On-Site
On
Site Domestic
Wastewater Treatment inIndia

A. A. KAZMIDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGIIT ROORKEE

AVAILABILITY & TYPE OF TOILETS-2011 (%)
RURAL INDIA
167.8 Million
Households

PublicLatrines, 6Open pit
Latrines,
VIP 0.7
Latrines,
6.4

Sewerage,
2.2

Open
Defecation,
67.3

VIP
Latrines,
8.2
PublicLatrines,
Misc, 0.7
1.9Open pit
Latrines,
2.3

ALL INDIA
246.7 Million
Households

Misc,
1.7

Open
Defecation,
12.6

Sewerage,
32.7

SepticpTank, 14.7
Septic Tank,
38.2

OtherSystems, 1.7

Othersystems,
2.5

SSewerage,
11.9

OpenDefecation,
49.8

Septic Tank,
22.2

OtherSystems,
2.3
Misc, 1URBAN INDIA-78.8
INDIA 78 8
Million Households

PublicOpen pit VIP Latrines,Latrines, 3.2 Latrines, 1.8 7.6

www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/Data_sheet/India/Latrine.pdf

FLUSH TOILET + SEPTIC TANKSFLUSH TOILET + TWIN PIT LATRINESDischarge to Soakage Pit

Pit 1
Pit-1

Pit-2

Septic Tanks
http://sulabhinternational.org
Discharge to Stormwater DrainSEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT DISCHARGE
Effluentt Quality
Effl
Q lit off Septic
S ti Tank
T k -60-80
60 80 LPCD W
Watert SSupplyl : COD
COD- 849849
112 mg/L, BOD 653-912 mg/L, TSS 389-530 mg/L
SURFACE WATER POLLUTION

Moti Jheel- Lucknow
GROUNDWATER
POLLUTION:
CoimbatoreCPHEEO & NEERI2005

Phutala Lake- Nagpur

Pond outskirt of Village

RECENT INITIATIVES BY THE
GOVERNMENT ON ADVANCED
ON-SITE SYSTEMS ANDSEPTAGE MANAGEMENTGOVT. OF INDIAMINISTRY OF DRINKINGWATER SUPPLY & SANITATIONINITIATIVESNIRMAL BHARAT ABHIYAN- TOTALSANITATON COMPAIGN

Complete rural sanitation upto 2002 ensure sanitation facilities in rural areas with broader
goal to eradicate the practice of open defecation: it includes


Information, communication and education IEC Activities ,Capacity BuildingConstruction of Individual Household Latrines ,Rural
Rural Sanitary Marts and ProductionCentersProvision of Revolving Fund in the DistrictCommunity Sanitary Complex ,Institutional Toilets- School and Anganwadi toilets

Solid and Liquid Waste Management



Maintenance of facilities created under NBA ,Administrative
Administrative Charges

Under solid liquid waste management planAbout Rs 700,000 (About US$ 11000) for village having up to 150 households

About Rs 1,200,000 (About US$ 20,000) for village having up to 300 households

About Rs 1,500,000 (About US$ 24,000) for village having up to 500 households

Ab t R
AboutRs 2
2,000,000000 000 (Ab(Aboutt US$ 3232,000)000) forf villageill> 500 hhouseholds
h ld

Central Government 70 % & State Government 30 %http://tsc.gov.in/TSC/NBA/AboutNBA.aspx

Technical HandbookHandbook With
coverage of advanced on-site
sanitation
RELATED CHAPTERS IN THE
BOOK
2.5 On-site waste water treatment
systems
2.5.1 Septic tanks
2.5.2 Advanced on-site systems
2.5.2.1 Package type anaerobic filter
system
2.5.2.225 2 2 Package contact aerationsystem
g anaerobic filter
2.5.2.3 Package
contact aeration system

RELATED CONTENTS & FIGURESCHLORINATORC H L O R IN A TO R

INFLUENT
EFFLUENT

IN F L U EN T
E FF L U EN T

AEROBICTANKS E T T L IN G
A N A E R O B IC C H A M B E R
F IL T ER

S E T T L IN G T A N K

SETTLING
CHAMBERA T T A C H E D M E D IA

SETTLING TANKATTACHED MEDIAAIR DIFFUSER

Prefabricated septic-tank anaerobic filter Typical cross-sectional drawings oftype systems
package contact aeration system

GOVT. OF INDIAGOVTMINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT& FORESTS INITIATIVESMINISTRY OF ENV
ENV. & FORESTSRULES & REGULATION
For any new construction projects as per State
Environmental Impact Assessment Authority(SEIAA) Clearance
Sewage Can be disposed off as below:
By Septic tank & soak pit during the construction
phase.

 By Package Sewage treatment plant in operationaljdon’t fall under Central Sewagegphase if the project
treatment plant.

GOVT. OF INDIAGOVTMINISTRY OF URBAN
DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVESSanitation Options for Different Residential Settlement TypesHigh
IncomeResidential,Settlement Typicalcharacterist existing
sanitation
ics
services

Key Issues

Low-density
developmen
t withlarge plots
and ample
open space.

Septic tanks
areoften poorly
maintained,
andpartiallytreatedwastewater isdischarged
into opendrains,
creating apublic healthriskrisk.
Demandforwaterfor irrigation ofd

Most propertieshave
septictanks
with orwithout
asoakaway.
In some cases
thereare sewer
connections.

Options for Upgrading
On-SiteOff-site

Promoteor
enforce
improved septictankmaintenance,
including periodic
emptying of pits.
pits
Additionoftertiarytreatment athousehold level(anaerobic filterorreed bed).
bed)

Off-site treatment
and disposal ofseptage.
Sewerage
combined withoff-sitewastewater
wastewater.

Settlementcharact
eristics

Typicalexisting
sanitation
services

Key Issues

Options for Upgrading

Multistorey
residenti
alapartmen
ts

Highdensity
density,mediumlow
income.

Either
Malfunction ofconnected toseptic tanks andsewerageor soak pits.
haveshared septic
tanks.

Sharedseptictankfollowed by:a) anaerobic filter
and reed bed
prior todischarge into
surface water; orb) discharge tosmallbore seweragesystem.

Septagetransportationand off-site
treatment.
Seweragegcombined withoff-sitewastewater

Urban
village,formerruralvillageovertake
nby urban
spreadMediumhighdensity,
mixed
income.

Coveragevariable;
existing toilets
mostlyhave
septictanks orleachpitsdischarging
into
open
drains or

Promote/enforce
improved O&M,
including periodic
emptying of pits.
Simplified
seweragein denser areas,
areas
withon-site
treatment.

Septagetransportationand treatment.
Reuse ofwastewater orsale of fish or
animal feed.
feed

On-SitePoor
maintenance oftoilets,
inadequate
services
forfecalsludge collection
and treatment.
Open defecation
maybe

Off-siteMANUAL ON SEWERAGE & SEWAGE TREATMENTNEW CHAPTER ON ON
ON-SITESITE SEWAGE TREATMENTINTRODUCTION AND DESIGN FEATURES OFADVANCED ON
ON-SITESITE SYSTEMSSEPTAGE MANAGEMENTADVISORY NOTE ON SEPTAGE
MANAGEMENTOPTIONS FOR SEPTAGE
MANAGEMENT
 Pretreatment ----- lime stabilization (optional)--------

Pumping------p gSludgeg Drying
y g beds ((FRP covered inregions of high rainfall) --------Dewatered & Dried
Sludge---- Composting----- Reuse as Organic
Fertilizer;
 Pre-treatment----- lime stabilization (optional)-------( p)Pumping------- Mechanical Sludge dewateringsystem----------- -Dewatered sludge ------- Solardrying or/ and Composting----- Reuse as Organic
Fertilizer;
TYPICAL ON
ON-SITESITE SYSTEMS IN INDIA

Precast Septic Tank
Structure of a septic tank,
Source: CPHEEOCPHEEO, 1993

Vinayakashot
yPrivateLimited, Ltd

Prefab Polyethylene
Cast Septic Tank
Sintex Pvt. Ltd

ADVANCED VERSIONSSETTLER-ANAEROBIC FILTER••

The capacity ranges from 800 to 6000 l/d.

SETTLER CONTACT AERATIONSETTLERThe capacity ranges from 800 to 6000 l/d.

Claims: Excellent performance through Effluent can be used for irrigation, gardening.
massive reduction of BOD around 70-80%
Source: Sintex Pvt. Ltd

PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONMODIFIED SETTLER-ANAEROBICSETTLER ANAEROBICFILTER COMBINED SINGLE
HOUSEHOLD WASTEWATERTREATMENT
Background: Where ground conditions do not permit infiltration of treatedwastewater, additional treatment in the form of a constructed wetland or
anaerobic filter could be provided prior to discharge into a drain or watercourse.
This option should only be considered if management systems for the treatment
facilities can be guaranteed, a condition that very often cannot be met.
Technology Option for Urban Sanitation in India

BACKGROUND INFORMATIONSingle Household: Middle ClassWater Supply – 135 Litre/Cap.dayMembers: 5

Size of Tank – 1200 L

Materail : Polyethylene

Media of Anaerobic Filter: Poly-ethylene

Specie Surface Area of Media - 100 m2/m3

Package Plant

PLANT WITH INLET OUTLET CONNECTION

COVERED PLANT WITH MANHOLE

PLANT WITH WASTEWATERWASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION
Wastewater Quantity (%)

Laundry,
23.8

Kitchen,
43.8

COD Load Generation %WashBasin,
5.55

Toilet,17.6
Bath/Shower,
26.85

Toilet18%
washingmachine
27%

Washbasin
1%%Shower
17%

Sink
37%

BOD REMOVAL
700

influent BODeffleunt BOD

600

BOD = 30 mg/L

BO
OD (mg/LL)

500
400
300
200100

BOD Discharge Standard
01357911

Weeks of operation

1315171921

TSS REMOVAL
1000

influent TSS
Effluent TSS
TSS = 100 mg/L

TS
SS (mg/LL)

800

600

400200TSS Discharge Standard
013579111315

Weeks of operation

171921

MODIFIED SETTLER-ANAEROBICFILTER BLACKWATERTREATMENT- COMMUNITY
TREATMENTSCHOOLLAYOUT OF THE SYSTEM– 130 STUDENTS- 1000-1500 LITERS PER DAY
Navodaya Boys Hostel- Water Closet

3 Floor
2 Floor1 Floor

Septic tank with Anaerobic
filterOutletChamber

Inlet
Chamber

OpenDrain

BOD REMOVAL
1600

Influent BOD
Effluent BOD
BOD=30BOD
30 mg/L

1400

BOD (mgg/L)

1200
1000
800
600
400
200

BOD Discharge Standard

01357911Weeks off operation

131517

TSS REMOVAL
1400

Influent TSS
Effluent TSS

1200

TSS=100TSS
100 mg/L

TSS (mg/LTL)

1000
800
600
400
200

TSS Discharge Standard

013579Weeks

11131517

SEPTAGE CHARACTERIZATION
Constituents

Units

Combined
WastewaterBlackwater

EPA DesignValues

BOD

mg/L

9,38935,546

7,000

COD

mg/L

37,23889,40915,000TSS

mg/L

19,322

39,94515,000VSS

mg/L

14,372

37,563

10,000

TKN

mg/L

738

1,015

700

NH3-N

mg/L

172

243

150

TPmg/L

197

294

250

Total Coliforms

MPN/100mL

1.50E+06

4.50E+09

10E+07- 10E+09

Fecal Coliforms

MPN/100mL

7.50E+05

2.30E+08

10E+06 - 10E+08

E C liE.Coli

CFU/ L
CFU/mL

4 30E 03
4.30E+03

150E 05
150E+05

10E 05 -10E+08
10E+05
10E 08

Salmonella

CFU/mL

2.50E+03

2.30E+04

1 - 10E+02

CONTACT AERATION TYPE SYSTEMCapacity – 6000 L/dayType of Wastewater- HotelWater Quality Parameter

Influent

Effluent

COD (mg/L)

456-1009

86-574

BOD (mg/L)

104-306

32-76

TSS (mg/L)

350

89

TKN (mg/L)

120

62

PO4-P(mg/L)

8.3

3.7

PRESENT NEED:To develop a new generation of:highly efficient,compact,user friendly

low priced treatment systems

A new approach in design,
g fabrication and operation

Rigorous septage management strategy- separate department in GovernmentSubsidy from the Government

Local Manufacturing of Blowers

Capacity Building- Manpower Training

Educational Programmes

Mass production methods serve public:

reliable,, effective.

robust and reasonably priced treatment plants