IGA NEWS1

I GA New s No. 76

New slet t er of t he I nt ernat ional Geot herm al Association
Quart erly No. 76

IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President
Ladsi Rybach
Dear IGA member
This is the sixth message from your President.
In my function as IGA President I am frequently
invited to give presentations, keynote lectures and the like.
Since my last message such events have taken place in
Trieste/Italy (ICS-UNIDO Workshop, 10-12 December2008), Cape Town/South Africa (IASPEI 2009 General
Assembly, 11-16 Januar y), Istanbul/Turkey (WB
G e o F u n d - I G A Wo r k s h o p, 1 6 - 1 9 Fe b r u a r y ) ,Offenburg/Germany (GeoTHERM 2009 Conference, 5-6
March - supported by IGA), and Freiburg/Germany (5thInternational Geothermal Conference, 27-28 April - also
supported by IGA). In addition, two joint presentations
with Beata Kepinksa (delivered by her) were given at the
UNFCC COP 14 Conference in Poznan/Poland on 8 and9 December 2008.
The joint IEA GIA-IGA Workshop “Geothermal
Energy - Its Global Development Potential & Contribution
to Mitigation of Climate Change” was particularlyinteresting. This Workshop took place in Madrid/Spain on
5-6 May and aimed to discuss thoroughly the future
development and deployment of geothermal energy in thesense of an opinion building process, thereby contributing
to the Geothermal Chapter of the planned IPCC Special
Renewable Energy Report - to be written by GIA and
IGA experts. Most IGA BoD members attended theWorkshop; the presentations and the conclusions will soon
be available through the IEA GIA website www.iea-gia.org.
The IGA Committee meetings and the 47th BoD
meeting followed immediately on 7 and 8 May. All
meetings in Madrid were generously arranged and hosted
by APPA (the Spanish Renewable Energy Association) incooperation with IDEA (Spanish Institute for Energy
Diversification and Saving). The Committees worked
intensively and efficiently and came to the BoD with clear
suggestions that the BoD discussed and accepted. To sum
up just the key items: the Membership Committee
reported that 14 Affiliation Agreements are up for renewal.
Membership Committee Chairman Roland Horne, assisted
by IGA Executive Director Arni Ragnarsson, are now inthe process of renewing the agreements. Treasurer Colin
Harvey presented the 2009 budget, which was approved.
Arni Ragnarsson reported on the completion of thedeliverables based on the World Bank-IGA contract.

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Contents
IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the President

1

EUROPE/ Integrated geophysical exploration method
tested at different geothermal sites: The
3
European I-GET project
Italy / A new publication on geothermal energy Critical review

6

AMERICAS
Mexico/ General features of the Cerritos Colorados,
Mexico, geothermal project8
USA / Imminent Geothermal Power Production at
10
the OIT Campus
ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
Australia / Hot sedimentary aquifer resource
estimation in southeast Australia
WORLD/Renewables Global Status Report
UPCOMING EVENTS
Geothermal meetings

14

16
2

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I GA New s No. 76

Education Committee Chairman Horst Rueter, along with
Gordon Bloomquist and Arni Ragnarsson, and assisted by
the Finance Committee, are now preparing a new contract
with the World Bank, especially in the fields of GeoFund
and ARGEO. The new contract will need a special
handling instrument; for this purpose, the IGA Service Co.
Ltd. will be established. Devising an appropriate
management structure and coming up with a sensible
business plan as well as a draft budget will be key to thesuccessful establishment of this new body.
Another key agenda item at the Board meeting was thepresentation of bidders to host World Geothermal
Congress 2015. There are three comparably well-qualified
candidate venues: Reykjavik/Iceland, Munich/Germany,and Melbourne/Australia. The Program & Planning
Committee under Miklos Antics is working intensively on
evaluation of the proposals and on the selection process.
T he next IGA Committee meetings have beenscheduled for 28 October, with the 48th BoD meetingand the Annual General Meeting 2009 on 29 October, totake place in El Salvador, at a venue near the ComalapaInternational Airport.
Finally the ongoing preparations of WGC2010 were
presented by OC Secretary General Surya Darma. Short
Courses, Field Trips, etc., are now all set; the Conference
website (www.wgc2010.org) presents all the necessary
information such as the 2nd Announcement, Exhibitors’
and Sponsors’ Manuals, and Fellowship Application Forms.
Over 1,300 Abstracts have been submitted for theTechnical Program; the deadline for draft papers is 31 May
and for final papers 31 October.
The entire IGA membership now needs to steam up
for WGC2010! I look forward to continuing to work withyou in our joint effort to promote geothermal and thankyou all for your support.

UPCOMING EVENTSGEA/GHC Direct Use / Small Power FinanceWorkshop, 12-13 August 2009, Klamath Falls, Oregon,
USA. Contact: Kathy Kent Kathy@geoenergy.org
WPRB, IGA/GCES Joint Geothermal Workshop,
Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 19-22 September 2009. Check
the IGA website www.geothermal-energy.org
RENEXPO 2009, Augburg, Germany, 24-27 September
2009. Website: www.renexpo.deGRC 2009 Annual Meeting, Reno, NV, USA, 4-7
October 2009. Website: www.geothermal.org
Renewable E nerg y World A s ia C onference &Exhibition 2009, 7-9 October 2009, Bangkok, Thailand.
Website: www.renewableenergyworld-asia.com
Renewable Energy Indonesia 2009 Trade Show, 14-17
O c t o b e r 2 0 0 9 , Ja k a r t a , I n d o n e s i a . We b s i t e :http://www.allworldexhibitions.com/images/shows/2009
0174_Renewable Energy 2009 Brochure.pdf
2009 GSA Annual Meeting-Session T32 “Survey ofInternational Geothermal Development 2009", 18-21
October 2009, Por tland, Oreg on, USA. Website:www.geosociety.org/meetings/2009/
GTR-H: International Geothermal Conference, 27-29
October 2009, Dublin, Ireland. Contact: rpasquqli@csa.ie
World Energy Engineering Congress (WEEC), 4-6
November 2009, Washington, DC, USA. Website:www.energycongress.com
2009 Australian Geothermal Energy Conference, 10-13
N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 9 , B r i s b a n e , A u s t r a l i a . We b s i t e :www.impactenviro.com/au/ausgeothermal/
31st New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, Auckland,N e w Z e a l a n d , 1 6 - 1 7 N o ve m b e r 2 0 0 9 . We b s i t e :www.science.auckland.ac.nz/uoa7science/about/research/gei/workshop.cfm
Der Geothermiekongress 2009, 17-19 November,
Bochum. Germany. Contact: info@geothermie.de
35th Stanford Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir
Engineering, 1-3 February 2010, Stanford, California,
USA. Website: http://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/research/geoth/conference/workshop.html
World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia, 25-29
April 2010. Website: www.wgc2010.org

GEOTHERMICS
International Journal of Geothermal Research and its Applications

Published under the auspices of the International Geothermal Association
Content of the latest issues: http:/www.elsevier.com/locate/geothermics
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I GA New s No. 76

Participants in the 47th IGA Board Meeting, Madrid 2009

EUROPE
Integrated geophysicalexploration method tested at
different geothermal sites: The
European I-GET project
D. Bruhn, E. Huenges, A. Spalek, H.
Milsch, G. Muñoz (International Center
for Geothermal Research at GFZ,
Potsdam, Germany); A. Fiordelisi (Enel
Produzione, Pisa, Italy); A. Manzella(Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse,
Pisa, Italy); A. Mazzotti (University of
Pisa, Italy); H. Fabriol (BRGM, Orléans,France); K. Árnason (Iceland
Geosurvey/ÍSOR, Reykjavík, Iceland);W.
Bujakowski (Polish Academy of Science,
Krakow, Poland); and other members of
the the I-GET consortium
Since the mining cost (exploration and drilling) to accessgeothermal resources often represents over 60% of thetotal investment, a reduction in these costs would increase
the competitiveness of geothermal energy significantly.
This goal can be achieved if the presence of fluids inside
the natural and/or Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)
could be detected before any drilling operation.
This was the focus of the European project I-GET(Integrated Geophysical Exploration Technologies fordeep fractured geothermal systems), co-funded by theEuropean Commission within the 6th Frameworkw w w.geot herm al- energy.org

Programme for Research and Technological Development.
Eleven partners from 6 European countries (see tablebelow) joined forces, coordinated by GFZ, with theobjective of developing a methodology to improve thedetection, prior to drilling, of fluid-bearing zones innaturally and/or artificially fractured geothermal reservoirs.
The basic idea of the project I-GET was to integrate
data and measurements from several existing geophysicalmethods into one final reservoir model. This approach wastested in four European geothermal systems with different
geological and thermodynamic reservoir characteristics:
two high enthalpy (metamorphic rocks in Travale, Italy,
and volcanic rocks in Hengill, Iceland), and two lower
enthalpy geothermal systems (deep sedimentary rocks in
Gross Schönebeck, Germany, and Skierniewice, Poland).
All data acquired in both field measurements andlaboratory tests have been integrated to construct the staticand dynamic three-dimensional model of the geothermal
reservoirs. The input of the results of new geophysicalprospecting into reservoir modelling was a crucial test of
the quality of the new exploration method.
At the end of the project, a Final Conference wasorganised at GFZ Potsdam in February 2009, where theproject results were presented to an international audiencefrom sc ie nc e a nd industr y. In a ddition, ke y notepresentations on the state of the art in geophysicalexploration methods (active and passive seismic and MT)
for geothermal resources were presented, as well as casestudies from all over the world.
One hundred and twenty par ticipants from 20
countries came to Potsdam to take part in the I-GET Final
Conference at GFZ, February 2009.

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I GA New s No. 76°

120 participants from 20 countries came to Potsdam to take part in the I-GET Final Conference at GFZ, February 2009
From the data and the experience collected within the
project, a best practice guide for geothermal explorationof deep geothermal reservoirs (with or without surface
manifestations) has been developed. The experience
presented in the best practice guide is based on a collectionof European data existing prior to and collected during the
project.
I-GET Fac ts h e e tPartners
GFZ Potsdam (co-ordinator)
Enel Produzione
BRGM
CNR-IGGÍSOR
Università di Pisa
CRES
Freie Universität Berlin
Geowatt AG
GTN Germany
Polish Acdemy of Science (PAS)Funding period
BudgetEC contribution

Country
Germany
Italy
France
Italy
Iceland
Italy
GreeceGermany
Switzerland
Germany
PolandNov. 2005-April 2009
3.8 Mio. €2.7 Mio. €www.i-get.it

April - June 2009

Experiences from 4 representative
test sites
At Travale, an existing 3-D seismic dataset was
reprocessed for a joint interpretation with all the available
geological, geophysical, and well logging data. Besides anaccurate reconstruction of the structural and geologicalmodel, the interpretation was aimed at identifying any
seismic signal possibly associated with fractured systems
inside the deep geothermal reservoir. To this end, thedetection of the post-stack high amplitude signals and prestack AVO analysis brought important information forlocating drilling targets. In addition, azimuthal analysis of
the amplitudes of seismic signals reflected from thegeothermal targets provided further information about
preferred fracture orientation. These measurements
visualized a distinct reflector as a potential target horizon,
which coincided with a productive zone containing dry
steam.
Moreover, new and old magnetotelluric (MT) data were
processed and modelled, taking into account geologicaland seismic information. Modelling results indicated amain conductive anomaly in some areas of Travale at thedepth of the geothermal reservoir, but with no clear
relation to mineralogy, lithology and seismic parameters,
and only partially related to the evidence of moreproductive areas. The occurrence of brine partially in aliquid phase inside the pore network was considered, andresearch is underway.

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I GA New s No. 76

Fig. 1. Map of I-GET field sites (blue) and partners (red)Hengill, Iceland
At Hengill, Iceland, within the I-GET project, a totalof 70 MT soundings were made in the Hengill area in
addition to 59 pre-existing soundings and 30 soundings
funded by Reykjavik Energy. The I-GET project therefore
included a total of 159 MT soundings in the Hengill area.
All the MT soundings were made at locations previously
visited by TEM soundings which were used for static shiftcorrections of the MT data. Joint 1D inversion of all MT
and TEM soundings in the Hengill area was performed
and a 3D resistivity structure was compiled from theindividual 1D models. A full 3D inversion was performedfor 60 static shift corrected MT soundings covering theHengill volcanic complex. The 3D inversion delineated5
deep conductors that correlate with transform tectonics
revealed by intense seismicity between the years 1990 and
2000. The deep conductors are thought to be dykes andintrusions which are heat sources of the geothermal
system.
In addition to electromagnetic measurements, a broadband passive seismic survey was carried out. Seven broadband seismic stations were installed in the summer of2006 in and around the most seismically active part of thearea and recorded continuously for four months. The database includes 662 earthquakes recorded by at least four ofthe stations. Four hundred and twenty four of therecorded events were micro-earthquakes with clear P and
S waves. Finally, 19 low-frequency earthquakes wererecognised with sharp onset and resonance having a large
peak at about 1.5 Hz. Three hundred and thirty nine
micro-earthquakes with clear P- and S- arrival times
detected by at least 4 stations were inverted to apply
tomography inversion of the compression P-wave andshear S-wave structure of the geothermal reservoir.
The velocity structure of the Hengill area, as revealedby the joint 3D tomography inversion, was compared toother geophysical data. The location of high P-wave
velocity coincides with an area where a deep conductor is
at shallowest depth (about 3 km), according to the resultsfrom the 1D inversion of TEM and MT soundings and
3D inversion of MT soundings acquired within the I-GET
project. No sign of attenuation of seismic S-waves isobserved under the Hengill area, indicating the absence ofextensive magma chambers at depth. The area where highvelocity bodies are found correlates with positive Bouguer
anomalies, indicating dense rocks at depth.

Fig. 2 Experimental observation of change in electrical conductivity with phase transition of pore fluid. As the pore pressure was decreased (redline), the fraction of steam in the pore fluid increased, causing a drop in conductivity (black line)w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

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The seismicity was found to concentrate at the upperboundary of the high velocity body SE of Mount Hengill.
This area corresponds to the NW-SE oriented low
resistivity anomaly at the depth of 3-5 km, under which
was the location where the intense seismic activity during
1991-2001 revealed distinct transform tectonics. The
anomaly is under an area of wedges where E-W oriented
faults meet N-S oriented faults. Synthetic Aperture Radar
Interferograms (InSAR) show that between 1993 and 1998
there was considerable uplift (up to about 18 mm/year),with the centre of the uplift SE of Mount Hengill.
Gross Schönebeck, Germany
At Gross Schönebeck, activities were centered around aformer gas exploration well (4.3 km deep). Both seismicand MT data were acquired in parallel along a 40 km longprofile to derive a regional 2-D seismic model of thepotential reservoir layers and overlying sediments. The
profile is oriented parallel to the estimated strike of theregional stress field. Second, a star-like arrangement
consisting of 4 profiles each of 6 km length was deployed
and a low-fold (low budget) 3-D seismic experiment was
conducted to identify fractures around the geothermal welllocation.
In addition to the surface geophysical measurements,
borehole geophysics was used to complement the set offield data. For this purpose, a chain of seismometers was
located in the well GrSk 3/90 while stimulation tests were
performed in the other well at the same site. The data of
this test give a clear image of the fractures created during
the stimulation.
MT data was collected along a 40-km long main profile(55 stations) and a 20-km long parallel profile located 3 km
to the east. Electrical resistivity models obtained from twodimensional inversion of the data identify two conductive
anomalies at the level of the reservoir (Rotliegend) which
seem to be correlated to anhydrite-rich salt layers. Highfracturing in the anhydrites could be responsible for higher
fluid content, enhanced permeability and corresponding
electrical conductivity.
Skierniewice, Poland
At Skierniewice, seismic lines and MT profiles were
measured in a grid around an existing well of 4.5 km depth.
The seismic survey covered an area of about 36 km². The
datasets obtained are of high quality in the centre of theseismic image where the homogeneous fold exists.
Processing of seismic data was performed by standard
procedures similar to those being used in hydrocarbon
exploration with additional extension for geothermal
purposes. Despite non-uniform offset distribution and foldarea inside the bins, the final migration has very goodquality and is comparable with results of standard 3D
seismic processing. The MT sur vey was carried ascontinuous profiling with MT/AMT/CSAMT soundings.
CSAMT measurements were added to control andsupplement MT/AMT data as the survey area was highly

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I GA New s No. 76
noisy. Even two remote reference stations could not
reduce the noise problem to an acceptable limit. CSAMT
helped to fix the top part of the MT profile. These
measures helped to improve greatly the subsurface imageof the potential reservoir around the well. The integrated
seismic and MT interpretation supported by the boreholedata resulted in construction of the 3D geological model.
The fractured zones were identified in order to select the
optimal areas to locate new geothermal boreholes.
Laboratory petrophysics
Parallel to in-situ data acquisition, petrophysical andgeomechanical properties of the investigated rocks havebeen defined by laboratory measurements at high pressure
and temperature at the high pressure laboratory at GFZPotsdam. Conditions in the reservoirs have been simulated,with controlled pressure, temperature and pore pressure aswell as pore fluid salinity. Rock samples from Iceland, Italy
and from Ger many were subjected to conditions
comparable to those in the g eother mal reser voirs
investigated, while electrical conductivity and seismic
velocities were determined on the cores. By varying thedifference between pore pressure and confining pressure at
a given temperature, the transition from liquid to steam in
the pore fluid was simulated while changes in physicalproperties were observed (Fig. 2). The raw ultrasonicvelocity data acquired by these experiments have beenfurther analysed and interpreted in terms of their elastic
properties
Detailed results will be presented at WGC 2010. A
special volume of results is in preparation in Geothermics,
where project results are presented. This volume will be inpress most likely late 2009/early 2010 (Volume 38, No.4).
Further project information at www.i-get.it/
Contact: David Bruhn (dbruhn@gfz-potsdam.de)

Italy
A New Publication on
Geothermal Energy. A Critical
Review
Raffael Cataldi, Honorary Presidentof UGI/Italian Geothermal Union
Printed by CRC Press (Taylor&Francis Group - Informa
business), a new geothermal publication appeared about
one year ago (April 2008), Low-Enthalpy Geothermal
Resources for Power Generation, consisting of xx+150
pages (format 25 x 17 cm) and hardbound. It is authored
by Dornadula Chandrasekharam and Jochen Bundschuh,scientists well known to the international geothermal
community, whose CV is found in the first section of thebook.
As its title points out, the publication deals with an
emerging issue of geothermal energy, which in recent
years has taken increasing importance in relation to thew w w.geot herm al- energy.org

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I GA New s No. 76
possibility of widening the generation of electric energy
from high (>150° C) to intermediate and low temperature
resources (150-80° C).
The technical part of the book consists of 10 chapters:
1) Introduction; 2) World electricity demand and source
mix forecasts; 3) Worldwide potential of low-enthalpy
geothermal resources; 4) Low-enthalpy resources as asolution for power generation and global war ming
mitigation; 5) Geological, geochemical and geophysicalcharacteristics of geothermal fields; 6) Geochemical
methods for geothermal exploration; 7) Geophysicalmethods for geothermal resources exploration; 8) Powergeneration techniques; 9) Economics of power plants
using low-enthalpy resources; and 10) Small low-enthalpy
geothermal projects for rural electrification.
The first 5 chapters, enriched with tables and figures
partly in color, exhaustively summarize the geothermal
situation at the global, continental and regional scale, thedifferent types of geothermal systems and the countries
where they are found, and the economical resources
extractable from depths less than 3 km, with particularreference to those at intermediate-to-low temperature. The
electric energy which could be produced from such
resources is then compared with the present electricity
demand, and with the higher demand which is estimatedby 2030 in the various continents and regions of the world,
accompanied by an evaluation of the CO2 avoided withrespect to the equivalent amount of electricity produced
from fossil fuels.
Chapters 6 and 7 deal with the geochemical andgeophysical methods used to locate resources amenable toelectrical generation, and with sampling techniques and inhole logs applied to characterize the buried geologicalformations. Chapter 6, in particular, exhaustively describes
the g eochemical methods applied in g eother mal
investigations, including geo-thermometric techniques;
therefore it represents an excellent summary of suchmethods and techniques, and a useful reference tool also
for subject-matter experts.
Chapter 8 summarizes the thermodynamic cycles of thebinary plants by which intermediate-to-low temperature
fluids are used to produce electric energy. Mention is made,in particular, of the selection criteria of the working fluidsof the ORC (organic Rankine cycle) plants, the heatexchangers and the Kalina cycle.
The economical aspects of the geothermal-electric
generation from low-enthalpy fluids are dealt with inchapter 9, with particular reference to the drilling costs as afunction of depth, productivity of wells vs. reservoir
temperature, and size of power plants vs. flow rate andtemperature of fluids. A comparison is then made between
the different construction costs of two groups of power
plants, supplied by high- and inter mediate-to-low
temperature fluids, respectively.

In the last chapter (number 10), the possible technicalsimplifications and the notable reduction of costs are
discussed for electrification projects with geothermal units
in isolated rural areas with small electricity demand, mostly
those in developing countries; afterwards, a number ofexamples are given of small power plants (<2 MWe)supplied by intermediate-to-low temperature fluids inArgentina, China (Tibet), Iceland, Thailand, Taiwan, andthe USA.
All chapters are introduced by a “symbolic sentence”
succinctly expressing a significant concept of geothermalenergy. They form together the quintessence of the
expected development of the Earth’s heat and of thereasons why it should be pursued; therefore, they are all
worthy of quotation here1 .
1. The latest studies show that it is cheaper to invest in climate
protection than to pay for the losses that result from inactivity. It
is thus prudent to act now from an economic perspective as well.
2. World electricity generation nearly doubles in the IEA referencecase from 2004 to 2030. In 2030 generation in the non-OECD
countries is projected to exceed generation in OECD countries by
30 per cent.
3. Earth’s current and potentially available reserve of geothermalenergy is a quantity of astonishing magnitude - vastly greater, infact, than the resource bases of coal, oil, gas, and nuclear energy
combined… Although only a fraction of this geothermal bounty
can now be tapped, with innovative technology it will remain
available for our descendants long after the last drop of oil is
produced.
4. More recently, there has been a seismic shift in how climate change
is perceived, and is widely considered to be the greatest market
failure ever. This is in part due to the fact that many of the effects
of climate change are beginning to manifest, and that the threats
posed by continuing warming will affect - and possibly disrupt the operation of markets, societies, ecosystems and cultures.
5. There is reason to be optimistic about geothermal energy. The
exciting period is beginning where anomalous sources of heat aretreated as systems. To develop geothermal energy as an importantresource one must identify anomalous thermal sources andunderstand their genesis and geometry.
6. The ultimate objective of any exploration programme is to locate aresource that can be economically developed. Despite differences inthe type of resources and their geological setting, a certain
exploration philosophy has been built up over many decades. Thisphilosophy is based on the concept that the prospector begins tosearch in a large area and narrowing down to a more specificlocation.
7. Of course, energy is not a single challenge that can be answeredwith a piece of technology as clean, appealing and profitable as an
iPod. It is three intertwined challenges, each vexing and complex
in its own right...
8. The opportunities for geothermal energy to play a much larger rolein overall energy production in the future require technicalinnovation, reduced start up costs, public education, and a level

1The source of each sentence (publications and speeches by important personalities) is quoted in the relevant chapter of the book in question.

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8
economic and regulatory playing field with other energ ytechnologies…
9. Today, over two billion people in developing countries live without
any electricity. They lead lives of misery, walking miles everyday
for water and firewood, just to survive. What if there was anexisting viable technology that when developed to its highest
potential could increase everyone’s standard of living, cut fossil fueldemand and the resultant pollution…
10. All developing countries have a stake in energy sustainability, but
in the Asian region especially large populations aspiring to greater
prosperity will strongly test our ability to deliver energy
sustainability. Collectively, we will need to distill all available
wisdom on the policies, market structures, pricing arrangements
and technologies that can lead us to our goals. These issues arealso the ones which pre-occupy industrialized countries.
The last part of the book includes a reference list withover 200 quotations from generally recent works, and twothematic indexes: the first to list the main concepts dealt
with in the book (over 1300 entries), and the second torecall the geographical localities, the lithostratigraphic units
and the tectonic and structural elements quoted.
In short, not only does the book in question depict the
global potential of moderate-to-low temperaturegeothermal resources, but it also shows how energy
requirements could be successfully supplemented bytapping them profitably in many areas of the world.
Therefore, it is a book from which policy-makers, territory
planners and environmentalists from all over the world
could draw useful ideas, especially when dealing withenerg y problems of developing and energ y-starved
developed countries.
On the other hand, from the scientific viewpoint, thebook is a publication of current and actual interest, which
all geothermalists and scholars of geothermal energy
should have in their library.

AMERICAS
MexicoGeneral features of the Cerritos
Colorados geothermal project,
MexicoLuis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín
In the last issue of IGA News (Number 75) it wasreported that the environmental study for the Cerritos
Colorados geothermal project, Jalisco, Mexico, had been
approved. This is the first step by the CFE (Comisión
Federal de Electricidad) to resume the development of thisfield after 20 years of adjournment. As mentioned, inMarch 1989 “CFE had to suspend all of its development
activities in the field due to the environmental impacts …
on the pine-oak forest where the geothermal field lies.”(Gutiérrez-Negrín, 2009). The following outlines the mainfeatures of the geothermal field, formerly known as La

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I GA New s No. 76
Primavera, and of the project, whose first stage is theconstruction and installation of a 25-MW condensing
power unit.

The geothermal field
Cerritos Colorados is located in the western-central part of
Mexico, at the periphery of Guadalajara City, capital of thestate of Jalisco and the second largest city in the country(Fig. 1). Geologically, it lies in the western portion of the
Mexican Volcanic Belt, near the junction of three major
continental structural elements: the N-S Colima Graben,
the E-W Chapala Graben, and the NW-SE Tepic Graben,that have been regarded as extension zones (Nelson andSánchez, 1986).
The field is inside a Quaternary volcanic caldera (the La
Primavera caldera) whose formation began at least 120,000
years ago, when an ascending magma chamber extruded
the first rhyolitic domes and lavas. Then, 95,000 years ago,
a series of explosive eruptions produced huge pyroclastics
flows, flooding the surrounding valleys and forming the
Toba Tala ignimbrites that presently cover an area
estimated at 700 km2. The aftermath of these eruptions,representing an evacuated magma volume of 20 km 3
(Mahood, 1980), was the collapse of a roughly circular areaof 11-13 km in diameter, forming the La Primavera
caldera, inside of which a lake was formed. During 25,000
years lacustrine sediments covered the lake floor, and then,
70,000 years ago, a differential resurgence took place in themagma chamber, so forming the present sierra andextruding further domes and lavas. The youngest rhyolitic
domes are dated at 20,000-25,000 years.
Superficial evidences of the present, deep geothermal
system include fumaroles at the central-south part of thecaldera and perennial hot springs at 65° C and of sodiumbicarbonate geochemical type.
The subsurface lithology of the field can be grouped
into five units, the fourth of them hosting the geothermal
fluids. This unit is composed of three parts, from top tobottom: a sequence of andesites and tuffs, a thin layer ofrhyolites and another sequence of andesites with minor
basalts, with a combined thickness of 2,317 meters and an
age from Late Miocene to Early Pliocene. The unit rests
on a granodioritic basement, with a radiometric age of atleast 7.3 Ma (Late Miocene) (Superintendencia General
Guadalajara, 1989).
There is a deep fault system with a NW-SE trend that
affects the rocks of the fourth unit but does not seem topresent a superficial expression. Some shallower systems,
mainly due to the collapse and resurgent processes, arerepresented by some ring caldera fractures and some highangle fractures and normal faults with NW-SE and NESW trends (Superintendencia General Guadalajara, 1989).
The natural ther modynamic state of the systemcorresponds to a compressed liquid reservoir. The verticalpressure profile is almost hydrostatic at shallow depths andw w w.geot herm al- energy.org

I GA New s No. 76

9Fig. 1. Location of the Cerritos Colorados geothermal field.
higher than hydrostatic below 1,750 meters depth. At
The geothermal-electric project
shallow depths, fluids flash in the formation adjacent towells, and then appear as two-phase flow within the wells.
Since the production wells were drilled long ago, the firstAt greater depths, fluids enter in the liquid phase and flash
activity must be to check their mechanical condition. In
inside the wells. The average porosity has been estimated at
March 2008 two of the production wells (PR-9 and PR-12)
10% in the first 1,500 meters depth. Below this depth, thewere closed with cement-plugs because the mechanicalaverage falls to around 6%, but the fracture permeability is
conditions of their casings were considered unsafe. Thus,
as high as hundreds to thousands of milidarcys (Suárez,the casings of the remaining production wells (PR-1, 8, 11
1995).
and 13) will be reviewed during 2009, and then repaired if
The up-flow of the geothermal system seems to benecessary. After that the wells will be re-assessed to define
located adjacent to wells PR-1, PR-8 and PR-9, fromthe current production conditions of the field. Additionally,
where geothermal fluids tend to move towards the west.
the well PR-7 will be deepened since its construction had
Interaction between these fluids and the host rocks has
been suspended before reaching its final depth and the
produced medium temperature hydrothermal mineralprobable injection wells PI-1 and PR-2 should beassemblages, including calcite, quartz, clay minerals,
deepened and checked, respectively, and then tested tochlorites and pyrite. Some relatively scarce epidote wasdetermine their current injection capacity.
found, mainly in the well PR-1. In cuttings and core
The initial stage of the project consists of thesamples from several wells, the original rocks have been
construction and installation of a condensing unit of 25
intensely altered (Gutiérrez-Negrín, 1988).
MW of net capacity. Gross steam consumption is
CFE started the exploration studies in the 1970s,
estimated at around 8 t/h per MWh, and thus the unit will
including 13 exploration and development wells at depths
require 200 t/h of steam, at an admission pressure of 8
between 689 and 2900 meters. Six of these wells have beenbar(a). Taking into account that the steam possibly
assessed with a combined production of 220 tons per houravailable with the remaining production wells is ~140 t/h,(t/h) of steam and 440 t/h of brine at 8 bars of separation
it will be necessary to drill at least two additionalpressure. A preliminary assessment of the potential was 75
production wells and one injection, all of them of
MW (JICA, 1989).

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April - June 2009

10
directional type to be constructed on the already existing
pads. The estimated brine to be injected is between 300
and 400 t/h.
The power unit will be installed on a surface of 200 x
40 meters, near the production wells where there are notrees. The steam pipelines will follow the existing roads
arranged in an integrated design. The gas content in thesteam, at 8 bar(a), is estimated between 4.4 and 7.3% inweight.
All the brine should be returned to the reservoir
through the injection wells PI-1 and PR-2 after their reconditioning and at least a third injection well will be
drilled on the PR-2 pad. It is estimated that the separated
brine will present average enthalpy of 1200 kJ/kg, pH 8.5,
and a mean contents of 730 ppm of Cl, 430 ppm of
HCO3, 910 ppm of SiO2, and 14 ppm of As, among othercomponents.
Considering that the geothermal project is to be
developed inside a forest registered as a Flora and Fauna
Protection Area (which is part of the Mexican system ofnatural protected areas), it is strictly required to avoid
and/or minimize any environmental impact. Thus, thedesign criteria of the project include:- Use the minimum room for the superficial installations.
- Use expansion joints instead of omega-expansions in thesteam pipelines.
- Use the already constructed pads to drill new, additional
wells.
- Use the already constructed roads.
- Install abatement systems for H2S emissions.
- Use hot-injection of the brine to avoid cooling ponds
and the further disposal of silica precipitates.
The project also includes the construction of anelectric transmission line 14.5 km long at 69 kilovolts (kV).
8.5 km of the total length of the line will be inside theforest, also following the already existing roads.

Conclusions
Twenty years ago CFE had to stop its development
plans in the Cerritos Colorados geothermal field, becauseof the environmental impacts caused by the explorationand drilling activities. Then, CFE carried out a complete
program to mitigate and restore the impacts on the small,
0.6 km2 area affected, and unsuccessfully tried to resume
the development of the field - whose potential had been
already assessed in 75 MW. Finally, in January 2009 CFE
got the green-light from the environmental authorities todo that. It’s about time to take advantag e of thisg eother mal resource and so continue g eother mal
development in Mexico.

References
Gutiérrez-Negrín, Luis C.A., 1988. The La Primavera,
Jalisco, Mexico, g eother mal field. Geother mal
Resources Council Transactions, Vol. 12, pp. 161-165.

April - June 2009

I GA New s No. 76
Gutiérrez-Negrín, Luis C.A., 2009. Mexico-Environmental
study on Cerritos Colorados geothermal field finallyapproved. IGA News No. 75, p. 9.
JICA, 1989. La Primavera Geothermal Development
Project in United Mexican States. Japan International
Cooperation Agency, Final Report, 115 pp.
Ma h o o d , G. A . , 1 9 8 0 . G e o l o g i c a l e vo l u ti o n o f a
Pleistocene rhyolitic center: Sierra La Primavera, Jalisco,
Mexico. Jour. Vol. Geo. Res., 8, pp. 199-210.
Nelson, S.A., and Sánchez R., G., 1986. Trans-Mexican
Volcanic Belt Field Guide. Geol. Ass. of Canada andUNAM, 47 pp.
Suárez A., M.C., 1995. Simulación numérica y evaluación
actualizada del yacimiento geotérmico de La Primavera.
C FE , Inte r na l re por t No. Y 1 -PR 1 0 9 5 , 4 0 pp.
Unpublished.
Superintendencia General Guadalajara, 1989.
Características y estado actual del proyecto geotérmico
La Primavera, Jalisco. CFE, Internal report No. AVR10
10-89, 55 pp. Unpublished.

USA
Imminent Geothermal Power
Production at the OIT Campus
John W. Lund, Director, GeoHeat
CenterAs you may know, the OIT campus has been heated withgeothermal energy since it was moved to the present
location in the early 1960s. Three production wells, up to
1,800 feet (550m) deep, were drilled on campus property at
the time, producing 192°F (89°C) water, at a maximum
flow of 700 gpm (44 L/s) and an average of 250 gpm (16L/s) providing all the heating and domestic hot waterneeds of campus. This renewable energy use saves thecampus an estimated $1 million per year. Two injection
wells were drilled in the 1990s to recharge the geothermal
reservoir, as wasting the water to surface drainage was nolonger allowed by a city ordinance.
Based on new technology, the campus is in the processof developing the geothermal resource for electric power
generation - to satisfy all the electric needs of campus, thus
making the campus the first in the world to have all of its
energ y needs met using geother mal energ y from aresource on campus property. We will then be an “allgreen” energy campus.
To produce the electrical energy for campus, we havedrilled a deep (5,300 feet - 1615 m) geothermal well tointersect the high angle normal fault on the east side ofcampus. The geothermally heated fluid upwelling along thefault is already tapped by our existing geothermal wells.
Based on surface water geochemistry (analyzing theexisting well water) researchers predict that up to 300°F(150°C) geothermal fluids might exist at depth. Thus wew w w.geot herm al- energy.org

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I GA New s No. 76

Binary (Organic Rankine Cycle) Geothermal Plant
hope to supply a 1.0 MWe (gross) geothermal power plant
to provide electrical energy for campus.
The 1.0 MWe power plant (gross) would probably beof a binary type (organic Rankine cycle using a secondary
low boiling point hydrocarbon) supplying around 800 kWe(net) to campus, enough to cover most of the electricenergy requirements. This would save the campus around$500,000 per year.
The cost of the well and 1.0 MWe power plant would
be around $9.0 million. However, the “waste water” fromthe power plant at around 175°F (80°C) could then be soldto adjacent property owners or used to supplement theexisting and new OIT heating demands, generating
additional income or savings. Funding for the project
comes from a US Department of Energy grant, and from
Oregon State bonds and grants. Additional support may
come from the Energy Trust of Oregon and the Oregon
Business Energy Tax Credit.
Last year we contracted for and completed a seismic
survey of campus to better locate the fault and so position
the drilling site. Approximately 64 2.2 lb (1 kg) dynamite
charges were set off at 18 feet (6 m) depth on campus andthe surrounding property to bounce energy waves off
subsurface structures. The seismic survey can be viewed at
http://geoheat.oit.edu/oit/Seismic_Final_Report.pdf.
This investigation determined the optimum drilling target at
about 3,000-4,000 feet (900 to 1,040 m) depth. The drill site
is in the southeast corner of the upper parking lot. As partof the USDOE grant, we completed an environmental
assessment (EA) under the NEPA requirements. The final
EA can be viewed at http://geoheat.oit.edu/oit/OITDeep-Geother mal-Well-and-Power-Plant-ProjectFEA_0908.pdf. A Request for Proposal (RFP) for drillingthe deep well was prepared and a contract was awarded to
ThermaSource, Inc. of Santa Rosa in December.

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

The surface conductor pipe of 30-inch diameter was
set in early January by Roger Chancellor Drilling andPump Company of Klamath Falls. A 40-foot, 36-inch
diameter hole was drilled in the upper parking lot throughthe surface “chalk rock” (a mixture of diatomaceous earthand volcanic ash). The casing was then cemented in place
and a 2-foot deep by 6 x 6 foot cellar was constructedaround it.
The ThermaSource, Inc. rig was trucked onto site inearly January, 2009, with 24 large truck loads of parts andadditional loads of drill pipe and casing. The 105-foot rig,
#105, was set up with the associated trailers, diesel
generators and mud (drilling fluid) mixing tanks. The 26inch diameter hole for the 20-inch diameter casing was
spudded, drilled to 300 feet and the casing cemented. The
official “ribbon cutting” ceremony was on the 24th ofJanuary. President Chris Maples, Vic Chancellor Bob
Simonton, ThermaSource CEO Louis Capuano, Jr. andwell location

E-W seismic profile of the proposed drilling target.

April - June 2009

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I GA New s No. 76

Start of drilling for surface casing.
Oregon Senator Ron Wyden spoke and officially opened
the well drilling project. Drilling was completed on March
10th to a depth of 5,300 feet (1630 m).
The casing program after the 20-inch pipe wasfollowed by a 13-3/8-inch casing in a 17-1/4-inch hole to2,500 feet (770 m) which was then cemented to the surface.

Finally the well was drilled with a 12-1/4-inch bit to 5,310
feet, with a 9-5/8-inch casing with 500 feet (150 m) ofperforations set to 5,030 feet (1550 m). This later casing
could not be set to full depth due to some obstruction
around the 5,000-foot depth. At 3,284 feet (1010 m) thewell was deviated with a directional motor and bit to betterintersect the inferred fault. The maximum deviation was
25.5 degree from vertical. Thus, the 5,310-foot hole had atrue vertical depth 5,215 feet from surface. Whereas thedrilling to around 3,300 feet was done using normal
drilling mud, below this point aerated mud was used inorder not to seal any potential aquifers. A number of lost
circulation zones were encountered (as indicated by
reduced mud return to the surface), indicating potential
permeable zones for fluid. An initial temperature andgamma radiation log was run at this point, but results weremixed, with maximum temperatures around 200°F.
The well was then air lifted to remove any mud fromthe hole and open potentially permeable zones. This wasfollowed by a final temperature and pressure log. Then, thedrilling rig was removed and in approximately two weeks afull scale pump test was carried out in order to determine
flow, temperature and surface water draw-down.
The pump test was performed on April 24, 2009. A
line-shaft pump was used and waste water was piped uphill
to a natural sump between the 3 existing geothermal wells
on campus. Pumping rates started at 300 gpm, and thenprogressed to 500, 1,000 and 1,500 g pm (95 L/s).
Maximum drawdown observed was 23 feet (7 m), which issmall, and the maximum temperature was 196°F (91°C).
Unfortunately, although permeability and fluid production
looked good, we were not able to increase the pumping
rate due to equipment limitations. Based on projections, it
is estimated that 2,000 gpm (126 L/s) could be pumped

The drilling rig being set-up.

April - June 2009w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

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I GA New s No. 76

Drill rig at night looking southwest.
with only 47 feet (14 m) drawdown and producing
approximately 200°F (93°C). At 1,500 gpm and 196°F,
approximately 750 kWe gross (600 kWe net) could be
generated, and at 2,000 gpm and 200°F approximately
1,000 kWe (1 MWe) gross (800 kWe net) could be
produced. An additional pumping test will be required by
the Oregon Department of Water Resources in order toobtain our water rights. At that time the adjacent wells will
be monitored for interference, and rates of 2,000 to 2,500
gpm will be attempted.

Once the well is completed and tested, and we know
the temperature, flow rate and mineral content, the power
plant will be designed - through a competitive solicitation(RFP). This should take approximately six months to ayear, and so the plant should be ordered and on site
sometime in late 2009 or early 2010, and operational soonafter that. The plant will be instrumented so that any
agency, campus, etc. can monitor the operation and outputof the plant.
Finally, we have also installed a low temperature power
plant, also of the binar y type, to use the existingg eother mal wells. T his unit, supplied by United
Technology Corporation of Connecticut, is 280 kW grossand will use the 192°F (89°C) water. This plant will be up
and running by late May or early June. The “waste water”
from the power plants, after providing space heating,could also be used to provide heat to greenhouses andaquaculture projects to be constructed on campus, using
the spent water at around 140°F (60°C).
All of these power plant installations will be available
to the public for tours and, more importantly, available tostudents of the Renewable Energy Program for classprojects. Hopefully, the information gained from theseplants will provide “spin-off ” for other project in theState of Oregon and other western states. Oregon and
OIT will become a leader and show-case for geothermalenergy development and use as well as the first to use
geothermal energy for electricity in the state.

Sen. Wyden at the controls of ThermaSource Rig #105

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

April - June 2009

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I GA New s No. 76

Additional information of these power projects andBasin in Victoria, while Panax Geothermal Limited has
the proposed greenhouse and aquaculture projects can bedone so for a large area of the western Otway Basin in
found at http://geoheat.oit.edu/greenoit.htm.
South Australia (Figure 1). The reported resource
If you have additional questions, contact:
estimates are vast by comparison with virtually any otherJohn W. Lund (john.lund@oit.edu) or
energy source. It is important to note, however, that theseToni Boyd(toni.boyd@oit.edu) or call: (541) 885-1750.
figures are estimates of the total thermal energy in the
ground. There is as yet no firm basis for determining the
ASIA/PACIFIC RIM‘recovery factor’, or proportion of thermal energy thatmight ultimately be recovered from the HSA reservoirs
Australia
and converted to electrical energy.
Hot sedimentary aquifer
The Geothermal Code was officially launched at theresource in southeast Australia Australian Geothermal Energy Conference in Melbourne
in August 2008. It is now mandator y for member
Graeme Beardsmore, Hot Dry Rocks companies of the Australian Geother mal Energ y
Association to comply with the Geothermal Code when
PTY LTD
reportinggeothermal exploration results, resources or
Six companies are exploring for Hot Sedimentary
reserves.
Since
August, a number of companies have
Aquifer (HSA) geothermal resources within Cretaceouscompletedresource
estimates and made public statements
aged basins in southeast Australia. Of these, two have
under
the
Geothermal
Code. Some of these have been for
begun to publicly quantify their resource base with
‘hot
rock’
type
resources
covering vast areas and volumes
statements of Geothermal Resources compliant with the
of
rock.
Only
the
two
mentioned
above have been forAustralian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results,
HSAtargets.
Geothermal Resources and Geothermal Reserves (‘TheThe Resources within sedimentary reservoirs are
Geothermal Code’). Greenearth Energy Limited has done
so for parts of the Gippsland Basin and the eastern Otway estimated in terms of the total ‘stored heat’. That is, theFigure 1. Locations of Geothermal Resource estimates in SE Australia (orange areas). ‘Tenement boundaries’ refers to the extent of
exploration licences for Panax Geothermal (left) and Greenearth Energy (right).

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I GA New s No. 76
Table 1. HSA Geothermal Resources reported to date in southeast Australia (‘PJ’ = petajoule of stored heat):
Panax Geothermal Limited
Tantanoola Geothermal Play
Rivoli / St Clair Geothermal Play
Rendelsham Geothermal Play
Penola Geothermal PlayGreenearth Energy Limited
Wombat Geothermal Play
Angelsea Geothermal Play

130,000 PJ
53,000 PJ
17,000 PJ
132,000 PJ*(31 March 2009)(28 January 2009)(28 January 2009)(18 February 2009)

3,600 PJ
40,000 PJ(5 January 2009)(4 December 2008)* Includes 11,000 PJ ‘Measured’ and 32,000 PJ ‘Indicated’ resource

amount of heat that is theoretically available to be
extracted based on assumptions of cut-off and basetemperatures. The magnitude of any Geother mal
Resource is intimately linked to its temperature, but inmost cases the target reservoirs in southeast Australia havenot been penetrated for direct measurements oftemperature. For this reason, in most cases the Resource
temperatures have been estimated by indirect means, andthe Resources have been classified as ‘Inferred’ under the
Geothermal Code. In Panax Geothermal Limited’s ‘Penola
Geothermal Play’, historical petroleum exploration wells
have penetrated into the target geothermal reservoirs andprovided direct temperature and reservoir property
m e a s u r e m e n t s. I n t h i s c a s e a l o n e , s o m e o f t h e
Geothermal Resource has been classified in the higher
confidence categories of ‘Indicated’ and ‘Measured.’Temperature data from deep petroleum exploration
wells scattered throughout southeast Australia show nocompelling evidence of convection. Stored heat Inferred
Resource estimates have, therefore, relied on anassumption of conductive heat transfer within the basin
sequence. Target resource temperatures (typically >150°C)
are predicted at drillable depths in the Gippsland andOtway Basins because of the slightly higher than averagesurface heat flow (~75 mW/m 2 ) and thick sections(exceeding 2000 m in places) of Cretaceous clay-rich rocks
providing thermal insulation. The Eumeralla Formation is
the insulating unit in the Otway Basin, while the equivalent
in the Gippsland Basin is the Strzelecki Group. The
inferred HSA reservoirs are constrained to porous andpermeable sandstone formations near the base of theCretaceous sections.
As the ‘Competent Person’ who signed off on all the
Panax Geothermal and Greenearth Energy resource
reports to date, the author is in a unique position todescribe the process of resource estimation in these basinsettings. Temperature prediction within the reservoirs was

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

constrained by observations of surface heat flow, surface
temperature, and the thermo-physical properties (thermal
conductivity, specific heat, density) of the geological strata.
My company, Hot Dry Rocks Pty Ltd, measured the
majority of these parameters. Purpose-written, numerical,
3D-conductive-heat-flow modeling software was used toderive the simplest temperature distribution consistent
with the obser ved surface heat flow. The software
subsequently integrated the modeled temperatures andassigned density and specific heat values to derive astored-heat estimate for the target reservoir formations.
The Resource estimates reported to date are shown in
Table 1. The variation in the numbers in Table 1 largely
reflects the different volumes of rock being assessed.
As a comparison, Australia’s estimated ‘recoverable
reserves’ of natural gas in 2001 amounted to about
160,000 PJ. This has inevitably led to some concern in theinvestment market as to how to compare the large
resource numbers being re por ted by g eother malcompanies with the generally much smaller resources
reported for individual petroleum reservoirs. These
concerns can only be addressed by determining the
proportion of the geother mal resource that mightultimately be extracted. It is unrealistic to expect that all‘stored heat’ can be extracted, even for the relatively
confident ‘Measured Resource’ estimates. But what
proportion is realistic?
There is little doubt that the geothermal resource basewithin hot sedimentary aquifers in southeast Australia ishuge. Commercial exploitation of that resource, however,requires that the heat be extracted. Dynamic reservoir
modeling will go some way towards predicting reservoir
behavior and the efficiency of heat extraction, but,
ultimately, the answer will only come from reservoir
perfor mance data from several real commercially
producing reservoirs.

April - June 2009

16

WORLD
Renewables Global Status
ReportA r n i Ra g n a r s s o n , I G A E xe c u t i ve
Director
The report Renewables Global Status Report 2009 Update
was recently published by REN21 (Renewable Energy
Policy Network for the 21st Century). A press release from
REN21 states that the global power capacity from newrenewable energy sources (excluding large hydro) reached
280,000 MW in 2008 - a 16 percent rise from 2007. Morerenewable energy than conventional power capacity wasadded in 2008 in both the European Union and UnitedStates for the first time ever. At least 64 countries now
have some type of policy to promote renewable power
generation.
The report says the following about the development in
geothermal electricity generation: “Geothermal power
capacity reached over 10 GW in 2008. The United Statesremains the world development leader, with more than 120
projects under development in early 2009, representing at

I GA New s No. 76
least 5 GW. Other countries with significant recent growthin geothermal include Australia, El Salvador, Guatemala,Iceland, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Nicaragua, Papua New
Guinea, and Turkey. Geothermal development was under
way in over 40 countries, with at least 3 GW in thepipeline beyond the United States”.
Direct use of geothermal energy is described asfollows: “Geother mal (ground source) heat pumps
accounted for an estimated 30 GWth of installed capacity
by the end of 2008, with other direct uses of geothermalheat (i.e., for space and greenhouse heating, agricultural
drying, industrial, and other uses) reaching an estimated 15
GWth. At least 76 countries use direct geothermal energy
in some form”.
For more information on REN21 and download of thereport please visit their website: www.ren21.net/
globalstatusreport

Source: Renewables Global Status Report 2009 Update

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I GA New s No. 76

IGA News
IGA News is published quarterly by the International
Geothermal Association. The function of IGA Newsis to disseminate timely information about geothermal
activities throughout the world. To this end, a group of
correspondents has agreed to supply news for eachissue. The core of this group consists of the IGA
Information Committee:
Benedict Steingrímsson, Iceland (Chairman)
Graeme Beardsmore, Australia
Werner Bussmann, Germany
Philippe Dumas, France
John Garnish, United Kingdom
Alimin Ginting, Indonesia
Gestur Gíslason, Iceland
Luis Gutierrez-Negrin, Mexico
Roland Horne, USA
Paul Hirtz, USA
Eduardo Iglesias, Mexico
Beata Kepinska, Poland
Jim Lawless, New ZealandPeter Ledingham, UK
Zbigniew Malolepszy, Poland
Francisco E. Montalvo Lopez, El Salvador
Martin N. Mwangi, Kenya
Mahmut Parlaktuna, Turkey
Sylvia Ramos, Philippines
Colin Randall, Australia
Yoonho Song, South Korea
Joaquin Torres-Rodriguez, Mexico
Toshihiro Uchida, Japan
François-David Vuataz, Switzerland
Kasumi Yasukawa, JapanThe members of this group submit geothermal news
from their parts of the world, or relevant to their areasof specialization. If you have some news, a report, or
an article for IGA News, you can send it to any of theabove individuals, or directly to the IGA Secretariat,
whatever is most convenient. Please help us to become
essential reading for anyone seeking the latest
information on geothermal worldwide.
While the editorial team make every effort to ensure
accuracy, the opinions expressed in contributed articles
remain those of the authors and are not necessarily
those of the IGA.
Send IGA News contributions to:
IGA Secretariat, c/o Samorka
Sudurlandsbraut 48, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland
fax: +354-588-4431
e-mail: iga@samorka.is
This issue of IGA News was edited by Eduardo
Iglesias. John Garnish proofread the articles. Producedby Gestur Gíslason for the IGA Secretariat. Design
layout by François Vuataz.

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

April - June 2009

18

Application for membership
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