IGA NEWS1

I GA New s No. 81

New slet t er of t he I nt ernat ional Geot herm al Association
Quart erly No. 81

IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President
Ladsi Rybach
Dear IGA member
This is the last message from your current President. Withthe term of office of the current IGA Board of Directors
drawing to a close, we shall summarize below the main
actions and achievements during this term (11 October2007 – 28 October 2010).
The BOD held six meetings, in Reykjavik, Nusa
Dua/Bali (twice), Entebbe, Madrid, and El Salvador. Also,
two Annual General Meetings were held (2008 in Entebbe,
and 2009 in El Salvador). In addition, the various IGA
Committees performed their work in separate meetings,
and by correspondence. Three further ad-hoc Committees
were active: 1) Choice of the WGC2015 venue, 2)
Reserves and Resources, 3) WGC2010 Steering Committee.
Also, the two regional branches of IGA, the European
Regional Branch and the Western Pacific Regional Branch,pursued their activities.
The GEOFUND project work based on the WorldBank – IGA contract (GEF MSP Tr ust Fund No.
TF057268 – “Regional Technical Assistance as part of the
Geothermal Energy Development Program”) has been
completed and the deliverables have been submitted. Inorder to implement similar contract work a special body,the IGA Ser vice GmbH, has been established andregistered in Köln, Germany. At the time of writing, adecision about the continuation of the WB – IGA
cooperation (this time for ARGEO) is still pending.
Both of IGA’s visibility products, the IGA News andthe IGA website, now appear in new, attractive looks.
IGA is a partner within the REN Alliance(International Renewable Energ y Alliance), whichassembles the international Biomass, Geother mal,Hydropower, Solar, and Wind associations. Hopefully,
IGA can also cooperate with the new International
Renewable Energy Agency IRENA. Furthermore, IGA
was represented at key Inter national Energ y and
Renewable Energy Conferences (World Energy Summits
Abu Dhabi, World Renewable Energy Conferences in
Busan, Glasgow, Washington, and Yokohama) as well as
several other events together with our REN Alliancepartners.
IGA also co-org anized a Special Workshop on“Geothermal Energy – Its Global Development Potential

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Contents
IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President
Pre-Congress Short Courses – Successful
initiation of WGC 2010
Election Results

1
2
5

EUROPE/European Geothermal News

8

ASIA
Indonesia /The First Joint Geothermal Course“Geothermal Energy Development – Where
10
Science and Engineering Meet”
AFRICA/Djibouti Energy Challenge: Can
Djibouti
Geothermal Resources Solve the Problem?
/Welcome to Djibouti for ARGREO-C3

11
16

UPCOMING EVENTS
Geothermal meetings

2& Contribution to Mitigation of Climate Change”,
together with the IEA Geother mal Implementing
Agreement. This workshop, held in Madrid in May 2009,
was based on the repor t “T he Possible Role andContribution of Geothermal Energy to the Mitigation of
Climate Change“, prepared previously for IPPC by IGA’s
two Past Presidents, and the current President, Vice
President, and Executive Director. The Workshop results
are being incorporated in the Geothermal Energy Chapterof the “IPPC Special Report on Renewable Energy
Sources and Climate Change Mitigation” which iscurrently under preparation, again through significant
contributions from IGA experts.
The key event in the reporting period was certainly theWorld Geothermal Congress 2010 in Nusa Dua/Bali,
Indonesia. Extensive reports about the Congress appearedin IGA News no. 80; let me only highlight the signing of
the Bali Declaration and of the MOUs for WGC2015 in
Melbourne, Australia 16-19 November 2015 and to move
the IGA Secretariat to the Geothermal Center in Bochum,
Germany by 1 January 2011.
During the term of the current IGA Board the numberof national geothermal organizations affiliated to IGA has
increased from 28 to 32. In the same period the total

July - September 2010

2
number of IGA members has increased from about 3200
to over 5000.
All of the aforementioned activities and achievements
were only possible thanks to the dedicated efforts of agreat number of individuals who cannot all be named here.
I am deeply grateful to all of them and would like tosincerely thank them for their excellent support andcooperation. Personally, I have pursued all of my IGA
involvements with g reat interest and drew g reatsatisfaction from them; alone the chance of being on stage
with four State Presidents (from Ethiopia, Iceland,
Indonesia, and Uganda) at high-level Conferences was agreat experience.
The last meeting of the current Board will take place in
Sacramento, California/USA on 28 October, followed by
the 2010 Annual General Meeting the same day, and thefirst meeting of the new Board (appointed by the 2010
Election) on 29 October.
In the future, IGA will use its international network tofurther accelerate worldwide geothermal development,
especially in the power generation sector. Support andcooperation is needed also at the regional level. Wind andsolar energy provide impressive examples of exponential
growth; geothermal should not lag behind. Please join me
in wishing our new Board much success in these and otherendeavours!

Pre-Congress Short Courses –successful initiation of World
Geothermal Congress 2010,22 – 24 April 2010
Beata Kepinska, WGC2010 IGA Steering
Committee – Short Courses
We still come back to the World Geothermal Congress2010 and related events. Undoubtedly, the most importantamong them were the Pre-Congress Short Courses
organised in two days before the official opening of theCongress. The Short Courses are a strong and valuable

SC1 Participants

July - September 2010

I GA New s No. 81

UPCOMING EVENTSRENEXPO 2010, 7-10 October 2010, Augsburg,
Germany. Website: www.renexpo.de15th Cong ress of the Mexican Geother mal
Association, 15 October 2010, Morelia, Mich.,
Mexico. Website: www.geotermia.org.mx
34th GRC Annual Meeting, 24-27 October 2010,
S a c r a m e n t o, C a l i f o r n i a , U S A . We b s i t e :www.geothermal.org
2010 GSA Annual Meeting-Topical Session 14:
Enhanced Geothermal Systems, 31 October-3
November 2010, Denver, Colorado, USA. Website:www.geosociety.org /meetings/2010/.
2010 AIChE Annual Meeting – Session:
Geothermal Engineering, 7-12 November, Saly LakeC i t y, U T, U S A . We b s i t e : w w w. a i c h e . O r g /Conferences/AnnualMeeting/ index.aspx
Der Geothermiekongress 2010, 16-18 November
2010,
Karlsruhe,
G e r m a n y.
We b s i t e :www.geothermie.de
Australian Geothermal Energy Conference, 16-19
November 2010, Adelaide, Australia. Website:
http://www.agea.org.au.
2010 New Zealand Geothermal Workshop and
GeoNZ 2010, 22-24 November 2010, Auckland, New
Zealand. Website: www.geothermal.org.nz
Exploring and Harnessing the Renewable andPromising Geothermal Energy, Djibouti, 22-25
November 2010. Contact: argeo-c3-djibouti@intnet.dj
Renewable Energy Conference and Expo Manila
2010, 2-3 December 2010, Dusit Thani Manila, Makati,
Philippines. Contact: secretariat@re2010.com
36 Stanford Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir
Engineering, 31 January-2 February 2011, Stanford,
C a l i f o r n i a , U S A . We b s i t e : h t t p : / / p a n g e a .
Stanford.Edu/ERE/research/geoth/ conference/
workshop.html.
Geothermal Energy Utilization Associated with
Oil and Gas Development, 13-15 June 20100, Dallas,
TX, USA. Contact: blackwel@smu.edu
tradition in the history of WGCs. Those held in 2010 will
be remembered as record ones, similar to the Congress
itself, with regard to the number of participants and thenumber of conducted Courses. It is enough to say that all
five proposed Courses were held (!). From the statisticalpoint of view the Courses were attended by almost 200
persons from various countries in 5 continents. Thismeans that 8% of participants registered for the Congress(ca. 2500) took part in the Courses, too. The classes wereconducted by 20 conveners and lecturers. It is also worth
pointing out that one of the Courses was speciallyaddressed to the participants from the WGC2010 hostcountry and given in the Bahasa Indonesia language.

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I GA New s No. 81

SC1 – Peter Danielsen explaining details of borehole logging
The high attendance of the Short Courses was really
impressive, especially if one recalls the serious problems
with flight delays and cancellations due to volcanic ash
generated by the Eyjafjallajokull eruption in Iceland.
The WGC2010 Short Courses were a challenging task,s u c c e s s f u l l y p r e p a r e d a n d a c c o m p l i s h e d by t h ecooperation of the IGA WGC2010 Steering Committee
and WGC2010 Indonesian Organising Committee. FromIGA SC side Beata Kepinska (supported by Gordon
Bloomquist and Jim Lawless) was responsible for the
programs, arrangement and invitations of conveners andlecturers, teaching material and coordination. The
Indonesian OC Short Courses team represented by Sayogi
Sudar man, Yunus Daud and several other persons
together with Surya Darma – secretary general of theIndonesian OC - were involved in many logistic andtechnical issues.
The topics, teams of conveners and lecturers of
WGC2010 Short Courses were as follows:C o u r s e 1. D r i l l i n g , c o m p l e t i o n a n d t e s t i n g o f
g e o th e rm al w e lls :- Pierre Ungemach (France)- Miklos Antics (Romania/France)- Hagen Hole (New Zealand)- Peter E. Danielsen (Iceland)
Co u rs e 2. De s ig n , c o n s t r u c t io n a n d o p e ra t io n o f
g e o th e rm al p lan ts :- Richard Campbell (USA)- Max Walenciak (USA)Co u rs e 3. Ge o th e rm al h e at p u m p s :- John Lund (USA)- Olof Andersson (Sweden)- Leif Bjelm (Sweden)
Co u rs e 4. Fin an c in g g e o th e rm al p ro je c ts :- Gordon Bloomquist (USA)- Paul Quinlivan (New Zealand)- Markus Christen (USA)w w w.geot herm al- energy.org- Joseph Bevash (USA)- Michael Yoshii (USA/Japan)
Co u rs e 5. In tro d u c tio n to g e o th e rm al e n e rg y :- Sayogi Sudarman (Indonesia)- Yunus Daud (Indonesia)- Nenny M. Saptadji (Indonesia)- Adiatma Sardjito (Indonesia)- Susilawati (Indonesia),- Agus Danar (Indonesia).
Course 5 was addressed to an Indonesian audience andconducted in Bahasa Indonesia.
Courses 1 – 4 were held in Bali Inter national
Convention Centre (the WGC2010 venue) on 24 – 25th
April 2010 while Course 5 was held in Jakarta, Java, on 22– 23rd April. CDs with Course teaching material were
given to each participant. The participants were awarded
Certificates of attendance.
The cooperation and involvement of teams responsible
for the preparation and running of the Short Courses, thekey geothermal topics, the presence of world-class experts
as conveners and lecturers, excellent conference facilities,
Indonesian hospitality as well as great attendance and theactive interaction of participants resulted in the fact that
the Courses were significant events that broadened andupdated knowledge on several geothermal topics. Indeed,
they created a sound introduction to the main part of
WGC 2010 and to many cur rent and prospective
geothermal issues and sectors presented during theCongress sessions. They greatly contributed to the successof the WGC2010 as a whole and to the worldwide
education and promotion of geothermal energy.
Some brief notes from WGC2010 Short Course 1 andWGC2010 Short Course 5, prepared by their conveners(Miklos Antics and Sayogi Sudarman), are given below. It
is a special pleasure to present also some impressions
shared by Marta Mburu who attended WGC2010 Short
Course 3.

SC2 – Max Walenciak during a lecture

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I GA New s No. 81

SC3 – Gordon Bloomquist introducing geothermal heat pumps

C4 – Michael Yoshii and Joseph Bevash, lecturers

Short Course 1: Drilling, completionand testing of geothermal wells

The course was held at Patra Jasa Hotel in Jakarta from22 to 23 April 2010, covering five topics and discussing
the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of eachmethod, including:- Exploration technology used for the exploration phase,development and production stages,- Exploitation and production, and reservoir
management throughout a 30 year production period,- Policy of geothermal development in Indonesia tomatch the 4,000 MWe development target,(by Miklos Antics, Course co-convener and lecturer)
WGC2010 Short Course 1 (WGC2010 SC1) dedicatedto Geothermal well drilling/completion/testing andrelated reservoir engineering topics was attended byseventy two persons (!), far above expectations. They
attended the course in spite of the volcanic ash, flightdelaying episode and the late arrival of Pierre Ungemach(convener) and Miklos Antics (co-convener) who gave
their lectures on the second day thanks to a slight course
rescheduling perfectly handled by SC1 lecturers Hagen
Hole and Peter Eric Danielsen.
Participants and lecturers managed to have the sessions
thoroughly interactive and therefore rewarding for bothsides.

Sho r t Co ur se 5: I nt r o d uc t io n t o
Geothermal Energy(by Sayogi Sudarman, Course co-convener and lecturer)
The objective of the Course was to give basic
knowledge about geothermal energy in the sense ofawareness and basic principles of the resources,
technology use and business evaluation. By knowing thebasics, someone can understand what is geothermalenergy and why we should develop it.

SC4 Participants

GEOTHERMICS
International Journal of Geothermal Research and its Applications

Published under the auspices of the International Geothermal Association
Content of the latest issues: http:/www.elsevier.com/locate/geothermics

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I GA New s No. 81- Lessons learned about community development andCSR,- Economic evaluations of geothermal projects,
assumptions and economic sensitivities.
About 60 persons participated in this Course which wasgiven in Bahasa Indonesia. Almost half of them camefrom 12 universities in Java and Lampung that teachgeothermal energy either in earth sciences or engineeringor both disciplines. Other participants were from Local
Governments that have the authority to execute tenderconcessions, or were developer candidates, reporters or
NGOs.

WGC-2010 Short Course 3 on
Geo t her m a l H ea t Pum p s – so m eimpressions(by Martha Mburu – Course participant)My name is Martha from Kenya. A reservoir engineer
by training (New Zealand-2000 and Iceland-2003), I’mcurrently working for the Geothermal Development
Company (GDC), Kenya. I have worked in the geothermal
industry for 12 years. This was the first time that I haveattended a WGC and it was a memorable and rewarding

SC5 Participants

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opportunity that I will always treasure. It was technicallyvery rewarding, especially when coupled with the 2 day
Pre-Congress Short Courses and the field trips. I have apersonal interest in direct utilization of geothermal energy;
in fact my MSc research was on direct utilisation of energy
from geothermal brine. Being an engineer, I have always
wanted to understand the technology and applications ofgeothermal heat pumps and this became a reality when theorganizers of the WGC-2010 offered, among others, a
Short Course on Geothermal heat pumps! My employer
GDC was kind enough to sponsor me for this Course.
A team of 12 senior technical staff from GDC
attended the WGC2010 Short Courses. We distributed
ourselves in all the four Courses offered, depending on
personal interest as well as our technical orientation. The
feedback I got from my colleagues is that the Courses were
well organized and delivered. They were also very
beneficial at a personal and cooperative level.
The Course on Geothermal heat pumps was very wellorganized. The class was small (several participants) andthis made the learning very interactive and conducive. We
had three very able, technically knowledgeable anddedicated lecturers under the leadership of Prof. John
Lund. The Course covered the theory behind the uses ofgeothermal heat pumps, applications and case studies. It
was a very educational Course. I would recommend such a
Course to as many persons as possible, not only thetechnical team but also those that are biased to renewableenergy uses in heating and cooling buildings.
To sum up - all persons and parties who contributed tothe preparation and successful running of WGC2010
Short Courses deserve thanks and appreciation for their
dedicated work and efforts. Last but not least, thanks go
also to all Short Course participants who were the mostimportant part of the game and by such numerous
participation made these Courses so successful – a true
“overture” to WGC2010 and its final outcomes.

Election resultsÁrni Ragnarsson and Gestur Gíslason
A new IGA BoD for the period 2010-2013 has been
elected. Information about the election procedure andpersonal passwords for voting through the IGA web weresent by individual e-mails to IGA members with voting
rights. Most members received their e-mail in mid June andothers on July 1st 2010. As decided by the BoD theelection material was not sent out by postal mail as before.
Thus, only members with a registered e-mail address
received a personal message, but the election was alsoannounced in IGA News and on the IGA web. Out of thetotal number of eligible voters 361 are not registered with
an e-mail address or about 7% of the total. The deadline
for voting was July 26th. After closing of the election thevotes were processed at the Secretariat under thesupervision of the IGA Secretary.

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I GA New s No. 81

Table 1. Main election statistics
Votes received through the web
Paper and e-mail ballots received
Total votes received
Unknown sender
Votes from non-members
Double votes
Total invalid ballots
Total ballots counted
Total number of eligible voters
Total number of valid preferences

1,679
19
1,698
1
3
7
11
1,687
5,195
23,28198.9%
1.1%
100.0%

32.5%
100.0%The main election statistics are reported in table 1. The
total number of eligible voters was 5,195 IGA members.
We received 1,679 votes through the web and additional 19
paper and e-mail ballots. Thus, the total number of votes
received was 1,698. Of the total number of ballots
received 11 were invalid (double votes, votes from nonmembers and unknown sender). Thus the total number ofballots counted was 1,687 or 32.5% of the number of
eligible voters, covering 53 countries. The total number ofvalid preferences was 23,281.
The geographical distribution of the counted ballots isreported in Table 2, which also shows the percentage ofballots received from each country out of the total numberof eligible voters from the respective country. In Table 3
the distribution of votes received from the affiliatedorganizations is shown, along with the percentage of theeligible voters participating in each of them. The
difference between the totals in tables 2 and 3 represents
the number of votes from individual and corporate
members (73).
Table 4 shows the election results. The names of thoseelected are listed in alphabetical order and similarly for
non-elected candidates. The results have been approved by
the IGA President and the candidates have been notified.
The geographical distribution of the new BoD members isreported in tables 5 and 6.
It should be pointed out that the number of IGA
members has increased considerably since the last election
in 2007. The number of eligible voters increased from3,269 to 5,195 in this period or by 59%. The number ofvalid ballots increased from 904 to 1,687 or by 87%. Thus,
the election participation was now 32.5% compared to
27.7% in 2007. We send our best congratulations to thenew board.

July - September 2010

Table 2. Ballot distribution per country. Ballots were received from53 countries.
Country
Total% voters
Australia
72
21%
Belgium
4
100%
Brazil1
100%
Canada
7
10%
Chile
4
20%
China
26
37%
Costa Rica
945%
Denmark2
50%
Djibouti
1
100%
Ecuador
2
100%
Egypt
1
100%
El Salvador
26
49%
Ethiopia
8
19%France1050%Georgia526%
Germany130
16%
Greece3
43%
Honduras
1
100%
Hungary
45
27%
Iceland
76
47%
India
2
50%
Indonesia
12528%
Ireland5
23%
Israel
1
100%
Italy
71
40%
Japan
61
55%
Kenya
7
37%
Latvia1
33%
Lithuania
18
53%
Macedonia
30
67%
Malaysia
1
25%
Mexico36
42%
Netherlands
7
11%
New Zealand
113
42%
Nicaragua
2
67%
Pakistan1
50%
Papua New Guinea
2
33%
Peru
1
100%
Philippines
325
62%
Poland97
41%
Romania
15
45%
Russia730%Singapore
1
9%
S-Korea14
78%
Slovakia
11
35%
Slovenia
1
100%
Spain
3
50%
Sweden1
33%
Switzerland
30
33%
Turkey50
52%
United Kingdom
3
23%
USA
211
22%
Vietnam
1
100%
Total
1687
32%

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I GA New s No. 81
Table 3. Ballot distribution from Affiliated Organizations
Affiliation
AGEG
CanGEA
GCES
AGC
ESGA
EGA
GGA
GtV
HGA
HTES
GAI-IS
API-INAGA
IGEA
GAI
UGI
IGAJ
LGA
MAGA
MGA
SPG
NZGA
NGAP
PGA
PGS
RGA
RUGA-GESSGA
SVG-SSG
TGA
GRC
Total

Country
Australia
CanadaChina
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Georgia
Germany
Hungary
Hungary
IcelandIndonesia
Iran
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Lithuania
Macedonia
MexicoNetherlands
New ZealandPhilippines
PolandPolandRomania
RussiaSlovakia
Switzerland
Turkey
USA

Total
58
5
25
9
25
8
5
127
33
11
64
116
0
5
63
60
18
30
26
7
114
322
23
73
15
7
10
30
48
277
1614

% voters
20%
14%
37%
47%
50%
19%
26%
16%
33%
17%
47%
28%
0%
23%
39%
58%
53%
67%
47%
13%
42%
62%
17%
74%
47%
29%
33%
32%
55%
24%
32%

Table 5. Elected BoD members distribution per continentContinent
AfricaAmerica
Asia
EuropeOceania
Total

New Board
2
5
8
11
4
30

Retiring Board
2
5
7
13
3
30

Table 4. IGA BoD election results 2010. The names of those elected
are listed in alphabetical order and similarly for non-electedcandidates.
Name
ElectedMiklos A. Antics
Nilgun Bakir*
Graeme Beardsmore
Christian Boissavy
D. Chandrasekharam*
Surya Darma
Luis C. A. Gutiérrez-Negrín*
Colin Harvey
Paul Hirtz
Roland N. Horne
Herman Darnel Ibrahim*
Eduardo Iglesias*
Horst Kreuter
Francisco E. Montalvo L.
Juliet Newson*
Zhonghe Pang*
Bjarni Pálsson*
Fernando S. Penarroyo*
Paul Quinlivan*Árni Ragnarsson*
Paolo Romagnoli*
Horst Rüter
Ladislaus Rybach
Silas Simiyu*
Benedict Steingrímsson
Valentina Svalova*
Koichi Tagomori*Richard B. Tantoco*
Meseret Teklemariam*
Kasumi Yasukawa
Non-elected
Marek Hajto
Valiya Hamza
Ryszard Henryk Kozlowski
Zbigniew Malolepszy
George Melikadze
György Pátzay
Sanja Popovska V.
Burkhard Sanner
Yoonho Song
Gábor Szita
Roland Wyss
Feliksas Zinevicius

Country
Romania
TurkeyAustralia
FranceIndia
Indonesia
MexicoNew Zealand
USA
USA
Indonesia
MexicoGermany
El Salvador
New Zealand
China
Iceland
Philippines
New Zealand
Iceland
Italy
Germany
Switzerland
Kenya
Iceland
RussiaJapan
Philippines
Ethiopia
Japan
PolandBrazilPolandPolandGeorgia
Hungary
Macedonia
Germany
S. Korea
Hungary
Switzerland
Lithuania* New BoD memberw w w.geot herm al- energy.org

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I GA New s No. 81

Table 6. Elected BoD members distribution per country
Country
Australia
China
El Salvador
Ethiopia
FranceGermany
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Italy
Japan
Kenya
Macedonia
MexicoNew ZealandPhilippines
PolandRomania
RussiaSwitzerland
TurkeyUgandaUSA
Total

New Board
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
30

Retiring Board
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
30

EUROPE
European Geothermal News
Philippe Dumas, European Geothermal
Energy Council

GtV position paper on Induced
Seismicity in Geothermal projects
GtV, the Ger man g eother mal association, haspublished a paper concluding that geothermal installations
have until now never caused hazardous earthquakes
causing structural damage or putting human life at risk.
Particularly in Germany, only minor damages have beenreported and have until now not even been proven incourt. Geothermal projects are carried out under the
Mining Act, which states that care must be taken that no
personal harm occurs, that traffic or general infrastructure
is not damaged and that no damage is done to public
goods. Compensation must be paid for lesser damage tobuildings if it occurs. Nevertheless induced seismicity thathas been experienced in a few isolated cases is a serious
acceptance problem. The natural fear of ‘earthquakes’ isdeeply rooted; they are regarded as (and are) unpredictable
and not manageable. In contrast, geothermal installations
can be produced and run in a way that makes even small
noticeable seismic events unlikely. The entire process(installation and production) can be controlled. The
controlled operational approach (step-by-step) is

July - September 2010

recommended, including seismological monitoring.
Experts may find that at some locations the seismic risk is
unacceptable because of very special geological conditions.
No geothermal project should be established in those(rare) areas. Those special areas could be areas ofsuperficial and uncompacted alluvial deposits or areas withan extensive history of natural seismicity with catastrophic
results

New geothermal countries in Europe:
Croatia, Slovakia, UK, Ireland, Serbia
A first geothermal power plant in Slovakia to be built:
Slovakia is planning development of its first geothermal
power plant by Geoterm, a joint venture of local players
and the Ministry of the Economy, in the eastern part ofthe country, the Košice basin.. The project expects a plantof 8-9MW for a cost of EUR30 million.
Firs t g e o th e rm al p o w e r p lan t p ro je c t in Cro atia: The
first geothermal power plant in Croatia is going to beconstructed in Velika Ciglena, Bjelovar. The construction
licence for the plant should be obtained by the end of2010 and it has been assessed that the construction of
Marija 1 geothermal power plant will be completed in two
years with an installed power generation capacity of
4.7MW and 10MW heat production. A new project isbeing prepared with a second geothermal power plant tobe constructed in south Slavonia.
Un ite d K in g d o m : A team of scientists and engineers
today (23 June 2010) pumped out the first hot water fromthe depths of Weardale as part of a landmark project toinvestigate the potential of geothermal energy as a sourceof renewable heat.
The twin borehole system is the first of its kind in the
UK and will allow warm groundwater – heated by the hot
granite rocks hundreds of metres below ground – to becontinually cycled through a 1,000m underground heating
system. Led by Newcastle University, the geothermalborehole is one of five forms of land-based renewableenergy sources being considered for the proposed Eastgate
eco-village in Weardale.
The University team believes it could not only provide
renewable, clean energy for homes and businesses, but also
some of the natural hot water could be used in a spa - thefirst such development in the UK since the Romans
tapped the hot springs at Bath.
Following a grant from the Department of Energy andClimate Change earlier this year, the team has drilled asecond - or ‘reinjection’ - borehole to complement the
995m deep exploration borehole which was originallydrilled three years ago. Water at a temperature of around30-40ºC is brought up to the surface where it passes
through a heat exchang er before being sent backunderground to be re-heated. Used water is reintroduced
to the granite at about 420m deep, and heated up again as
it flows through a complicated maze of fractures on its
way back to the pumping borehole.

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From the Secretariat
Geothermal knowledge community
G e o t h e r m a l c o m m o n s. o r g i s a n o p e n s o u r c eknowledge community on the web for the geothermal
sector. The idea is to create a platform where people
can share geothermal knowledge and experiencesinteractively. The functions of the platform enable not
only the connection of information and knowledge,
but also the connection of knowledge and people. It
establishes a database which helps the geothermal
sector to bring people from all over the world together
or to attract new people to this exciting and growing
sector. Furthermore, people who are already working
with geothermal will get the opportunity to extend orr e f r e s h k n o w l e d g e o f t h e i r u n k n o w n f i e l d s.
Geothermalcommons.org is free of charge and can
only be used with a valid email address, a username
and a password. Geothermalcommons.org does notprovide information itself, rather, it encourages
everyone to add, edit, share and discuss information.
Professor Younger said the next step was to go evendeeper. “There is every reason to suppose that if we drill
even deeper here in future we will find water at boilingpoint, which is hot enough to generate electricity.”
GT En e rg y a n d ESB I s i g n p a r t n e rs h i p t o b u i l d
Ire lan d ’s firs t g e o th e rm al e n e rg y p lan t:
GT Energy, a member of EGEC, has entered into a
Technology Partnership Agreement (TPA) with ESB
International (ESBI), the Irish electrical utility. Under theagreement, GT Energy will generate up to 50 megawatts(MW) of electricity using geothermal energy by 2020, and
ESBI will assist the company with the design of thegenerating equipment and grid connection design work.
T h e two c o m p a n i e s w i l l wo rk to g e th e r to sh a reinformation, expertise and resources to support GT
Energy’s plans to develop a number of deep geothermal
electricity projects across the island of Ireland. GT Energy
has identified a number of sites on the island of Ireland,
including Dublin, that offer potential for the developmentof geothermal energy plants. In addition to delivering
energy for heating purposes, many of these would havethe capacity to generate about 5 MW of electricity. Thisadditional renewable generation capacity would assist inmeeting Ireland’s renewable energy obligations anddelivering on the National Renewable Energy Action Plan
for 2020. GT Energy announced in April that it had raised
first round funding through NCB Corporate finance andsecured grant aid from the British Government.
Ag re e m e n t Sig n e d f o r Vra n js ka B a n ja Ge o th e r m a l
We lls (Se rb ia):
Reservoir Capital Corp. reported that its wholly-owned
subsidiary, Southern European Exploration D.o.o. hassigned a Business and Technical Cooperation Agreementwith Jumko A.D., to evaluate the existing geothermal wells

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operated by Jumko, within the Company’s Vranjska Banja
exploration permit located in Southern Serbia. Jumkoholds a two hectare exploitation per mit with two
geothermal wells (VG-2 and VG-3) that were drilled for
district heating of an industrial complex. The VG-2 wellintercepted several hot water aquifers, the best of whichmeasured 126°C between 864-890 metres depth. The VG3 well intercepted a zone containing three intervals withmeasured temperatures of 124°C, between 1,500 and
1,575 metres depth. Under the terms of the Agreement,
the Company has an exclusive one-year period to complete
detailed technical and feasibility studies. The Company’s
Vranjska Banja exploration permit covers 1,750 hectares inarea and completely surrounds the Jumko permit. Since
receiving the exploration permit in November 2009, theCompany has used existing geophysical data (magnetics
and gravity) to define target areas and this March began
d e t a i l e d m a g n e t i c s u r v e y s, m a p p i n g a n d w a t e rgeochemistry studies.
Reservoir Capital Corp. is a Canadian public company
whose operations are focused in Serbia with a mandate toacquire and develop natural resource opportunities in
Serbia and Southeast Europe. It is a Southeast Europe
focused project generator, investing primarily in renewableenergy. The Company holds two hydroelectric projects,
Brodarevo 1 and 2, with 55MW of potential capacity
undergoing pre-feasibility studies and an application inprocess for a third at Vrutci with 32MW potential capacity,
all in southwest Serbia. Reservoir currently holds fourgeothermal licenses and a portfolio of precious and basemetal exploration projects. Reservoir’s common shares
trade on the TSX Venture Exchange under the symbol“REO” and on the Frankfurt and Berlin exchanges under
the symbol “ROC”.

A new feed-in tariff in France
A Fre n c h d e c re e p re s e n ts th e n e w Fre n c h FiT f o r
g e o th e rm al p o w e r:
Announced in January 2010, the French arrêté detailingthe Feed-in-tariff for geothermal electricity production has
been published at the Journal Officiel on 24 July. The
reference tariff in metropolitan France is 20 c€/kWh andin French overseas departments is 13 c€/kWh. A bonus
for energ y efficiency can be added: 8 c€/kWh in
metropolitan France and 3 c€/kWh elsewhere.

Scenario 2050
Re -th in kin g 2050: 100 % RES
EREC’s new report on “RE-thinking 2050 – A 100 %Renewable Energy Vision for the European Union” hasbeen published on 15th of April 2010.
You can download the full version of RE-thinking
2050 from www.rethinking2050.eu
In this scenario 2050, geothermal energy will be an
important player (ca 20%). Furthermore, you are cordiallyinvited to join the list of supporters and to declare yourJuly - September 2010

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I GA New s No. 81

support for 100 % renewables in 2050 on the website via
designing your own free electronic postcard.

ASIA
Indonesia

The First Joint Geothermal
Course “Geothermal energy
development – where scienceand engineering meet”

Class photograph of the first Gadjah Mada University – GNS
Science – The University of Auckland geothermal joint course (12 –17 July 2010) taken after the official opening by the Ambassador of
New Zealand to Indonesia, H.E. Mr. David Taylor (front row,
middle).

Pri Utami, Geothermal Research Center,
Gadjah Mada University
T he Faculty of Engineering Gadjah Mada
University/GMU (Indonesia), GNS Science and The
University of Auckland (New Zealand) organized theirfirst joint geothermal course with a theme “Geothermalenergy development – where science and engineeringmeet” (12 – 17 July 2010). The course was held at Gadjah
Mada University Campus, Yogyakarta, and was officiallyopened by the New Zealand Ambassador to Indonesia,
H.E. Mr. David Taylor.
The self-funded joint course aims to build the capacityof the Indonesian geothermal human resource in order tosupport the Indonesian Government’s program foracceleration of geothermal electricity generation, i.e. up to

6,000 MWe by 2020. The collaboration between one ofthe oldest and largest universities in Indonesia with thetwo New Zealand institutions well known for theirstrength in geothermal education and research helps to
cement Indonesia’s and New Zealand’s long tradition ofcollaborative education, research, and business in thegeothermal sector.
The course was attended by 60 participants: 32 fromgeothermal companies, 1 from a local government office,1 private participant, 15 junior academic staff of Gadjah
Mada University, 2 external observers (New Zealand Aidand New Zealand Trade and Enterprise), and 9 internal
observers from the Geothermal Research Center, Facultyof Engineering GMU.
There were nine instructors, two of whom came fromIndonesia, and seven from New Zealand. The geothermal

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I GA New s No. 81
geoscience instructors were: Greg Bignall, Rob Reeves,
Supri Soengkono, Ed Mroczeck (GNS Science) and Pri
Utami (GMU). Mike Sullivan, Sadiq Zarrouk, Juliet
Newson (The University of Auckland), and Khasani(GMU) were instructors for geothermal engineering. Ed
Mroczek delivered his lecture via video conference. The
course material covered both geoscience and engineering
aspects of geothermal energy development, and wasdelivered through class and laboratory activities, group
discussions, and field trip to the Dieng Geothermal Field,
Central Java. A lecture on the Dieng Geothermal Field wasgiven by Soewondo Koesoemo (General Manager of the
PT. Geo Dipa Energi Dieng), and the trip was led by A.
Harijoko (GMU).
Beside teaching, the New Zealand guest lecturers also
visited the research and education facilities at GMU andheld discussions with several research groups at GMU, i.e.,
the Geothermal, Coal Bed Methane, Volcanology andGeophysics, as well as the Geo-hazard Research Groups.
These aimed to strengthen the existing collaborations andto explore the possibilities of the new ones.
A cultural night was held in the middle of the course’s
busy week to give the participants, the guest lecturers, and
the GMU staff a chance to build a network in a morerelaxing atmosphere. The course was concluded after thefield trip with certificate presentations to the successful
participants.

AFRICA
Djibouti

Djibouti Energy Challenge: Can
Geothermal Resources solve
the problem?
B y E n g . Fa ra h A l i A i n a n , S e c r e t a r y
General, Ministry of Energy and Natural
Resources, Republic of Djibouti

Introduction
Djibouti has always been very important, not only
because of its geostrategic location but also because of
there was a supply of coal for both commercial and war
ships on the Europe-Asia maritime route. Unbelievably,
then, availability of energy was an integral part of Djibouti.
The modern electricity supply in the City of Djibouti
and five other interior towns started in the early 60s with

Figure 1: Boulaos thermal power station, Djibouti.
the formation of the utility electricity company, EdD,
which celebrated its 50th anniversary in January, 2010.
The electricity is generated wholly from fossil petroleum.

The energy challenge
Djibouti requires investment for the benefit of its
people. However in order to do this, it equally requires
huge investment in infrastructure projects which in return
require a huge and reliable supply of energy, which is also
not available. This is the energy challenge facing thedecision makers in Djibouti.
In order to turn this long lasting challenge into realopportunity for development, the government has ranked
the research and development of energies in the very toppriority of its development strategy.
The country benefited from unexpected growth withmajor foreign direct investment (one of the highest percapita in the continent) during the 2000s. Unfortunately,
this was followed by multiple international crises of oil
price rises and the food shortage of 2008. These crises hit
the country when the whole region was suffering ahumanitarian drama caused by several consecutive years ofsevere drought .
Table 1 shows that the cost of heavy fuel oil (HFO) for
power generation of in Djibouti increased from US$13.2
million in 2002 to US$70.2 million in 2008, an increase of
431%. The cumulative total increase was US$113 million.
In addition, the cumulative increased cost of gasoil forg eneration was US$ 35 million, making the total
cumulative increase in fuel cost for generation about US$
148 million. Fuel costs for electricity generation alone
account for 1/3 of the national budget or 1/5 of GDP.
Between 2004 and 2008, kerosene consumption, which is

Table 1. HFO Impact on Djibouti’s Economy with focus on Electricity Production
HFO Fuel Cost In US$ Million% Increase in HFO cost

2002 Ref
13.2202003
15.715+18.9%

2004
16.573+25.4%

2005
2006
2007
25.78731.13833.251+95.06% +135.5% +151.5%

2008
70.225431.20%Figures from EdD databases

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I GA New s No. 81
now used mainly for cooking, more than doubled. The
increase in cost of all the fossil fuels consumed in the
country for cooking, transportation and electricity overthis period was more than US$600 million.

Energy Resources

Figure 2: African Great Rift system.

Fortunately Djibouti has abundant proven energy
resources from wind, solar, geothermal and wave which
can meet the country’s energy needs adequately for sometime to come. However, please note that Djibouti does
not have hydropower potential neither does it have othertraditional sources of energy. Except for hydrocarbons andwave, which have not been investigated, the other sourcesof energy are as follows:
1. Solar energy is abundant (average insolation 5.38
kw.h/sq.m/day) for nearly 365 days per year.
2. Wind energy with estimated potential of over 10MW
in at least five (5) sites
3. High enthalpy geothermal resources with an estimatedpotential of about 350- 800MW
4. Wave with an expected potential of more than 100MWfrom initial estimates at the strait of Ghoubet.

Figure 3: Geothermal areas of Djibouti (Courtesy of Parsons Brinkerhoff, 2009).

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I GA New s No. 81

Figure 4: Lake Assal Prospect ( Courtesy of Reykjavik Energy
Invest 2009).

Cur r ent Elec t r ic it y c a p a c it y a nd
future demands
All the electricity in Djibouti is generated from twothermal power stations, Bouloas and Marabout, locatedwithin Djibouti city (Figure 1). Bouloas is the larger of thetwo. The total installed capacity is about 100MW but theeffective capacity is close to the peak demand of 57MW.
This is complemented by other small public or private
diesel generators. Hence the generation is wholly
dependent on imported oil. In addition Djibouti will beinterconnected this year with Ethiopia through a 230kV
double circuit interconnector and provide “non-firm”
supply. In the short term, twice the installed capacity(219MW) is required to meet the increasing demand due toincreased population and economic activities (Parsons
Brinkerhoff 2009).
Several planned infrastructures projects are on holddue to lack of power, for example Port of Doraleh andthe Free Zone and water desalination. These projects
could attract more investors in the manufacturing sector
with huge opportunities for processing for the hinterland
regional market if low priced and abundant electricity wereavailable in Djibouti. In addition other projects which
could benefit immensely from an adequate supply of
power are mineral processing, salt processing at Lake Assaland perlite ore which could earn more money if it weresemi-processed in the country. Other examples include
the cement industry in Ali Sabih and building stone
processing.

Can Geothermal Resources help totackle the energy Challenge?
Certainly. In the search for energy solutions, mainly
nationally-based sustainable resources, geother mal
resources have been given the most attention since
independence. There has also been a clear renewedinterest in recent years. This is due to the commitment at

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the highest level of the State, that of H.E the President
Ismail Omar Guelleh. Towards these efforts, the president
visited Iceland in February, 2007 to see what that a small
and remote country has achieved with its geothermal
resources. This was an eye-opening experience indeed.
The Djibouti government understands very well thatthe government role is essential for supporting andboosting the development of geothermal resources which
require very costly and risky upfront investments inaddition to the requirement of adequate technicalexpertise.
The other renewable energy resources, for example
Solar, Wind and Tidal, are in various stages of assessment
and have also benefited from marked policy attention
similar to Geothermal. However, it is well known thatgeothermal energy is the most reliable and efficient of theother renewable energies.
Djibouti is exceptionally well located in the world,
along with the Andean region of South America, having
the highest exploitable geothermal potential given its
young and frequent volcanic activity within the East
African Rift System (Figure 2). It is unfortunate though,that the geothermal resources at these two regions are still
the least developed.
At the southern end of the Rift Valley is the mostimportant geothermal energy field in the region, Olkaria
in Kenya, followed by Ethiopia and Djibouti in terms ofprogress in research and exploration resource.
Djibouti’s geothermal potential is estimated at between
350MW and 800MW of high enthalpy geothermal energy.
The potential areas ( about 12, Figure 3) include Ghoubet,
Assal, Lake Abbe, Obock, Arta, Hanlé and Gagadé among
others (Ainan 2010).
Assal is the most investigated geothermal prospect inDjibouti (Figure 4). Six exploration wells were drilled
between 1975 and 1988 in Assal and a high enthalpy, highsalinity resource was found. It has a potential for bore
scaling, but the resource potential is estimated at morethan 150-300MW. The problems of high salinity andscaling (Virkir-Orkint 1990) have had an unnecessarily
negative impact on further development of Assal. It is
understood that the technology to address this problem is
now available. Other strategies have been formulated with
the intention of achieving better drilling results by an IPP

From the Secretariat
IGA Annual General meeting 28 October 2010
IGA will hold the Annual General Meeting in theafternoon of 28 October 2010 in Sacramento,
California, USA, following the GRC Annual Meeting.
T h e m e e t i n g ve nu e w i l l b e t h e S a c r a m e n t oConvention Center. All IGA members are welcome
to the meeting. More details will be given on the IGA
web.

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I GA New s No. 81
In Hanlé prospect, surface exploration work was done
and two deep wells drilled together with 3 gradient wells
between 1982 and 1988. Low temperatures wereintersected by the deep wells.
From the three areas alone, it is estimated that over
400MW of geothermal power can be developed. This issubstantial power which can provide all the electricity
required for Djibouti for many years to come andtherefore save huge amounts of foreign currency being
spent on imported fuel.

Conclusion

Figure 1: A section of Djibouti City
who carried out prefeasibility studies between 2007 and2009. New appraisal wells have yet to be drilled.
Lake Abhe prospect is believed to be a low enthalpy
resource which can be developed using binary power
plants. The area has been licensed to an IPP andinvestigations are currently under way. An IPP has
proposed to develop 50MW - 150MW of Binar ygeothermal plants after carrying out further explorationwork.

In order for Djibouti to proceed with its development
agenda, adequate infrastructure investments are required
which must include power generation. Currently Djibouti
depends on imported fuel to generate its power andconsequently spends a substantial fraction of its GDP on
fuel. The electricity tariff is also relatively high.
Luckily, Djibouti is endowed with what is believed tobe substantial amount of both high and low temperaturegeothermal resources which, if developed, can replace thecurrent thermal power and meet ever increasing future
demands. Geothermal can therefore meet and exceed theenergy challenge facing the decision makers.
Having arrived at this conclusion, it is important toFigure 2: Assal Rift with Lake Assal at the background.

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I GA New s No. 81

Figure 4: Geophysical exploration work at Assal geothermal area
point out the unique opportunity Djibouti offers toinvestors and developers in geothermal energy:- A country with infrastructure facilities (Ports, Telecom,
Roads..) with growth potential. Every geothermal
prospect is located less than 150km from the Port andwith good access roads.
- Substantial investigations and reconnaissance work has
already been completed so developers will not startfrom scratch.
- ARGeo will provide a risk mitigation fund in the
exploration phase.
- There is government commitment at the highest level.
- A successful geothermal project in Djibouti will offer

Figure 5: Sheraton hotel in Djibouti

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its owners and partners the unique chance to have an
incomparable “Show Case” or “Show Room” that will
surely support them to implement other geothermal
projects in the Great East Africa Valley Countries.

References
Ainan, F.A., 2010. Djibouti Potential Status andProspectives in Geothermal Resources Development,.
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, Bali 25-29
April 2010.
Parsons Brinkerhoff, 2009. Least Cost Electricity Master
Plan, Djibouti. A Ministry of Energy and Natural
Resources Report financed by World Bank.

Figure 3: Well testing at Assal

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I GA New s No. 81
Participants will benefit from the fresh season during
the month of November and will have the opportunity tovisit the worldwide famous emerged rift of Assal with its
brine lake which is 150m below the sea level. This is amost fascinating location for geologists where volcanic
activity is comparable to Iceland.

General Information

Figure 6: Beach area in front of La Siesta Hotel, Djibouti

Reykjavik Energy Invest, 2009. Environmental Impact
Study.
Virkir-Orkint, 1990. Djibouti geothermal scaling andcorrosion study.

We l c o m e t o D j i b o u t i f o r
ARGEO-C3, November 22-25th
By Mohamed Jalludin, Director General,
CERD

The Conference
The African Rift Geother mal facility (ARGEO)
regional project is dedicated to the development of clean
geothermal resources, mainly for energy production in the
East African Rift region. ARGEO-C3 Djibouti 2010 is
the third biannual conference organized within thisframework of ARGEO, following the Addis Ababa 2006
and Entebbe 2008 conferences. The aim of the ARGEOC3 conference is to create an information exchange
platform on the exploration, development and utilizationof the geothermal resources in the region. It is also
expected to attract a broad participation from theinternational geothermal community from both public andprivate sectors.
The papers will be based on surface and deep
exploration development and utilization of the geothermal
resources, including new technologies and direct uses
along with environmental and financial issues.
The ARGEO-C3 will be held on 22nd to 25th
November 2010 in the town of Djibouti (Figure 1), capitalof the Republic of Djibouti, located strategically at the
Horn of Africa. The conference is organized by Centred’Etude et de Recherche de Djibouti (CERD) under theoffice of the President with sponsorship from IGA, BGR,
IAHS-AISH and UNEP.

July - September 2010

The Republic of Djibouti is located in the Eastern partof Africa at the crossing of the Red Sea and the Gulf ofEden. The territory of 23,000 km2 area abuts on the sea
with more than 370km of coastal zones: the Gulf of
Tadjoural in the north and Goubjet at Kharab. Djibouti isthe largest town of the country with more than 600,000
inhabitants, 65% of the total population. The climate isarid to semi-arid and the average rainfall is about 150mm.
The conference is timed to take place during the beginningof a new season when the temperatures might be between
25 - 30°C.
The peculiar geodynamic situation of East Africa ischaracterized by rifting that has given the various types oflandscapes in the form of successive plateaus and plains in
the western part, some mountains surrounding the Gulfof Tadjourah, and the coastal plains. The Assal rift
(Figure 2) is located in the central part of the country.
T he g over nment of Djibouti is committed todeveloping the environmentally benign geothermal energy
to replace the heavy dependence on imported oil in orderto overcome the growing energy demand of the country
and to support economic development. Twelve (12)prospects have been identified in the country. The
potential areas include Assal, Lake Abhe, Manda-Inakir,
Obock, and Arta. The Assal geothermal area is the moststudied where several exploration wells were drilled in the
80s. Currently, two private fir ms are involved ingeothermal work in Djibouti. One is preparing to start
exploration drilling in Assal and the other is planning toundertake surface exploration work at Lake Abhe.
Themes of the Conference
The papers are prepared according to the following
themes:From the Secretariat
IGA Membership Dues
IGA Membership dues for individual and corporate
members for the year 2010 were due 31 March. Inorder to keep the membership status, we advise thoseof you who have not paid to do that as soon as
possible. See the application form on the back coverof this issue for renewal details.

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17

I GA New s No. 81• Exploration methods in geology, tectonics, geophysics,
geochemistry and isotopes, hydrology and remotesensing.
• Drilling and well design• Well testing, injection, reservoir engineering, reservoir
modeling, tools and technologies• Field development, production technology, power
generation and operations• Low enthalpy geothermal resources development• Economics and financing, private sector participation• Environmental, social, legal and institutional aspects• Direct use: agri- and aquaculture, space heating

Side Event
The program will also include a Side Event on “Whatdoes geothermal cost?”

Registration Fees
Participants from ARGEO Countries US$ 150
Other participants
US$ 200
Excursion (all participants)
US$ 150

HôtelsSeveral hotels, listed below with telephone and fax
numbers and email addresses, are available within DjiboutiCity. Participants are requested to make their own hotel
reservations. Note that the country code for Djibouti is:253• KEMPINSKI. Phone: 325555 ; fax: 325556;
reservation.djibouti@kempinski.com• SHERATON. Phone: 32.80.00 ; fax: 32.88.88;
sheratondj@intnet.dj• IMPERIAL. Phone: 35.22.20 ; fax: 35.40.70;
mkmcomesa@yahoo.com• EUROPE. Phone: 35.50.60 ; fax: 35.61.08;
Heurope@intnet.dj• PLEIN CIEL. Phone: 35.38.41 ; fax: 35.68.57;• BELLEVUE. Phone: 35.80.88 ; fax: 35.24.84;
Bellevue@intnet.dj• ALI-SABIEH. Phone: 35.32.64 ; fax: 35.50.84;
alsabhot@intnet.dj• ALLIAH. Phone: 35.82.22 ; fax: 35.86.80;
Alia_hotel@intnet.dj• LA SIESTA. Phone: 32.23.00 ; fax: 35.03.03;
Siesta.hot@yahoo.fr• MENELIK. Phone: 35.11.77 ; fax: 35.46.82

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IGA News
IGA News is published quarterly by the International
Geothermal Association. The function of IGA Newsis to disseminate timely information about geothermal
activities throughout the world. To this end, a group of
correspondents has agreed to supply news for eachissue. The core of this group consists of the IGA
Information Committee:
Benedikt Steingrímsson, Iceland (Chairman)
Graeme Beardsmore, Australia
Werner Bussmann, Germany
Philippe Dumas, France
John Garnish, United Kingdom
Alimin Ginting, Indonesia
Gestur Gíslason, Iceland
Luis Gutierrez-Negrin, Mexico
Roland Horne, USA
Paul Hirtz, USA
Eduardo Iglesias, Mexico
Beata Kepinska, Poland
Jim Lawless, New ZealandPeter Ledingham, UK
Zbigniew Malolepszy, Poland
Francisco E. Montalvo Lopez, El Salvador
Martin N. Mwangi, Kenya
Mahmut Parlaktuna, Turkey
Sylvia Ramos, Philippines
Colin Randall, Australia
Yoonho Song, South Korea
Joaquin Torres-Rodriguez, Mexico
Toshihiro Uchida, Japan
François-David Vuataz, Switzerland
Kasumi Yasukawa, JapanThe members of this group submit geothermal news
from their parts of the world, or relevant to their areasof specialization. If you have some news, a report, or
an article for IGA News, you can send it to any of theabove individuals, or directly to the IGA Secretariat,
whatever is most convenient. Please help us to become
essential reading for anyone seeking the latest
information on geothermal worldwide.
While the editorial team make every effort to ensure
accuracy, the opinions expressed in contributed articles
remain those of the authors and are not necessarily
those of the IGA.
Send IGA News contributions to:
IGA Secretariat, c/o Samorka
Sudurlandsbraut 48, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland
fax: +354-588-4431
e-mail: iga@samorka.is
This issue of IGA News was edited by Eduardo
Iglesias. John Garnish proofread the articles. Producedby Gestur Gíslason for the IGA Secretariat. Design
layout by François Vuataz.

July - September 2010

18

Application for membership
Please complete the following form and return it with payment
to:International Geothermal Association Secretariat
c/o Samorka
Sudurlandsbraut 48, 108 Reykjavik, Icelandtel: +354-588-4437; fax: +354-588-4431;
e-mail: iga@samorka.is
IGA Home Page: www.geothermal-energy.org
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Note: The information you provide will be held on the IGA
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only. If you do not wish your details to be used for this purpose,
please tick the box (in which case your name will not be printed
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Representatives of Corporate and Institutional members:
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There are three ways to make payment to IGA:
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Please notify the Secretariat by fax or e-mail when you wirefunds.
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July - September 2010

I GA New s No. 81
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