For players, coaches, match officials, administrators and Unions

rugbyready.worldrugby.org

2014 edition

Foreword by Bernard Lapasset,
World Rugby Chairman
WelcomeWorld Rugby is proud to provide a host of resources to assist people around the world involved in Rugby. One of thoseresources that helps to improve and standardise processes in a range of areas within the sport is Rugby Ready.
This programme was launched in October 2007 to educate, aid and support players, coaches, match officials, administrators andUnions on the importance of sufficient preparation for training and playing in order for Rugby to be played and enjoyed while reducing
the risk of serious injury. Ultimately, it is about player welfare at all levels of the Game.
We all have a collective responsibility to manage the welfare of the ever-increasing number of men, women and children who play theGame at all levels around the world and to ensure that the Game maintains its core principle of fair play, which is central to its global
appeal.
Since its inauguration, Rugby Ready has established a strong profile as a leading global education resource for the Game’s stakeholders
in the important areas of match preparation, technique, injury prevention, management and discipline. Rugby Ready supplements
programmes successfully delivered by some World Rugby Member Unions.
The Rugby Ready handbook is available not only in the three official languages of World Rugby – English, French and Spanish – but also
several others. Consult the website - rugbyready.worldrugby.org - for an up-to-date list of language provision and resources.
Rugby Ready is widely available to the global Rugby family so that players, coaches, match officials, administrators and Unions all over
the world can enjoy Rugby to the fullest.

Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

The tackle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
The ruck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Before the match

The maul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Long-term player development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

The scrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Pre-participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

The lineout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Equipment, environment and emergency plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Physical conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

After the match

Lifestyle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Cool-down and recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Warm-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

When injury occurs
During the match

Injury management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Principles of play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Open field play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

World Rugby Passport - interactive learning websites from World Rugby
It is important to highlight that, in order to gain best use from Rugby Ready, you should use it in conjunction with other World Rugby
programmes, such as the ones detailed below.

Rugby Ready

3

Laws

Coaching

OﬃciatingBe prepared • Manage the risks

Know the Game

Technical • Planning

Match observation • Panels

worldrugby.org/rugbyreadyworldrugby.org/lawsworldrugby.org/coaching

worldrugby.org/oﬃciating

Strength & Conditioning

Concussion Management

First Aid in Rugby

Beginner’s Guide

Understand physicality

Recognise and remove

Know how to respondFirst steps to Rugby

worldrugby.org/sandc

worldrugby.org/concussion

worldrugby.org/ﬁrstaidinrugby

worldrugby.org/passport

worldrugby.org/rugbyreadyIntroduction to Rugby Ready
Everybody involved in organising and playing Rugby has a duty of care in relation to the players. The Rugby Ready
programme is intended to raise awareness of good practice and help stakeholders manage the inherent risks of a contact
sport by putting appropriate safeguards in place.

The Game of Rugby Union
Research shows that 180 minutes of vigorous physical activity per week linked
with a healthy diet can reduce the prevalence of life-threatening diseases such as
cardiovascular disease, stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes and some forms ofcancer. Rugby, in its various formats, provides players of different physiques,
skills, genders and ages with the opportunity to undertake vigorous exercise in acontrolled and enjoyable environment.

INTEGRITYThe Rugby community provides a long-term development (LTPD) programme forplayers of all ages with an infrastructure that supports individual players’ expectations
and sporting ambitions. Players are therefore able to play the game purely for fun or, if
they choose, to develop their individual skills and understanding of the technical aspectsof the game from the grass roots level up to the elite level.

PASSION

Rugby, however, provides more than just the opportunity to undertake vigorous exercise;
it is a sport with values that develop players within a social and moral context. The
Game’s core values are:
• INTEGRITY - Integrity is central to the fabric of the Game and is generated throughhonesty and fair play
• PASSION - Rugby people have a passionate enthusiasm for the Game. Rugby
generates excitement, emotional attachment and a sense of belonging to the global

SOLIDARITY

Rugby family• SOLIDARITY – Rugby provides a unifying spirit that leads to lifelong friendships,
camaraderie, teamwork and loyalty which transcends cultural, geographic, political andreligious differences• DISCIPLINE - Discipline is an integral part of the Game, both on and off the field, and isreflected through adherence to the Laws, the Regulations and Rugby’s core values• RESPECT – Respect for team mates, opponents, match officials and those involved in

DISCIPLINE

the Game is paramountView the World Rugby Core Values video at:rugbyready.worldrugby.org/en/corevaluesvideoRESPECT
4

Rugby Ready / Introduction

The purpose of Rugby Ready
WHY is Rugby Ready necessary?

WHAT is its purpose?

Rugby Union is a game played by two teams of 7, 10 or 15

Rugby Ready aims to assist in the communication andplayers that physically contest for the ball and, as such, theunderstanding of the risks associated with Rugby and to raise

game carries a risk of injury.

awareness of good practice.

Research has identified the magnitude, nature and sources of

WHO is it aimed at?

these risks.

Rugby Ready is designed as a resource for all potential
participants in the Game of Rugby, including players, coaches,

It is the responsibility of all people involved in the game of Rugby

match officials, parents, teachers, first-aiders and volunteers

to understand and manage these risks within acceptable levels.

supporting players and coaches on match day and during
training.

How to use Rugby Ready
Rugby Ready is available via three platforms:

Attendance at a face-to-face course is strongly advised for thosepeople involved in an on-field capacity in the Game – players,

1. Handbook

coaches, match officials, first-aiders, etc. The face-to-face

2. Online learning programme

programme will often build on the understanding you have

3. Face-to-face course.

previously gained from the online course by giving you practical,
hands-on experience of the elements of the Game covered in

While any one of the handbook, website or face-to-face course

Rugby Ready. The face-to-face course can be delivered in manyis effective in isolation, it is more effective to use a combination

formats and contexts. Your national Union will have its ownof the three platforms.

policies and procedures in place. If you want to contact your own
Union, you can find their details at worldrugby.org/member-

It is recommended that ALL participants involved in the Game ofunions

Rugby undertake the online learning programme atrugbyready.worldrugby.org. The website allows you to readWorld Rugby and national Unions encourage participants tomaterial, watch video content and complete an on-line self

regularly update their knowledge.

check test which, when completed
successfully, generates an awareness

Rugby Ready is applicable for all forms of Rugby, including thecertificate. Wherever you see this icon,

15-a-side, 10s and 7s formats.

you can follow the link to the Rugby
Ready website for further information.

World Rugby Beginner’s Guide to Rugby
If you are completely new to Rugby, we recommend that you read theWorld Rugby Beginner’s Guide to Rugby Union.
Download a printable Adobe PDF and take an online quiz:

passport.worldrugby.org/beginners
Disclaimer This Rugby Ready product has been developed in the context of the laws applying to accident and injury prevention and medical practice in Ireland and the informationand guidelines incorporated on these matters are made available strictly on the basis that World Rugby does not accept any liability to any person or entity for loss, cost or damage
howsoever arising out of any reliance on and/or use of the information and/or guidelines contained in this Rugby Ready product.

5

Rugby Ready / Introduction

Long-term player development(LTPD)
LTPD is a long-term approach to maximising individual potential and involvement in Rugby. LTPD models highlight theimportance of having coaches working with children and youth, who understand the technical, tactical, physical, mental
and lifestyle needs of children and young people as they progress along their Rugby journey. LTPD provides a platform forcoaches to encourage and support participants at every level of their involvement in the game, to help them fulfil theirpotential and to remain involved in sport.

Sample LTPD stages
Please note that the example below uses chronological age to define the different stages of the LTPD. Best practice for the earlier
stages is to use biological age, as some young players mature earlier than others and some later.
Stage: FUN
Age guide: 6-12

References

Player PLAYS
Coach GUIDES

The following sources provide someContent: Learning to move, basic Rugby skills

examples of long-term player

Stage: DEVELOPMENT
Age guide: 12-16
Player EXPLORESCoach TEACHES
Content: Learning the Gamedevelopment models:
1. Lloyd, R.S. and Oliver, J.L: The
Youth Physical Development
Model: a new approach to longterm athletic development.

Stage: PARTICIPATION

Strength and Conditioning

Age guide: 15-18

Journal 34: 37-43, 2012

Player FOCUSES
Coach CHALLENGES

Term Athlete Development:

Stage: PREPARATION

Trainability in Childhood andAge guide: 17-21

Adolescence. National Coaching

Player SPECIALISES

Institute, Victoria, British

Coach FACILITATESColumbia and Advanced Training

Content: Reaching full potential

and Performance Ltd., 2004

Stage: PERFORMANCEAge guide: 20 and over
Player INNOVATES
Coach EMPOWERSContent: Consistency of performance

Stage: RE-INVESTMENT
Age: any
Content: Support and enjoyment of the Game

6

2. Balyi, I. and Hamilton, A.: Long

Content: Playing the Game, developing the player

Rugby Ready / LTPD

LTPD models should be developedwith specific context in mind.
Contact your national Union for
more information.

Pre-participation
Before playing Rugby, there is a series of checks which should be undertaken by the team coach to ensure that a player is
Rugby Ready.

A Rugby Ready player will:

As well as coach-led profiling, a physical assessment by a doctor,• have the physical attributes and have attained the necessary

physiotherapist, strength and conditioning coach or sports

level of fitness for their level of playtrainer could be undertaken. This assessment could test for:• have sufficient technical skill and ability for the grade at which
they are playing• functional ability• have been fully rehabilitated from any previous injuries and will

• strength

not be predisposed to serious injury• speed• be familiar with the Laws of the Game and what constitutes• balance

foul play• flexibility• have been assessed for their readiness to play through player• aerobic endurance

profiling• anaerobic endurance• physical abnormalities, e.g., biomechanical

Player profiling is an established method of assessing players’
readiness to play Rugby. A good profile will help coaches

Strength and conditioning coaches should only conduct

ascertain if a player is Rugby Ready. Profiling should take placeassessments that they are competent in administering, in line

before pre-season training starts and when new players join thewith their Union’s protocols.

squad. It should then be repeated at intervals throughout theseason. The profile should ask for information on the following

An example of a player profile form isareas:

available for download at:rugbyready.worldrugby.org/en/downloads• personal contact and next of kin details• medical history (including details of any medication taken)• cardiac questionnaire• lifestyle and fitness information• history of injury• previous exposure to Rugby
Special attention should be given to:• age grade (U19 and below) players, e.g., physique, skill, fitness,etc• all new players• players with pre-existing injuries• any player with a history of concussion• front row players with a history of, or any previous, neck injury• older players who may have degenerative conditions

7

Rugby Ready / Pre-participation

Equipment, environment andemergency plan
Before playing Rugby, there are various checks which should be undertaken to ensure that all equipment and theenvironment are Rugby Ready. It is also important to develop an emergency plan to ensure that if an incident does occur,
everyone involved knows their role and responsibilities, and the incident is then managed effectively.

Scrum caps and head guards

Players’ personal equipment

Properly fitted headgear can help prevent
Players can help themselves and potentially prevent injuries tosoft tissue injuries to the head and ears.

themselves and other players by ensuring they use appropriate

There is no evidence that headgear

equipment.

provides protection against concussion.
Headgear must comply with World Rugby
standards.

Mouth guards
It is strongly recommended thatall players wear a custom-madeHead guards are not recommended in all players because there

mouth guard during training

is some evidence that they can encourage risk taking behaviour.

sessions and matches. A good

The more important way of preventing head injuries is to ensure

mouth guard protects the teeth

players have good technique in the tackle and other contact

and surrounding soft tissue andphases.

can prevent a broken jaw. Sincemouth guards became

Padded equipment

compulsory in New Zealand in

Research shows that padded

1997 there has been a 47% reduction in Rugby-related dental

equipment can help reduce

claims. Mouth guards made from a dental mould generally

the number of minor injuries

provide the best protection.

such as bruises, cuts andabrasions. It does not protect

There are two important considerations in a mouth guard; the fit

against major injuries andso that it is retained easily and spreads forces correctly, and its

should not be worn as aability to absorb energy (material and thickness).

means of allowing injured
players to return to play before

Footwearthey are fully recovered. For all

Players’ footwear should bematches, padding must be in accordance with the Laws of thein good condition andGame and World Rugby regulations and be approved. All World

appropriate to the playing

Rugby approved clothing will carry the logo shown below.

surface. Studs/cleats should
be appropriate to the

A pre-match safety check by match officials

conditions and must

will identify potentially dangerous items such asconform with World Rugby

rings or elements of dress that do not comply

Specifications (Regulation

with World Rugby specifications.

12) - that is, they must not
be longer than 21mm, and must not have any burring or sharp

For more information on provisions relating to players’ dress, seeedges.

World Rugby Regulation 12 atplayerwelfare.worldrugby.org/reg12

8

Rugby Ready / Equipment, environment and emergency plan

The playing environment

It is important to ensure that the playing environment is Rugby

The playing

Ready. This will allow players to enjoy themselves more andequipment

reduce the risk of injury. Environmental issues that need to be

Equipment should bechecked before training or playing are:appropriate to the age
and experience of the

The playing arena

players. Critical checks

Facilities should be appropriately sized, with spectators andinclude:vehicles positioned well away from the playing area. If there are
perimeter fences or hoardings, these should be a safe distance• Goal posts should be suitably

away from the touchline and appropriately padded.

padded;• All scrum machines and

The playing surface

tackle / rucking bags should

The surface should be level, free of holes and adequately lit. It

be in good condition and wellshould not be waterlogged, slippery or too hard - an overly hardmaintained;surface increases the risk of injury, particularly head injury. There• Corner flags should be placedshould be no exposed sprinkler heads, broken glass, rubbish orproperly and should flex onstones on the surface.

impact.
The weather
Extreme weather may cause
overheating and dehydration or hypothermia. Ensure players
wear appropriate and adequate clothing, e.g., in cold and wet
conditions, ensure players wear waterproof clothing during
training sessions and before and after matches. Warm,waterproof clothing should be worn by substitutes and injured
players.

Disclaimer
Rugby is a physical contact sport and there are inherent risks associated with participating in Rugby related activities. Accidents can happen and may happen toyou. World Rugby does not accept any responsibility or liability in negligence or otherwise in relation to any injury, loss or damage suffered by persons seeking to
replicate activities demonstrated in this Rugby Ready product or participating in Rugby related activities generally.

9

Rugby Ready / Equipment, environment and emergency plan- emergency foil blanket

Emergency plan

- plastic bag for contaminated dressings/gloves
An essential step towards becoming Rugby Ready is planning for
emergencies. This means having the correct medical equipment in

An automatic emergency defibrillator (AED) may be appropriate

place and ensuring that appropriately trained personnel (i.e.,

depending on the circumstances. These are expensive items

medical practitioner, other healthcare professional or trained first-

and it is highly recommended that individuals are trained in theiraider) are present.

use. Considerations to be made include the likely frequency ofuse and the availability/response times of emergency services.

Please visit playerwelfare.worldrugby.org/firstaidinrugby

Having sufficient appropriately trained and equipped first aiders

for the World Rugby First Aid in Rugby online course.

should be the first priority.

Example medical equipment
Only equipment that those responsible for first aid cover have

All these items should be located in the Technical Zone.

been trained to use should be made available.
• Stretcher - additionally, a spinal board and/or ‘scoop’ stretcher

First aid roomwith head blocks and straps, if trained in their use.

A Rugby Ready first aid room should be available and should• Collars - various sizes or adjustable, if trained in their use.

have:

• Limb splints - various types are available but simple padded‘box’ splints are appropriate.

• access for a stretcher• Basic first aid kit which typically includes:• access for an ambulance• wall linings and worktops which can be easily cleaned, to- scissors (blunt ended)- non-sterile medical gloves (consider the type of latex, as

comply with hygiene and infection control requirements

allergy can be an issue)• floors which are non-slip, impervious and washable- gauze swabs• a sink with hot and cold running water- compression bandages (5cm, 7.5cm, 10cm)• adequate lighting and heating- sterile gauze bandages• an examination couch with waterproof protection- adhesive skin closures, (e.g. Band Aid)

• appropriate safe storage for medical equipment and first aid- elastic adhesive bandages (2.5cm, 5cm)

materials- petroleum jelly• adequate arrangements for the disposal of clinical waste and- irrigation solution (sterile eyewash)

sharps, e.g., needles- wound dressings (e.g. Melolin)• access to a telephone- triangular bandages• a record book for recording incidents where first aid has been

- ice pack and ice

given- zinc oxide adhesive tape• emergency telephone numbers clearly displayedMore detail on developing an emergency
plan is available for download at:rugbyready.worldrugby.org/en/downloads

If an emergency does occur
Defibrillator

For information on what to do in an emergency, see the
Injury Management section.

Spinal board

10

Emergency bag

Rugby Ready / Equipment, environment and emergency planPhysical conditioning
Improving your fitness can make you a better player and less prone to injury. For players, coaches and those who design
physical conditioning programmes for Rugby players, you need to have a general understanding of the key components offitness and also the specific physiological demands of the Game.

What follows is a brief introduction to the area of physical• Adaptation. When you train regularly, physiological changes

conditioning for Rugby. If you would like more detailed

take place over time to make you more effective and efficient.

information, please register for and complete theWorld• Overload. To improve your fitness, you must continually

Rugby’s online Level 1 Strength and Conditioning

progress the work you perform.

programme at sandc.worldrugby.org.

• Work / Play vs Rest / Regeneration. Although it is importantthat training load is progressive, time for rest and regeneration

What are the components of physicalconditioning?

is just as important.
• Specificity. Fitness is specific and your training must relate to
the demands of the game you play.
• De-training. Any prolonged lay-off from training will be

Speed = the ability to
MAIN COMPONENTS
OF FITNESS

coordinate simple orcomplex limb

ENDURANCE

accompanied by a drop-off or de-training of fitness levels. So,
you should undertake a reconditioning programme before youSPEEDmovements at highreturn to full training / play.

velocity.
Strength = theNeeds analysis

FITNESSmaximum force an

Rugby players need varying amounts of strength, power,

individual can exert
through a muscle orgroup of muscles,
against an external

endurance, speed and agility. There are few team sports that
FUNCTIONALCOMPETENCESTRENGTH

SPEED X STRENGTH = POWER

resistance.
Endurance = a measure of the body’s ability to maintain a rateof work.
Functional competence = the extent to which a player has
good stability and mobility during movements related to thegame.
Power = speed x strength
In Rugby, all players require a degree of each of thesecomponents, but the relative importance of each component
will vary according to a player’s playing position.

Principles of training• Individuality. People react to the same training stimulus indifferent ways. The main reasons are: genetic; initial fitnesslevels; maturity.

11

Rugby Ready / Physical conditioning

require such a diverse and comprehensive range of physicalattributes.
The different demands of the various playing positions should
also influence how you train. For example, the front five players
in the scrum require power and endurance to scrummage
effectively, whereas a flanker will make more frequent sprints
throughout a game and as a result require higher levels of speed
and speed endurance.
For you to be physically prepared - to be truly Rugby Ready basic functional competence must be in place. For example, youmust develop a good general base in terms of strength, stability,
mobility and endurance as a platform on which to build
enhanced speed and power qualities.

For an accurate and relevant needs analysis, you should seek theOnce individual needs have been determined based on thesehelp of a registered or accredited conditioning coach to design

criteria, specific issues relating to rehabilitation / prehabilitationand implement the conditioning programme. Primaryand perceived weaknesses can be focussed on and a training

considerations are:programme can be designed and implemented to meet these

1. Your current physical condition using standardised physicalneeds.

tests and functional assessment
2. Any history of injury

Regular monitoring and evaluation of your progress will require

3. Training history: this needs to take into account training age

testing procedures to be in place. This will ensure that the(the number of years you have been specifically preparing for

programme is constantly changing and progressing to meet

Rugby) and fitness training age (the number of years you

new objectives.

have been supervised by an accredited strength andconditioning coach)4. Specific game-related needs (playing position, refereeing,etc.)

Functional assessment
A functional assessment can be conducted using simple exercises such as the overhead squat with a basic balance test, as seen below.

✓

High level offunctional
competence

Functional assessment should becompleted by an accredited
strength and conditioning coach inorder to determine your current
level of mobility and stability. The
information from the test can thenbe used to design an appropriate
strength training programme andenable you to achieve full mobility
and good stability. This will prepare
your body for work, increase yourcapacity for work and correct
muscle imbalances.

✗

Low level offunctional
competence

The type of strength required for Rugby is a specific type of strength which often has to be deployed in conditions of instability. So afitness programme for Rugby must focus on the development of stability of the potential injury sites such as the shoulder, core, hip,knee and ankle, rather than placing an excessive emphasis on gym-based weight lifting.
The World Rugby Level 1 and Level 2 Strength and Conditioning courses (see sandc.worldrugby.org) cover functional assessment inmore detail.

12

Rugby Ready / Physical conditioning

Planning a conditioning programme
There are a number of variables to consider:•

your age•your training age•

your long-term and short-term goals•

the availability of facilities and resources

The other key consideration is the phase of the Rugby season.

Phase

Off season

Pre-Season

In-Season

Transition

Activity

Generalpreparation

Specific
preparation

Maintenance

Recovery /active rest

Southern
Hemisphere

Nov-Jan

Feb-March

April-July

Aug-Oct

Northern
Hemisphere

May-JuneJuly-Aug

Sept-April

May

The timing and length of the season varies across the world.
Whatever the timings of your season, you will need to plan yourtraining around four distinct phases:•

Off-season•

Pre-season•

In-season•

Transition

Months are approximate and may vary according to the Union and level of play.

Day

Activity

0

Match

1

Recovery2Strength and conditioning training, or recovery option

3

High-intensity Rugby training

can still be fatigued 48 hours after an intense game. Your plan

4

Strength and conditioning training

should reflect this, so high-intensity training should be avoided

5

Medium to low-intensity Rugby training

for 48 hours after a game. A sample weekly plan is shown here.

6

Rest

7

Match

This process is called periodisation.
When designing your weekly plan, an important consideration is
the 48-hour rule. Recent research in Rugby* has shown that you

This is only one of many possible plans and is only designed toshow how the 48-hour rule can be integrated into the training
week.

General training tips
• Ensure you complete a warm-up (use dynamic stretches) andcool-down (use static stretches) for all sessions (see the warmup and cool-down sections)• Good nutrition and hydration are extremely important tosupport your conditioning• Wherever possible, get the help of a registered or accredited
physical conditioning coach• Try to train with someone else or, even better, train in groups
following similar programmes• Try to keep your sessions fun and varied• Try to develop match fitness through conditioned games andRugby-specific drills such as those shown below

13

Rugby Ready / Physical conditioning* Source: Evaluation of muscle damage after a Rugby match with special reference totackle plays. Takarada Y. Br J Sports Med. 37. 416-419. 2003.

Examples of practices

Watch these practices online at rugbyready.worldrugby.org

Mirror me
Player A can moveA

laterally, forwards orbackwards. Player B must
mirror Player A’s
movements.

10m

B
10m

B

C

Agility gridMove from:
A to B forwards
B to C laterally
C to D backwards

5m

D to A laterally.

D

A
5m

Touch the cones
In threes or fours, theplayers pass to each otherand after every pass must
touch 1, 2 or 3 cones (as5m

decided by the coach) andthen rejoin play.

5m

Dodge
Arrange any kit in a slalom
fashion. Design the course
so that players will run
forwards, backwards andlaterally.

14

Rugby Ready / Physical conditioningExamples of practices

Watch these practices online at rugbyready.worldrugby.org

Touch and retreat

Team A attacks team B. When a player is touched, that player must play the ball between the legs and a team mate must pass it torestart the attack. The player who makes the touch must run around a cone or tackle bag before returning to the game.
Rectangle drill
There are two versions of this drill. In drill 1, the players run to the first cone where they must then make a pass, continue to the next
and make a return pass. When they reach the last cone they sprint back to the start. The drill is timed and the players are encouraged
to concentrate on a good pass. Distances between the cones are 10m.

In drill 2, after initial straight line acceleration the players go diagonally from the first to second cones and as the players cross, they
make a switch pass. This is completed for the next two sections. After the players reach the last cone they sprint back to the start. The
drill is timed and the players are encouraged to concentrate on a good pass. Distances between the cones are again 10m.

15

Rugby Ready / Physical conditioning

Overload touch

Team A attacks team B. The attacking team receives a kick from team B.
Part one is 5 attackers against 1 defender, with just one touch allowed. If team A score, they run back to their side and receive anotherkick from team B. This then progresses to:Part two: 5 v 2 and two touches allowed
Part three: 5 v 3 and three touches allowed
And so on until it is 5 v 4 with four touches allowed. Possession changes to the other team if the attacking team is touched more than
the allowed number of times.

Physical conditioning exercises on the field
You don’t need large amounts of specialist equipment to improve your physical conditioning. This section lists some exercises that canbe completed on the field with limited equipment. This type of session is the starting point for most players who have limited strength
training experience and poor functional competence.
The session could be described as an example of anatomical adaptation as it gradually strengthens the body and teaches proper
technique. This will eventually enable you to move on to more advanced strength training in a safe manner and with appropriate
progression. If you were to undertake an advanced strength and conditioning programme without first completing a functional
assessment and performing the appropriate corrective exercises through anatomical adaptation, it could have a negative impact on
your performance and increase the chances of injury. It is important that exercises such as those shown below are supervised by anaccredited strength and conditioning coach.
The session outlined here is just an example of what can be undertaken on the field for an adult team. The repetitions and times must
be determined by the current levels of technique and experience. It is best to complete this session in a circuit format, going fromexercise 1, to 2, to 3, to 4, etc., and having a break once a circuit is complete; then, continuing with more circuits depending on yourexperience and technique.

1. Push up
From a fully locked-out position,with arms straightened, lower the
body so that the chest touches
the ground. Using the chest,
shoulders and triceps, return tothe starting point.
Keeping a straight, flat back,maintain a controlled descent / ascent throughout the exercise. Keep the shoulders and hips in line to prevent lifting or dropping of the
buttocks.

16

Rugby Ready / Physical conditioning2. Aeroplane
Support body weight on one leg with a slight bend in it.
Lean forward with a straight back and straighten the arms
out to the sides. The rear leg points straight behind at aslight angle to the back.

3. YTWL
This is a prone shoulder circuit that is used to strengthen and stabilise the muscles of the upper back and shoulder. The letters Y, T, W
and L describe the shape made by the prone positions.

Y

T

W

LL

Y place the arms above the head at 45 to 90 degrees above shoulder level. Point the thumbs up to activate the rotational musclesof the shoulder blade area.

T place the arms fully straightened at a 90 degree angle from the torso. Turn the thumbs up. Keep the shoulder blades down andpulled back throughout, whilst trying to maintain a 90-degree angle.

W place the upper arm at a 45 degree angle to the torso, with the lower arm at a 90 degree position to form a W shape. Maintainalignment between wrist, elbow and shoulder.

L

place the upper arms as close to the side of the body as possible, with the lower arm as near as possible to a 90 degree angle.
Keep the elbows pressed into the torso. Try to maintain alignment of elbows, wrist and shoulders.

4. Bodyweight squat
This exercise develops strength, stability and flexibility in the lower
body, while also improving core stability. Place the feet slightly wider
than shoulder-width apart, with the toes turning outwards so thatthe middle toe is in line with the knee. Before descent into thesquat, take a deep breath to fully inflate the lungs so that the upperand lower back remains braced. Descend under control, squatting
as low as possible with a straight back. Ensure that the chin is off thechest and the eyes are looking straight ahead to maintain a strong,flat back. Focus on sitting back by pushing the hips and buttocks
behind the body and placing bodyweight through the heels. In theascent phase, focus on keeping the chest and head held high andthe hips up and forward. Push the heels into the floor and exhale as
you return to an upright stance.

17

Rugby Ready / Physical conditioning5. Bridge
This exercise improves core stability and strengthens the muscles of the hamstring and buttocks. Lie on your back and raise the hips tocreate a straight line from the knee to the shoulder. Ensure the heels are flat on the floor and that the flat of the hand is pressed firmly
into the ground. Focus on pulling the navel in towards the spine and activate the buttock muscles throughout.

6. Lunge
Step forward and bend the back knee. Keep the back straight and perpendicular to the ground. Don’t let the front knee go past thetoes. Return to starting position and repeat the same movement starting with the opposite leg.

7. Partner pullThis exercise involves two people. The first person lies on the ground and the second person straddles the first. The person in thestraddle position squats down with a straight back and bends the arms at the elbow. The person on the ground grips the partner’s arms
like a chin-up bar and, keeping a straight body, pulls up off the ground, pivoting at the heel.

18

Rugby Ready / Physical conditioning8. Oblique / side bridge
This exercise strengthens the muscles at the side of the torso and the lower back. Position the body on the side so that it is supportedby the elbows and feet. Lower the hips under control so that they touch the ground lightly and then return to the starting position byraising the hips. Ensure that the body is kept in a straight line and that there is no inward or outward rotation. Keep the shoulders, hips,
knee and ankles in line.

9. Single leg stanceStand on one leg with hands on hips. The non-stance knee must be bent to 90 degrees andraised into the high knee running position with the toes curled up towards yourself. Try to staybalanced for the same time on both legs.

10. Hamstring dropThis is best performed with partner assistance. One player adopts a kneeling position with the second player positioned directly
behind. Kneel on a soft surface with the partner securing and anchoring the participant’s ankles. The player then descends slowly withgood posture and makes contact with the ground by absorbing the drop with open palms. Keep the shoulder blades pulled down andback to maintain a flat back. Avoid dropping the head by keeping the chin off the chest. The player should push themselves back up so
as not to use hamstrings concentrically.

Disclaimer
Anyone intending to undertake a physical conditioning programme should seek medical advice from a registered medical practitioner prior to doing so. The
information and guidelines regarding the skills of Rugby and associated physical conditioning should only be used following and in conjunction with advice
from appropriately qualified trainers, coaches and referees.

19

Rugby Ready / Physical conditioning

Functional strength training for Rugby
A progression from bodyweight drills to the inclusion of functional training equipment
Rugby is a contact sport so players need to be strong enough to maintainbalance and stability in contact. Players need to be able to apply strength
both when making a tackle and also when resisting a challenge (i.e., being
tackled). The other key benefit provided by a functional strength andconditioning programme is that you will be less prone to injury. The
muscles and joints become stronger, which is especially important for theneck, shoulders, hips, knees and the core of the body.
Weight training is an excellent form of strength training which provides acomprehensive range of benefits to the Rugby player. However, not all
players will have access to weight training facilities at the training groundor at a local gym or sports centre.
Weight training must be supervised by a fully qualified strength andconditioning coach or experienced fitness instructor for two importantreasons: first, health and safety, and second, sessions need to be Rugbyrelevant and specific. This could also present a problem for some places
where Rugby is played if such an individual is not available.
The illustrated body weight circuit shown above is an excellent starting
point, but it is important that there be a progressive challenge available.
This can be provided by the use of functional training apparatus. The
benefits produced are not just limited to gains in strength but also in
flexibility, stability and balance.
A practical and convenient alternative to weight training is provided by
the use of tyres, medicine balls, stability balls and suspended bodyweighttraining apparatus. All of these training tools will facilitate functional
strength development as opposed to developing general strength for noreal purpose.
As with weight training, they produce a compound and whole body
conditioning effect. But it is likely that they will provide a cheaper andmore versatile option that can be used indoors or outside on the training
pitch. The other advantage offered by these tools is that they can beconveniently stored and used at the Rugby club itself.
They are also very adaptable and can be used to develop positional
specific qualities such as sprinting, tackling or scrummaging.

20

Rugby Ready / Physical conditioning

Lifestyle
Sport offers a number of benefits for those who take part. These benefits cover a wide variety of areas including physicaland mental health and a broadening of cultural and social awareness. Training is designed to prepare you physically, mentallyand technically for the Game. To maintain good health and to help prevent injury and illness, players, coaches and associatedmedical staff should focus on maintaining a healthy body through proper training, diet, stress management and rest.

Fitness through exercise

Rugby for young people a sport for all shapes and sizes

The health benefits of Rugby are many and varied, and at themost basic level, Rugby is a great way of increasing the time

Rugby is a game that is uniquely suited for all shapes and sizes,

spent doing physical activity. Current guidelines* suggest thatgirls and boys, all ages and abilities. It can be enjoyed in many

adults should undertake at least 30 minutes a day of moderate

forms, from fifteens to sevens to non-contact games and can

to vigorous intensity physical activity on five or more days of theeven be played on the beach or on snow. There is a level ofweek. For children, the recommendation is at least 60 minutes

participation for every child to enjoy.

of at least moderate intensity physical activity each day. At least
twice a week this should include activities to improve bone

By applying a holistic approach, Rugby and other sports can play

health, muscle strength and flexibility.

a prominent role in promoting a healthy lifestyle, allowing
players to enjoy a lifetime of sporting participation.

*Source: World Health Organisation (www.who.org)

21

Rugby Ready / Lifestyle1. Try Rugby / Try Sport

3. Mental skills awarenessEncouraging participation and promoting enjoyment, whatever

Through participation and structured training, Rugby develops

the child’s ability, is a positive way to make the first significant

the key mental skills of self-control, concentration, discipline,

steps towards developing a healthy lifestyle.

decision-making and leadership. Such important skills transcend
all aspects of daily life.

2. Social skills development
4. Diet and nutrition
Participation in team sports in particular stimulates inclusion andinteraction. It builds self-confidence and self-esteem, and forges

A balanced diet is key to sustaining the energy levels necessary

the fellowships and friendships that are unique to sport andto compete and train at every level of the Game. This also plays

values such as integrity, solidarity and respect amongst others

an important role in boosting energy levels for everyday life,that are characteristic of Rugby.

improving concentration and performance and promoting ahealthy lifestyle.

Basic hygieneChildren should not routinely use sports drinks as their highsugar content may cause dental problems. Milk or milk shakes

Basic hygiene is essential for maintaining a healthy active

are a very good recovery drink as they provide fluid, protein andlifestyle, particularly when operating in the closed environment

carbohydrate (in the case of milk shakes).

of a team. A good rule of thumb is:
An easy way to check your hydration level is to observe the• keep yourself clean, e.g. wash your hands at least five times acolour of your urine. The chart below will help. You should aim

dayfor your urine to be pale in colour which equates to 1 to 3 in the• keep your kit clean, e.g. clothing, water bottles and gum shields

chart. If your urine colour matches 4 to 8, then you are• if you sustain a cut, clean it and cover it.

dehydrated and must follow a rehydration protocol.

Fluid intake
Water is essential to normal body function. During exercise, themajor water loss from the body is through sweat. To avoid asignificant decrease in performance, this water must be
replaced, both during matches and training.

22

Rugby Ready / LifestyleDietary supplements a case study

Nutrition
Nutrition, how it works and what foods you
should be eating during your training andAdam Dean, a 17 year old Rugby player, wasgames are very important to your sportachieving the highest honours at his age

and performance. It is important to find thegroup in Rugby, receiving international caps

right balance between fats, carbohydrates

for England at under 18 level. Following theand protein to ensure your body haspressures of being told he needed to beenough fuel to sustain not only a single“bigger, faster and stronger”, Adam began

game of Rugby but also the training

the use of supplements to complement his

necessary to make it to that point. The

training and diet.

body can be put through rigorous amountsof training but only if you supply it with the food it needs to stay strong andAlthough aware of having to adhere to theenergised.

rules of the Prohibited List, the education
Adam had received had not made him fully

It is becoming apparent that many people eat too much carbohydrate including

aware of the risk of potential contamination

fructose from fruit. Carbohydrate intake should be mainly slow release (low GI)of supplements and he decided to make hisrather than refined carbohydrates (high GI). By contrast, most people’s diets

decision based on his own research.

contain too little protein (animal, especially fish and white meat, and plant), andvegetables. Most players should not need any protein supplementation.

Adam chose a supplement that did not have

Vegetables are preferred to fruit as the main source of fibre, vitamins andany prohibited substances on the productminerals. In most people, eating a fresh balanced diet ingests sufficient vitamins

label, a product that also made claims ofand minerals so supplements should not be required.

being “suitable for drug tested athletes”.
Assuming that the information provided by

An example of a nutritional plan can be downloaded from:the manufacturer was accurate andrugbyready.worldrugby.org/en/downloads

substantiated, Adam began to take thesupplements as part of his training regime.

Alcohol
Alcohol consumption is harmful as it
affects training and performance in several
ways, such as:• reducing muscle force production• decreasing muscle strength and power
capabilities• altering the transport, activation,utilisation and storage of most nutrients• causing dehydration which may persist
long after alcohol consumption dehydration impairs performance• altering protein and carbohydrate
metabolism, increasing metabolic rate
and oxygen consumption• impairing recovery from injury and micro-tissue damage associated with training• impairing the functioning of the central nervous system, co-ordination andprecision.

23

Rugby Ready / Lifestyle

Adam tested positive for
19-Norandrosterone (a prohibited anabolic
agent) and the only explanation Adam could
comprehend was that the positive test was
attributable to the supplements that he wastaking. Adam was banned for two years from
Rugby.

Drugs

Therapeutic Use Exemption(TUE)

Doping control plays an essential part in promoting and

Rugby has a process to provide a player

protecting doping free Rugby. World Rugby operates a zerowith authorisation to use a prohibitedtolerance policy to doping in Rugby. As a player you aresubstance or method to treat a legitimate

solely responsible for any prohibited substances found to

medical condition or illness whilst

be present in your body. It is not necessary that intent orcontinuing to play Rugby. Morefault on your part be shown in order for an anti-doping ruleinformation on TUEs can be found at:

violation to be established. This is known as the ‘strict

keeprugbyclean.worldrugby.org

liability’ principle.

Drug testing procedures

Prohibited List

If you are ever selected for testing you should know what is

The Prohibited List is updated annually by the World Anti Doping

involved and what rights and responsibilities you have.

Agency (WADA) and defines what substances and methods areprohibited in Rugby. The current Prohibited List can be
downloaded from the World Rugby’s anti-doping web site at:
keeprugbyclean.worldrugby.org

Medications and dietary supplements
Players who are taking any medication, prescribed or otherwise,or dietary supplement, should be certain it does not contain aprohibited substance. To check the ingredients of specificsubstances, the Global Drug Reference Online atwww.globaldro.com may be of assistance, but only for products
purchased in Canada, the UK or the USA. If in doubt, or for any
other country, contact your National Anti-Doping Organisation.
Always advise your doctor or
pharmacist before you areprescribed a

You can read more information which explains the doping

medication

control process at: keeprugbyclean.worldrugby.org

that you may
be subject todrug testing.

‘Social’ drugs – Cannabis, Cocaine, Ecstasy,
Amphetamines
Cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy and amphetamines are all prohibited

The biggest risk

substances and players who return a positive sample for any ofassociated with thethem may be subject to sanctions with a starting point of a two-use of dietary supplements isyear ban from all sport.

cross contamination or lacing with substances that areprohibited. A product could contain ingredients that are also not

The residue for all of these substances can be detected in thelisted on the label which are prohibited. A product should only bebody for days after they were taken, and in the case of cannabis,

used where the nutritional review and supplementation processsometimes weeks.

is controlled and individually monitored by appropriately
qualified medical practitioners or nutritionists.

For more information on the effects of thesesubstances visit:
keeprugbyclean.worldrugby.org

24

Rugby Ready / LifestyleWarm-up
Understanding the warm-up is a vitally important first step for any player to become Rugby Ready. The aims of the warm-up
are to prepare the players to perform effectively and efficiently, and to reduce the risk of injury.

The warm-up should last between 10 and 20 minutes, depending on the activity to follow. It
must be versatile enough to be adaptable to meet the requirements of a competitive matchor a training session. The warm-up should start off at low intensity, with a gradual progression
through a series of movements from a general and simple level to a more specific and higher
intensity level. This will enable the players to prepare muscles and joints to move at theappropriate speed and with the range of motion that is required by the following session orgame.
The key benefits of the warm-up are:• to raise the temperature of the body so that muscles become more elastic and thus
movements are more efficient• to stimulate the heart and lungs so that the pulse and breathing rates are increased• to activate the relevant muscle groups• to improve reaction speed by stimulating the nervous system• to improve co-ordination• to enable the players to prepare mentally.
The warm-up has three distinct phases:

1. General mobility
Begin the warm-up with some light jogging / fun activities to get the heart pumping and the blood flowing, moving on to some basic
movements to loosen up the muscles and increase joint mobility. Use dynamic stretches in the warm-up as static stretches may be
counter-productive, because they might reduce power output and relax the player as opposed to improving physical readiness andsharpening mental awareness.
Below are some examples of exercises which can be completed during the general mobility
section. The reps and time spent completing the exercises will vary depending on the players’
experience and the content of the session or match to follow.

SquatsSquat as low as possible while maintaining a straight back. Squat to a slow and controlled
tempo. Look straight ahead. Keep your heels on the ground throughout the exercise. A variation
option would be to hold a ball above the head.

25

Rugby Ready / Warm-up

Lunge twist
Step forward and bend your back knee. Keep your back straight and perpendicular to the ground. Don't let your front knee go past yourtoes. Twist to the left and right in a controlled manner. Step forward with the rear leg so it lands level with the front leg. Repeat same
movement starting with the opposite leg.

Standing lateral lunge
Step to the left, bending your left knee and keeping your right leg straight. Return to the upright position, and perform the same
movement on the opposite side. Keep your back straight throughout.

Back slaps
Start with arms fully extended behind. Swing the arms forwards, crossing them over to complete the back slap. Return to start position
and repeat, alternating the top arm each time.

26

Rugby Ready / Warm-up

2. Transit mobility
The next stage of the warm-up increases the level of intensity and focuses more on transit movements that require the player to travela greater distance. Use dynamic stretches as shown here, not static stretches, at this stage.
Below are some examples of exercises which can be completed during the transit mobility section. The reps and time spentcompleting the exercises will vary depending on the players’ experience and the content of the session or match to follow.

Walking lunge

This is an excellent exercise for the hip and buttock muscles. It also prepares the groin, quadriceps and hamstring muscles. Keep thechest high and back flat, whilst keeping the head still and chin off the chest. The movement begins by standing with the feet together
and by taking a stride with a high knee that is long enough to stretch the hip and hamstrings but not so deep that balance is lost. Don't
let your front knee go past your toes. Bring your rear foot forward to land beside your front foot. Repeat with the opposite leg. A
variation option would be to hold a ball above the head.

Walking carioca

Walk sideways by placing your right foot across the front of the body until it is past the left foot. Place the weight of your body on theright foot and pull your left foot past your right foot. Place your right foot behind your body and past your left foot. Pull your bodysideways with your right foot and place your left foot past your right. Complete above for a set distance and complete facing both
ways.

27

Rugby Ready / Warm-up

Walking high knee stretch
This is a good starting drill as it stretches the muscles of the hips and buttocks. Keep the chest high and spread wide, whilst focusing on
pulling shoulder blades down and drawing them together. Step forward and grasp the shin of the opposite leg and pull the knee to thechest. Focus on extending the supporting leg and raise up onto the toes. This will also prepare the muscles of the foot and ankle joint.

Quad stretch / kicks
Raise one leg from the ground in a stable and controlled manner. Kick the leg straight up so you feel a stretch on the front of your thigh.
Repeat the same movement with the opposite leg.

28

Rugby Ready / Warm-up

3. Skill preparation
The warm-up can be used not only to prepare the player for the session but also to develop the player’s skills at the same time.
Coaches should integrate a technical element into the warm-up which relates to the main focus of the session.
Players can work in pairs or in small groups focusing on the skills which will be required in the session, e.g., scrum, lineout, tackle, etc.

29

✓

✗

Good posture

Poor posture

Rugby Ready / Warm-up

Principles of play
Rugby is an invasion and evasion game; once possession has been gained, the objective is to move the ball forward (bycarrying or kicking) into opposition territory and ultimately to score points. It is important for everyone to understand thefundamental principles of play and how they relate to the skills required to play the Game.

The principles of play

Foul play
Contestpossession

Foul play is anything a person does
within the playing enclosure that isagainst the letter and spirit of the Laws

Score
pointsof the Game. It includes:• Obstruction

GoforwardApply
pressure• Unfair play
• Repeated infringements• Dangerous play
• Misconduct
Any form of foul play must be dealt withquickly and firmly by the referee.

ProvidesupportCreatecontinuity

Remember - we all have a collective responsibility to ensure that the unique spirit and ethos of the Game are upheld andthat we take a responsible attitude towards the welfare of ourselves and others.
The following sections offer some best practice guidelines for players, coaches and match officials to introduce, develop andexecute the skills of Rugby in a safe manner so as to minimise the risk of injury.

COACHING TIPSREFEREE TIPS

• Use conditioned games to build confidence, progress in a

View video examples at:

safe manner and develop players’ decision-making skills

rugbyready.worldrugby.org/en/principles• Observe and analyse players to highlight good practice andidentify faults• Provide positive and constructive feedback to improveplayers• Protect the space for players to use• Ensure the Game is played in a safe and enjoyablemanner• Use advantage wherever possible

30

Rugby Ready / Principles of playOpen field play

GAME CONTEXT
Rugby is an invasion and evasion game: once possession has been gained, the objective is to move the ball forward (bycarrying or kicking) into opposition territory and ultimately to score points.
The most effective way of moving the ball forward is for the ball carrier to avoid contact by running forwards into space or passing
backwards to a team mate.
Contact is, however, inevitable at some point in open play. Using the correct techniques can help retain possession, continue the attack
and minimise the chance of injury.

KEY POINTSFOR PLAYERS
Pre-contact• Look to evade the defender first - aim for the space around the defender, not the defender’s body 1 2
If contact is unavoidable:• Avoid head-on tackles by attacking the space and using evasive
footwork 2

1• Keep the ball in both hands 2 3• Prepare for contact by adopting a strong and stable body position 3• Force the tackler to make a side-on tackle 3• Try to stay on your feet 3• Maintain your momentum using a strong leg drive 3• Try to pass out of the contact 4
2

31

Rugby Ready / Open field play3

4

During contact
If held by an opponent and brought to ground:If held by an opponent but not brought to ground:• You have been tackled; see also the tackle section• Try to pass to support on landing 5• You have not been tackled; maintain a strong body position
and forward momentum through leg drive 6• If unable to pass to support, present the ball

• Brace for the arrival of additional tacklers and/or opposing• If support players are unable to pick and go / pick and pass, asupporting players

ruck will form; see the ruck section• Look for arriving support 7• Offload to a team mate if possible 8

If brought to ground but not held by an opponent:• If a supporting team mate binds on to you, a maul is formed;
see also the maul section• You have not been tackled; get back to your feet and continue
with open play
5

6

7

8

REFEREE TIPS
View video examples at:
rugbyready.worldrugby.org/en/openfieldplay

COACHING TIPS

Visit World Rugby’s Law Education web site at:laws.worldrugby.org• Ensure players are aware of and understand the principlesof play• Ensure players understand the importance of evasion and• Keep up with play
• Protect the space for players to use• Keep a wide view of the field of play

attacking space rather than opting for contact• Construct sessions to encourage evasion rather than

Watch for:contact skills• Players who charge or obstruct opponents who are not• Use key points to improve the players’ invasion andnear the ball (attackers and defenders)evasion skills in a safe manner• Players who ‘clear out’ without legally joining the• Avoid gender, size, age and experience mismatches whenruck/maulintroducing and developing skills• Players who ‘tackle’ without attempting to use the arms

• Focus on one or two key points at a time - don’t try tocoach too many key factors at once

Check that:• Tackler contact remains below the shoulder level• Hand-offs are performed legally

32

Rugby Ready / Open field playThe tackle

GAME CONTEXT
A tackle is used by the defending team to stop the attacking team moving forward and is an opportunity for the defending team tocontest for possession of the ball. Competence in tackling and taking a tackle is critical in developing a safer and more enjoyable game.
Recent studies from Australia and the UK have shown that 58% of injuries result from tackle situations, so it is essential that this aspectof the Game must be must be coached, performed and refereed with due care and attention, with good technique and safe,
appropriate practice paramount. This will enable players to become confident and competent in the tackle.

LAW DEFINITION
A tackle occurs when the ball carrier is held by one or more opponents and is brought to the ground.

KEY POINTSFOR PLAYERS

Player safety research forthe tackle tells us that:

Key points for players in every tackle situation• 55-60 % of injuries in

Tackler - contact with opponent(s)the tackle• ‘Eyes up’ looking at the ball carrier to keep head in correct position• Track the movement of the ball carrier, and get the feet close enough to make the tackle• Prepare for contact – adopt a body position that is strong, stable and low• Position the head behind or to one side of the ball carrier - never position the head in front of theball carrier• Use the arms to ‘wrap’ around the ball carrier• Release the tackled player, get back to your feet immediately and contest for possession

Ball carrier - contact with groundadult Rugby result from• Poor head position willcause head and neckinjuries - in adult Rugby,
72% of all concussion
injuries are sustained in
the tackle, and in junior
Rugby, the head is one of
the commonest bodyparts injured• Collisions are 70% more

• Carry the ball in both hands

likely to result in an injury• Protect the ball - hold it tight to your chest with elbows in to your sides

than a legal tackle• Make contact with the ground with the buttocks and then shoulder• Don’t break your fall with your hand or the ball• Turn towards your team and pass, place or present the ball• Get back to your feet as soon as possible
For specific key points, see the individual tackle types below.

33

Rugby Ready / The tackle

Shoulder tackle - front-on• ‘Eyes up’ looking at the ball carrier to keep head in correct position• Maintain strong, stable and low body position 1• Target and make contact with the shoulder on the ball carrier’s thighs 2• Squeeze the arms tight around the ball carrier’s legs while driving with the legs 3• Continue the leg drive to bring the ball carrier to ground 4• Release the ball carrier 5• Get back to feet quickly 6• Contest for possession 7

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

34

Rugby Ready / The tackle

Shoulder tackle - side-on• ‘Eyes up’ looking at the ball carrier to keep head in correct position• Maintain strong, stable and low body position 1• Target and make contact with the shoulder on the ball carrier’s thighs 2• Squeeze the arms tight around the ball carrier’s legs, drive with the legs and bring the ball carrier to ground 3• Roll to finish on top 4• Release the ball carrier and get back to feet quickly 5• Contest for possession 6

35

1

2

3

4

5

6

Rugby Ready / The tackle

Smother tackle• Plant lead foot close to attacker 1• Target the ball which should be between waist and chest height 2• Try to wrap both arms around the ball carrier and in doing so trap the ball carrier’s arms and the ball 3• Drive forward after contact 4• Bring the ball carrier to the ground 5

1

2

3

4

5

36

Rugby Ready / The tackle

Tap tackle• Chase the ball carrier until within diving distance

Unless the ball carrier is held after being brought to• Dive and make contact with the ball carrier’s feet or
ankles with an outstretched arm 1

ground, then in Law, a tackle has not been made and thereferee will allow open play to continue.

• Keep the head away from the ball carrier’s feet 2

1

2

Tackles involving more than one tackler• First tackler should follow the key points for the front-on shoulder tackle• Second tackler should follow the key points for the smother tackle• Try to communicate with the other tackler and act simultaneously• Both players should release the tackled player as soon as possible, get back to their feet and compete for the ball

Nearly half of all tackles involve more than one tackler. The double tackle is rarely planned and is difficult tocoach. It is not encouraged, particularly among young players.

37

Rugby Ready / The tackle

Tackle from behind• Chase the ball carrier until within tackling distance• Wrap the arms around the hips/legs of the ball carrier 1• With the head to the side, make contact with the shoulder and pull the arms inward 1• Squeeze the arms tight and slide down the ball carrier’s body (remembering to keep the head to one side) until the ball carrier istaken to the floor and finish on top 2 3

1

3

38

Rugby Ready / The tackle

2

Tackling in a dangerous manner
All players are responsible for their actions when tackling a ball carrier and, as such, a tackler must NOT ‘tackle’ an opponent in adangerous manner. Examples of dangerous ‘tackles’ include:

High contact - ‘Tackling’ above the line of the shoulders,
especially around the neck or headIn the air - ‘Tackling’ a player whose feet are off the ground

Spear/tip tackle - Lifting a ball carrier (opponent) from theLate (ball gone) - ‘Tackling’ a player after a pass is madeground and dropping that player (tipping) or driving that player(spear) onto the ground so they land on their upper body, neckor head

Early - ‘Tackling’ a player without the ballCharging - ‘Tackling’ a ball carrier without attempting to graspthat player using hands/arms

39

Rugby Ready / The tackle

Arriving players• All arriving players must enter the tackle area through the gate (see page 41)• Only players on their feet may compete for the ball
• Keep shoulders above hips
• Players arriving at an attempted but incomplete tackle:- maintain a strong, stable and low body position- use the arms to grasp ball carrier- avoid contact with other players’ heads and necks- bring the ball carrier safely to the ground• If clearing or driving out defenders:- maintain a strong, stable and low body position- ‘eyes up’ - sight the target, chin off the chest- keep the spine in line with the direction of drive- start the drive from a low body position- make contact with defender using the shoulder and arms, not the head
- close arms around opponent- drive the player away and clear the ball- bind with a team mate to improve stability

How the tackle gate forms
During the tackle, both players should attempt to rotate to face their own team mates.

Red team

Red teamBlue teamBlue team
Before contact

40

Rugby Ready / The tackle

Tackle completed

The tackle gate

Red players must join from here

No player
may joinfrom here

No player
may joinfrom here

Blue players must join from here

41

Rugby Ready / The tackle

COACHING TIPS
Poorly executed tackles tend to be the result of poor positioning by the tackler rather than poor tackle technique. Correct
positioning can and should be practised. It involves the tackler closing down the ball carrier’s space and then establishingbalance and stability before stepping in close with the lead foot to allow shoulder and arm contact, which should then allow
leg drive in the tackle.
• Use the key points to improve the players’ tackle skills in a safe manner• Emphasise the legal requirements in the tackle regarding use of arms (see the earlier section on dangerous tackles)• Focus on one or two key points at a time - don’t try to coach too many key factors at once
• Observe and analyse players to highlight good practice and correct faults• Provide positive and constructive feedback to improve players• Construct coaching sessions to encourage progressive development, and build confidence• An example of the tackle progression for the side-on tackle is as follows:- Ball carrier kneel - tackler kneel (only for side-on tackle to demonstrate head position)- Ball carrier stand - tackler kneel (encourage leg drive)- Ball carrier walk - tackler on one knee
- Ball carrier stand - tackler squat- Ball carrier walk - tackler squat- Ball carrier walk - tackler walk- Ball carrier run - tackler run• Avoid gender, size, age and experience mismatches when introducing and developing skills• Ensure players practise in sufficient space to avoid accidental collisions with unseen players

View video examples at rugbyready.worldrugby.org/en/tackle

REFEREE TIPS

Visit World Rugby’s Law Education web site at laws.worldrugby.org

Check that:• The tackle is made below the shoulder line
• The tackler uses the arms to grab and hold the ball carrier• If the ball carrier is lifted off the ground, they are brought back to ground safely• The tackler releases the tackled player• The tackled player passes, places or releases the ball immediately• Both players get to their feet
• Arriving players enter the tackle zone through the correct gate
• Arriving players remain on their feet
Watch for:• Illegal and/or dangerous acts, which are not tackles (see the earlier section on dangerous tackles)• Players who charge or obstruct opponents who are not near the ball
• Tackles making contact with the head or neck or which might cause damage to the neck or head - these MUST be strictly dealt with

42

Rugby Ready / The tackle

The ruck

GAME CONTEXT
A ruck typically evolves from a tackle situation and can develop into an effective method of retaining or contesting possession. A ruckcan commit defenders, therefore creating an opportunity to create space. On formation of the ruck, offside lines are created.

LAW DEFINITION
A ruck is a phase of play where one or more players from each team, who are on their feet, in physical contact, close around the ball on
the ground. Open play has ended.

COACHING TIPS
• Use conditioned games to develop support players’ decision-making skills• Practise and re-practise all contact skills• Use opposition progressively, e.g., touch, ruck touch, defenders with bags, full contact• Ensure all players maintain a strong body shape throughout the contact and emphasise the need to stay on their feet and be able tosupport their body weight at all times• Ensure all players are aware of the Laws governing the ruck, especially those relating to safety• Coaches should not coach and/or encourage ‘squeeze ball’ due to the risk of injury. At levels below U19, it is also an illegal
act

View video examples at: rugbyready.worldrugby.org/en/ruck

REFEREE TIPS

Visit World Rugby’s Law Education web site at: laws.worldrugby.org

Check that:• Players who intentionally jump on top of a ruck

• Players joining the ruck do so from behind the feet of the• Players attempting to gain possession using their hands

hindmost player and by binding onto a team-mate• Players charging into rucks without binding• Players are on their feet when joining the ruck and remain on• Players clearing out opponents who are not part of the ruck

their feet until the ruck has ended• Players who are not participating in the ruck breaking their• Players keep their shoulders above their hips

offside line
• Players lifting opponents out of the ruck

Watch for:• Players intentionally falling to the ground over the ball
• Rucking of the player rather than the ball

43

Rugby Ready / The ruck

KEY POINTSFOR PLAYERS• After the tackle, the ball carrier should present the ball quickly, with both hands, as far away from the opposition as possible 1 2• Arriving players should adopt a strong, stable body position, with head and shoulders above hips at all times, ‘eyes up’ and makecontact by binding on a player using the whole arm as they join the ruck 2• Join the ruck from behind the foot of the hindmost team-mate in the ruck; this represents the offside line 3• Support players must bind onto team-mates and drive over and, if appropriate, past the ball. When the ball leaves the ruck, thenearest support player should play the ball 3 4 5• Players who leave the ruck must immediately retire behind their offside line
• All players at a ruck must remain on the their feet and support their own body weight

1

2

3

4

5

Player safety research for the ruck tells us that:• ‘Eyes up’ to keep head and neck in a good position• Keep head and shoulders above hips at all times• Make contact by binding on a player using the wholearm• ‘Squeeze ball’ is a potentially dangerous technique. It
is not permitted below U19 level and should be
discouraged in adults

44

Rugby Ready / The ruck

The maul

GAME CONTEXT
A maul typically evolves from a contact situation where the ball carrier is held by an opponent but is not brought to ground. It candevelop into an effective method of retaining or contesting possession. A maul can be a dynamic attacking platform which commits
defenders and therefore creates space to play. On formation of the maul, offside lines are created.

LAW DEFINITION
A maul begins when a player carrying the ball is held by one or more opponents, and one or more of the ball carrier’s team mates bindon the ball carrier. A maul therefore consists, when it begins, of at least three players, all on their feet; the ball carrier and one playerfrom each team. All players involved must be caught in or bound to the maul and must be on their feet and moving towards a goal line.
Open play has ended.

COACHING TIPS
• Use conditioned games to develop support players’ decision-making skills• Practise and re-practise all contact skills• Use opposition progressively: e.g., touch, maul touch, defenders with bags, full contact• Ensure all players maintain a strong body shape throughout the contact and emphasise joining the maul legally by binding onto ateam-mate• Ensure all players are aware of the Laws governing the maul, especially those relating to safety; players in defence must be
encouraged to remain on their feet at all times and not illegally ‘pull down’ a maul

View video examples at: rugbyready.worldrugby.org/en/maul

REFEREE TIPS
Check that:

Watch for:

• The ball carrier remains fully bound• Players who drag opponents out of a maul

• Players joining the maul do so from behind the feet of the• Players who try to collapse the maulhindmost player and by binding onto a team-mate• Players charging into the maul

• Players who are not participating in the maul remain behind• Players lifting opponents in the maul

their offside line

45

Visit World Rugby’s Law Education web site at: laws.worldrugby.org

Rugby Ready / The maul

KEY POINTSFOR PLAYERS• Maintain forward momentum and make the ball available to your team mates 1• First arriving support player attempt to secure possession by ripping the ball free or driving beyond the ball 2• Subsequent support (second and third arriving players) bind onto the ball carrier and maintain forward
momentum 3• Heads and shoulders should be no lower than hips and all players must be bound 3 4• All support players must conform to basic safety key factors:- Adopt a strong and stable body position,- Keep the spine in line with the direction of drive- Drive from low to high- Bind onto team mate making contact using the shoulder and arm- Remain on your feet at all times while driving forward• Drive forward in a balanced formation 3• When additional support arrives, move the ball further back from opposition 4• Once the ball is at the back, the ball carrier can either continue driving, leave the maul or pass to a team mate 4 5

1

2

3

4

5
Player safety research for the maul tells usthat players should:• have the ‘eyes up’ to keep head and neck in agood position• keep head and shoulders above hips at alltimes• make contact by binding on a player using
the whole arm

46

Rugby Ready / The maul

The scrum

GAME CONTEXT
The scrum is a restart of the game that takes place after a minor infringement such as a forward pass. It is a physical contest forpossession and therefore, as with any contact, safety must be a prime consideration. Players, coaches and referees all have a
responsibility to ensure the scrum is fair, competitive and safe. It is imperative that all players understand the correct techniques fortheir position and collaborate with their opponents to stay on their feet.
In the scrum, the non-offending team has the advantage of throwing the ball in, usually from the left hand side of the scrum. The
defending side has the opportunity to regain possession by either trying to hook the ball on the throw-in, or by driving the attacking
team back over the ball.
The scrum restarts the match and open play follows when the ball emerges from the scrum.

LAW DEFINITIONA scrum is formed in the field of play when eight players from each team, bound together in three rows for each team, close up with
their opponents so that the heads of the front rows are interlocked. This creates a tunnel into which a scrum half throws in the ball sothat front row players can compete for possession by hooking the ball with either of their feet.

View video examples at: rugbyready.worldrugby.org/en/scrum

REFEREE TIPS

Visit World Rugby’s Law Education web site at: laws.worldrugby.org

Before the match:• Check correct binding• Check that all front row players are suitably trained for the level• Ensure the ball is thrown in straight down the tunnelof the game• If the scrum becomes unstable, blow the whistle early and• Speak to the front row forwards and scrum halves to explain

loudlythe sequence of the engagement process• Ensure the defending side does not illegally disrupt possession• Ensure players not in the scrum remain onside

At the scrum:• Be directive throughout the process• Ensure both packs are ready before initiating the engagement
sequence• Ensure neither front row is driving down or have their shoulders
below their hips

47

Rugby Ready / The scrum• If you have any safety doubts, go to uncontested scrums

Scrum Ready
The starting point is to understand the individual body shapePlayers should NOT play in the scrum until they are Scrum

required of all participants. Players must adopt and maintain a

Ready.

strong and stable body position throughout the process.
In the images on the following pages, the player in red is thePlayers should progress to the next stage only when they canplayer going through the Scrum Ready process.

demonstrate competence at each stage of the process as
defined below.

Advice offered for each stage holds true for subsequent stages.

START - Can the player demonstrate
and maintain a safe scrummaging

1...solo with no opposition - on knees?

2...solo with no opposition - on feet?

3...solo against a machine / tackle shield?

4...in a 1 v 1?

5...in a 3 v 3?

6...as a prop with a second row andflanker against a machine?

7...as a second row or flanker supportinga prop against a machine?

8...in a 5-player scrum against a machine?

9...in a 5 v 5?

10...in a 8 v 8 against opposition(or machine if numbers are low)?
FINISH - Player is Scrum Ready48

Rugby Ready / The scrum

If NO,
furthertraining
required player NOT
ready to playin scrum
Return tostart ofprocess

1

Solo with no opposition - on knees

TECHNIQUE

Research
Player safety research for the scrum tells
us that:• The propensity for injury (risk per
scrum event) has been rated as thehighest for all contact events studied• Reductions in scrum-related spinal
injuries have been achieved throughthe introduction of compulsory injury
prevention programmes• A mismatch in skill, experience orstrength has been identified as a risk
factor for injury in the scrum, withevidence of a mismatch of some typein 25% of all scrum injuries• Lack of experience of playing in thefront row has been highlighted as a risk
factor for injury and attributed inaround 40% of scrum injuries• Several studies have identified that up
to 50% of scrummaging injuries occur
during the engagement phase

KEY POINTSFOR PLAYERS• Head in neutral position• Shoulder blades back• Chest out• Chest ahead of the knees• Tight core (stomach muscles clenched)• Hips tilted (bum pointing out/up)

COACHING TIPS
• Encourage all scrum players to strengthen the neck and shoulder areas
during training• Observe and analyse player's body position before, during and after
engagement and correct technique accordingly

49

Rugby Ready / The scrum

2

Solo with no opposition - on feet

TECHNIQUE

KEY POINTSFOR PLAYERS

COACHING TIPS

• Knees slightly bent

• Ensure that all players are wearing suitable footwear• Feet shoulder-width apart and pointing forwards

for the playing surface and conditions• Weight on balls of feet

REFEREE TIPS
• Ensure that all players are wearing suitable footwear for the playing surface and conditions

50

Rugby Ready / The scrum

3

Solo against a machine / tackle shield

TECHNIQUE
12

KEY POINTSFOR PLAYERS

COACHING TIPS

• On engagement work hard to maintain a safe, strong• Practise using the correct engagement sequenceand stable body position whilst binding safely to the• Ensure backs are flat and heads are in a neutral

machineposition. If the head is down, the body will follow. If thehead is too high, there is the risk of impacting the headon the opposition shoulder, thereby putting stress on
the neck

REFEREE TIPS
• Practise using the correct engagement sequence51

Rugby Ready / The scrum

4

In a 1 v 1

TECHNIQUE
12

3

KEY POINTSFOR PLAYERS• Aim to position ‘ear to ear’ with opponent at crouch stage

COACHING TIPS
• Ensure players bind legally• Engage after following the correct sequence and only
after the referee’s command• Form a legal bind with opponent• On engagement work hard to maintain a safe, strong

REFEREE TIPS

and stable body position• Ensure players are aware of the correct engagement
sequence• Look out for illegal binding

52

Rugby Ready / The scrum

5

In a 3 v 3

TECHNIQUE
1

2

3

4

KEY POINTSFOR PLAYERS

53

COACHING TIPS

• Form a legal bind with team mates and opponents• Ensure players bind legally to team mates and• Do not push until the ball is in

opponents

Rugby Ready / The scrum

6

As a prop with a second row and flanker against machine

TECHNIQUE
1

2

3

4

KEY POINTSFOR PLAYERS• Form a safe bind with machine

54

Rugby Ready / The scrum

7

As a second row or flanker supporting a prop against a machine

TECHNIQUE

55

1

2

3

4

Rugby Ready / The scrum

8

In a 5-player scrum against a machine

TECHNIQUE

56

1

2

3

4

Rugby Ready / The scrum

9

In a 5 v 5

TECHNIQUE

57

1

2

3

4

5

6

Rugby Ready / The scrumIn a 8 v 8 against opposition(or against machine if numbers are low)

10
TECHNIQUE

58

1

2

3

4

Rugby Ready / The scrum

The lineout

GAME CONTEXT
The lineout is a means of restarting the game after the ball, or a player carrying the ball, crosses the touchline. The opponents of theteam who last held or touched the ball, prior to it going out of play, throw the ball into the lineout. To win possession, any player in thelineout can jump for the ball, supported in the jump by two team mates. The team throwing in the ball has the advantage since they
can call a code that alerts their team mates to the destination of the throw. After the ball is caught, the ball can be passed to the scrum
half for further distribution or a maul can develop. The option chosen may depend on field position. The age at which players may besupported can vary per Union. All should make themselves aware of the differences.

LAW DEFINITION
The purpose of the lineout is to restart play quickly, safely and fairly, after the ball has gone into touch, using a throw-in between twolines of players.

REFEREE TIPS

COACHING TIPS
• Use progressions to ensure safety

Check that:• Start with support players lifting rucking pads and tackle bags

• The lineout is formed with two straight lines, each 0.5m

to build technique and coordinationfrom the mark• Ensure support players are using the legs rather than the• The ball is thrown in straight between the two lines

back to support the jumper• Jumpers are correctly supported in the lineout and• Work with jumpers to ensure they maintain a strong, longbrought safely back to the ground (players not being

body position throughout the jumpabandoned in mid air).

• Focus on developing the speed and coordination of each

• Players not participating in the lineout retire behind thejumper/support group

10-metre offside line

• Ensure the thrower practises individual skill• Challenge the jumper to perform different distribution
options after the catch

Watch for:• Players intentionally destabilising players in the air• Players destabilising the support players who are holding
players in the air• Players closing the space between the two lines illegally• Players who lever on an opponent• Players holding or shoving an opponent• Players illegally charging an opponent• Support players moving to obstruct the opposition

59

Rugby Ready / The lineout

KEY POINTSFOR PLAYERS

1

2

General points

3

3 4

5

• All players should ideally be able to be jumpers and supporters• Players can change roles (jumper/supporters) and position
during the lineout• The performance of the thrower is key to a successful lineout• Players must communicate to ensure a safe and effective
lineout

Jumper6• Starting position:- Chest and hands up 1
- Bend knees 2• Explode upwards from a two-footed take off 3• Move dynamically into a position from which you can easily be
supported 4

7• Maintain a long body shape (brace by squeezing butt cheeks)
to ensure that both jumper and support players can maintaincontrol 5• Sight ball through hands as you extend arms tocatch 5• Communicate with your support players to manage your safe
return to the ground 6• Make a two-footed landing and bend at the knees 7

Lineout safety:• Players must not do anything to intentionally destabilise a player in the air• Players must not do anything to intentionally destabilise a player who is supporting a player in the air• Support players are responsible for the players in the air and bringing them to ground safely

60

Rugby Ready / The lineout

Support players

1• Move with the jumper into space• Form a stable, wide base, with feet shoulder width apart 1• Adopt a squat position with a flat back, bend at the knees and keep thechest up 2 3 4 5• Grip with palms towards jumper and fingers open 6 7 8 9

2

3

4

5

6

7

Front lifter

61

Rugby Ready / The lineout

8

9Back lifter10

Support players (continued)

11• Support the jumper with leg drive andlocked arms 10 11 12 13• Push together on the jumper to support thejumper 10 11 12 13• Ensure the jumper is returned to the groundsafely and under control without moving
into a position which obstructs/blocks the
opposition 14 15 16

12

15

62

Rugby Ready / The lineout

13

14

16

Cool-down and recovery
During exercise, the body goes through a number of stressful processes. Muscle fibres, tendons and ligaments become damaged
and waste products build up in the body. An effective cool-down is necessary to enable the player to recover fully from theactivity. Players should take responsibility for their cool-down as well as their warm-up. It should be noted that it is just as
important for match officials as well as players to follow a safe and effective cool-down routine.

The cool-down has three distinct phases:

Following a training session or match, try to get a good quality,

1. Gentle exercise

uninterrupted eight hours of sleep.

2. Stretching
3. Re-fuelBelow are some examples of static stretching where the player
holds each stretch for 10-30 seconds, for 2 or 3 times on each

Cool-down routine

limb. Some of the important stretches are for the hamstring,Some players might be new to the sport. Coaches should ensure

calf, hip flexor, quad and shoulder.

there is a cool-down routine available for players, and that they
follow a safe and effective cool-down routine.

Hamstring stretch 1
Bend your rear leg, and keep your front leg straight. Keep yourFive minutes of gentle exercise like light aerobic exercise in theback straight and lean towards the straight leg.

form of jogging and walking with a combination of upper body
drills such as low impact arm swings, shoulder circles, rolls andback slaps will assist the player in cooling down.
This process will gradually help the heart rate to return to anormal, resting pulse rate. This will in turn prevent the pooling ofblood in the limbs and reduce feelings of fatigue.
Deep breathing should be included in the cool-down to help the
body recover by oxygenating the system.
Follow with 5-10 minutes of static stretches. This will help thejoints and muscles return to their normal length and function,
thereby accelerating the recovery process. Using static
stretching in the cool-down will increase flexibility and may
reduce the risk of injury in future exercise or game situations.
Part of a good recovery includes ensuring you re-hydrate well.
Plain water not ideal as it tends to encourage urination; milk
shake or milk is ideal. Re-fuel by eating within 60 minutes ofactivity (ideally a meal high in carbohydrate and a moderateamount of protein). A post-match recovery should also involve
light activity (light cycling/jogging for 20 minutes and stretching
the day after activity).

63

Rugby Ready / Cool-down and recovery

1Quad stretch 2

Lat stretch 4

In a standing position, hold one of your legs with your hand on

In a kneeling position, reach forward with both arms. Slowly

the same side. Keep your back straight and both knees in line.

lower your shoulders to the ground until you feel a stretch.

2

4

Calf stretch 5
Go into a sprinter’s start position with both knees bent. Slowly
straighten the rear leg and lower the heel to the ground until you
Hip flexor stretch 3

feel a stretch.

In a kneeling position, raise the arm on the same side as thekneeling leg. Slowly push your hip forward until you feel astretch.
3

64

Rugby Ready / Cool-down and recovery

5Injury management
Injuries are a part of any contact sport. Serious or life threatening injury in Rugby is, however, rare. The outcome of many injuries
can often be improved by very simple first aid skills until emergency help arrives. For the majority of the Rugby-playing world,
there is little qualified medical support available pitch side. Thus, first aid responsibility may fall to club officials, coaches, players,
parents, or referees.

Often when faced with an injury, the issue is what not to do

World Rugby recommends that there is an appropriate level ofrather than what to do, i.e., ‘do no further harm’. Many things

first aid cover at every game and training session. World Rugby

improve with a little bit of time and, commonly, taking control ofprovides different levels of training and more details can bea situation and preventing panic is all that is needed until thefound at playerwelfare.worldrugby.org/firstaidinrugby

player improves or more experienced help arrives. In certain
circumstances, simple measures such as protecting the head

The general principles of looking after an injured player are:and neck, ensuring an open airway or supporting an injured limb
are often all that is needed in the immediate stages of injury

1. Do no further harm

management.

2. Take control
3. Avoid unnecessary movement

There are, of course, some conditions where the idea of simply

4. Speak to the player

supporting the player and waiting will be the wrong thing to do,

5. Call for help if needed

e.g. cardiac arrest. These, while rare, do occur and are one

6. Ensure more experienced help is on the way

reason for ensuring there is trained first aid support available at

7. Recognise when you need to do more which may include

games and training.

calling an ambulanceFirst Aid in Rugby

Know how to respondworldrugby.org/ﬁrstaidinrugby
Take control of the situation.
Preventing panic until the player improves or more experienced help
arrives is fundamental to looking after an injured player.

65

Rugby Ready / Injury management

All stakeholders - coaches, referees, parents, and anyone else involvedin the Game - should undertake at least basic first aid training

For non-life-threatening and non-limb-threatening injuries
Assess the player on the field of play using the TOTAPS system.

Steps

Assessment

Talk

What happened? Where does it hurt?

Observe

Look at the injured area. Is it different from the otherside (swollen, deformity, different colour, etc)?

If swollen or there is a deformity, call first aider.

Touch

Feel for swelling, tenderness and pain.

If tender to touch, call first aider.

ActiveAsk the player to move the injured part without
assistance.

If unable to move or painful to move, call first aider, andremove from the field (non weight-bearing).

If the player moves the injured part actively, thencarefully move it through a full range of movement.

If unable to do so or painful, the player should be
removed from the field (non weight-bearing).

If the active and passive movements did not produce
pain, ask the player to stand and see if lower limb is fully
weight-bearing and he/she can walk.

If unable to do so, the player should be removed from thefield (non weight-bearing).

movement

Passivemovement

Skill test

ActionBleeding
When treating a bleeding player, gloves should be worn to protect the player and the first-aider from possible transmission of bloodborne diseases such as HIV and hepatitis. Blood must not be transferred from one player to another. Any items that have been
contaminated by blood must be sealed in a plastic bag and discarded appropriately.
Major bleeding must be treated as soon as possible to reduce the flow of blood, as this may be enough to preserve a life. Apply directpressure to a wound first and only apply indirect pressure if this is not possible. Arrange urgent transport to a hospital or doctor’s surgery.

REFEREE TIPS
Visit World Rugby’s Law Education web site atlaws.worldrugby.org• Check who the first aider is covering the game andwhere they will be located• Confirm any signals to be used
• If a player is injured and continuation of play would be
dangerous, the referee must stop play
• Players must not wear any items of clothing that arecontaminated by blood• Players who have an open or bleeding wound mustleave the playing area and must not return until the
bleeding is controlled and the wound has been
covered66

Rugby Ready / Injury management

Soft tissue injuries
Soft tissue injuries are typically ligament sprains and muscle strains, tears and bruises. They should be treated using the method known
as PRICED.

Protect

Once an injury has occurred, it is of vital importance that the injured area and the player are protectedfrom further injury. Failure to do so can exacerbate the problem and delay healing.
• Abrasions / lacerations should be covered• The injured joint should be supported by taping or bracing• Weight-bearing should be avoided

Rest

Adequate rest to enable tissue healing and repair is vital for any injury. Remember - if it hurts, it isprobably not good for the injury. Don’t put any weight on the injured part of the body.

Ice

Application of ice to an injury helps prevent bleeding and further swelling. Regular use of crushed ice in adamp towel is helpful in shortening recovery time and decreasing pain in the interim. Apply ice to theinjury for 20 minutes every 2 hours for the first 48 hours. Protection of the skin with petroleum jelly or oil
avoids unnecessary thermal injury.

Compression

Compression of a soft tissue injury prevents swelling and shortens recovery time. Compression using afirm bandage is effective. Ensure that bandaging is not so tight that it cuts off circulation or causes
tingling or pain past the bandage. Bandage the area between ice treatments.

Elevation

Elevation of the affected area decreases swelling and pain.

Diagnosis

Early diagnosis by an appropriately qualified health professional and correct management are the fastest
route to recovery. Consult a medical professional, especially if you are worried about the injury, the painor swelling gets worse or the pain or swelling has not gone down within 48 hours.

Ice helps to prevent bleeding and further swelling

Elevation decreases swelling and pain

Once the injury has been diagnosed, avoid any element of HARM for 72 hours.

67

Heat

Can increase bleeding and swelling and worsen pain and stiffness.

Alcohol

Can increase bleeding and swelling as well as masking pain and the severity of the injury.

Running

Rest is essential.

MassageBest avoided as it can increase bleeding and swelling, thereby delaying recovery.

Rugby Ready / Injury management

If a concussed player continues to

Concussion

Concussion Management

play, they will put themselves at
Concussion must be taken extremely seriously to safeguard

risk of greater injury and they will

the short and long-term welfare of players. Althoughalso let the team down because

commonly caused by a blow to the head, it can come from athey will have difficulty processing

blow to the body where the force of the collision is transmitted

the game happening around

up to the brain. It is not always associated with loss ofthem.

consciousness.
Young players are more
Concussion has many different symptoms or signs and many ofsusceptible to rare and dangerous

these can be found in the World Rugby Concussion Guidelines at

neurological complications,

Recognise and remove
worldrugby.org/concussion

playerwelfare.worldrugby.org/concussion. Common

including death, caused by asymptoms include poor concentration, memory loss andsecond impact in an already concussed or not fully recoveredbalance difficulties. The Pocket Concussion Recognition Tool

individual.

(shown below) may help with the recognition of concussion.
Anyone removed due to suspected concussion should be
If an athlete has a suspected concussion, he/she should beassessed by a health care professional. They should not be

removed from the field of play and not allowed to return.

allowed to drive a motor vehicle. Return to play should follow a
graduated approach as described in the World Rugby
Concussion Guidelines.

Pocket CONCUSSION RECOGNITION TOOL™

3. Memory function

To help identify concussion in children, youth and adults

Failure to answer any of these questions correctly may suggest a
concussion.
“What venue are we at today?”“Which half is it now?”“Who scored last in this game?”“What team did you play last week / game?”“Did your team win the last game?”

RECOGNIZE & REMOVE
Concussion should be suspected if one or more of the following visible
clues,signs, symptoms or errors in memory questions are present.

1. Visible clues of suspected concussion
Any one or more of the following visual clues can indicate a possible
concussion:
Loss of consciousness or responsiveness
Lying motionless on ground / Slow to get up
Unsteady on feet / Balance problems or falling over / Incoordination
Grabbing / Clutching of head
Dazed, blank or vacant look
Confused / Not aware of plays or events

2. Signs and symptoms of suspected concussion
Presence of any one or more of the following signs & symptoms may
suggest a concussion:- Loss of consciousness- Seizure or convulsion- Balance problems- Nausea or vomiting- Drowsiness- More emotional- Irritability- Sadness- Fatigue or low energy- Nervous or anxious- “Don’t feel right”- Difficulty remembering- Headache- Dizziness- Confusion- Feeling slowed down
- “Pressure in head”- Blurred vision- Sensitivity to light- Amnesia- Feeling like “in a fog“
- Neck pain
- Sensitivity to noise- Difficulty concentrating© 2013 Concussion in Sport Group

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Rugby Ready / Injury management

Any athlete with a suspected concussion should be IMMEDIATELYREMOVED FROM PLAY, and should not be returned to activity until they
are assessed medically. Athletes with a suspected concussion should not
be left alone and should not drive a motor vehicle.
It is recommended that, in all cases of suspected concussion, the player
is referred to a medical professional for diagnosis and guidance as well
as return to play decisions, even if the symptoms resolve.

RED FLAGS
If ANY of the following are reported then the player should besafely and immediately removed from the field. If no qualified
medical professional is available, consider transporting by
ambulance for urgent medical assessment:- Athlete complains of neck pain
- Increasing confusion or irritability- Repeated vomiting- Seizure or convulsion- Weakness or tingling / burningin arms or legs

- Deteriorating conscious state- Severe or increasing headache- Unusual behaviour change- Double vision

Remember:- In all cases, the basic principles of first aid (danger, response, airway,
breathing, circulation) should be followed.
- Do not attempt to move the player (other than required for airway
support) unless trained to so do.
- Do not remove helmet (if present) unless trained to do so.
from McCrory et. al, Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport. Br J Sports Med
47 (5), 2013
© 2013 Concussion in Sport GroupRehabilitation

Injury reporting

Rehabilitation requires supervision and management by

Clubs should maintain a record of injuries that occur. This willappropriately trained medical staff, doctors, physiotherapists

enable any patterns and common injuries to be identified andand fitness advisors. The aim of rehabilitation is to restore theappropriate preventative actions to be taken.This will also

player to full fitness, which includes:

provide a record in case of any enquiries or complaints that may
be made at a latter date.

• recovery of muscle strength• restoration of a full range of movement in the joint• recovery of co-ordination and balance• fitness maintained by exercises such as cycling and swimming• when ready - the gradual introduction of Rugby-specific skills

Where regions/provinces or Unions have injury reporting
systems, it is important that these are complied with. This typeof information helps inform player welfare policy and training,such as Rugby Ready.

• contact drills followed by full contact.
If all these are achieved - return to play.

The World Rugby Injury Report Formcan be downloaded fromReturn to playrugbyready.worldrugby.org/en/downloads

Players who return to play before full recovery place themselvesat significant risk of making the injury worse or developing
another injury.
Players should only return to play once the coach, doctor or

KEY POINTSFOR PLAYERS

physiotherapist has tested them to ensure that they are ready to
get back onto the field.
These returning players must once again demonstrate that they
are Rugby Ready. The tests should include similar fitness tests to
those used at the beginning of the season and Rugby skills and• Ensure you are fit to play - that you are not feelingunwell, and have fully recovered from any injuries• Ensure that you have covered any wounds• If you have any doubt seek advice from your healthcare provider

movements that the players will perform in a game, e.g.,
tackling, sidestepping, jumping, etc.
Player profiling information should be used to compare
performances and see if players are once again Rugby Ready. If
players can demonstrate the same performance level as pre-

COACHING TIPS

injury, then they are once again Rugby Ready.
Normally, the best advice is, if it hurts, don’t play.

• Do not select players who have not fully recoveredfrom injury• Know what the emergency plan is• Ensure you have and appropriate level of first aid coverfor the game or training session• Why not do a first aid course yourself?

Disclaimer The injury management information provided in this Rugby Ready product is intended as a tool to assist in the care and management of injured players.
It does not displace the benefit of having suitably qualified personnel available to treat injuries. World Rugby does not accept any responsibility or liability in negligenceor otherwise relation to the treatment, care or management of injured players.

69

Rugby Ready / Injury management

Summary
Everybody involved in organising and playing Rugby has a duty of care in relation to the players. The Rugby Ready programme isintended to raise awareness of good practice and help stakeholders manage the inherent risks of a contact sport by putting
appropriate safeguards in place.

Now you’re Rugby Ready, stay Rugby ReadyAll stakeholders have a collective responsibility to ensure the• Respect yourself, the opposition, the officials and the Laws of theGame is played with a sense of fair play. Rugby is intenselyGamephysical so players must be continuously taught the importance• Win with honour, lose with dignityof discipline. That means that foul play, thuggery or referee abuse• Try to stay calm

must not be tolerated. All custodians of this great Game need to• The referee is in charge; show your support by playing fair andpromote fair play.

respecting decisions

Screen and profile players before playing

Ensure equipment and environment are as safe as possible, and develop an emergency plan

Prepare players properly - physical conditioning, lifestyle, warm-up and cool-down

Teach and use appropriate techniques: stability, posture, tackle, scrum, lineout, ruck and maul

Foul play must not be tolerated

Know how to deal with any injuries and ensure players rehabilitate properly

For further information and downloads please go to rugbyready.worldrugby.org

70

Rugby Ready / Summary

Acknowledgements
A number of people have contributed to the development of the Rugby Ready resources over the last seven years. The commitment
and professionalism of these people is gratefully acknowledged.
Editorial team: Mark Harrington (World Rugby), Jock Peggie (World Rugby) and Adam Pearson (Sport Development)
Original Authoring team: Steve Aboud (IRFU), Andy Henderson (Scottish Rugby), Will Feebery (RFU), and Brian O’Shea (World Rugby
Trainer, Australia). Thanks to Leinster Rugby Academy, Dr Conor McCarthy of IRFU, St. Mary’s College RFC, David Keane and Alan Rogan(IRFU Referees), Rhys Thomas (WRU Referee), Skerries RFC, Hartpury College, Gloucester Girls Development Squad, Stuart Terheege(RFU Referee)2011 review team: Gerry Roberts (WRU), Jock Peggie (Scottish Rugby), Nick Scott (RFU), Norm Mottram (USA), Des Ryan (IRFU), Juan
Casajus (UAR), Xavier Torres Vouga (ABR), Sean Mallon (NRB), Mark Hammond (FitKit Pro), Dr Simon Kemp (RFU). Thanks to WRU
Centre of Excellence, Paul Williams & Geraint Kathrens & the lads from Neath and Port Talbot College
2014 review team: Neil Graham (Scottish Rugby), Dr Mike England (RFU), Sean Mallon (World Rugby Trainer, Netherlands),
Dr Colin Fuller (World Rugby Risk Management Consultant), Malcolm David (Singapore Rugby Union), Alejandro Degano (World
Rugby), Mike Luke (World Rugby), Rowly Williams (RFU), Des Ryan (World Rugby Trainer, Ireland). Thanks to Merchiston Castle School,
RHC Cougars and Bosman Du Plessis, Chris Lawson and Colin Brett (Scottish Rugby)
Selected photography courtesy of Getty Images
This Rugby Ready product has been developed in the context of the laws applying to accident and injury prevention and medical
practice in Ireland. World Rugby does not accept any responsibility or liability in negligence or otherwise for ensuring that local legal
requirements which may exist in any given territory in whatever form are complied with.

Do it right... be Rugby Ready
Copyright © World Rugby 2014. Permission is granted to reproduce this work for personal and educational use only. Copying,hiring, lending or distribution of the work for any commercial purpose is prohibited.

World Rugby, World Rugby House, 8-10 Pembroke Street Lower, Dublin 2, Ireland
Tel. +353-1-2409-200 Web. worldrugby.org

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