物理基礎 英語定義集
Basic Japanese-English Physics Vocabulary
with English Definitions

平成２６年７月
July 2014
岡山県立倉敷天城高等学校
Okayama Prefectural Kurashiki Amaki Senior High School

in collaboration with

協力校：岡山県立岡山一宮高等学校
Okayama Prefectural Okayama Ichinomiya
Senior High School＊このブックレットの一部をコピー，転載して使用する場合は，必ず岡山県立倉敷
天城高等学校へご一報ください。
Note: Permission for reproduction or photocopying of pages from this booklet canbe obtained from Okayama Prefectural Kurashiki Amaki Senior High School.

巻頭言
岡山県立倉敷天城高等学校
校 長
中 塚 多 聞このたび，岡山県立岡山一宮高等学校のご協力を得て本校で作成いたしました「物理基礎 英語定義集（Basic Japanese-English Physics Vocabulary with English
Definitions）」の刊行に寄せまして，一言ご挨拶申し上げます。
グローバル社会の到来を迎え，これから社会に出て活躍する高校生にとって，その活躍の場が国内であれ国外であれ「英語が使えること」が必須の条件の一つになっています。このような状況を踏まえ，本校では，ＳＳＨ（スーパーサイエンスハイスクール）研究開発の一環として，平成２４年度に「英語が使える科学技術系人材の育成のための戦略構想」を策定し，実践を行っています。この構想の趣旨は，「間違えてもよいからどんどん英語を使っていこう」と呼び掛け，英語を使う抵抗感を小さくする試みで，本校が命名した科学英語読解メソッドＰａＲｅＳＫ（パレスク：Paragraph
Reading for Science with Key Words）の理念の下，併設中学校及び高等学校の理科の授業などでの実践を積み重ねています。その研究成果物として，現在日本の高等学校で使われている「物理基礎」の教科書に記載されている用語を英語で解説したブックレットを刊行するはこびとなりました。ＳＳＨ校，ＳＧＨ（ス―パーグローバルハイスクール）校を始め，日本の多くの物理教室でご活用いただければ幸いです。また，
用語には「ふりがな」を付してあり，日本の高等学校，大学へ留学されている留学生の皆様にもご活用いただける内容にしています。
なお，本校が策定いたしました前述の戦略構想及びＰａＲｅＳＫ，これまでの実践
事例の詳細及びその効果につきましては，本校もしくはＪＳＴ（独立行政法人 科学
技術振興機構）のＷｅｂページに掲載されております本校の「研究開発実施報告書」
をご覧ください。また，このブックレットは本校のＷｅｂページにも掲載しています
のでご活用ください。次の事業として，科学で使用する動詞（verbs）とその用例集を刊行する予定にしています。これからもこのブックレットをよりよいものにしてまいりたいと存じます。ご使用いただいた感想やご意見等をお寄せいただければ幸いです。
最後になりましたが，日ごろから本校のＳＳＨ研究開発事業をご支援いただいております，文部科学省科学技術・学術政策局，同省初等中等教育局，独立行政法人 科
学技術振興機構，岡山県教育委員会の皆様に厚く御礼申し上げます。

【作成者より】◯ラモン ファーガス（Ramon Fargas：岡山県立倉敷天城高等学校 講師）
日本の中学校・高等学校で科学英語の授業を始めて３年目になります。日本の中学生，
高校生の科学英語の吸収力には目を見張るものがあります。このブックレットには，生徒の皆さんや科学を教える先生方のために，辞書を使うことなく，高校生で理解可能な英文を掲載しています。作成に当たっては，英語圏で使われている，できるだけ最新の教科書を参考にしました。
本書を手にした生徒の皆さんが将来英語を使って大きく羽ばたいていただくことを願っています。また，先生方には「力（Force）」の一語だけでもかまいません。日々の授業に少しずつでも英語を取り入れていただければ幸いです。
As the saying goes, you cannot fully understand one language unless you
understand at least two.
◯仲達修一（Shuichi Nakadachi：岡山県立倉敷天城高等学校 指導教諭）
本校では，英語圏で使われている科学の教科書を補助教材として使いながら理科の授業を行う取り組みを行っています。カラフルな画像や写真のキャプションに記載されている英文のキーワードに着目してサイエンスの原理・法則を理解しようとする試みで，この取り組みをＰａＲｅＳＫ（パレスク）と命名しています。将来国際的に活躍できる
科学者・技術者として必須の英語力として，専門用語に着目しながら大意を読み取り，必要な情報を取り出すことができる能力が挙げられます。専門用語（英語）の解説を日本語で行った後，バイリンガルで科学の原理・法則を学習するという流れで授業を構成しています。
このブックレットを作成する過程で，気がついたことがいくつかあります。そのうちの一つは，日本語の用語と英語の用語が必ずしも１対１に対応していないということです。例えば，Electric Field は「電場」もしくは「電界」と訳されていますが，なぜ２つの訳が出てきたのかについて，理学系の学者は「電場」と訳し，工学系の学者は「電界」と訳したということを以前理学系の人から聞いたことがあります。我が国の大学の起源について調べてみると，理学部は蕃書調所をその起源とし，工学部は明治期にあった工部省の工部大学校をその起源としているようです。一昨年，電気学会のある会合に出席させていただく機会を得て，このことを工部大学校の系統の方に尋ねてみたところ，
そのとおりで間違いないであろうとのことでした。しかしながら核融合をやっている工学系の人は理学系の研究者が多いためか，「電場」「磁場」と言っていると教えてくださいました。現代の我々にとっては，「地球の磁界」「モーターの磁場」はやはり違和感が拭えません。「地球の磁場」「モーターの磁界」が感覚的にフィットします。逆に，「等加速度直線運動」などの英語による表現は複数存在することがわかりました。また，日本では，運動方程式は ma=F と教えていますが，国際的には，F=ma と教えているようです。このブックレットは，これらのことにも留意して作成しました。
このブックレットが英語を取り入れた物理の授業を実施する上で参考になれば幸いです。また，本書を手にした高校生たちが世界を舞台に臆することなく英語を使って活躍することを願ってやみません。

目次

物体の運動 (Motion of Objects)・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

１

力のはたらきとつり合い (Properties and Equilibrium of Forces) ・・・・・

３

運動の法則 (Laws of Motion) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・

７

仕事と力学的エネルギー (Work and Mechanical Energy) ・・・・・・・・

９

熱とエネルギー (Heat and Energy) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ １１波の性質 (Nature of Waves) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ １６
音波 (Sound Waves) ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ ２０
静電気と電流 (Static Electricity and Electric Current) ・・・・・・・・・ ２２電流と磁場 (Electric Current and Magnetic Field) ・・・・・・・・・・・ ２７エネルギーとその利用 (Energy and Its Applications) ・・・・・・・・・・ ３１
USEFUL PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS IN THE CLASSROOM(for teacher use)・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ ３７

Basic Physics Vocabulary (物理基礎語彙)
物体の運動 (Motion of Objects)
1) 速さ (はやさ) = speed = the rate (比率) (割合) at which a moving
object (物体）moves
SI (International System) unit of speed = (m/s)(no direction (方向) (向き) only magnitude (大きさ))
2) 平均の速さ（へいきんのはやさ）= average speed = distance (距離)traveled divided by (割る) time of travel when speed is changing
3) 瞬間の速さ（しゅんかんのはやさ）= instantaneous speed = speed at a
specific instant of time (特定の瞬間) or point along a path (経路に沿った) (e.g., value that can be read on the car speedometer)4) 等速直線運動（とうそくちょくせんうんどう）= uniform linear motion= straight-line motion with constant velocity = motion at a constant
speed (等速) and in a straight line5) 速度（そくど）= velocity = speed with direction that an object (物体)has
6) ベクトル= vector = a physical quantity (物理量) that has bothmagnitude (大きさ) and direction (向き)7) スカラー = scalar = a physical quantity (物理量) that has magnitude(大きさ) but no direction8) 等速運動（とうそくうんどう）= uniform motion= a motion with aconstant speed (等速) (including non-linear motion)9) 変位（へんい）= displacement = the change in position（位置）of an
object (物体)110) 平均の速度（へいきんのそくど）= average (mean) velocity = total
displacement (変位) divided by the time interval (間隔) (Δx /Δt)11) 瞬間の速度（しゅんかんのそくど） = instantaneous velocity =velocity at any instant of time or point along a path (経路に沿って)
12) 合成速度（ごうせいそくど）= resultant (composite) velocity = sum of
two or more velocities (e.g., A boat on a calm lake is moving east at
10 km/h and a passenger (乗客) is running west at 12 km/h on theboat’s deck. The resultant velocity of the passenger as seen by afixed observer (静止している観測者) on the side of the calm lake (穏やかな湖) is 2 km/h going west.)
13) 相対速度（そうたいそくど）= relative velocity = velocity of an object
seen by a moving observer (e.g., Suppose a passenger on a bus
going north with a speed of 60 km/h is watching a motorcycle on thenext lane (車線) going north with a speed of 50 km/h, the relative
velocity of the motorcycle is 10km/h going south as seen by thismoving passenger (乗客).)
14) 加速度（かそくど）= acceleration = the rate (割合) of change of
velocity (速度) of a moving body (object) expressed in meters per
second squared (m/s2)15) 平均の加速度（へいきんのかそくど）= average (mean) acceleration =total change in an object’s velocity divided (割 る) by the timeinterval (間隔)16) 瞬間の加速度（しゅんかんのかそくど）= instantaneous acceleration= the rate (割合・率) at which an object’s velocity is changing at any
instant and at any point along a path (経路に沿って)

217) 等加速度直線運動（とうかそくどちょくせんうんどう）linear motion
with constant acceleration = straight-line motion with uniform
acceleration = an object’s motion with constant acceleration (等加速度) in a straight line18) 初速度（しょそくど）= initial velocity = velocity at which an object
starts at the beginning of a time interval (間隔)19) 自由落下（じゆうらっか）= free fall = falling motion (落下運動) only
under the influence of gravity (重力の影響を受けて) without air
resistance (空気抵抗) or initial speed (初速)20) 重力加速度（じゅうりょくかそくど）= gravitational acceleration =downward acceleration of a free-falling object caused by gravity21) 放物運動（ほうぶつうんどう）= projectile (parabolic) motion =motion of an object along a curved path (曲線軌道) only under the
influence of gravity (重力の影響を受けて) with an initial velocity (初速度)22) 放物線（ほうぶつせん）= parabola = the curved path (曲線軌道)
followed by a projectile (飛翔体) under the influence (影響 ) ofconstant gravity only23) 等加速度運動（とうかそくどうんどう）= motion with constantacceleration = uniformly accelerated motion

力のはたらきとつりあい (Properties and Equilibrium of Forces)24) 力（ちから）= force = a push or pull on an object, or an interaction( 相 互 作 用 ) between 2 objects or between an object and its
environment (環境). It has magnitude and direction.

325) 作用点（さようてん）= point of action = point of force acting on (働く) a body or object
26) 作用線（さようせん）= line of action = an imaginary (invisible) line
(仮想の線) that includes force27) 重力（じゅうりょく）= gravity = force of attraction (引力) that exists(存在する) between the earth and all objects28) 質量（しつりょう）= mass = a measure (測定値) of the amount (量) ofmatter (物質) in an object
29) 重さ（おもさ）= weight = the force of gravity (重力) acting on (働く)a body (物体) or substance (物質)30) 垂直抗力（すいちょくこうりょく）= normal force (normal reaction)= a perpendicular (垂直) reaction force (反作用の力) exerted on (およぼす) an object at rest or in motion on a surface (equal to the object’s
weight if on a horizontal surface (水平面))
31) 摩擦力（まさつりょく）= friction (frictional) force = the force that
opposes (妨げる) the motion of objects as they move past (通過する)
each other32) 静止摩擦力（せいしまさつりょく）= static friction (frictional) force =force that resists (妨げる) the start of sliding motion (滑り運動)
between 2 surfaces (表面) that are in contact and at rest (e.g., ablock of wood (木片) resting on an inclined plane (傾斜面))
33) 動摩擦力（どうまさつりょく）= kinetic friction (frictional) force ＝force that opposes (妨げる) the movement of 2 surfaces that are incontact and are sliding over each other (e.g., block of wood sliding
down on an inclined plane)434) 張力（ちょうりょく）= tension (tensile force of string) = the pulling
force exerted by (およぼされた) a stretched (延ばした) string or rope
to an attached object
35) 弾性（だんせい）= elasticity = the property (性質) of a material toreturn to its original shape and length (長さ) after being compressed(縮んだ) or stretched (伸びた)36) 弾性力（だんせいりょく）= elastic force = force exerted by a material
when it is stretched (伸びた) or compressed (縮んだ)37) フックの法則（フックのほうそく）= Hooke’s Law = The amount of
stretch (伸び) or compression (縮み) of an elastic material (弾性材料)
is directly proportional (比例して) to the applied force (加えた力).
38) ばね定数（ばねていすう）= spring constant = constant k measured
in newtons per meter in the formula of Hooke’s Law (F = kx) thattells how stiff (硬い) a spring is39) 遠隔力（えんかくりょく）= action at a distance = force acted on (およぼされた) an object without touching it40) 万 有 引 力 （ ば ん ゆ う い ん り ょ く ） = universal gravitation =gravitational force between objects depending on their mass (質量)and distance (距離)41) 静電気力（せいでんきりょく）= electrostatic force = the force
between electrically charged (電荷を持つ) objects42) 磁気力（じきりょく）= magnetic force = the attraction (引力) andrepulsion (斥力) between magnetic poles (磁極)43) 力の合成（ちからのごうせい）= composition (summation (合計・総和)) of forces = the combination of 2 or more forces into a single
equivalent (同等の) force (sum of forces)544) 合力（ごうりょく）= resultant force (sum of forces) = the sum of allforces acting on (働く) an object45) 力の分解（ちからのぶんかい）= decomposition (resolution) of force =separation (分解) of resultant force (合力) into components (成分)46) 分力（ぶんりょく）= component of force = a component (成分) ofresultant force47) 力 の 成 分 （ ち か ら の せ い ぶ ん ） = components of force = eachcomponent of resultant force(x 成分 = x-component, ｙ成分 = y-component)48) 力のつりあい（ちからのつりあい）= equilibrium of forces = balanced
forces that act on ( 働 く ) an object (upward force balanced by
downward force and rightward force balanced by leftward force
acting on an object). The net force on an object is zero.
49) つ り あ い の 状 能 （ つ り あ い の じ ょ う た い ） = equilibrium state(balanced state) = summation (合計・総和) of all forces is equal tozero50) 作用（さよう）= action = force exerted by (およぼす) an object onanother object
51) 反 作 用 （ は ん さ よ う ） = reaction = force which has the same
magnitude (大きさ) and opposite direction (逆向き)
52) 作用∙反作用の法則（さようはんさようのほうそく）= law of action
and reaction = If object A exerts (およぼす) a force on object B, thenobject B exerts an equal and opposite force back on object A.
53) 圧力（あつりょく）= pressure = the force acting (およぼす) on a unit
area (1m2) (force divided by area)654) 流体（りゅうたい）= fluid = a non-solid state (状態) of matter (物質)
which includes liquids (液体 e.g., water) and gases (気体 e.g., air)55) 大気圧（たいきあつ）= atmospheric pressure = the pressure exerted(およぼされる) by the weight (重さ) of the atmosphere (大気) at agiven altitude (高度)56) 水圧（すいあつ）= hydraulic pressure = pressure exerted (およぼされる) on an object in a liquid (液体) depending on (依存する) depth(深さ), atmospheric pressure (大気圧) and liquid density(液体の密度)57) 浮力（ふりょく）= buoyancy (buoyant force) = upward force exerted(およ ぼす) by a fluid (流体) on an object partly or completely
immersed (沈められた) in it58) アルキメデスの原理（アルキメデスのげんり）= Archimedes’ principle= The buoyant force (浮力) acting on an object in a fluid (流体) is
equal to the weight (重さ) of the fluid displaced (押しのけられた) by
the object.
59) 体積（たいせき）= volume = the amount of space occupied (占められている) by an object

運動の法則 (Laws of Motion)60) 慣性の法則（かんせいのほうそく）= law of inertia (運動の第１法則 =first law of motion) = When there are no forces or when forces are in
equilibrium (つり合っている), a body at rest remains at rest and abody already in motion remains in motion in a straight line with aconstant velocity (等速) (constant speed and direction).

761) 慣性（かんせい）= inertia = the tendency (傾向) of an object at rest to
remain at rest, and the tendency of an object to keep moving if it isin motion（動いている）
62) 運動の法則（うんどうのほうそく）= law of motion (運動の第 2 法則 =second law of motion) = The net force on a body (object) is equal tothe product of the body’s mass and its acceleration (F =ma). The
direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the applied net
force (加わっている合力). The acceleration (加速度) of a body is
directly proportional (比例) to the net force acting on it and inversely
proportional (反比例) to the mass of the body (a=F /m ).
Note: In Japan, (ma=F ) is commonly used.
63) 運動の第３法則（うんどうのだいさんほうそく）= third law of motion(ニュートンの運動の法則) = Newton’s law of motion) = For every
action, there is an equal and opposite reaction (equal magnitude (同じ大きさ) and opposite direction (逆方向)).
64) 運動方程式（うんどうほうていしき）= equation of motion = F (force
in newtons (N)) = m (mass in kilogram (kg)) × a (acceleration inmeters per second squared (m/s2)) (F =ma )Note: In Japan, ma=F is commonly used.
65) ニュートン力学（ニュートンりきがく）= Newtonian mechanics = thestudy of the causal relationship (因果関係) between force, mass, andmotion in the natural world66) 最大摩擦力（さいだいまさつりょく）= maximum frictional force =the maximum value of the static frictional force just before an object
starts to move or slide on a solid surface
Fo=μN (Fo: maximum frictional force, μ (ミュー): coefficient of static
friction, N : normal force)867) 静止摩擦係数（せいしまさつけいすう）= coefficient of static friction(scalar value depending on material and surface of 2 objects incontact) = the ratio (比率) between the maximum force of friction(newtons) felt by two solid surfaces in contact while at rest and thenormal force (kg)×(9.81m/s²), μ : coefficient
Fo=μN68) 摩擦角（まさつかく）= friction angle = the maximum angle that an
object can be at rest just before it slides (滑る) on an inclined plane(斜面)69) 動摩擦係数（どうまさつけいすう）= coefficient of kinetic friction(scalar value depending on material and surface of 2 objects incontact) = the ratio of the kinetic friction force to the normal force(垂直抗力). The more slippery (滑り易い) the surface, the smaller thecoefficient. μ’ : (ミュープライム) coefficient
F ’=μ’ N70) 空気抵抗（くうきていこう）= air resistance (air drag) = resisting
force (抵抗力) produced (生じる) as an object moves through air71) 終端速度（しゅうたんそくど）= terminal velocity = the constant
speed an object reaches when falling through resisting medium (抵抗を与えている媒体). In this case, the force of air resistance (空気抵抗) equals the force of gravity (重力).

仕事と力学的エネルギー (Work and Mechanical Energy)72)

仕 事 （ しご と ）= work = (W = Fs) Work is done only when
components ( 成 分 ) of a force are parallel ( 並 行 に ) to thedisplacement (1N・m = 1J) (W=Fs cosθ). The component of a force
perpendicular (垂直に) to the displacement (変位) does no work (θ＝90º) (cos90º=0).

973) 仕事の原理（しごとのげんり）= principle of work = If friction and themass of a tool (道具) that can be used for work are ignored (無視する),
the amount of work would not change whether the tool is used or not(e.g., lifting an object vertically (垂直に) by hand to a certain height(ある高さ) or moving an object at a greater distance to the sameheight on an inclined plane (斜面) to do the same amount of work).
74) 仕事率（しごとりつ）= power = rate at which work is done or energy
divided by (割る) time (1watt = 1Joule/second)
P = W /t = F・s /t = F・v
75) 馬力（ばりき）= horsepower (hp) = a unit of power equal to 746
watts for mechanical horsepower (英馬力：ヤード・ポンド法) and 736
watts for metric horsepower (仏馬力：メートル法)(Possible origin: word used by James Watt (1736-1819) referring to(に関して) a brewery (ビールの醸造所・ブルワリー) horse’s power
while walking in circles (attached to a mill that ground (挽く) mash
( す り つ ぶ し た 麦 芽 を 湯 に 浸 し た も の ) for making beer) with a
7.3-meter diameter（直径）and pulling an 82 kg-weight at a speed of
55 meters per minute)(82kg×55 meters = 4510 kg-force meter per minute ÷ 60 seconds =75kg-force meter per second×9.81 joules per second = 736 watts)76) エネルギー = energy = an object’s ability (能力) to do work77) 運動エネルギー（うんどうエネルギー）= kinetic energy = energy thatan object has when it is moving (K =½mv2 )78) 重力による位置エネルギー（じゅうりょくによるいちエネルギー）=
gravitational potential energy = the energy depending upon (に依存する) an object's mass (質量) and height (高さ) above a reference
point (基準点)(mass × gravitational acceleration × height : U=mgh)

1079) 弾性エネルギー（だんせいエネルギー）= elastic potential energy =energy stored (をもつ) in a spring (ばね) or elastic body (弾性体)
when it is stretched or compressed (U = ½kx2 )80) 保存力（ほぞんりょく）= conservative force = force in which thework done on an object between two points depends only on thestarting and ending points. It does not depend on the path (経路によら な い ). (e.g., conservative force of gravity: When going up a
mountain using a shortcut or a longer route, the work done by theforce of gravity is the same. ; non-conservative force of friction: thetotal work done by the friction force when sliding an object on arough surface (荒い表面) depends on the length of the path )81) 位置エネルギー（いちエネルギー）= potential energy = energy stored
due to an object’s position rather than its motion82) 力学的エネルギー（りきがくてきエネルギー）= mechanical energy(total) = the sum (総和) of kinetic energy and potential energy thatan object has (mgh + ½mv2)83) 力学的エネルギー保存の法則（りきがくてきエネルギーほぞんのほう
そく）= law of conservation of mechanical energy = With only
conservative forces causing energy changes in an object, thepotential energy may increase and the kinetic energy may decrease(or vice-versa = 逆もまた同様), but their sum (総和), the object’s
mechanical energy, remains constant (一定に保たれる).

熱とエネルギー (Heat and Energy)84) 熱運動（ねつうんどう）= thermal motion = random (乱雑な・ランダム) motions of molecules, atoms, electrons or other subatomic
particles (素粒子) in an object

1185) ブラウン運動（ブラウンうんどう）= Brownian motion (movement) =the disorderly movement (不規則な運動) of colloidal particles (コロイド粒子・微粒子) in a fluid (流体) due to collisions (衝突) with themolecules (分子)86) セ ル シ ウ ス 温 度 （ セ ル シ ウ ス お ん ど ） = degree Celsius = thetemperature scale that fixes the freezing point of water at 0 degrees
and the boiling point of water at 100 degrees (with pressure of 1.013
×10⁵Pa or 1 atmospheric pressure exerted on (the earth’s surface at
sea level).

87) 絶対零度（ぜったいれいど）= absolute zero = the temperature atwhich thermal motion energy is at zero (0 K on the Kelvin scale or-273.15ºC on the Celsius scale).
88) 絶 対 温 度 （ ぜ っ た い お ん ど ） = absolute temperature = thetemperature of an object on a Kelvin scale where 0 is taken as
absolute zero = T[K] = t(ºC)+273
89) 熱平衡（ねつへいこう）= thermal equilibrium = the state (状態) in
which 2 bodies in physical contact (物理的に接触する) with eachother have the same temperature90) 熱（ねつ）= heat = the thermal energy transferred from objects withhigher temperature to objects with lower temperature. Heat flow
(transfer) is caused by collisions (衝突) of molecules (分子) andatoms in objects.
91) 熱量（ねつりょう）= quantity of heat = the amount of thermalenergy transferred from objects with higher temperature to objects
with lower temperature. The SI unit of heat quantity is Joule.
92) 物質の三態（ぶっしつのさんたい）= three states of matter = solid,
liquid, and gas

1293) 融解熱（ゆうかいねつ）= heat of melting (heat of fusion) = the heat
energy absorbed (吸収する) by a substance when it transforms fromsolid to liquid94) 蒸発熱（じょうはつねつ）= heat of evaporation (vaporization) = theamount of heat a liquid (液体) must absorb (吸収する) for 1 kg of it(J/kg) to be converted (状態変化) from the liquid to the gaseous state(in Japanese high school textbooks, J/g is used.)95) 潜熱 (せんねつ) = latent heat = the energy per unit mass that istransferred during a phase change (相変化) of a substance (J/g)
without change of temperature96) 熱容量（ねつようりょう）= heat capacity = amount of heat needed toraise the temperature of a specified amount (一定量) of a substance(物質) by 1°C (one degree Celsius) or 1 K (one Kelvin)97) 比熱（ひねつ）= specific heat = the amount of heat needed to raise
the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1°C98) 熱量の保存（ねつりょうのほぞん）= conservation of heat = Theamount of heat lost ( 失 っ た ) by the substance with a higher
temperature is equal to the amount of heat gained (得た) by thesubstance with a lower temperature.
99) 熱膨張（ねつぼうちょう）= thermal expansion = expansion ofmaterial length or volume due to its temperature increase as the
kinetic energy of the particles of the material (物質を構成している粒子) increases
100) 線膨張（せんぼうちょう = linear expansion = rate of change inlength (長さ) of a solid material (固体) depending on temperaturechange13101) 線膨張率（せんぼうちょうりつ）= coefficient of linear expansion =the constant ( 定 数 ) which describes the thermal expansion
properties (特性) of a particular materiall = lo (1 +αt)102) 体膨張（たいぼうちょう）= volume (cubical) expansion = increases
in volume for both solid and liquid materials due to temperature
increase103) 体膨張率（たいぼうちょうりつ）= coefficient of volume (cubical)
expansion = the constant (定数) which describes (説明する) thevolume expansion properties (特性) of a particular material

V=V0 (1 +βt )104) 内部エネルギー（ないぶエネルギー）= internal energy = the sum of
all the kinetic and potential energies of all the atoms and molecules(分子) in a substance105) 熱力学の第１法則（ねつりきがくのだいいちほうそく）= first law ofthermodynamics = the change in internal energy of a substanceequals the work done on it plus the heat transferred to it.
(ΔU=Q+W)(e.g., When using the air pump to put air in a bicycle tire, thetemperature of the air increases (上昇する).
106) エネルギー保存の法則（エネルギーほぞんのほうそく）= energy
conservation law = When a type (種類) of energy decreases (減少する), the same amount of a different type of energy forms (発生する).
The sum of energy before and after the change (変化) is the same (isconserved).

14107) 熱機関（ねつきかん）= heat engine = a device (装置) that extracts( 取 り 出 す ) (takes out) heat and transforms ( 変 換 す る ) it intomechanical energy ( 力 学 的 エ ネ ル ギ ー ) or mechanical work. It
absorbs ( 吸 収 す る ) heat from a hot reservoir ( 熱 だ め )(high-temperature source) (e.g., burning fuel (燃料)), transforms
some of this energy into usable mechanical energy or work, andoutputs the remaining energy as heat to some cold reservoir (e.g.,radiator or exhaust pipe (排気管)).
108) 熱効率（ねつこうりつ）= thermal efficiency = the ratio of usable
heat energy output (work done out) to heat energy input (e =W⁄Qc)(W=Qh–Qc) (how effectively an engine converts (変換する) a fuel's
heat energy into usable work)109) 可逆変化（かぎゃくへんか）= reversible process (change) = in an
ideal state (理想的な状況), a process that can be reversed (e.g.,pendulum motion if friction, air resistance, etc. can be ignored (無視できる))110) 不可逆変化（ふかぎゃくへんか）= irreversible process (change) = a
one-way thermodynamic (熱力学的) process that proceeds or goesnaturally in one direction but not the opposite (e.g., heat flowing
naturally from a hot object to a cold one, but not the reverse)
111) 気体の圧力（きたいのあつりょく）= gas pressure = The cause ofpressure is due to forces exerted by (およぼす) gas molecules (分子)during collisions (衝突) on the walls of the container (容器の壁に力をおよぼす). (p=F/S )15

波の性質 (Nature of Waves)
112) 波動（はどう) = wave motion = a series (一連) of periodic (周期的)oscillations (振動) of the particles (粒子) of a substance (物質) or
medium (媒質 e.g., water) set in motion (動かされる）by energy. The
medium does not travel through space. Its individual (個々 の )particles move back and forth or up and down around theirequilibrium positions (つり合いの位置). Waves transport energy but
not matter from one place to another.
113) 波源(はげん) = wave source = the place or point where theoscillation (振動) first started
114) 波形(はけい) = wave form = the complete shape of the wave
115) 波 の 速 さ ( な み の は や さ ) ＝ wave speed = one wavelength (λ:lambda) times the number of cycles per second (f) depending on thenature of the medium (媒質)
Frequency × Wavelength (v=λ/T
v=f λ f=1/T )v [m/s]=speed f [Hz]=frequency λ[m]=wavelength T [s]=period116) 単振動（たんしんどう）= simple harmonic motion = a periodic motion(周期運動) of the medium (媒質) that repeats itself at regular intervals (周期) over the same path (経路) as a result of a restoring force (復元力) thatis proportional (比例) to displacement (変位)117) 等速円運動（とうそくえんうんどう）= uniform circular motion = motionthat is referred to (言及する) when the speed of an object in circularmotion is constant (一定) (e.g., Ferris wheel (観覧車) moving at a constant
speed)
118) 周期（しゅうき）= period = time required (要する時間) for one complete
cycle of oscillation (振動) of the medium’s particles (媒質の粒子)

16119) 振 動 数 （ し ん ど う す う ） = frequency = the number of cycles oroscillations (振動) per unit of time (1 second), or the number of waves
produced per unit of time

(Hz=hertz is the SI unit of frequency

f=1/T )

120) 振幅（しんぷく）= amplitude = maximum displacement (変位) from theequilibrium position (つり合いの位置) (distance from the equilibrium
position to a crest or trough)121) 山（やま）= crest (peak) = the highest point above the equilibrium
position of a wave122) 谷（たに）= trough (valley) = the lowest point below the equilibrium
position of a wave123) 正弦曲線（せいげんきょくせん）= sine curve = a curve whose shape
represents ( 表 す ) the crests and troughs of a wave with constant
amplitude124) 正弦波（せいげんは）= sine (sinusoidal) wave = a wave produced by asource (源) that oscillates (振動する) with simple harmonic motion (単振動)125) 波長（はちょう）= wavelength = distance or length of one complete
wave cycle (from crest to crest or trough to trough)126) 位相（いそう）= phase = a specific point or location (of an oscillation)
within a cycle of a wave measured as an angle (角度) in degrees (radians)127) 同位相（どういそう）= synphase (in phase) = particles on a wave which
are one or more wavelengths apart whose motion or displacement (変位)from their equilibrium positions (つり合いの位置)are the same

17128) 逆位相（ぎゃくいそう）= antiphase (out of phase) = particles on awave which are half a wavelength apart whose motion or
displacement from their equilibrium positions are exactly the
opposite129) 横波（よこなみ）= transverse wave = a wave where the particles ofthe medium vibrate （ 振 動 す る ） perpendicular to ( 垂 直 に ) the
direction the wave is moving (e.g., moving up and down with thehand one end of a horizontally stretched “slinky” (スプリングのおもちゃ) with the other end fixed)130) 縦波（たてなみ）= longitudinal wave = a wave where the particlesof the medium oscillate parallel (平行に) to the direction the wave ismoving (e.g., sound waves or alternately (交互に) compressing andstretching a “slinky” or spring)131) 疎密波（そみつは）= compression wave =a longitudinal wave that
produces compressions (密) and rarefactions (疎) when travelingthrough a medium (媒質)132) 波のエネルギー (なみのエネルギー)= energy of wave = theenergy transported by a wave from one place to another which istransferred as vibrational energy from particle to particle of themedium (媒質)133) 表面波（ひょうめんは）= surface wave = a wave in which particles(分子) of the medium (媒質)undergo a circular motion (円運動)134) 重 ね あ わ せ の 原 理 （ か さ ね あ わ せ の 原 理 ） = principle ofsuperposition = When two or more waves interfere (干渉する), theresulting displacement of the medium at any location is thealgebraic sum of the displacements of the individual waves at thatsame location.

18135) 合成波（ごうせいは）= resultant wave = a wave composed of many
simple sinusoidal waves of different amplitudes, wavelengths, andfrequencies
136) 波の独立性（なみのどくりつせい）= independency of waves = thenature (性質）of waves to not affect (影響をおよぼさない) each otheror change their paths after meeting along a medium (媒質)137) 定 常波 （てい じ ょうは） ( 定在波（ていざいは） ) = standing(stationary) wave = a wave pattern that forms when two waves ofthe same frequency (周波数), wavelength (波長), and amplitude (振幅) travel in opposite directions (反対方向) and interfere (干渉する)
138) 進行波（しんこうは）= progressive (traveling) wave = a wave thattransports energy as it travels from one location to another in an
unconfined (自由な) space along a medium139) 節（ふし）= node = the point in a standing wave that remains still(静止状態) at all times (zero displacement or amplitude)140) 腹（はら）= antinode (loop) = a point in a standing wave (midpoint
between 2 nodes) where the largest displacement (変位) takes place141) 入射波（にゅうしゃは）= incident wave = an incoming wave thatstrikes a fixed or free end (boundary = 境界)142) 反射波（はんしゃは）= reflected wave = a wave that turns backafter it strikes a fixed or free end (boundary)143) 自由端反射（じゆうたんはんしゃ）= reflection at free end = Afteran incident wave (入射波) reaches (達する) the medium’s free orloose end (or non-rigid (非剛体) boundary), a non-inverted reflectedwave returns.

19144) 固定端反射（こていたんはんしゃ）= reflection at fixed end = Afterthe incident wave (入射波) reaches (達する) the medium’s fixed end(or rigid (剛体) boundary), an inverted reflected wave returns.

音波 (Sound Waves)145) 音波（おんぱ）= sound waves = longitudinal waves (縦波) with
regions of compression (密) and rarefaction (疎) resulting (の結果として) from the back and forth vibration (振動) of the particles (物質の粒子) of a medium (媒質)146) 音の 3 要素（おとの３ようそ）= three factors (要因) of sound =pitch (音の高さ), loudness (音の大きさ), and timbre (音色(ねいろ))147) 音の高さ（おとのたかさ）= pitch = a measure of how high (e.g.,soprano voice) or low (e.g., bass voice) a sound is depending on (による) the frequency (振動数) of the sound wave (the higher the pitch,
the higher the frequency)148) 超音波(ちょうおんぱ) = ultrasonic waves = sound waves withfrequencies (振動数) above 20,000 Hz
超 低 周 波 ( ち ょ う て い し ゅ う は ) = infrasonic waves = soundwaves with frequencies less than 20 Hz
149) 音 の 大 き さ （ お と の お お き さ ） ＝ loudness = related to theamplitude (振幅)of a sound wave and the power of hearing (聴力)of a
person. The bigger the amplitude, the louder the sound.
150) 音色（ねいろ）= timbre = the quality of sound or tone color (音色)resulting from the combination of harmonics (倍音) (e.g., different
sounds of the same note (音符) played on a guitar and played on aflute having the same pitch (音の高さ) and loudness (音の大きさ))

20151) うなり= beat = the periodic variation (周期的な変化) in theamplitude (振幅) of a wave that is the superposition (重ね合わせ) of
two waves of slightly different frequencies that makes a listenerhear an alternation (交互) of loud and soft sounds
152) うなりの周期（うなりのしゅうき）= period of beat = the timeinterval (間隔) between two successive (次に続く) beats (i.e. two
successive loud sounds)
153) 固有振動数（こゆうしんどうすう）= natural (eigen) frequency =the frequency or frequencies at which an object tends to vibrate (振動しやすい) with when struck (打たれる・ぶつかる)154) 基本振動（きほんしんどう）= fundamental (vibration) frequency =the lowest frequency of vibration of a standing wave (定常波)(first harmonic corresponding to one antinode (腹) or loop)155) 基本音（きほんおん）= fundamental tone = the first harmonic(from the 2nd harmonic = overtones (倍音))156) 線密度（せんみつど）= linear density = the mass or weight per unit
length (for strings, ropes, or cables)(kg/m)

157) 気柱（きちゅう）= air column = the body of air inside the tube or
pipe of a wind instrument (管楽器)
158) 閉管（へいかん）= closed tube (closed-ended pipe) = a tube or pipeof a wind instrument (管楽器) that has one end closed off, and theother end open to the air
159) 開管（かいかん）= open tube (open-ended pipe) = a tube or pipe ofa wind instrument (管楽器) that has both ends open to the air21160) 共 振 （ き ょ う し ん ）（ 共 鳴 （ き ょ う め い ）） = resonance = aphenomenon (現象) that occurs (起こる) when a second object (物体)vibrates at its natural frequency (固有振動数) due to the vibration(振幅) of a first object. The resulting vibration of the second object
has a larger amplitude (振幅).
161) 開 口 端 補 正 （ か い こ う た ん ほ せ い ） = open end correction =measurable length that must be added on to the tube because theposition of the antinodes (腹) extend (延長する) beyond the tube’s
open end

静電気と電流 (Static Electricity and Electric Current)162) 帯 電 （ た い で ん ） = electrification ( 摩 擦 電 気 = triboelectriccharging) = a phenomenon (現象) in which certain materials become
electrically charged (電気を帯びる) after they come into contact (触れあう) with another different material through friction (摩擦). The
two charges (電荷) are positive (正) and negative (負).
163) 静電気（せいでんき）= static electricity = When things are rubbed(こする) together, electrons can move from one object to anotherobject made of different material. If the object gets extra electrons,
it becomes negatively charged. The other object that lost theelectrons becomes positively charged. When charges are separated(分けられる) like this, static electricity is generated (生じる).
164) 静電気力（せいでんきりょく）= electrostatic force = the force of
attraction (引力) or repulsion (斥力) between electric charges (電荷)165) 電荷(でんか) = electric charge = the physical property (物理的特性) of substances that can be electrically charged (two types ofelectric charges: positive and negative due to (原因で) an imbalance(ふつりあい) in the number of protons and electrons)22166) 電気量（でんきりょう）= quantity of electricity = the quantity ofelectric charge (SI unit: coulomb クーロン)(1 coulomb = an object would need an excess (超過) or shortage (不足) of 6.25 × 1018 electrons to have a total charge of -1 C or +1 C)
167) 原子核（げんしかく）= atomic nucleus = the central part of theatom consisting (構成されている) of positively charged (正電荷をもつ ) protons ( 陽 子 ) and neutrally charged ( 電 荷 を も た な い )neutrons (中性子), surrounded (とりまく) by electrons (電子) whichhave a negative charge (負電荷)168) 電気素量（でんきそりょう）= elementary electric charge (e) = a
measured electric charge quantity expressed in coulomb (C) that asingle proton (+1.6 ×10-19 C) and electron (-1.6 × 10-19 C) have.
169) 電 圧 （ で ん あ つ ）（ 電 位 差 （ で ん い さ ）） = voltage (potential
difference) = the electromotive force (起電力) or pressure (measured
in volts) usually supplied (供給する) by either a generator or battery.
It drives electrons around a circuit (回路) causing current (電流) toflow. It is a measure of potential difference (電位差) between two
points (i.e., difference in potential energy per charge between points
A and B)
1 volt = 1Joule of energy per coulomb = energy/charge
Energy transferred (J) = voltage (V) × charge (C)170) 電流（でんりゅう）= electric current = the rate (割合) at whichcharges pass through a given area, like a cross-section (断面) of awire, per unit of time (SI unit for current: ampere (A(アンペア)))(1 ampere = 1 coulomb / second) (coulomb = ampere × second)171) 直流電流 (ちょくりゅうでんりゅう)= direct current (DC) = anelectric current where the flow of charge is in one direction only (e.g.,current directed from the positive terminal to the negative terminalof a battery)23172) オ ー ム の 法 則 （ オ ー ム の ほ う そ く ） = Ohm’s Law = Whenresistance is constant, the current is proportional to the potential
difference. The current in a conductor (導体) is equal to the voltage
applied (加える) to it divided (割る) by its resistance.

I = V /R or V = IR or R = V /I
(relationship between current, voltage, and resistance)173) 電気抵抗 (でんきていこう) = electric resistance (resistance = R )= a measure of the opposition (流れの反対) to current flow by amaterial or device (装置)(SI unit: Ω(ohm))174) 抵抗率 (ていこうりつ) = resistivity ( ρ (rho)) = the quantity thatmeasures how well a substance (物質) resists (抵抗する) carrying acurrent (unit = ohm∙meter (Ω∙m)) R = ρ･l /A (A = cross-sectional
area (断面積))
175) 導体（どうたい）= conductor = a substance or material that allows
electrons to flow freely (自由に流れる) through it (e.g., silver, copper,
and iron)176) 不導体（ふどうたい）絶縁体（ぜつえんたい）= insulator = a
substance or material whose electrons are not easily freed because
they are tightly bound (しっかりと結合している) to their nuclei. It
has a very high resistance to the flow of electrical current across the
body of the material (e.g., rubber, glass, and wood).
177) 半導体（はんどうたい）= semiconductor = a substance or material
that has electrical resistivity (抵抗率) midway (中間) between thoseof conductors and insulators (e.g., silicon (ケイ素) and germanium(ゲルマニウム))24178) 大 規 模 集 積 回 路 （ だ い き ぼ し ゅ う せ き か い ろ ） = large-scale
integrated circuit (LSI) = whole electrical circuits etched into (刻み込む) a piece of semiconducting material just a few millimeterssquare179) 発光ダイオード（はっこうダイオード）= light-emitting diode(LED) = a semiconductor device that glows when electricity ispassed through it. It converts (変換する) electrical energy into lightor infrared radiation (赤外放射).
180) 直列接続（ちょくれつせつぞく）= series connection
直列回路（ちょくれつかいろ）= series circuit = an electrical circuit
where the current from the source has only one path and flows
through each resistor (e.g., light bulbs 電球). As more resistors (抵抗器) are added, the total current within the circuit decreases.
181) 並列接続（へいれつせつぞく）= parallel connection
並列回路 (へいれつかいろ) = parallel circuit = an electrical circuit
where the current from the source splits into more than one path.
The current flows into separate resistors that receive the same
voltage. The sum of currents in parallel resistors equals the total
current.
182) 電流計（でんりゅうけい）= ammeter = a device or instrument used
to measure electric current. It has a very low internal resistance so
as not to change the current to be measured.
183) 内部抵抗（ないぶていこう）= internal resistance = the resistancewithin an ammeter, voltmeter, or battery. When there is a current,
the resistance of the source causes a drop in the source voltage (電源
電圧).

25

184) 電圧計（でんあつけい）= voltmeter = a device or instrument used
to measure potential difference (電位差). It has a very high internal
resistance so as not to draw (引き込む) a large current from thecircuit.
185) 電源（でんげん）= power supply = a device (装置) that supplies (供給する) electrical energy to a circuit (回路) or load (負荷) (e.g., motoror light bulb)186) ジュール熱 （ジュールねつ）= Joule heat = heat produced by anelectric current if the current is expressed in amperes, theresistance in ohms, and the time in seconds. The heat produced isequal to the product of the resistance of the conductor, the square of
the current, and the time for which it flows (RI2t).
187) 起電力（きでんりょく）= electromotive force (emf) = not a force orpower but an energy-per-unit-charge (1Coulomb) quantity supplied
by a source of electric power (e.g., battery or generator) making
current flow from a lower to a higher potential around an electricalcircuit. The SI unit of emf is the volt (1V=1J/C).
188) 電力 = electric power = electric energy used per second: the rate
at which an electrical machine uses energy or converts it into otherforms of energy (e.g., light, heat) usually measured in watts (1watt= 1Joule/second). It is equal to the product of the voltage and thecurrent flowing (e.g., an electric lamp passing a current of 0.6 amps
at 100 volts using 60 watts of electric power) (formula: P = IV = RI 2
= V 2/R ).
189) 電力量（でんりょくりょう）= electric energy = total work done orenergy supplied by the source of emf (起電力) (e.g., battery emf involts) in maintaining the current in an electric circuit for a given
time :
Electric energy = electric power × time = Pt
Formula for Electric energy: Pt = IVt = RI 2t = V 2t / R
26電流と磁場 (Electric Current and Magnetic Field)
190) 磁極 (じきょく) = magnetic pole = a region of a magnet at whichmagnetism (磁気) is concentrated (集中している). There are 2 kindsof magnetic poles, the north (N 極) and the south (S 極) pole.
191) 磁気力(じきりょく) = magnetic force = the attractive (引力) or
repulsive (斥力) force exerted (およぼされる) between magnetic
poles192) 磁場（じば）磁界（じかい）= magnetic field = the region of space(空間) around a magnet where a magnetic force is exerted
193) 磁場の向き（じばのむき）= direction of magnetic field = By
convention (慣習により), the field direction goes outward from thenorth pole and into the south pole of the magnet (磁石). The northindicator of the compass (方位磁針の N 極) is a magnetic north pole,so the north indicator of the compass will point toward the southpole of a magnet because unlike (opposite) magnetic poles attract. (Acompass will point toward the magnetic pole in northern Canada
because it is a magnetic south pole.) (The magnetic south pole isapproximately 1,500 km from the Earth’s geographic North pole.)194) 磁力線（じりょくせん）= magnetic field lines = imaginary lines (仮想の線) representing (表す) a magnetic field. Magnetic field lines
appear to begin at the north pole of a magnet and to end at thesouth pole of a magnet (magnetic field lines come from the northpole and go into the south pole of a magnet). Magnetic field lines
have the direction that a compass needle (方位磁針) would point at
each location.

27195) 右ねじの法則（みぎねじのほうそく）= right-hand rule (right-hand
grip rule) = To find the direction of the magnetic field around acurrent-carrying wire, mentally grasp the wire in your right handwith your thumb extended (伸ばした親指), pointing in the directionof the current. When you grip the wire with your other 4 fingers,
they will naturally curl around in the direction of the magnetic fieldlines.
196) ソレノイド = solenoid = a coil of wire helically (spirally) (らせん状に) wound (巻かれた), becoming an electromagnet (電磁石) when acurrent is passed through it197) 電磁石（でんじしゃく）= electromagnet = a solenoid with anintensified (強化された) magnetic field by the insertion (挿入) of
ferromagnetic materials (強磁性体) such as iron (鉄=Fe), cobalt (コバルト=Co), and nickel (ニッケル=Ni)
198) 電磁誘導(でんじゆうどう) = electromagnetic induction = theprocess of inducing (誘導する) a current in a circuit (without the useof a battery or electrical power supply) by changing the magnetic
field that passes through the circuit (回路)199) 誘導起電力（ゆうどうきでんりょく）= induced electromotive force(emf) = potential difference generated (生じる) by electromagnetic
induction (電磁誘導)200) 誘導電流（ゆうどうでんりゅう）= induced current = an electric
current resulting from (結果として) an induced electromotive force201) 直流電流（ちょくりゅうでんりゅう）= direct current = an electric
current from a power supply (e.g. battery where power flows out ofthe positive terminal through the circuit (回路) and flows into thenegative terminal) that flows in a fixed direction (一定の向き) in acircuit. The electrons move in the opposite direction.

28202) 交流電流（こうりゅうでんりゅう）= alternating current = anelectric current from a power supply that changes direction of flow
periodically (周期的に変化する電流) (frequency in hertz e.g., 60Hz inwest Japan and the U.S.). The terminals of the source of potential
difference are constantly changing sign (positive to negative andback again).
203) 交 流 発 電 機 （ こ う り ゅ う は つ で ん き ） = alternating-current
generator = machine (used in many electric power plants (発電所))
where wire coils inside are made to rotate (回転する) within anelectric field (電場). This way alternating current is induced.
204) 周期（しゅうき）= period = the length of time in seconds that the
waveform takes to repeat itself from start to finish (time for one
complete cycle)205) 周波数（しゅうはすう） = frequency = the number of times the
waveform repeats itself within one second measured in hertz (Hz)206) 実効値（じっこうち）= effective value (root-mean-square value) =the value of alternating current that gives the same heating effectthat the corresponding value of direct current does.
average power: P = Irms ・Vrms
rms current: Irms = Ipeak/√rms voltage: Vrms = Vpeak/√207) 変圧器（へんあつき）（トランス）= transformer = a device that
increases or decreases the emf of alternating current (i.e., one
voltage is transformed to another voltage) by electromagnetic
induction without change of frequency208) 整流（せいりゅう）= rectification = process in which alternating
current is allowed to flow only in one direction (by using anelectrical device called a rectifier such as a semiconductor diodewhich allows current to flow in one direction only)29Note: an important process since almost all electrical power is
supplied as alternating current, but many devices like electricmotors and TV sets use direct current209) 電磁波（でんじは）= electromagnetic wave = a periodic, transverse
wave (横波) (energy) radiated (放射する) with a constant speed of 3.0
× 108 m/s in a vacuum (slower if material is present). It is radiatedfrom an accelerating charge. An electromagnetic wave consists ofelectric and magnetic field waves at right angles to each other. The
wave moves in the direction perpendicular to both oscillating waves.
210) 電磁波の分類（でんじはのぶんるい）= classification or types ofelectromagnetic waves from lowest energy/longest wavelength tohighest energy/shortest wavelength:
電波（でんぱ）= radio waves(range 範囲: λ>30cm) (e.g., AM/FM radio, television, radar)
マイクロ波 = microwaves(range 範囲: 30cm>λ>1mm) (e.g., microwave ovens, cell phones,
wireless network)
赤外線（せきがいせん）= infrared waves (rays)(range 範囲: 1mm>λ>700nm) (any object that has a temperature
above -273.15 degrees Celsius (absolute zero) like ice cube, hotcharcoal, human body, or TV remote control)
可視光線（かしこうせん）= visible light(range 範囲: 700nm(red)>λ>400nm(violet)) (e.g., rainbow colors,
projector, flashlight, headlight, computer screen)
紫外線（しがいせん）= ultraviolet rays or UV rays
(range 範囲: 400nm>λ>60nm) (used for sterilization (消毒) of
medical instruments (医療機器)30

X 線 = X-rays(range 範囲: 60nm>λ>10-4nm) (used for medical examination ofbones, teeth, and chest)
γ 線 = gamma rays
(range 範囲: 0.1nm>λ>10-5nm) (used for treatment of cancer(がん治療) and examination of thick materials for structuraldefects(構造欠陥))

エネルギーとその利用 (Energy and Its Applications)211) 化石燃料（かせきねんりょう）= fossil fuels = fuels (e.g., oil, coal,and natural gas) formed from the remains (遺骸) of very old livingorganisms (太古の生物) that have high carbon (炭素) or hydrogen (水素) content and used as energy sources
212) バイオマスエネルギー = biomass energy = energy derived from
(得られる) fuel converted from (変換された) living, or recently living
biological organisms (有機物) such as plant materials, by-products(副産物) (e.g. animal fat) and waste from livestock farming (家畜の糞尿), food processing (調理) and preparation, and domestic organic
waste (生ごみ)213) 元素（げんそ）= element = a substance (物質) that cannot be
broken down (分解する) into simpler substances by chemical means.
All the atoms of an element have the same number of protons orelectrons, but the neutrons may vary (異なる).
214) 原子番号（げんしばんごう）= atomic number = the number ofprotons in an atom’s nucleus (equal to the number of electrons
orbiting (周回する) the nucleus in a neutral atom (中性原子)31215) 質量数（しつりょうすう）= mass number = the sum of the numberof protons and neutrons in a nucleus
216) 同位体（どういたい）（アイソトープ）= isotope = an atom that has
the same atomic number but different atomic mass (have the same
number of protons but different number of neutrons in the nucleus )as other atoms of the same element217) 放射線（ほうしゃせん）= radiation = the emission (放射) of energy
as photons or particles from a radioactive source. High-energy
particles and photons can cause ionization (電離作用). There are 3
types of radiation emitted by a nucleus: alpha particles, beta
particles, and gamma rays.
218) 放射性崩壊（ほうしゃせいほうかい）= radioactive decay = process
by which a nucleus of an unstable (不安定) atom loses energy byemitting (放出する) an alpha or beta particle sometimes followed bya gamma-ray photon219) 放射性同位体（ほうしゃせいどういたい）= radioisotope = anisotope of an element that is radioactive (放射性がある)
220) 崩壊（ほうかい）= decay = spontaneous transformation (自発的な変 化 ) of a radioactive nuclide (parent: 親 核 種 ) into anotherradioactive or non-radioactive nuclide (daughter: 娘核種) with theemission (放出) of one or more particles or photons
221) α 崩壊 = α-decay = emission (放出) with around 1/20th the speedof light of an alpha particle (identical to a He nucleus from an
unstable nuclide (核種)) made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.

32222) β 崩壊 = β-decay (beta minus decay) = emission of a beta particle(one of the neutrons is converted into a proton, which remains in the
nucleus). An electron, the beta minus particle, is ejected during thetransformation (変換) from the neutron that converted into a proton.
Usually occurs with nuclides(核種) for which the neutron-to-proton
ratio N/Z is too large for stability (安定性). The neutron number
decreases by 1, the proton number increases by 1, and the mass
number does not change.
β 崩壊 = β+decay (beta plus decay) = emission of a beta-plus
particle (positron: positively charged electron). Nuclides for which
the neutron-to-proton ratio N/Z is too small for stability (安定性) canemit a positron. A proton is converted into a neutron in the nucleus.
223) 電子捕獲崩壊（でんしほかくほうかい）= electron capture (inverse
beta decay) = Happens when the decay of the neutron is reversed,that is, when an electron penetrates (貫通する) the nucleus of an
atom and interacts with a bound (束縛された) proton to form abound neutron (the nucleus loses a proton and gains a neutron).
224) γ 崩壊 = γ-decay = transition (遷移) of the nucleus to a lower
energy state (状態) by the emission (放出) of a gamma ray (photon: akind of electromagnetic wave) from an unstable nuclide. It has no
mass or electric charge and no effect on the mass number A or
atomic number Z of a nucleus.
225) ベクレル＝becquerel = SI unit (Bq) of radioactivity (放射能). One
becquerel is equal to the decay (崩壊) of one atom of a radioisotope(放射性同位体) per second. A kilogram or a liter sample emitting (放出する) radiation from one hundred decays per second is said tohave a radioactivity of 100 becquerels/kg or liter.

33226) グレイ＝gray = SI unit of absorbed dose (吸収線量)when one
kilogram of matter (物質) absorbs one joule (1J/kg) of ionizing
radiation (電離放射線) (replacing the rad: 1Gy = 100 rad). The
absorbed dose depends on the strength of a given radiation beam (放射線ビーム) and the type of material absorbing (吸収する) theradiation. It does not tell how much damage (損傷) is done to a bodysince different types of radiation cause different amounts of damage
for the same absorbed dose.
Note: (equivalent dose (等価線量) in mSv) = (absorbed dose (吸収線量)) × (radiation weighting factor (放射線荷重係数))
Note: (effective dose 実効線量 in mSv) = Σ [(equivalent dose) ×(tissue weighting factor (組織荷重係数))]
Note: Effective dose is a quantity calculated ( 計 算 す る ) bymultiplying the equivalent dose received by every significantly
irradiated tissue (照射を受けた組織) in the body by a respective
tissue weighting factor (それぞれの組織荷重係数).
Note: radiation weighting factor (放射線荷重係数):(e.g. 1 for beta and gamma radiation and 20 for alpha radiation:
20 times as much biological damage (生物学的損傷) as the same
dose of beta or gamma radiation)
Note: tissue weighting factor (組織荷重係数):(e.g., 0.12 for bone marrow (骨髄), 0.01 for bone surface, 0.05 forliver (肝臓), and 0.12 for stomach (胃))34227) シ ー ベ ル ト = sievert = SI unit of radiation dose equivalent:(replacing the rem: 1Sv = 100 rem), a measure of the amount ofpotential damage (潜在的な損傷) to the body from a given amount ofradiation.
(e.g., average natural radiation exposure per person in Japan peryear = 1.5 mSv, world average = 2.4 mSv: 1.2mSv from radon gas,
0.5mSv from the ground/earth, 0.4 mSv from space, and 0.3 mSv
from food and drinks)
228) 中性子線（ちゅうせいしせん）= neutron beam = a stream (流れ) of
subatomic particles (neutrons) that have no electric charge andemitted during radioactive decay (can also be generated by special
radiation equipment). Beams of neutrons from nuclear reactors (原子炉) are used to bombard (照射する) the atoms of elements (e.g.,uranium-235 and plutonium-239) to produce fission.
229) 電離作用（でんりさよう）= ionization = ionizing radiation (alphaparticles, beta particles, gamma rays and X-rays) strips or removes
electrons (電子をはじき出す) from atoms. The process of ionization
can break the chemical bonds (結合) between atoms in molecules (分子).
230) 半減期（はんげんき）= half-life = the time it takes for one-half ofthe original nuclei of a radioactive substance (radioisotope 放射性同位体) to decay (崩壊する)(e.g., 238U (uranium-238) = 4.47 billion years, 14C (carbon-14) = 5,730
years, 137Cs (cesium-137) = 30.2 years, 131I (iodine-131) = 8 days,
222Rn (radon-222) = 3.8 days, 220Rn (radon-220) = 55.6 seconds)
231) 核エネルギー = nuclear energy = the energy obtained (得る) fromreactions within atomic nuclei as a result of nuclear fission (核分裂)or fusion ( 核融合) (e.g., used as a source of power for generating
electricity)35232) 核分裂（かくぶんれつ）= nuclear fission = a decay process in which
an unstable nucleus (e.g. uranium-235 and plutonium-239) splits(分裂する) into two smaller nuclei. (e.g., uranium-235 fission due toabsorption of a slow neutron by a nucleus, releasing energy (gammarays) and several free neutrons in the process)233) 核融合 (かくゆうごう) = nuclear fusion = reaction with extremely
high temperature where two or more small light nuclei cometogether (fuse) to form a larger nucleus (e.g., hydrogen-1 andhydrogen-2 fusion reaction requiring about 50 million degrees
Celsius to form a larger nucleus of helium atoms with theaccompanying (伴って) release of energy) (source of energy for thestars and the sun)234) 連鎖反応（れんさはんのう）= chain reaction = One fission event
must trigger (引き金となる) others so that the process spreads (広がる) throughout the nuclear fuel (e.g., fission (核分裂) of a uranium
nucleus caused by neutron bombardment (照射), releasing otherneutrons that can trigger more fissions). The reaction may be madeto proceed (進行する) slowly in a controlled way in a nuclear reactor
or explosively (爆発的) in a bomb.
235) 臨界（りんかい）= criticality = point at which a nuclear chain
reaction (連鎖反応) has reached self-sustaining (自己持続) levelwith sufficient (十分な) fissionable material (核分裂性物質).

36

USEFUL PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS IN THE
CLASSROOM (for teacher use) :1. Let’s begin today’s class.
2. Let’s review yesterday’s/last week’s lesson.
3. Raise your hand if you know the answer/if you have aquestion.
4. Please answer the question if you know the answer.
5. Please solve the problem. Can you solve the problem?
6. Discuss with your seatmate(s) next to/behind/in front ofyou.
7. Add, subtract, multiply, divide, calculate
8. What is the difference between _____and_____?
9. The English word for _______ is ________.
10. Go/turn to page 10 and look at the graph /diagram/table.
11. Please answer in a loud voice.
12. Can you speak loudly please?
13. Speak louder please.
14. Please repeat the answer.
15. Now everybody listen. This is very important.
16. Please pay attention to this.
17. Listen to me.
18. Look at the board/screen.
19. Sorry, I did not hear your answer/what you said.
20. Sorry, I cannot hear you. Can you speak up?
21. How many of you know the answer?
22. Don’t forget to (do your homework/bring your book).
23. Can you distinguish /see the difference between A and B?
24. Stop writing, and everybody look at the board.
25. Can I have your attention please?
26. Don’t look at the notes/answer of your seatmate.
27. Who doesn’t/ did not understand my explanation?
28. Repeat after OO-sensei3729. Take your time.
30. Write this down.
31. Can you follow my explanation/equation?
32. Now you see why X is equal to Y.
33. If we add 1 plus 2, we get 3.
34. Do you know the solution to this equation?
35. Is this too difficult?
36. Sorry, I don’t understand what you said/are saying.
37. Can you repeat that/say that again please.
38. Can you explain why this is so?
39. Did you do your homework that I gave you last Friday?
40. Do not do your homework in this class.
41. Who originally did the homework?
42. Please go back to your seat.
43. Can you explain what/which/why _______?
44. Can you explain your answer?
45. Can someone/anybody tell me what/which/why_______?
46. Go back/turn back to page 13.
47. Numerical value (数値)48. Frame of reference (基準系)
49. Observer (観測者)
50. Formula (公式)
51. Hypotenuse (斜辺) of the right triangle (直角三角形)
52. X-axis (horizontal line), X-coordinate or value
53. Y-axis (vertical line), Y-coordinate or value
54. Let’s plot the points on the graph/diagram.
55. Coordinates of point A are 10 and 30 (for X and Y axes)
56. Origin = point (0.0) where the 2 axes intersect
57. equilibrium=つりあい
58. The square root of 4 is 2. / The cube root of 8 is 2 (8 の三乗
根は２です).
59. 2 (multiplicand) × 3 (multiplier) = 6 (product)
60. 6 (dividend) ÷ 3 (divisor) = 2 (quotient)38

61. 3 (addend) + 2 (addend) = 5 (sum or total)
62. 5 (minuend) – 3 (subtrahend) = 2 (difference or remainder)
63. 1/2 : numerator/denominator
64. 72 : 7 squared
65. 73 : 7 cubed
66. 74 : 7 to the fourth, 7 raised to the 4th power, 7 to the powerof 4, 7 raised to the power of 4
67. 7×105 : seven times ten to the fifth
68. 7×10-5 : seven times ten to the minus (negative) five
69. A＞B : A is greater than B (or B is less than A)
70. numbers known in formulas/equations = known or given
values
71. Please solve for X in this equation.
72. Let’s find/look for the value of X.
73. Now we get the answer/solution: X is 1.
74. We can now substitute 1 and 2 for X.
75. What does this indicate/show?
76. Solve this problem using/following the same equation/process.
77. Simplify the equation.
78. Substitute the values into the equation.
79. Substitute the numbers for the letters in the formula.
80. I cannot prove it/ I cannot show you the proof.
81. Choose the one that you like/want.
82. Decompose the vector into components.
83. Write this important formula on the board/ in yournotebooks.
84. Erase this part.
85. Dotted and solid lines = 破線 and 実線
86. Auxiliary line＝補助線
87. Rhombus or parallelogram=平行四辺形
88. Trapezoid = 台形
89. Please come to the front/to the board.
39

90. Please take a seat/your seats.
91. Let’s clear the table.
92. Return everything back to where they are kept.
93. That is the right/wrong answer.
94. The 2 lines are parallel/perpendicular to each other.
95. I’ll give you more time to think about it.
96. Please tell/show me/us the answer.
97. Now, I’ll ask you some questions about______.
98. Get into groups of 4. (４人ずつのグループになりましょう)
99. Do it yourself/as a group.
100.Let’s stop here. That’s all for today. Class dismissed.

40

Prepared and Compiled by:【作成者】
岡山県立倉敷天城高等学校
講師
ラモン ファーガス：Ramon Fargas （2013―2014）
指導教諭
仲達修一：Shuichi Nakadachi （2013―2014）
ＧＳＯ非常勤講師 白神陽一朗：Yoichiro Shirakami （2013―2014）
ＧＳＯ非常勤講師 ディヴィナ : Divina Gracia Jazareno （2013）（岡山大学 教員研修留学生）
ＧＳＯ非常勤講師は，岡山県教育委員会の事業である「グローバル・サイエンス
ＯＫＡＹＡＭＡ」により配置された講師です。
【協力者】
岡山県立岡山一宮高等学校
教諭
生部昭光：Akimitsu Shobe （2013）（現：岡山県立総社高等学校）【参考文献：Reference books】
・中村英二 他：高等学校 物理基礎（第一学習社，2012）
・國友正和 他：物理基礎（数研出版，2012）
・藤澤皖，北村俊樹：英和学習基本用語辞典 物理（アルク，2009）・University Physics, H. Young and R. Freedman (13th edition, 2012
Pearson Education, Inc.)
・Physics, R. Serway and J. Faughn (2009 Holt, Rinehart and Winston)・Principles of Physics, Jearl Walker (9th edition, 2011 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.)・Inquiry into Physics, V. Ostdiek and D. Bord (7th edition, 2013 Brooks/Cole
Cengage Learning)・Physics (Principles and Applications), D.C. Giancoli (2014 Pearson Education,
Inc.)岡山県立倉敷天城高等学校
Okayama Prefectural Kurashiki Amaki Senior High School〒710-0132
Zip code :岡山県倉敷市藤戸町天城２６９番地

710-0132

269 Amaki Fujito-cho, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama-ken, Japan

TEL
URL

086-428-1251
FAX
086-428-1253
http://www.amaki.okayama-c.ed.jp/

e-mailamaki@pref.okayama.jp（学校代表）
amaki-ssh@pref.okayama.jp （ＳＳＨ）