IGA NEWS1

I GA New s No. 84

New slet t er of t he I nt ernat ional Geot herm al Association
Quart erly No. 84

IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President
Roland N. Horne
Greetings, Members!
In March, the Board of Directors of IGA met for the
first time at the new home of the IGA Secretariat in
Bochum, Germany, so in this letter to you I’d like to talkabout Germany. In Germany, our new host is the Bochum
University of Applied Sciences, with generous support
from His Excellency Johannes Remmel, Minister for
Climate, Environment, Agriculture and Consumer
Protection of the State of North Rhine-Westfalia, Prof. Dr.
Martin Sternberg, President, Bochum University ofApplied Sciences, Dr. Christina Reinhardt, Chancellor,
Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Prof. Dr. Rolf
Bracke, Director, International Geothermal Center - GZB,
Prof. Dr. Horst Rueter, President, GtV - Bundesverband
Geothermie, and members of the Steering Committee Dr.
Frank-Michael Baumann and Leonhard Thien. Our Marchmeeting was also the first for our new Executive Director,
Marietta Sander, who took up residence in Bochum shortly
before the meeting and had the new Secretariat already infull operation.
At the March meeting, we were greeted by Minister
Remmel, Dr. Ottilie Scholz, Mayor of the city of Bochum,and Prof. Dr. Martin Sternberg. The attendance at our
meeting by such an august group, together with theirsubstantial support of the IGA Secretariat, is a telling signof the importance placed on geothermal energ y inGermany. It is entirely appropriate that Germany should
be our new headquarters for the next several years because Germany has a commendable commitment torenewable energy in general, and geothermal energy inparticular. Although at first Germany would not appear to
be a “geothermal country” in the context of the famously
volcanic nations like Italy, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan,
New Zealand etc., Germany’s geothermal industrial andresearch communities are world class. Perhaps because ofGermany’s lack of traditional volcanic resources, Germany
has taken a more innovative path, and is a world leader incontinental geothermal resource utilization. Importantly,
Germany is operating the world’s first commercial EGS
plant, at Landau.
Earlier in March, I returned from a short trip to Japanafter experiencing the earthquake of March 11. The
events there were horrific, with so many lives andlivelihoods lost to this natural catastrophe. But in addition,
the news of the disaster at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear

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Contents
IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President
1
IGA Western Pacific Regional Branch holds
2
6th Annual General Meeting
AMERICAS
Argentina /Petroleum industry overlaps withenhanced geothermal systems in market
opportunities and reservoir engineering
3
methodologies/Editor´s response to “Petroleum
industry overlaps …”
4
Mexico/Seminar on geothermal energy in
Mexico for East African region representatives 5
EUROPE
6/News from Europe/A new training course: Exploration &Development of Deep Geothermal Systems 7
DEEGEOSYS
ASIA
Japan
/All geothermal power plants innortheastern Japan survived M9.0 earthquake 8
Philippines / International Scaling Workshop
held in Manila
10
INTERNATIONALNew Geothermal Roadmap released by the IEA 10
Potential of renewable energy, including geothermal,
outlined in IPCC report
11
The formation of the “EGS Global Group”
14
International call for recognition of geothermalenergy´s potential and announcement of theformation of the International Geothermal
14
Business Coalition
UPCOMING EVENTS
Geothermal meetings2
power plant sent a chill around the world. Germany’s
strategy of fast-tracking renewable energy instead of
nuclear power now shows considerable foresight. In May,
as I write this, Japan has also announced its intention toreconsider the nuclear path it had been planning for its
future of electrical generation, and look again at renewableenergy sources. Geothermal is certainly an attractive
option in volcanic Japan, and in many other countries. Let
us, the worldwide members of the Inter national
Geothermal Association, lead the way to greater utilizationof this green, baseload, renewable energy source!

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I GA New s No. 84

UPCOMING EVENTS

IGA Western Pacific Regional
Branch Holds 6th Annual
General Meeting
Larry Bayrante, NGAP
The Western Pacific Regional Branch of the International
Geothermal Association Inc. (IGA WPRB) conducted its
6th General Meeting on May 26, 2011 at the Bahia, HotelIntercontinental Manila. The meeting was held inconjunction with the highly successful International
Wo r k s h o p o n M i n e r a l S c a l i n g i n G e o t h e r m a lEnvironment. The new Chairman of WPRB, Dr. Herman
Darnel Ibrahim, presided over the meeting which wasattended by members from Indonesia, Japan, New
Zealand, and the Philippines. Dr. Ibrahim stressed theneed for closer cooperation and interaction among themembers of WPRB especially on the training needs andcapacity building of member countries of this IGA
Branch. He thanked the Philippine host for the excellent
and well attended workshop.
Former WPRB Chairman Jim Lawless, in his outgoingmessage read by Forum Secretary Larry Bayrante,
remarked that “the aspect of WPRB that I am mostpleased about it is that it has fulfilled my founding visionof a partnership of equals.”IUGG General Assembly 2011, 28 June – 7 July 2011,
Symposia “Heat Flow, Tectonics and Geothermal
Energy” and “Physics of the seismic process: fromlaboratory studies to field observations”, Melbourne,
Australia. Website: http://www.iug g2011.Com/program-iaspei.asp
Geothermal Investment Forum and Networking
Event, 14 September 2011, Toronto, Canada. Website:www.cangea.ca
GeoPower Turkey, 20-21 September 2011, Istanbul,
Turkey. Contact: info@greenpowerconferences.com
World Renewable Energy Congress 2011, 17-19
O c t o b e r, B a l i , I n d o n e s i a . We b s i t e : h t t p : / /wreeec2011bali.com
GRC 35th Annual Meeting, 23-26 October 2011,
San Diego, CA, USA. Website: www.geothermal.org
Geothermal Power Forum and Networking Event,
9 November 2011, Calg ar y, Canada. Website:www.cangea.ca
9th Asian Geothermal Symposium, 7-9 November,
Ibusiki, Kagoshima, Japan. Website: http://unit.
aist.go.jp/georesenv/english/event-e/asia9.html
Sustainable Earth Science Conference, 8-11
November 2011, Valencia, Spain. Website: http://
www.eage.org/events/index.php?eventid=551&Open
divs=s3
Der Geothermiekongress 2011, 15-17 November
2011, Bochum, Germany.
Website: www.geothermie.de
Australian Geothermal Energy Conference 2011,16-18 November 2011, Melbourne, Australia. Website:www.ausgeothermal.com
Kenya Geothermal Conference, 21-23 November
2011, Nairobi, Kanya. Website: www.gdc.co.ke
33rd New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, 21-23
November 2011, Auckland, New Zealand. Website:www.nzgeothermal2011.org.nz
Geopower Europe 2011, 5-7 December 2011, Milan,
It a l y. We b si t e : h t t p : / / w w w 2 . g re e n p owe rc o nferences.co.uk
37th Stanford Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir
Engineering, 30 Jan-1st Feb 2012, Stanford, CA,
USA. Website: http://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/
research/ geoth/conference/workshop.html
It was proposed to hold regional workshops on special
topics such as geothermal reservoir engineering and well
testing, and other topics of relevance to the member
countries. WPRB has selected New Zealand andIndonesia to host the annual Regional Conferences in2012 and 2013, respectively.

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I GA New s No. 84

3

ARGENTINA

Companies like AltaRock Energy, Geodynamics,
Petratherm, Ormat, GeothermEx, as well as the American
Department Of Energy and other international agencies
all have interests in developing the highly prospective EGS
industry. Success will depend on advances in a variety oftechniques and technologies.
At the surface, developers must apply highly efficientheat exchangers and turbine-generator systems to optimize
their power cycles for lower temperatures and/or flow
rates. Rankine and Kalina Cycle technologies both offer
this ability, with the latter being a particularly effective
option for the low-temperature scenarios that typify
current EGS development.
In aspects of drilling and reservoir engineering, successis largely contingent on the amount of surface area thatcan be accessed by circulating fluids. A combination oftechnologies developed by the oil and gas industry will be
critical in this area.
Multistage hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling(both originated by the petroleum industry) will likely befundamental technologies for EGS, as they allow for thetargeting and expansion of artificial reservoirs. Once
reservoirs have been created through hydraulic fracturing,
the burden then becomes to maintain the productivity of
those reservoirs. Reservoirs will become less volumetrically
productive when either of the following occurs: porosity
decreases (through chemical scaling or the physicalcollapse of pore space), or permeability decreases (whenphysical or chemical effects decrease the interconnectivityof pore space). Here, in porosity and permeability
maintenance, through the use of proppants, for example,
we may also find help from the Oil and Gas industry.
Be yond te chnol og i e s a nd me thodol og i e s, thehydrocarbon industry may also provide an interesting
market for geothermal power. Consider the fact that oil
and gas fields consume massive amounts of power for
their operations, often exist in remote locations far fromtransmission lines, and often generate power usingpurchased diesel or locally produced natural gas, which
could otherwise be sold profitably into pipelines.
The above criteria form the exact backdrop of a scenario
currently playing out in the Raton Basin, southern
Colorado. Pioneer Natural Resources USA, Inc. , anindependent oil and gas company is developing a Coal Bed
Methane (CBM) field in the Raton Basin. Raton not only
boasts significant CBM resources, but also a curiously
elevated geothermal gradient, which inspired the author’s
thesis in geology, and led to ongoing collaboration
between Pioneer Natural Resources, the Colorado Schoolof Mines, the Institute of Earth Science and Engineeringin New Zealand, and the Colorado Geological Survey in astudy of the potential for an EGS development under the
CBM field. . If successful, Pioneer would at least be able
to substitute geothermal power for locally consumed
natural gas, then sell the offset gas at a profit. Ultimately,
however, the project could expand to provide regional

Petroleum Industry Overlaps
With Enhanced Geothermal
Systems (EGS) In Market
Opportunities and Reservoir
Engineering Methodologies
Cully Cavness, Thomas J. Watson Fellow
The geothermal industry shares commonality withmany technically related, but otherwise disconnectedindustries. A non-exhaustive list of technically overlapping
industries includes: oil and gas (drilling, reser voir
engineering), waste heat recovery (heat exchanger
ther modynamics), industrial corrosion and scaling
management (piping and equipment protection), wind andsolar power (financing and grid connection challenges),emissions abatement (H2S regulations in California or in
Iceland, for example), and fossil fuel power plants(turbine-g enerator engineering, control systems,
operations). This list could easily expand to include manyother industries and professions that bear similarities togeothermal energy.
These industrial and technical synergies present a
valuable opportunity for the geothermal industry collaboration could easily increase efficacy and efficiency,
reduce risk, and ultimately increase profitability. A
previous article in the IGA Quarterly (Ed. #83) explored
collaborative ventures and future possibilities between thegeothermal industry and the Asian waste heat recovery
industry. This follow-up article aims to deliver a similar
analysis of developments and possibilities with the oil andgas industry.
S p e c i f i c a l l y, t h e c u t t i n g e d g e o f g e o t h e r m a ldevelopment, Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), canleverage the experience and technology of the Oil andGas (O&G) industry. The O&G industry presents
opportunities in directional drilling, reservoir stimulation,and fracture proppant. Additionally, oilfields present aninteresting prospective market, as showcased by a casestudy in Colorado.
EGS is a frontier method of geothermal energy
extraction. EGS proponents seek to drill into hot rockwith low permeability and/or water levels insufficient for
conventional geothermal development, then fracture therocks and inject and recover a working fluid, thereby
creating an artificial geothermal reservoir. EGS techniques
and technologies are fraught with all the uncertainty andrisk of newness, but the methods also promise to unlock
boundless resources and opportunities if they can bemastered. The majority of the earth’s geothermal potential
is trapped in areas that are not currently accessible toconventional geothermal methods, but which could be
harnessed with the ideas of EGS.

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I GA New s No. 84

p owe r a n d d e m o n s t r a t e p o t e n t i a l f o r o t h e r h o t
sedimentary basins, hugely expanding the applicability ofgeothermal energy.
Part of Pioneer’s attraction to the project is thetremendous overlap and synergy between the geothermal
and O&G industries. Existing well bores provide
exploration data to delineate the ther mal anomaly,
representing a dramatic cost savings to the high-risk
frontend of geothermal development. Further synergies
are offered by the technical expertise and infrastructure
already in place at the gas field. Pioneer has drilling
equipment and drilling teams, hydraulic fracture and wellcompletion equipment, drill pads, offices, existinggeophysical data and analysis, as well as experts in local
geology and conditions. And, of course, Pioneer alreadyowns land and subsurface mineral rights. Doubters only
need to look at Chevron, the world’s largest producer ofgeothermal power, to understand how powerful thesesynergies can be. Origin Energy (an Australian Oil andGas company) also recently purchased 40% of Energia
Andina SA (a Chilean geothermal outfit), and provides
another look at how petroleum and geothermal can marry.
To conclude, perhaps it is incorrect to view the“conventional energy” industries like oil and gas (or evencoal) as diametrically opposed to the goals and purposesof geothermal energy. True, geothermal energy mustcompete on price against natural gas and coal, and there’s
the pollution issue, but at the same time there aretremendous mutually beneficial opportunities to beharnessed from collaboration with hydrocarbon-basedindustries. After all, most of the drilling and power
generation technologies that drive geothermal today were
initially developed for hydrocarbon extraction or
combustion. Perhaps the best approach is to embraceother industries like oil and gas, learn from their expertise,and potentially even develop new research, technologies,
and projects together.
Cully Cavness is a Thomas J. Watson Fellow researchingindustrial synergies for the geothermal energy industry in
Iceland, China, Spain, Argentina, Chile, and the UnitedStates. He is a geologist and native of Denver, Colorado,USA. He currently resides in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Editors’ response to “Petroleum industry overlaps …”
John Garnish, IGA News Editorial team
While Cully Cavness is quite right to draw attention to
the considerable synergies between EGS and oil & gas
activities, he does the geothermal community less thanjustice to suggest that such synergies have not beenrecognized in the past. In fact, several of the major oilcompanies (e.g. Shell, Unocal - now Chevron, Marathon,
Total, AGIP, etc.) have had geothermal interests, including
EGS, for more than 40 years. To take a specific example,
the late Perry Moore - an Oklahoman oil man - was thedrilling supervisor for all the pioneering EGS projects(except those in Japan) from Los Alamos in the 1970s
through Rosemanowes, UK, to Soultz, and the drilling
techniques drew extensively on oil field experience.
Several of the projects also experimented with proppants,though with limited success.
Moreover, EGS development has been a two-way
process, as exemplified in this except from a Los Alamos
progress report in 1993:“Industry has been directly involved in the HDR
Program from its beginning. All the drilling andcompletion work at Fenton Hill during the 1970 and1980s was performed by private companies undercontract. Novel drilling and coring bits, downhole
motors, open-hole packers, and other equipment
developed specifically for the HDR program have
now found uses throughout the drilling industry.
Logging instruments initially designed for use at
Fenton Hill have also been widely adapted by theconventional geothermal, oil, and gas industries.
Finally, the seismic techniques that were refined andbrought to a high degree of sophistication in an
attempt to understand the HDR reservoir at Fenton
Hill are now being applied around the world toevaluate oil and gas reservoirs and develop methods
fo r mo re e ffi c i e n tl y re c ove ri n g th e se fo ssi lresources.” LA-12903-PR (1993)
Specifically, several elements of the high temperature
logging tools now in widespread use had their origins in the
instrumentation groups at Los Alamos and Rosemanowes.
In contrast to the above, the one area where there aremarked differences in practice is reservoir stimulation,

GEOTHERMICS
International Journal of Geothermal Research and its Applications

Published under the auspices of the International Geothermal Association
Content of the latest issues: http:/www.elsevier.com/locate/geothermics

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I GA New s No. 84
which is emphatically not hydrofracturing. EGS stimulationentails careful control of flow rates and pressures below
the fraccing pressure, to reopen and enhance existing
fracture systems.
It is worth pointing out that the article concentrates on
North America but rather ignores the progress that has
been made elsewhere. In particular, there are already two
operational EGS projects in Europe (Landau in Germany
and Soultz in France), with several others underdevelopment. It also focuses strongly on the potential for
an EGS development in a CBM field, but makes nomention of the prospects for coproduced water from oilfields. In South Australia, more than 20 years ago, Santos
looked at the feasibility of using EGS-derived power at
M o o m b a t o a vo i d u s i n g g a s t o p o w e r t h e m a i ncompressors. The MIT report (2006) devotes a whole
section to the potential for co-produced water from US oilfields, and there have been a number of studies in UK
about the prospects for putting geothermal plant on
North Sea platforms. (To date, these have come tonothing because of companies’ concerns about added top
weight or space on the platforms, but this may change infuture). There has also been considerable interest (bySuncor, for example) in using EGS systems as the heatsource for producing tar sands in Alberta and to mitigate
the environmental issues associated with tar sands projects.
In summary, we would argue that the author is pushingat an open door. We do not believe that anyone in either
field views the oil and gas industries as diametrically
opposed to those of geothermal practitioners; on thecontrary, there have been links between the players since
the earliest days of HDR/EGS, and these can only getstronger in the future.

MEXICO
Seminar on geothermalenergy in Mexico for East Africa
region representatives, 11-15
April, 2011
Alfonso Garcia-Gutiérrez, Instituto deInvestigaciones Eléctricas (IIE), Mexico
Geothermal Energy experts from nine countries of theEast African Rift System (EARS) (Burundi, Comoros
Islands, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Kenya,
Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia), visited Mexicofrom 10th to 15th April 2011. The seminar was part of
the UNIDO intra-regional renewable energy cooperation
initiative for industrial and productive uses, launched in
the geothermal area.
From 11th to 15th April, the African experts participatedin the “Seminar on Geothermal Energy in Mexico for Eastw w w.geot herm al- energy.org

5African Rift Valley Region Representatives” and a fieldvisit, organized and supported in Mexico by the United
Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO);
the Ministry of Energy (SENER); the Electricity ResearchInstitute (IIE); the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE),
and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (SRE). The Seminar
was held at the IIE’s facilities in Cuernavaca, México. It
was followed by a field trip coordinated by personnel fromthe CFE’s Gerencia de Proyectos Geotermoléctricos to
Los Azufres geothermal field.
The main objectives of the activities held during thisweek were:• To share Mexico’s experience on geothermal energy
development and use;
• To share the experience of the African participant
countries of the current situation in their geothermalareas, with their interests and needs; and• To start up the general basis of a Mexico-UNIDOEast Africa Trilateral Cooperation Program in the
Geothermal Area for Productive Uses.
During the seminar and field visit, the African experts
learnt about the status of geothermal development in
Mexico as well as the experience and capabilities of the
Mexican experts regarding exploration, development andexploitation of geothermal as a clean, endogenous andreliable source of energ y. Likewise, they shared
information with their Mexican counterparts about thestatus of geothermal development in their respective

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I GA New s No. 84
suggests the integration of existing incentives into the basecompensation, and to raise that amount by about€¢x2xperxkWh. In spite of the significant increase in thecompensation provided by the EEG contribution forelectrical energy from geothermal, power customers
should have no concerns as geothermal projects have longlead times, due to intensive exploration requirements, anddifferent licences which have to be applied for.
Progress with Geothermal Projects in Spain

Participants in theLos A zufres field trip
countries and described the main plans and technical needs
for the development of geothermal energy in the East
African Region. On 15th April 2011, a wrap-up meeting
took place at SENER´s facilities with the aim of discussing
the possible actions and to set-up a plan of action for
future activities.
The seminar and related activities were coordinated by
Dr. Alfonso Garcia-Gutierrez, of the Geothermal Energy
Department, Electricity Research Institute (IIE).

EUROPE
EGEC: News from Europe
Philippe Dumas, EGEC, Reports Emergeof an Increase in German Feed-In Tariffs
May 9th, 2011
EGEC welcome emerging reports that the German
Federal Environment Ministry will raise the feed-in tariff
for geothermal energy, within the framework of theamendment of the Renewable Sources Act (EEG).
It has been widely reported that in the draft of the
EEG study report, the Federal Environment Ministry

Tenerife Island, note the Teide volcano, location of the geothermal
project

April - June 2011

May 2nd, 2011
The geothermal sector is seeing progress in the Spanish
market, as submissions are now being sought by the
Spanish federal government for geothermal energ yprojects. Projects in Tenerife (geothermal electricity) and in
Madrid (district heating) represent a strong developmentof the sector and are eligible for submission.
Tenerife
Petratherm España in conjunction with its 50% partner,
Enel Green Power(EGP), continued to develop the
Tenerife volcanic geothermal project. Three prospective
drilling targets have been under consideration with a recent
review of long term development potential indicating sites
in the eastern and southern tenements being more
attractive.
Tenerife provides a major opportunity to build aconventional geother mal project. The island has apermanent population in excess of one million that canincrease to 1.5 million during peak tourist season - placing
a large demand on peak power generation, in excess of
800 MW.
MadridPetrather m España has prog ressed its Madrid
Geothermal District Heating (GDH) project under the

Location of theMarsili volcano

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I GA New s No. 84

Report Predicts Little Sensitivity of Geothermal to
Effects of Climate Change

ThesubsurfaceMarsili volcano
Cooperative Agreement with the Spanish federal andMadrid regional governments. They have completed thefinal design of the GDH project and are engaged in
discussions to assess joint venture arrangement.
Italy chosen as the site for the world’s first offshore
power plant
April 21st, 2011
A 2 billion euro project to utilise the heat of the Marsili,
the largest undersea volcano in Europe, could begin as
early as 2012. The undersea volcano is located in the
Tyrrhenian Sea, and is 70 km long, 30 wide and 3,000 m
high.
The venture is led by Eurobuildings, a private firm, in
conjunction with a scientific committee composed ofexperts from Italy’s leading research institutions. The
project, which is sponsored by the Italian government, will
employ the latest undersea research equipment. Work on
the project could begin as early 2012, with the projectaiming to build 4 floating power plants, supplying theenergy needs of 700,000 people by 2015.
Italian Technology Platform on Geothermal
Launched
April 12th, 2011
A new Italian Technological Platform on Geothermal
has been officially launched, on behalf of the Italian
Ministry for University and Research. The Platform, whose
aim is to support technological innovation on Geothermal
for both electricity production and direct uses, involves at
the moment the presence of about 30 companies, about 20
research Institutions and several geothermal associations.
It is anyway opened to all the Italian companies andresearch Institutes that have an interest in development andinnovation in Geothermal. In the constitutive meeting theparticipant bodies voted to assign the main coordination
roles in the Platform. The role of Chairman was assigned
to Assoknowledge/Confindustria SIT and the ScientificDirection of the Platform was assigned to INGV. ENEL
Green Power was elected as Referent of industrial partners
and IGG-CNR as Referent of research Institutes.

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March 31st, 2011
A re por t commissioned by DG Energ y of theEuropean Commission on the ‘Investment needs for
future adaptation measures in EU nuclear power plants
and other electricity generation technologies due to effects
of climate change’ was today published, with a conclusionthat geothermal is one of the only energies that has low
sensitivity to Climate Change.
Once again, geothermal has been recognized as one of
the technologies that can be relied upon to provide energy
for Europe, as it is concluded that geothermal is one of
the technologies that will be least affected. This means inpractice that geothermal will require less investment for
prevention and precaution than other technologies.
However, in spite of this fact and of the ever increasing
development of the geothermal market, it is regrettablethat the 2030-2050 scenario presented in the reportunderestimates the potential contribution of geothermal.
In addition, an inaccuracy can be noticed in Table 18,
which wrongly puts the capacity factor of geothermal at 70
per cent, when it stands at over 90 per cent, as indicated in
the official Eurostat figures (2007).
Overall the report concluded that:‘The relatively new… geothermal only show(s) minor
climate change sensitivities, namely towards some extreme
events.’ (p. 11)

A new training course:
Exploration & Development of
Deep Geothermal Systems DEEGEOSYSF ra n ç o i s - D. Vu a t a z a n d E va S c h i l l ,Laboratory for Geothermics, Neuchâtel,Switzerland
Needs in geothermal education
In Switzerland and Europe, the number of specialists indeep geothermal systems is limited. Since 2009, a new
Master’s deg ree of Science in Hydrog eolog y andGeothermics has been running at the University of
Neuchâtel (Switzerland), organized by the Centre for
Hydrogeology and Geothermics. The 3rd course will startin September 2011.
A ne w C e r tific a te of A dva nc e d Studie s (C A S
DEEGEOSYS) has been set up, dedicated to training
scientists and engineers in several fields of applied
geothermics. They will be capable of planning, preparing
and leading exploration and/or development projects ofdeep geothermal resources (deep aquifers and Enhanced
Geothermal Systems).
Organization
Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics of the
University of Neuchâtel Laboratory for Geothermics CREGE.

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I GA New s No. 84

Table 1. Modules and schedule of the training course
Mod.

Topic

Date

Main lecturers

1

Geothermics andgeophysics

Nov.
21-25,
2011- Thomas Kohl
- Eva Schill- Albert Genter2

GeochemistryandhydrochemistryJan.
23-27,
2012- Luigi Marini

3

Drilling andloggingMarch
26-30,
2012- Sverrir
Thorhallson- Pierre
Ungemach4

Reservoir
evaluation andproduction

June
4-8,
2012

- Miklos Antics- Jan Diederik
Van Wees

Technical report

July 27, 2012

Venue
Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, Faculty of
Sciences, University of Neuchâtel (Switzerland).
Participants
Earth scientists (geologists, geophysicists, hydrogeologists, geochemists), civil- or energy engineers, having
a M.Sc. or an equivalent degree.
Training programme
The CAS DEEGEOSYS includes four one-week longmodules separated by a two-month break. Each module
covers a specific topic (Table 1).
The modules include courses given by international
experts, exercises, visits to geothermal installations andexams.
Lecturers
International experts from research institutes and/orfrom private companies will give most of the courses.
Technical report
Having followed 4 modules, the participants draft in apersonal way a report on one of the themes studied during
the CAS, supervised by one of the teachers. This technicalreport should take approximately 60 working hours andmust be validated by the responsible teacher and the
management of the CAS.
Credits ECTS (European Credit Transfer andAccumulation System)
The CAS DEEGEOSYS totals 10 ECTS: 2 ECTS per
module (courses, exercises, examinations, technical visits)
and 2 ECTS for the technical report.
Information
University of Neuchâtel (Switzerland)Laboratory for Geothermics - CREGE
Secretary: Mrs. Sabine Erb
e-mail: sabine.erb@unine.ch
T +41 32 718 26 00

April - June 2011

Detailed information on:
http://www.crege.ch/index.php?page=news

ASIA
All geothermal power plants innortheastern Japan survived
the M9.0 earthquake
Kasumi Yasukawa, AIST, JapanT he larg est recorded ear thquake in Japan, with amagnitude of 9.0, occurred at 2:46 pm Japan Standard
Time (JST) on 11 March, 2011. Its hypocenter was locatedat N38.1, E142.9, 130 km ESE off Oshika Peninsula,
Miyagi prefecture, at a depth of 24 km. The mechanism of
the event was reverse fault type with a WNW-ESE
compressional axis related to the subduction zone of the
Pacific plate. The earthquake was followed by multiple
tsunamis; the first one arrived at the coast only nine
minutes after the earthquake, and an even higher tsunami
arrived a few hours later, with heights of 9.3 m or morerecorded at Soma, Fukushima prefecture, and 8.5 m or
more at Miyako, Iwate prefecture, etc. The Fukushima
Daiichi nuclear power plant was seriously damaged by thetsunami because the cooling system to the units and thewaste fuel pits was cut off. Nevertheless, all geothermal
power plants in the regions affected by this event survived
safely. There are sixteen geothermal power plants inoperation in Japan with a total installed capacity of 535 MW.
Nine of them, with ten units, are located in northeastern toeastern Japan, which was affected by the earthquake on 11
March and the following aftershocks. Some of them wereautomatically shut down immediately after the firstearthquake, but all were re-started in a few days and havebeen generating the same levels of electricity as before theearthquake. Figure 1 shows the location and installedcapacity of geothermal power plants in these areas. Table 1
shows the operational status of these plant after theearthquake.
The Yanaizu-Nishiyama geothermal power plant, which
is located in the same Fukushima prefecture as the nuclear
power plant, maintained power supply during and after theearthquake. At this power plant, the ground acceleration isconstantly monitored using three seismometers. “On 11
March, an alarm beeped from the monitors because theacceleration reached over 25 Gal. The Tohoku ElectricPower Company staff and ourselves checked both thepower plant and steam producing plant and foundever ything was all right. So the power g eneration
continued” said Mr. Masaho Adachi, Okuaizu-Geothermal
Co., Ltd. “In their safety settings, the turbine will be‘tripped’ (disconnected from the power line) only when theacceleration reaches 150 Gal or higher. Such settings may
differ according to the anti-earthquake design of eachpower station. Since the quake on 11 March didn’t reach
150 Gal, the plant was not shut down.”

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I GA New s No. 84

Figure 1. Geothermal power plants in the region affected by the event on 11 March, 2011
Table 1. Status of the geothermal power plants in the region affected by the earthquake at 2: 46 pm Japan Standard
Time (JST) on 11 March, 2011

Re-opening of operation(JST)

Seismic intensity (by Japan
Meteorological Agency, JMA)*1of the event on 11 March 2011

Geothermal Power
plant (Prefecture)

Status right after theevent

Mori (Hokkaido)

Continue production

Matsukawa (Iwate)

Automatic shut-down

6:56 pm 15 March

5 lower

Kakkonda I (Iwate)

Automatic shut-down

9:04 pm, 14 March

6 lower

Kakkond II (Iwate)

Automatic shut-down

2:39 am, 13 March

6 lower

Onikobe (Miyagi)

Automatic shut-down

6:30 pm, 14 March

5 upper

Yanaizu-Nishiyama(Fukushima)

Continue production

Onuma (Akita)

Automatic shut-down

10:28 am, 12, March

3

Sumikawa (Akita)

Automatic shut-down

6:17 pm, 12, March

4

Uenotai (Akita)(no operation formaintenance)

4

Hachijojima (Tokyo)

Continue prduction

12

5 lower*1) The JMA Scale of the seismic intensity runs from 0 to 7, with 7 being the strongest. For details, see

http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/2011_Earthquake/2011_Earthquake_Intensity.pdf

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10

I GA New s No. 84

In Table 1, ‘automatic shut-down’ does not necessarilymean that the power generation stopped. In the case of
Sumikawa and Onuma geothermal power plants, the power
stations were automatically disconnected from power lines
after the earthquake, but power generation was continued
at lower levels for internal uses of the power stations. A
similar thing happened to the Onikobe geothermal power
plant. According to Mr. Shigetaka Nakanishi, ElectricPower Develoment Co., Ltd. (J-Power), “The Onikobe
geothermal power plant was ‘tripped’ because the powerline was damaged somewhere outside the plant, but thepower station itself was totally fine. In a few days, the plant
was connected to the line immediately after the power line
recovered.” As for the safety design of the geothermal
power plants, Mr. Shigeto Yamada, Fuji Electric Co., Ltd.,
explains “Even in case of offline from the power grid, theturbine rotation is automatically controlled not to exceed
10 % of the normal speed to avoid any damage to thee n t i r e p ow e r p l a n t .” H e a d d e d w i t h c o n f i d e n c e“Geothermal power plants are designed safely worldwide.”
The safety of geothermal power plants and the status
of Japanese power plants in the affected area of theearthquake will be highlighted in the coming 9th Asian
geothermal symposium, on 8 and 9 November, 2011 to beheld at Ibusuki, Kagoshima prefecture (Kyushu) in Japan.
For more details, see http://unit.aist.go.jp/georesenv/
english/event-e/asia9.html

and controls on silica, calcite, anhydrite, clay, and sulfide
scale deposition in geothermal wells, pipelines, and power
plants in the Philippines, Japan, New Zealand, Papua New
Guinea, Turkey, and Kenya were presented. Open forumsat the end of the morning and afternoon sessions paved
the way for lively discussions and exchange of ideas andexperiences to resolve the critical scaling concerns.
This international workshop was jointly organized by the
IGA We ste r n Pa c i fi c Re g i ona l Bra nch, Na ti ona l
Geothermal Association of the Philippines, Energy
Development Corporation, and Chevron Geothermal
Phil.Holdings Inc. The International Geother mal
Association designated this event as the IGA Regional
Meeting for 2011. It was attended by 164 local and foreign
participants from the geothermal industry, government,
and academe. Fifty three experts represented the large
number of foreign delegations from the USA, New Zealand,
Japan, Indonesia, Singapore, Korea, Papua New Guinea,
Turkey, Kenya, and El Salvador. IGA also supported
seventeen fellowship grants to academic and government
researchers from Indonesia and the Philippines.
Following the two-day workshop was a field trip to
Chevron’s Makiling-Banahaw geother mal field andTagaytay for a panoramic view of Taal volcano.

Philippines

N e w G e o t h e r m a l Ro a d m a p
released by the IEAInternational Scaling Workshop
Held in Manila
by Sylvia Ramos, NGAP
The “International Scaling Workshop on Mineral
Scaling in Geothermal Environment” was held at the
Hotel Intercontinental Manila, Makati City, Philippines on
May 25-26, 2011. EDC President/COO and IGA
Director Richard Tantoco, in his Keynote Address on thef i n a n c i a l i ssu e s o f sc a l i n g , f o c u se d o n t h e h i g hmaintenance cost of geothermal facilities resulting fromthese mineral deposits. In due recognition of the relevanceof such a gathering of experts, he emphasized the need tocome up with solutions to the various scaling issues.
A w i d e r a n g e o f t o p i c s w a s c o ve r e d s u c h a s
thermodynamics, kinetics and future research directions on
silica deposition, pH modifications, recent developments inscale control, and various types of inhibitors. Case studies

INTERNATIONAL

Luis C.A. Gutiérrez Negrín, Mexican
Geothermal Association
On June 13, 2011, the International Energy Agency (IEA)
launched in Stockholm, Sweden, its Technology Roadmap:
Geothermal heat and power, the latest in the IEA series oftechnology roadmaps, which aim to guide governments
and industry on the actions and milestones needed toachieve the potential for a full range of clean energy
technologies -including geothermal.
The report shows that there is potential to achieve atleast a tenfold increase in the global production of heatand electricity from geothermal energy between now and
2050. Renewable sources of energy will have to comprise amuch greater share of the global energy mix in the coming
years if the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is tobe kept below 450 parts per million - a key threshold in
limiting global temperature increase to 2°C, which leaders

Workshop Group Photo

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I GA New s No. 84

agreed to at the UN climate change talks in Cancun in2010
T he g e othe r ma l roa dma p say s tha t throug h a
combination of actions that encourage the developmentof untapped geothermal resources and new technologies,
geothermal energy can account for around 3.5% of annual
global electricity production and 3.9% of energy for heat(excluding ground source heat pumps which the report did
not consider) by 2050 - a substantial increase from current
levels of 0.3% and 0.2%, respectively. “This would be an
important contribution to global efforts of reducing
carbon emissions, using a reliable source of energy that isavailable all over the world, every day of the year, as it
does not fluctuate with the weather or season,” said IEA
Executive Director Nobuo Tanaka, who launched thereport, at the EURELECTRIC annual conference inStockholm on 13 June.
Although active geothermal exploitation has been in
use for more than a century, to date efforts to extract
geothermal energy have concentrated on areas withnaturally occurring water or steam, often found in volcanic
areas. However, Milou Beerepoot, the report’s author and asenior analyst at the IEA, noted that a large share of such‘low hanging fruit’ remains unexploited in developing andemerging economies. Ms. Beerepoot said that efforts
should be expanded to solve economic and non-economic
barriers that hinder further exploitation in these countries.
Moreover, she observed that geothermal energy can also

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

11
be extracted from many deep aquifer systems, of which
there are many all over the world. These resources cantypically be reached at a depth of 3 kilometers and produce
temperatures in excess of 60ºC. Use of these aquifers is
expected to grow quickly, reflecting their wide availability
and increasing interest in their use for both heat and power.
In addition to these untapped areas, the vast majorityof the world’s geothermal energy within drilling reach which can be up to 5 kilometres - is found in rock that is
relatively dry and impermeable. These areas, which arefound all over the world and contain insufficient water fornatural exploration, are known as hot rock resources.
Currently, technologies that allow energy to be tappedfrom hot rock resources - the best known is enhanced
geothermal systems (EGS) - are still in demonstration stage,
but the IEA report suggests that governments should
provide sustained and substantial research, development
and demonstration resources to plan and develop at least
50 EGS pilot plants during the next decade.
Key areas of action for governments identified in thereport are the establishment of targets and economic
incentive schemes for mature and nearly maturetechnologies as well as for advanced technologies that are
not yet commercially viable. Another proposed area ofaction outlined in the report focuses on the need for
streamlined and time-effective permit procedures, which
are necessary for all new geothermal plants. In addition,
the report stresses that publicly available databases,
protocols and tools should be developed, which could be
used to assess, access and exploit geothermal resources andthereby accelerate their development. “[This] requires cooperation among geothermal and hydrocarbon industry
groupings, national authorities and research institutes,”
wrote Ms. Beerepoot.
More information about the geothermal roadmap canb e fo u n d a t: h ttp : / / w w w. i e a . o rg / su b j e c tq u e ri e s/keyresult.asp?KEYWORD_ID=4156

Potential of renewable energy,
including geothermal, outlined
in IPCC report
Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín, Mexican
Geothermal Association
More than three quarters of the world’s energy supply
could be met by renewable energies by mid-century, if
backed by the right enabling public policies, says a recently
released report from the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC). The report also indicates that therising penetration of renewables could lead to cumulative
greenhouse gas (GHG) savings equivalent to 200 to 560

April - June 2011

12
Giga-tons of carbon dioxide (GTCO2eq) between 2010
and 2050.
T he upper end of the 164 scenarios assessed,
representing a cut of around a third in GHG emissions
from business-as-usual (BAU) projections, could assist in
keeping atmospheric concentrations of GHG at 450 parts
per million (ppm). This, in turn, could contribute toholding the increase in global temperature below 2°C overthis century, which is an aim agreed by the COP 16
conference held in Cancun, Mexico, in November 2010.
The findings are contained in a summary for policy
makers (SPM) of the Special Report on Renewable Energy
Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN),
approved by member countries of the IPCC in Abu Dhabi,
United Arab Emirates, during the 11th session of theWorking Group III on May 9, 2011. The summary is a
short version of a roughly thousand page comprehensive
report, prepared by over 120 leading experts from all over
the world for the IPCC’s Working Group III, which will be
released in the following months.
The SRREN reviews the current penetration of six
renewable energ y technologies and their potential
deployment over the coming decades up to 2050. The
technologies are bioenergy, direct solar (photovoltaics andconcentrating solar power), geothermal, hydropower,
ocean and wind energies. The SRREN also reviews over
160 existing scientific scenarios on the possible
penetration of renewables by 2050, alongsideenvironmental and social implications. Four of thosescenarios were chosen to represent the full range and wereanalyzed in-depth. Challenges linked to how renewableenergy can be integrated into existing and future energy
systems, including electricity grids and likely cost-benefits
from these developments, were also analyzed in the
SRREN.
The scenarios arrive at a range of estimates, and yet theoverall conclusions are that renewables will take anincreasing slice of the energy market. The most optimisticof the four in-depth scenarios, assumes renewables
accounting for as much as 77% of the world energy
demand by 2050, amounting to about 314 to 407 exajoules
per year. For comparison, in 2008 renewables represented
only 13% of the global primary energy supply of around
490 exajoules.
The SRREN concludes also that the proportion ofApril - June 2011

I GA New s No. 84
renewable energy is likely to increase even without
enabling policies, but that past experience has shown thatthe largest increases come with concerted policy efforts.
Though in some cases renewable energy technologies are
already economically competitive, the production costs are
currently often higher than market energ y prices.
However, if environmental impacts such as emissions ofpollutants and GHG were monetized and included inenergy prices, more renewable energy technologies would
become economically attractive. For most of them, costs
have declined over the last years and significant technicaladvancements and further cost-reductions are expected in
the future.
Public policies recognizing and reflecting the wider
economic, social and environmental benefits of renewableenergies, including their potential to curb air pollution andimprove public health, are key for meeting the highest
renewable deployment scenarios.
For geothermal energ y, the summary states thatcurrently it provides about 0.7 exajoules per year from an
installed capacity of 10.7 GW electric and more than
50xGW thermal. By 2050, geothermal deployment could
meet 3% of the global electricity demand and about 5%of the global heat demand, while in 2008 geothermalenerg y contributed only 0.1% of the global energ ydemand. The worldwide geothermal technical potential iscomparable to the global primary energy supply in 2008.
Other findings reported in the summary are as follows:• Of the around 300 GW of new electricity generating
capacity added globally between 2008 and 2009,
140xGW came from renewable energy (geothermal
contributed with 0.4 GW).
• Despite financial challenges, renewable energy capacity
grew in 2009 (compared to the previous year) as
follows: wind by over 30%; hydropower by 3%; gridconnected photovoltaics over 50%; geothermal by 4%;
solar water/heating by over 20%; and ethanol andbiodiesel production by 10% and 9% respectively.
• Developing countries host more than 50% of current
global renewable energy capacity.
• The technical potential of renewable energy
technologies exceeds the current global energy demand
by a considerable amount - globally and in respect tomost regions of the world.
• Under the scenarios analyzed in-depth, 97% of the
globally available technical potential for renewable isuntapped.
• According to the four scenarios analyzed in depth, thedecadal global investments in the renewable power
sector range from 1360 to 5100 billion US dollars to2020 and 1490 to 7180 billion US dollars for the
decade 2020-2030.

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I GA New s No. 84

Director, Geothermal Institute•••

The University of Auckland
Faculty of Engineering
Vacancy Number: 13227

We are seeking an outstanding professional to lead the Geothermal Institute, developing andimplementing the University’s geothermal energy education and research strategy.

The Director will report to the Dean of Engineering and will provide leadership for the development,
promotion and growth of the University’s geothermal energy activities. This includes research,
consultation, education and training activities so that The University of Auckland is theacknowledged international leader in this field.

The newly-appointed Director will provide a focal point for linkages between external organisations
and geothermal energy researchers and educators within the University and UniServices, creatingstrong and productive relationships. Assisting researchers to develop high quality research andeducation programmes and growing the Institutes geothermal grant, contract research andconsultancy revenue will also be an integral part of the role.

The successful candidate should have a PhD in a relevant science, engineering, or businessdiscipline, as well as a proven track record in research and/or industry experience in the geothermal
industry. He/she will also possess the energy, interpersonal skills and innovative thinking needed todrive the Geothermal Institute development into the future, as well as the ability to engage
successfully with academic, industry and government groups.

This role is initially funded for a 3 years term.

For information please contact Gary Putt for a confidential discussion, phone +64 9 923 8206
or email gary.putt@auckland.ac.nz

Applications close 22 July 2011.

For further information go to www.auckland.ac.nz/opportunities

The University has an equity policy and welcomes applications from all qualified persons.

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

April - June 2011

14

The formation of the “EGS
Global Group”.
Engineered (or Enhanced) Geothermal Systems (‘EGS’)represent a vast, largely untapped potential for geothermal
development around the world. However, the expertise
required to characterise and develop EGS projects differsfrom that required for conventional g eother mal
developments. In particular, EGS projects require
conductive heat flow measurement and modelling, deep
drilling, micro-seismic monitoring arrays, hydraulicstimulation of fractures, stress field analyses and, usually,
cascaded direct use of heat.
A new global partnership has emerged to provide thefull range of skills and advice necessary for an EGS
project. Announced on 9th March 2011, the EGS Global
Group (‘EGS-GG’) was forged in Bali during the World
Geothermal Congress in April 2010 and aims to build
awareness and promote development of EGS projects
around the world. The EGS-GG is an alliance of experts
offering complementary services, advice and guidance
through all stages of an EGS project. The four founding
members of the EGS-GG represent a depth and breadthof experience in identifying and developing EGS projects.
The four founding members are EGS Energy (EGS-E;
UK), Hot Dr y Rocks (HDR; Australia), BESTEC(Germany) and GPC-Instrumentation Process (GPC-IP;
France).
EGS-E provides high-level strategic guidance, project
management and advice on project financing for thecreation of engineered geothermal systems, as well as
specific expertise in micro-seismic monitoring and induced
seismicity risk mitigation. The EGS-E team has direct
experience of operating engineered geothermal systems in
Europe.
HDR’s expertise lies in the early stages of a project;
exploration and resource characterisation. Its experience
covers temperature logging and 3D temperature modelling,rock ther mal properties measurements, design of
exploration programs, and resource reporting compliant
with the Australian Geothermal Reporting Code.
BESTEC’s expertise is in the development stage;engineering, design of EGS systems, drilling, fracture
stimulations, reser voir analysis, and operations. In
November 2007, BESTEC commissioned the world’s firstcommercial EGS plant in Landau, Germany.
G P C - I P ’s e x p e r t i s e l i e s i n b o r e h o l e d r i l l i n g ,completions and testing; resource monitoring andmanagement; chemical inhibition of scaling and corrosion;
environmental impact surveys; and legal/institutional
aspects of resource management. GPC-IP focuses on
direct or cascaded use of lower enthalpy fluids, withexperienced gained from servicing almost half of thegeothermal district heating systems currently operating inthat Paris Basin.

April - June 2011

I GA New s No. 84
The EGS-GG aims to become involved in many EGS
projects around the world at an early stage, and to provide
its broad range of skills and experience to rapidlycommercialise those projects by avoiding delays andmistakes caused by inexperience. The EGS-GG partners
are already working together in various combinations on
several projects, and hope to collectively provide the world
with an integrated team for EGS project guidance andmanagement.

Announcement of theFormation of the International
Geothermal Business Coalition
andInternational Call for
Recognition of Geothermal
Energy’s Potential
To help pursue international goals, the members ofseveral leading national geothermal trade and businessassociations have joined tog ether to establish theInternational Geother mal Business Coalition(www.internationalgeo.org). The European Geothermal
Energy Council, the US Geothermal Energy Association,
the Canadian Geother mal Energ y Association, theAustralian Geothermal Energy Association, and theChilean Geothermal Energy Association represent theoriginal founders of this coalition. These groups represent
the leading companies involved in developing geothermal
resources to meet the energy needs of the world.
The leaders of the International Geothermal BusinessCoalition call upon governments around the world to
expand their efforts to utilize geothermal resources as animportant part of the answer to global environmental,
climate change, and energ y security problems. The
extensiveness of geothermal’s potential to address these
critical problems is poorly recognized, and as a result,geothermal resources are too often undervalued innational energy plans.
Geothermal energy utilizes the earth’s natural andrenewable supply of subsurface heat energy and can be
deployed to meet the heating, power, and other energy
needs of hundreds of millions of people today. With thetechnology available and under development for the future,geothermal resources can be utilized on every continentand eventually in every country of the world.
Geothermal resource use is expanding globally, but itneeds government support to achieve its full potential. It isevident from a review of leading geothermal countries
that a range of policies provide essential support for thedevelopment of geothermal resources. Our Coalition calls
upon each country to assess the potential of current andfuture geothermal technology to meet its national energy

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

15

I GA New s No. 84
objectives. Countries should institute g eother mal
development targets into their renewable energy goals as afirst ste p to implementing policies that suppor tdevelopment and should have, as part of their energyplans, effective long-term incentives and policy support for
geothermal energy.
Our Coalition calls upon international and multinational organizations to support geothermal resource
assessment, technolog y development, and thedevelopment of policies and financial incentives for the
expanded use of geothermal resources to meet the world’s
energy needs. These organizations should use theirresources to help countries recognize the potential ofgeother mal resources and set appropriate national
geothermal goals.
In particular, the World Bank and other multi-lateralfinancial institutions should expand their financial support
for geothermal development and projects. There should beclear organizational goals for geothermal promotion
within these institutions as well as specific senior staff
designated to achieve them. The funding and support
provided to geothermal should be comparable to thatprovided to support other technologies.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) and theInternational Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) shouldboth consider more geothermal electricity and heating &cooling in their prospective scenarios. Geothermal will bea key player to fight global warming by decreasing CO2
emissions in decarbonizing power and heating sectors.
Signed:Australian Geothermal Energy Association
Canadian Geothermal Energy Association
Chilean Geothermal Energy Association
European Geothermal Energy Council
US Geothermal Energy Association
May 4, 2011
FOR MORE INFORMATION:
Australian Geothermal Energy Association
http://www.agea.org.au/
Canadian Geothermal Energy Association
http://www.cangea.ca/
Asociacion Chilena De Energia Geotermica A.G.
http://www.achegeo.cl/
European Geothermal Energy Council
http://www.egec.org/
US Geothermal Energy Association
http://www.geo-energy.org

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

IGA News

completions
and testing;resource
monitoring
and
IGA
News is publishedquarterlyby theInternational
management;chemicalinhibitionofscalingandcorrosion;
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surveys;andgeothermal
legal/institutional
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timelyimpact
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April - June 2011

16

Application for membership
Please complete the following form and return it with payment
to:International Geothermal Association Secretariat
c/o Bochum University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule
Bochum), Lennershofstr. 140, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
Tel.: +49 (0)234-3210265
Fax.: +49 (0)234-3214890
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April - June 2011

I GA New s No. 84
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Rates for advertising in IGA NewsSpace/Format
Size mm
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USD 450

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Geothermics
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Geothermics.
Geothermics is published six times a year, with a normal
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