Strategy for diffusing
the next generation
vehicles in Japan

Next Generation Vehicle Promotion Center(NeV)1Japan Promotes Electrified Vehicle(xEV ※) Strategy ahead of 2050
※ xEV: HEV(Hybrid Electric Vehicle),BEV(Battery Electric Vehicle), PHEV(Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle), FCEV(Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle)

Following the Paris Agreement signed at COP21 in 2015, countries and industries around the world began
developing innovative solutions to tackle global climate change. Improving the environmental performanceof automobiles, one of the largest global emitters, is a top priority. xEVs are one of the key technologies
making fundamental changes to the automotive industry, in addition to innovations such as connected
systems, autonomous driving, and car sharing services. By shifting production to focus exclusively on xEVs,
the auto industry can drastically improve environmental performance and help cut global emissions.
In Japan, the market share for xEVs is approximately 30%. This strong presence demonstrates Japan s highquality in the fields of technology, industry and human resources. Globally, the market share for JapanesexEVs is approximately 30%. Leveraging its strengths, Japan aims to further promote xEVs produced by
Japanese automakers to tackle global climate change around the world.
Japan sets long-term goal by the end of 2050, including: advance the shif t of vehicles produced by
Japanese automakers in global markets to xEVs; bring about environmental performance at the world shigh e s t leve l; an d c o nt r ibute to re alizing a We ll -to -W h e e l Z e ro Emis sion policy（to reduce emissions tozero concerning a vehicle s overall operation, from fuel and power producing process to running）.

Long-Term Goal（by 2050）
Innovation ofVehicle s
Fuel Economy（80% reduction of GHG※1emission per vehicle＊＊Vehicles produced byJapanese automakers）

×

Innovation of
how vehicles
are used・MaaS※2
・Connected・Services and So Forth※1: G HG: G reenhouse Gas

Reference: METI×

Globalzero-emissionin energy supply

Well-to-Wheel
Zero Emission（Power source,hydrogen source, and fuel to beall zero-emission）※2: Mas S: Mobilit y as a Ser vice（mobilit y ser vice that creates new value by connec ting various transpor tation ser vices）

Strategy Meeting for the New Era of Automobiles

Adoption rate of next-generation vehicles in Japan
The percentage of next-generation vehicles in new vehicles soldUnit: %

40

34.8

3536.44.386 million cars

29.7

30

24.9

25

20.8

22.5

20
15

9.0

10
50

11.7

Number of new vehicles sold in 2017（actual record）

13.4

2.6

Conventional vehicles

63.6%（2.791 million cars）

Next-generation vehicles

36.4%（1.595 million vehicles）

Hybrid electric vehicle

31.6%（1.385 million vehicles）

Battery electric vehicle
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

0. 41%（18,000 vehicles）
0.82%（36,000 vehicles）

Fuel cell electric vehicle

0.02%（849 vehicles）

Clean diesel vehicles
2008 2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

3.5%（155,000 vehicles）

2017 Year

Reference: Japan Autom ob ile M anuf ac t ur e r s A s s o ciat ion , In c（. JA M A）
The Motor Industry of Japan 2018
M E T I St r a t e g y M e e t ing f o r t h e N e w E r a o f A u t o m o b il e s1

Strategy for diffusing the next generation vehicles in Japan

2

Recent Trends in Japan

BEVs began entering the market with the introduction of Mitsubishi i-MiEV in 2009. The Nissan Leaf soon
followed, currently one of the most prominent BEVs in the world, in 2010.
In 2010 when sales of Nissan Leaf first began, the driving range per charge was at 200km. After 7 years, therange doubled to 400km, after the battery capacity improved.

Performance Improvement of BEV（e.g. Nissan LE AF）
24kWh（Launched in 2010）

30kWh（Launched in 2015）

40kWh（Launched in 2017）

Photo

Seating capacity

555

Dimension（L×W×H）

4480×1790×1540mm

4445×1770×1550mm

4480×1790×1540mm

Curb Weight

1,520kg

1,450kg

1,490kg

Motor:maximum power

80kW

80kW

110kW

Type

Lithium-ion

Lithium-ion

Lithium-ion

Capacity

24kWh

30kWh

40kWh

Driving range（JC08）

200km

280km

400km

Normal 1φ200V

8 hours（3kW Charge）

8 hours（3kW Charge）

8/16 hours（6kW/3kW Charge）

Q u i c k（8 0 %）30 minutes

30 minutes

40 minutes

Traction
Battery

Chargingtime

Price（without tax）

Approx. 3590,000〜4220,000 yen Approx. 2890,000〜4070,000 yen Approx. 2920,000〜3700,000 yen※Specifications/price based on when commercial sales first began

A new vehicle that solves the issue with driving range per charge of BEVs and combines the best features ofboth BEVs and HEVs entered the market in the 2012 ‒ the PHEV.
During short distance driving, PHEVs use the electric charge taken from an external charger in the same way
BEVs do, and during long distance driving, it switches to HEV using gas. The specifications for PHEVs chosen
as examples, are shown below.
The battery capacity PHEVs also seems to be on the rise as well. Driving range as a BEV is currently atapproximately over 60km, meaning the vehicle can be driven purely as a BEV for daily use.

Representative Commercial PHEV
company

ToyotaName of vehicle

Prius PHV（Launched in 2012）

Mitsubishi

Honda

Outlander PHEV（Launched in 2013） CLARITY PHEV（Launched in 2018）

Photo

Seating capacity

455

D im e nsion（L×W×H）

4645×1760×1470mm

4695×1800×1710mm

4915×1875×1480mm

Curb Weight

1,530kg

1,890kg

1,850kg

Engine displacement

1,797cc

2,359cc

1,496cc

Motor:maximum power

53kW

60/70（2 units）kW135kW

Traction Battery Capacity

8.8kWh13.8kWh

17.0kWh68.2km65.0km114.6km

1φ200V

Approx. 2.3 hours

Approx. 4 hours

Approx. 6 hours

Quick（80%）

Approx. 20 minutes

Approx. 25 minutes

Approx. 30 minutes

Equivalent EV range（JC08）
Charging
time※Specifications as of August 2018

2In 2014, Toyota MIRAI was introduced to the market as the first commercial model FCEV. Honda soon
followed suit with its very own CLARITY FUEL CELL, made available for leasing in 2016.
Hydrogen, the fuel, is packed into 70MPa pressurized hydrogen tanks. The driving range is over 600km,
only requiring 3 min. to fill the tank, making the usability comparable to that of gasoline-powered vehicles.

Commercial Model FCEVs
ToyotaMakeHonda

MIRAI

Model

CLARITY FUEL CELL

（Launched in 2014）（Launched in 2016 ※1）

Seating capacity

45Dimension（L×W×H）

4890×1815×1535mm

4915×1875×1480mm

Curb Weight

Photo

1,850kg

1,890 kg

type

Polymer electrolyte

Polymer electrolyte

power

114 kW

103 kW

Motor:maximum power

113 kW

130 kW

Battery type

Nickel-metal hydride

Lithium-ion

Fuel cell

70MPa compressed hydrogen 2 hydrogen tanks 70MPa compressed hydrogen 2 hydrogen tanks

FuelD r i v i n g r a n ge（J C 0 8）

Approx. 650 km

Approx. 750 km

Hydrogen refueling time

Approx. 3 minutes

Approx. 3 minutes
Specifications as of August 2018 ※1 Business lease sales, as of August 2018

The graph below shoes the transition in the total number of BEVs and PHEVS sold in Japan after 2009. The
number has reached over 200,000 vehicles, and is steadily growing.

Accumulated total no. of BEV/PHEV sold in Japan（since 2009）
No. of Vehicles

250,000

200,000

150,000

100,000

50,00002009
PHEV2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017 YearBEV

Reference: Next Generation Vehicle Promotion Center public data3Strategy for diffusing the next generation vehicles in Japan

3Trends in Infrastructure

3-1Charging Infrastructure

The installation of charging stations all over the country is essential for the promotion of BEVs. Currently,
there are t wo ways to charge the major commercial BE Vs sold in Japan, normal charging（A lternate Current）
and quick charging（Direct Current）.
Normal charging stations can be placed in homes; the approximate charging time is 8 hours. ※ The cost ofinstallation is much less compared to fast charging stations, making it more suitable for places that allowvehicles to park for a prolonged period of time e.g. homes, hotels, offices.
Electricity at a higher voltage is used for quick charging stations. 30 minutes of charging generally will result in
80% charge, making it suitable for on-the-go charging and emergencies.
The charging stations are rapidly growing in number, as the government subsidizes them.
Driving range per charge has greatly improved and at the same time, BEVs are requiring less time to charge,※Charging time may vary based on various conditions such as charger capacity
thus creating the stage for BEVs to be driven all over Japan.

Installation of Charging Units
No. of Charging Units

30,00025,00020,00020,72721,507

4,860

7,108

7,255

2015

2016

2017

15,00010,000
5,000
0

7,739
4,754
1,153

5,692
1,674

2012

2013

quick charge

6,818
2,097
2014

Year

normal charge

Ref e r e n c e: Z e nr in（a s of D e ce mb e r 2 017）

3-2

Hydrogen Infrastructure

Installations of hydrogen charging stations for commercial use are currently underway in the four major cities
in Japan.
Since 2014, the government subsidy program, The Creation of New Demand for Fuel Cell Vehicles, by METI
has been in place since 2014, which has promoted the installation of hydrogen charging stations forcommercial use. There are 100 stations in operation as of August 2018.
The installation of hydrogen stations is a must in the promotion of FCEV. In the Basic Strategy of Hydrogen, agovernment paper, the target number of stations is as follows: 160 stations by fiscal year 2020, 320 by fiscalyear 2025. In addition, the target numbers for FCEVs are: approximately 40,000 vehicles by 2020, andapproximately, 200,000 vehicles by 2025, reaching approximately 800,000 vehicles by 2030.
100 Stations in major cities and surrounding areas
Number of Hydrogen Stations installed
Kanto region：40 stations
Chukyo region：25 stations
Kansai region：12 stations
Northern Kyushu region：11 stations
Other regions：12 stations※ as of August 2018
Areas where stations will be installed
as a part of the government subsidy program
for the Creation of New Demand for Fuel Cell Vehicles

4Adoption scenario for FCEV and other vehicles etc.

Current yr.
100Stations

2,500

FCEVs

2020

Forklifts

2030

160

equivalent to 900

40,000800,000

Cost of stations cut in half

strategic installation of stations, deregulation, technology development

FC Buses

Latter part of2020

510080500

FCEV／
IndependentStations※latter part of 2020 s

1,200
10,000

Network for the installation of hydrogen stations through cross-ministry coordination

4New role as a mobile power source

Considerations are currently underway to utilize BEVs, PHEVs and FCEVs as part of the power supply grid.
Unlike vehicles of the past, BEVs and PHEVs have large capacity batteries that can electrically connect tothe power supply for a prolonged amount of time.
The aim is to use this capability as a power supply system. Shown below is what roles electric vehicles
should take as part of the power supply grid.

Roles of EVs as part of the power supply
Name

Flow of Electricit y

Expected features

Vehicle to Home（V2H）

From EV to home

Use of electricity of the vehicle as
emergency power supply for the home

Vehicle to Grid※（V2G）

From EV to the grid

Supply electricity from vehicle
to the power supply grid to use for adjusting
the frequencies/demands to the power supply※uses power distribution networks owned by electric companies

V2Hs were commercialized at the time of the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake. In many instances, they areused in in combination with BEVs at time of purchase.
The usage of V2Gs will grow in the future, connecting a large number of BEVs and PHEVs to the power
supply grid. Field-testing for utilizing them as controllable frequency or as power source to adjust energy
demands is currently underway.

5

Strategy for diffusing the next generation vehicles in Japan

Overview of CEV Subsidy※※ CEV: Clean Energy Vehicle

Subsidy To Promote
CEV Purchase

Government will use public funds to subsidize part ofthe cost to purchase clean energy cars such as BEVs,PHEVs, and FCEVs

How to calculate subsidy
The amount of subsidy is calculated based on the grade of the clean energy vehicle. The subsidy is paid
within the limits set per vehicle grade and subsidy will not be paid to vehicles if the calculated amount isunder 15,000 yen.
Subsidy is given at a standard rate（per 1,000 yen）for each vehicle model/grade.

1

Battery Electric Vehicles（BEV）

Subsidy is calculated based on the driving range per charge.

subsidyamount＝（subsidy per driving range per charge（1,000 yen/km）

×driving range percharge×）

subsidy rate
1/1

※ subsidy rate 1/1 means 100% subsidy

2

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles（PHEV）

Subsidy amount is 200,000 yen for all vehicles.（limited to EVs with calculated driving range over 30km）

3

Fuel Cell Energy Vehicles（FCEV）
・Clean Diesel Vehicles（CDV）

Subsidy amount is calculated based on the price（MSRP）difference between the clean energy vehicle and thegasoline-powered vehicles of the same model/grade.

subsidyamount＝（A Vehicle Price ー

B Standard Amount×）

C Subsidy Rate

A.Vehicle Price

MSRP（retail price）excluding consumption tax

B.StandardAmount・Price of the gasoline-powered vehicles（base model）of the same model/grade clean energy vehicle
・For clean diesel vehicles, the reduction in the estimated running cost such as the cost offuel over a certain number of years is added

C.Subsidy Rate

Subsidy Rate is the rate in which subsidy is provided.
The rates for the various grades of clean energy vehicles are shown below.
▶ FCEV（2 /3） ▶ CDV（1 /12）

Max. amount per clean energy vehicle type
Clean energy vehicle types

Max. amount of subsidy

Clean energy vehicle types

Max. amount of subsidy

BEV（Battery Electric Vehicles）

400,000 yen

FCEV（Fuel Cell Energy Vehicle)

Unlimited

PHEV（Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles）

200,000 yen

CDV（Clean Diesel Vehicle）

150,000 yen

6CEV Subsidized Vehicles

BEVMake

Tesla

Tesla

NissanNissanModel

Model S P100D

Model X P100D

e-NV200 van

Leaf

Seating capacit y7（max. 5 adults ＋ 2 children）

7（max. 7 adults）55

D i m e n s i o n（ L × W ×H ）（m m）

4970×1950×1440

5037×1990×1680

4560×1755×1855

4480×1790×1540

C u r b We i g h t（k g）

PhotoMotor

2,290

2,570

1,630

1,490

maximum power（kW）

262/510262/51080

110

maximum torque（Nm）713/967

713/967

254

320

Type

Lithium-ion

Lithium-ion

Lithium-ion

Lithium-ion

Total Voltage
（V）

ーー

350

350

Capacity（kWh）

100

100

40

40

Driving range（km）

613（NEDC）※1542（NEDC）※1300

400

Alternating current
energy consumption（Wh/km）

150

179

150

120

Normal 1φ200V（h）

14.7

14.7

8/16（6kW/3kW Charge）

8/16（6kW/3kW Charge）

Q u i c k（8 0 %）（min.）

20※220※24040

Traction
BatteryChargingtime※1 NEDC: New European Driving Cycle ※2: Charged by Tesla Super Charger（50% SOC）

MakeBMW

Volkswagen

Mitsubishi

Mitsubishi

Model

i3e-Golf

i-MiE V

miniCAB-MiE V

Seating capacit y4544

D i m e n s i o n（ L × W ×H ）（m m）

4020×1775×1550

4265×1800×1480

3480×1475×1610

3395×1475×1915

We i g h t（k g）

Photo

1,300

1,590

1,100

1,110

maximum power（kW）

125

100

4730

maximum torque
（Nm）

250

290

160

196

Type

Lithium-ion

Lithium-ion

Lithium-ion

Lithium-ion

Total Voltage
（V）

398.4

323

330

330

Capacity
（kWh）

33.2

35.8

16

16

Driving range（km）

390

301

164

150

Alternating current
energy consumption（Wh/km）

98

124

118

127

MotorTraction
Battery

Chargingtime

Approx.6/12

Normal 1φ200V（h）12〜13（6kW/3kW Charge）

Approx. 7

Approx. 7

Q u i c k（8 0 %）（min.）

45

Approx. 35

Approx. 30

Approx. 35※Examples of CEV subsidized vehicles are shown as of end of August 2018
Vehicle performance was tested by JC08 mode unless noted otherwise
Charging time may vary based on various conditions such as charger capacity

7Strategy for diffusing the next generation vehicles in Japan

PHEVMake

To y o t aBMWBMWBMWBMW

Model

PRIUS PHV

225xe iPerformance
Active Tourer

330e iPerformance

530e iPerformance

740e iPerformance

Seating capacity

45555Dimension（L×W×H）（m m）

4645×1760×1470

4375×1800×1550

4645×1800×1440

4945×1870×1485

5110×1900×1480

C u r b We i g ht（k g）

1,530

1,740

1,770

1,910

2,060

Engine displacement（cc）1,797

1,498

1,998

1,998

1,998

Hybrid fuel economy（km/L）

37.2

17.6

17.7

17.4

15.6

maximum power
（kW）

5365

65

83

83

maximum torque（Nm）

163

165

250

250

250

Bat ter y Capacit y（k Wh）

8.8

7.7

7.7

9.2

9.2

Equi vale nt E V r ange（k m）

68.2

42.4

36.8

52.5

42.0

Specific power consumption（km/kWh）

10.54

5.8

5.13

5.76

4.99

1φ200V（h）Approx. 2.3

Approx. 3

Approx. 3

Approx. 3-5

Approx. 4

Quick（80%）（min.）

Approx. 20

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

MakeBMWBMWBMWBMW

Volkswagen

Model

X5 xDrive40e
iPerformancei3（Range Extender）

i8 Coupe

MINI Cooper SE
Crossover ALL4

Golf GTE

Seating capacity

54455Dimension（L×W×H）（m m）

4910×1940×1760

4020×1775×1550

4690×1940×1300

4315×1820×1595

4265×1800×1480

C u r b We i g h t（k g）

2,370

1,420

1,590

1,770

1,580

Engine displacement（cc）

1,997

647

1,498

1,499

1,394

Hybrid fuel economy（km/L）

13.8

24.7

15.9

17.3

19.9

maximum power
（kW）

83

125

105

65

80

maximum torque（Nm）

250

250

250

165

330

Bat ter y Capacit y（k Wh）

9.2

33.2

11.6

7.6

8.7

Equi vale nt E V r ange（k m）

30.8

288.9

54.8

42.4

45.0

Specific power consumption（km/kWh）

3.93

9.13

4.86

5.4

5.32

1φ200V（h）Approx. 4

12〜13

Approx. 4

Approx. 3

Just over 3

Quick（80%）（min.）

N/A

Approx. 45

N/A

N/A

N/A

Photo

Motor

Charging
time

Photo

Motor

Chargingtime※Examples of CEV subsidized vehicles are shown as of end of August 2018
Vehicle performance was tested by JC08 mode unless noted otherwise
Charging time may vary based on various conditions such as charger capacity

8MakeVolkswagen

PorschePorsche

Volvo

Volvo

Model

Passat GTE

Panamera4E-Hybrid

Panamera Turbo SE-Hybrid

V90

XC60

Seating capacity

54455Dimension（L×W×H（）mm）

4785×1830×1470

5050×1935×1425

5050×1935×1425

4935×1890×1475

4690×1900×1660

C u r b We i g ht（k g）

1,720

2,210

2,360

2,100

2,150

Engine displacement（cc）

1,394

2,893

3,996

1,968

1,968

Hybrid fuel economy（km/L）

20.9

10.8

11.1

15.0

15.7

maximum power（kW）

85

100

10034/65（2 unit s）

34/65（2 units）

maximum torque
（Nm）

330

400

400

160/240

160/240

Bat ter y C apacit y（k W h）

9.91414

10.4

10.4

Equivalent E V range（km）

53.3

46.4

45.3

45.0

45.4

Specific power consumption（km/kWh）

5.87

3.53

3.42

4.66

4.55

1φ200V（h）Approx. 4Approx. 4.4

Approx. 4.4

2.5〜3.5

2.5〜3.5

Quick（80%）（min.）

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

company

Volvo

Honda

Mitsubishi

Mercedes Benz

Name of vehicle

XC 9 0

CLARITY PHEVOUTLANDER PHEV

GLC 350 e
4MATIC Sports

Seating capacity

7555Dimension（L×W×H（）mm）

4950×1960×1760

4915×1875×1480

4695×1800×1710

4670×1900×1640

C u r b We i g ht（k g）

2,340

1,850

1,890

2,110

Engine displacement（cc）

1,968

1,496

2,359

1,991

Hybrid fuel economy（km/L）

13.7

28.0

18.6

13.9

maximum power（kW）

34/65（2 units）

135

60/70（2 units）

85

maximum torque（Nm）

160/240315

137/195

340

Bat ter y C apacit y（k W h）

10.4

17.0

13.8

8.7

Equivalent E V range（km）

40.4

114.6

65.0

30.1

Specific power consumption（km/kWh）

4.10

7.67

5.55

3.62

1φ200V（h）

2.5〜3.5

Approx. 6

Approx. 4

4Quick（80%）（min.）

N/A

Approx. 30

Approx. 25

N/A

Photo

Motor

Charging
time

Photo

Motor

Chargingtime※Examples of CEV subsidized vehicles are shown as of end of August 2018
Vehicle performance was tested by JC08 mode unless noted otherwise
Charging time may vary based on various conditions such as charger capacity

9Strategy for diffusing the next generation vehicles in JapanFCEV
MakeToyota

Honda

ModelMIR AI

CL ARIT Y FUEL CELL

Seating capacity

45Dimension（L×W×H）（mm）

4890×1815×1535

4915×1875×1480

C u r b We i g h t（k g）

1,850

1,890

type

Polymer electrolyte

Polymer electrolyte

Max. power
（kW）

114

103

maximum power

113

130

maximum torque
Nm

335

300

Nickel-metal hydride

Lithium-ion

Photo

Fuel cell

Motor

Battery type70MPa compressed hydrogen 70MPa compressed hydrogen2 hydrogen tanks
2 hydrogen tanks

FuelD r i v i n g r a n ge（J C 0 8）（k m）
Hydrogen ref ueling time（min.）Approx. 650 ※1

Approx. 750 ※1

Approx. 3

Approx. 3※2※Examples of CEV subsidized vehicles are shown
as of end of August 2018
※1 Vehicle performance was tested by JC08 mode
※2 Refueled at 70MPa hydrogen station※2Others（motorcycle with sidecar, motorized bicycle）
MakeMitsuoka

Suzuki

YamahaYamahaModel

L i ke -T 3

e-Let s

EC-03

E-VinoSeating capacity

21

1

1

Dimension（L×W×H）（mm）

2485×1075×1170

1665×600×985

1565×600×990

1675×660×1005

C u r b We i g h t（k g）

32 672

56

68

Rated power
（kW）

30.58

0.58

0.58

maximum power

5.6

1.7

1.4

1.2

maximum torque（Nm）

3615−

7.8

Type

Lithium-ion

Lithium-ion

Lithium-ion

Lithium-ion

Total Voltage（V）

7250.4−50

C apacit y（k W h）

4.32

0.715

−

−

PhotoMotor

Battery

Approx. 60

304329D r i v i n g r a n ge（k m）（at 40km/h road load）（at 30km/h road load）（at 30km/h road load）（at 30km/h road load）

C h a r g i n g t i m e（h）

Approx. 6（100V）

Approx. 4（100V）

Approx. 6（100V）

Approx. 3（100V）※Examples of CEV subsidized vehicles are shown as of end of August 201810Company ProfileName

Next Generation Vehicle Promotion Center : NeVLocation

Nihonbashi Kimura Building,1-16-3 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan

History

Established February 19, 2007.
Separate from the Japan Automobile Research Institute; named the Electric Vehicle Promotion Center.
Changed name April 1, 2009.
Obtained corporate status as a general incorporated association and changed name to what it is today.

Objective

Contribute to the implementation of Japan s energy and environmental policies by promoting vehicles
with superior energy and environmental performance.

Abbreviation
Abbreviations used in this pamphlet will be as follows.
Excludes proper nouns.
BEV

Battery Electric Vehicle

HEVHybrid Electric Vehicle

PHEV

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

FCEV

Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

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Issued September 2018