Xinbi Yang
Center for International Cooperation of Johkasou System
Japan Education Center of Environmental Sanitation (JECES)

0. Outline of the Ministry of the Environment’s (MOE) ProgramTitle•

Water Environment Improvement Project in AsiaPurpose••

To support the improvement of the water environment in Asian countries by disseminating Japanesewater treatment technology
To support the dissemination of efficient water treatment technologies made by Japanese privatecompanies to foreign countries
Method•••MOE seeks publicly for appropriate technologies from Japanese private companies. The selectedcompanies are supported financially by MOE.
These companies shall conduct a feasibility study (F/S) in the first year and develop a pilot project
after the second year as well as a business model through the demonstration and promotion of theapplied technology.
Projects can disseminate the applied technology to other areas and contribute to the water
environment improvement in the country.
Others••Each adopted project will be supported for 3 years by MOE with a maximum allowable fund of JPY 40
million.
The targeted fields are domestic wastewater treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, phosphorous
resource recovery systems, control of non-point source pollution.

1. Summary of the project① Target Area
② Aim of the project③④⑤⑥： Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia：In Malaysia, 4,400 communal septic tanks are in operation, but most of thesefacilities show low treatment performance due to inappropriate maintenanceand aging conditions. The aim of the project is to improve the existing
problematic CSTs by introducing the Japanese johkasou and contribute to theimprovement of public health and the water environment in Malaysia.
Content of implementation：Shift from CST to Japanese johkasou
Technology：Japanese johkasou technology
Expected benefits：Solve the problems associated with CSTs and contribute to the improvement ofpublic health and the water environment
Outline of business model：Start johkasou business in Malaysia through collaboration with local
companies for the replacement of CSTs and the upgrade of CSTs. In addition,
introduction of johkasou in commercial facilities and specific areas.

Location of Petaling Jaya district

source：Google Map

Air photo of Petaling Jaya distrct

source：Google Map

2. Conditions and Issues for Project Implementation (1)1) Current conditions and issues of domestic wastewater treatment in Malaysia① In Malaysia 8,524 sewage treatment facilities have been constructed, covering about 23,000,000 PE.
The number of people connected to on-site wastewater treatment facilities – Septic Tanks (STs),
Small Sewage Treatment System (SSTSs) and Cesspits – is about 12,000,000 PE. In addition there
are also night soil and sludge treatment facilities.
② Septic Tanks and Cesspits, which form the majority of on-site wastewater treatment facilities,
are limited in performance. Moreover, a limited number of Septic Tanks receive regular
desludging, thus turning these facilities into pollution sources. In addition to pollution increase,this situation poses a public health threat.
③ Among the facilities serving less than 1,000 PE (including SSTSs), many have structural (aging)problems or show low treatment performance due to inappropriate maintenance. Functional
improvement and upgrade are needed.
Table 1: SEWERAGE COVERAGE AREA IN MALAYSIA (2013), reference：SPAN handout

TYPES OF SERVICES AND APPLICATION
Type of Services
Off-site treatment
Decentralized (Multipoint)
Centralized (Regional)
On-site Treatment
Individual Septic Tank
Commural Septic Tank (CST)
Small Sewage Treatment System
Cess Pit (Pour Flush)

Units (PE)8,445 (17,209,749)
79 (6,034,593)
1,275,757 (6,608,560)
4,380 (528,875)
2,400 (240,000)
894,859 (4,474,293)

Reasons for targeting
CSTs（＞150PE）:• no longer allowed forinstallation• effluent quality
regulated• functional deterioration
・aging・renewal needed

An aging CST plant2. Conditions and Issues for Project Implementation (2)2) Current conditions and water environment issues① Until 2008, more than 8,000 sewerage treatment plants have been constructed. Although waterquality in rivers went through a period of slight improvement, conditions have deteriorated in recentyears, during which BOD values have increased. Accordingly, domestic wastewater can be identified
as the biggest source of pollution.
② Principal causes:
・Although water quality standards for effluent exist, they do not apply to individual septic tanks orcesspits, and although CSTs fall under this effluent standard regulation, they are often not applied tothese facilities. As these facilities contribute to pollution increase, immediate measures are needed.
・The treatment function of small scale wastewater treatment facilities (less than 1,000 PE) is insufficient.
③ Issues to tackle: ・Adopt strengthened effluent standards for wastewater treatment facilities
・ Improve the treatment function of small scale wastewater treatment facilities
・ Convert ISTs/CSTs and cesspits to highly efficient wastewater treatment facilities
Table 2 Effluent water quality and effluent standardof on-site treatment facilities, reference：SPAN handout

trickling filter tank3. Project Implementation Structure
Ministry of the Environment, Japan
FS/Guidance fordemonstration project
National Water Service
Commission

Study & Verification of business costs

Consortium
Verification Test
Localization of Johkasou technology
Formulation of business model

Daiki Axis Co., LtdCollaboration

Feasibility Study
Formulation of business plan
Instruction course in Japan

Japan Education Center ofEnvironmental Sanitation

Cooperation/inputs/ support
FS/demonstration project
Indah Water Konsortium(IWK)

Ministry of Energy,
Green Technology
and Water (KeTTHA)

Ministry of Natural
Resources &Environment (NRE)

Cooperation

Dep. Of Env.（DoE）
Workshop convener
Support for education and publicawareness activities

Kyokuto Giko Consultant Co., Ltd.

FS/Collaboration for
demonstration project
Registered Companies

4. Japanese Johkasou Technology①Small-scale johkasou（5～10PE） ③Large-scale Johkasou（51PE～）
Daiki Axis XE type （Moving Bed Bioreactor）

Daiki Axis RBF type (Moving bed/biofilm filtration bioreactor)

Flow
Equalizationtank
Biofilm
filtration tankMoving bedbioreactor

Effluent BOD&T-N less than 20㎎/L

Screen②Middle-scale Johkasou（11～50PE）
Daiki Axis DCX type （Moving Bed Bioreactor）

ＢＯＤ
Ｔ－Ｎ

Inf.

Eff.

200㎎/Ｌ
45㎎/Ｌ

20㎎/Ｌ
20㎎/Ｌ

Removal
rate
90%
55.6%

Effluent BOD less than 20㎎/L●Johkasou greaterthan 50PE of this typewill be manufactured
in Indonesia from2015.

Johkasou to be introduced in this project5. FS Assessment Processyear/monthJuly

August2014
2015
October
September

November

DecemberJanuary

2015
2016
February

March1）Current situation survey
researchagenda

Collection & analysis of existing
information1）Current situation assessment① confirmation of Johkasou
construction potential location② operational status of existing
facilities③ Visit and discussion with theauthorities④ Selection of verification test site

① socioeconomic
circumstances② environmental laws andregulations③ statistics of wastewater
treatment④ local Johkasou⑤ competition⑥ other2）arrangements with related publicand companies①Visit to relatedministries②discussion withSPAN & IWK③Launch ofWS
field assessment(1week)field assessment(1 week)

2）arrangements with related
public and companies①instruction to local partner

Reportgeneration

3）Framing of project plan (draft)4）Estimation of project effects and feasibility5）Extraction and sort of issues
6）Future business prospect
7）Creation of project planning documents8）Water environment improvement results
Creation of Pilot demonstration project plan

instruction course in Japan（1week）

6. FS Assessment Contents (1)No.

Implementation Contents

1– Current assessment situation –• Collection & analysis of existing information：①socioeconomic circumstances; ②environmental laws
and regulations; ③statistics of wastewater treatment;④local johkasou; ⑤competition; etc.
• Research of current conditions of target region：①confirmation of johkasou construction potential location;②operational status of existing facilities;③visit and discussion with concerned authorities• Research on target CST： ①water usage in households②influent wastewater quality and quantity;③effluent water quality;④drainage connection conditions, etc.

2– Framing of demonstration test plan –Planning contents：①current conditions of target region(population, number of households, water quantity andquality)； ②PE and spec；③manufacturing and carrying
plan； ④construction projects；⑤test running・maintenance learning plan；⑥treatment
performance research plan； ⑦verification method of water
environment improvement effects

Goals- Understanding of current conditions- Verification & selection ofdemonstration site
- Data collection for demonstration
project plan
(water quality analysis item：BOD,COD, SS, n-Hex, NH4-N, T-P,coliform )- Preparation for demonstration project
implementation

6. FS Assessment Contents (2)No.

3Implementation Contents– Education and public awareness activities /Workshop –• instruction course for technicians• launch of workshop• instruction course in Japan

4– Expected and business model –• Local FRP plant manufacturer and production• Johkasou needs (public and private markets)• Agenda of johkasou business development

Goals- Education of johkasou technicians- Diffusion of knowledge about johkasou
manufacturers / administration- Visit to johkasou-related organizations inJapan Visit to facilities and observation
creation of a workshop with relevantorganizations
Data collection for creation of johkasou
business model7. Field Assessment
No.
6

ID ofFacility
PJA010PE forDesign
265

Start for Service
1970s

Result of field assessment

Treatment Process
trickling filter process

No.

Inflowof graywater

Installation
space

PumpingAcce
ss1△△×○

2△××○

3△△

×○

4△

○

○

○

5○

○△△6○○○○INLET
INLETCHAMBERSED CELLFILTER MEDIAFILTER MEDIA

EFFLUENT CHAMBER

EFFLUENT

Flow chart
View of the demonstration site

Trickling filter
Arrangement

Access to the plant

Outflow

8. Business Model
Business model
Japanese johkasou Tech.
（R&D in Japan）

Tech. transfer to Indonesia(Production base)

Johkasou management
systems

exportHigh perf.&low
price productJohkasou of Malaysian certif.
(verification of johkasou tech. )Japan model

regulation

Johkasou businessin other counties
of southeast Asia

Model for successTarget of market
Business
operation

Expanding johkasou market（renewal of CST,
commercial facilities andnew residential area）
TargetOld factory

New factory inconstruction

129. Expected Benefits
１．Raising of on-site waste water treatment technology
By introducing Japan’s johkasou technology, decentralized wastewater treatment facilities using
anaerobic process, which are currently the mainly utilized facilities, can be shifted with a technology
achieving high treatment performances using aerobic process. With this technology can beimplemented O&M techniques and a management system which can lead to the improvement of alldecentralized wastewater treatment systems in Malaysia.

２．Activation of local economy
Progress of overseas markets for Japanese johkasou businesses can be achieved ; jobs can becreated in Malaysia in relation to the johkasou business which can also stimulates the local economy .

３．Raising of environmental awarenessWith the introduction of johkasou with high treatment performances, visible effects of the improvementof the water environment will be felt. In addition, environmental awareness among citizens will increaseand environmental issues will be actively tackled.

４．Contribution to environmental improvement – construction of arecycling societyWith pollution load reduction, and the low energy cost of johkasou operations as well as the resource
recovery from johkasou sludge, the project can reduce greenhouse gases emission and contributeto the construction of a recycling society10. Road Map for the Project
Year/MonthMission

Content of implementation

2014.11

2nd Field assessment

 Detail survey of johkasou installation site Negotiation with local counterparts（IWK, Local consultant, Water
analysis lab）

2014.12

Implementation plan of thenext FY year Planning for design, manufacture and transportation
 Planning for construction and test operation
 Implementation plan of the main experiment2015.2

Instruction course Japan

 Implementation of the instruction course in Japan

2015.3

Final report generation

 Summary the FS results, write and submit the final report2015.4

3rd Field assessment

 Explanation the implementation plan and negotiation with relatedorganizations
 Start the procedures of johkasou pilot project related to Malaysian
regulations

2015.6

Johkasou installation

 Construction/installation and test operation of johkasou

2015.8～2017.3

Start of the main experiment Johkasou treatment performance (water quality, sludge generation)
 Johkasou operation/maintenance issues
 Cost/energy consumption analysis
 Environment/social impact analysis
 Development of sustainable business model14