residents being part of the oldcomers and newcomers in Japan’s migration history havedrawn Japanese and non-Japanese scholars to explore the Filipino residents in the context of Japan.
Most of their studies deal with Filipino integration and its implication in the Japanese national
and local labor market, the local community, and the family system. However, perspectives
diverged into urban- and rural-based Filipinos, demonstrating distinctive characteristics for every
research theme. Research focusing on the roles of Filipino residents in the sustainability of rural
Japan is one of the most salient issues, and that has increased dramatically over the years. Such
focus correlates to Japan’s problem with labor shortage due to the aging and declining population,
especially severe in rural areas.
With the studies on the role of Filipino residents in sustainability proliferating, it is important toconsider what researchers have discussed and revealed so far to analyze the change anddevelopment of their roles in the rural context. By using content analysis, the paper will highlightthe research trends on the roles of the Filipino residents in search of sustainability, and at the same,
will attempt to reconceptualize and recognize the changing narrative of the Filipino residents inrural Japan. This study, consequently, helps to identify issues and new opportunities not just for
Filipino residents but further for other foreign residents in the sustainability issues in rural areasof Japan.
Keywords: Sustainability, rural Japan, Filipino Residents, Migration

138

Identifying the Changing Roles of Filipino Migrants in Kikai Island, Japan: A Case Study
Sulit, Alondra Gayle Torres(Polytechnic University of the Philippines)
Filipino migrants in Kikai Island are considered the highest in terms of population and longest interms of length of foreign residency in Kikai Island. Their presence interacts and extends to theisland’s family system, local community, and local labor market – engendering changes in the
structures of the small island’s social and economic system. This study focused on these changes
by identifying, first, the roles of Filipino migrants portrayed in the three units (family, community,
labor market); second, how these roles change over the time; and third, the importance andimplications of these changing roles to the changing structures on the small island of Kikai.
The interpretation of the study is guided by multiculturalism – a growing concept and framework
in present Japan that deals with the need for harmonious integration of the non-Japanesecommunity into the Japanese community without losing each other’s ethnic identity. It is
important to note that while multiculturalism is mostly used at the grassroots level in Japan which
is based on recent studies, little is known about the situation from a rural or island perspective.
The case of Filipino migrants’ changing roles and the changing structures in the lens ofmulticulturalism from an island perspective offers insights into regional development, especiallyduring this deepening time of Japan’s aging and declining population and the inevitable
importation of migrant workers.
A Study on Filipino Intern Technical Trainees and Agricultural Business by Filipinos
Residents in Rural Japan
Nishimura, Jo-Ann Tejada & Nishimura, Satoru(Kagoshima University)
In rural areas of Japan, economic sustainability has become difficult due to population decline
and aging. The Japanese government which is introducing various policies to tackle the problem
expects the introduction of foreign labor and the contribution of settled foreigners to the local
economy. This study focuses on Filipino technical intern trainees in Kagoshima and Miyazaki
prefectures in Japan and Filipinos settled in the Ohsumi district of Kagoshima Prefecture who are
active in agricultural-related businesses, and examines the possibility that Filipinos can contributeto the rural economy of Japan.
The study clarifies two points. First, it shows that the reason why the Vietnamese intern technicaltrainees are much more than Filipino trainees is that the accepting cost of the former is much less139

than that of the latter at the cost of the trainees, even though the labor quality is considered to bealmost the same by the Japanese companies. The Japanese government can refer to the overseas
labor policy of the Government of the Philippines. Moreover, the companies replied that Filipino
trainees are more obedient to Japanese laws. Second, some Filipino women married to theJapanese have started new businesses based on Filipino culture. One example is a Moringa
production and its marketing by a Filipino woman together with her Filipino husband. The otherexample is a unique “sari-sari store” merchandise vending and online vegetable production
mainly for Filipino customers. The study also shows that she tries to find casual farm workers
while they do her vending business.
Keywords: Filipino technical trainees, agricultural business, Ohsumi, Kagoshima JapanA Scenario for Settled Filipinos to Contribute to the Formation of Sustainable Agriculture
on a Small Remote Island in Japan
Serafica, Paul Benedict & Nishimura, Satoru(Polytechnic University of the Philippines)
The Japanese government aims to sustain and develop rural and remote areas by forming a“regional circular and ecological sphere (R-CES)” in each region. This is an idea to develop theregion while maintaining people's lives and the environment by using local resources. This study
proposes a model of a “regional circular and ecological sphere” of remote islands using
Okinoerabu Island in Kagoshima Prefecture as a case study. There are multiple regional resourceson this island such as nature due to the warm climate, the culture of effective use of water
resources through reservoirs, and the social capital of symbiotic relations between the Japaneseon the island and the settled Filipinos. This study aims to propose a new agricultural model by
combining these resources.
Main crops on the island include sweet potatoes, sugar cane, and floriculture. Among them,floriculture is profitable, but some scientists warn about the negative impact of agriculturalchemicals on the soil. This study seeks to figure out how the multiculturalism brought aroundby the Filipinos who started to settle down on the island around thirty years ago can contribute toforming a new sustainable agriculture model. Some Filipino families on the island grow and cook
subtropical vegetables and fruits which do not need so many chemicals and are good for the health.
It is possible for the island in the warm climate to produce some of the crops. The study proposes
how to detect those crops and how to produce them for the islanders without polluting water.

140

Panel 8d at Room D: Individual Papers on Representation II
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Aoyama, Waka
Conflation and Negotiation in the Notion of the “Datu” Identity Among the Panay Bukidnon
Indigenous Cultural Communities in Central Philippines
Taton, Jose Jr., Rabara(University of the Philippines Visayas; National Research Council of the Philippines, Divisionof Humanities)
IN77TatonJ
In the Panay Bukidnon folklore collectively known as sugidanon, men of status called datu
abound the narrative of the epic world. However, in 2018, a group of non-indigents called theKedatuan it Madyaas Panay Tumandok Tribal Council introduced the concept of “datu” as a lived
social status among the Panay Bukidnon indigenous cultural community in Central Panay,
Western Visayas, Philippines. In the Kedatuan’s narrative, the Panay Bukidnon community
belongs to the larger Rajahnate complex which is, by historical right (or myth), governed by aline of Sultans and community chieftains in the person of the datu. Considering the tight parallelsof the community’s epic narratives with that of the Kedatuan’s story, several Panay Bukidnon
locals were enticed to participate in this new society. With this, hierarchically structured justicesystems were institutionalized and ritual “enthronement” and the bestowment of titular names likedatu (chief) and bae (woman of status) had been enforced. These introduced cultural practices,while not inherent traditions of the Panay Bukidnon, were adopted and later assimilated within
the community. Using the above as a case reference, I examine the "datu" identity as a mutableentity. I specifically look at processes by which indigenous cultural communities conflate andeven negotiate cultural symbols and practices in what I call a form of tantyahan (estimation). By
tantyahan, locals navigate new significations in nuanced ways by conflating and juxtaposing
cultural meaning with available cultural symbols to make sense of the world. I posit that the locals
project such negotiated meanings – the conferred social title datu – concomitant to their identity
as indigenous people within and across community affairs as well as in popular media and, thereby,
blurring the distinction between traditional and introduced identities.

141

LGBTQ+ Representation in High School Gender Studies: An Analysis of Social Studies
Grade 10 Textbooks in the Philippines
Andres, Brenson Yabes(Sophia University)
IN79AndresBIn 2013, the Philippine educational system underwent a landmark change with the shift to the K
to 12 Program. Under the new curriculum, the core subject Social Studies was revamped, with
one of the major changes being the introduction of Contemporary Issues in Grade 10. Subsumed
under this course is Gender Studies, in which LGBTQ+ concepts and issues are introduced to
students. The new K to 12 curriculum also prides itself to be inclusive and culture-sensitive, andflexible enough to be localized and enhanced based on the respective educational and social
contexts. Thus, while textbooks or modules remain an influential reference and guide in theclassroom, teachers are given the agency with the use of these resources.
Given this backdrop, it is interesting to examine the interplay of two authorities in Gender Studies
classes – the textbook and the teacher. As such, this study will address two research questions: (1)how is LGBTQ+ content treated in the Social Studies textbooks? and (2) how do teachers utilize
the textbooks in teaching LGBTQ+ content? Using Queer Literacy Framework as the main theory,
this study will analyze Grade 10 Social Studies textbooks by looking at the LGBTQ+ themes
included and excluded in the content. Also, interviews with Grade 10 Social Studies teachers will
be conducted to find out how they make use of these resources. Findings from the study will bevaluable in advocating means through which a critical and inclusive discussion of gender studies
can be actualized in Philippine high schools."
Gender Relations in the Contemporary Retelling of Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang
de Vera, Leilani Ogalesco(Doshisha University Graduate School of Global Studies)IN46de VeraL
Several studies examining the extent of women’s presence and portrayal in children’s literature
have been done since the start of the Second Wave of Feminism in the 1970s, (McAndrew, 2013).
These studies pointed out the imbalance in the representation of gender in children’s literature,
like in picture books. However, the increased visibility of female characters and their lessstereotypical attributes are not the only ways to show better women representation in children’s
literature. Another way, and perhaps the better way, is to have equal relations with other genders142

in the narratives. This study looks at seven selected Filipino picture books from the series The
Tales of Grandmother Basyang (Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang) originally written by Severino
Reyes and retold by Christine Bellen. The selected books show different kinds of gender relations.
This study will examine gender relations in the picture books and discuss how gender relations
are stronger than breaking down gender stereotypes and gender roles. The discussion and analysis
will be informed by the analytical framework of Power Continuum adopted from the book Critical
Multicultural Analysis of Children’s Literature by Botelho and Rudman (2009).
An Empowered Alternative: Entrepreneurial Intentions of Students Who are Deaf in
Miriam College Higher Education Unit
Zulueta, Jeffrey Orgiles(Unida Christian Colleges)
IN43ZuluetaJ
People with Disabilities (PWD) believe that looking for jobs are unnecessary because of the low
self-esteem and a negative mindset that there are no available jobs that will match their potentials
and capabilities. Aside from the barriers of employment, self-worth becomes a hindrance as well.
One way to address this problem is to introduce an alternative to employment, which isentrepreneurship. The study believes that entrepreneurship will give opportunities to the people
with disabilities to create their own business to avoid the competition of the labor force. Given
the limitations, the research focused first on a small cohort of students who are Deaf enrolled in
Miriam College’s Associate in Digital Technologies course. The research design is exploratory innature using a modified entrepreneurial intention questionnaire (Linan & Rodriguez 2004). Usinga five-point Likert scale, the questionnaire was divided into 5 motivational factors, and 2 major
sub concepts of Entrepreneurial Education and Entrepreneurial intention. The study showed that
attitudes, school structures and peers helped in making entrepreneurship a positive alternative tothem. The study also revealed that the culture of entrepreneurship as well as the notion of trying
out new things helped the respondents think about and choose entrepreneurship. The study
concludes with the creation of a more focused Entrepreneurial Education (EE) using the SPARK,SHAPE, SUCEED (3S) framework.

143Panel 8e at Room E: Individual Papers: Looking Back and Looking Forward on a Marcos
Administration II
Panel Moderator and Discussant: Kusaka, Wataru
Anastacio T. Caedo and the Marcos Years: A Classical Sculptor’s Contributions (1965-1986)
Crudo, Eugene Raymond Parado(University of the Philippines Los Baños)
IN50CrudoE
Filipino sculptors are often forgotten even though their works remain present except for a selectfew with notable commissions from influential patrons. The classical sculpture is a field long
mastered by Anastacio T. Caedo, the protégé of world-renowned Guillermo Tolentino. As his
mentor retired, he filled in and became the artist of choice of the Marcos regime beginning 1965
up to 1986. By demonstrating the different commissioned public monuments under his influential
patron, historical landmarks and mythological beings were transplanted for the public. Landmark
monuments like the McArthur Leyte Landing in Palo, Leyte, and the Malakas and Maganda
trophy display the mind of Marcos in viewing Philippine history and culture. As a classicalsculptor who draws out the soul of each work, each work deals with drawing out the nation's
collective memory at the time. The conjunction between classical sculpture backed by Marcossponsorship displays how they viewed history and how sculpture became a subject of propaganda
while still displaying the artists' analysis of the past.
The Son Rises in the East: understanding the narratives and material condition of the
Marcos Jr 2022 presidential campaign
Alarcon, Jeorge Jr., Garcia(University of the Philippines Los Baños)
IN59AlarconJ
They say stories have a curious and dangerous power. The recent Philippine elections
demonstrated how ideas and narratives can move people to action, and, in some cases, as theofficial results showed, resurrect a political family from the dead. For the idea, however, to takehold, the material condition must be prepared. This paper, then, will look at the two dimensionsof an election—material and discursive—as it addresses two questions on the 2022 Philippine
presidential elections. First, surveying online materials on the campaign—Facebook posts,
144

Youtube videos, Twitter tweets, and Tiktok clips, it attempts to look at what the dominantnarratives in the Marcos Jr presidential campaign were. Second, it delves into the politicalbehavior of the camps of both then candidates Ferdinand Marcos Jr and Sara Duterte leading to adynastic alliance. It will also examine how the Rodrigo Duterte presidency created the condition
conducive for the return to power of the Marcoses. Keywords: Marcos, Duterte, political dynasty,
Philippine elections
A Tale of Two Contents: Facts, Memes, and the 2022 Philippine Presidential Election
Duran, Mary Diane Alcantara & Alcantara, Sunshine Therese Sinapilo(University of the Philippines Los Baños)
IN60DuranM, IN61AlcantaraS
The 2022 Philippine presidential election has proven itself to be one of the most highly divisiveelections in the country’s history. This paper presents an exploration of two cases of content thatproliferated on Facebook before and after the Philippine elections on May 10, 2022. In particular,
these two cases represent several contrasts in social media contents of the time: for information
versus for entertainment posts; pre- versus post-elections posts; and mechanistic versus organic
posts. The first case are the “LET&#39;S FACT-CHECK!” posts by the Akademiya at Bayan
Kontra Disimpormasyon at Dayaan (ABKD) Facebook page. The second case study are memes
inspired by a comment made on a photo by then Vice President Leni Robredo of her youngest
daughter during her baccalaureate by a supporter of President-elect Bongbong Marcos. The
contrasting elements of these two cases provide insight as to the content that Filipinos use toparticipate in political discussions online. It also adds to the increasing body of research on thepotential of social media platforms such as Facebook to forward propaganda, on the one hand,
and to mitigate the spread of false information on the other. Significant findings of this study
contribute to the ongoing research on the strategies to combat the pervasiveness of fake news byhighlighting elements that encourage engagement.
Keywords: Memes, Fake News, Philippine Elections 2022, Facebook

145

INDEX OF PARTICIPANTS

Bolasco, Karina ........................................ 15, 60

ABongapat, Gladys Fusingan .................... 17, 73

Acebes, Jo Marie V. .................................. 13, 44

Bonifacio, Glenda Tibe ........................... 20, 109

Acosta, Inigo Chotirawe .......................... 17, 76

Briones, Jervy Cariño .................................... 99

Afable, Patricia Okubo ............................ 19, 92

Buson , Kristine ..................................... 20, 108

Agonos, Mariam....................................... 17, 78
Alarcon, Jeorge Jr., Garcia .................... 24, 144C

Alcantara, Sunshine Therese Sinapilo . 24, 145

Cabalquinto, Alvin D. .......................... 7, 11, 29

Alcopra, Anica Leska Nicolas ................ 22, 126

Cagoco-Guiam, Rufa ...................................... 58

Alfaro, Ma. Rita Lourdes Arce ............ 9, 18, 81

Cagoco-Guiam, Rufa ...................................... 15

Alipao, Froilan Asuncion ..........10, 23, 133, 134

Cagoco-Guiam, Rufa ...................................... 58

Alvares, Kerby ............................................... 57

Calma, Christian Placido, Gacrama...... 21, 116

Alvarez, Kerby Clado.............................. 21, 118

Camba, Alvin .............................. 16, 20, 69, 103

Andres, Brenson Yabes .......................... 24, 142

Canceran, Delfo Cortina .......................... 17, 72

Aoyama, Waka ........................7, 12, 24, 36, 141

Candelaria, John Lee ............................. 19, 101

Ara, Satoshi ............................................. 15, 61

Cardenas, Kenneth ................................ 21, 114

Arcilla, Chester Antonino C. ................. 23, 131

Casey Mecija .................................................. 80

Arellano, Bernardo III, Muerong ............ 15, 65

Casipit, Danielle .................................... 21, 115

Ariate, Joel Fajardo ....................... 7, 14, 54, 57

Chiba, Yoshihiro ....................................... 17, 72

Arriola, Angelo Christiane Del Mundo ... 12, 34

Churchill, Bernardita ................................ 7, 11Asis, Maruja........................................... 20, 107

Claudio, Lisandro E. ............................ 9, 17, 75

Avestruz, Darren Ramon Chichioco ........ 13, 45

Claveria, Bianca Angelien A. ................... 11, 32
Compton, Caroline ................................... 15, 58

B

Concepcion, Gerard Panggat ................... 14, 52

Badilles, Hannee Saloria....................... 20, 106

Cordenillo, Kristine.................................. 12, 37

Balboa, Jenny D............................................. 86

Cordero, Dominic ................................... 21, 115

Balboa, Jenny D............................................. 18

Cororaton, Claire D. ................................. 17, 76

Balboa, Jenny D............................................. 86

Crudo, Eugene Raymond Parado .......... 24, 144

Baloloy, Paterno Jr., Buban..................... 19, 98

Cuizon, Ana Leah Dungog ..................... 21, 117

Barriga, Maria Cynthia..............19, 20, 92, 106
Bassett, John McCann ............................ 17, 77

D

Bersales, Jose Eleazar ................................... 62

David, Karlo Antonio Galay..................... 12, 37

Bersales, Jose Eleazar ............................. 15, 62

de los Reyes, Julie ........................................ 104

146

H

de los Reyes, Julie ......................................... 20
de Vera, Leilani Ogalesco ...................... 24, 142

Hall, Rosalie Arcala ................................. 12, 41

Del Mundo, Duaqui Yellowbelle ................... 111

Heriberto, Ruiz Tafoya ................................... 67

Del Mundo, Larah Vinda ......................... 14, 55

Hipolito, Lorenzo Santos., Jr ................... 13, 46

Delina, Laurence L. ....................................... 58

Hosoda, Naomi ........................... 12, 22, 33, 122

Delina, Laurence L. ....................................... 15

Huzioka, Hirosi ........................................ 18, 90

Delina, Laurence L. ....................................... 58

I

Docot, Ma. Ledda Brina ................................ 86
Domingo, Luis Zuriel Parial.................... 16, 67

Iida, Yuya.................................... 18, 20, 87, 110

Duaqui Yellowbelle Del Mundo .............. 21, 111

Imbong, Jerry Degollacion ....................... 11, 28

Duran, Mary Diane Alcantara .............. 24, 145

J

E

Jacinto, Gerard Rey Zapanta ................ 22, 124

Echague, Precious ..................................21, 115

Jayne, Macafe........................................... 17, 78

Encinares- Enaje, Ivy .............................. 14, 53

Jewellord T. Nem Singh ............................... 102

Encinas-Franco, Jean .............................. 15, 64

Jose, Mary Dorothy De Lara ................... 18, 82

Erfe, Alastair Grace ..................................11, 27

Joven, Arnel Estrada ............................. 20, 105

Estrologo, Micah Sumpay ..................... 23, 136

Juliano, Hansley Adriano ........................ 17, 73

Evalyn, Abiog Bonquin .......................... 23, 135

K

F

Kazuhiro Ota ................................................ 113

Fermin, Tricia .......................................... 13, 48

Kiba, Saya .................................................... 115

Ferrer, Maria Elena..................................11, 31

Kubo, Yuko ............................................... 18, 89

Fresnoza-Flot , Asuncion ....................... 20, 108

Kusaka, Wataru ..................................... 24, 144

Fujiwara, Naoki ..................................... 23, 131

L

G

Laranjo, Ronel Ortil ....................... 7, 13, 14, 51

Galam, Roderick .................................... 20, 109

Limbadan, Nelly....................................... 12, 38

Gatinao, Allysa ...................................... 20, 109

Llanto, Jesus .................................................. 70

Gaviola, Jon ................................................... 58

Llanto, Jesus ............................................ 16, 70

Gaviola, Jon ................................................... 15

Lopez, Mario Ivan ........................................ 102

Gaviola, Jon ................................................... 58

Lopez, Mario Ivan ............................ 10, 20, 102

Gloria, Enrico........................................... 16, 70

M

Golland, David Hamilton ........................ 19, 97
Gomez, Luisa Luzon .............................. 22, 125

Madrona, Severo Jr Canete ..................... 12, 40
Magpile, Christine Marie Lim ................. 19, 97

147

P

Marte, Harmond Pedrosa .......................21, 112
Matsukawa, Kyoko ................................ 22, 123

Pagkalinawan, Homer ................................... 58

Matsumoto, Issay .................................... 17, 79

Pagkalinawan, Homer ............................. 15, 58

McCallum, Derrace.................................. 13, 49

Pagunsan, Ruel V. .................................... 13, 43

Medrano, Anthony D. .................... 7, 13, 41, 42

Pante, Michael Domingo .......................... 17, 77

Mikamo, Shingo ................................... 9, 18, 84

Pareja, Kathryn Nicole Ang, .................. 21, 117

Miole, Giselle Lugo ...................................11, 26

Pasion, Christian ..................................... 12, 38

Miyagawa, Shinji ..................................... 19, 99

Peña, Romeo Palustre .................................. 138

Miyawaki, Satoshi .................... 21, 22, 113, 124

Pendatun, Sittie Amirah K .................... 21, 111

Mohammad, Kamaruddin, Bin Alawi ..... 13, 46

Perez C. Marc Raymond ................................ 67
Perez, April, Juan .................................... 14, 52

N

Pineda, Andrei Pinzon ............................. 19, 99

Nadal, Paul .............................................21, 115

Piocos, Carlos M. ............................................ 86

Nagano, Yoshiko ............................ 7, 14, 15, 61

Piquero-Ballescas, Maria Rosario ........... 19, 95

Nagasaka, Itaru............ 10, 15, 20, 63, 107, 110

Q

Nagata, Atsumasa ................................... 19, 33
Nishimura, Jo-Ann Tejada .................... 24, 139

Quintana, Michael Ray Bolanio ............ 19, 100

Nishimura, Satoru ......10, 23, 24, 137, 139, 140

R

Nishio Zenta .................................................. 86
Nito, Mary Josefti Cruz .......................... 22, 119

Racelis, Mary.............................................. 7, 14

Norbakk, Mari ....................................... 22, 124

Rallonza, Miguel Niccolo Veneracion .... 22, 120

Noriega, Nixcharl Cue ............................. 14, 56

Redison, Frances Anthea R...................... 11, 30
Reguindin-Estella, Janet ......................... 18, 83

O

Resurreccion, Analiza Dalisay ................. 15, 66

Ocampo, Ambeth............... 7, 11, 14, 22, 29, 127

Reyes, Miguel Paolo Palacio .................... 14, 55

Ochiai, Naoyuki ......................................21, 113

Ricardo T. Jose ......................................... 60, 91

Odaka, Konosuke..................................... 13, 47

Rodriguez, Rommel Barona ..................... 19, 96

Ogawa, Reiko ................................. 9, 19, 94, 95

Romero, Adrian Dela Cruz..................... 23, 134

Ogaya, Chiho ..........................................20, 110

Ruiz Tafoya Heriberto .................................... 67

Ohno, Eri.................................................20, 110

S

Ohno, Takushi ....................................... 22, 128
Okada, Taihei ...................8, 15, 20, 60, 62, 105

Saguin, Kristian Karlo................................. 105

Okada, Tricia ........................................... 13, 48

Saguin, Kristian Karlo............................. 20, 23

Okimoto, Naoko ..................................... 20, 107

Saguin, Kristian Karlo................................. 132

Ota, Kazuhiro ...............................................113

Salomon, Elgin Glenn Regencia .............. 13, 45
Samoza, Sheila Cardona .......................... 15, 65

148

San Jose, Benjamin Arcena..................... 15, 63

Tsuda, Mamoru .............. 7, 10, 14, 22, 127, 128

Santos, Carlos L ...................................... 15, 63

Tsuji, Takashi ........................................... 13, 43

Santos, John Carlo Sanchez .................. 19, 101

Turingan, Melanie Del Pozo .................. 23, 136

Santos, Rafael Ibe .....................................11, 26
Santos, Zarina Joy Tesoro ....................... 14, 53

U

Sarmiento, Anthony Demin ...................22, 119

Uchiyama, Fumiko ................................... 13, 45

See, Karl Gerrard Tiu............................ 22, 120
Seki, Koki ......................10, 17, 23, 78, 129, 130

V

Serafica, Paul Benedict ......................... 24, 140

Ventura, Rey........................................... 22, 127

Silva, Camille L. .......................................11, 31

Villanueva, Isabela Fernandez .............. 21, 117Singh, Jewellord T. Nem ..................... 102, 103

Villarin, Jose Miguel Labuca ................. 21, 117

Siruno, Lalaine ...................................... 20, 109

Villota, Alleson II Decena ........................ 17, 80

Solis, Manuel P.S. .................................... 12, 39

Vilog, Ron Bridget .................................... 19, 94

Sugaya, Nariko ............................ 15, 18, 65, 91
Sulit, Alondra Gayle Torres................... 24, 139

W

Sulit, Gayle T. ........................................ 23, 138

Wada, Ayuhikoangelo ............................... 12, 34

Susumu Ito............................................... 84, 85

Wang Luer .................................................... 118

Suzuki, Nobutaka ...................................21, 118

Wani-obias, Rhodalyn C. ................................ 83
Wani-obias, Rhodalyn C. ................................ 18

T

Wani-obias, Rhodalyn C. ................................ 83

Tafoya, Heriberto Ruiz .......................... 23, 132

Watanabe, Akiko .......... 10, 12, 22, 39, 121, 122

Tagawa, Yumeno ............................................ 88

Willis, Charmaine Noelle ......................... 12, 40

Tagupa, May Hazel M ............................. 12, 39
Takagi, Yusuke............................... 8, 16, 68, 71

Y

Talamayan, Fernan ................................. 15, 59

Yap, Cherry Amor Dugtong ............... 12, 35, 49

Taniguchi, Miyoko ...................... 11, 21, 26, 111

Yoneno-Reyes, Michiyo ............ 9, 18, 19, 90, 93

Taton, Jose Jr., Rabara .......................... 24, 141

Yoshizawa, Asuna........................................... 88

Tigno, Jorge Villamor .............................. 15, 63
Tiongson, Aleeza, ....................................21, 115

Z

Toring, Romeo Jr. Jumao-as .................... 17, 74

Zulueta, Jeffrey Orgiles ......................... 24, 143Tran, Dalena Le ....................................... 15, 57

Zulueta, Johanna ......... 7, 13, 14, 19, 48, 50, 94

149