SESSION 3 :Standardization
Standard
zat on ofOn-site Treatment (1)Standardization of OnOn-site
Treatment in Japan
Dr Yoshitaka EBIE
National Institute for Environmental Studies, JAPAN(E mail: ebie.yoshitaka@nies.go.jp(E-mail:ebie yoshitaka@nies go jp)

Characteristics of domestic
wastewater in Japan

Water consumption

BOD loads per capita per day

200 L/person/day

40 gBOD/person/day

BOD: 200 mg/L, TN: 50 mg/L, TP: 5 mg/L

Domestic wastewater treatment
Centralized
systemDecentralized
systemWWTP

Johkasou

87,80087
800 thousandpeople(68.9%)

14,10014
100 thousandpeople(11.1%)Domestic wastewater treatment
Decentralized
systemDecentralizedsystem

Deemed Johkasou
treating night soil only

Vault toilet+ night soil
treatment plant

14,700 thousandpeoplepp(11.5%)

10,800 thousandpeople
pp(8.5%)

Johkasou

Johkasou has been developed in Japan as adecentralized wastewater treatment facility.
yLow-population
Ll ti
density area orvalley

Johkasou

Vault
toiletJohkasouNight Soil
Treatment Plant

Night Soil
Treatment Plant
Sewer pipe
SewagetreatmentplantNational structure standardscompatible Johkasou
5 - 50 PE

Model of Johkasou for 5 PE
Influent

Effluent

Sedimentationtank

1st anaerobictank

2ndanaerobictank

Aerobictank

Influent: 1 m3/day
BOD 20 mg/L
BOD:/L
Size: around 3 m3

Johkasou for 5 persons which has been
operated for 15 years

Anaerobic tank 1

Effluent

Anaerobic tank 2

Aerobic tank anddisinfection tankEffluentDevelopment of advanced Johkasou
Japan's Building Standards ActJohkasou

National structure
standard-compatible

Performance certificatedAuthorized
Ath i d byb Minister
Mi i t off
land, infrastructure andtransport of Japan

New technology
gyCompactness, Hybrid
Advanced treatment

Performance certified Johkasou
Based on 2000 amending act, makers became able to develop
original Johkasou and sell it based on performance certification.

Temperature controlled
test room

1. Short-term test with temperature control
 16 weeks (or 8 weeks in parallel) 13 and 20ºC
 with influent control
2 Outside2.
O t id llong-termtttestt
 48 weeks
 with influent control
3. On-site household test 48 weeks
 without influentfcontrol
 at least 3 sites

The performance test is done by the third partyInfluent pattern for 5 PE
Daily influent pattern of domestic wastewater for5 PE.

ToiletWashingg
machineBathKitchen

Influeent volumee (L)300

Total 200
L/PE/day

250
200
150
100
50
0
357

9 11 1am

When you use water, influent
comes to Johkasou.

Time

357

9 11 1pmJohkasouPerformance certified Johkasou
1. Compact type
• <1.5m3 for 5 PE
2. Nitrogen removal type
• BOD <1010 mg/L/L• T-N <10 mg/L
3. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal type
• BOD <10 mg/Lg• T-N <10 mg/L
• T-P <1 mg/L
4. Membrane separation type• BOD <5 mg/L
• T-N <10 mg/L

Operation and maintenanceInitial inspection

Operation

At least every 4 months

Desludging

Every year

Annual inspection

Annual inspection
Basic information(Date of installation, list of related vendors, use of building, number of users
number of users for designing, treatment process, designed effluent quality)
Visualinspection
VisualWater qualityquality
inspection
Water

Document inspection
Documents

Items for inspection after construction
In inspection after construction,
include:whether a johkasou was installeda) pH
appropriately or not is examinedb) Sludge volume
based on the maintenance record.
c) Dod) Transparency
In annual inspection,whether a* installation conditione) Cl * operational condition of devices
johkasou was maintained andf) residual chlorinecondition
ditioffwatertflowingflil
d appropriately
i t l or nott arecleansed*g) BOD
examined
basedonthe mainte* condition of use
Items for annual inspection are usuallyodor
problemnance record, cleansing record anda), c), d), f) and g). BOD measurement*conditionofdisinfection
the last inspection record.
can be introduced according to the*district situation.
Evaluate the individual inspection item in three classes "Good", "Pass", "Bad"Observe the installation condition andexamine the inside of johkasous byeye items for both inspection aftereye,
construction and annual inspection are:Arrange the inspection results
Synthetically evaluate the importance of individual item considering effect on discharge site and public health
Final judgment: "Good", "Basically good", "Bad"Figure 2 Inspection content and procedure of legal inspection

Johkasou technician
Qualifications

Registrant

Business content

Operator

68,668

O&M

Installation worker

81,464

Installation/construction

Technicalsupervisor

25,105501 PE or more

Desludging
Dl d itechnician

14 782
14,782D l d i
Desludging

Inspector

1 119
1,119

Inspection

Major standards in the world
European Standard (EN)EN12566-3: Small wastewater treatment systems for up to 50 PE

The United States
NSF/ANSI Standard 40: Residential Wastewater Treatment Systems
Australia
AS/NZS 1546 Part 3: Aerated wastewater treatment systems

Standard for Asia?
Characteristics of Asia-Pacific region• Climate– Monsoon, heavy rain, dry season, etc••••••Water environmentCharacteristics of wastewater (volume and conc.)
Food culture
Economic area
W ofWayf thinking
thi kietc

Asian Standardormutual recognition in Asia

Short summary• Japanese decentralized wastewater
treatment system, Johkasou is effective in
low population density area.
• Key points to keep Johkasou in good condition
are– Periodical O&M– Appropriate desludging– Inspection and improvement• AsianA i standard
t d dffor performance
fttestt andd
related legislation

Technical Specification
pforJohkasouBackground

Organizing technical information on johkasou standards anddisseminating it to overseas are less advanced than doing in theWestern countries, because of a wide variety of regulations by
domestic laws related to jjohkasou system.
yInternational standardization of onon-site wastewater treatment
technologies has been discussing for several years, , creating atechnical document/specification on johkasou system has become anurgent task to respond to the international standardization.
This document is described by arranging technical information onjohkasou main body (product) mainly based on johkasou related laws
and regulations; Johkasou Standard and the Components fromJohkasou System AssociationAssociation..

20

Technical Specification
pfor
Johkasoucontents（contents（1）Preface
1. Scope
2. Normative references
3 Terms and Definition
3.
4. Symbols and Abbreviations
5. Requirements
5.1 Designg
5.1.1 General
5.1.2 Inlet pine, Outlet pipe,
Drainpipe and connection
5.1.3 Access5.1.4 Size determination

55.22 Load bearing capacity
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Date for calculating
5 2 3 Criterion
5.2.3
5.3 Treatment performance
5.4 Watertightness
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Water-filling test
5.4.3 Air pressure test
5.5 Durability
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 Chemical resistance21

Technical Specification for
Johkasoucontents）
5 6（25.6Components

5.6.1 General
5.6.2 Partition
5 6 3 Access cover
5.6.3
5.6.4 Blower
5.6.5 Filter media
6. Calculation and Test Method
6.1 Water-tightness
6.2 Treatment performance
6.3 Structural strength
6.4 Chemical resistance test

77. Technical Information
7.1 Legal label
7.2 JSA label
7 3 Other indications
7.3
8. Evaluation of conformity
8.1 General
8.2 Initial type tests
8.2.1 Product test
8.2.2 Type approval

22Technical Specification for
Johkasoucontents3） production control
8 3（Factory8.3



8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Raw materials and components
8.3.3 Production process
8.3.4 Finished product testing
8.3.5 Warranty
8.3.6 Stock control
9.

Construction instructions

10. Maintenance instructions

Annex
Annex A Testing Method for Johkasou
Treatment Performance
Annex B Standard for access coverAnnex C Standard for blower
Annex D Standard for filter media
Annex E Strength Test Method
Annex F Production and production
equipment overview
Annex G Instructions to construction
and maintenanceAnnex H Procedures of installation
Annex I Examples of contents andprocedures of maintenanceAnnex J Examples of contents andprocedures of desludging

23

Contents of Technical Specification forJohkasou （1）





Scope
Used for ppopulationp
1 m3/d/d～～ 10 m3/d （5 ～ 50 inhabitants）
inhabitants）
Reference: EN12566EN12566-3 ～ 50 PE
1 PE 150L/cap.d
150L/cap.d，，60g/60g/cap.d
cap.d
Usage
In principle, johkasou should be buried underground except particular
circumstances.
iA johkasou
j hk
could
ld b
be lloaded
d d on its
i top byb theh vehicle
hi l or not.
Except the case that the total gross load is less than 2 tons and a johkasou
that the safety on loads has been confirmed by the top load test is used,
specific construction method should be requested for installing a johkasou
with vehicle loads
loads..
24



Reference: EN12566EN12566-3 The use of "buried in the ground without vehicles loads" is the only
condition of use available according to this European Standard.

Contents of Technical Specification forJohkasou （2）Influent・Influent
・EffluentAmount of wastewater and BOD 200 L/cap.dL/cap.d，，200 mg/L
（domestic wastewater）
wastewater）

Reference: EN12566
EN12566-3 150 L/cap.d
L/cap.d，，150
150--500 mg/L
Qualityy of effluent water BOD:≦
BOD:≦ 20 mg/L
g and BOD removal: ≧90%

Reference: EN12566EN12566-3 There are only BOD removal.
They conform to a water quality
decided each countries.

25

Contents of Technical Specification for
Johkasou （3）Size determination

JIS A 3302 :2000:Estimation:2000:Estimation of population for
waste water purifier of buildings

Reference: France
France，，Kingdom of Belgium andDeutschland have similar
purifier of buildings

26

Contents of Technical Specification forJohkasou （4）Treatment Performance1）Structural methods type:
type: There is no testing for treatment
performance.
（ Quality
Q lit off Effluent
Effl t watert BOD 20
20mg/L,BOD&T
20mg/L,BOD&T/L BOD&T-N 20mg/L）
20mg/L
20 /L）/L）
2）NewN technology
t h l
J hk
Johkasou:Johkasou: TheyTh mustt taket k a test.
t t （AnnexA
test.（AAnnexA）
A）
A）（Membrane separation
separation，，high performance Johkasou ）Reference : EN12566EN12566-3 There is no structural method.
27Contents of Technical Specification for
Johkasou （5）Components（Components（Standard componentscomponents））

Partition
 Access cover （Annex B）
 Blower（Annex C）
 FilterFil mediadi（AnnexAD）


Reference: EN12566EN12566-3 There is only requirements ofaccess cover.
cover28

Contents of Technical Specification for
Johkasou （6）Maintenance instructions



Maintenance （Annex G）



Desludging（Annex H）

Reference: EN12566EN12566-3 There is only as for the simple
requirements.
29

Contents of Technical Specification for
Johkasou （7）Domestic legalInvolved: Structural methods type Non involved: legal inspection，inspection，johkasou operator
operator，，
Maintenance，
Maintenance，Desludging
30

Thank you
Arigato (Japan)(J)
Khopkhun krap (Thailand)
Terima kasih ((Indonesia,, Malaysia)
y )Dhanyavad (India)
Xie xie (China)
kahm uhn (Viet Nam)
Danke (Germany)