IGA NEWS1

I GA New s No. 75

New slet t er of t he I nt ernat ional Geot herm al Association
Quart erly No. 75

IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the Vice
President
Ruggero Bertani
It is a pleasure to write this short note about some of themost important current IGA activities, taking the floor on
behalf of the President, who could not be available for thisissue of IGA News.
WGC 2010 is very well on track. More than 1200
abstracts have been submitted, and the process ofreviewing and accepting is under way. If your paper is tobe presented at the conference, either orally or as a poster,
it will be very important for you to be present at the WGC.
Even if your paper is not accepted, it will in any case be an
opportunity for discussing your ideas and your work withthe most important players in the worldwide geothermal
community. Even if you have not submitted a paper, do
not hesitate to start planning a visit to the WGC conference
and exhibition, with all the most up-to-date state of the art
in terms of technologies and information.
Let me remind you of important dates:- 1st April 2009: acceptance of the paper- 31st May 2009: draft technical paper submission- 30th October 2009: final technical paper submission- 25-30 April 2010, in the astonishing BALI, Indonesia: the
WGC2010 event:“Geothermal: the Energy to Change the World”
Exhibition booths are still available: an early booking
will give a substantial discount! Visit the website:www.wgc2010.org.
One of the most important recent IGA events has
been the workshop supported by the World Bank
Ge oFund/IFC through the E uroBra nch a nd theInternational Summer School. As the workshop was
hosted in Istanbul, Turkey, on 16-19 February, there wereseveral Turkish businesses who had recently bid on
privatized geothermal sites in Turkey and were seeking
partners to help develop these sites. Many of thesecompanies had kiosks to display their geothermal project
initiatives and potential. This workshop brought together
geothermal experts and decision-makers from both private
and public sectors, reaching the unexpected value of 170
attendees! The goal of the workshop was to help initiate
and implement geothermal projects in Turkey. In addition,w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

Contents
IGA ACTIVITIES
Message from the Vice President

1

EUROPE/ A European research agenda for geothermalenergy: Strategy 2008 to 2030
3
Iceland / 30th Anniversary of UNU-GTP in
Iceland5/ UNU-GTP Workshops and Short Courses
as a contribution to UN Millennium
6Development Goals
Switzerland/Implementation of the
BDFGeotherm database (geothermal fluids of
Switzerland) on Google Earth7
AMERICAS
Mexico / Environmental study on Cerritos
Colorados geothermal field finally approved 9/ XVI Congress of the Mexican Geothermal
Association
10
ASIA / PACIFIC RIM
Japan / Statement by Geothermal Research Societyof Japan
11
Vietnam / Report of the 8th Asian Geothermal
12
Symposium
AFRICA
Kenya / Kenya plans to develop 1260 MWe of13
geothermal power by 2018
/ Progress on Olkaria II Unit 3 Geothermal
Power Project
14
Uganda / The Second African Rift Geothermal
14
Conference (ARGeoC2)/Short Course on Project Management and17
Development
UPCOMING EVENTS
Geothermal meetings2
to complement the workshop, an exhibit hall of kiosks
highlighted business “best practices” and developers ofgeothermal energy, both for electricity and district heating.
T h e l o n g t e r m g o a l w a s t o p r ov i d e g e o t h e r m a l
stakeholders in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) with ongoing technical and logistical assistance to help develop
best-practice geothermal initiatives.

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Three major sessions were organized:- Geothermal projects: successful case studies;- Geothermal demand and securing financing;- Course on economic evaluation and modelling.
T he g oal of the World Bank’s GeoFund - IGA
Geothermal Workshop was to promote systematically theuse of geothermal energ y in the ECA countries byremoving barriers to the development of geothermal
renewable energy, leading to greater use of, and increased
demand for, geothermal energy projects. The workshop
was targeted directly at GeoFund countries, with a particularfocus on Turkey, and at high-level energ y officials,
developers and financiers. The workshop aimed to enable
geothermal development by bringing together decisionmakers with leaders in geothermal industry and finance.
To this end, the World Bank (WB) GeoFund is the firstregion-wide program of its kind; it is implemented jointlywith the International Finance Corporation (IFC) topromote private sector investments. Our Workshop is partof phase 1 of 3 phases designed to enable geothermal
development in the ECA region. The GeoFund overall
assistance phases are as follows:
1) Technical Assistance: Through the Geother mal
Workshop our goal was to present the attendees withinformation on how to develop a project, carry out
financial analysis and economic modelling, prepare
winning proposals to the GeoFund for exploration anddrilling, and secure international financial resources.
2) Direct Investment: GeoFund, via the World Bank, will
support selected project developers by providing low costloans, contingent grants and outright grants which would
cover part of the project cost through monetization of
external benefits. Likewise, via the IFC, the GeoFund will
help improve the performance of existing geothermal
installations through renovation of existing facilities,
and will also support bankable business plans for“greenfield” facilities where the resources are promising.
3) Geological Risk Insurance: GeoFund will partiallyinsure project developers/investors against the shortterm and medium-term geological risks. This insurance
will help mitigate the risks associated with geothermalenergy exploration and operation that are considered
key barriers to geothermal energy investments.

UPCOMING EVENTSRENEXPO Central Europe, Budapest, Hungary, 1618 April 2009. Website: www.renexpo-budapest.com
Canadian Geother mal Energ y Association
Conference and AGM, Vancouver, Canada, 22-24
April 2009. Website: www.cangea.ca/events/
International Symposium on Convective Heat andMass Transfer in Sustainable Energy, Yasmine
Hammamet, Tunisia, 26 April-01 May 2009. Website:www.ichmt.org/conv-09/
5th International Geothermal Energy Conference(IGC), Freiburg, Germany, 28 April 2009. Website:www.geothermiekonferenz.de/
IEA Geothermal Implementing Agreement - IGA
Workshop “Geother mal Energ y - Its Global
Development Potential & Contribution to the
Mitigation of Climate Change”, Madrid, Spain, 5-6
May 2009. C onta cts: mongillom@rea p.org.nz,
rybach@geowatt.ch
Clean Technology Conference & Expo, Session on
G e o t h e r m a l , H o u s t o n , T X , U S A . We b s i t e :www.csievents,org/cleantech2009/
AAPG 2009 - Sessions on “Geothermal Energy
Systems” and “How do Fluids Really Movethrough Rocks?”, Denver, CO, USA, 7-11 June
2009.Website: www2.aapg.org/denver/index.cfm
R E N E X P O 2 0 0 9 , Au g b u r g , G e r m a n y, 2 4 - 2 7
September 2009. Website: www.renexpo.deGRC 2009 Annual Meeting, Reno, NV, USA, 4-7
October 2009. Website: www.geothermal.org
New Zealand Geothermal Workshop, Auckland,
New Zealand, 16-17 November 2009. Website:www.science.auckland.ac.nz/uoa7science/about/researc
h/gei/workshop.cfm
World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia,
25-29 April 2010. Website: www.wgc2010.org

GEOTHERMICS
International Journal of Geothermal Research and its Applications

Published under the auspices of the International Geothermal Association
Content of the latest issues: http:/www.elsevier.com/locate/geothermics
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I GA New s No. 75
The countries eligible for GeoFund assistance are:A l b a n i a , A r m e n i a , A z e r b a i j a n , Be l a r u s, Bo sn i a Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Kazakhstan,
Kirgizstan, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania,
Russia, Serbia, Ukraine, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan,and Uzbekistan.
Fo r m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n v i s i t t h e w e b s i t e :www.worldbank.org.
I would like to highlight another task still ongoing, inwhich I am personally involved: IGA will contribute tosome chapters (Knowledge Modules) of the Global
Energy Assessment Report (GEA), which will be one of
the major inputs and sources of data for the coming World
Energy Conference of 2010. The organization responsible
for this task is the International Institute for Applied
Systems Analysis (IIASA, Vienna): it is very important tobe present in such a high level task and to be the voice ofgeothermal energy as one of the important renewables. It
is even more important to present data and information
outside the “closed loop” of our IGA community,
extending our presence among all the energies, bothrenewables and otherwise.
More information on websites : www.iiasa.ac.at andwww.globalenergyassessment.org.
The IEA Geothermal Implementing Agreement (GIA)
is an active entity to promote international cooperation in
the development of geothermal energy. In view of theplanned IPPC Special Report, the coming IGA BoD
meeting in Madrid (May 2009) will be held in conjunction
with the IEA-GIA workshop (on the GIA website
www.iea-gia.org). Our inputs to the IPPC report will be
discussed and approved at the joint meeting. A briefsummary of the major outcome of these activities will be
published in the next IGA News.
The IGA Executive Committee has passed a motion
from the Education Committee to accept a g rant
application from the International Centre for Science andHigh Technolog y of the United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (ICS-UNIDO), Trieste, Italy,
proposing to conduct a 2-week “School on Geothermics”
at the ICTP, Trieste, Italy in 2009. The grant agreement
was signed by both partners in Istanbul in February.
UNIDO is also keen to co-sponsor this programme. The
main objectives of this school will be as follows:- To provide basic knowledge about geothermal energy
resource exploration and its application for power
generation and direct use;
- To provide advanced technical knowledge, methods andimplementation tools for the application of geothermalenergy for power generation and direct use throughlectures and tutorials and case studies/histories;- To provide knowledge about the economic andenvironmental aspects of geothermal energy;
There will also be a field visit to the Larderello
geothermal area and other direct application sites in Italy.

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T he main targ et g roups of the prog ramme are
University teachers, post-graduate students, decision-makers,
independent power producers and mid-career professionals
and technologists from the public and private sector
organizations involved in exploitation of renewable energy
resources from developing countries like Africa, Indonesia,
Arab peninsula, India and selected East European countries.
Duration: from 26th October to 6th November 2009 at
ICTP, Trieste, Italy.
For further information and for participation, contact
http://www.ics.trieste.it.
The IGA Executive Committee has approved the
addition of Philippe Dumas, manager of the Brussels
office of the European Geothermal Resources Council, tothe Information Committee.
I look forward to continuing to work with you in our
joint effort to promote geothermal, and thank you all foryour support.

EUROPEA European research agenda forgeothermal energy: Strategy
2008 to 2030
Philippe Dumas, EGEC Delegate
The European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC)
published in January 2009 the first European research
agenda for geothermal energy, proposing a R&D strategy
to decrease costs and reach the targets fixed by thegeothermal sector for 2030.
Firstly EGEC prepared a list of priorities for Researchand Development (R&D) in the geothermal sector. The
paper was discussed during the workshop organized in
Brussels (Belgium) on 5 September 2008.
A list of main priorities was selected, and proposed in a
first consultation document issued in October 2008.
The conclusions have now been presented in the final
version of the Research Agenda, integrating the inputs
received both from inside and outside Europe.
The objective is to decrease geothermal costs:- by 5% for geothermal district heating: target 40 €/MWhth- by 10% for geothermal heat pumps: target 15 €/MWhth- by 30% for conventional geothermal power (flash anddry steam): target 20 €/MWhel- by 50% for low enthalpy electricity production: target
50 €/MWhel- by more than 50% for EGS: target 50 €/MWhelThe main R&D priorities presented in the geothermal
research agenda are:- drilling improvement for EGS and conventional
geothermal resources

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Summary of targeted costs

2 to 40
40 to 80
10.8 to 320
7.2 to 270

Average(€/MWh)
7.2
50
19
61

Costs red. by 2030(% 2005 costs)
11
-5
-9
-8

Cost 2007
Range(€/MWh)
50 to 90
80 to 150
200 to 300

Average(€/MWh)70
115
250

Costs 2030
Average (€/MWh)
20
50
70

Heating and cooling

Cost 2007

Deep geothermal
Geothermal district heating1
Shallow geothermal heating only
Shallow heating and cooling
Geothermal Electricity
Electicity conventional
Low temperature
Enhanced geothermal systems

1The figures for deep and shallow geothermal are from the IEA report 2007: Renewables for heating & cooling. The data on District Heating are EGEC projections forgeothermal DH in Europe. European Union: EU- 27 represents : Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
and the United Kingdom- resource identification: increasing knowledge of thegeothermal potential in Europe,- prove the sustainability of Enhanced Geothermal System( EGS) technology- develop enabling technologies and demonstrators for
microgeneration and co-generation with low temperaturewater (<120°C), also in hybrid plants (e.g. biomass andgeothermal).
- improve geothermal plant efficiency,- geothermal heat pumps: decrease installation cost, andincrease Seasonal Performance Factor (SPF), optimize theentire system (ground heat source/heatpump/distribution)
The next step will be to implement this research agenda.
The creation of a European Technology Platform forrenewable heating and cooling, with a special panel on
geothermal energy, will help to detail these research topics
and to adopt the actions required to achieve these costs
reductions.
The R&D work should be accompanied by strong
educational/training activities and measures to solve nontechnical issues, like quality certification, guidelines,
regulation, infrastructure, etc..
The Long Term goal (2030) of the geothermal
sector is to contribute 5% of total electricity
production in Europe, and 3.5 % of total heatgeneration.

Targets for all of Europe (EU-27 and the rest)
Geothermalenergy heating
Installed capacity (MWth)Heat delivered (mtoe/y)January - March 2009

2007

2010

2020

2030

14,1003.8

20,0005.5

50,00013.7

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I GA New s No. 75
Iceland

30th Anniversary of UNU-GTP
in Iceland
Ingvar Birgir Fridleifsson, Director UNUGTP
The 30th anniversary of the United Nations University
Geother mal Training Programme (UNU-GTP) was
celebrated with a two day Anniversary Workshop in
Reykjavík on 26-27 August 2008. Thirty three former
UNU Fellows from 23 countries attended the Workshop,
in addition to 22 current UNU Fellows from 15 countries
and 8 MSc Fellows from 5 countries. The Foreign Ministerof Iceland, Mrs. Ingibjorg Solrun Gisladottir, gave aspeech at the opening of the Workshop, as did UNU ViceRector Janos J. Bogardi, Prof. Cornel Antal, the Rector of
Oradea University in Romania (who spoke on behalf of
the UNU-GTP alumni), and the Ambassador of thePeople´s Republic of China, Mr. Zhang Keyuan. Over
forty papers were presented at the Workshop (available onwww.unugtp.is). Over one hundred guests from theg eother ma l a nd a ca demic community in Icela ndparticipated in the Anniversary Workshop, amongst them
many of the key teachers and supervisors as well as former
staff members of the UNU-GTP. It was a great experience
to see so many of the UNU-GTP alumni and supervisors
share their research results as well as meeting friends andcolleagues from various parts of the world, reminiscing

about the past, and planning for the future. These are thepillars of the network of UNU-GTP Fellows worldwide.
The UNU-GTP (www.unugtp.is) is operated at
Orkustofnun, the National Energy Authority of Iceland(NEA), which has been an Associated Institution of the
UNU since 1978. The main goal of the UNU-GTP iscapacity building in the sustainable use of geothermalenergy resources. The aim is to assist developing countries
with significant geothermal potential to build up groupsof specialists to cover most aspects of geothermal
exploration and development. Since the foundation of the
UNU-GTP, 402 scientists and engineers from 43 countries
have completed the annual six-month courses. Of these,
44% have come from countries in Asia, 26% from Africa,
15% from Central and Eastern Europe, and 15% from
Latin America. The trademark of the UNU-GTP is to give
university graduates engaged in geothermal work intensive
on-the-job training in their chosen fields of specialization.
T he tra inees work side by side with g eother ma lprofessionals in Iceland (the majority with ISOR - Iceland
GeoSurvey). Specialized training is offered in geological
exploration, borehole geology, geophysical exploration,
borehole geophysics, reservoir engineering, chemistry ofther mal fluids, environmental studies, geother mal
utilization, and drilling technology. In 2000, an MSc
programme was started in cooperation with the Universityof Iceland. Sixteen have graduated, 6 of them in 2008.
The first PhD candidate on a UNU Fellowship started at
the University of Iceland in 2008.

Joint GIA-IGA Workshop
Geothermal Energy - Its Global Development Potential
and Contribution to the Mitigation of Climate Change
The International Energy Agency Geothermal Implementing Agreement (IEA-GIA) and the IGA are holding a joint
2-day workshop in Madrid, Spain, on 5-6 May 2009, to discuss the global potential of geothermal energy and its
possible contribution to the mitigation of climate change. The results will contribute to the geothermal chapter of theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Renewable Energy and Climate Change to be
published in 2010.
Though still in the planning stages, the current draft Workshop discussion topics includes: Definitions of Geothermal
Potential; Geothermal Potential for Power Generation and for Direct Use; Challenges and Barriers to Attaining
Geothermal Potentials; and the Potential Contribution to Mitigation of Climate Change. The plan is to have a limited
number of experts from the GIA and IGA, and possibly other invited experts, make short presentations on these
topics based upon their current work and/or published (peer reviewed) papers, to be followed by in-depth discussions.
A “wrap-up session” will firm up conclusions, assign actions and set deadlines for completion of outputs, which are
expected to include: a formal “Madrid” statement on geothermal’s potential contribution to climate change and final
reviewed summary documents presenting the participants’ agreed conclusions.
For the IEA GIA: Mike Mongillo, Secretary. Contact: mongillom@reap.org.nz
For IGA: Ladislaus Rybach, President. Contact: rybach@geowatt.ch

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Thirty three former UNU Fellows from 23 countries attended the 30th Anniversary Workshop (alumni from 1979, 1982, 1983, 1985,
1988, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007) , in addition to
22 current (2008) UNU Fellows from 15 countries and 8 MSc Fellows from 5 countries. All the alumni presented papers. Together with the
UNU Fellows in the photo are the staff and Studies Board of the UNU-GTP.

UNU-GTP Workshops and Short
Courses as a contribution to UN
Millennium Development Goals
Ingvar Birgir Fridleifsson, Director
UNU-GTPThe UNU-GTP has organized annual Workshops/Short
Courses in geothermal development for African countries(2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008), and for Central Americancountries (2006 and 2007). The first Workshop for Asian
countries was held in China in May 2008. The
courses/workshops are set up in cooperation with theenergy agencies/utilities and earth science institutions
responsible for exploration, development and operation ofgeothermal energy power stations and/or district heating
utilities in the respective countries/regions. A part of theobjective is to increase the cooperation between specialists
in the respective countries in the field of sustainable useof geothermal resources. Proceedings of the Millennium
Workshops/Short Courses of the UNU-GTP are available
on: www.unugtp.is. The courses may in the future develop
into sustainable regional geothermal training centres. The

January - March 2009

core funding for the Workshops/Short Courses is acontribution by the Government of Iceland towards theMillennium Development Goals of the UN.
The first UNU-GTP Millennium event in Asia(“Workshop for Decision Makers on Direct Use of
Geothermal Resources in Asia”) was held in Tianjin on 1118 May, 2008. High ranking decision makers and leading
geother mal experts were invited from the People’s
Republic of China as well as from Asian countries withsignificant geothermal resources, plans and markets forspace heating (replacement for coal). There were about
120 participants on the opening day. The aim of theworkshop was to give high level decision makers fromenergy ministries and leading geothermal agencies in theregion an overview of some of the key issues in thedevelopment of geothermal resources for direct use forspace heating, with special focus on sustainability, CO2
emission reduction and reinjection.
Geothermal water replaces coal as a heat source inmany cities in China. China is presently at the top of theworld list for direct use of geothermal resources forheating, and has the potential to make a significant
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I GA New s No. 75
geothermal resources. The criteria for a country to be
invited to the Workshop were (a) that there is a need forspace heating for a few months of the year, and (b) that
there are known geothermal resources near densely
populated areas (towns, villages). Participants in theWorkshop came from China, India, Iran, Jordan, Mongolia,
the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and theRepublic of Korea. In addition, lecturers came from
Iceland, Germany, Japan, Poland and Switzerland, as wellas the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC). In total, there were about 120
participants.
The Workshop in China was co-hosted by the UNUGTP, the Tianjin Bureau of Land, Resources and Real
Estate Management, and the Tianjin Bureau of Geology
and Mineral Exploration and Development, in cooperation with the Ministry of Land and Resources of P.R.
China, as well as the Municipality of Tianjin. Fifty two
papers were presented and distributed in the conferencep r o c e e d i n g s ( a va i l a b l e o n w w w. u nu g t p. i s u n d e rWorkshops/Short Courses). Among the lecturers wereseveral former UNU-GTP Fellows from Asian Countries.
The agenda included papers on geothermal resources andtheir utilization in the Indian Himalayas and Tibet, at thehighest altitude on Earth, and from Jordan, situated by the
Dead Sea, at the lowest altitude on Earth.

Switzerland

Implementation of the
BDFGeotherm database(geothermal fluids of
Switzerland) on Google Earth
Romain Sonney, François-D. Vuataz& Stéphane Cattin
Centre for Geothermal Research CREGE, Univer sit y o f N euchât el,
Switzerland (www.crege.ch),romain.sonney@crege.ch
The database BDFGeother m, containing physical,
chemical and hydrogeological information on more than
200 deep fluids from 84 sites in Switzerland and someneighbouring regions, was compiled in ACCESS code andthen modified to improve its availability and attractivenessby using Google Earth free software and the CREGE
website (www.crege.ch/BDFGeotherm/). BDFGeotherm
is a functional tool for various phases of a geothermal
project such as exploration, production or fluid reinjection. This database allows existing geothermal data,
generally widely dispersed and often difficult to reach, tobe gathered into a user friendly tool. Downloading the file
“BDFGeotherm.kmz” from the CREGE website makes
possible visualization of the 84 geothermal sites, each one
represented with a pinpoint of different colour fordifferent temperature ranges.

FIGURE: Participants in the first UNU-GTP Millennium Workshop for Asian countries (held in Tianjin, China, 11-18 May 2008)
were high-level decision makers and geothermal professionals from China, India, Iran, Jordan, Mongolia, the Democratic People’s Republic ofKorea, the Republic of Korea, as well as lecturers from Iceland, Germany, Japan, Poland and Switzerland, and the UNFCCC.

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Figure 2: View of the main information page for an example: the Lavey-les-Bains geothermal site.
A large majority of sites are located in the northernpart of the Jura Mountains and in the upper Rhone Valley(Fig. 1). General information about water use, geology,
flow rate, temperature and mineralization are given in asmall window by clicking on the desired pinpoint.
Moreover, two links to Internet addresses are available foreach site in each window, allowing the user to return to the
CREGE website and providing more details on eachsampling point such as: geographical description, reservoir
geolog y, hydraulics, hydrochemistr y, isotopes andgeothermal parameters (Fig. 2). For a limited number ofJanuary - March 2009sites, photos and a geological log can be viewed andexported.

References
Sonney R. & Vuataz F.-D., 2007. BDFGeotherm: theDatabase of Geothermal Fluids in Switzerland. IGA
News. Newsletter of the Int. Geothermal Assoc., 70 :35.
Sonney R. & Vuataz F.-D., 2008. Properties of geothermal
fluids in Switzerland: a new interactive database.
Geothermics 37: 496-509.

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9Figure 1: View of geothermal sites implemented in the Google Earth free software. Colours assigned to the pinpoints correspond to ranges
of maximum measured temperatures: >50°C (red), 40-50°C (orange) 30-40°C (yellow), 20-30°C (green), and <20°C (black)

AMERICAS
MexicoMexico-Environmental study on
Cerritos Colorados geothermal
field finally approved
Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín
The environmental impact study (MIA by its Spanish
acronym) for the Cerritos Colorados geothermal project,
Jalisco, Mexico, consisting of a first phase with a 25-MW
condensing unit and the construction of a transmission
electric line at 60 kV, was approved early in January 2009.
This field is located in western-central Mexico, on theoutskirts of Guadalajara City, the second largest city in the
country. It is inside a Quaternary volcanic caldera, withgeothermal fluids contained in andesites. The field has
been explored since the 1970s by the Comisión Federal deElectricidad (CFE, the governmental agency in charge ofgeneration, transmission and distribution of electricity in
Mexico). Thirteen exploration and development wells havebeen drilled, at depths between 689 and 2900 meters. Sixof them were assessed with a combined production of 200
tons per hour (t/h) of steam and 430 t/h of brine at 8 barsof separation pressure. A preliminary potential of 75 MW
was also assessed.

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In March 1989 CFE had to suspend all of its
development activities in the field due to theenvironmental impacts on the pine-oak forest where thegeothermal field lies. Over the next five years, CFE
developed an intensive and comprehensive program tomitigate the impacts and restore the 0.6 km2 area affected.
More than 0.4 km2 were covered with compost material
and then local grass to stabilize slopes, 170,000 pine-trees
were transplanted over 1 km2, all the access roads werecovered with asphalt, 196 filtering-dams were installed tointercept the run-off and retain sediments, and many civil
works were constructed. The program was concluded in
1995. Since then, CFE has carried out the necessary
maintenance of these works, but it had not been possible
to get the proper licences to continue working in the field.
In 2007 an initial MIA was submitted to the environmental
authorities, but it was rejected by the end of the year. In
April 2008 a new, corrected and modified MIA was
submitted, which was finally approved.
Cerritos Colorados will be the fifth geothermal field in
Mexico, along with Cerro Prieto, Los Azufres, Los
Humeros and Las Tres Vírgenes - all of them currently
under production. CFE is planning to restart work in 2009and intends to start the project in 2010.

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Photo 1. Arturo González (right) delivers the 2008 Pathé Award to
Bernardo Domínguez.

XVI Congress of the Mexican
Geothermal Association
Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín, Editor
Geotermia
As planned, the XVI Annual Congress of the Mexican
Geothermal Association (AGM: Asociación Geotérmica
Mexicana) was held on November 14, 2008, along with the
XVI General Ordinary Assembly, which is part of theInternational Geothermal Association (IGA). Bothmeetings were carried out at the facilities of the Comisión
Federal de Electricidad (CFE) in Morelia City, State ofMichoacán. At this city is located the headquarters of thegeothermal division of the CFE.

I GA New s No. 75
The congress gathered 32 attendees from the CFE, theMexican electric research institute (IIE, Instituto deInvestigaciones Eléctricas), the nuclear research institute(ININ, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares), theuniversities of Mexico (UNAM, Centro de Geociencias)and Michoacán (UMSNH, Universidad Michoacana de San
Nicolás de Hidalgo), the scientific research center ofEnsenada (CICESE), and Geocónsul and Alstom, a coupleof private companies involved in geothermics.
Participants were welcomed by the AGM President andVice-President, José Luis Quijano and Raúl Maya.
Ten technical papers were discussed during thecongress. Four of those papers dealt with the Los Azufres
geothermal field, near Morelia, presenting relevantg e oche mic a l, isotopic, produc tion a nd inje c tion
characteristics from this field, including a simulation of theperformance of the steam pipelines. Two papers presenteddifferent aspects of the recently drilled well H-43 in theLos Humeros geothermal field. One paper showed theevolution of the oldest production sector of the Cerro
Prieto field and another the geothermal manifestations andpotential of the Santorini caldera in Greece. Two more
papers dealt with estimation of initial temperatures in
geothermal reservoirs and natural seismicity on faults.
All of the complete papers were included in a compact
disc that was given to attendees. Most will be published infollowing issues of the Mexican magazine Geotermia,
whose previous issues can be consulted at the AGM(http://www.g eoter mia.org.mx) and Geother mal
Resources Council (GRC) (http://geothermal.org) public
websites.
After the congress, the AGM annual assembly was

Photo 2. Participants at the 2008 Annual Congress of the AGM.

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11

I GA New s No. 75
conducted by its President under the following agenda:
1. Approval of the Minutes from the 2007 General
Ordinary Assembly.
2. Report of the 2007-2008 Board of Directors.
3. Report of the 2007-2008 Treasurer.
4. Delivery of the 2008 Pathé Award.
5. Election of the 2009-2010 Board of Directors.
6. Swearing-in of the 2009-2010 Board of Directors.
7. General issues.
The Pathé Award was instituted by the AGM in 2005 tohonor people involved in the development of geothermics
in Mexico for a minimum of 15 years. The 2008 PathéAward was delivered to Bernardo Domínguez Aguirre by
Arturo González Salazar, who had received the award in2007. Bernardo Domínguez Aguirre, 79, is a petroleum
engineer with 54 years of professional experience.
Between 1954 and 1964 he worked for the national oil
company PEMEX, the Mining Promotion Commission,and for private companies. He joined the for mer
Geothermal Energy Commission in 1964, supervisinggeothermal wells in the Cerro Prieto field. Through 19651970 he worked for private drilling companies at the same
geothermal field, and then joined the CFE in 1971, being
appointed as Exploitation Manager of Cerro Prieto. He
remained in CFE up to his retirement in 1997, where he
was responsible for the Studies area of Cerro Prieto, theDrilling Department in the geothermal division of CFE(GPG, Gerencia de Proyectos Geotermoeléctricos),
technical advisor of the GPG and regional coordinator of
the CFE’s Energy Saving Program in the State of Jalisco.
Since 1998 he is an independent consultant. Bernardo
Dominguez Aguirre has been professor at the Baja
California University and has conducted several technicalshort courses in Mexico and other Latin Americancountries. He wa s the President of the Mexica n
Geothermal Association in 1995-1996.
As point 5 of the agenda, the new 2009-2010 Board of
Directors was elected. The former Vice-President, Raúl
Maya González, was sworn-in as the new President. The
Board of Directors is as follows
President: Raúl Maya-González
Vice-President: Magaly Flores-Armenta
Secretary: Luis C.A. Gutiérrez-Negrín
Treasurer: José Luis Quijano-León
Pro-Secretary: Georgina Izquierdo-Montalvo
Pro-Treasurer: José Manuel Romo-Jones

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
JapanStatement by Geothermal
Research Society of Japan
Kasumi Yasukawa, IGA Information
Committee
To encourage geothermal developments in the country, in
October 2008 the Geothermal Research Society of Japan,
a mother society of IGA-Japan, published a statement on

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

geothermal energy use in Japan. Copies were distributed to
relevant authorities and organizations. The messages in thestatement are as follows:“Global warming is a matter of great concern for every
sector on earth. Its acceleration may defeat our lives if we
continue present energy-consuming activities. On theother hand, rising oil prices cause economic damage to allkinds of industries including transportation and agriculture.
Furthermore, the peaking of petroleum production may
limit its supply in the near future.
“These problems of earth’s environmental and energy
security should be considered as a most urgent matter,
which may be solved by efforts of long-term and global
scale. However, measures for such problems in Japan are
further behind those of other developed countries, such as
those in Europe.
“Developments of renewable energies need legal
support because their production cost is still higher thanthermal or nuclear power plants, so that power suppliers
need other incentives. However, except for recent policy
on photovoltaic power generation, Japanese policies on
renewable energies are generally not in effect. In particular,
geothermal energy, which has high potential in the country
and shares with hydropower the highest power production
rates among renewables, is almost out of the focus ofgovernment policy. Geothermal development in Japan has
been stopped for a decade because of high developmentc o s t , u n t o u c h a b l e n a t i o n a l p a r k s, a n d l a c k o fcommunication with the local residents. All these problems
may be solved by new rules from the government.
“Thus delayed development of geothermal energy is asignificant loss for Japanese citizens. Living in the country
with the third highest geothermal potential after Indonesia
and USA, our mission is to advertise and promote
geothermal energy to the government, private sectors, andcitizens. The Geothermal Research Society of Japan will
make any effort to achieve this mission.”

Vietnam

Report of the 8th Asian
Geothermal Symposium
Kasumi Yasukawa, AIST, Japan
Tran Tan Van, VIGMR, Vietnam
The 8th Asian Geothermal Symposium was held in Hanoi
City, Vietnam, on 9-12 December 2008, sponsored by the
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology (AIST), the Vietnam Institute of Geosciences
and Mineral Resources (VIGMR) and the Korean Instituteof Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM). The
theme of the Symposium was “Geothermal Energy:
emerging issues and its role in energ y security andenvironmental protection for Asia”. Over fifty participantsfrom nine countries attended this Symposium.
The Symposium was held on 9-10 December at VIGMR.
After an opening note by Dr. Yusaku Yano, Director of
the Institute for Geo-Resources and Environment

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I GA New s No. 75

Cruise at Ha Long Bay
Swimming pool of Tam Hop geothermal site
(GREEN), AIST, and a welcome note by Dr. Tran Tan
Van, Vice-Director VIGMR, twenty-two technical papers,
including invited ones, were presented by speakers fromseven Asian countries (China, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines,
South Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam) and two European
countries (Germany and Iceland). The first technicalsession focused on the theme “energ y security andenvironmental issues”, which discussed economical aspectsof geothermal energy. Subsequent sessions were mainly ont o p i c s o f c o u n t r y u p d a t e s, r e c e n t s u r v e y s a n ddevelopments, and new technologies. Among them, four
local speakers presented geothermal researches in Vietnam,
showing intensive interest in geothermal energy in thiscountry.

A two-day excursion to Ha Long Bay, a beautiful
coastal area of World Natural Heritage, with stops at two
geothermal direct-use sites, followed the Symposium. The
participants enjoyed an afternoon cruise in Ha Long Bay
on day-1, exploring caves in a limestone island and visiting
a floating fish and fruit market. On day-2, they visited
Quang Hanh and Tam Hop geothermal sites. At each site,
geothermal fluid is used for health therapy at some forty
individual treatment rooms and two big pools. Throughthis symposium, we firmly believe that this forum for
infor mation exchang e will contribute to fur therdevelopment of geothermal energy in Asia.

Participants of the 8th Asian Geothermal Symposium at VIGMR, 10 December, 2008

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13

I GA New s No. 75

AFRICA
Kenya

Kenya plans to develop
1260 MWe of geothermal powerby 2018
Silas M. Simiyu and Peter A. Omenda,
Kenya Electricity Generating
Company Limited,pomenda@kengen.co.ke
Introduction
Kenya currently has an interconnected installed electric
power capacity of about 1338 MWe, comprised of a mixof hydro, geothermal, thermal, wind, gas turbine anddiesel power generators. Of this, the Kenya Electricity
Generating Company (KenGen) currently produces about
1005 MWe while the balance is produced by independent
power producers (IPP). Kenya currently has an annual
demand growth of about 8%, driven by increased
consumption from existing customers (5%) a ndconnection of new customers (3%). However, installedcapacity has not increased to match the demand growth,so emergency power generators have been procured tosatisfy peak demand. The Least Cost Power Development
Plan (2008-2028) prepared by the Government of Kenya
indicates that geothermal plants, having the lowest unit
cost and being suitable for base load, are thus
recommended for additional expansion.

Geothermal Potential in Kenya
Kenya is endowed with vast geothermal potential along
the world famous East African Rift valley that transects
the country from north to south (Figure 1). Exploration
reveals that geothermal potential exceeds 4,000 MW and iscapable of meeting all of Kenya’s electricity needs overthe next 20 years. Out of this potential, 163 MWe iscurrently exploited at the Olkaria geothermal field. A

Power Plant
Olkaria II 3rd Unit
Eburru Pilot Plant
Olkaria I, 4th Unit/I
and II Optimization
Olkaria IV
Menengai I
Menengai II
Menengai III
Menengai IV
Menengai V
Menengai VI
Longonot I

Figure 1: Geothermal areas in the East African Rift Valley inKenyahorticultural farm at Olkaria also generates about 4 MWefrom two small geothermal plants for private use.
KenGen is currently undertaking production drillingof the Olkaria Domes field to the east of the current
production field. This development is earmarked for the
140 MWe Olkaria IV power plant. Six appraisal and four
production wells have so far been drilled in the Domes
field, bringing the total number of wells in the field to

Capacity (MWe)Yearcommissioning

Status

35
2.5

2010
2010

Construction in progress
Construction to commence in 2009

140

2012

Production drilling in progress

140
140
140
140
140
140
140
140

2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

Production drilling in progress
EIA complete, drilling to start in 2010
Drilling to start after Menengai I

Table 1. Summary of KenGen’s planned power plant developments

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

January - March 2009

14
thirteen. The wells are both directional and vertical anddrilled to depths of between 2200m and 3000m. The wells
show high temperatures and good permeability, andproductivity varies from 3-8MWe. Recent studies
completed in the Menengai and Longonot prospects
reveal that substantial geothermal resources exist in eachof the fields and KenGen now plans to drill deep
exploration wells in the prospects from 2010.

Geothermal Expansion strategy
KenGen has embarked on an ambitious generation
expansion plan to install an additional 1260 MW ofelectric power from geothermal sources by 2018. The
planned geothermal developments require 300 production
and 60 re-injection wells to be drilled in the next ten (10)years and about 10 large power stations of about 140 MWeeach to be built. The developments are planned to beundertaken in the four identified high geother mal
potential areas in the Kenya Rift, namely, Olkaria,
Menengai, Longonot and Eburru (Figure 1). In order forthe plans to be achieved, the key milestones in Table 1
will need to be met.

FinancingTo allow for power stations to be planted on schedule,
the envisaged enhanced activities will require more than
US$ 5 billion over the next ten years to cover thefollowing costs: 6 new drilling rigs, drilling materials, drilling
contractor services, supply of other drilling equipment
and spares, feasibility and EIA studies, engineering andother consultancy services, construction of power plants
and steam field development, construction of substations
and transmission lines and laboratory and well test
equipment. In order to meet the set targets, KenGen is
open to discussions on funding with potential financiers,
manufacturers, suppliers and those interested in joint
ventures in the renewable energy sector.

I GA New s No. 75

Progress on Olkaria II Unit 3
Geothermal Power ProjectM o s e s N t h i g a , Ke n G e n Re s i d e n t
Engineer, Olkaria Geothermal Project,
P.O. Box 785, Naivasha, Kenya
Olkaria II Power plant currently has two similar generating
units each with a capacity of 35MW. The total output is
70MW. After commissioning the power station in 2003,
there was excess steam of about 28 MW in Olkaria II field
and another 25 MW in the adjacent Olkaria I field, about
3 km away. It was then decided that Olkaria I and II
borefields should be connected with a pipeline in order totap the combined excess steam to run an additional
35MW as Olkaria II Unit 3.
Tenders for the Olkaria II Unit 3 extension project
were invited through international competitive bidding.
The contract was awarded in August 2007 to a consortiumo f M i t s u b i s h i H e av y I n d u s t r i e s a n d M i t s u b i s h i
Corporation (MHI/MC). The consultant is Sinclair KnightMerz from New Zealand. However, the contract, which
will run for 27 months, became effective on 12th February
2008 with a commissioning date of 12th May 2010. The
contractor mobilized to site immediately. Design andmanufacturing of the power station equipment alsocommenced immediately after signing the contract. The
project is financed by IDA, EIB, AFD and KenGen.
Permanent works at site commenced in October 2008
and the contractor has already completed piling works asscheduled. Deep excavation works at the hot-well area arecomplete and concreting of the U-seal pit is in progressahead of schedule.
De sign a nd ma nufa c turing of the ma in pla nt
equipment has been completed. Most of the components
are being tested in readiness for shipment to Kenya. Steampipes have already been delivered and the cooling water
system pipes have also been received on site.
All site challenges have been overcome and the plant is
expected to be commissioned as scheduled.

UgandaThe Second African Rift
Geothermal Conference(ARGeoC2)
Godfrey Bahati, Organizing
committee, ARGeoC2
Introduction
The Second African Rift Geother mal Conference(ARGeoC2) was held at the Imperial Resort Beach Hotelin Entebbe, Uganda, on 24-28 November, 2008. The
theme of the conference was “Geothermal Energy for
Sustainable Development”.
Olkaria II, Unit 3 (35MW) construction works in progress

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I GA New s No. 75

15Participants at the Second African Rift Geothermal Conference at Imperial Resort Beach
Hotel, Entebbe, November 24-28, 2008.
would contribute to the understanding of the various
ARGeoC2 was the climax of a series of geothermal
complex phenomena of geothermal systems and theactivities which included (i) a Short Course III on Surface
sustainable exploration and development of geothermal
Exploration for Geothermal Resources, at Naivasha,
resources. The minister was hopeful that the conference
Kenya, 24 October to 18 November, 2008; (ii) a Shortwould greatly attract new investment in geothermal energy
Course in Geothermal Project Management at Entebbe,
development in the African region.
20-22 November; (iii) a Meeting of the Board of
The opening ceremony was followed by three key note
Directors of the International Geothermal Association
speeches;(i) Status, Development and Prospects of(IGA BoD) at Entebbe, 22-23 November.
Geothermal Energy Worldwide, by the President of IGA,
ARGeoC2 attracted over 200 scientists from more than
Professor Ladislas Rybach; (ii) Geothermal Energy andthirty countries around the world. Apart from over 150
Climate Change, by Dr. Benard Jamet from UNEP, andparticipants from Africa, 12 were from Asia, 25 from(iii) Status of Geothermal Energy Exploration andEurope, 9 from the Americas, and 2 from Canada. The
Development in Uganda by the Commissioner of theconference facilitated the sharing and dissemination of
Department of Geological Survey and Mines, Mr. Joshua
research information from scientific investigations in theTuhumwire.
African Rift countries.
A total of 72 papers were presented in 9 sessions that
Alongside the conference, the Annual General Meeting
included country updates, papers on geothermal surfaceof the International Geothermal Association (IGA AGM)
exploration, development and utilization. Other papers
was held and there was a Post Conference Field trip on
dealt with economics and financing, institutional
26-28 November to the Katwe-Kikorongo (Katwe) andframeworks and the environment.
Buranga geothermal prospects in Western Uganda.
The conference was closed by the President of the
ARGeoC2
Republic of Uganda, His Excellency Yoweri Kaguta
Museveni, on 25 November. The President expressed
ARGeoC2 was officially opened by the Vice President ofparticular interest in the conference due to the increased
the Comoro Islands, His Excellency Idi Nadhoim, whodemand for energy worldwide and in Africa in particular.
also presented a paper on the status of the potential role
He added that focusing on development and promotionof geothermal energy in the Comoro Islands. Earlier, theof alternative and renewable sources, which include
Minister for Energy and Mineral Development of Uganda,
geothermal energy, would supplement other traditional
Hon. Daudi Migereko, welcomed the participants tosources like hydropower, oil & gas, and nuclear. He noted
Uganda and the fact that the conference would facilitatethat sources of energy like oil & gas were finite.
the sharing and dissemination of research informationfrom scientific investigations relating to continental rifts
The President recognized that there were big challenges
systems and the African Rift system in particular. He
in the development of geothermal energy, including highexpressed hope that the presentations and discussions
up-front costs and geological risks associated withw w w.geot herm al- energy.org

January - March 2009

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I GA New s No. 75

Some of the Post-Conference field trip participants at Buranga geothermal prospect,
West Uganda, November 27, 2008.
resources determination at the exploration phase. These
costs had meant that viable geothermal energy resourcesin the African Rift, estimated at 14,000 MW, hadremained unexploited.
He highlighted the need to encourage the African Riftcountries to promote the development of renewableenergy sources and their efficient utilization, and the factthat governments need to support upstream scientificinvestigations, promote private sector participation, set up
energy funds to finance important power generation
plants and transmission lines, and extend subsidies andincentives to projects that generate power.
The President pledged his government’s commitment
to develop its geothermal energy resources and support to
the African Rift Geother mal Development facility(ARGeo).

ARGeoC3
T he T hird African Rift Geother mal Conference(ARGeoC3) will be held in Djibouti in 2010. The Republicof Djibouti’s acceptance to hold the ARGeoC3 wasannounced at the closing ceremony.

Post conference field trip
A three day post conference field trip took place on 26-28
November. The participants visited two geothermal areas,
namely Katwe-Kikorongo and Buranga located in theWestern Rift Valley in Uganda. The field trip attracted 72
local and foreign participants.

January - March 2009

Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to the sponsors of the ARGeoC2, namely
Heritage Oil Ltd., Icelandic International Development
Agency (ICEIDA), International Geothermal Association(IGA), United Nations Geothermal Training Programme(UNU-GTP), Germany Federal Institute for Geosciences
and Natural Resources (BGR), Uganda Electricity
Transmission Company (UETCL), and Ministry ofEnergy and Mineral Development of Uganda.

UgandaShort Course on ProjectManagement and Development
Ludvik S. Georgsson, Deputy
Director UNU-GTP.
A short course on “Geothermal Project Management andDevelopment” was held on 20-22 November at The
Imperial Botanical Beach Hotel in Entebbe, Uganda. This
three day event was co-organized by the United Nations
University Geothermal Training Programme (UNU-GTP),
Kenya Electricity Generating Company, Ltd. (KenGen)
and the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development(DGSM) in Uganda. The 22 African participants camefrom 10 countries of East Africa. Besides the homew w w.geot herm al- energy.org

17

I GA New s No. 75
country Uganda with 5 participants, other African
participants came from Djibouti (3), Ethiopia (3), Eritrea(1), Tanzania (4), Rwanda (1), Burundi (1), Zambia (2),
D.R. Congo (1), and finally Yemen (1), the latter sharing
common geological features with East Africa. In addition
there were two European participants. The short course
was focused on geothermal project management anddevelopment of geothermal resources. The aim was topromote and improve focus on planning of geothermal
projects in the region and further the development ofgeothermal resources into the production stage. The
timing of the short course was scheduled prior to the
ARGeo C-2 conference held in Entebbe, Uganda on 2425 November. The ARGeo facility and conferences are
the main cooperation partnerships of the East Africancountries with regard to geothermal development.
Lectures and project work covered the status ofgeothermal energy in the world, with emphasis on East
Africa, phases of geothermal development, resource
assessment and g eother mal project planning andmanagement. Teaching and organization of the shortcourse was in the hands of 5 experts from Iceland (UNUGTP, ISOR - Iceland GeoSur vey, and Reykjavik
Geothermal), 6 experts from Kenya, and one from eachof Ethiopia and Uganda, all former UNU Fellows. In
addition, two renowned inter national exper ts in
geothermal utilization and development from El Salvador
and the Philippines were lecturing on their experiences.
The course was very well received. The lectures and thePower Point presentations are available on www.unugtp.is
under Workshops/Short Courses/Uganda SC 2008.

w w w.geot herm al- energy.org

IGA News
IGA News is published quarterly by the International
Geothermal Association. The function of IGA Newsis to disseminate timely information about geothermal
activities throughout the world. To this end, a group of
correspondents has agreed to supply news for eachissue. The core of this group consists of the IGA
Information Committee:
Benedict Steingrímsson, Iceland (Chairman)
Graeme Beardsmore, Australia
Werner Bussmann, Germany
Philippe Dumas, France
John Garnish, United Kingdom
Alimin Ginting, Indonesia
Gestur Gíslason, Iceland
Luis Gutierrez-Negrin, Mexico
Roland Horne, USA
Paul Hirtz, USA
Eduardo Iglesias, Mexico
Beata Kepinska, Poland
Jim Lawless, New ZealandPeter Ledingham, UK
Zbigniew Malolepszy, Poland
Francisco E. Montalvo Lopez, El Salvador
Martin N. Mwangi, Kenya
Mahmut Parlaktuna, Turkey
Sylvia Ramos, Philippines
Colin Randall, Australia
Yoonho Song, South Korea
Joaquin Torres-Rodriguez, Mexico
Toshihiro Uchida, Japan
François-David Vuataz, Switzerland
Kasumi Yasukawa, JapanThe members of this group submit geothermal news
from their parts of the world, or relevant to their areasof specialization. If you have some news, a report, or
an article for IGA News, you can send it to any of theabove individuals, or directly to the IGA Secretariat,
whatever is most convenient. Please help us to become
essential reading for anyone seeking the latest
information on geothermal worldwide.
While the editorial team make every effort to ensure
accuracy, the opinions expressed in contributed articles
remain those of the authors and are not necessarily
those of the IGA.
Send IGA News contributions to:
IGA Secretariat, c/o Samorka
Sudurlandsbraut 48, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland
fax: +354-588-4431
e-mail: iga@samorka.is
This issue of IGA News was edited by Eduardo
Iglesias. John Garnish proofread the articles. Producedby Gestur Gíslason for the IGA Secretariat. Design
layout by François Vuataz.

January - March 2009

18

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