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Quarterly No. 73

July - September 2008

IGA NEWS
Newsletter of the International Geothermal Association

IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President

IGA ACTIVITIES

Ladsi Rybach, President

Message from the President

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Dear IGA member, this is the fourth message from yourPresident.
In the geothermal community we more than often
deplore the fact that when it comes to renewable energies in
the media or in other domains of visibility then solar, wind,and biomass are regularly quoted but geothermal is omitted.
To quite some extent, I must say, that this is our own fault.
Just one example: from July 21-24 I attended the 10th
World Renewable Energy Congress and Exhibition in
Glasgow/UK (WREC X; www.wrecx.com), with an Invited
Plenary Paper/presentation “Geothermal Energy Worldwide Status and Prospects”. Apart from several
sessions on solar PV and thermal, wind, and biomass withnumerous contributions, there were also eight (!) sessions
on ocean energy, with a total of 45 presentations. However,there was not a single session on geothermal. Altogether,
only five geothermal papers were given, hidden in sessions
like Policy Issues. WREC conferences are part of the World
Renewable Energy Network (details underwww.wrenuk.co.uk), held biannually. The previous WREC
conference took place in Florence/Italy in 2006, again
without any geothermal session (but an excursion to
Larderello was part of the official program….). Whencomplaining to the organizers about missing geothermal
sessions one receives a straightforward answer: there is no interest
within the geothermal community to submit contributions!
We are much too self-sufficient. At geothermal
meetings we just talk to each other in closed circles. No
synergies and alliances with other renewables can beestablished if we continue this way, not to mention outreachto the media or to the general public. We need to be much
more present at large international conferences on
renewable energies! Fortunately there will be threegeothermal sessions -thanks to the efforts of Dr. Yoonho
Song, Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources(KIGAM)- at the International Conference & Exhibition
RENEWABLE ENERGY 2008 (www.re2008.org) in
Busan/S.Korea, October 13-17. This is the way to go: it isthe enhanced presence at international meetings that weneed more of moving forward. Among others I shall present
in Busan the Invited Paper “The International Status,

IGA News goes all-electronic!

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EUROPE
TRANSTHERMAL - Trans-Border
Geothermal Potential Study between
Austria and Slovenia
3

AMERICAS
Guadeloupe /Development of the
Bouillante geothermal field

5

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
Turkey/45MW Germencik
geothermal power plant

9

China

/GSHP application in Beijing
2008 Olympic Games
11

Australia/Australia develops world’s
first geothermal reporting
code

12

UPCOMING EVENTS
Geothermal meetings

15

IGA News, July - September 2008

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Development, and Future Prospects of Geothermal Energy”. At the prestigeous Salzburg Global Seminar “Combating
Climate Change at Local and Regional Levels: Sustainable Strategies, Renewable Energy”, Salzburg/Austria July, 913 (www.SalzburgGlobal.org) I already had the opportunity, as one of the Seminar Faculty Members, to wave thegeothermal flag, by presenting the Invited Paper “Geothermal energy resources - sustainable use and contributions to
mitigate climate change”.
Another international conference that deserves special attention is the 2009 General Assembly of theInternational Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior (IASPEI), to take place in Cape Town,
South Africa, January 10-16, 2009. Symposium H1 “From Heat Flow to Geothermal Energy” is especially timely, inview of the booming geothermal development in Australia that relies mainly on high heat flow/heat production
granites. I am Co-Convenor of Symposium H1.
An upcoming international geothermal conference “Second African Rift Geothermal Conference C2" (ARGeo
C2), organized by Uganda’s Department of Geological Survey and Mines, will be held at the Imperial Beach Hotel in
Entebbe, Uganda, 24-28 November 2008 (contacts through argeoc2@minerals.go.ug). The meeting includes a highly
promising post-conference field trip to see geothermal prospects in the two dominant geological domains of thewestern part of the East African Rift System. I will present an Invited Paper; hopefully among many other papers
from IGA members. In conjunction with ARGeoC2 the 2009 fall meeting of the IGA Board of Directors is planned for22nd and 23rd November (Committee meetings on 22nd, full Board meeting on 23rd November). The great majorityof the IGA Directors has already signalized attendance.
Our “own show” will be the World Geothermal Congress 2010 in Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia, April 25-30,
2010. The ongoing preparations, carried out by the Organizing Committee for WGC2010 (OC) of INAGA and IGA’s
Steering Committee (SC), are continuing and are well on track. The Second Announcement has been completed and isin distribution.
Finally quite some progress can be reported now on the obligations towards the World Bank GeoFund.
Thanks to the concentrated efforts of several individuals, especially of Education Committee Chairman Prof. Horst
Rueter, the preparations of several events like the International Geothermal Workshop 2008, the Workshop on
Geothermal Risk Insurance, and the Roadmapping Session on Geothermal Development Needs are now nearing
completion. All activities for the World Bank GeoFund need to be finished before the end of 2008.
I look forward to continuing to work with you in our joint effort to promote geothermal and thank you all foryour support.

IGA News goes all-electronic!
Eduardo Iglesias, IGA News Editor
At its 45th meeting (Bali, April 29, 2008) the IGA Board of Directors approved a motion to terminate the productionof printed copies of IGA News, as of issue No.73. Thus, in this issue we start producing the newsletter only inelectronic format. The new format gives us greater scope to include color prints and pictures (starting this issue), andto upgrade its design (soon). This decision will also save the previous printing and postage costs. It is expected thesesavings will contribute to financing the upcoming restructuring and reshaping of the IGA website.

WORLD GEOTHERMAL CONGRESS 2015
Call for expression of interest to host WGC in 2015
The next World Geothermal Congress (WGC) will be held in Bali, Indonesia, in April 2010(www.wgc2010.org). The country that will host WGC in the year 2015 will be announced at the endof the congress. The IGA Board of Directors hereby is calling for expressions of interest to host theWorld Geothermal Congress in 2015.
The role and obligations for the host of WGC in 2015 will be defined by a Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MoU) with IGA. A typical example of the MoU is available on the IGA website atwww.geothermal-energy.org. The expressions of interest should be sent to the IGA Secretariat, c/oSamorka, Sudurlandsbraut 48, 108 Reykjavik, Iceland, e-mail: iga@samorka.is, no later thenNovember 1st 2008.
For further information please contact the IGA Secretariat at iga@samorka.is
IGA News No. 73

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EUROPE
TRANSTHERMAL - Trans-Border Geothermal Potential Study between Austria and Slovenia
Gregor Goetzl1, Piotr Lipiarski, Gerhard Letouzé1, Andrej Lapanje2, Dušan Rajver2, Nina Rman2,
Katarina Hribernik2, Tomaž Budkovi?cž 2, Gunnar Domberger3, Walter Poltnig3, Richard Baek4, Gunther
Suette5
1 Geological Survey of Austria, 2 Geological Survey of Slovenia, 3 Joanneum Research, 4 Carinthian government - dept 15 ,5 Styrian government - dept 19A
First comprehensive bilateral datasets for Austria and Slovenia

The border region between Austria, Slovenia and Hungary represents one of the most important balneologicalareas in Central Europe. The substantial use of thermal water in south-eastern Styria, southern Burgenland, northeastern Slovenia and south-western Hungary has become an essential driving force of economic development within
the last decades. Moreover, since the public awareness of environmentally-neutral alternative energy sources constantly increases, geothermal energy utilization for heating and electricity production is of growing interest within thisregion and the first demonstration plants are already in operation in south-eastern Styria (Blumau, Waltersdorf &Fuerstenfeld).
Although there is economic interest in this advantageous geothermal potential, there are hidden exploitation risks
in the eastern area of the Austria-Slovenia border region. Here, the intensive use of natural thermal water horizons canlead to over-exploitation and a loss of efficiency. This is particularly problematic if cross-border aquifer systems exist
and there is no integrated trans-border aquifer planning (i.e. in the area of Bad Radkersburg) In addition, economically
successful examples of geothermal use prompt municipalities and investors to make exploration plans in areas of low
utilization potential which in many cases prove uneconomical later on. An economic disappointment is often aconsequence of lack of knowledge of basic geothermal conditions combined with exaggerated expectations.
Owing to such risks the need for a trans-border initiative was recognized in 2005, leading to the bilateral study
called TRANSTHERMAL. The main goal of TRANSTHERMAL was to establish an Austrian-Slovenian bilateralmultilingual geothermal database focused on thermal water resources. Although over the last 20 years a great numberof local scale geothermal studies were carried out, only limited data were recorded for the whole region.
Border region Carinthia - Styria - Slovenia
The investigation area is situated in the border region between Austria and Slovenia and occupies the northernpart of Slovenia, the eastern part of Carinthia and the southern part of Styria.
According to the hydrogeological and morphological interpretations in the western part of the project area theexisting geothermal reservoirs consist of near surface, partly naturally-discharging subthermal and moderatetemperature thermal springs (e.g. Bad Kleinkirchheim, Warmbad Villach, Vaseno, Zgornja Besnica). The eastern andsouth-eastern part of the project area is affected by the basin scenery of the prevalent Pannonian basin. Thermal water
is produced from deep wells and the temperatures of the basin waters range from moderate to highly elevated (e.g. Bad
Blumau, Bad Waltersdorf, Moravske Toplice,
Lendava).
Analysis of the geothermal utilization potential invarious depths
Within the bounds of the project
TRANSTHERMAL we analyzed and represented thegeothermal capacity of the area. In doing so we
included only deeper geothermal potential, with afocus on hydrothermal potential, and shallow
geothermics was not tackled here.
An analysis of the geothermal potential was
carried out on the basis of a transnational
representation of basic geological, hydrological andthermal parameters and unified processing of thegeological data (geological maps and cross-sections).
Its specification in terms of prospective utilization
Fig. 1Situation of the investigation area

IGA News, July - September 2008

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Fig. 2Distribution of the surface heat flow density as an important element of the thermal potential.

possibilities required knowledge of the current use (spas, heating, electricity production) and available aquifer data (i.e.
capacity, water temperature, chemistry). Furthermore, there was a strong focus on the regional geothermal regime (heatflow density, rock temperatures at different depths), particularly since the geothermal gradient represents an importantfactor for economic efficiency of a project.
The geothermal potential of systems that might be exploitable by Hot Dry Rock Technology had not been
analyzed previously. To overcome this and visualize the potential, various temperature-depth maps were constructed
down to 4000 m below surface.

Representation of the geothermal subsurface conditions
All essential data used for evaluation of the geothermal utilization potential during the project were archived ina multilingual project database and linked to the GIS-software ArcGIS 9.2 for spatial visualization.
Because of the geological conditions the geothermal utilization potential was split into two “part-potentials”:
potential of the solid rocks (basement) and potential of the sedimentary basement fill (Tertiary rocks and sediments).
By superposition of these two a “total geothermal potential” was derived that highlighted areas with advantageous
subsurface conditions. Subsurface thermal conditions (geothermal gradient, heat flow density) were processed bymeans of common correction and modelling methods based on borehole temperatures. A comprehensive cartography
was developed by combining geological, geothermal, borehole and utilization information from available sites. Thismethodology enabled efficient project management and visualization of the results.

Regionally varying exploration risks and development costs

Fig. 3 3D-View of the Pannonian basin in the project area with adisplay of existing deep boreholes

IGA News No. 73

Because of the coincidence of favourable
geothermal gradients with favourable hydrologicallithological subsurface conditions, current
geothermal utilization areas are preferentiallysituated in the south-eastern basin regions of the
project area. Elsewhere, the geothermal potential
cannot generally be described sufficiently, because
the lack of exploration boreholes means that wehave only sparse subsurface information. But, inprinciple, the geothermal utilization possibilities
should not be excluded in these areas because there
are already prosperous economic examples,
represented by the spas of Bad Kleinkirchheim and
Bad Bleiberg (both in Carinthia). However, theexploration risk is increased in these areas

5compared to basin regions as the geothermal gradients are often lower.
Moreover, it has to be kept in mind that even in areas with proven geothermal potential, only tested exploration
boreholes can prove or disprove the predicted conditions. Uncertainties can only be reduced by means of adequately
detailed investigations (hydrogeological and geophysical studies) which lead to an accurate estimate of the development
risk. Furthermore, attention has to be paid to the regions where existing intensive thermal water utilization allows only
limited additional exploration. Areas with high exploitation levels occur especially in the east at the Styrian-Slovenian
border (Bad Radkersburg, Murska Sobota).
Beside the geological risk, the regionally varying temperature with depth represents another crucial limiting
economic criterion. Drilling costs are a non-negligible part of the total exploration/exploitation costs of geothermal
development, depending mostly on drilling depth. When looking at the distribution of depths necessary to achieve forexample a rock temperature of 90°C (the practical lower limit of geothermal electricity production using ORC),
foreseeable reservoir depths vary from 1600 2200 m below surface in the areas of the Styrian basin and north-eastern
Slovenia to 3000 4500 m in most of Carinthia and north-western Slovenia. Converting the estimated drilling depths into
drilling costs, the additional expenses for the latter area, resulting from the increasing drilling depth, are estimated to beabout 250% to 300% in comparison to the south-eastern part of the project area.

Conclusion
The complete compilation of geological and thermal data plus production parameters stored in themultilingual bilateral database is available from the federal offices of Styria, Carinthia and the state ofSlovenia. In this way, the protection of sensitive data is guaranteed. The public can access the general overview data andthe 15 thematic maps, displaying geology, tectonics, relief and lithology of Pre-neogene basement rocks, thickness of
Tertiary sediments, location of deep wells and natural thermal springs, produced water temperature, chemistry, yield andusage, temperature distribution with depth, heat flow density and geothermal potential (Neogene sediments, basement,
total). The thematic maps show the result of the geothermal interpretation based on the complete data compilation. They
are combined in internet applications available at http://www.geo-zs.si/publikacije _arhiv /Transthermal/Porocilo.pdf(Slovenia) or at http://gis.ktn.gv.at/atlas/(S(q51jzyej5hlomo550atiza55))/init.aspx (Austria).
To guarantee the topicality of the achieved results there will be recurring working meetings of the project groupin order to supplement the database with current information. Therefore TRANSTHERMAL not only offers theopportunity of state-of-the-art surveying and mapping of the geothermal utilization potential but also forms thefoundation of a future bilateral exchange platform for a reasonable and enduring utilization of the geothermal resources.

AMERICAS
French West Indies
Development of the Bouillante geothermal field (Guadeloupe)
B. Sanjuan (BRGM), H. Traineau (CFG Services)
Abstract
The Bouillante high enthalpy geothermal field in Guadeloupe, 250-260°C, related to the occurrence of recent
active volcanoes, is the only exploited French field of this type (Fig. 1). In all the volcanic islands of theFrench Overseas Departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, La Reunion), with rapidly increasing populations
and consequently a strong growth of electricity consumption, geothermal energy seems to be a promisingsolution from both economic and environmental standpoints. The Bouillante field is currently being exploitedby Geothermie Bouillante, a subsidiary of BRGM and EDF (Electricité de France). The research efforts
carried out by the BRGM group have contributed to increasing the electricity production of the Bouillante
power plant from 2 to 6-8% of the annual needs in the Guadeloupe Island, with an installed capacity of 15
MWe gross since 2005. Other developments are expected in the Northern and the Southern parts of Bouillante
Bay and should allow a considerable increase of the present electricity production. Re-injection of the residual
waters, which are currently discharged into the sea, is also envisaged in order to maintain production rate andpressure within the reservoir.

IGA News, July - September 2008

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Fig. 1a - Location of the Bouillante geothermal field (Guadeloupe, French West Indies)

Introduction
The Bouillante geothermal field is located on the western coast of Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe, Fig. 1).
It has been developed near the coast and around the Bouillante town, where numerous hydrothermal
manifestations such as hot springs, mud pools, steaming grounds and fumaroles occur. The main active
terrestrial geothermal manifestations are located south of Bouillante Bay. The first producing well at
Bouillante (BO-2, 350 m deep, 150 tons/h of discharged fluid of which 30 tons/h is steam) dates from the
beginning of the 1970s and fed the first turbine Bouillante 1 (4.5 MWe). In 1995, the majority of the sharesin the geothermal power plant was purchased by the BRGM Group, which then further stimulated the
exploitation with research projects aimed at supporting and developing the exploitation of the geothermal
field: thermal stimulation with cold seawater of a former well (BO-4; Correia et al., 2000), development of
exploration methods, exploration of other sites (Traineau et al., 1997; Sanjuan et al., 2001), monitoring of
the wells, understanding of the field’s regime, etc. These research projects, financially supported by BRGM,ADEME (French Environment and Energy Management Agency), the European Union and Region
Guadeloupe, have contributed to increasing from 2 to 6-8% the percentage of Guadeloupe’s annual
electricity production supplied by the Bouillante geothermal field. Presently, 3 wells (BO-4, BO-5 and BO-6,
Fig. 2) can produce up to 15 MWe, which represents about 600 tons/h of discharged fluid, giving 120 tons/hof steam that are exploited by Geothermie Bouillante. The last wells, BO-5 and BO-6, were drilled in 2001.
Present research activities
Present research is focused on developing and improving:•
The tools necessary to estimate the potential of a high-enthalpy geothermal field such as
Bouillante.
•
The methods of monitoring and exploitation management of this type of field in order to
optimize and secure the electricity production.

The development of prospecting tools so as to reduce the geological hazards and risks when drillingthe very costly exploration and production wells is also another main objective.
Bouillante was used as a pilot site to test geological, geochemical and geophysical methods andidentify those that were the most effective (Sanjuan et al., 2001; Truffert et al., 2004; Fabriol et al., 2005).
This work has already made it possible to select other potential geothermal sites in the Northern andSouthern parts of the Bouillante Bay where submarine and terrestrial thermal springs with a geothermal fluid,
similar to that analyzed in the geothermal wells, and associated He and CO2 gas anomalies were identified inthese fractured areas.
IGA News No. 73

7
The geochemical studies indicate thatthe composition of the deep geothermal fluids(NaCl fluids with a TDS of about 20 g/l and a
pH value of 5.3) results from a mixing of 58%
of seawater and 42% of freshwater in chemical
equilibrium with volcanic rocks at 260°C. The
low amount of non-condensable gases (0.4% of
the produced steam mass) is composed of 95%
CO 2 and has been relatively constant since2005. Freshwater probably comes from theneighbouring Pitons of Bouillante, arising fromthe existence of N100-120° faults (Traineau etal.,1997). Another network of faults with ageneral N-S direction is also considered. The
geochemical data suggest the existence of a Fig. 1b - View of the Bouillante geothermal field (CFG Services
large deep interconnected reservoir, the volume document)of which is estimated, using organic tracers and a parametric model, to be greater than 30 million m3.
Despite the reservoir continuity observed from the wellhead pressure measurements, tracer tests show thatthe hydraulic connections between wells are relatively complicated. However, they also suggest relatively fast
hydraulic connections between BO-2 and BO-4 and a natural circulation of the geothermal fluids from theNorth to the South. According to the isotopic lithium signature of the geothermal fluid, combined withgeological, geophysical and drilling data, the main geothermal reservoir could be located below a depth of3000 m.
Mineralogical studies performed on well cutting samples show the existence of 3 successive clay
zones, dominated respectively by dioctahedral smectite, illite and chlorite at increasing depths (Mas et al.,2006), as is often observed in geothermal systems. Whereas chlorite was formed during a first alteration
stage, where most of the primary minerals of the volcanic formations were affected, smectite and illite
precipitated during a second alteration stage related to the circulation of the present geothermal fluids. Frommineralogical and δ18O data, Guisseau et al. (2007) showed the existence of two types of smectites down to adepth of 260 m in the wells: the beidellitic smectites precipitated from the hot geothermal fluid between 110
and 163°C and the montmorillonitic smectites precipitated from reacting solutions mainly composed of
meteoric waters at temperatures below 100°C.
A 3-D reservoir model around the geothermal wells and hydrodynamic modelling are underdevelopment for the Bouillante site. Some of these works have already allowed improvement of theFig. 2 - Location of the geothermal wells (CFG Services document)

IGA News, July - September 2008

8
understanding of the geothermal reservoir andassessment of the best operating conditions to
optimize the long-term exploitation
management of the geothermal reservoir in
the present configuration.
Several monitoring techniques(surface soil thermometry, fluid geochemistry,gravity, broadband seismology, INSAR
technology) are used in the Bouillante field inorder to control the impact of the geothermal
exploitation on the evolution of production
and the immediate environment of the power
plant. Geochemical monitoring of the fluids
collected from the geothermal wells andneighbouring thermal springs has therefore Fig. 3 - The well head
been carried out since 1998 (Fig. 3) and isbeing continued in order to study the chemical evolution of these fluids (gas/steam ratio evolution in thegeothermal fluids, the evolution of the proportion of steam condensate in the surface aquifers, etc.) and to
avoid the scaling risks in the installations. Presently, as recommended by geochemical modelling, achemical inhibitor is continuously injected at the well bottom to prevent calcite scaling. Except for a thermal
spring located near the power plant, no significant change has been observed in the fluid compositions since1998. These results are in good agreement with the data obtained by the other monitoring methods.
The re-injection of the residual waters is under study. It should maintain reservoir pressure and avoid
wastage into the sea.
Future research activities
Among the exploration methods used at the Bouillante site, magnetotelluric measurements areenvisaged in the near future in order to investigate the areas where the main inflows of geothermal fluids
have been observed in the wells (depth of 900-1000 m) and to complete the data obtained by the electricalprofile, for which the investigation depth was limited to only 700 m (Fabriol et al., 2005). More seismic data
could be acquired in order to locate deep structural features and increase the location accuracy. All the monitoring
methods previously initiated will be pursued in the next years in order to control the evolution of the
production and the impact of the exploitation on the reservoir. The 3-D reservoir model must be extended to
the Northern part of the Bouillante Bay and the work of hydrodynamic, thermal and geochemical modellingmust be continued and increased in order to understand this geothermal system better and be able to selectthe best sites for re-injection of the residual waters. Especially for this last application, the hydrodynamic
model will have to take into account the reservoir geometry.
The small number of wells drilled in the Bouillante field, the absence of cores collected during
drilling and the reduced measurements done in the wells are a significant limitation to improving theknowledge and understanding of this field. More exploration and production wells, coring during drilling,
and well logging, would bring valuable information about this field. For structural investigations, borehole
imagery is necessary. Tools able to determine the stress field conditions are also needed. Tracer testing usingorganic compounds at high temperatures is very useful to estimate the inter-well interferences, reservoir
volume, processes of fluid mixing, deep fluid circulation, fluid velocities and water/rock ratios.
Conclusions
All the research activities carried out between 1995 and 2001 have allowed a poorly-productive well(BO-4) to be stimulated and three wells to be drilled (of which only two are productive), which hassignificantly increased the electricity produced from the Bouillante geothermal field. These activities andadditional research works have contributed to a better knowledge and understanding of the Bouillante field.
They suggest the existence of very promising geothermal potential areas in the Northern and Southern partsof the Bouillante Bay. Consequently, the Bouillante site can still be greatly developed. Moreover, future reinjection of the residual waters can stabilize and improve the present reservoir production. All the
IGA News No. 73

9knowledge and experience acquired during the development of the Bouillante field will be useful to develop
other high temperature geothermal fields in volcanic islands such as Martinique, Dominica or La Reunion.
References
Correia H., Sigurdsson O., Sanjuan B., Tulinius H. and Lasne E. (2000) - Stimulation of a high enthalpy
geothermal well by cold water injection. In Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, Davis,
California, USA, vol. 24, 129-136.
Guisseau D., Patrier-Mas P., Beaufort D., Girard J.-P., Inoue A., Sanjuan B., Petit S., Lens A. and Genter A.
(2007) - Significance of the depth-related transition montmorillonite-beidellite in the geothermal fieldof Bouillante (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles). American Mineralogist, vol. 92, issues 11-12, 1800-1813.
Fabriol H., Bitri A., Bourgeois B., Debeglia N., Genter A., Guennoc P., Jousset P., Miehe J.M., Roig J.Y.,
Thinon I., Traineau H., Sanjuan B. and Truffert C. (2005) - Geophysical methods applied to theassessment of the Bouillante geothermal field (Guadeloupe, French West Indies). Proceedings World
Geothermal Congress 2005, Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005, 6 p.
Mas A., Guisseau D., Patrier-Mas P., Beaufort D., Genter A., Sanjuan B. and Girard J.-P. (2006) - Clayminerals related to the hydrothermal activity of the Bouillante geothermal field (Guadeloupe). J. of
Volcan. and Geoth. Research, 158, 380-400.
Sanjuan B., Lasne E. and Brach M. (2001) - Bouillante geothermal fluid: mixing and water/rock interaction
processes at 250°C. Proceedings, 10th Water-Rock Interaction (WRI-10), Cagliari, Italy, June 10-15,
911-914.
Truffert C., Thinon I., Bitri A. and Lalanne X. (2004) - Using MAGIS for geothermal application:
Guadeloupe Archipelago in French West Indies. Hydro International, July/August 2004, 1-3.
Traineau H., Sanjuan B., Beaufort D., Brach M., Castaing C., Correia H., Genter A., Herbrich B. (1997) The Bouillante geothermal field (F.W.I.) revisited: new data on the fractured geothermal reservoir inlight of a future stimulation experiment in a low productive well. In: Proceedings, Twenty-Second
Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, January
27-29, 1997, SGP-TR-155, 97-104.

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
Turkey45MW Germencik geothermal power plant
Mahmut Parlaktuna, Middle East Technical University
Turkey’s third geothermal power plant will be in operation in Germencik Geothermal Field by the end of
2008. The field is situated in Büyük Menderes graben on which the two previous power plants (Kizildere
and Salavatli) are also located.
Exploration studies of the field were started
in 1967 and the first shallow drilling (167 meters)in 1970 resulted in a recorded temperature of
105°C at 97 meters. The General Directorate ofMineral Research and Exploration of Turkey(MTA) studied and evaluated the geothermal power
production capacity of Büyük Menderes Graben in
the period 1978 to 1982 which resulted with thefirst deep well of Germencik field in 1982. It wascompleted at a depth of 1002 m with a temperatureof 203°C. Eight more wells were drilled in the field
Fig. 1. Location of the wells at Germencik geothermal field
during the period of 1983-1986 with reservoir(near the west coast of Turkey below the Çesme peninsula).

IGA News, July - September 2008

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Fig. 2. A general view of Germencik power plant.

temperatures of 203-232°C. The primary permeability of the Germencik geothermal resource occurs in
fractured metamorphic rocks of the Menderes Massif. Permeability is present in fractures related to thesteeply dipping Ömerbeyli fault. Static reservoir pressures are over 100 barg at 1000 m and static reservoir
temperatures are approximately 220°C within an isothermal zone several hundred meters thick.
Although several attempts were made to develop the field, GURMAT Electricity Production A.S.
received the concession in April 2004. Since then field tests and feasibility studies have been carried out andconstruction of the 47.4 MWe power plant was started. Studies indicated that the production characteristics
as well as physical conditions of three wellbores drilled by MTA are suitable for production and two others
required workover operations. In addition, GURMAT drilled nine new wellbores (five production and four
re-injection) between August 2007 and July 2008.
The main work principle of the system is that the gathering system collects brine from the production
wells OB-5, OB-6, OB-8, OB-10, OB-11, OB-14, OB-17 and OB-19 (Fig. 1). The geothermal fluid is low in

Fig. 3. Testing of a production well

IGA News No. 73

11Fig. 4. A view of the turbine house.

Fig. 5. Well AG-22 during clean-up.

dissolved salts but high in non-condensable gases. Large quantities of non-condensable gases, particularly
CO2, will flash off the brine with the high pressure steam. This gas will be carried through the turbine into thecondenser and then to the cooling tower by a combination of steam jet ejectors and vacuum pumps. The
turbine-generator is double flash, top exhausting. Both inlets (HP and LP) are equipped with main stop valves(MSVs) and governing valves (GVs). The generator, rated at 47.4 MW, was supplied by Melco, a subsidiarycompany of Mitsubishi Corporation.
After both low and high pressure steam have been flashed, the brine will be taken to re-injection wells.
As a result of the well tests, it is planned to use five of the nine drilled wells as injection wells. The wells aredesignated as AG-22, AG-23, AG-24, AG-25 and AG-26 (Fig. 1). On the other hand, the former well OB-3
will be utilized to inject condensate.
GURMAT completed the procurement stage and the drilling stage is already finished. The erection andengineering stages are well in progress and aim to commence commercial operation at the end of 2008 (Figs.
2-5).

China
GSHP application in Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
Keyan Zheng, GCES, China
The IXXX Olympic Games began on 8th August 2008 in Beijing. Chinese Geothermal workers made theircontribution to the “Green Olympics” through a series of GSHP applications. They intended initially to drill
10 geothermal wells and then install geothermal space heating in the Olympic Village. One well was drilled to
3,326 m depth in 2004 and produced 84m3/h of thermal water at 53°C. The complex geothermal geologicalcondition showed that the initial plan was not suitable for implementation. Therefore, the conventional plan
had to be changed. A series of GSHP applications were substituted for the initial geothermal utilization. They
include the following projects:
The Olympic Tennis Center located in Beijing Olympic Forest Park. There are 10 tennis courts for matches andanother 6 courts for practice. Ground source heat pumps were used for the game halls, including summer coolingand winter space heating. One example for 2# game hall: 35 holes were drilled to 100 m depth with a diameterof 150mm. They are arranged on a 7m x 7m grid. Double U-pipes of PE material were installed in the holes forheat exchange. The GSHP unit is 138.2 kW heating capacity (input power 37.5kW) and 139.6kW cooling
capacity (input power 32kW).
The Olympic Badminton Hall located in Beijing University of Technology. A GSHP has been used forsummer cooling and winter space heating in the badminton hall (see photo).
However, Tianjin Olympic Stadium used geothermal space heating and hot water supply, and GSHP
cooling, because it is located in a good area of the geothermal field.
IGA News, July - September 2008

12
In addition, the State Stadium, the State Swimming
Hall, the State Gymnastics Hall and the Olympic Village use
GSHP in part. A total of 410,000 m2 buildings in the Olympic
Village use a waste water heat pump for summer cooling,
winter space heating and hot water supply. The other threemain game sites use GSHP in part. The urban thermal-power
pipeline is used as the main heat source for winter spaceheating. The summer cooling uses conventional facilities but
combined with GSHP. A small number of heat exchange holes
were drilled nearby for heat release when cooling and for heat extraction when heating.
Australia
Australia develops world’s first geothermal reporting code
The development in Australia of the world’s first uniform code for assessing geothermal energy resources
could generate a wave of investment in the sector. With this more rigorous and consistent standard applied toreporting Reserves and Resources, investors will be more confident and those projects that are more worthy
will find it easier to attract financial support.
The Australian Geothermal Resources and Reserves Reporting Code was unveiled in August at the
AGEG Annual Conference in Melbourne.
The Code is a response to the recent trend for the financing of geothermal development companies
through stock market listings. Whilst this presents a welcome market-driven mechanism for funding the
exploration and development of geothermal prospects, informed decisions about investment are difficult tomake given the long development path from exploration to power generation. In particular it is difficult forinvestors to have confidence in the claims made by developers about the energy resources and reserves
available within each project.
Although geothermal energy extraction and electricity generation is a mature industry, to date there has
not been a universal or even widely agreed code for reserves and resources reporting. Given the current andfuture intense interest surrounding renewable energy forms, a standardised and trusted approach to geothermalenergy resources and reserves classification and estimation was long overdue.
A unique aspect of the Code is that it has been designed to apply both to “conventional” magmaticrelated high temperature geothermal resource developments, lower temperature hot aquifers, and Hot Rocksystems.
The rapid pace of development of Australia’s geothermal industry is perhaps not widely appreciated.
Since the grant of the first Geothermal Exploration Licence (GEL) in Australia in 2001 through year-end 2007,
33 companies have joined the hunt for renewable and emissions-free geothermal energy resources in 277
licence application areas covering ~219,000 km2 in Australia. The associated work programs correspond to an
estimated investment of AUS$851 million over the period 2002-2012.
Because many of the companies active in the Australian geothermal industry have a strong mining
background, developing a standard based around mineral reserves was deemed the most suitable approach.
The simplicity and wide acceptance of the reporting code that is most commonly used for reporting of mineralreserves and resources (the Joint Ore Reserve Committee’s “JORC” Code) made it a natural choice for thebasis of the new geothermal code.
The resulting Australian Geothermal Resources and Reserves Reporting Code covers a minimum,
mandatory set of requirements for public reporting of estimates. While it tabulates a large number of issues tobe considered in reporting, it is not particularly prescriptive as to methodology.
A key distinction that the Code makes is that ‘Reserves’ are deemed to be energy that is considered tobe commercially recoverable now. ‘Resources’, on the other hand, require further work to be classified as
Reserves. Confusion between these two classifications can be the root of confusion for investors, especiallywhen there is intense marketing going on to raise funding. The code relies upon a two dimensional classification
taking into account levels of geological knowledge and confidence and Modifying Factors which directly
affect the likelihood of commercial delivery.
IGA News No. 73

13
The Code is accompanied by a ‘Geothermal
Lexicon’ that provides guidance on how resources
and reserves can be estimated for reporting
purposes. The techniques described in the Lexicon
are not a mandatory part of the code. However,any significant deviations from the Lexicon should
be disclosed and explained when reporting under
the Geothermal Code. Example reports are underpreparation.
At the time of writing the first edition of
the Code and Lexicon had been extensively
reviewed and agreed within AGEG, with a formal
launch in mid-August. The Australian Geothermal
Energy Association (AGEA) has resolved that useof the Code will be mandatory for Public Reports
by its members, which include all of the significant
Fig 1. Relationship between Exploration Results, Geothermal
geothermal companies in Australia. The draft Resources and Geothermal Reserves
C o d e a n d Le x i c o n w e r e s u b m i t t e d t o t h e
International Geothermal Association (IGA), which has recognised the Code as appropriate and endorsed the
Lexicon. The International Energy Agency has also received a submission.
Preliminary discussions have been held with the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX), and copies of
the Code and Lexicon have been submitted to the Toronto Stock Exchange and the Ontario Securities
Commission.
Future hopes
It is hoped that once the Code becomes accepted by the investment community in Australia it will
become the basis for a more uniform international approach to the issues. In an open letter to AGEG, thePresident of the International Geothermal Association, Dr Ladislaus Rybach said: “ … we commend you on
the effort that has been put in and the rigour of the approach taken.” The Chairman of IGA’s Ad Hoc
Committee on Reserves and Resources, Jim Lawless of SKM, says that this more rigorous approach could
assist the geothermal industry around the world. “The Code gives investors the chance to measure different
schemes and brings some consistency to the business.”“There have often been differing opinions in the past about what to measure and how to measure it,”says Mr Lawless. “By standardising reporting of Reserves and making it mandatory to define what is actuallycommercially recoverable now, the Code will facilitate investment and inspire more confidence in geothermal
schemes.”
For copies of the Code and Lexicon, contact:
Mr Tony Hill
Principal Geologist
Petroleum and Geothermal Group
Primary Industry and Resources SA
GPO Box 1671
Adelaide SA 5001
Email: Hill.TonyJ@saugov.sa.gov.au

GEOTHERMICS
International Journal of Geothermal Research and its Applications

Published under the auspices of the International Geothermal Association
Content of the latest issues: http:/www.elsevier.com/locate/geothermics
IGA News, July - September 2008

14

Cost Reduction Through Improved
Geothermal Well Targeting
Joint WPRB/INAGA Technical Seminar
Nusa Dua, 26-28 April 2008

Full course material now available in digital format
A vast amount of research and technical development has been carried out in geothermalscience in the past 50 years. This course brings together some of this information with theobjective of cost reduction for geothermal development in Indonesia, concentrating on
using conceptual models and geophysical techniques to target wells.
This CD contains the full lecture notes, presentations and extra papers presented at the2008 conference in Nusa Dua.
Cost:
US$50.00 for IGA members
US$60.00 for non-members
To obtain a copy, please contact your local IGA representative

IGA News No. 73

15

UPCOMING EVENTSIGA News
IGA News is published quarterly by the International

GRC 2008 Annual Meeting/2008 Geothermal Energy Trade Geothermal Association. The function of IGA News
Show, 5-8 October 2008, Reno,NV, USA. Website: http:// is to disseminate timely information about geothermal activities throughout the world. To this end, awww.geothermal.org

group of correspondents has agreed to supply newsforeach issue. The core of this group consists of theWorld Energy Engineering Congress (WEEC), 8-10 October
IGA
Information Committee:
2008, Washington, DC, USA. Website:www.energycongress.com
RENEXPO, 9-12 Oct. 2008, Augburg, Germany. Website:www.renexpo.deInternational Conference and Exhibition RENEWABLE
ENERGY 2008, 13-17 October 2008, Busan, South Korea.
Website: www.re2008.org
ETH Energie Tage Hessen, 7-9 November 2008. Wetzlar,
Germany. Website: http://www.energietage.com/
International Geothermal Sustainability Modelling Workshop,
10 November 2008, Taupo, New Zealand. Contact:
Gudni.Axelsson@isor.is and C.Bromley@gns.cri.nz
New Zealand Geothermal Workshop and Celebration of 50th
Anniversary of the Wairakei Power Station. 10-16 November
2008. Contact: wairakei.50th@contact-energy.co.nz
2nd African Geothermal Conference (ARGeoC2), 25-29 November 2008, Entebbe, Uganda. Contact: argeoC2@minerals.go.ug

Benedict Steingrímsson, Iceland (Chairman)
Graeme Beardsmore, Australia
John Garnish, United Kingdom
Alimin Ginting, Indonesia
Gestur Gíslason, Iceland
Luis Gutierrez-Negrin, Mexico
Roland Horne, USA
Paul Hirtz, USA
Eduardo Iglesias, Mexico
Beata Kepinska, Poland
Jim Lawless, New ZealandPeter Ledingham, UK
Zbigniew Malolepszy, Poland
Francisco E. Montalvo Lopez, El Salvador
Martin N. Mwangi, Kenya
Mahmut Parlaktuna, Turkey
Sylvia Ramos, Philippines
Colin Randall, Australia
Yoonho Song, South Korea
Joaquin Torres-Rodriguez, Mexico
Toshihiro Uchida, Japan
François-David Vuataz, Switzerland
Kasumi Yasukawa, JapanThe members of this group submit geothermal news

8th Asian Geothermal Symposium, Hanoi City, Vietnam, from their parts of the world, or relevant to theirDecember 9-12, 2008. Contact: http://unit.aist.go.jp/ areas of specialization. If you have some news, areport, or an article for IGA News, you can send it togeoresenv/event/asia8.html
any of the above individuals, or directly to the IGA
Renewable Energy Asia-2008, 11-13 December 2008, New Secretariat, whatever is most convenient. Please help
us to become essential reading for anyone seeking theDelhi, India. Website: http://web.iitd.ac.in/~rea2008/
latest information on geothermal worldwide.

IASPEI GENERAL ASSEMBLY 2009, Symposium H1 “FromWhile the editorial team make every effort to ensure
Heat Flow to Geothermal Energy”, 10-16 January 2009, Cape accuracy, the opinions expressed in contributed articles
Town, South Africa. Website: www.iaspei2009sa.com
remain those of the authors and are not necessarily
those of the IGA.

34th Stanford Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, 9-11 February 2009, Stanford, CA, USA. Website: Send IGA News contributions to:
http://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/research/geoth/conference IGA Secretariat, c/o Samorka
Sudurlandsbraut 48, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland/workshop.html

fax: +354-588-4431
World Geothermal congress 2010, 25-29 April 2010, Bali, e-mail: iga@samorka.is
Indonesia. Website: www.wgc2010.org
This issue of IGA News was edited by Eduardo Iglesias.
John Garnish proofread the articles. Produced by
Gestur Gíslason for the IGA Secretariat. Layout by
Gstur Gíslason

IGA News, July - September 2008

16
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