RIKEN
Accelerator
Progress Report
vol.

41

BOOK & CD-ROM
独立行政法人理化学研究所 仁科加速器研究センター

RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science

RIKEN Accelerator Progress Report
vol.

41

BOOK & CD-ROM
独立行政法人理化学研究所

仁科加速器研究センター

RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science
Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 JAPAN






Chairperson of the Editorial Committee

H. En’yo
Editorial Committee

H. Okuno
S. Nishimura
A. KohamaA. Yoshida
Y. Kobayashi
T. Kambara
Y. Uwamino
K. Ishida

K. Yoneda
K. Morimoto
M. WadaH. SatoT. TadaT. AbeK. Yazaki
T. Ichihara

Y. Okuizumi
T. Iwanami

Y. SakataY. Iwata

All rights reserved. This report or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any from(including photostatic or microfilm form) without written permission from thepublisher.
All reports are written on authors’ responsibility and thus the editors are not liable forthe contents of the report.

GURAVURE & HIGHLIGHTS OF THE YEAR

グラビア1
The first electron scattering experiment using the SCRIT prototype
SCRIT Collaboration:ab

T. Emoto, Y. Furukawa , K. Ishii , S. Ito, T. Kosekic, K. Kuritaa, A. Kuwajimaa, T. Masudab, A. Morikawaa, M. Nakamura,
A. Nodad, T. Ohnishi, T. Shiraie, T. Suda, H. Takeda, T. Tamaea, H. Tongud, M. Wakasugi, S. Wang and Y. Yano
This year, there was a remarkable progress for the SCRIT
collaboration. After nearly five years of intensive R&D
studies of the SCRIT scheme using a prototype at KSR,
Kyoto University, we have succeeded in trapping asufficient number of ions and in reaching a sufficiently highluminosity for electron scattering experiments under the
SCRIT scheme. The SCRIT has now proved to be adefinite means for never-before-performed electron
scattering off short-lived unstable nuclei. We finallyprayed open the door to the structure studies of those nuclei
by electron scattering.
The first observation of elastically scattered electrons
was made in the April experiment.1) It was estimated that
we trapped approximately 7 x 106 ions. By observing theelastically scattered electrons at the scattering angle of 30º,the luminosity was determined to be 2.4 x 1025 /cm2/s.
In the December experiment, we further succeeded inincreasing the luminosity to 1026 /cm2/s by a finer control ofthe externally injected ion beam. The stored beam currentof KSR was approximately 75 mA, and the ion trapping
duration was 53 ms. This luminosity made it possible toperform the first electron scattering experiment by the
SCRIT scheme: the measurement of the angular distributionof elastic electron scattering from 30º to 60º. Theseexperiments completely mimicked the short-lived nuclei
whose lifetime is in the order of 100 ms

Figure 1 shows the SCRIT prototype. Pulsed Cs ionswere extracted from the ion source with the kinetic energyof 4.05 kV, and were merged at the deflector with thecirculating electron beam thereby becoming trapped by theelectron beam. They were, then, automatically guided
towards the electrodes, where the mirror potential is formed
for the longitudinal trap.
The mirror potential wascontrolled in such a way that the pulsed Cs ions wereintroduced inside, and trapped for 53 ms with the kinetic
energy of less than 2 eV. The ions were, then, released
from the trap followed by the measurements of the numberof trapped ions and their mass-to-charge distribution using
the analyzer.
This injection-trap-release cycle wasrepeated at a frequency of 17 Hz. For the repetitive
measurement of scattered electrons with and without Csions, the Cs ions were injected every two cycles.
The scattered electrons emerging to the air through the
1-mm-thick Be window were detected using the electron
detection system consisting of a drift chamber, plastic
scintillators, and three sets of calorimeters.
The
calorimeters were energy-calibrated using 120 MeV
electrons elastically scattered from the position-controllable
50 µm W wire. This whole system is installed at the 2 mstraight section of the KSR as shown in Fig. 2.
In Fig. 3, the energy and vertex distributions of electrons
detected by the pure-CsI calorimeter placed at the scattering

Fig. 1. The SCRIT prototype-i-

グラビア1angle of 30º are shown. Figure 3 (a) shows the vertex
distribution of electrons whose energy is larger than 80
MeV. The blue (red) line shows that with (without)trapped Cs ions. Clear enhancement of electron events
due to the trapped Cs ions is seen in the trap region.
Figure 3 (c) shows the energy spectrum of electrons comingfrom the trap region. There is again a clear enhancement

Fig. 4. Angular distributions of the scattered electrons
from the trapped Cs ions. L and d!/d" are theluminosity and the differential cross section,
respectively.
at around 120 MeV when the Cs ions are trapped (blue line).
Since the spectrum shape of scattered electrons from thetrapped Cs ions is found to be consistent with the response
function of the calorimeter to 120 MeV determined using
the W wire, we conclude that they are elastically scatteredelectrons from the trapped Cs ions.
Since the trap region was extended to 260 mm, a wide
scattering angular range from 30º to 60º was covered.
Figure 4 shows the angular distribution of the elastic
scattering after correcting for the detector acceptance andthe measuring time. The solid line in the figure shows theresult of a distorted wave calculation of elastic electron
scattering off 133Cs. A good agreement of the angulardependence over nearly three orders of magnitude with thecalculation confirms the measurement of elastic scattering.

Fig. 2. Kyoto Storage Ring (KSR)

Reference
1) M. Wakasugi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 164801 (2008).

aLaboratory of Nuclear Science, Tohoku University
Department of Physics, Rikkyo Universityc
Accelerator Laboratory, KEKdInstitute of Chemical Research, Kyoto UniversityeNational Institute of Radiological SciencesbFig. 3. Energy and vertex distributions of electrons
detected by the pure CsI calorimeter. The blue (red)line in (a), (b) shows the events with (without) thetrapped Cs ions.

- ii -

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

New isotopes 125 Pd and 126 Pd produced by projectile-fission of 345
A·MeV 238 U
T. Ohnishi, T. Kubo, K. Kusaka, K. Yoshida, A. Yoshida, M. Ohtake, Y. Yanagisawa, N. Fukuda, H. Takeda, N.
Aoi, H. Suzuki ∗1 , Y. Mizoi ∗2 , Y. Yano, Y. Yamaguchi, K. Yoneda, H. Otsu, S. Takeuchi, D. Kameda, T.
Sugimoto, Y. Kondo, H. Scheit, Y. Gono, H. Sakurai, T. Motobayashi, M. Matsushita ∗3 , K. Ieki ∗3 , T. Nakao∗1, H. Kimura ∗1 , T. Kuboki ∗4 , T. Yamaguchi ∗4 , T. Suzuki ∗4 , A. Ozawa ∗5 , T. Moriguchi ∗5 , Y. Yasuda ∗5 , T.
Nakamura ∗6 , T. Nannichi ∗6 , T. Shimamura ∗6 , Y. Nakayama ∗6 , H. Geissel ∗7 , H. Weick ∗7 , J. A. Nolen ∗8 , O.
B. Tarasov ∗9 , A. S. Nettleton ∗9 , D. P. Bazin ∗9 , B. M. Sherrill ∗9 , D. J. Morrissey ∗9 , and W. Mittig ∗10
NUCLEAR REACTION Be(238 U, x) E = 345 MeV/nucleon, In-flight fission, New isotopes
125
Pd and 126 Pd, In-flight RI beam separator
BigRIPS1) is a new superconducting in-flight radioactive isotope (RI) beam separator at the RI Beam
Factory (RIBF)2) , which provides various RI beams
produced by in-flight fission or projectile fragmentation of heavy ions including uranium. It was completed and came into operation in 2007. In the firstexperiment using the BigRIPS, we searched for new
isotopes that are very neutron-rich nuclei at aroundZ = 50 produced in the in-flight fission of 238 U at 345
MeV/nucleon, and the new isotopes 125 Pd and 126 Pd
were found.
The in-flight fission of fissile beams3) was used to
produce neutron-rich nuclei that are far from stability. The advantages of this reaction have been demonstrated by experiments at GSI4,5) using the 238 U beam.
In these experiments, more than one hundred new
isotopes were identified in a single experiment. The
BigRIPS has been designed with large acceptancesin both angle and momentum using superconducting
magnets. Owing to its large acceptances, the BigRIPS
can use its advantage of high production cross sectionsof neutron-rich isotopes from in-flight fission reaction
and a good collection efficiency of fission fragments,
approximately 50%.
A 238 U beam was accelerated up to an energy of 345
MeV/nucleon, using the newly constructed accelerator
complex consisting of the linear accelerator RILAC andthe four cyclotrons RRC, fRC, IRC, and SRC2) . The
uranium beam reacted with a 7-mm-thick Be target,and its intensity, monitored by measuring light charged
particles recoiling out of the target, was 4 × 107 particle/sec on average. Fission fragments emitted nearzero degrees were collected and analyzed using the BigRIPS. The BigRIPS consists of two stages. At the firststage, the fragments were separated by selecting magnetic rigidity (Bρ). The transmitted fragments wereidentified event by event at the second stage. During
the experiment, several settings of Bρ ranging from 7.0
Tm to 7.6 Tm were employed in order to determine
the production yields of neutron-rich isotopes near the
known limits.
Particle identification was performed at the second
stage using the measured Bρ, energy loss (∆E), andtime of flight (TOF). TOF was measured using two
plastic scintillation counters placed on the first (F3)and last (F7) focal planes of the second stage with acentral flight length of 47 m. Both focal planes are
achromatic. The scintillation counters were 0.2 mm
thick and 100 × 100 mm2 in area. At F7, two 0.35mm-thick Si detectors with an active area of 50 × 50
mm2 were installed to measure ∆E. To measure Bρ
precisely, the trajectory of the fragments was reconstructed from the positions and angles measured in
two position-sensitive PPACs6) at the achromatic focal
plane (F3) and two more at the intermediate dispersive focal plane (F5) of the second stage. The effective
area of the PPACs was 240×150 mm2 . First-order ionoptical transfer matrices were obtained experimentallywith the RI beams and primary uranium beam, andthey were used for the trajectory reconstruction. The
Bρ of the fragments on the central trajectory was determined using the magnetic fields of the dipoles measured using NMR probes and the central trajectory
radii of the dipoles deduced from the magnetic fieldmap data. To confirm the particle identification, delayed γ rays from isomeric states in some of the products were measured using two clover-type high-purity
germanium detectors located at F7.
Figure 1 shows a two-dimensional plot of theatomic number Z versus the mass-to-charge ratio A/Q
at Bρ=7.395 Tm with a momentum acceptance of∆P/P =±1%. In Fig. 1, the events that their charge
state did not change at F3 and F5 were selected bygating on the reconstructed Bρ. The relative rootmean-square (rms) resolution for Z and A/Q for Pd(Z=46) isotopes was 0.55% and 0.041%, respectively.
Z was determined from ∆E and TOF, while A/Q was∗1

Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo
Division of Electronics and Applied Physics, Osaka ElectroCommunication University∗3 Department of Physics, Rikkyo University∗4 Department of Physics, Saitama University∗5 Institute of Physics, University of Tsukuba∗6 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology∗7 Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforshung (GSI)∗8 Algonne National Laboratory (ANL)∗9 Michigan State University (MSU)∗10 Grand Accelerateur National d’Ions Lourds (GANIL)∗2

1- iii -

45
40

50

10 4

40

Z

30

10

25

15
2.4

2.5

2.6

A/Q

2.7

184.8
240.2
461.2
366.4
370.0

10

10

20

92.1

20

2

300.0

116.3

30

10 3

35

122.3

Counts/keV

50

10 5

0

1

100

200
300
E (keV)

400

500

Fig. 2. Energy spectrum of delayed γ rays gated on 96 Rb.
The labeld γ rays are corresponding to those from thedecay of the isomeric state in 96 Rb.

Fig. 1. Two-dimensional plot of Z versus A/Q at Bρ=7.395
Tm with momentum acceptance of ∆P/P = ±1%. In
this figure, the events in which their charge state do notchange at F3 and F5 are shown.

Pd(Z=46) isotopes
122

10Countsdeduced from TOF and Bρ. The calibration of TOF
and ∆E was performed using fragments that have thecentral Bρ value. The effect of the small energy loss in
the F5 PPACs was included in deducing the velocityof the fragments. Particle identification was confirmed
using delayed γ rays from the decay of the isomericstate in 96 Rb with an excitation energy of 1135 keV
and a half-life of 2.0 µsec7) , as shown in Fig. 2.
An A/Q plot for Pd isotopes around new isotopes
is shown in Fig. 3. This plot was obtained from thetwo-dimensional Z versus A/Q plot shown in Fig. 1 bygating with a Z gate set to 46 ± 0.38 (1.5σ), where
σ represents the absolute rms Z resolution. Peaks forfully stripped (Q=Z), H-like (Q=Z − 1), and He-like(Q=Z − 2) ions are separated from each other. As
shown in the figure, the new isotope 125 Pd is clearly
identified at A/Q = 2.717, and the centroid position of125
Pd peak is 6.2σ apart from that of 122 Pd45+ whichis the nearest nuclei, where σ, the absolute rms A/Q
resolution, is 0.0011. The total yield of 125 Pd is 22
counts. The production of the new isotope 126 Pd isalso clearly seen in Fig. 3, although its yield is 3 counts.
The total beam dose was 3.6×1012 at approximately
25 hours of irradiation time.
In summary, we performed the first experiment at
the BigRIPS, and found the new isotopes 125 Pd and126
Pd. This result shows the high performance of the
BigRIPS in the production, separation, and particle
identification of unstable nuclei. More detailed description is reported in ref. 8, and further data analysis
is in progress to extract the cross sections of isotope
production.

2

123
Q=Z
Q=Z-1
Q=Z-2

124

120
119

121
117

122

118

119

10

125
123
126

1
2.65

2.675

2.7

2.725

A/Q

Fig. 3. A/Q spectrum of Pd isotopes around new isotopes.
The Z gate is set to 46 ±1.5σ(0.38). The peaks arelabeled using mass numbers and charge states.

References
1) T. Kubo et al.: Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B204, 97(2003).
2) Y. Yano: Nucl. Instr. and Metsh. B261 1009(2007).
3) J. Benlliure et al.: Nucl. Phys. A628 458(1998).
4) M. Bernas et al.: Phys. Lett. B331, 19(1994).
5) M. Bernas et al.: Phys. Lett. B415, 111(1997).
6) H. Kumagai et al.: Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A470,
562(2001).
7) J. A. Pinston et al.: Phys. Rev. C71, 064327(2005).
8) T. Ohnishi et al.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 77, 083201(2008).

2- iv -

New innovative technology in plant breeding using heavy-ion beams
T. Abe, Y. Kazama, H. Takehisa, H. Ichida, K. Nishihara, Y. Hayashi, H. Ryuto, N. Fukunishi
and T. Kambara
Induced mutations are highly effective in enhancing
genetic variation in plants and have been successfully
applied to the development of improved and newcultivars. The number of cultivars that have been bredby this method exceeds 2600 worldwide. Heavy-ion
beam irradiation, which has been developed in Japan, is
one of the most remarkable mutation technologies. We
have put 6 new flower cultivars in the market in Japan,
USA, Canada and EU since 2001 (Fig. 1 to 3). The
year 2007 is memorable for the creation of a new color
in the flower of a cherry named “Nishina Zao” (Fig. 4)
using heavy-ion beams, which became the first plant thatRIKEN registered under the Seeds and Seedlings Law.
Besides “Nishina Zao”, eight new flowers such as“Olivia Pure White” (dianthus, Fig. 5), “Reiko Pink” and“Reiko Pink Ring” (delosperma, Fig. 6), “Summer
Wave” series (torenia) and others will begin sales in2008 to 2009. A short overview of the technology
follows.

Miharu(original)

World

Fig. 3. New color of dahlia “World”.

Gyoiko(original)

Nishina Zao

Fig. 4. New color of cherry “Nishina Zao”.

Fig. 1. A flower bed in front of the RIKEN cafeteria.
These flowers were created by ion beam irradiation.
“Temari Momo”, “Temari Bright Pink”, “Temari Sakura
Pink” and “Surfinia Rose Veind” from the center.

Torenia(original)

Olivia White
Eye(original)

Fig. 5. New color of dianthus “Olivia Pure White”.

Reiko(original)

Summer Wave
Pink White

Fig. 2. New color of torenia “Summer wave pink white”.

-v-

Olivia Pure
White

Reiko
Pink Ring

Fig. 6. New color of delosperma “Reiko Pink Ring”.

Ion beams with high linear energy transfer (LET)
have higher biological effects than low-LET radiationsuch as gamma and X-rays. Heavy-ion cancer therapy
was advanced from 1986 at the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron(RRC) by the collaboration of radiation oncologists,
physicists, and biologists. Encouraged by the above
experience, our plant scientist group started to use theRRC for radiation biology research in 1989. We soon
found that the ion beam is highly effective in causing
mutagenesis of seed embryos at a particular stage during
fertilization without damage to other plant tissues whenan ovule-sized collimator (5-10 mm diameter) was used.
We isolated many types of mutant in tobacco including
albino, variegated, salt-resistant, and herbicide-resistantphenotypes.1-3)
We concluded that atomic ionsaccelerated to high energies induce mutations at highefficiency and wide variation even under low exposure
doses and short irradiation time. A passage of an ion
induces double-strand breaks at a few sites on the DNA,and a mutant lacking a gene is produced with highprobability.4-6) Then the mutants can be selected as a
new variety in which the target characteristics are
modified while other existing valuable characteristics are
retained.7, 8) The time for breeding can be shortened
significantly to two or three years.
The LET of ions in matter has a sharp peak at the endof the range, which is called the Bragg peak (BP). In thecase of cancer therapy, the BP is adjusted to the target
malignant cells so that the ions deliver more dose in thetarget while considerably less dose to the surrounding
normal tissues. In the case of plant biology, on theother hand, a uniform dose distribution is a key to thesystematic study, and thus, to the improvement of themutation efficiency. We selected sufficiently highbeam energy to avoid the effect of BP and realize a
uniform dose distribution. An LET of 30 keV/!m wasfound to be the most effective for mutation induction in
Arabidopsis (Fig. 7)4) and the deletion size obtainedusing Fe ions was larger than that using C ions in a
microorganism.9)
In parallel to these research studies, we haveorganized a heavy-ion plant research consortium with
120 national user groups and 11 international ones,
which include agricultural experimental stations,
universities, seed companies and flower companies.
Recently, we have shown various results in plant
physiology, genetics, botany, and agricultural sciencefrom our extensive studies using mutants of many
species in the plant kingdom. We isolated 4 strains ofsalt-resistant rice and one of them can be grown in asaline paddy field and can produce good grains.10, 11)
Other crops have been developed using the technology,
including semidwarf buckwheat that is shorter andsturdier than normal12) and resistant to typhoon winds,sterile tomato (Fig. 8)13) and wheat6, 14), which arebioresources for gene analysis that enable the molecularunderstanding of the mechanisms of flowering. The ion

beam irradiation technique enables the isolation ofunique mutants that have never been obtained byconventional methods.

Mutation Rate (%)

4

3

2

1

Survival Rate (%)

0
100

75

50

(keV/µm)
C 22.5
C 30
C 61.525

N 30
N 61.5

0
100

Ne 61.5
200

300
400
Dose (Gy)

500

600

Fig. 7. Effects of heavy-ion beams on survival rate andmutation induction in Arabidopsis.

Micro-Tom(normal)Sterile mutant

Fig. 8. Sterile mutant of tomato.
Referemces
1) T. Abe et.al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 29, 165 (1996)
2) T. Abe et.al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 30, 127 (1997)
3) T. Abe et.al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 31, 148 (1998)
4) Y. Kazama et.al.: Plant Biotech. 25, 113-117 (2008)
5) Y. Kazama et.al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 225 (2008)
6) K. Murai et.al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 233 (2008)
7) K. Suzuki et.al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 35, 129 (2002)
8) M. Sugiyama et.al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 229 (2008)9) H. Ichida et.al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 224 (2008)
10) Y. Hayashi et.al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 234 (2008)
11) Y. Hayashi et.al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 253 (2007)
12) T. Morishita et.al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 232 (2008)13) S. Imanishi et.al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 231 (2008)
14) K. Murai et.al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 39, 136 (2006)- vi -

038
RIKEN
Accel.
Prog.
(2008)(2008)
RIKEN
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.4141

Installation of production target system for BigRIPS separator
Atsushi Yoshida, Yoshitaka Yamaguchi, Kanenobu Tanaka, Yoshiyuki Yanagisawa and Toshiyuki Kubo
The production target system for the projectile fragment
separator (BigRIPS) has been installed. It was constructedon the basis of its design studies and R&D experiments.1- 4)
The target chamber has a replaceable unit structure to facilitate its maintenance under a high-radiation environment.
On a side wall of the chamber, a target flange unit ismounted, which is a core component of this target system.
The target flange unit is an all-in-one vacuum flange (Fig.
1). That is, two sets of water-cooled rotating disk target
units, beam diagnostic devices of a Faraday cup (FC) and abeam profile monitor, a ladder-shaped target, and a view
port for target monitoring are mounted on the same vacuum
flange. Below the chamber, a vacuum pump unit that consists of a gate valve, a turbo pump, and a rotary pump ismounted. For maintenance, the target flange unit and thevacuum pump unit are disassembled using a remote-handling maintenance cart running on rails. Then,nothing remains in the chamber and we can replace all thetarget components.

porary storage area, the target flange is inserted into ashielding container and allowed to cool for several weeks. A
simulator chamber is used for checking in advance theproper operation of the newly installed target flange unit.

Fig. 2. Remote handling target maintenance system.
Two types of targets are provided on the target flange(Fig. 1-a). For low-beam-power experiment, namely, up to afew kilowatts of energy loss in a target, the ladder-shaped
target with water cooling, which is a fixed target, is provided. Four target plates shaped as a small disk of 20 mm
diameter with up to 20 mm thickness are available formounting the fixed target holder. For high-beam-power experiments, two sets of water-cooled rotating disk target
units are provided. A disk target shaped as a large disk of 30
cm diameter with up to 15 mm thickness is available formounting the disk target unit. A wide variety of targets withdifferent thicknesses should be prepared. Those thicknesses
should be flexible by as much as 10-50 % of the stopping
range of the primary beams in a target material. It is in therange of a few millimeters up to several centimeters for U
to C primary beams onto a beryllium target. For this purpose, step-shaped disk targets whose circumference edge of
30 mm width has a step shape are provided. And each of thetwo rotating disk target units can be moved perpendicular tothe beam axis by 60 mm. Using two step-shaped disks simultaneously, a wide variety of target thickness control becomes available.
As a guideline for the proper use of the fixed target andFig. 1. a) Target flange unit. b) Target vacuum chamber andvacuum pump unit. c) Internal view of the disk target unit
containing a motor and water inlet tubes.
The maintenance procedure of the target flange unit will
be carried out to change the disk target, or in the case of a
failure, the target components. The remote-handling cartholds the target flange unit, and then the pneumatic flange
lock actuators placed on the unit are released. After breaking the vacuum of the target chamber, the cart transports theflange through an access tunnel to a temporary storage area
where spare target units are kept ready (Fig. 2). At the tem-- vii -

038
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

rotating disk target, the beam spot temperature on both targets is calculated. For the fixed target, its beam spot temperature (Tr1) is analytically calculated using a formulabased on the cylindrical temperature gradient model.
Tr1 = Tr2 + dE * ln( r2 / r1) / (2ʌ*κ*Ltg) ,where r1 is the beam spot radius on the fixed target and dEis the energy loss in the cylinder-shaped target of r2 radius
and Ltg thickness.κindicates the thermal conductivity ofthe target material. Here, an ideal water cooling is assumed,i.e., the temperature at the side wall of the target cylinder is
kept the same as the cooling water temperature (Tr2). The
calculated beam spot temperature on a Be target as a function of the primary beam intensity of U to C is plotted (Fig.
3). For light primary beams up to Ar, the temperature is always much below the melting temperature of the Be target
material up to the goal intensity of 1 particle µA (pµA) at
this facility. In this respect, the fixed target is safely applicable for these light primary beams. For the heavy primarybeams of Kr to U, the fixed target is also applicable up to
the intensity of a few 100 pnA. However, we should surely
use the rotating target for primary beams of Kr to U with
the intensity near to 1 pµA. For the rotating target, its beam
spot temperature is calculated using the ANSYS code byusing the RIKEN Super Combined Cluster (RSCC). The
result for a Be disk target of 30 cm diameter and 4.4 mm
thickness rotating at 500 rotation per minute (rpm) for the U
beam is plotted with dashed line in Fig. 3 and comparedwith the result of the fixed target. Using the rotating disktarget, we can achieve an approximately tenfold gain in the
primary beam intensity.

placed at the entrance of the target access tunnel, where it is
11 m away from the target chamber (see Fig. 2). In the light
path, a reflection mirror and a vacuum view port using asapphire window are assembled. A CCD camera with a telescope lens monitors the position and size of the beam spot.
An infrared thermoviewer5) with a silicon telescope lensmonitors the temperature distribution around the beam spot
within a circle of 5 cm diameter. Its achieved position resolution was 0.5 mm on the target. A laser pointer can be used
to indicate the beam spot position on the targets. Besides
this system, an infrared fiberscope6) with a 35 m fiber has
also been installed. It is used to measure the average areal
temperature around the beam spot within a circle of 5 mmdiameter. An infrared sensor and a laser spot projector areassembled at one end of the fiber located in the
low-radiation environment. To avoid failure of the thermoviewer due to radiation damage, we normally use theviewer only at the start of the experiment. Then, we remove
the viewer and use the fiberscope for continuous temperature monitoring.

Fig. 4. Beam spot observation system.
To monitor the beam intensity, the FC in the target
chamber, a scattered particle monitor, and a Fast Current
Transformer (FCT)7) are available. The FC is made of aconical tungsten cup of 15 mm thickness and 28 mm aperture. The scattered particle monitor consisting of 3 layers ofplastic scintillators of 1 mm thickness detects scatteredcharged particles from a target. It is placed at an angle of
120 degrees from the beam axis and 68 cm from the target.
The FCT is assembled at the entrance beam duct of the target chamber. The scattered particle monitor and the FCT are
calibrated using the FC with a low-intensity beam of up to afew 100 enA, destructively. Then the beam intensity ismeasured by the monitor and the FCT, nondestructively.

Fig. 3. Calculated beam spot temperature on a Be target
as a function of the primary beam intensity of U to C.
A beam spot observation system has been introduced (Fig.
4). To reduce the radiation damage to this system, it isReferences
1) A. Yoshida et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 34,188(2001),
35,152(2002), 37,295(2004), 38,296(2005).
2) A. Yoshida et al.: Nucl. Instrum. & Methods Phys. Res. A
521, 65 (2004)
3) A. Yoshida: PSI Proceedings, 81(2008)
4) A. Yoshida et al.: Nucl. Instrum. & Methods Phys. Res. A,
590,204(2008)
5) TVS-8502, Nippon Avionics Co., http://www.avio.co.jp/
6) IR-FAQI, Chino Co., http://www.chino.co.jp/
7) M. Wada et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 38,170(2005).

- viii -105

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Helium-gas cooling of carbon stripper foils
H. Hasebe, H. Ryuto, N. Fukunishi, A. Goto, M. Kase, and Y. Yano
Carbon foils (C-foils) are extensively used as charge
strippers for high-intensity heavy-ion beams at the RIKEN
RI beam factory (RIBF). However, the C-foil lifetime islimited. One of the main causes of the short lifetime ofcarbon stripper foils is assumed to be the heat deposited bybeams. A helium-gas-cooled rotating target is used as atarget of the gas-filled recoil separator (GARIS). To
examine the possibility of applying the gas-coolingmechanism to carbon stripper foils, a beam test was
performed.
Figure 1 shows a photograph of multilayer C-foils1)
placed on small target holders of the GARIS rotating target.
The thickness of the C-foil is 0.29 mg/cm2. There are 5
poly-monochloro-para-xylylene (Parylene) layers and 5
carbon layers in the foil, which is normally used as a carbon
stripper foil between the RIKEN ring cyclotron (RRC) andthe fixed-frequency ring cyclotron (fRC) 2), 3).
A beam test was performed on January 8-9, 2008. The
measurement was carried out by irradiating the C-foils with
a 5.04 MeV/u 70Zn16+ beam at an intensity of 0.9 pPA thatwas delivered from the RIKEN heavy-ion linear accelerator(RILAC). The beam was focused on a 3 mm-x-15 mm
rectangular self-supporting C-foil. The vacuum of the target
chamber was approximately 1 x 10-6 Torr, and it became 0.5
Torr when helium gas was introduced. The irradiation timewas 2 h for each C-foil.

mm x 15 mm). When helium gas was used, the color of themultilayer C-foil changed from blue to green. Neither C-foil
broke, but pin holes appeared at the edge of the foils,
possibly because some of the beam hit the foil holder. No
difference in foil lifetime was observed.

Fig. 2. Photograph of C-foils after the beam irradiation. The
left foil was irradiated with helium gas and the right foil
was irradiated without gas.

Fig. 3 Photograph of AFM (easy Scan 2 by Nanosurf AG).
Figure 4 shows images of C-foils observed using theAFM4) introduced in July 2007 (see Fig. 3), and the
maximum area of the images is 1 Pm. Figures 4 (a) to 4(d)show images of a C-foil that was neither irradiated norplaced in helium gas, a foil irradiated without helium gas, anonirradiated C-foil placed in helium gas, and a foil
irradiated with helium gas, respectively.

Fig. 1. Two C-foils installed on the small target holder of
GARIS.
Figure 2 shows C-foils after the beam test. The left foil
was irradiated with helium gas, and the right foil was
irradiated without gas. The irradiation trace of the right foil
(4 mm x 15 mm) is slightly larger than that of the left foil (3- ix -

105

(a)

(b)

(c)
(d)
Fig. 4. AFM images of C-foils: (a) neither irradiated norplaced in helium gas, (b) irradiated without helium gas, (c)not irradiated but placed in helium gas, (d) irradiated withhelium gas.
Foils (a) and (c) show slight unevenness because
Parylene covers their surface. The Parylene is evaporated
by the heat deposited by the beam. Therefore, someunevenness is observed clearly in foils (b) and (d). Foil (b)shows the carbon surface most clearly, and damage causedby the beam was not observed on the carbon surface.
Because the beam shape was different in both cases, thecooling effect by the helium gas could not be judged by thisbeam irradiation test.
References

1) H. Hasebe, H. Ryuto, N. Fukunishi, A. Goto, M. Kase, and Y.
Yano: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 128 (2007).
2) H. Ryuto, N. Fukunishi, H. Hasebe, N. Inabe, S. Yokouchi, O.
Kamigaito, A. Goto, M. Kase, and Y. Yano: Proceedings of 2005
Particle Accelerator Conference, Knoxville, Tennessee, 2005, p.
3751.
3) H. Ryuto, H. Hasebe, N. Fukunishi, A. Goto, M. Kase, and Y.
Yano: in this Progress Report.
4) Nanosurf AG
URL: http://www.nanosurf.com/

-x-

009
RIKEN
Prog.Rep.
Rep.4141(2008(2008))RIKEN Accel.
Accel. Prog.

Observing dynamical supersymmetry breaking by euclidean latticesimulations
I. Kanamori, F. Sugino∗1 and H. Suzuki[Dynamical supersymmetry breaking, lattice gauge theory, Monte Carlo simulation]
It is widely believed that supersymmetry is relevantin particle physics beyond the standard model and itis spontaneously broken by some mechanism. If supersymmetry is not spontaneously broken at the lowest
order of the perturbation theory, it remains so at allorders of the perturbation theory. There still exists,
however, a possibility that supersymmetry is spontaneously broken nonperturbatively. A precise study ofsuch dynamical supersymmetry breaking remains elusive because we have no universal framework that defines supersymmetric (particularly gauge) theories at
a nonperturbative level.
In this work, we propose a method to observe the dynamical supersymmetry breaking in the euclidean lattice gauge theory, in the light of recent developmentson lattice formulation of supersymmetric theories (fora review, see ref. 1)) and use it to examine the dynamical supersymmetry breaking in the two-dimensional
N = (2, 2) super Yang-Mills theory (2d N = (2, 2)
SYM). This seemingly simple supersymmetric systemdefies a straightforward low-energy description by several reasons and it is even conjectured by some authors2) that supersymmetry is dynamically broken inthis system with the gauge group SU(Nc ).
The global supersymmetry is spontaneously broken
if and only if ground-state energy is strictly positive.3)
In principle, therefore, one can determine whether thesupersymmetry breaking occurs if ground-state energy
can be computed. Recall that the thermal average ofthe Hamiltonian H with the inverse temperature β isexpressed as
dµ He−S
Tr He−βH
aPBC=≡ HaPBC , (1)Tr e−βHdµ e−SaPBC

where S is the euclidean (i.e., imaginary-time) action.
On the right-hand side, the time-period of the system
is taken to be β. What is very important in eq. (1) isthe boundary condition in the temporal direction. It
must be periodic for all bosonic variables and antiperiodic (aPBC) for all fermionic variables. In the lowtemperature limit β → ∞, only the ground state(s)contribute to eq. (1) and the ground-state energy E0
will be given by E0 = limβ→∞ HaPBC .
To embody this simple idea in Euclidean lattice formulation, we have to correctly choose a possible additive constant in the Hamiltonian H. For this, we adopt
a relation H ≡ iQQ/2 as a working hypothesis, where
∗1

35

aPBC
PBC

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

βg

Fig. 1. The expectation values of the hamiltonian density(in a unit of g 2 ) with the anti-periodic (aPBC) and periodic (PBC) conditions, as a function of the physicaltemporal size of the system βg, where g is the gauge
coupling constant in two dimensions. The physical spatial size is fixed to be Lg = 1.4142.

Q is the fermionic transformation and Q is the Noether
charge associated with the transformation Q conjugate
to Q. If the lattice formulation one adopts possesses Q
as the manifest symmetry, this definition of the Hamiltonian is consistent with a topological property of the
Witten index. We tested the prescription in models
of supersymmetric quantum mechanics3) and obtained
very promising results. For 2d N = (2, 2) SYM, weused a lattice formulation proposed in ref. 4), in which
the fermionic symmetry Q is manifestly realized. Our
results, which were obtained using the RIKEN Super
Combined Cluster (RSCC), are shown in Fig. 1. The
gauge group is SU(2). We regard this as a strong numerical evidence that supersymmetry is not spontaneously broken in this system. For details, we referto ref. 5).
References
1) J. Giedt: PoS LAT2006, 008 (2006).
2) K. Hori and D. Tong: J. High Energy Phys. 05, 079(2007).
3) E. Witten: Nucl. Phys. B 188, 513 (1981).
4) F. Sugino: J. High Energy Phys. 03, 067 (2004).
5) I. Kanamori, F. Sugino and H. Suzuki: arXiv:0711.2099[hep-lat]; arXiv:0711.2132 [hep-lat].

Okayama Institute for Quantum Physics- xi -1

033

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Production of 255No via the 238U(22Ne,5n)255No Reaction Using the Gas-Jet
Transport System Coupled to GARIS
H. Haba, T. Akiyama, D. Kaji, H. Kikunaga,*1 K. Morimoto, K. Morita, T. Nanri,*2 K. Ooe,*1 N. Sato, A. Shinohara,*1 D.
Suzuki,*2 T. Takabe,*1 I. Yamazaki,*2 A. Yokoyama,*2 and A. Yoneda

䋪1Graduate School of Science, Osaka University

䋪2

Faculty of Science, Kanazawa University- xii -The sum of Į-particle spectra measured in the seven top
detectors of MANON is shown in Fig. 1. A beam dose of
2.81×1017 was accumulated. As shown in Fig. 1,
7.620–8.312 MeV Į peaks2) of 255No are clearly seen under
the low-background condition, indicating that the gas-jet
transport of 255No was successfully conducted after thephysical separation by GARIS. The decay curve of the Įpeaks of 255No is shown in the inset of Fig. 1. The half-life
was determined to be 3.4±0.8 min, which is in agreementwith the value of 3.1±0.2 min in the literature.2) By
comparing the spectrum measured with the 12-strip Si
detector, the gas-jet transport efficiency of 255No wasevaluated to be 84±9%. The transport efficiency of GARIS
was about 5% for the focal plane of 60 mm diameter,
referring to the cross section of 90 nb.3) Since MANON wasplaced in the target room in this experiment, somebackground events caused by large numbers of neutrons
during the irradiation can be seen in Fig. 1. Recently, we
have constructed a chemistry laboratory isolated from thetarget room by a 50-cm concrete shield where thebackground level is expected to be two orders of magnitude
lower than that in the target room. In the near future, theproduction of SHE nuclides such as 261Rf, 265Sg, 269Hs, and283
112 for chemical experiments will be investigated using
the 238U and 248Cm targets.
80

2

2
10

60
50
40
30

Counts / 90 s

7.620-8.312 255 No

70

Counts / 40 keV

Recently, a gas-jet transport system was installed at the
focal plane of the RIKEN gas-filled recoil ion separator
GARIS to start superheavy-element (SHE, Z104)
chemistry.1) The performance of the system was first
appraised using 206Fr and 245Fm produced in the169
Tm(40Ar,3n)206Fr and 208Pb(40Ar,3n)245Fm reactions,
respectively.1) The results revealed that the GARIS/gas-jet
system is a promising tool for next-generation SHE
chemistry, i.e., identifying SHE nuclides under extremely
low-background conditions with high efficiency of thegas-jet transport. In order to produce SHE nuclides withlong half-lives for chemical experiments, further
asymmetric fusion reactions based on actinide targets suchas 238U and 248Cm should be considered. As a first step, we
have produced an isotope of element 102, 255No, in the
238
U(22Ne,5n)255No reaction using the GARIS/gas-jet
system.
A 238U3O8 target of 368 ȝg cm–2 thickness was preparedby electrodeposition onto a 1.27 mg cm–2 Ti backing foil.
The 22Ne7+ ion beam was extracted from the RIKEN Linear
Accelerator, RILAC. The beam energy was 113.8 MeV atthe center of the target. The typical beam intensity was 4particle ȝA. The reaction products of interest wereseparated in-flight from the beam and the majority of thenuclear transfer products by GARIS and then guided into
the gas-jet chamber of 70 mm i.d. × 60 mm depth through aMylar window of 1.1 ȝm thickness, which was supported
by a circular-hole grid with 72% transparency and 60 mm
diameter. GARIS was filled with helium gas at a pressure of
38 Pa. The magnetic rigidity of GARIS was set at 1.93 Tm.
In the gas-jet chamber, the reaction products were
stopped in helium gas, attached to KCl aerosols generated
by the sublimation of KCl powder at 620 o C, andcontinuously transported through a Teflon capillary (1.59mm i.d. × 4 m length) to a rotating wheel system, MANON,for Į spectrometry. The helium flow rate was 1.0 L min–1,
and the inner pressure of the chamber was 38 kPa. In
MANON, the reaction products were deposited onto Mylar
foils of 0.68 ȝm thickness and 20 mm diameter placed at
the periphery of a 40-position stainless-steel wheel of 420
mm diameter. After the aerosol collection, the wheel was
stepped at 90-s intervals to position the foils between sevenpairs of Si PIN photodiodes (Hamamatsu S3204-09). To
evaluate the number of 255No atoms that passed through theMylar window of GARIS, the gas-jet chamber was replacedwith a detector chamber equipped with a 12-strip Si
detector of size 60 × 60 mm2 (Hamamatsu 12CH SD).

1

1
10

0

0
10
0

20
10
0

6

7

8

9

200

400

Time / s

10

11

600

12

D-particle energy / MeV
-particle
Fig. 1. Sum of Į-particle spectra measured in the seven top
detectors of MANON. The inset shows a decay curve of 255No.

References

1) H. Haba et al.: J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 8, 55 (2007).
2) R. B. Firestone and V. S. Shirley: Table of Isotopes, 8th ed.
(John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1996).
3) H. Haba et al.: Eur. Phys. J. D 45, 81 (2007).

018
RIKEN
Rep.4141(2008(2008))RIKENAccel.
Accel. Prog.
Prog. Rep.

Systematic study of 9,10,11 Li with the tensor and pairing correlations
T. Myo,∗1 Y. Kikuchi,∗2 K. Katō,∗2 H. Toki,∗1 and K. Ikeda

So far, many experiments have been performed on
Li and the surrounding nuclei in order to understandthe exotic structures of these nuclei. We summarize
the experimental data for 11 Li as: a) The halo neutrons have almost equal amount of the s-wave component with respect to that of p-wave1) . b) Precise
measurements of the various radius are obtained2,3) .
c) The E1 strength distribution has a peak near thethreshold4) . d) The electromagnetic properties show
the exotic structures of 11 Li5) .
The challenge from the theoretical side is the mechanism of a large s-wave component for the halo neutrons, namely the disappearance of the N = 8 magic
number. However, conventionally, most of the studies of 11 Li had to assume that the 1s1/2 single particle
state is brought down by hand to the 0p1/2 state. It istherefore the real challenge for theorists to understandthis breaking of magicity.
In the previous study6) , we have considered newly
the tensor correlation in 11 Li based on the extended
three-body model, where the tensor correlation in the9
Li core is described fully in the tensor-optimized shellmodel7) . It was found that the tensor and pairing correlations in 9 Li inside 11 Li are Pauli-blocked by additional two neutrons, which makes the (1s)2 and (0p)2
conﬁgurations close to each other to mix about equalamount of two conﬁgurations. As a result, we naturally explained the breaking of magicity and the halo
formation for 11 Li with 47% of the (1s)2 component.
We also reproduced the Coulomb breakup strength andthe charge radius of 11 Li.
In this report, following the previous study6) , wedemonstrate the reliability of our framework by performing a detailed systematic analysis of the structures of 9,10,11 Li. For the dipole strength of 11 Li into9
Li+n+n state, we observe the low energy peak shownin Fig. 1. We investigate the eﬀect of the ﬁnal stateinteractions between the 9 Li+n+n system, by which
either the core-n or nn interactions is cut oﬀ, respectively, or both of them are cut oﬀ, namely, the plane
wave treatment, shown in Fig. 1. The results showthat the plane wave gives the small strength, which indicates the importance of the ﬁnal state correlations.
Among the ﬁnal state correlations, the core-n and
nn interactions give comparable contributions. Thismeans that both two correlations are important to explain the three-body breakup mechanism of 11 Li.
We also show the Q moments of the 9 Li and 11 Li

dB(E1)/dE [e2 fm2 /MeV][Nuclear structure, Unstable nuclei, Tensor force, Cluster model]

11

∗1
∗2

1.8
No folding by
1.6
Present
exp. resolution
1.4
1.2
1.0
Vcn=0
0.8
0.6
Vnn=0
0.4
Plane wave
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Energy [MeV]Fig. 1. Eﬀect of the ﬁnal state interactions on the E1 transition strength of 11 Li into the 9 Li+n+n system.

Table 1. Q moments of 9 Li and 11 Li in units of e fm2 .
9Present
Experiment5)

Li
−2.65
−2.74 ± 0.10

11

Li
−2.80
3.12 ± 0.45 (|Q|)

in Table 1. Only the absolute value is reported for11
Li in the experiments5) . The present model describes
well the observations. It is found that the diﬀerence
between the values of 9 Li and 11 Li is small. This trend
is diﬀerent from the the charge radius case, in which
the enhancement in 11 Li is caused by the recoil eﬀect
coming from the large 9 Li-2n distance as 5.69 fm6) . We
here discuss the recoil eﬀect in the Q moment of 11 Li
by expanding its operator into the core part, the 9 Li2n relative motion part. In our wave function of 11 Li,
2n almost form the 0+ state with around 99%. Hence,
the Q moment from the relative motion part almost
vanishes because of the rank condition. This meansthat the recoil eﬀect is negligible and the Q momentof 11 Li comes from the 9 Li core part. It is desiredthat further experimental data are obtained for the Q
moment of 11 Li.
References
1) H. Simon et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 496 (1999).
2) A. V. Dobrovolsky et al.: Nucl. Phys. A766, 1 (2006).
3) R. Sánchez et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 033002 (2006).
4) T. Nakamura et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 252502 (2006).
5) E. Arnold et al.: Z. Phys.A349, 337 (1994).
6) T. Myo et al.: Phys. Rev. C76, 024305 (2007).
7) T. Myo et al.: Prog. Theor. Phys. 118, 257 (2007).

Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University
Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University- xiii -1

020

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

PSR detection of soft mode toward exotic magnetic ground statein bond-disordered quantum spin system IPA-Cu(Cl0.35Br0.65)3†
T. Goto*1, T. Kanada*1, T. Saito*1, A. Oosawa*1, H. Manaka*2, T. Suzuki and I. Watanabe†

Condensed from the article submitted to Phys. Rev. B
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Sophia University
䋪2
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
䋪1

this system.
That is, active spins with an
antiferromagnetic correlation are considered to be restricted
in islands surrounded by singlet sea. Actually, O1 iscomparable to the end member system of IPA-CuCl3,
though the characteristic fluctuation frequency decreases
appreciably. The significant increase in relaxation rate at
low temperatures shows that the ground state of the system
is magnetic and still does not show any magnetic order.
The field dependence of the relaxation rate in Fig. 2
shows that the Fourier spectrum of the spin fluctuation
changes from white noise like at a high temperature of
approximately 8 K to steep peak weighed at around zeroenergy at low temperatures. This behavior is interpreted tobe the soft mode toward the possible phase transition at theabsolute zero, or toward an exotic phase, such as theBose-glass phase.

Asymmetry(%)

15

(a)

3950 Oe(b)3950 Oe

500 Oe100 Oe100 Oe

10

20 Oe

20 Oe

5

0
0

10 Oe

10 Oe
ZF

0.3K
5

10

0

W (Ps)ZF

5K
5

W (Ps)

10

Fig. 1. Typical relaxation curves under various magnetic
fields at (a) 0.3 K and (b) 5 K. Dashed curves correspondto the fitting function in Eq. (1).
O1
O2

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
2

4

6

Temperature (K)

8

39
5

0.0
0

Lo 0 1
ng 00
itu 0
di 300na
l f 10
ie 0
ld
(O 2
e) 0

Relaxation rate (Ps)

Disorder often introduces a nontrivial effect intoquantum spin systems. A small of holes destroy the
uniform Néel order in the parent compound of high-TC
cuprates, and a small amount of nonmagnetic impurities
stabilizes the Néel state in spin Peierls systems.
Furthermore, there is a theoretical prediction of theappearance of an exotic ground state Bose glass indisordered Boson systems. Although the possibility of theexperimental detection of the Bose-glass phase by either
macroscopic or microscopic probes was repeatedly
suggested in the solid solution of different two spin-gap
systems, details still remain to be clarified.
The
compound(CH3)2CHNH3-Cu(ClxBr1x)3abbreviated as IPA-Cu(ClxBr1x)3 is a solid solution of thetwo spin-gap ladder systems IPA-CuCl3 and IPA-CuBr3
with different spin gaps of '=14 and 98 K, respectively. It
has been reported that experiments on macroscopic
quantities show a magnetic order at low temperatures whenx is within the limited region between 0.44 and 0.87, andotherwise a gapped behavior. We have investigatedmicroscopically the ground state of the sample with x=0.35
by muon spin relaxation (PSR).
Single crystals with x=0.35 have been grown by anevaporation method[1]. Measurements of PSR have been
carried out at the Riken-RAL Muon Facility in the U.K.
using a spin-polarized pulsed surface muon (P+) with amomentum of 27 MeV/c. The incident muon beam wasdirected parallel to the b*-axis, which was perpendicular to
one of the three outer planes with the largest area, theso-called C-plane[1].
Typical relaxation curves of muon spin polarization
under zero and finite longitudinal fields (LFs) are shown in
Fig. 1. The relaxation over the entire temperature andfield region is described by a function containing two
components expressed as(1)
A1GKT(t, ')exp(t /O1)+A2exp(t /O2),
where GKT is the Kubo-Toyabe function with the static field
distribution width at the muon site ', the relaxation rates O1
and O2, and the component amplitudes A1 and A2. No
muon spin rotation due to a static field produced by amagnetic order was observed in any temperature or fieldregion. The amplitude fraction of O2, the larger component
was around A2/(A1+A2) | 0.1 at 8 K, increased withdecreasing temperature and reached 0.4 at 0.3 K. The
temperature dependences of the two relaxation rates undervarious LFs are shown in Fig. 2.
The existence of the two components in relaxation curvesindicates that a microscopic phase separation occurs in

Fig. 2 Temperature dependences of two relaxation rates
O1 and O2 under various longitudinal fields. Solid anddashed curves serve as visual guides.
References

1) H. Manaka et al. : Phys. Rev. B63, 104408 (2001).
2) T. Saito et al. : Phys. Rev. B74, 134423 (2006).
3) T. Adachi et al. : J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, 083701 (2007).

- xiv -044
RIKEN
Prog.Rep.
Rep.4141(2008)(2008)
RIKEN Accel.
Accel. Prog.

Tenth-Order QED Contributions to Electron g −2
T. Aoyama,∗1 M. Hayakawa,∗2 T. Kinoshita,∗3 and M. Nio[QED, anomalous magnetic moment, electron]
The anomalous magnetic moment of electron, calledg − 2, has been playing a central role in the testingof the validity of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED).
A Harvard team has very recently reported the resultof a new measurement of the electron anomaly ae =(g−2)/21)
ae = 1 159 652 180.73 (0.28) × 10−12 (0.24 ppb).(1)This value has a uncertainty that is 2.7 and 15 times
smaller than those of previous measurements carriedout in 20062) and in 19873) , respectively.
To match the experimental precision, the theory requires the QED contributions of up to the tenth orderof perturbation theory.4) The largest uncertainty of thecurrent theory comes from the yet-uncalculated tenthorder contribution. There are 12672 vertex Feynman
diagrams contributing to the tenth-order g−2. They arefurther divided into 32 gauge-invariant sets as shownin Fig. 1. The contributions from 17 sets, Sets I(a–f),II(a,b), II(f), VI(a–c), VI(e,f), and VI(i–k), were previously determined by us.6) Evaluation of the remaining 15 sets is very tough, because they require many
ultraviolet (UV) renormalization terms as well as infrared (IR) subtraction terms. Thus far, we have developed the automatic code generation system to carryout such a complex and gigantic calculation without
making a single error.
Part of the automation system, called gencodeN,
deals with a Feynman diagram without a fermion
loop.7) Given one-line information specifying a diagram, gencodeN generates a set of FORTRAN programs, which is ready to proceed to numerical evaluation. While debugging gencodeN, we found an error
in the old calculation of the eighth-order contribution
and corrected it.4) This revision of the theory seriously
affected the value of the fine-structure constant α determined from the measured g−2 and the theory.5)
With the help of gencodeN, we obtained the tenthorder contributions from Sets III(a), III(b), and IV.
The numerical evaluation of Set V requires enormous
computational power and is still being evaluated on
RIKEN’s supercomputing system (RSCC).
The other part of the automation system, gencodevpN, takes care of a vacuum polarization diagram consisting of a single lepton loop. This enables
us to evaluate swiftly Sets I(g–i) and II(c,d).
∗1
∗2
∗3

Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
Department of Physics, Nagoya University
Laboratory for Elementary-Particle Physics, Cornell University- xv -

I(a)

I(b)

I(c)

I(d)

I(e)

I(f)

I(g)

I(h)

I(i)

I(j)

II(a)

II(b)

II(c)

II(d)

II(e)

II(f)

III(a)

III(b)

III(c)

IV

V

VI(f)

VI(a)

VI(b)

VI(c)

VI(d)

VI(e)

VI(g)

VI(h)

VI(i)

VI(j)

VI(k)

Fig. 1. Feynman diagrams contributing to the tenth-order
lepton g−2. Typical diagrams from 32 gauge-invariant
sets are shown. An external photon vertex is omitted
for simplicity. There are 12672 vertex diagrams in total.

Set I(j) has a structure totally different from theother diagrams. It was evaluated by one of us (M. H.)
and his collaborator, N. Watanabe, and the result will
be reported elsewhere.
Only five Sets II(e), III(c), VI(d), and VI(g,h) involving a light-by-light scattering amplitude are currently left untouched. We have, however, found notechnical difficulty in evaluating these sets. We hope
we can report the entire contribution of the tenth-orderterms very soon.
References
1) D. Hanneke, S. Fogwell, and G. Gabrielse: Phys. Rev. Lett.
100, 120801 (2008).
2) B. Odom, D. Hanneke, B. D’Urso, and G. Gabrielse:
Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 030801 (2006).
3) R. S. Van Dyck, Jr., P. B. Schwinberg, and
H. G. Dehmelt: Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 26 (1987).
4) T. Aoyama, M.
Hayakawa, T.
Kinoshita, andM. Nio: Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 110406 (2007);
T. Aoyama, M. Hayakawa, T. Kinoshita, and M. Nio:
Phys. Rev. D 77, 053012 (2008).
5) G. Gabrielse, D. Hanneke, T. Kinoshita, M. Nio, andB. Odom: Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 030802 (2006); ibid
99, 039902 (2007).
6) T. Kinoshita and M. Nio: Phys. Rev. D 73, 053007(2006); M. Nio, T. Aoyama, M. Hayakawa, T. Kinoshita: Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 169, 238 (2007).
7) T. Aoyama, M. Hayakawa, T. Kinoshita, and M. Nio:
Nucl. Phys. B 740, 138 (2006); ibid 796, 184 (2008).

1

060
RIKEN
Prog.Rep.
Rep.4141(2008(2008))RIKEN Accel.
Accel. Prog.

Study of low-lying states in 32 Mg
S. Takeuchi, N. Aoi, H. Baba,∗1 T. Fukui,∗2 Y. Hashimoto,∗3 K. Ieki,∗4 N. Imai,∗5 H. Iwasaki,∗6 S. Kanno,∗4
Y. Kondo,∗3 T. Kubo, K. Kurita,∗4 T. Minemura,∗5 T. Motobayashi, T. Nakabayashi,∗3 T. Nakamura,∗3
T. Okumura,∗3 T. K. Onishi,∗6 S. Ota,∗2 H. Sakurai,∗6 S. Shimoura,∗1 R. Sugou,∗4 D. Suzuki,∗6 H. Suzuki,∗6
M. K. Suzuki,∗6 E. Takeshita,∗4 M. Tamaki,∗1 K. Tanaka, Y. Togano,∗4 and K. Yamada[nuclear structure, in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy]
Experimental studies on the collectivity in 32 Mg using the Coulomb excitation have focused on the lowlying excited state.1) The small excitation energy andlarge B(E2;2+ → 0+ ) value of the first 2+ (2+1 ) statesuggest that 32 Mg has a large nuclear quadrupole deformation.1,2) For further study of the collectivity in
32
Mg, the locations and spin parities (J π ’s) of excitedstates above the 2+
1 state are important. Although theexcitation energies of higher states were measured by
β-γ spectroscopy,3,4) the J π ’s for those states are still
unknown. In the present study, their J π ’s have been
investigated through the measurement of differential
cross sections in the proton inelastic scattering from32
Mg on the basis of inverse kinematics.5)
Figure 1 shows a level scheme of 32 Mg deduced by
the present γ-γ analysis. The dotted lines are for the
known levels, while the solid lines indicate the levels
tentatively assigned by this study. On the basis of thislevel scheme, measured γ-ray spectra were analyzed
with response functions for the individual γ transitions. Each response function was obtained by Monte
Carlo simulations. The angular distributions of scattered 32 Mg for the excitation to each state were extracted using the γ-ray intensities deduced from thisanalysis.
Figure 2 shows the experimental angular distributions determined for the excitation to the 885 keV and
2321 keV states, indicated by the filled and open circles, respectively. The data are compared with thecoupled-channel calculations performed using the code
ECIS976) with the KD02 optical-potential parameters.7) The dashed and dotted curves for the 2321 keVstate correspond to the calculation assuming, respectively, 4+ and 3− , which are plausible candidates forJ π . The symmetric rotational model was assumed for++the two-step transition (0+1 → 21 → 41 ) and one++step hexadecapole one (01 → 41 ) for the case of 4+1,
whereas the harmonic vibrational model was employed
to calculate the one-step transition to 3−
1 . The angular
distributions for the transition to the 2+
1 state and 2321
keV state are well reproduced simultaneously by the
∗1
∗2
∗3
∗4
∗5
∗6

Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo
Department of Physics, Kyoto University
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Department of Physics, Rikkyo University
Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
Department of Physics, University of Tokyo- xvi -

Fig. 1. Reconstructed level scheme for 32 Mg deduced frompresent studies of the 32 Mg+p inelastic scattering. For
details, see text.

Fig. 2. Angular distributions for the excitation to the 885
keV and 2321 keV states in 32 Mg. For details, see text.

calculation assuming 4+
1 for the 2321 keV state rather
than the one with the assumption of 3−
1 . Assuming
for
the
2321
keV
state,βandβJ π = 4+2
4 parameters1
in the symmetric rotational model were deduced to be
0.408(22) and 0.112(29), respectively.
References
1) T. Motobayashi et al.: Phys. Lett. B 346, 9 (1995).
2) C. Detraz et al.: Phys. Rev. C 19, 164 (1979).
3) G. Klotz et al.: Phys. Rev. C 47, 2502 (1993).
4) C. M. Mattoon et al.: Phys. Rev. C 75, 017302 (2007).
5) S. Takeuchi et al.: J. Phys.:Conf. Ser. 49, 153 (2006).
6) J. Raynal: unpublished coupled-channel code ECIS97.
7) A. J. Koning, J. P. Delaroche,: Nucl. Phys. A 713, 231(2003).

1

168
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Acceleration-Voltage Calibration of RIKEN Heavy-Ion Linac
Nobuhisa Fukunishi, Masaki Fujimaki, Yoshihide Higurashi,
Naruhiko Sakamoto, Masanori Wakasugi, Tamaki Watanabe and Masayuki Kase

The RIKEN Heavy-ion linac1) (RILAC) is the first-stage
accelerator of the RI Beam Factory (RIBF) accelerator
complex. After the first-beam extraction of the RIBF, thetransmission efficiency of ions accelerated by the RIBF has
been very low. For example, the total transmission
efficiency was 0.1% for a uranium beam acceleration
although the charge stripping efficiency was 4 - 5%.2,3)
There are many problems to be addressed and one of themis how to improve the transmission efficiency of the RILAC,
which is typically 30%. The RILAC consists of six
acceleration cavities and its preinjector system consists of abuncher, FC-RFQ,4) and a rebuncher. We should adjust 18
parameters (9 voltages and 9 phases) of rf fields to obtainan appropriate transmission efficiency (~70%) that ispredicted by numerical simulation. However, the precise
voltage calibration of the RILAC has not been performed.
Hence, we decided to calibrate acceleration voltages of therf cavities using a time-of-flight (TOF) method.
Assume that we are interested in the voltage calibrationof the sixth cavity of the RILAC. The voltage and phase of
the sixth cavity are usually monitored by measuring theoutput signals of a phase-pickup electrode placed in thecavity with a vector voltmeter. It means that the voltage andphase are relatively well known, but their absolute values
are not. To determine their absolute values, it is useful tomeasure the beam energies. Under the condition thatparameters except for the voltage and phase of the sixth
cavity are fixed, the average energy of the ions accelerated
by the sixth cavity depends only on the voltage and phase of
the sixth cavity. This dependence is calculated numericallyas shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Simulation results of output energies of the sixth
cavity of the RILAC for various acceleration conditions.
The unit of the acceleration voltage (V) is MV.

In our measurements, the average energy of the ions isdetermined on the basis of the ions arriving at two plastic
scintillators placed at an appropriate interval. By collecting
data on the average energies for various voltages and phases,
and comparing them with the simulation, we can determine
the two parameters what we want. One is the voltage ratioof an actual rf field to an output voltage of the phase-pickup
electrode. The other is the phase shift between the actual rf
field and the phase recorded using the vector voltmeter.
These two quantities are easily determined by the leastsquare fitting. The injection energy to the sixth cavity
should be measured because the energy dependence shownin Fig. 1 changes owing to the injection energy.

Fig. 2. Schematic layout of the TOF measurement. Twoplastic scintillators were placed at the e04 and e05
chambers (SC-e04 and SC-e05).
Measurements were performed on September 27 andOctober 1, 2007 for the sixth and fifth cavities, respectively.
We employed a system developed by the authors M. W. and
T. W.5) to measure the beam energies in the RIBF, and twoplastic scintillators were placed at the e04 and e05
chambers as shown in Fig. 2. In the case of the voltage
calibration of the fifth cavity, the voltage of the sixth cavity
was set to zero. We did not carry out measurements for theother cavities because the distances from the cavity to becalibrated to the scintillators were too long. In the present
configuration, a beam is widely spread in the longitudinal
direction owing to its energy spread.
Examples of measured time spectra are shown in Fig. 3.
The average beam energy was determined to be 0.661
MeV/nucleon in this case. Results obtained in a series of
TOF measurements are summarized in Fig. 4 with theresults of the least-square fitting. We carried out
measurements for three different acceleration voltages for- xvii -168

Fig. 3 Examples of time spectra measured using plastic
scintillators e04 (SC-e04) and e05 (SC-e05). The verticalaxis shows the time from a scintillator’s signal to a stop
pulse (RF). The lines are the results of the least-square
fitting in which a two-component Gaussian distribution is
employed.
the sixth cavity for 10 hours. In contrast, it took 8 hours tocollect the TOF data shown in Fig. 4 for the fifth cavity. We
found that some of the data included large errors, which aremarked in Fig. 4. In these data, the time of flight from thecavity to be calibrated to the SC-e04 was inconsistent withthat from the cavity to the SC-e05. It means that the
injection energy to the cavity to be calibrated was slightly
changed during the TOF measurement. Small voltagechanges in the second cavity were repeatedly detectedduring the measurements. When we recognized a voltagechange, we restarted a TOF measurement. The existence ofdata with large errors indicates that we sometimes failed torecognize the voltage changes. These data were excluded
from the least-square fitting.

The uncertainties of the scaling factors in these relations
were also estimated. The error in measuring the distancefrom the SC-e04 to SC-e05 is considered to be ±0.1%,
which results in a ±0.2% error in energy determination. The
errors that originated from the least-square fitting todetermine the peak positions of time spectra are typically
0.2 nsec, which corresponds to ±0.1% in energy
determination. These errors correspond to a voltage error ofat most ±0.2% because the sixth (fifth) cavity contributes tothe energy difference between the sixth (fifth) and fifth(fourth) cavities. In addition, the root-mean-squaredeviations of the least-square fitting shown in Fig. 4 are
0.07 % and 0.09% for the sixth and fifth cavity, respectively.
Hence, we conclude that the scaling factors in the equations
typically include ±0.5% errors.
The present results demonstrate that the voltage
calibration using a TOF method works well. We should
continue voltage calibrations for the remaining cavities. It isnecessary to move the plastic scintillators upstream toshorten the distance from the RILAC. On the other hand,the direct extension of the present method to the second andfirst cavities may be difficult because their output energies
are too low. It is a future challenge to establish a method ofvoltage calibration for the low-energy section of the RILAC
and its preinjectors.
References(1) M. Odera et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods A227, 187(1984)(2) A. Goto et al.: Proc. 18th Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons andtheir Applications 3 (2007).
(3) N. Fukunishi et al.: “Brief Summary of Uranium
Acceleration Tests in RI Beam Factory II”, in thisprogress report.
(4) O. Kamigaito et al.: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70, 4523 (1999).
(5) T. Watanabe et al.: Proc. PASJ4-LAM32, August 2007,
Wako-shi Saitama, WP37.

Fig. 4. Summary of TOF measurements for the fifth (left)
and the sixth (right) cavities of the RILAC. The points
indicate the observed energies. The lines are the results of
the least-square fitting. The abbreviation “VVM” denotes
output voltage of the vector voltmeter. Data inside theellipses include large errors.
From the results of the least-square fitting, relations
between the actual acceleration voltage and the output
voltage of the phase-pickup electrode measured using thevector voltmeter are summarized as follows.
V 6 (kV) = 1.42 VVM6 (mV) = 1.05 Vset (kV)V5 (kV) = 1.14 VVM5 (mV) = 0.87 Vset (kV)The symbols Vi and VVMi (i=5,6) represent the actual
voltage and the output voltage of the VVM, respectively.
The symbol Vset denotes a setting value of the voltage inthe rf control system of the RILAC. It should be noted thatthese relations hold only for 18.25-MHz acceleration.

- xviii -

182
RIKEN
Rep.4141(2008(2008))RIKENAccel.
Accel. Prog.
Prog. Rep.

Quarkonium Melting Above Deconﬁnement†Á. Mócsy∗1 and P. Petreczky∗1,∗2

0.16

σ(ω)/ω2

G/Grec

1.2Tc
1.5Tc
2.0Tc
free
lattice, 1.5Tc

0.14
0.12

0.99
τ [fm]

0.98

0.08

0.05

0.15

0.25

0.06
0.04
0.02
0

ω [GeV]
2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Fig. 1. Charmonium spectral function at diﬀerent temperatures from1) and from lattice QCD at 1.5Tc 2) .. The
error-bars on the lattice spectral function correspond to
the statistical error of the spectral function integrated
in the ω-interval corresponding to the horizontal errorbars. The insets show the corresponding ratio G/Grec 1)
together with the results from lattice calculations2) .
3)

In we extended the analysis to real QCD with one
strange quark and two light quarks using new lattice
QCD data on quark-antiquark free energy obtainedwith small quark masses4) , and estimated the upper
∗1
∗2

Υ
J/ψ
χb
Υ’

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2
T/Tc

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

Fig. 2. Upper limit of the binding energy of quarkonium
states.

1

0.1

limit on the dissociation temperatures of the diﬀerent charmonium and bottomonium states. There is anuncertainty in choosing the quark-antiquark potential
at ﬁnite temperature. The more extreme choice, stillcompatible with lattice data4) , leads to the largest possible binding energy. In this most binding potential
some of the quarkonium states survive above deconﬁnement, but their strongly temperature-dependent
binding energy is signiﬁcantly reduced. This is shownin Fig. 2. Here binding energy is deﬁned as the distance between the position of the resonance peak andthe continuum threshold. Due to the reduced binding energy thermal activation can lead to the dissociation of quarkonia, even when the corresponding peakis present in the spectral function. From the binding
energy using the analysis of5) we estimate the thermal width3) . When the thermal width is signiﬁcantly

Ebinding [GeV]

In a recent paper1) we analyzed in detail the quarkonium spectral functions. This analysis has shown thatspectral functions calculated using potential model forthe non-relativistic Green’s function combined with
perturbative QCD can describe the available latticedata on quarkonium correlators both at zero and ﬁnite
temperature in QCD with no light quarks1) . Charmonia, however, were found to be dissolved at temperatures signiﬁcantly lower than quoted in lattice QCD
studies, and in contradiction with other claims made inrecent years from diﬀerent potential model studies. Fig
1 shows the pseudoscalar charmonium spectral function at diﬀerent temperatures above deconﬁnement
as obtained using the physically motivated potential(V1 (r, T ) in1) ). There are no resonance like structures,
only a large threshold enhancement. This enhancement above free quark propagation is an indication ofa remaining correlation between the charm and anticharm quark. In Fig 1 we also show the lattice charmonium spectral function of Ref.2) (solid black curve).
The ﬁrst bump in the spectral function calculated on
the lattice is consistent with the threshold enhancement obtained from the potential model. Furthermore, the spectral function integrated from 2.7GeV
to 4.5GeV does not change between T = 0 and 1.5Tc,
neither on the lattice, nor in our results.

RIKEN-BNL Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA

larger than the binding energy no peak structure will
be present in the spectral functions, even though thesimple potential model calculation predicts a peak.
Therefore, we deﬁne a conservative dissociation temperature by the condition Γ > 2Ebin . The obtained
dissociation temperatures are summarized in the table: all quarkonium states, except the 1S bottomonium, will melt at temperatures considerably smaller
than previous estimates.
state
Tdis

χc
≤ Tc

ψ�
≤ Tc

J/ψ
1.2Tc

Υ�
1.2Tc

χb
1.3Tc

Υ
2Tc

References
1) Á. Mócsy, P. Petreczky, Phys. Rev. D 77, 014501 (2008)
2) A. Jakovac, P. Petreczky, K. Petrov, A. Velytsky, Phys.
Rev. D 75, 014506 (2007)
3) Á. Mócsy, P. Petreczky, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 211602(2007)
4) K. Petrov [RBC-Bielefeld Collaboration], arXiv:heplat/0610041.
5) D. Kharzeev, L. D. McLerran, H. Satz, Phys. Lett. B
356, 349 (1995)- xix -1

Page

The first electron scattering experiment using the SCRIT prototypei

New isotopes 125Pd and 126Pd produced by projectile-fission of 345 A･MeV 238U

iii

New innovative technology in plant breeding using heavy-ion beamsv

Installation of production target system for BigRIPS separatorvii

Helium-gas cooling of carbon stripper foilsix

Observing dynamical supersymmetry breaking by euclidean lattice simulations

xi

Production of 255No via the 238U(22Ne,5n)255No Reaction Using the Gas-Jet Transport
System Coupled to GARIS

xii

Systematic study of 9,10,11Li with the tensor and pairing correlationsxiii

μSR detection of soft mode toward exotic magnetic ground state in bond-disordered
quantum spin system IPA-Cu(Cl0.35Br0.65)3

xiv

Tenth-Order QED Contributions to Electron

xv-2

Study of low-lying states in 32Mg

xvi

Acceleration-Voltage Calibration of RIKEN Heavy-Ion Linac

xvii

Quarkonium Melting Above Deconfinementxix
1

Gamma-ray measurements for particle identification

3

Observation of elastic electron scattering at the SCRIT prototype

5

Pumping 229mTh by hollow-cathode discharge [V]6

Investigation of the 26Si(p,γ)27P reaction via Coulomb dissociation

7

One-neutron removal reactions of 18,19C

8In-beam γ-ray spectroscopy using the very neutron-rich 36Mg beam

9Lifetime measurements of 2+1 states in 16,18C

10

Study of neutron-rich 23O and the disappearance of N＝20 magicity

11

Proton core polarization in neutron-rich nucleus 74Ni

12

On the Analysis of High-Energy Coulomb Excitation Experiments

13

Spectroscopy of 7He and 11Be via d(8He,t)7He and d(12Be,t)11Be reactions

14

Search for 7H in 2H + 8He collisions

15

Momentum distributions of 18,19C fragments from 20C breakup reaction

16-Factor measurement of the isomeric state of 32Al

17

Effect of delayed γ rays on β-ray angular distribution of 20F

18

Precision spectroscopy of laser-cooled 7,10Be+ in online ion trap

19

Towards the determination of nuclear charge radii for Be isotopes

20

Probing Asymmetric Nuclear Matter at RIBF

21

Analyzing Power Measurement for the Proton Elastic Scattering on 8He at 71 A MeV

22

Production of spin-polarized 17N beam via inverse-kinematics transfer reaction

23

Feasibility Study of

Direct Measurement of the 21Na(α,p)24Mg Stellar Reaction

24

Development of 46Cr secondary beam

25

Resonances of 7He using the complex scaling method

27

Exotic molecular structures in highly excited states of 12Be

28

Inelastic proton scattering and neutron quadrupole transitions of 12Be

29

Reaction cross sections of carbon isotopes incident on a proton

30

Competition and coexistence of normal and intruder states in exotic Na isotopes from β
decay study

31

Shell-model description of neutron-rich Ca isotopes

32

Difference between interaction cross sections and reaction cross sections

33

Neutron skin effect on proton pairing correlation

34

Finite amplitude method for the RPA solution

35

Particle-number-projected thermal pairing

36

Thermal pairing assisted by quasiparticle-number fluctuation

37

Effects of thermal fluctuations and angular momentum on nuclear pairing properties

38

Shape mixing in low-lying states of 68Se and 72Kr

39

Correlation between eigenenergies and sorted diagonal elements of a large dimensional
hamiltonian matrix

40

A simple description of doublet bands in mass around 100

41

GCM description of rotational motions in 182Os

42

Existence of a one-body barrier revealed in deep subbarrier fusion

43

Measurement of direct photon via internal conversion in √￣
s ＝200 GeV p+p collisions at
RHIC-PHENIX

45

Measurement of ω mesons via radiative decay mode in √￣s NN＝200GeV Au+Au collisions
at RHIC-PHENIX

46

Azimuthal anisotropy measurement of direct photon in √￣s￣
NN＝200 GeV Au+Au collisions
at RHIC-PHENIX

47

PHENIX s Central Track Beam Shift and Momentum Scale Corrections on Run-06 s√(s)=200 pp Collisions

48

PHENIX local polarimeter analysis in polarized proton-proton collisions at √s＝200GeV
from RHIC Run-6

50

Longitudinal spin transfer to Λin √s＝200 GeV longitudinally polarized proton-proton
collisions

51

Single spin asymmetry of di-hadron production in transversely polarized pp collision at√s＝200 GeV

52Longitudinal Double Spin Asymmetries in Forward Rapidity with Prompt Muon in
Polarized p+p Collisions at √s＝200GeV

53

Measurement of Longitudinal Double-Spin Asymmetries of Back-to-Back Dimuons in
Polarized p+p Collisions at √s＝200 GeV

54

Measurement of Double Longitudinal Spin Asymmetry (ALL) in Direct Photon Productionin √s＝200 GeV Proton-Proton Collisions at PHENIX

55

Run06 Polarization in Proton-Proton Operation at RHIC Using the Hydrogen Jet
Polarimeter

56

A Study on the Relative Luminosity for Helicity Asymmetry Measurement in Polarized
pp Collisions at √s＝62.4 GeV at RHIC-PHENIX

57

Double Helicity Asymmetry of Inclusive Charged Hadron Production in Proton Proton
Collisions at √s＝62.4 GeV at PHENIX

58

A study of high-pT photons in the PHENIX electromagnetic calorimeter

59

Transversely Polarized Proton Spin Measurements in p+p Collisions with the PHENIX
detector

60

Multiple Collision Effects on Relative Luminosity Measurement at PHENIX

61

Accessing Gluon Spin Contributions at Low-x through Double Longitudinal Spin
Asymmetries

62

Sampling fractions study for the Nose-Cone Calorimeter

63

Global QCD Analysis of Fragmentation Functions

65

Isospin dependence of the EMC effect66

On the DLY Relation for Fragmentation Functions

67

Change in Shear Viscosity68

as Color Ionization of QCD

Nucleon axial charge in (2+1)-flavor dynamical DWF QCD

69

Dynamical QCD simulation with θ terms70

B0−B0 mixing in static limit with domain wall fermions71

ZNd symmetry breaking in simulation of twisted Eguchi-Kawai model72

A novel asymptotic formula for spin asymmetries at small transverse momentum

73

Four-dimensional lattice chiral gauge theories with anomalous fermion content

74

Two-dimensional

75＝(2,2) super Yang-Mills theory on computer

Comments on solutions for nonsingular currents in open string field theories

76

Prospects of Open Charm Production at GSI-FAIR and J-PARC

77

Acceleration Tests of Uranium Beam in RIBF (I)79Acceleration Tests of Uranium Beam in RIBF (II)81

Effect of biased disc on plasma potential of RIKEN 18 GHz ECR ion source

83

Production of U beam from RIKEN 18 GHz ECRIS

85

Design and construction of superconducting coils for RIKEN 28 GHz ECR ion source

86

Optimization of low-energy beam transport under space charge

88

Material inspection for field emission of electrons in cavity of RILAC booster

90

Reconditioning of four-rod cw RFQ for new injector to RI-beam factory91

Calculations of beam transmission and quality in RIKEN AVF Cyclotron

92

Foil changer with energy adjuster function

93

Development of new Faraday cup for RIBF

94

Status report on transverse emittance monitor

96

Constructing High-Availability Cluster System for RIKEN RIBF Control System

97

Beam phase and acceleration rf monitoring system using lock-in amplifier for stable beam
supply99Comparison of vacuum systems for ring cyclotrons in RIBF

101

Accuracy, Linearity and Stability Tests of Old Power Supplies in RIBF

103

Problems and solutions in operation of EIC and EDC of IRC

105

Status of the SRC in 2007

106

Variable-length feeder line for rf system of superconducting ring cyclotron

108

Operational Status of He Cooling System for SRC

109

Preliminary experiments on the hydrogen removal apparatus for the liquid helium
supply and recovery system

111

Present Status of Liquid-Helium Supply and Recovery System112

Low-charge-state ion production using a laser ion source as primary ion injection for
RHIC-EBIS

113

Status of BigRIPS and ZeroDegree project

115

Study of BigRIPS optics

117

High-power beam dump system for BigRIPS

119

Signal transport system with optical fiber for RIBF

121

Beam-line detectors for BigRIPS

123

Magnetic field-map measurement of superconducting triplet quadrupole and dipole
magnet for BigRIPS separator at RIKEN

125

Control system of BigRIPS

127

Design of high-resolution beam line for the SHARAQ spectrometer

129

Field measurement system of the superferric quadrupole magnets for SHARAQ
spectrometer131

AC power system for SHARAQ

133

Development of the SCRIT for Electron Scattering

135

Gain monitor system for the SCRIT experiment

136

Present status of long injection beam line for rare―RI ring project137

Development of a Portable Multi-Reflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrograph

139

Highly accurate magnetic field measurement by new NMR equipment

141

Development of a cryogenic gas target system at CRIB

142

Development of 1-mm-thick solid hydrogen target

144

Application of Cryotarget to Laser ion Source

146

Performance of Polarized Proton Target in p ＋8He Scattering Experiment147

Development of a super-segmented beta-counting system CAITEN

149

Drift and extraction of 16N stopped in neon gas

150

Development of silicon-strip detector with wide-dynamic-range readout system from 20
keV to 4 GeV

151

Estimation of photon numbers detected in OROCHI experiment

153

Network and Computing Environment for RIKEN Nishina Center154

A new data acquisition system for RIBF

155

Run06 Polarization of Proton-Proton Operation at RHIC

157

CCJ Operation in 2006-2007

159

PHENIX silicon vertex tracker project161

Overview status of silicon pixel detector for RHIC-PHENIX upgrade

162

Development of fine-pitch and low-material-budget readout bus for PHENIX pixel
detector163→

Development of assembly procedure for PHENIX pixel detector

165

Gluing for PHENIX silicon pixel detector

167

Quality assurance of fine-pitch and low-material readout bus for silicon pixel detector

169

Analogue and Digital Pilot Testing for the silicon pixel detector of the PHENIX
experiment

171

Quality assurance test of readout chips and pixel sensor hybrids for PHENIX

173

Cosmic-ray experiment with PHENIX silicon pixel sensor telescope

175

Beam stopper and Mott polarimeter for T-violation experiment

177

Development of centrality filter and pion detector for heavy ion collision experiments

178

Overview of the Readout Electronics for the Silicon Vertex Tracker for the PHENIX
Experiment

179

Development of the front-end electronics for the muon trigger in RHIC-PHENIX
experiment

181

Specification of Data-Merging Board and Data-Collecting-Module Interface Board for
Muon Trigger Upgrade at RHIC PHENIX

183

First-principles electron dynamics simulation for optical breakdown of dielectrics underintense laser field

185

Pulse-luminescence continuum in heavy-ion tracks in case of extremely weak atomic
interaction in condensed rare gases

186

Dynamic features of beam guiding by insulator capillaries

187

Density enhancement of slow highly charged ion beams focused by tapered glass
capillary

188

Precision measurement of Ar＋＊ with collinear laser spectroscopy

189

Accuracy evaluation of the measurement system for determining hyperfine structure ofalkali atoms in superfluid helium

190

Online TDPAC study with the 19F(←19O) probe implanted in highly oriented pyrolytic
graphite

191

Structure of Au-Pd nanoparticles synthesized by GeV ion irradiation

192

Lattice Location of Hydrogen in β1-V2H

193

Development of new μ-e decay counter for multichannel μSR spectrometer with intense
pulsed muon beam at RIKEN-RAL

195

Development of New TDC and Data Acquisition System for Next-Generation μSR

196

Density enhancement of muon beams with tapered glass tubes

197

Muon-catalyzed fusion in nonequilibrium mixtures of T2 with ortho/para/normal-D2

198

Muon Transfer Studies in Solid D2 with Implanted Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Ions

199

Studies of thin Nd0.5Sr0.5MnO3 film using low-energy polarized muon beam

200

Studies of vortex core in parity-violated superconductor with strong spin-orbit
interactions

201

Impurity-induced effect in a spin-Peierls compound TiOBr

202

Magnetic properties in spin-singlet Pd(dmit)2 salts having a 2D distorted triangularlattice203

Effect of randomness on the quantum spin system Tl1-xKxCuCl3 with x＝0.44 studied by
Zero-field Muon-Spin-Relaxation (ZF-μSR) method204

μSR study of the impurity-induced magnetic phase in Tl(Cu1-xMgx)Cl3

205

μSR studies of the ground state of an impure spin-ladder206

μSR study around a quantum critical point in heavy fermion compounds
Ce2RhIn8-xSnx

207

Quasi-Static Internal Field Observed by μSR in La2-xSrxCuO4

208

Effect of Pressure on a Static Magnetically Ordered State of Cu Spins in
La2-xSrxCuyZn1-yO4 with x＝0.13 and y＝0.0025 Studied by μSR

209

Suppression of antiferromagnetic order by impurity-doping in the electron doped
Pr1-xLaCexCuO4

210

μSR Study of Proton Dynamics in 9-Hydroxyphenalenone Derivatives

211

Electronic structure and dynamical properties of hydrogen in WO3 probed by muon

212

Development of capillary electrophoresis apparatus for chemistry of short-lived
radioactive elements

213

Preparation of rotating 238U target of GARIS

214

Anion-exchange behavior of Nb, Ta, and Pa as homologues of Db in HF/HNO3
solutions215

Ion irradiation in liquid of μm3 region for cell surgery

217

DNA damage response after heavy-ion irradiation in mammalian quiescent cells

219

Cell-killing effect of low dose of high-LET heavy ions220

Induction of Bystander Effect by Carbon-Ion Irradiation of Human Cells

221

Antiarrhythmic effect of single heavy-ion irradiation on diseased canine heart

222

Carbon-ion beam sensitivity of DSB repair-deficient mutants of Neurospora crassa

223

Molecular characterization of microbial mutations induced by carbon- and iron-ion beamirradiation

224

Development of an effective system for detecting DNA damage induced by heavy-ion
beam

225

Radiation effect and partial deletion of the Y-chromosome by heavy ion beam in Silene
latifolia

226

High-efficiency improvement of transgenic torenia flowers by ion beam irradiation

227

Analysis of a class B gene-deficient like torenia mutant produced by ion beamirradiation

228

Development of flower colour mutant of Dianthus chinensis var. semperflorens byheavy-ion beam irradiation

229

Induction of floral-color mutation by C-ion irradiation in spray-type chrysanthemum

230

Analysis of libraries of ‘Micro-Tom’ tomato mutations induced by heavy-ion
bombardment

231

Semidwarf mutants of Tartary buckwheat induced by heavy-ion beam irradiation

232

Detection of deletion region of the ion-beam-induced einkorn wheat (Triticum
monococcum) mutant, maintained-vegetative-phase

233

Characterization of salt-tolerant mutants of rice induced by heavy-ion irradiation

234

Identification of blast resistance gene in Indica-type rice, Kasalath, using chromosome
segment substitution lines.

235

RILAC operation

237

AVF operation

239

RRC operation

240

Operation of the tandem accelerator

241

Status of RIBF Control System

242

Present Status of the BigRIPS Cryogenic Plant

244

Present Status of STQ system in BigRIPS and RI-Beam Delivery Line

246

Radiation Safety Management at RIBF

248.

(Activities and members)
Events in Nishina Center from January 2007 to March 2008

251

Accelerator Division
Accelerator Development Group
Accelerator Team252

Ion Source Team254

Accelerator Operation GroupRILAC Team255

Cyclotron Team256

Beam Technology Team257

Cryogenic Technology Team

258

Nuclear Physics Research Division
Heavy Ion Nuclear Physics Laboratory

259

Radioactive Isotope Physics Laboratory

268

Superheavy Element Laboratory

271

Theoretical Nuclear Physics Laboratory

273

Experimental Installations Development GroupSLOWRI Team275

R&D team for multiparticle spectrometer

278

Polarized RI Beam Team

279

Rare RI-ring Team

281

SCRIT Team

282

Experimental Installations Operation GroupGARIS Team

283

BigRIPS Team

284

Computing and Network Team

285

Detector Team

286

User Liaison and Support Division
User Liaison and Support Group
User Support Office288

Experiment Support Team

289

Industrial Cooperation Team290

Sub Nuclear System Research Division
Radiation Laboratory

291

Advanced Meson Science Laboratory

298

Theoretical Physics Laboratory

304

Accelerator Applications Research Division
Accelerator Applications Research Group
Radiation Biology Team308

RI Applications Team

312

Metallomics Research Unit

315

Safety Management Group

318

RIKEN BNL Research Center

Experimental Group320

Theory Group

324
327
391
393
395

I. PREFACERIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Preface28, 2006: at 3:00 on March 15 2007, the first RI beams weregenerated through projectile-fragmentation of a 345
MeV/nucleon 86Kr31+ beam, and a variety of RI beams wereidentified by BigRIPS; at 21:00 on March 23, we succeededin accelerating a 238U86+ beam up to 345 MeV/ nucleon; andthen, at 6:40 on March 27, we identified a large variety of RI
beams produced through the in-flight fission of the 345
MeV/nucleon uranium beam.
With the aim of presenting a flash report on the firstoutcome from the RIBF during the International Nuclear
Physics Conference 2007 (INPC07) which was held at
Tokyo Japan on June 3-8 2007, the first test experiment was
conducted by a Japanese, German, American and Frenchjoint international team in the last week of May 2007
immediately preceding the conference. The flash report
was successfully presented as an extra talk during theconference. The experiment led to the discovery of newvery neutron-rich 125Pd isotopes which were clearly
identified by BigRIPS among a large variety of RI beams
produced through the in-flight fission of the 345
MeV/nucleon uranium beam. Not only did this achievement
make a great launch in the exciting exploration of nuclear
world which has been inaccessible to date, but also marked
a dramatic debut of the RIBF. The discovery was also
historically memorable in light of the fact that the year of2007 commemorated the 70th anniversary of thecommissioning of Nishina’s small cyclotron which was
Japan’s first and RIKEN’s No.1 cyclotron. The newly
operational SRC is RIKEN’s No.9 cyclotron.
Program advisory committees for nuclear physics(NP-PAC) and for materials and life science (ML-PAC) havebeen newly formed to evaluate scientific merits ofexperimental proposals. The NP-PAC which is jointly
formed with Center for Nuclear Study (CNS), the Universityof Tokyo, is chaired by Prof. W. F. Henning, GSI andconsists of 9 foreign members and 7 Japanese members toreview proposals for RIBF including CRIB experimental
installation operated by CNS. The ML-PAC, chaired by Prof.
R. Kiefl, University of British Columbia, Canada, andconsisting of 4 foreign members and 11 Japanese members
reviews proposals for RIBF or RIKEN-RAL muon facility.
The first ML-PAC and NP-PAC were held on Feb. 1 and on
Feb. 9, respectively. Both are held twice a year.

This volume No. 41 of RIKEN Accelerator Progress
Report compiles the yearly research activities conducted in2007 by the laboratories and the groups of RIKEN Nishina
Center for Accelerator-Based Science, or simply RIKEN
Nishina Center (RNC). It also contains progress reports
submitted by users of RI Beam Factory (RIBF) and RIKEN–RAL (Rutherford and Appleton Laboratory, UK) muon
facility which RNC operates and are open to the international
community.
The outstanding achievements of this year are selectedby the editorial committee, and are presented in“Frontispiece” and “Highlights of the Year”.
The RNC was inaugurated on April 1, 2006 and ispresently organized into the following five divisions, one
group and two affiliated research centers abroad: Accelerator
Division, Nuclear Physics Research Division, User Liaisonand Support Division, Sub Nuclear System Research
Division, Accelerator Applications Research Division,
Safety Management Group, RIKEN BNL (Brookhaven
National Laboratory, US) Research Center (RBRC) andRAL Facility Office.
The RIKEN Nishina center is RIKEN’s first research
center named after our pioneering scientist, Dr. Yoshio
Nishina. He was a multi-faced scientist who exhibited
expertise in many fields including theoretical physics,
experimental nuclear and cosmic-ray physics, accelerator
building, and accelerator applications such as radiation
biology and nuclear chemistry. Today, such a versatilescientist is rarely to be found. Thus, RIKEN Nishina center,as a collective of experts, covers each and all of these fields.
For readers’ convenience, the organization chart of RNC
is illustrated in the following pages.
The change that took place within the organization thisyear are as follows: on March 1, Dr. Toshiyuki Kubo waspromoted as the group director of Experimental Installations
Operation Group, Dr. Toshimi Suda as the group director ofUser Liaison and Support Group, and Dr. Tadashi Kambaraas the group director of Accelerator Applications ResearchGroup; on March 31, Dr. Koichiro Asahi who doubled as theprofessor of the Tokyo Institute of Technology and the chief
scientist of Applied Nuclear Physics Laboratory resigned
from the latter position, while his laboratory’s researchers
still continue their works in RNC; on June 1, Dr. Shuichi
Enomoto was appointed as the leader of Metallomics
Research Unit; and on August 1, Dr. Takashi Nakatsukasa
was appointed as the associate chief scientist of Theoretical
Nuclear Physics Laboratory in Nuclear Physics Research
Division.
The RIBF project has made some amazing progress
following the big success in extracting the first beam of a345 MeV/nucleon 27Al10+ from SRC at 16:00 on December

Yasushige Yano
Director,
RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science-1-Organization
President RIKEN Ryoji Noyori

Accelerator Division

Accelerator Development Group

Yasushige Yano（D.Sci）

Accelerator Team
Akira Goto（D.Sci）

Akira Goto（D.Sci）

Ion Source Team
Akira Goto（D.Sci）

Accelerator Operation Group

Director RIKEN WAKO Institute Koji KayaRILAC Team
Masayuki Kase

Masayuki Kase

DRI/FRS Promotion Division

Cyclotron Team
Masayuki Kase

Nishina Center
Reseach Promotion Oﬃce

Beam Technology Team
Masayuki Kase

Cryogenic Technology TeamSpecial Advisor
Masayasu Ishihara（D.Sci）

RIKEN Nishina Center for
Accelerator-Based Science

Masayuki Kase

Nuclear Physics
Research Division

Hiroyoshi Sakurai（D.Sci）

Heavy Ion Nuclear
Physics Laboratory

Tohru Motobayashi（D.Sci）

Applid Nuclear
Physics Laboratory

Director：Yasushige Yano（D.Sci）

Koichiro Asahi（D.Sci）

Deputy Director：Hideto En'yo（D.Sci）

Radioactive Isotope
Physics Laboratory

Advisory Council

Hiroyoshi Sakurai（D.Sci）

Scientiﬁc Policy Committee

Superheavy Element Laboratory

Program Advisory Committee

Theoretical Nuclear
Physics Laboratory

Kosuke Morita（D.Sci）

Takashi Nakatsukasa（D.Sci）

Safety Review Committee

Experimental Installations
Development Group

Machine Time Committee

SLOWRI Team
Hiroyoshi Sakurai（D.Sci）

Hiroyoshi Sakurai（D.Sci）

SAMURAI Team

Coordination Committee

Hiroyoshi Sakurai（D.Sci）

Polarised RI Beam Team
Hiroyoshi Sakurai（D.Sci）

Rare RI-ring Team
Hiroyoshi Sakurai（D.Sci）

SCRIT Team
Hiroyoshi Sakurai（D.Sci）

Experimental Installations
Operation GroupGARIS Team
Kosuke Morita（D.Sci）

Toshiyuki Kubo（D.Sci）

BigRIPS TeamToshiyuki Kubo（D.Sci）

Computing and Network Team
Takeshi Ichihara（D.Sci）

Detector TeamToshiyuki Kubo（D.Sci）

User Liaison andSupport Division

User Liaison and Support Group
Toshimi Suda（D.Sci）

Tohru Motobayashi（D.Sci）

User Support Oﬃce
Toshimi Suda（D.Sci）

Experiment Support Team
Masayuki Kase

Industrial Cooperation Team
Tadashi Kambara（D.Sci）

Sub Nuclear System
Research Division

Radiation Laboratory

Masahiko Iwasaki（D.Sci）

Hideto En'yo（D.Sci）

Advanced Meson Science
Laboratory

Masahiko Iwasaki（D.Sci）

Theoretical Physics Loboratory
Hikaru Kawai（D.Sci）

Accelerator Applications
Research Division

Masahiko Iwasaki（D.Sci）

Accelerator Applications
Research Group

Tadashi Kambara（D.Sci）

Radiation Biology Team
Tadashi Kambara（D.Sci）

RI Applications Team
Tadashi Kambara（D.Sci）

Metallomics Research Unit
Shuichi Enomoto（D.Phar.Sci）

Safety Management Group
Yoshitomo Uwamino（D.Eng）

RIKEN BNL
Research Center

Theory Group

Nicholas P. Samios（Ph.D）

Larry Mclerran（Ph.D）

Experimental Group
Hideto En'yo（D.Sci）

RIKEN Facility Oﬃce
at RAL

Teiichiro Matsuzaki（D.Sci）-2-

II. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES I(Nuclear-Particle Physics)

1. Nuclear Physics

142(2008)
RIKEN
Prog.
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Gamma-ray measurements for particle identiﬁcation
T. Nakao,∗1 D. Kameda, T. Kubo,, T. Ohnishi, N. Aoi, N. Fukuda, Y. Gono, Y. Kondo, K. Kusaka, T.
Motobayashi, M. Ohtake, H. Otsu, H. Sakurai, H. Scheit, T. Sugimoto, H. Takeda, S. Takeuchi, Y. Yamaguchi,
Y. Yanagisawa, Y. Yano, K. Yoneda, A. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, H. Kimura,∗1 H. Suzuki,∗1 Y. Mizoi,∗2 M.
Matsushita,∗3 T. Kuboki,∗4 T. Suzuki,∗4 T. Yamaguchi,∗4 T. Moriguchi,∗5 A. Ozawa,∗5 Y. Yasuda,∗5 T.
Nakamura,∗6 Y. Nakayama,∗6 T. Nannichi,∗6 T. Shimamura,∗6 H. Geissel,∗7 H. Weick,∗7 T. Nettleton,∗9 J.
Nolen,∗8 D. Bazin,∗9 D. Morrissey,∗9 B. Sherrill,∗9 O. Tarasov,∗9 and W. Mittig,∗10[BigRIPS, Particle Identiﬁcation, Isometric state measurement]
In BigRIPS1)2) , the measurement of γ- rays emitted
from isomeric states of the reaction products is very
useful for particle identiﬁcation. This is a report onγ- ray measurements on the BigRIPS commissioning
with 345MeV/nucleon U beams in 2007.
The γ- rays were detected using two clover-type Ge
detectors (Clover) that were located around the F7 focal plane of BigRIPS. The geometry is schematicallyshown in Fig. 1. To stop beams, we used an 8mm-thick
Al stopper that was tilted by about 45 degrees fromthe beam line. We also used a certain-thickness Al
degrader upstream of it if necessary. The energy calibration was performed with a 152 Eu standard γ sourceon the Al stopper. The absolute photo-peak eﬃciencyof each Clover was roughly estimated with the calibration data as shown in Fig. 2. About a 2% eﬃciency
for 1MeV γ- ray in the total of the two Clovers was
acheived. In the add-back mode, the eﬃciency was
improved to 3.5%.
When we selected particles with delayed γ events inthe time period of 350-3000ns, only the events including isomeric states were clearly seen on the dE versus
time-of-ﬂight plot (PI plot). Then, the calibration of
the PI plot was performed after conﬁrming the γ- rayenergy spectrum gated with the particle of interest in
the PI plot, which show clear photo-peaks at the known
γ energies.
Figure 3 shows the Z versus A/Q plots that werealready calibrated using the 88 Br isomeric state. The
γ-ray energy information from Clover (ﬁg. 4) showsthat the gated position is 88 Br. Fig. 5 shows the decay curve of the isometric state in 88 Br. In this experiment, depending on the BigRIPS setup, 79 As, 83 Br,
95
Kr, 96 Rb, 97 Sr, 98 Y, 99 Zr, 106 Nb, 130 Sn, 131 Sb, 136 Sb,
130
Te, 132 Te, 134 Te, 135 Te, 133 I and 136 Xe isomers werealso observed.

Efficiency[%]Fig. 1. Experimental setup at F7.

100clover1
clover2

10
1
0.1
0

500 1000 1500 2000

Gamma-ray energy[keV]
Fig. 2. Eﬃciency plots of Clover. The higher eﬃciency of”Clover 2” is due to the position of the γ source on the
Al stopper in the calibration.

Table 1 shows preliminary results of isomer ratiosof 88 Br and 135 Te. The isomer ratio was estimatedusing the photo-peak counts of the γ energy spectra
and the particle counts on the Z vs A/Q plot. In
the derivation, we only considered i) the Ge eﬃciency
involving the probability of γ decay in the time period,ii) electron conversion and iii) decay of the isomericstates in ﬂight. Note that the error in the isomer ratio
is merely statistical, and does not include systematic
errors.
For a future experiment using the ZeroDegree spec-∗1

Department of Physics, The Univ. of Tokyo
Division of Electronics and Applied Physics, Osaka ElectroCommunication Univ.
∗3 Department of Physics, Rikkyo Univ.
∗4 Department of Physics, Saitama Univ.
∗5 Institute of Physics, Univ. of Tsukuba∗6 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology∗7 Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforshung (GSI)∗8 Algonne National Lab. (ANL)∗9 Michigan State Univ.
∗10 Grand Accelerateur National d’Ions Lourds
∗2

-3-

1

142

Fig. 5. Decay scheme of 88 Br.

Table 1. Isomer ratio of 88 Br and 135 Te.
88

Eγ(keV)
Multipolarity
Isomer ratio(%)

70
60

Count

50
40
30
20
10
0

50

100

150

Eγ (keV)

200

250

300

Fig. 4. γ-ray energy of 88 Br. Two γ energy peak are seenat 111keV and 159keV.

trometer3) downstream of BigRIPS, we are developing
a new setup for the measurement of isomeric γ- raysin the same place.
References
1) T. Kubo: Nucl. Instr. and Meth. , B 204, 97 (2003).

2

159
M1
7.49±1325(E2)4.11±0. 67

Te
1180
(E2)
2.93±0.22

2) T. Kubo et al. : IEEE Trans. Appl. , Supercond. , 17,1069 (2007).
3) Y. Mizoi et al. : RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. , 38, 297(2005).

Fig. 3. Particle identiﬁcation plot.

0

111
E2
6.61±1.7

135

Br

-4-

173
(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Observation of elastic electron scattering at the SCRIT prototype
T. Suda, T. Emoto, K. Ishii1 , S. Ito, K. Kurita1 , A. Kuwajima2, T. Tamae2 , M. Wakasugi, S. Wang and Y. Yano[SCRIT, elastic electron scattering, angular distribution]
This year, we have been continuing R&D studies of
the SCRIT scheme1) by using a prototype at KSR, Kyoto University. A big progress of this year was that wehave succeeded in trapping a suﬃcient number of externally injected Cs ions inside the electron beam andclearly observed electrons elastically scattered by theions. In addition to the identiﬁcation of elastic scattering, the angular distribution has also been successfullymeasured.
In this report, we present the results of the R&D
studies carried out this year. The electron beam energy
was 120 MeV, and the averaged stored beam current
was 80 mA. Note that the results presented in thisreport are still preliminary.
The energy of scattered electrons has been measured
using three calorimeters set at the scattering angles, θe ,of 30◦ , 40◦ and 60◦ . The energy calibration of thesecalorimeters has been performed using elastically scattered electrons from the W-wire target2) and cosmic
rays.
Figure 1 (a-c), shows electron energy spectra forθe =30◦ , 40◦ and 60◦ . The solid (dashed) line denotes
the spectrum measured when the Cs ions are (are not)trapped. The vertex cut obtained with the track information by the drift chamber is applied to select electron events from the trap region.
Clear enhancement due to the Cs ions is observed in
the energy spectra at Ee ∼100 MeV for θe =30◦ and40◦ . Here, the lower energy region, Ee ≤ 80 MeV,
and higher energy region, Ee ≥120 MeV, of these spectra are due to electromagnetic-shower background thatoriginated from the short beam lifetime of KSR (∼100s at 80 mA) and cosmic ray, respectively. Those backgrounds are independent of the Cs ion trapping. Indeed, the energy spectra at these Ee regions are identical.
Figure 1(d), shows subtracted energy spectra. Thosefor both θe =30◦ and 40◦ are consistent with the response functions of the calorimeters for 120-MeV electrons measured using the W-wire target2) . Thus, one
can conclude that they are elastically scattered electrons from the trapped Cs ions.
Figure 2 shows the angular distribution of the differential cross section for elastic scattering. The solidline shows the results of a distorted wave calculation(DWBA), which is normalized to the data at θ=30◦ .
The good agreement further conﬁrms the success ofthe elastic scattering measurement using the SCRIT∗1∗2

Fig. 1. Electron energy spectra. The solid (dashed) line
denotes the spectrum with (without) the trapped Csions. The subtracted spectra are shown in d). The solid(dashed, dotted) line shows for θe = 30◦ (40◦ , 60◦ ).

Fig. 2. Angular distribution for elastic-scattering cross section. The solid line shows the result of a DWBA calculation normalized to the data at θe =30◦ .

scheme. By knowing the elastic cross section for Cs,
the achieved luminosity was determined to be 1.2 ×
1026 /cm2 /s, with the estimated number of trappedions being 3.6 × 107 .
References
1) M. Wakasugi, T. Suda, and Y. Yano: Nucl. Instrum.
Methods A532, 216 (2004).
2) Y. Furukawa et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40 (2007).

Rikkyo University
Tohoku University

-5-

1

058

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Pumping 229mTh by hollow-cathode discharge [V]
H. Haba, M. Hara,䋪1 T. T. Inamura, Y. Kasamatsu,䋪2 H. Kikunaga, T. Mitsugashira,䋪1 T. Nakanishi,䋪3 T. Ohtsuki,䋪4
A. Shinohara,䋪5 Y. Suzuki,䋪1 K. Takamiya,䋪6 S. Watanabe,䋪1 A. Yokoyama,䋪3 and H. Yuki䋪4[Nuclear structure, NEET by electric discharge, alpha decay]comparison (see Fig. 2). There is a considerable differencein the time dependence between them, and clear
time-dependent D yields are seen in the region of minutes in
the 229Th D-energy range. This appears to show a sign of
NEET to 229mTh. Although we could not observe individual
D lines characteristic of the isomer decay with the present
setup, we should be able to extract the isomer half-life inthis way after a precise determination of the level ofbackground that is seen in Fig. 1.
Details will be published elsewhere before long.
Oarai Branch, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
Advanced Science Research Center, JAEA, Tokai
䋪3
Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa
University
䋪4
Laboratory of Nuclear Science, Tohoku University
䋪5
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
䋪6
Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University
䋪1
䋪2

References

1) L. A. Kroger and C. W. Reich: Nucl. Phys. A259, 29 (1976).
2) T. T. Inamura et al.: Hyp. Interact. 162, 115 (2005).
3) H. Haba et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 38 (2007).

10000

10000

9000

9000

8000

8000

7000

7000

6000

6000

Counts/ minCounts/ minThis is the final report of our five-year endeavor at Oarai
to search for evidence of an extremely low-lying isomer in
229
Th, which is believed to be at several electron volts.
Since it was first postulated by Kroger and Reich,1) a large
number of groups have attempted to obtain direct evidenceof the isomer by various techniques but in vain. All of themmade use of nuclear de-excitation to populate the isomer
229m
Th. On the contrary, our method is an entirely atomic
process, as described previously,2,3) i.e., NEET throughelectric discharge in a hollow-cathode tube. There is a great
advantage over methods used by previous investigators
because there are no unknown nuclear effects in theprocess.
As was mentioned in our last report,3) we managed tostart measurements with a new setup 30 seconds afterswitching off the hollow-cathode discharge. We measured D
particles in the energy region of the D decay of 229Th as afunction of time, as shown in Fig. 1. (It should be stated thatthe half-life of the ground state of 229Th is known to be
7340 y.) Simultaneously, D particles from the daughter
nuclides of 229Th, which are well known, were recorded for

5000

5000

4000

4000

3000

3000

2000

2000

1000

1000

0
㪇

㪌

㪈㪇

㪈㪌

㪉㪇

㪉㪌

㪊㪇

0

㪊㪌

㪇

time (min)Fig. 1. Total 229Th D yields in the energy range of1107.4-5099.4 keV as a function of time. The bottom curve
is for the 1st measurement after the 1st 5-min discharge.
The data were successively added up to the 10th
measurement (top curve).

㪌

㪈㪇

㪈㪌

㪉㪇

㪉㪌

㪊㪇

㪊㪌

time (min)Fig. 2. Total D yields in the energy range of 5104.6-8702.0
keV from the daughter nuclides (225Ac, 221Fr, 217At, and
213Po) of 229Th as a function of time. The presentation is thesame as in Fig. 1.

-6-

165
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Investigation of the 26 Si(p,γ)27 P reaction via Coulomb dissociation
Y. Togano,∗1 T. Gomi,∗2 T. Motobayashi, Y. Ando,∗1 N. Aoi, H. Baba, K. Demichi,∗1 Z. Elekes,∗3
N. Fukuda, Zs. Fülöp,∗3 U. Futakami,∗1 H. Hasegawa,∗1 Y. Higurashi, K. Ieki,∗1 N. Imai,∗4 M. Ishihara,
K. Ishikawa,∗5 N. Iwasa,∗6 H. Iwasaki,∗7 S. Kanno, Y. Kondo,∗5 T. Kubo, S. Kubono,∗8 M. Kunibu,∗1
K. Kurita,∗1 Y. U. Matsuyama,∗1 S. Michimasa, ∗8 T. Minemura, ∗9 M. Miura,∗5 H. Murakami,∗1
T. Nakamura,∗5 M. Notani,∗10 S. Ota,∗8 A. Saito,∗8 H. Sakurai, M. Serata,∗1 S. Shimoura,∗8 T. Sugimoto,
E. Takeshita, S. Takeuchi, K. Ue,∗7 K. Yamada, Y. Yanagisawa, K. Yoneda, and A. Yoshida 208
Pb(27 P,p26 Si)208 Pb, Coulomb dissociation, Nuclear astrophysics

The stellar reaction 26 Si(p,γ)27 P was studied via
Coulomb dissociation. This reaction is a candidate
process affecting the resultant nuclear abundances of26
Al and isotopes of similar atomic mass in explosive hydrogen burning since the reaction destroys 26 Si
which otherwise decays to produce 26 Al. The galactic γ line at 1.8 MeV associated with 26 Al β + decay
has been observed by satellite telescopes.1) This is evidence of ongoing nucleosynthesis in the Galaxy because its half life of about 106 years is much shorter
than the period of Galactic evolution. No direct measurement of 26 Si(p,γ)27 P has been made so far due tothe short lifetime of 26 Si and the small cross sectionof the reaction. To overcome this difficulty we applied
the Coulomb dissociation method, which can extract
the cross section of the relevant stellar reaction withrelatively low beam intensity. The aim of the present
work is to determine the 26 Si(p,γ)27 P reaction rate via
Coulomb dissociation and estimate the reaction flow
around 26 Si and 26 Al during the explosive hydrogenburnings.
The experiment was performed using RIPS at
RIKEN Nishina Center. Details of the experimental
setup are described in Ref. 2. The radiative widths Γγof the three resonant states, whose energies are 0.315,
0.805, and 1.374 MeV, were obtained. The E2 component of Γγ for the lowest resonant state, 0.315 MeV,
was experimentally determined to be (8.4 ± 1.5)−5 eV.
The M1 component was estimated using the measured E2 width and a shell model calculation, as described in Ref. 2, and the total Γγ was obtained to be(4.2 ± 1.3) × 10−3 eV. The widths for the other two
states were determined to be (3.2 ± 0.6) × 10−4 eV for
the 0.805 MeV state and (5.9 ± 1.5) × 10−4 eV for the
1.374 MeV state.

The astrophysical reaction rate for the 26 Si(p,γ)27 P
reaction was extracted from the obtained radiative
widths. Figure 1 shows the stellar temperature dependence of the rate. The three solid curves represent thepresent results for the three resonant states. Each pairof dotted curves represents the margin of error associated with each result. The dashed curve shows the direct capture component. This figure indicates that theresonant capture through the 0.315 MeV state is thedominant process between 0.1 GK and 4 GK and thosethrough the 0.805 MeV and 1.374 MeV states give negligible contributions in this temperature range. This
result is consistent with the estimations by Caggiano
et al.3) and Guo et al.4) within the margins of error.
Compared with the 26 Si β + decay rate, the capture
reaction rate is faster when 26 Si produced through the25
Al(p,γ)26 Si reaction in novae.

Fig. 1. Temperature dependence of the reaction rate forthe 26 Si(p,γ)27 P reaction. The solid and dashed curves
represent the resonant and direct capture components,
respectively. Dotted curves show the margins of theerror for each resonant capture through each excitedstate in 27 P.

∗1

Department of Physics, Rikkyo University
National Institute of Radiological Sciences∗3 Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of
Sciences (ATOMKI), Hungary∗4 Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)∗5 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology∗6 Department of Physics, Tohoku University∗7 Department of Physics, University of Tokyo∗8 Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo∗9 National Cancer Center∗10 Argonne National Laboratory, USA∗2

References
1) R. Diehl et al.: Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 97, 181(1993).
2) Y. Togano et al.: Eur. Phys. J. A 27, s01, 233 (2006).
3) J. A. Caggiano et al.: Phys. Rev. C 64, 025802 (2001).
4) B. Guo et al.: Phys. Rev. C 73, 048801 (2006).

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049
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41One-neutron removal reactions of 18,19 C
Y. Kondo, T. Nakamura,∗1 Y. Satou,∗1 N. Aoi, N. Endo,∗2 N. Fukuda, T. Gomi, Y. Hashimoto,∗1 M. Ishihara,
S. Kawai,∗3 M. Kitayama,∗2 T. Kobayashi,∗2 Y. Matsuda,∗2 N. Matsui,∗1 T. Motobayashi, T. Nakabayashi,∗1
T. Okumura,∗1 H. J. Ong,∗4 T. K. Onishi,∗4 H. Otsu, H. Sakurai, S. Shimoura,∗5 M. Shinohara,∗1 T. Sugimoto,S. Takeuchi, M. Tamaki,∗5 Y. Togano,∗3 and Y. Yanagisawa[Nuclear structure, unstable nuclei, momentum distribution]
The one-neutron removal reaction in inverse kinematics is a powerful tool for investigating unstable nuclei. For instance, the momentum distribution of thecore fragment, which reflects spatial extension of a removed neutron, is useful for probing the halo structure. Furthermore, spins and parities (J π ) and spectroscopic factors can be deduced from the momentum
distribution and partial cross sections by employing areaction theory, such as the eikonal model and continuum discretized coupled-channel (CDCC) calculation.
We applied this technique to the one-neutron removal
reactions of 18,19 C, aiming at the deduction of J π ofthe excited states in 17,18 C and spectroscopic factors.
The experiment was carried out using the RIPS
beam line at RIKEN. 18,19 C beams were produced
by projectile fragmentation of a primary 22 Ne beamat 110 MeV/nucleon on a Be target.
The 18 C
19( C) beam bombarded a liquid hydrogen target withan average thickness of 120 mg/cm2 at around 80(70) MeV/nucleon. Further experimental details canbe found elsewhere.1)
Figure 1 shows the energy spectrum of the γ rayemitted from 17 C produced by one-neutron removalfrom 18 C. We observed two excited states at 0.21 MeV
and 0.33 MeV, which, in the previous study,2) weretentatively assigned to 1/2+ and 5/2+ , respectively.
In order to examine the J π assignments, the momentum distributions are analyzed. Figure 2 displays thetransverse momentum distributions of 17 C measured incoincidence with the 0.21 MeV and 0.33 MeV γ rays.
The distribution for the 0.21 MeV state is consistent
with the CDCC calculation assuming neutron removalfrom the 1s orbit in 18 C, while that for the 0.33 MeV
state is well described by the calculation under theassumption of 0d-neutron removal. These agreements
confirm the 1/2+ and 5/2+ assignments for the 0.21
MeV and 0.33 MeV states, respectively.
The analysis of the one-neutron removal reactionof 19 C is now in progress. Spins and parities of theexcited states in 18 C, which are unknown except forthe 2+
1 state, will be deduced from momentum distributions. In addition, spectroscopic factors will be
extracted from the partial cross sections of processes

feeding individual states of the residual nuclei 17,18 C
in the one-neutron removal reactions of 18,19 C by comparing them with the single-particle cross sections calculated by the CDCC method.

∗1

References

∗2
∗3
∗4
∗5

Fig. 1. Energy spectrum of the γ ray emitted from 17 C in
the one-neutron removal reaction of 18 C. The dashedlines represent the response functions of the γ-ray detectors obtained by the GEANT simulation, while thedotted line denotes the exponential background. Inset
illustrates the level scheme of 17 C and the observed γtransitions.

Fig. 2. Transverse momentum distributions in coincidencewith the (a) 0.21 MeV and (b) 0.33 MeV γ rays emitted
from 17 C produced by one-neutron removal from 18 C.
The solid lines stand for the theoretical distributions
for the (a) 1s and (b) 0d neutron removals calculatedby the CDCC method.

Department of Physics, Tokyo Tech
Department of Physics, Tohoku University
Department of Physics, Rikkyo University
Department of Physics, University of Tokyo
Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo

1) Y. Kondo et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 39, 45(2006).
2) Z. Elekes et al.: Phys. Lett. B614, 174 (2005).

-8-

1

157
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41In-beam γ-ray spectroscopy using the very neutron-rich 36 Mg beam
S. Michimasa,∗1 Y. Yanagisawa, K. Inafuku,∗2 N. Aoi, Z. Elekes,∗3 Zs. Fülöp,∗3 Y. Ichikawa, N. Iwasa,∗2
K. Kurita,∗4 M. Kurokawa, T. Machida,∗4 T. Motobayashi, T. Nakamura,∗5 T. Nakabayashi,∗5 M. Notani,∗6
H. J. Ong,∗7 T. K. Onishi,∗8 H. Otsu, H. Sakurai, M. Shinohara,∗5 T. Sumikama,∗9 S. Takeuchi, K. Tanaka,
Y. Togano,∗4 K. Yamada, M. Yamaguchi,∗10 and K. Yoneda
Nuclear reactions: 1 H(36 Mg,34–36 Mgγ)

We report here on the in-beam γ-ray spectroscopyusing the very neutron-rich 36 Mg beam and a hydrogen target. The 36 Mg nucleus is located in the middleof the shell closures of N = 20 and 28 and is closer
to the neutron drip line than nuclei belonging to theso-called ‘island of inversion’. In previous experimental studies on neutron-rich magnesium isotopes, 32 Mg
was reported to be a well-deformed nucleus,1) and thedisappearance of the magicity at N = 20 was indicated. The deformation of 34 Mg was reported to belarger than that of 32 Mg.2) The present study is anexperiment to investigate the low-lying excited statesin 36 Mg.
The experiment was performed at the unstable nuclear beam line RIPS in RIKEN. Ions of 48 Ca were accelerated up to 63 MeV/nucleon using the acceleration
scheme of RFQ-RILAC-CSM-RRC and impinged on a
150-µm 181 Ta plate. A radioactive 36 Mg beam wasisotopically separated by RIPS. Particle identificationof the secondary beam was performed by a standard
method based on the energy loss, time of flight andmagnetic rigidity. The secondary beam bombarded aliquid hydrogen target3) of 105 mg/cm2 . To obtain asufficient mass resolution for the reaction products, theTOF spectrometer4) was placed downstream of the secondary target. The scattered particles were detectedusing a telescope placed at the end of the spectrometer. The de-excitation γ ray from the inelasticallyscattered particle was detected using 160 NaI(Tl) scintillators (DALI2)5) surrounding the secondary target.
Further details on the experiment setup were describedin ref. 6.
Reaction products of the 36 Mg beam from thesecondary target are identified with an accuracy of
0.4 amu (σ) as shown in Fig. 1(a). Figures 1(b–d)
show the γ-ray spectra in the proton inelastic and neutron removal channels assigned by the identification ofFig. 1. (a) Particle identification of outgoing magnesium
isotopes in coincidence with the 36 Mg beam. (b-d)
Gamma-ray spectra in the (36 Mg,34 Mg), (36 Mg,35 Mg)
and (36 Mg,36 Mg) reactions, respectively.

the reaction products. A γ line at around 0.7 MeV in+
Fig. 1(b) is assigned to be the 2+
1 → 01 transition in34
Mg, since its energy is consistent with that shownin the previous works.2) In Fig. 1(d), a γ line is located at approximately 0.7 MeV. The corresponding γ
line is, however, not identified significantly in Fig. 1(c).
Therefore, the 0.7-MeV line in Fig. 1(d) is identified tobe the transition in 36 Mg. Since this γ-ray energy is
consistent with an excitation energy of the 2+
1 state in36
Mg reported recently in ref. 7,the line is assigned to+be the 2+
1 → 01 transition.
Data analysis is now in progress to deduce the deformation length of 36 Mg.
References∗11) T. Motobayashi et al.: Phys. Lett. B 346, 9 (1995).
2) H. Iwasaki et al.: Phys. Lett. B 522, 227 (2001).
3) H. Ryuto et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A
555, 1 (2005).
4) N. Aoi et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 38, 176 (2005).
5) S. Takeuchi et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 36, 148(2003).
6) S. Michimasa et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 8(2007).
7) A. Gade et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 072502 (2007).

Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo∗2 Department of Physics, Tohoku University∗3 ATOMKI, Hungary∗4 Department of Physics, Rikkyo University∗5 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology∗6 Argonne National Laboratory, USA∗7 RCNP,Osaka University∗8 Department of Physics, University of Tokyo∗9 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Tokyo University of Science∗10 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

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(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

16,18
Lifetime measurements of 2+C
1 states in
H. J. Ong, N. Imai,∗1 D. Suzuki,∗2 H. Iwasaki,∗2 H. Sakurai, T. K. Onishi,∗2 M. K. Suzuki,∗2 S. Ota,∗3
S. Takeuchi, T. Nakao,∗2 Y. Togano,∗4 Y. Kondo,∗5 N. Aoi, H. Baba, S. Bishop, Y. Ichikawa,∗2 M. Ishihara,
T. Kubo, K. Kurita,∗4 T. Motobayashi, T. Nakamura,∗5 T. Okumura,∗5 and Y. Yanagisawa.

NUCLEAR REACTIONS: 9 Be(18 C,18 C∗ )9 Be, lifetime measurement, RSM

Measurement of the reduced E2 transition probability, B(E2), from the first excited 2+ (2+1 ) state to theground 0+ (0+gs ) state in an even-even nucleus is an important tool for studying proton collectivity. Recently,
an anomalously small B(E2) value was reported forthe neutron-rich 16 C nucleus from the lifetime mea+ 1)
surement of its 2+
1 state (τ (21 )) . The result indicates a suppressed proton contribution to the transition strength. Subsequent studies using the Coulombnuclear interference2) and the proton inelastic scattering3) suggest a neutron-dominant quadrupole collective motion in 16 C. To explore the possibility of theneighboring 18 C having the same behavior, we havecarried out an experiment to determine the B(E2)value of 18 C.
Here, we report the lifetime measurement of the18
C by means of an upgraded recoil
2+
1 state inshadow method (RSM)1) incorporating the in-beam
γ-ray spectroscopy. The remeasurement of τ (2+1 ) in16
C is also reported.
The experiment was performed at RIKEN Nishina
Center. Secondary beams of 16,18 C were produced
in two separate measurements through projectile fragmentation of a 110-MeV/nucleon 22 Ne primary beam,The
and separated by the RIPS beam line4) .
16,18
C beams with typical intensities of 6.5 × 104 and2.3 × 104 particles per second, respectively, were directed at and inelastically excited by a 370-mg/cm2
9
Be target placed at the exit of the RIPS beam line.
The energies of the 16,18 C beams before the target were
72 and 79 MeV/nucleon. For 16 C, an additional measurement with a 40-MeV/nucleon beam was performed
to determine the angular distribution of the γ raysin order to incorporate it into the experiment data in
Ref.1) .
Scattered particles were detected using a doublelayer plastic scintillator hodoscope5) placed 4 m downstream of the secondary target; particle identification
was done by means of the TOF-∆E-E method basedon the timing information and the energy deposit measured with the hodoscope.
To implement the RSM concept, we placed a thick
γ-ray shield around the target. The shield was a 5∗1
∗2

∗3
∗4
∗5

KEK
Department of Physics, University of Tokyo
Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo
Department of Physics, Rikkyo University
Tokyo Institute of Technology- 10 -

cm-thick lead slab with an outer frame of 24 × 24 cm2and an inner hole of 5.4 cmφ. The de-excitation γrays from the inelastically excited 16,18 C nuclei weredetected in coincidence with the scattered 16,18 C by
an array of 130 NaI(Tl) detectors, which form part of
the DALI16) and DALI27) . The array consisted of ten
layers surrounding the target. Depending on the lifetime, the detection efficiency of the γ rays varies ineach layer due to the attenuation by the lead shield.
Measurements were also performed without the leadshield to determine the angular distribution of the γrays. The number of full-energy-peak events measured
by the i-th layer NaI(Tl) detectors during the measurei
ment with (without) the lead shield is denoted by NwPb
i
16,18
(NwoPb). The τ (2+)
valuesofC
weredetermined
1ii/NwoPbratios withby comparing the measured NwPb)-dependent
ratio
functionsobtained
with
Monte
τ (2+
1
Carlo simulations.
18
C thus deThe mean lifetime of the 2+
1 state in
termined was 18.9 ± 0.9(stat) ± 4.4(syst) ps. For 16 C,
the remeasured τ (2+1 ) was about 18 ps. The discrepancy between the present result and the previous result (about 77 ps) in Ref.1) was explained by incorporating the γ-ray angular distribution measured inthis work into the previous data. Taking into account16
C was determined to be
all available data, τ (2+1 ) for18.0 ± 1.6(stat) ± 4.7(syst) ps. The τ (2+1 ) values correspond to B(E2) values of 2.6 ± 0.2(stat) ± 0.7(syst)
e2 fm4 (about 1.1 W.u.) and 4.3 ± 0.2(stat) ± 1.0(syst)
e2 fm4 (about 1.5 W.u.) for 16,18 C, respectively. The
small B(E2) value for 18 C, which is comparable to thevalue of 3.7 e2 fm4 for the neutron-closed-shell 14 C nucleus, indicates that the phenomenon of hindered E2
strength observed in 16 C persists in 18 C.
For more details, see RIKEN-NC-NP-16 (ISSN 18817394) or http://arxiv.org/abs/0711.4062v1.
References

1) N. Imai et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 062501 (2004).
2) Z. Elekes et al.: Phys. Lett. B586, 34 (2004).
3) H. J. Ong et al.: Phys. Rev. C 73, 024610 (2006).
4) T. Kubo et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 70, 309(1992).
5) I. Hisanaga et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 31, 162(1998).
6) T. Nishio et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 29, 184(1996).
7) S. Takeuchi et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 36, 148(2003).

1

026(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Study of neutron-rich 23 O and the disappearance of N =20 magicity
Z. Elekes,∗1 Zs. Dombrádi,∗1 S. Bishop, Zs. Fülöp,∗1 J. Gibelin,∗2 T. Gomi, Y. Hashimoto,∗3 N. Imai, N.
Iwasa,∗4 H. Iwasaki,∗5 G. Kalinka,∗1 Y. Kondo,∗3 A. A. Korsheninnikov,∗8 K. Kurita,∗6 M. Kurokawa, N.
Matsui,∗3 T. Motobayashi, T. Nakamura,∗3 T. Nakao,∗5 E. Yu. Nikolskii,∗8 T. K. Ohnishi,∗5 T. Okumura,∗3 S.
Ota,∗7 A. Perera, A. Saito,∗5 H. Sakurai,∗5 Y. Satou,∗3 D. Sohler,∗1 T. Sumikama, D. Suzuki,∗5 M. Suzuki,∗5 H.
Takeda,∗7 S. Takeuchi, Y. Togano∗6 and Y. Yanagisawa[nuclear structure, unstable nuclei, transfer reaction]
The stability of shell closures is determined by thesize of shell gaps which are measured as the energy
difference between the single-particle states belonging
to different major shells. From 30 Si to 24 O, the N =20
shell gap is expected to gradually decrease, and N =14
and N =16 shell gaps develop instead.1) Therefore, theaim of this study is to determine the location of theexcited states in 23 O, which directly gives the singleparticle energies suitable for deducing the size of the
N =16 and N =20 shell closures, via invariant mass
spectroscopy combined with the (d,p) neutron transfer
reaction.
The experiment was carried out at RIKEN, where a
94 A·MeV primary beam of 40 Ar with 60 pnA intensity
collided with a 9 Be production target of 3 mm thickness. The total intensity of the produced secondary
beam was approximately 1500 cps with an average 22 O
intensity of 600 cps. The separation of 22 O particles
was complete. This secondary beam was transmitted
to a CD2 target of 30 mg/cm2 . The reaction occurredat an energy of 34 A·MeV. The scattered particles weredetected and identified by a 2×2 matrix silicon telescope placed 96 cm downstream of the target. The
first two layers were made of strip detectors (with 5 mm
width for each strip) to measure the x and y positionsof the fragments. The protons emitted backward in thereaction were detected by 156 CsI(Tl) scintillator crystals and were read out by photodiodes. The neutrons
originating from the decay of the produced 23 O nuclei
excited above the neutron separation energy were detected by a neutron wall. The energy of the neutrons
was deduced from the TOF, while the position of thecollision was determined by identifying the rod that
fired (in the vertical direction) and by the time difference between the two photomultipliers attached to theends of the rods (in the horizontal direction).
The excitation energy spectrum of 23 O shown in
Fig. 1 was reconstructed from the momentum of the
†
∗1
∗2
∗3
∗4
∗5
∗6
∗7
∗8

Condensed from article in Phys. Rev. Lett.
(2007)
Institute of Nuclear Research (ATOMKI)
Institut de Physique NucléaireTokyo Institute of Technology
Tohoku University
University of Tokyo
Rikkyo University
Kyoto University
Kurchatov Institute98, 102502

neutrons and the heavy ion 22 O by calculating the invariant mass and using the known neutron separationenergy (2.74 MeV). Two peaks are clearly visible at
4.00(2) MeV and 5.30(4) MeV in the spectrum. The

Fig. 1. Reconstructed excitation energy spectrum of 23 O.
Aneutron >10 MeV. The shaded spectrum represents the
background.

(d,p) reaction populates the single-particle states of
23
O. The ground state of this nucleus has been experimentally determined to be the neutron s1/2 state.2,3)
From a comparison with shell model calculations,4,5)
the first excited state is the neutron d3/2 state, theenergy of which gives the N =16 shell closure to be
4 MeV. This is sufficiently large to explain why 24 O
is the last bound oxygen isotope. The second excitedstate observed in the present experiment does not haveany counterpart in the sd model space,4) and corresponds to a state from the f p shell.5) Its energy relative
to the d3/2 state allows us to determine the strength of
the N =20 shell closure to be 1.3 MeV and provides direct evidence for the disappearance of the N =20 shellclosure at Z=8.
References
1) T. Otsuka et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 082502 (2001).
2) D. Cortina-Gil et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 062501(2004).
3) C. Nociforo et al.: Phys. Lett. B605, 79 (2005).
4) B.A. Brown, W.A. Richter et al.: Phys. Rev. C74,
034315 (2006).
5) T. Otsuka et al.: Nucl. Phys. A685, 100 (2001).

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RIKEN
Prog.
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Proton core polarization in neutron-rich nucleus 74 Ni
S. Kanno,∗1 N. Aoi, D. Bazin,∗2 M. D. Bowen,∗2 C. M. Campbell,∗2 J. M. Cook,∗2 D.-C. Dinca,∗2 A. Gade,∗2
T. Glasmacher,∗2 H. Iwasaki,∗3 T. Kubo, K. Kurita,∗1 T. Motobayashi, W. F. Mueller,∗2 T. Nakamura,∗4
H. Sakurai,∗3 H. Suzuki,∗3 S. Takeuchi, J. R. Terry,∗2 K. Yoneda∗2 and H. Zwahlen∗2
Nuclear Structure, 74 Ni(p,p γ), Inelastic scattering, Unstable nuclei

The neutron-rich nucleus 74 Ni has been studied byproton inelastic scattering to explore the evolution of
Z = 28 core polarization in the very neutron-rich Ni
isotopes in the vicinity of 78 Ni.
The experiment has been performed at the National
Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan
State University. Unstable nuclei including 74 Ni were
produced by the projectile fragmentation reaction of a86
Kr primary beam with a typical intensity of 20 particle nA impinging on a 399-mg/cm2 -thick 9 Be target
at 140 MeV/nucleon. The 74 Ni beam was selected by
the A1900 fragment separator1) and bombarded a liquid hydrogen target2) with a thickness of 213 mg/cm2
to induce proton inelastic scattering in inverse kinematics. The intensity of 74 Ni was typically 0.45 particles per second, and the beam energy at the center of the target was 81 MeV/nucleon. Inelasticallyscattered 74 Ni was identified with the high-resolution
S800 spectrograph3) . For the identification of populated states, de-excitation γ rays were measured byan array of position-sensitive NaI(Tl) detectors4,5) surrounding the target.
A clear peak corresponding to the 2+ → 0+ transition was observed at 1020(11) keV in the de-excitation
γ-ray spectrum, which is consistent with the value(1024(1) keV) obtained in the β-decay experiment of74Co6) . Taking into account correction for feedingfrom upper excited states, we have obtained the angleintegrated cross section for the 2+ state of 74 Ni to
be 14(5) mb. The uncertainty contains the statisticalone (30%) and the ambiguity of the feeding correction(20%).
A quadrupole deformation parameter β2 was deduced to be 0.19(4) by comparing the observed crosssection with the distorted-wave Born approximation
calculation. Two calculations using global optical potentials were performed7,8) . The average of the two results was taken, while the discrepancy (4%) was taken
into account in the systematic error. Figure 1 showsthe extracted β2 values along with the ones of other Ni
isotopes. Filled and open circles show those obtained
from the cross section of the proton inelastic scattering(βp,p )9,10) and those from the B(E2) value (βC ) 11–15) ,respectively. Both βp,p and βC represent the degree ofcollectivity and normally take similar values. Indeed,
∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4

Rikkyo University
Michigan State University
University of Tokyo
Tokyo Institute of Technology

for 56∼64 Ni, βp,p and βC are very close to each otheras shown in Fig. 1. We compare the obtained βp,p of74
Ni with βC of lighter Ni isotopes. Hereafter, bothβp,p and βC are referred to as β2 . The β2 value of74
Ni is comparable to the large β2 of 70 Ni15) , which isabout twice as large as that of 68 Ni. The collectivity
is induced in 74 Ni by the filling of the neutron into theg9/2 orbital, as was observed in 70 Ni.

Fig. 1. β2 systematics for Ni isotopes as a function of theneutron number. The data are taken from refs9–15) .
See text for details.

References
1) D. J. Morrissey et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 204,
90 (2003).
2) H. Ryuto et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 555, 1(2005).
3) D. Bazin et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 204, 629(2003).
4) N. I. Kaloskamis et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods A
330, 447 (1993).
5) B. C. Perry et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 505, 85(2003).
6) C. Mazzocchi et al.: Phys. Lett. B 622, 45 (2005).
7) R. L Varner et al.: Phys. Rep. 201, 57 (1991).
8) A. J. Koning and J. P. Delaroche: Nucl. Phys. A 713,
231 (2003).
9) G. Kraus et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1773 (1994).
10) E. Fabrici et al.: Phys. Rev. C 21, 844 (1980).
11) K. Yurkewicz et al.: Phys. Rev. C 70, 054319 (2004).
12) K. Yamada et al.: Eur. Phys. J. A 25, s01, 409 (2005).
13) Y. Yanagisawa et al.: AIP Conf. Proc. 455 (ENAM98),
Bellaire, Michigan (1998) p. 610.
14) S. Ramman, C.W. Nestor, Jr., and P. Tikkanen: At.
Data Nucl. Data Tables 78, 1 (2001).
15) O. Perru et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 232501 (2006).

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109(2008)
RIKEN
Prog.
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41On the Analysis of High-Energy Coulomb Excitation Experiments
H. Scheit, A. Gade,∗1 T. Glasmacher,∗1 and T. Motobayashi†∗1

Condensed from H. Scheit et al., PLB 659, 515 (2008)
NSCL and Department of Physics & Astronomy, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

7)

Bertulani et al.
7)
Eq. 5 (*)

250

7)

Cross section (mb)

Coulomb excitation (CE) of radioactive heavy-ion
beams on high-Z targets at intermediate to relativistic beam energies (E/A > 30 MeV) is an importantand now widely used method to study the structure of
nuclei furthest from stability and a wealth of experimental information was obtained in laboratories worldwide since the method was first applied in 19951) . Evenat these high beam energies it is possible to suppress
the influence of the strong interaction in the excitation
process, by rejecting events with small impact parameter, and to extract largely model independent nuclear
structure information.
Experimentally, usually the de-excitation γ rayyields after CE are measured and from these the excitation cross sections are deduced. It is important tonote that the deflection angle of the outgoing scatteredparticle is restricted either by the experimental setup(e.g. Ref.2) ) or during the off-line analysis of the data,
which are recorded event-by-event3) . The so imposed
maximum scattering angle θmax corresponds to a certain minimum impact parameter bmin which is chosen
to exceed the sum of the radii of projectile and target
by several femtometer, ensuring the dominance of the
Coulomb interaction in the excitation process. The
angle integrated CE cross section depends strongly on
the chosen maximum scattering angle θmax , which istherefore an important parameter in the analysis.
In order to extract the relevant quantities, namely
the reduced transition probabilities B(πλ) and in particular B(E2) values, various analysis techniques areused: (i) distorted-wave theory (using the ECIS codeused e.g. in1) , (ii) the semi-classical theory of Wintherand Alder4) used e.g. in Refs.2,3) , and (iii) the virtualphoton method5) . More than one method has been
applied to certain nuclei and consistent results wereobtained.
Recently, a new approach was proposed6) and previously published results1–3) were called into question
in Ref.7) claiming that either only non-relativistic, oronly partially relativistic, expressions are used or theeffect of the orbit of the nuclei, due to their Coulomb
repulsion, is not fully accounted for. Using their model,changes in the calculated cross sections of up to 30%
were reported with respect to results from the literature.
We were able to show, however, that the observed
differences are solely the use of erroneous input parameters, which is illustrated in the figure. Here theexperimental results are shown for various data-sets

200

Eq. 5
Exp.

150
100
50
0

3

7

8

9

10

11

12

Data set

Fig. 1. Experimental CE cross sections. The number on
the abscissa corresponds to the “Data set” of table 1of Refs.7,8) . The circles show the experimental crosssections σexp and the filled diamonds the cross sections
calculated by us according to Eq. (5) of Ref.7) . The
open diamond shows the result of our own applicationof Eq. (5) of Ref.7) using the input parameters listed
in Ref.7) . The triangles show the results published inRef.7) .

(see Refs.7,8) for details) together with 3 different theoretical calculations. The agreement between the circles and the diamonds shows that even with Eq. (5) of
Ref.7) the original results are reproduced. After further
investigation we concluded that the mentioned discrepancies are due to an interchange of center-of-mass andlaboratory angles and the use of the incident beam energy instead of the mid-target beam energy8) .
In fact, the expressions given for σapp in Ref.7)
are analytically identical to the ones of Winther andAlder4) as shown in the Appendix of Ref.8) . Since forall experimental cross sections shown in the figure thesemi-classical theory of Winther and Alder was employed during the analysis of the data, the results according to Eq. (5) of Ref.7) must be identical to theoriginal results provided the proper input parameters
are used.
References
1) T. Motobayashi et al., Phys. Lett. B 346, 9 (1995).
2) H. Scheit et al.,Phys. Rev. Lett. 77,3967 (1996).
3) A. Gade et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 014302 (2003).
4) A. Winther et al., Nucl. Phys. A 319, 518 (1979).
5) C. A. Bertulani et al., Phys. Rep. 163, 299 (1988).
6) C. A. Bertulani et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 044609 (2003).
7) C. A. Bertulani et al., Phys. Lett. B 650, 233 (2007).
8) H. Scheit et al., Phys. Lett. B 659, 515 (2008).

- 13 -

1

186
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Spectroscopy of 7 He and 11 Be via d(8 He,t)7 He andd(12 Be,t)11 Be reactions
E. Yu. Nikolskii,∗1 A. A. Korsheninnikov, H. Otsu, H. Suzuki,∗2 K. Yoneda, H. Baba, K. Yamada, Y. Kondo,∗3
N. Aoi, M. S. Golovkov,∗4 A. S. Fomichev,∗4 S. A. Krupko,∗4 M. Kurokawa, E. A. Kuzmin,∗5 I. Martel,∗6
W. Mittig,∗7 T. Motobayashi, T. Nakamura,∗3 M. Niikura,∗8 S. Nishimura, A. A. Ogloblin,∗5
P. Roussel-Chomaz,∗7 A. Sanchez-Benitez,∗6 Y. Satou,∗3 S. I. Sidorchuk,∗4 T. Suda, S. Takeuchi, K. Tanaka,
G. M. Ter-Akopian,∗4 Y. Togano,∗9 and M. Yamaguchi
Nuclear reactions, d(8 He,t)7 He, d(12 Be,t)11 Be, unstable nuclei

∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4
∗5
∗6
∗7
∗8
∗9

On leave from Kurchatov Institute, Russia
Department of Physics, University of Tokyo
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Russia
Kurchatov Institute, Russia
Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidad de Huelva,
Spain
GANIL, Caen Cedex, FranceCenter for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo
Department of Physics, Rikkyo University

ciency for 11 Be was ∼ 2.5 times lower than that for
10Be). It is seen that in the inclusive spectrum (c)the background is high and the events from the reaction on deuterium itself are located in the energy∗
region of E11
Be ≈ 1.5÷5.0 MeV. This structure has a
two maxima at ∼ 2.5 and ∼ 4.0 MeV, which are seen
more clearly in Fig. 1(d) where the background is signiﬁcantly suppressed. The interesting feature of these
spectra is that an excitation of the ground and ﬁrst
excited state (0.32 MeV) of 11 Be is not clearly seen.
Probably, the second level at 1.78 MeV that could be
revealed in the Be-coincidences (the threshold 10 Be +∗n lies at E11
Be = 0.502 MeV) is also weakly excited,
and the observed structure corresponds to the known
states at 2.69 and 3.89 (or 3.96) MeV.4)
300

(a)

t

200

200

100

100

0
-5
150

(c)

Counts / 400 keV

t

0

5

10

(b)

15

20

-15

25

60

t + 6 HeCounts / 400 keVCounts / 400 keV

300

Counts / 400 keV

We measured the one-neutron transfer reactionsd( He,t)7 He and d(12 Be,t)11 Be at forward laboratory
angles (110 –220 ) using the 8 He (42 A MeV) and 12 Be(71 A MeV) beams and deuteron target. The experiment was performed at the fragment separator RIPS
at RIKEN. Details of the experimental setup are described in ref. 1. Here we present the preliminary dataobtained using the dE and DSD detectors of the recoil
telescope.
In Fig. 1(a), the inclusive triton spectrum from thereaction d(8 He,t) and the spectrum of tritons detectedin coincidences with 6 He (b) are shown as a function ofenergy above 6 He + n threshold (spectrum measured
in coincidences with neutrons emitted downstream hasa similar character and is not shown here). The strong
peak represents the 7 He ground state that is unstablewith respect to the 6 He + n decay with Ed  0.44
MeV. The width of the peak (FWHM ≈ 1.7 MeV)
determines the experimental resolution (natural widthof 7 Heg.s. is small, Γ = 0.16 MeV) that is closed to
the results of the Monte-Carlo simulation. No excitedstates of 7 He were observed in the obtained spectra.
Most probably, a state in 7 He at E6 He+n = 3.3 MeV2)
that decays mainly into 4 He+3n is not seen here due
to low statistics and high background level. It could
be manifested in coincidences with 4 He, but the downstream detection system had low acceptance for alphaparticles. The 7 Heg.s. peak was a good reference tocontrol the experimental conditions in the data analysis to search for 7 H in the same experiment.3)
The triton spectra measured with 12 Be beam arepresented in Figs. 1(c) and 1(d). Figure 1(c) shows
the inclusive data and Fig. 2(d) represents the spectrum of tritons measured in coincidences with Be isotopes in hodoscope. (Note here that (1) we cannot
identify masses for Z=4 and (2) the detection eﬃ8

100

50

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

t + Be(z=4)

(d)

50
40
30
20
10

0
-5

0

5

10

15

E[ 6 He+n] (MeV)

20

25

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

E[1 1 Be] (MeV)

Fig. 1. Energy spectra of tritons from the reactions: (a) –d(8 He,t), (b) – d(8 He,t6 He), (c) – d(12 Be,t), (d) –d(12 Be,tBe). The dashed histograms show the emptytarget background. See text for details.

References
1) E. Nikolskii et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 21(2007).
2) A. A. Korsheninnikov et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3581
(1999).
3) E. Yu. Nikolskii et al.: in this report.
4) F. Ajzenberg-Selove: Nucl. Phys. A 506, 1 (1990).

- 14 -

1

062
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Search for 7 H in 2 H + 8 He collisions
E. Yu. Nikolskii,∗1 A. A. Korsheninnikov, H. Otsu, H. Suzuki,∗2 K. Yoneda, H. Baba, K. Yamada, Y. Kondo,∗3
N. Aoi, M. S. Golovkov,∗4 A. S. Fomichev,∗4 S. A. Krupko,∗4 M. Kurokawa, E. A. Kuzmin,∗5 I. Martel,∗6
W. Mittig,∗7 T. Motobayashi, T. Nakamura,∗3 M. Niikura,∗8 S. Nishimura, A. A. Ogloblin,∗5
P. Roussel-Chomaz,∗7 A. Sanchez-Benitez,∗6 Y. Satou,∗3 S. I. Sidorchuk,∗4 T. Suda, S. Takeuchi, K. Tanaka,
G. M. Ter-Akopian,∗4 Y. Togano,∗9 and M. Yamaguchi
Nuclear reactions, d(8 He,3 He)7 H, unstable nuclei

∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4
∗5
∗6
∗7
∗8
∗9

On leave from Kurchatov Institute, Russia
Department of Physics, University of Tokyo
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Russia
Kurchatov Institute, Russia
Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidad de Huelva,
Spain
GANIL, Caen Cedex, FranceCenter for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo
Department of Physics, Rikkyo University

curves are normalized in the point of the histogram at
E = 17.8 MeV. In the calculation, detection efficiency
and experimental resolution (FWHM ≈ 1.9 MeV) weretaken into account.
12

Counts / 1.5 MeV

The exotic superheavy hydrogen 7 H with an extreme
fraction of neutrons N/Z = 6 has been the object ofexperimental studies in the last several years. In aprevious RIKEN experiment, evidence for the formation of the 7 H state near the t+4n threshold was obtained1) . Here we report the preliminary results of a
new attempt to search for 7 H using a different reaction— d(8 He,3 He)7 H.
The experiment was performed at the fragment separator RIPS in RIKEN. The secondary beam of 8 Hewith an average energy of 42 A MeV and an intensityof 1.4 × 105 pps bombarded a deuteron target. As atarget, we used a gas cryogenic target filled with deuterium gas at a temperature of 30 K and a pressureof 0.5 atm resulting in a target thickness of 2.4 × 1020
deuterons/cm2 . Recoiling 3 He were detected at forward angles (110 ≤ θlab ≤ 220 ) using the RIKEN telescope of position-sensitive (strip) Si detectors with anadditional dE-layer, which was an assembly of six thin(∼40 µ) Si counters. Besides 3 He, we also detected
tritons and neutrons from the decay 7 H → t + 4n, using the downstream detection system. Details of theexperimental setup are described in Ref. 2.
Figure 1 shows the 7 H excitation spectrum measured
in coincidences with tritons from the decay of the residual 7 H system (data from dE and DSD detectors of thetelescope were used). The spectrum is shown as a function of energy above the t+4n threshold. The dashedhistogram shows the normalized background obtained
from an empty-target measurement. Curves 1, 2, and 3
show nonresonant continuums, which were obtained by
the calculation of 5-body (t + n + n + n + n), 3-body(t + 2 n + 2 n), and 2-body (t + 4 n) phase volumes,
respectively. Curve 2 can be considered as an extreme
case in which relative motion in both neutron pairs is
described by delta function. Curve 3 is the most extreme case that can be considered as a motion of a triton and tetraneutron with a zero binding energy. The

10
8
6

3

4

2

2
0

-4

0

4

8

12

1

16

20

24

E t+4n (MeV)
Fig. 1. Spectrum of 7 H from the reaction d(8 He,3 Het). The
dashed histogram shows the empty-target background.
Curves represent nonresonant continuums. See text for
details.

Unfortunately, the obtained statistics is low anddoes not allow us to perform a detailed analysis of the7
H spectrum. However, some remarkable features canbe noted. First, the spectrum structure at low energies
cannot be described by curves 1 or 2, but has the shapethat is similar or even steeper than that for curve 3.
Second, no clear evidence for the 7 H peak at low energies is observed in this reaction, but the spectrum hassome ”shoulder” around ∼2 MeV. And third, the spectrum probably has peculiarity at ∼10.5 MeV. Note, thesimultaneously measured reactions d(8 He,t)7 He3) andd(12 Be,3 He)11 Li show well-defined peaks corresponding to the ground states of 7 He and 11 Li. Further
analysis is in progress.
References
1) A. A. Korsheninnikov et al. : Phys. Rev. Lett. 90,
082501 (2003).
2) E. Nikolskii et al. : RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 21(2007).
3) E. Yu. Nikolskii et al. : in this report.

- 15 -

1

129
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Momentum distributions of 18,19 C fragments from 20 C breakup
reaction
Y. Hashizume,∗1 K. Tanaka, A. Ozawa,∗1 T. Yamaguchi,∗2 T. Suzuki,∗2 T. Aiba,∗3 N. Aoi, H. Baba,
M. Fukuda,∗4 K. Inafuku,∗5 N. Iwasa,∗5 T. Izumikawa,∗6 K. Kobayashi,∗2 M. Komuro,∗2 Y. Kondo,∗7
M. Kurokawa, T. Matsuyama,∗3 S. Michimasa,∗8 T. Nakabayashi,∗7 S. Nakajima,∗2 T. Ohtsubo,∗3
R. Shinoda,∗2 M. Shinohara,∗7 H. Suzuki,∗9 M. Takechi, E. Takeshita, S. Takeuchi, Y. Togano,∗10 K. Yamada,T. Yasuno,∗1 M. Yoshitake,∗2 T. Kubo, T. Nakamura,∗7 Y. Sakurai, and T. Motobayashi∗1Institute of Physics, University of Tsukuba
Department of Physics, Saitama University∗3 Department of Physics, Niigata University∗4 Department of Physics, Osaka University∗5 Department of Physics, Tohoku University∗6 RI Center, Niigata University∗7 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology∗8 Center of Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo∗9 Department of Physics, University of Tokyo∗10 Department of Physics, Rikkyo University∗2

Superconducting
Triplet QuadrupoleFig. 1. Experimental setup at RIPS. The momentum distributions of fragments were obtained from T OF spectra between F3 and F4. Detectors located at F2, F3,
and F4 were used for particle identification.

30

(a)

20
dσ/dP// [mb/(MeV/c)]

The longitudinal momentum distributions of 18,19 Cfrom a 20 C breakup reaction involving a proton target
have been measured at approximately 40 A MeV by
a direct time-of-flight (T OF ) technique. The momentum distributions of neutron-removal fragments fromneutron-rich carbon isotopes have been measured systematically up to A=19. The experiment was carriedout at RIPS.1) Figure 1 shows the experimental setup,
which was essentially the same as that used for reaction
cross-section measurements of 22 C.2) An 40 Ar primarybeam of 100 particle nA was provided from RIKEN
Ring Cyclotron and bombarded on a 333 mg/cm2 Ta
production target. The nuclides in secondary beams
were identified event by event by the T OF between twoplastic scintillators located at F2 and F3 focal planes
and the value of ∆E obtained from two silicon detectors (Si) of 100 µm thickness at F3. We employedliquid hydrogen with 205 mg/cm2 thickness as a reaction target. Outgoing particles were identified by the
T OF -∆E-E method using two plastic scintillators at
F3 and F4 for the T OF , Si detectors of 320 µm thickness for ∆E, and a 5 inchφ NaI(Tl) scintillator for
E. We used a superconducting triplet quadrupole3) totransport beams and residues from F3 to F4.
The momentum resolution was estimated to have an
RMS value of 24 MeV/c by measuring the unreacted
20
C beam detected at F4. The longitudinal momentum distributions of the fragments were obtained fromthe T OF spectra between F3 and F4. The momentum
broadening of the incident 20 C beam was corrected using the position information of the PPAC placed at
dispersive focal plane F1. Background events, which
are caused by reactions inside the detectors after thereaction target, were estimated by measurements without the target and subtracted by the same method asthat used in the previous study.4) The transmission of
18,19
C between F3 and F4 was simulated using the code
MOCADI5) since the magnetic field of the quadrupoles

10
0
6

(b)

3
0
-400

-200

0
P// [MeV/c]

200

400

Fig. 2. Present results for the longitudinal momentum distributions of 18 C (a) and 19 C (b) in the projectile rest
frame. Solid curves represent fitting results using Gaussian curves.

between F3 and F4 was optimized for the magnetic
rigidity of 20 C by measurements of the reaction crosssection of 20 C.2) The momentum distributions of 18 C
and 19 C fragments from the 20 C breakup reaction in
the present analysis are shown in Fig. 2. The solidlines show fitting results using Gaussian curves. The
widths of the momentum distributions for 18 C and 19 C
are in agreement with the predictions by the Goldhabermodel with RMS vakues of 90 MeV/c and 124 MeV/c,
respectively, within the statistical experimental error.
Further studies are in progress.
References
1) T. Kubo et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 70, 309(1992).
2) K. Tanaka et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 20(2006).
3) N. Aoi et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 38, 176 (2005).
4) T. Yamaguchi et al.: Nucl. Phys. A 724, 3 (2003).
5) N. Iwasa et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 126, 284(1997).

- 16 -

1

172
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41g-Factor measurement of the isomeric state of 32 Al
D. Kameda, K. Takase,∗1 H. Ueno, A. Yoshimi, T. Nagatomo, Y. Hasama,∗1 H. Watanabe,
M. Uchida,∗1 N. Hatakeyama,∗1 T. Inoue,∗1 S. Kagami,∗1 K. Suzuki,∗1 C. Nakano,∗1 H. Kawamura,∗2
T. Toyoda,∗2 K. Narita,∗2 J. Murata,∗2 D. Nagae,∗3 K. Shimada,∗4 and K. Asahi∗1[Nuclear structure, spin-aligned RI beam, TDPAD, nuclear moments]
The g factor of nuclear magnetic moment is sensitive
to single particle orbits occupied by valence protons or
neutrons. It often plays a decisive role in determining
nuclear configurations. In 32 Al, the isomeric state of
T1/2 = 200(20) ns was reported at an energy level of956 keV1) . The isomer emits two γ rays of 222 keV
and 734 keV at the same time in the cascade decay via
the first excited state of 734 keV. The decay schemesuggests that the spins and parities for the isomer andfirst excited state are 4+ and 2+ , respectively. The
ordering of the two states, however, is not reproducedby conventional sd-shell models. To obtain clear information about the low-lying shell structure of 32 Al, we
performed the g-factor measurement of the isomericstate by the time differential perturbed angular distribution (TDPAD) method with a spin-aligned 32 Al
beam.
The 32 Al beam was produced by the fragmentationof 40 Ar at an energy of 95 MeV/nucleon with a 315mg/cm2 -thick Be target. Using the RIPS, the obtained 32 Al fragments were separated to other products and delivered to the TDPAD setup. To produce
spin alignment in 32 Al, the outgoing momentum p of32
Al was restricted to the high-momentum wing of
p/p0 = 1.02 − 1.05, where p0 (= 12.4 GeV/c) corresponds to the peak in the yield. The isotopic purityof 32 Al was estimated to be 82 % by the particle identification. The beam was stopped in a 0.5-mm-thickindium sample by using a 1-mm-thick Al energy degrader and a 14-mm-diameter collimator, which werelocated 20 cm upstream of the sample. The beam intensity, which was around 17 k particles/s, was monitored using a plastic scintillator behind the collimator. The experimental layout is shown in Fig. 1. The
γ rays were detected using four coaxial high-purity Ge
detectors, the relative efficiencies of which were around
30 %, and two 5.5”×5.5” NaI(TI) scintillators. In dataacquisition, we considered only the γ events triggeredby the particle within a 1.2 µs time window, which wasprovided by the plastic scintillator. The timing of theparticle, t = 0, was determined from a prominent peakof the γ time spectrum. A static magnetic field B0
was applied to the sample to observe the oscillation ofthe γ-ray anisotropy due to Larmor precession. Two
∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4

Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Department of Physics, Rikkyo University
Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy
AgencyCyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University

different magnitudes, as B0 = 471 and 215 mT, wereadopted.

Fig. 1. TDPAD experimental layout.

Figure 2 shows the obtained energy spectrum forthe “Ge 3” detector. The photo peaks of the γ rays of
222 keV and 734 keV were clearly observed. Using the
222 keV γ-ray yield, the isomer ratio was estimated to
be R ∼ 80 %, taking into account the decay in flight.
(The absolute efficiency for the 222 keV γ ray was considered 0.19 % according to the calibration with standard γ sources.) In the inset in Fig. 2, the decay curveof the 222 keV γ ray is shown, together with that for
the “Ge 2” detector. From the results of fitting analysis of a decay curve for all Ge detectors, the precise
half-life was obtained as T1/2 = 186.9(7) ns. Further
analysis is now in progress.

Fig. 2. Energy spectrum of “Ge 3” and decay curves gatedby 222 keV γ rays in inset.

References
1) M. Robinson et al.,: Phys. Rev. C 53, R1465 (1996).

- 17 -

1

177(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Eﬀect of delayed γ rays on β-ray angular distribution of 20 F
T. Nagatomo, K. Matsuta,∗1 K. Minamisono,∗2 T. Sumikama,∗3 M. Mihara,∗1 A. Ozawa,∗4 Y. Tagishi,∗4
R. Matsumiya,∗1 M. Fukuda,∗1 M. Yamaguchi,∗4 T. Yasuno,∗4 H. Ohta,∗4 Y. Hashizume,∗4 H. Fujiwara∗1
and T. Minamisono∗5[Alignment correlation term, G parity, β-NMR]

8
5
AP2 (cos θγ ) + QP4 (cos θγ )147
≡ 1 + Gγ (θγ ),W (θγ ) ∝ 1 −(2)

In Eq.(2), Gγ is determined in Eq.(1), Sβ (E) andSβ+γ (E) are the β-ray energy spectra. The former isthe ideal energy spectrum without any delayed-γ-ray
pileup and the latter includes the pileup. In order to
∗1
∗2
∗3
∗4
∗5

�

(1)

where θγ is the γ-ray emission angle with respect to theorientation axis, Pn is the Legendre function, and A(Q) is the rank 2 (4) nuclear spin alignment. The degrees of the alignments were observed as A = 22.3(2)%and Q = −3.2(3)% from the β-ray-asymmetry changeby means of the β-NMR method. Because the delayed
γ rays were detected as a pileup in β-ray-energy signals, the eﬀect of γ-ray anisotropy δγ as a function of
β-ray energy E is described as
δγ (E) = Gγ (θγ ) [1 − Sβ (E)/Sβ+γ (E)] .

estimate these energy spectra, we employed a MonteCarlo simulation of the electron-gamma shower in materials (EGS4), which was modiﬁed by Hirayama et al.
to be applicable to low-energy γ rays4) .
The observed alignment correlation term for 20 F isshown as open circles in Fig. 1, as a function of theobserved β-ray energy3) . The endpoint energy was observed as 5.12 MeV, because of the energy loss in theδE-detectors and the MgF2 crystal into which the 20 F
were implanted. The eﬀect of delayed γ-ray pileupδγ (E) is shown as a curve with a width that represents
uncertainty arising the errors of A and Q. From Fig.
1, the estimated γ-ray eﬀect was found to be consistent
with the data around the endpoint energy of 5.12 MeV,
where β-γ pileup was dominantly observed. We have
conﬁrmed the eﬀect of γ-ray pileup δγ , and we show
the alignment term from which the δγ is subtracted as
the closed circles in Fig. 1. The analysis to test the Gparity symmetry is in progress.

������������������������������

The nuclear spin alignment correlation terms in the
β-ray angular distribution of the mirror nuclei aresuitable for testing the G-parity symmetry1) in the
weak interaction. Recently, we measured the alignment terms for 20 Na2) and 20 F3) mirror partners fromthe anisotropy of β rays emitted from the spin-aligned
20
Na and 20 F, respectively. For details of the experiments, please refer to the respective articles. Both20
Na and 20 F nuclei dominantly decay to the ﬁrst 2+
excited state of 20 Ne, and then the delayed E2 γ rays
are emitted. In spite of using a plastic scintillation
counter as a β-ray-energy detector, the γ-ray-detection
eﬃciency was not zero. That is the reason why it was
unavoidable that the γ rays were observed as a pileup.
In addition, because the daughter nuclei 20 Ne were alsoaligned, we have to take the anisotropic emission of theE2 γ rays into account. We found that the eﬀect of the
γ-ray anisotropy was not negligible compared with thevery small alignment terms, practically for 20 F. In thepresent analysis, we estimated the eﬀect of delayed γ
rays on the observed alignment correlation term of 20 F
nuclei. The eﬀect of the delayed γ rays were derived
as following. The E2 γ rays are distributed as

Department of Physics, Osaka University
National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan
State University
Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science
Department of Physics, University of Tsukuba
Department for the Application of the Nuclear Technology,
Fukui University of Technology

���

���

���

�

�

�

�

�

�

���������������������

Fig. 1. The observed alignment correlation term of 20 F
(open circles) compared with the estimated eﬀect ofdelayed-γ pileup δγ . The closed circles represent thedata with the eﬀect δγ subtracted.

References
1) S. Weinberg: Phys. Rev. 115, 1375 (1958).
2) K. Minamisono et al.: Hyperﬁne Interactions 159, 265(2004).
3) T. Nagatomo et al.: submitted to Hyperﬁne Interactions.
4) H. Hirayama: KEK Internal 99-5 R/D(1999).

- 18 -

1

036
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Precision spectroscopy of laser-cooled 7,10 Be+ in online ion trap
T. Nakamura, M. Wada, K. Okada,∗1 A. Takamine, P. Schury, Y. Yamazaki, Y. Kanai, T. M. Kojima, A.
Yoshida, T. Kubo, S. Ohtani,∗3 K. Noda,∗4 I. Katayama,∗5 V. Lioubimov,∗6 H. Wollnik,∗7 and H. A. Schuessler∗6
laser spectroscopy, laser cooling, 10 Be+ , 7 Be+

∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4
∗5
∗6
∗7

 































































Precision laser spectroscopy of unstable beryllium
isotopes has been in progress at the prototype slow radioactive ion beam facility (SLOWRI) of RIKEN. In
year 2006, we measured the 2s 2S1/2 → 2p 2P3/2 transition of 7,10 Be+ in the online trap and determined
the absolute transition frequency of the infinite heavymass nucleus ν ∞ and the differential mass polarization
parameter κ of beryllium ion for the first time.1) . However the accuracy of the transition frequency was limited to the order of 50 MHz owing to the fact that themeasurements were performed under gas-cooled condition, which is not sufficient to derive the charge radiiof beryllium isotopes. Laser cooling is an important
prerequisite to achieving a sufficiently high accuracy,
for example, 300 kHz, as well as to determine the hyperfine splitting constant via laser-microwave double
resonance spectroscopy.2)
In 2007, we worked on improving trapping efficiency
by employing a newly developed carbon-OPIG device3)
as well as the accuracy of laser spectroscopy by introducing the laser cooling scheme and the optical frequency comb system. Although the available accelerator beam time was very limited and the key devices such as pumping lasers and frequency synthesizers broke down one after another during different beamtimes, we achieved laser cooling of 7,10 Be+ ion for the
first time.
Figure 1 show a spectrum of laser-cooled 10 Be+ witha beat signal frequency between the dye laser and thefrequency comb. The 313 nm (957 THz) uv laser radiation for cooling was synthesized from the second harmonics of a 626 nm (479 THz) dye laser. The absolute
frequency of the dye laser can be determined from theoptical frequency comb as follows. The comb radiation
is a mode-locked femtosecond laser at 250 MHz repetition rate (frep ). This radiation consists of thousandsof narrow peaks with an exact interval of repetition
rate in the frequency domain. The frequency difference
between the dye laser radiation and one of the comb
peaks can be observed as an interference beat signal
frequency, fbeat . The dye laser frequency is obtained
as fdye = nfrep ± fbeat ± foffset , where n is an integer
indicating n-th comb peak from the origin and foffset

Fig. 1. Fluorescence intensity of trapped 10 Be+ ions asfunction of laser frequency (top) and beat signal frequency between dye laser and optical frequency comb(bottom).

is the offset frequency of the first comb peak. The
index n and the polarities are determined, for example, from the iodine absorption signal. The half width
at the half maximum of the laser cooled spectrum is
as small as 30 MHz, which is more than 30-fold narrower than the gas-cooled spectrum. However, so far
we are reluctant to determine the absolute transition
frequency from this spectrum, because an asymmetryof the peak causes ambiguity and the optical pumping
was not perfect owing to a problem in the polarizer
wave plate. A narrower symmetric spectrum can beobtained using a low-power probe laser in addition to
the cooling laser. Determination of absolute transition
frequency is planned in the next beam time. By laser
cooling, we determined ion temperature to be less than
0.1 K, which corresponds to a 1014 -fold decrease in the
kinetic energy of ions, which was initially 1 GeV when
produced in the reaction.
References

Department of Physics, Sophia University
Graduate School of Art and Science, University of Tokyo
Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Comm.
National Institute for Radiological Science
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
Department of Physics, Texas A&M University, USA
II. Physikalisches Institute, Giessen University, Germany

1) T. Nakamura et al.: Phys. Rev. A 74, 052503 (2006).
2) T. Nakamura et al.: Opt. Commun. 205, 239 (2002).
3) A. Takamine et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 147(2007).

- 19 -

1

094(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41
RIKEN

Towards the determination of nuclear charge radii for Be isotopes†
A. Takamine, M. Wada, T. Nakamura, K. Okada∗1 , P. H. Schury, Y. Yamazaki∗2 , Y. Kanai, T. M. Kojima,
A. Yoshida, T. Kubo, S. Ohtani∗3 , K. Noda∗4 , I. Katayama∗5 , H. A. Schuessler∗6 , V. Varentsov∗7 , andH. Wollnik∗8[SLOWRI, charge radius, laser spectroscopy]

∗1

∗2

∗3
∗4

∗5
∗6

∗7

∗8

Department of Physics, Sophia University
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo
Institute for Laser Science, University of ElectroCommunications
National Institute for Radiological Science
Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Association, KEK
Department of Physics, Texas A&M University
Kholopin Radium Institute
II. Physikalisches Institute, Justus-Liebig-Universitaet- 20 -

Detectorcoolingprobe

LIF Signal

In recent years, the charge radii of halo nuclei
have been determined by precision measurements using laser spectroscopy. The charge radii of the twoneutron halo nucleus 6 He and the four-neutron halo
nucleus 8 He were determined in a magneto-optical trap
at Argonne National Laboratory.1,2) The charge radiusof the two-neutron halo nucleus 11 Li was determinedby two-photon spectroscopy by the ToPLiS group from
GSI.3) Up to now, no charge radii for radioactive Be
isotopes have been determined. We aim to systematically study the charge radii of Be isotopes including
the one-neutron halo nucleus 11 Be.
An atomic energy level E is expressed asµµ
E∞ +K + F �rc2 � ,(1)
E = E∞ −M
M
where E∞ is the energy under the assumption thatthe nucleus is an inﬁnitely heavy point charge, µ isthe �
reduced electron mass, M is the nuclear mass,
3
K= i<j pi · pj /µ is the mass polarization parameter, F is the ﬁeld shift constant, and �rc2 � is the meansquare charge radius. The charge radius is determinedby a high-resolution measurement at an atomic transition energy and theoretical calculations of K and F
with suﬃcient accuracies. K can so far only be provided for two- or three-electron systems. Calculations
for the singly charged Be isotopes are on going.
We have developed a prototype of a universal facility for realizing slow radioactive ion beams (SLOWRI).
Energetic radioactive Be isotopes provided by a projectile fragment separator are decelerated and thermalized in a gas catcher cell. Then the ions are transported
into a high vacuum region by a carbon-OPIG4) and collected into a linear Paul trap cooled by He buﬀer gas.
Inside the trap the velocity of the Be+ ions are further
reduced by laser cooling using a UV laser at 313 nm,
which is resonant to the 22 S1/2 -22 P3/2 transition. We
have already succeeded in trapping and laser coolingseveral hundreds 7,10 Be+ ions in the trap. Moreoverthe 2s 2 S1/2 -2p 2 P3/2 transition energies for 7,10 Be+
were measured with high accuracies of ∼10−8 ,5) whichg.s.

Probe Laser Frequency

Fig. 1. Optical-optical double resonance in Be+ .

was insuﬃcient accuracy to deduce the charge radii.
In experiments to determine the nuclear charge radii
we plan to utilize the optical-optical double resonancespectroscopy method.6) In the laser-cooling process,ions are optically pumped and strong laser-induced ﬂuorescence is observed. If we use a probe laser to lowintensity radiation resonant to the 22 S1/2 -22 P1/2 transition, part of the population of ions is transferred to
the 22 P1/2 state and we then observe a reduction in thelaser-induced ﬂuorescence signal (Fig. 1). The cooling and probe lasers are alternately irradiated using
acousto-optic modulators to avoid the power broadening by the cooling laser light.
The probe laser frequency is calibrated by the clockwork optical frequency comb.7) Moreover, the probe
laser will be stabilized by frequency locking to the beatfrequency signal between the laser frequency and the
comb frequency. An acousto-optic frequency shifter
rapidly sweeps the probe laser frequency.
In 2008 we will perform on-line experiments andmeasure the 22 S1/2 -22 P1/2 transition frequencies of
7,10,11Be with an accuracy of 0.4 MHz to determine
the nuclear charge radii with an accuracy of 1%.
References
1) L.-B. Wang et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 142501 (2004).
2) P. Mueller et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 252501 (2007).
3) R. Sanchez et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 033002 (2006).
4) A. Takamine et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 147(2007).
5) T. Nakamura et al.: Phys. Rev. A 74, 052503 (2006).
6) D. J. Wineland et al.: Opt. Lett. 5, 245 (1980).
7) T. Udem et al.: Nature 416, 233 (2002).

1

149(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Probing Asymmetric Nuclear Matter at RIBF
T. Murakami,∗1 S. Ebesu,∗1 E. Takada,∗2 T. Akiyama,∗3 Y. Haki,∗3 Y. Hara,∗3 K. Ieki,∗3 Y. Ikeda,∗3
A. Kitabata,∗3 K. Narita,∗3 K. Ninomiya,∗3 M. Nitta,∗3 M. Matsushita,∗3 J. Murata,∗3 H. Ooishi,∗3
T. Toyoda,∗3 H. Kawamura, Y. Nakai, S. Nishimura, and H. Sakurai[EOS, centrality filter, pion range counter]
The nuclear Equation of State (EOS) is one of themost fundamental properties of nuclear matter anddescribes the relationships among the energy, pressure, temperature, density and isospin asymmetry δ =(ρn − ρp )/ρ for a nuclear system1) . The EOS is customarily divided into two parts, namely a symmetric matter contribution that is independent of δ and asymmetry energy term that is proportional to the δ 2 .
The EOS of asymmetric nuclear matter also dictates
many properties of neutron stars and of type II supernovae. Experimental information about the EOS,
especially the symmetry energy term, at high densities can help to predict neutron star observables suchas stellar radii, moments of inertia, maximum masses,
and neutron star cooling rates.
Detailed studies of pion production in nucleusnucleus collisions at intermediate energies provide
unique opportunities to establish meaningful constraints on the density dependence of the symmetryenergy at high densities ρ > ρ0 where present constraints are least stringent. Calculations predict thatthe relative densities of neutrons and protons in thedense interior of a central nucleus-nucleus collision reflect the pressure of the symmetry energy2,3) and thatthe softer EOS results in a larger Y(π − ) /Y(π + ) yieldratio. The highest sensitivity of pion production to thesymmetry energy is predicted to appear below the freenucleon-nucleon production threshold4) . It is, therefore, well suited to study the pion production systematically using beams at RIBF.
Measurements of Y(π − ) /Y(π + ) yield ratios would
at least require a centrality trigger and a pion detector. A TPC together with a large acceptance magnet
system is certainly ideal for these measurements andis under serious consideration, but would require years
to realize. In the meantime, we decided to construct a
simpler setup including a portable centrality filter anda pion range counter to perform pioneering works insuch a direction.
Figure 1 shows a prototype of the pion range countermade of four 3 cm thick plastic scintillators read by
fast PMTs. Also shown in Fig.2 is a centrality filter under an assembly consisted of 60 small slabs ofplastic scintillators read by two flat-panel multianodePMTs via optical fibers. It should provide information
∗1

∗2
∗3

Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, NIRS,
Chiba, Japan
Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, Japanon a light-charged particle multiplicity. We have justfinished a test of them using 400 MeV/nucleon 20 Ne
beams from HIMAC. Very preliminary results indicatethat π + events can be clearly identified by selecting
double pulse signals corresponding to π + → µ+ + νµdecays. We would like to start pion production experiments using them after increasing the total number ofplastics in the range counter to 8 or 9 in 2008.
References
1) P. Danielewicz, R. Lacey, W.G. Lynch,: Science 298,
1592 (2002).
2) B.A. Li, C.M. Ko, and Z. Ren: Phys. Rev. Lett. 78,
1644 (1997).
3) V. Baran, M. Colonna, M. Di Toro, and V. Greco: Phys.
Rev. Lett. 86, 4492 (2001).
4) Q. Li, Z. Li, S. Soff, R. K Gupta, M. Bleicher, and H.
Stöcker: J. Phys. G 31, 1359 (2005).

Fig. 1. Picture of prototype pion range counterFig. 2. Picture of multiplicity filter viewed through opticalfibers during assembly- 21 -

1

197(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Analyzing Power Measurement for the Proton
Elastic Scattering on 8 He at 71 A MeV
S. Sakaguchi,∗1 T. Uesaka,∗1 T. Wakui,∗2 N. Aoi, Y. Ichikawa,∗3 K. Itoh,∗4 M. Itoh,∗2 T. Kawabata,∗1
T. Kawahara,∗5 Y. Kondo,∗6 H. Kuboki,∗3 T. Nakamura,∗6 T. Nakao,∗3 Y. Nakayama,∗6 S. Noji,∗3
H. Sakai,∗3 Y. Sasamoto,∗1 M. Sasano,∗3 K. Sekiguchi, T. Shimamura∗6 and Y. Shimizu∗1[Polarized proton solid target, Elastic scattering, Helium isotope]
Recently, much interest has been focused on the
spin-dependent interaction in unstable nuclei. Oneof the most direct ways to see such interaction is to
study the spin-orbit part of the optical potential between protons and unstable nuclei. For this purpose,
we measured the analyzing power of the proton elastic
scattering on 6 He1) and 8 He at 71 A MeV in 2005 and2007. The aim of the measurements is to deduce andcompare the spin-orbit potentials between protons and
4,6,8
He particles. From the systematics of the potentials, the eﬀects of excess neutrons on the spin-orbit
interaction will be investigated. Details of the p�−8 Heelastic scattering measurement are reported.
The experiment was carried out using the RIKEN
Projectile-fragment Separator (RIPS). The 8 He beam
was produced by a fragmentation reaction of an 18 O
beam with an energy of 100 A MeV bombarded onto
a 13 mm2 Be target. The energy and intensity ofthe beam was 71 A MeV and 1.5 × 105 pps, respectively. As a secondary target, we used the polarized
proton solid target that was specially developed for RIbeam experiments.2,3) The target material was a single
crystal of naphthalene with a thickness of 4.3 × 1021
protons/cm2 . Recoiled protons were detected using
multiwire drift chambers (MWDCs) and CsI (Tl) scintillators placed on the left and right sides of the beamline. Each MWDC was located 180 mm away from thetarget and covered a scattering angle of 50◦ − 70◦ in
the laboratory system. A CsI scintillator with a sensitive area of 135 mmH × 60 mmV was placed justbehind the MWDC. Leading particles were detectedusing another MWDC and ∆E − E plastic scintillator
hodoscopes with thicknesses of 5 and 100 mm.
The absolute value of the target polarization was determined by measuring the spin-dependent asymmetry(Py Ay ) of the p�−4 He elastic scattering at 80 A MeV.
Figure 1(a) shows the analyzing power (Ay ) of thep�−4 He scattering. Open circles represent previously
measured data.4) Closed ones show the present data,
where the target polarization (Py ) is determined to be
11.0 ± 2.5%. Figure 1(b) shows the target polarization
during the scattering experiment.
∗1
∗2
∗3
∗4
∗5
∗6

Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo
Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University
Department of Physics, University of Tokyo
Department of Physics, Saitama University
Department of Physics, Toho University
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Fig. 1. (a) Analyzing power of the p�−4 He elastic scattering
at 80 A MeV is shown. See text for detail. (b) Target
polarization monitored by the pulsed NMR method.

The p�−8 He measurement was carried out with thesame experimental setup as the p�−4 He measurement.
In the p�−8 He measurement, leading particles wereidentiﬁed by the ∆E − E method to exclude break-up
events. Figure 2 shows the scattering angle correlationof protons and 8 He particles. A clear locus of elastic
scattering events is seen with good signal/backgroundratio. Diﬀerential cross section and analyzing power
will be deduced in the future analysis.

Fig. 2. Scattering angle correlation of protons and 8 He particles. Elastic scattering events are clearly identiﬁed.

References
1) S. Sakaguchi et al., “Spin-orbit potential in 6 He studied
with polarized proton target” at International Nuclear
Physics Conference 2007 (INPC2007), Tokyo2) T. Wakui et al., NIM A 550, 521 (2005).
3) T. Uesaka et al., NIM A 526, 186 (2004).
4) H. Togawa et al., RCNP Annual Report, 1 (1987).

- 22 -

1

194
RIKEN
Prog.
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Production of spin-polarized 17 N beam via inverse-kinematics
transfer reaction
K. Shimada,∗1 K. Asahi,∗2 K. Suzuki,∗2 T. Arai,∗2 M. Takemura,∗2 T. Inoue,∗2 K. Takase,∗2 S. Kagami,∗2
N. Hatakeyama,∗2 C. Nakano,∗2 Y. Hasama,∗2 Y. Kobayashi, H. Ueno, A. Yoshimi, D. Kameda, T. Nagatomo,
S. Kubono,∗3 H. Yamaguchi,∗3 Y. Wakabayashi,∗3 G. Amadio,∗3 S. Hayakawa,∗3 Y. Kurihara,∗3 J. Murata,∗4
H. Kawamura,∗4 T. Toyoda,∗4 T. Sugimoto,∗5 and D. Nagae∗6

∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4
∗5
∗6

Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo
Department of Physics, Rikkyo University
Japan Atomic Energy Agency
Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute

z

Slit

Be target

θ

D1

F1 Slit

D2

Mylar foil

F0 Primary
Beam

Q1
Q2

SecondaryBeamβ detectors
Spinpolarized
N beam17

FRP duct
Magnet Pole

Q3
F2

RF coilβ rays

MgO stopper

SSD
PPAC

Fig. 1. Schematic view of CRIB and β-NMR apparatus.

0.6
0.4
0.2
AP [%]

A method of producing a spin-polarized 17 N beam
via low-energy inverse-kinematics reactions has beendeveloped1–3) . According to Brink’s matching conditions4) , the probability of nucleon transfer increases
when the velocity of the nucleon does not change significantly before and after the transfer. As a result,the probability acquires a strong dependence on the
z-component of nucleon orbital angular momenta before and after the transfer, when the coordinate system used has zkf ×ki , where ki (kf ) is the relative
momentum in the initial (final) channel. Yamamoto
and Kubo show a possibility of a large spin polarization for the nuclei produced via an inverse-kinematics
nucleon-transfer reaction5) . The sign of the polarization depends on whether the reaction is near-side or
far-side dominant. The kinematical matching condition becomes different between the near-side and farside trajectories, and consequently, the cross section
also becomes very different between them. Thus, alarge spin polarization may occur.
In this report, we show the dependence of the polarization of 17 N on the emission angle. The spinpolarized 17 N beam was produced via a 9 B(18 O,17 N)
reaction with a low-energy in-flight isotope separator
CRIB6) , and its spin polarization was measured utilizing the β-NMR technique. The experimental setup
used is shown in Fig. 1, and details were explainedin Refs. 1–3. In this experiment the acceptance of theemission angle was limited using rotations of the CRIB
by 0.0, 2.6 and 5.0◦ and slits placed after the target
in the F0 chamber. In addition, the β-NMR apparatus was moved F3 to a double achromatic plane F2 forthe rotation of the CRIB. To select a small Q-value
channel, where the polarization increases3) , the momentum acceptance of the 17 N beam was limited to(1.0045–1.0295)p0 with slits located in the momentumdispersive plane, where p0 is the peak in the momentum distribution of the 17 N beam. The observed β-ray
asymmetry as a function of the emission angle in thecenter-of-mass system are shown in Fig. 2. The observed polarization is not a systematic error, because
the sign of the polarization reversed when the angle

0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

-20

-15

-10

-5
0
5
θ c.m. [degree]

10

15

20

Fig. 2. Observed β-ray asymmetry as a function of theemission angle in the center-of-mass system.

was reversed.
We investigated the dependence of the polarizationof 17 N produced via the inverse-kinematics low-energy
transfer reaction on the Q value3) and emission angle, although the maximum magnitude of the polarization obtained to date is small. A search for largermaximum-magnitude polarization at various energies
of 18 O is planned.
References
1) K. Shimada et al.: AIP Conf. Proc. 915, 857 (2007).
2) K. Shimada et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 40 (2007).
3) K. Shimada et al.: CNS Ann. Rep. 2006, 31 (2007) 31.
4) D. M. Brink: Phys. Lett. 40B, 37 (1972).
5) Y. Yamamoto and K. Kubo: Phys. Rev. C 49, 360 (1994).
6) Y. Yanagisawa et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys.
Res. A 539, 74 (2005).

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138
RIKEN
Accel.
Prog.
Rep.
4141(2008)(2008)
RIKEN
Accel.
Prog.
Rep.

Feasibility Study of Direct Measurement of the 21 Na(α,p)24 Mg
Stellar Reaction
D. N. Binh,∗1 L. H. Khiem,∗2 H. Yamaguchi,∗1 Y. Wakabayashi,∗1 S. Hayakawa,∗1 A. Kim,∗3 and S. Kubono∗1[RI beam, Novae, X-ray burst]
Under high-temperature conditions in novae and Xray bursts, nucleosynthesis in the NeNa cycle leads tothe synthesis of the astronomically important 22 Na nucleus. Its beta decay leads to the emission of a 1.275
MeV gamma ray. This gamma ray is possibly observable during nova events. However, the observed 22 Na
abundance was much smaller than that predicted using current models of ONe novae.1) The predicted 22 Na
abundance might be reduced by the 21 Na(α,p)24 Mg reaction bypassing the production of 22 Na. It is a breakout process from the NeNa cycle, and makes the reaction ﬂow bypassing the waiting point at 22 Mg.2) It
is also important to understand the early stage of therp-process.3) The purpose of this study is to perform
a direct measurement of the 21 Na(α,p)24 Mg reaction
for the ﬁrst time using the CNS Radioactive Isotope
Beam separator (CRIB) of the University of Tokyo at
RIKEN campus. Recently, we have performed a test
experiment to study the feasibility of the (α,p) reaction
measurement.

Na11+ from other contaminant particles, the Wienﬁlter was used at ± 100 kV.5) After using the Wienﬁlter, the purity of the 21 Na beam was 98.5% and the21
Na11+ beam intensity was 4 x 103 pps when the primary beam intensity was 370 enA. All the experimental setups of the reaction measurement were installedin the F3 chamber downstream of the Wien ﬁlter. The
helium gas target of 30 mm length was ﬁlled with helium gas at 1 atm. The ∆E-E telescope consisted of a
70-µm-thick ∆E counter followed by a 1.5-mm-thick E
counter. It was placed 15.2 cm away from the gas target at 0o . The reaction products from the helium gas
target, which were detected using the ∆E-E telescope,
are shown in Fig. 2.
21

Fig. 2. ∆E-E spectrum at F3

Fig. 1. Particle identiﬁcation at F2

The experiment was performed by using a lowenergy 21 Na beam from CRIB.4) The 21 Na secondary
beam was produced via the 2 H(20 Ne,21 Na)n reaction.
The 20 Ne6+ primary beam was accelerated by the
AVF cyclotron of RIKEN. The momenta of the 21 Na
particles were selected using a slit at a momentumdispersive focal plane F1 and then the beam was focused achromatically at the second focal plane F2. The
particles were clearly identiﬁed at F2 by the E-TOF
method and presented in Fig. 1 (a). The purity of21
Na11+ obtained at F2 was 8.5%. To further separate
∗1
∗2
∗3

Center for Nuclear Study, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo
Institute of Physics and Electronics, Viet Nam Academy of
Science and Technology
Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University

The protons were identiﬁed and distinguished fromother particles by ∆E-E particle identiﬁcation. However, they were produced not only by the (α,p) reaction
but also by other processes, which are elastic scattering on hydrogen nuclei of Mylar foils of the PPACs
and a proton background, which was induced at the
Wien ﬁlter. The proton expected from the (α,p) canbe distinguished from the background by measuring its
time-of-ﬂight. In conclusion, the 21 Na beam was produced with the suﬃciently high purity and intensity forthe planned 21 Na(α,p)24 Mg experiment, and the protons from the relevant (α,p) reaction were observed ina preliminary measurement.
References
1) M. Hernanz: Proc. 5th INTEGRAL Workshop, Munich,Germany, 2004.
2) J. L. Fisker et al., Astro. J. 608, 61 (2004).
3) S. Kubono, Nucl. Phys A 558, 305 (1995).
4) S. Kubono et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 13, 217 (2002).
5) S. Kubono et al., Nucl. Phys A 758, 733c (2005).

- 24 -

1

134
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Development of 46 Cr secondary beam
Y. Wakabayashi,∗1 H. Yamaguchi,∗1 S. Hayakawa,∗1 Y. Kurihara,∗1 S. Nishimura, D. N. Binh,∗1∗2
Y. Gono, and S. Kubono∗1[β-decay, unstable nuclei beam]∗1∗2

Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo
Institute of Physics and Electronic, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology- 25 -

55

45

Sc

50

Esum (MeV)

For the rapid proton capture process (rp-process) in
X-ray burst and the core-collapse stage of supernova,
proton-rich pf -shell nuclei far from stability play important roles1) . Studies of the β and electron capture
decays of these proton-rich pf -shell nuclei are of great
astrophysical interest. These decays involved in the
charged-current processes, e.g., p → n + e+ + ν, arepredominated by the Fermi and Gamow-Teller (GT)transitions. Information on GT transitions can be derived directly from β-decay measurements. To determine the accurate B(GT), it is important to determine
the feeding ratio and half-life of the β-decay accurately.
In this study, the final purpose of the experiment isto measure the properties of 46 Cr, namely, i) the total
half-life of β-decay with an accuracy better than 10%, ii) the decay branching ratios to the ground state(Fermi transition) and GT states measured accurately,
and iii) higher excited GT states if they exist.
Experimental runs to develop a 46 Cr secondary
beam were performed using the low-energy RI beam
separator (CRIB)2,3) of the Center for Nuclear Study(CNS), University of Tokyo. A primary beam of
36
Ar10+ at 3.6 MeV/nucleon bombarded 12 C at 0.845
mg/cm2 . The primary beam was degraded to 3.0
MeV/u by a 2.2-µm-thick Havar foil placed in frontof the primary target, because of the maximum production of 46 Cr. To separate the contaminants in thesecondary beam, the Wien filter (W.F.) was used at ahigh voltage of ±80 kV. A microchannel plate (MCP)
was placed at the final focal plane (F3) to monitor
the beam position. We used a window a 0.7-µm-thick
Mylar covered by thin aluminum and CsI. For particle identification (PI), a monolithic Si detector4) was
placed behind the MCP. This Si detector consists of
1.5-µm-thick and 500-µm-thick layers that are used as∆E and E counters, respectively.
Figure 1 shows PI obtained from the experimental
runs. Several fusion products were observed together
with 36 Ar of a primary beam component. It was foundthat the purity of 46 Cr was 1.2 % and the intensity was
2.4 particle per second (pps) with the primary beamof 20 particle nA. The purities and intensities of othernuclides in the secondary beam are also summarizedin Table 1.
From the experimental results for 46 Cr, we may obtain an intensity of 24 pps and 5.2x106 particles in a

45

46

46

V

Cr

46
43

Sc

40

35

30

Ti

36

Ar

6

7

8
dE (MeV)910Fig. 1. ∆E-E spectrum obtained by the monolithic Si detector placed at F3.

Table 1. Purities and intensities of nuclides with primarybeam of 20 particle nA, where purities and intensities
are shown in units of % and pps, respectively.
NuclidePurityIntensity

46

Cr
1.2
2.4

46

V
28.6
57.3

45

Ti
3.0
6.2

46

Ti
38.2
76.6

43

Sc
13.1
26.4

45

Sc
0.9
1.8

36

Ar
15.4
33.2

total of 6.5 days with the primary beam of 200 particle
nA, which is available from the AVF cyclotron. These
values are considered to be sufficient for obtaining theaccuracy described above. In the near future, we planto perform an experiment to measure the properties of46
Cr.
References
1) K. Langanke and G. Martinez-Pinedo, Rev. Mod. Phys.
75, 819 (2003).
2) S. Kubono et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 13, 217 (2002).
3) Y. Yanagisawa et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys.
Res. A 539, 73 (2005).
4) A. Musumarra et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys.
Res. B 409, 414 (1998).

12. Nuclear Physics(Theory)

019
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Resonances of 7 He using the complex scaling method
T. Myo,∗1 K. Katō,∗2 and K. Ikeda

†
∗1
∗2

Condensed from the article in Phys. Rev. C 76, 054309(2007)
Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University
Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University- 27 -

53

Γ=5.842

Γ=0.5910

Γ=5.77

Γ=8.771/2-0+
Γ=5.97 1+2+
Γ=3.873/2-

Γ=0.107 +2

4-1

Eth(4He+Xn)
6

He

3/2-

Γ=1.95 3/2Γ=1.50 5/2

0+5

Γ=2.191/2-

Γ=0.014

3/2-

7

He

5
4
3
2
1
0
-1

He

Fig. 1. Energies and decay widths of the 5,6,7 He states measured from the 4 He+Xn threshold (X = 1, 2, 3).

Excitaion Energy [MeV]Development of the radioactive beam experiments
provides us with much information of the unstable nuclei far from the stability. Recently, many experimentsof 7 He, the unbound nuclei, have been reported1–6) .
However, there are still found contradictions in theobserved energy levels and the excited states are notsettled for their spins and energies. The 7 He excitedstates are experimentally suggested to appear as twoor three particle resonances above the 4 He+3n threshold energy, because the subsystem 6 He is a Borromean
nucleus and breaks up easily into 4 He+n+n.
Theoretically, when we discuss the structures of the
7
He resonances, it is important to describe the manybody decay properties concerned with subsystems consistently, in which the subsystems also have their particular decay widths such as 5 He+2n channels. Thiscondition was not emphasized so far in the studies of
7
He. The 7 He resonant spectroscopy is desired to beinvestigated with the appropriate treatments of the decay properties concerned with 5,6 He.
The purpose of this theoretical study is to carry out
the resonance spectroscopy of 7 He with the simultaneous descriptions of 5,6 He imposing the accurate boundary conditions of many-body decays. Here, we employ the cluster orbital shell model of the four-body
4
He+n+n+n system under the orthogonality condition model, in which the open channel eﬀects for the
6
He+n, 5 He+2n and 4 He+3n decays are taken into
account explicitly. We describe the many-body resonances under the correct boundary conditions for these
decay channels using the complex scaling method. We
employ the Hamiltonian, which reproduces the 4 He-nscattering data and the 6 He energies, shown in Fig. 17) .
As a result, we found ﬁve resonances of 7 He shown in
Fig. 1, which are dominantly described by the p shell
conﬁgurations and the small contributions come fromthe sd shell. The ground and the 5/2− states are reproduced well, while the slight overbinding is seen for
the ground state by 0.2 keV in comparison with theexperiments. The 3/2−
2 state is predicted very close to
the 5/2− state in Fig. 2. The 1/2− state is also predicted as a four-body resonance with a low excitationenergy having a relatively large decay width of around
2 MeV. We further investigate the spectroscopic factor(S factor) of the 6 He-n component for 7 He resonancesin Table 1. The S factors are useful to understand thecoupling between 6 He and the additional neutron in

Energy [MeV][Nuclear structure, Unstable nuclei, Resonance, Cluster model]

6

7

5

3/2-

He

5

4
3
2

Γ=2.2(3)0Γ∼2
Γ=0.75(8)

3/2-

1/2-

a)

b)

3/25/2-5/2-

Γ=1.9(3)16c)Γ=2.1(8)+1.0

Γ=2.0−1.1

Γ=2.19Γ=1.0(9)

d)

e)

1/2-

f)

Present

43
2
10Fig. 2. Excitation spectra of 7 He in comparison with theexperiments (a)1) , b)2) , c)3) , d)4) , e)5) , f)6) ).
Table 1. S factors of the 6 He-n components in 7 He.
He(0+
1 )-n
0.75 + i0.10
0.03 + i0.03
0.01 + i0.03
0.25 − i0.47
0.00 + i0.00
6

3/2−
1
3/2−
2
3/2−
3
−
1/2
5/2−

He(2+
1 )-n
1.51 − i0.40
1.78 + i0.06
0.02 + i0.05
0.13 − i0.08
1.37 − i0.15
6

He. It is found that the 6 He(2+1 ) state contributes
largely in the several states of 7 He.
7References
1) A. A. Korsheninnikov et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3581
(1999).
2) G. Bohlen et al.: Phys. Rev. C64, 024312 (2001).
3) M. Meister et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 102501 (2002).
4) A. H. Wuosmaa et al.: Phys. Rev. C 72, 061301 (2005).
5) F. Skaza et al.: Phys. Rev. C 73,044301 (2006).
6) N. Ryezayeva et al.: Phys. Lett. B639, 623 (2006).
7) T. Myo, K. Katō, K. Ikeda: Phys. Rev. C76, 054309(2007).

1

RIKEN(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Exotic molecular structures in highly excited states of 12Be †M. Ito, N. Itagaki,∗1 H. Sakurai, and K. Ikeda,[Nuclear structure, cluster model, unstable nuclei]†∗1

Condensed from a paper submitted to Physical Review Letters (2007).
Department of Physics, University of Tokyo

1

85
7
He + He

2| Sf,i |

0

− 2

− 2

− 2

+ 2

+

Covalent SD
4Energy ( MeV )It is well known that various deformed structures appear in excited states of nuclear systems. The strongly
deformed states have been discussed from two diﬀerent viepoints so far; one is the deformation of the selfconsistent mean ﬁeld, while the other is the decomposition into sub units, clustering. Examples of the former
and latter cases are known as the superdeformed (SD)band and molecular resonances (MRs), respectively.
In this report, we propose a new type of superdeformed structure based on a cluster picture in a lightneutron-rich (N > Z) nucleus, and demonstrate thatthe proposed superdeformed state coexists with theMRs. The Be isotopes are the candidates manifestingsuch coexistence phenomena. These are typical examples of two-center superdeformed systems that build
on an α+α rotor of 8 Be1) .
To investigate the coexistence phenomena between
the MRs and the new type of superdeformed state, theintrinsic structures and their coupling to the scattering states should be treated in a uniﬁed manner, because the MRs are realized as unbound states above theparticle-decay thresholds. For this purpose, we proposed a microscopic model, the generalized two-center
cluster model (GTCM)2,3) . In this study, we apply the
GTCM for 12 Be with the α+α+4N structure.
In the GTCM, the total wave function is expressed
as a linear combination of the “atomic orbitals” (AOs)
around two α cores. The α particle is described using the (0s)4 conﬁguration and the valence neutrons
are speciﬁed using the atomic orbitals in which theneutrons are localized at one of the α cores with 0p orbitals. In the calculation, the α–α distance S and themixing weights among the AOs are treated as variational parameters. In the region where two α-cores arenear, the total system is expected to form the molecular orbital (MO) structure1) such as π − , σ + ,..., whereas
in the region where two core nuclei are far apart, themolecular orbitals smoothly change into product wave
functions consisting of atomic orbitals.
Because of the smooth connection, we obtain wholeenergy spectra from the bound states to the unboundones as shown in Fig. 1 (J π =0+ ). In this ﬁgure,the scattering matrix (S-matrix) for the two-neutrontransfer reaction, α+8 Heg.s. → 6 Heg.s. +6 Heg.s. , is also
shown. The S-matrix is calculated by Kamimura’s
method4) . The obtained 0+ states are classiﬁed into
three categories. (i) MO states. There appear two

6

6

4

8

He + He

0

06

+

05
+
04
+

03

5

7

6

6

4

8

He + He

He + He

He + He

He + He−4(π3/2 ) (π1/2 )
+

−8

02

+

01

(π3/2 ) (σ1/2 )Fig. 1. Energy spectra for J π =0+ . The dotted lines represent the threshold energy of the open channels considered in the calculation.

bound states below the α+8 Heg.s. threshold (0+
1 and
0+
).
Here,
the
four
neutronsareinMO
motionaround2− 2 + 2− 2 − 2the two α cores ((π3/2) (σ1/2 ) and (π3/2) (π1/2 ) ).
+(ii) MR states. The resonance states, 0+
3 , 04 ,+and 06 , have the MR characteristics of corresponding
threshold (α+8 He, 6 He+6 He, and 5 He+7 He, respectively). (iii) Covalent SD state. In the 0+
5 , two neutrons form the covalent bond of (σ + )2 , while the othertwo neutrons form the atomic structure of 5 He+5 He.
This state has a large clustering (S ∼ 5 fm) due to the(σ + )2 formation, and hence, it should be called the“superdeformation with the covalent neutrons”.
As shown in Fig. 1, the superdeformation with covalent neutrons and the X He+Y He molecular resonances
coexist within a small energy interval, say approximately 4 MeV. This is the ﬁrst study pointing out thecoexistence phenomena of molecular resonances andsuperdeformations, which can be generally observed inlight neutron-rich nuclei. Systematic studies are now
proceeding.
References
1) N. Itagaki and S. Okabe, Phys. Rev. C 61, 044306(2000); N. Itagaki, S. Okabe and K. Ikeda, Phys. Rev.
C 62, 034301 (2000), and references therein.
2) M. Ito, K. Kato and K. Ikeda, Phys. Lett. B588, 43(2004).
3) Makoto Ito, Phys. Lett. B636, 293 (2006); ibid, Mod.
Phys. Lett. A 21, 2429 (2006).
4) K. Hamaguchi et al., Phys. Lett. B 650, 268 (2007).

- 28 -

1

(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Inelastic proton scattering and neutron quadrupole transitions of
12Be†
M. Takashina∗1 and Y. Kanada-En’yo∗1[Nuclear reaction]†∗1

Condensed from the article in Phys. Rev. C77, 014604(2008)
Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University

Table 1. Transition strengths of 12 Be calculated by AMD.
12

Be

(i)
14
52

(2)
+
4
Bp (2+
1 → 01 ) (fm )(2) ++Bn (21 → 01 ) (fm4 )

(ii)
13
37

(iii)
15
74

12

Be(p,p’)dσΩ (mb/sr)σ/dΩIn the recent progress of nuclear structure research,various exotic phenomena have been revealed in unstable nuclei. For example, the disappearance of magic
numbers has been discovered. Concerning the N = 8
magic number, 12 Be has been attracting a great deal ofinterest. Theoretically, the deformation of 12 Be is considered to be a key factor in the vanishing of the magic
number1) . The deformation is favored in neutron-rich
Be because of the prominent cluster structure with a
2α core, and the molecular orbital picture2) well describes systematically the low-lying states. In this picture, when the cluster is suﬃciently developed, theneutron sd-orbital gains energy and becomes an intruder. As a result, the ground state of 12 Be is alargely deformed state with the dominant intruder conﬁguration of sd mixing. Because of the deformation,
the neutron transition is expected to be strong in the
ground band.
Proton inelastic scattering can be a good probe forinvestigating neutron excitation in the ground band,
because the proton-neutron interaction is stronger
than the proton-proton interaction.
Recently, a
12Be(p, p� )12 Be∗ experiment in inverse kinematics was
performed by Iwasaki et al.3) . The data were analyzed
by the reaction calculation based on a simple collectivemodel, and the result of this experiment was revealed
to indicate the broken shell closure.
In the usual reaction model for stable nuclei, it isassumed that the radial shape of the neutron transition density ρntr (r) is the same as that of the proton
one ρptr (r). The analysis by Iwasaki et al.3) also relies on this assumption. However, one should take into
account the diﬀerence between ρptr (r) and ρntr (r) for
neutron-rich nuclei. Therefore, in the present study,
we investigate proton inelastic scattering on 12 Be using
a microscopic procedure that can include the diﬀerence
between ρptr (r) and ρntr (r). We adopt the microscopic
coupled-channel (MCC) method based on the antisymmetrized molecular dynamics (AMD) wave function.
We prepare three kinds of AMD wave functions (i) (iii), which give diﬀerent neutron transition strengths.
The values of proton and neutron transition strengths,
Bp and Bn , respectively, are summarized in Table 1. In
the present study, the proton-12 Be potential is calculated using the single-folding model. For the eﬀective
NN potential, we adopt the JLM (Jeukenne-Lejeune-+

2 (Ex=2.1 MeV)

4

10

E/A=53.8 MeV
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

2

10

JLM+AMD
0

2

4
6
θLab (deg)8

Fig. 1. Angular distribution of p+12 Be(g.s. → 2+
1 ) inelastic scattering. The solid circles are the experimental
data. The dotted, solid and dashed curves are the results of MCC using AMD (i), (ii) and (iii), respectively.

Mahaux) potential4) . The results of the MCC calculations are shown in Fig. 1. The best result is obtained with AMD (ii), which gives the neutron transi+
4tion strength 12 Be(2+1 → 01 ) of Bn =37 fm .
On the other hand, Bn derived by Iwasaki et al.3)
is 18 fm4 , which is half of our value. This discrepancy
may be due to their use of the Bernstein formula, inwhich the diﬀerence in the radial dependence between
ρptr (r) and ρntr (r) is not taken into account. In order
to see the eﬀect of the diﬀerence, we search the neutron transition strength Bn for the ρntr (r) ∝ ρptr (r) caseby artiﬁcially neglecting the diﬀerence. As a result,
we obtain the transition strength of Bn =11 ± 3 fm4 .
Therefore, we conclude that the diﬀerence in the radial
dependence between the proton and neutron transition
densities should be considered carefully in the analysisof the inelastic scattering of unstable nuclei.
References
1) Y. Kanada-En’yo and H. Horiuchi, Phys. Rev. C 68,
014319 (2003).
2) W. von Oertzen, M. Freer and Y. Kanada-En’yo, Phys.
Rep. 432, 43 (2006).
3) H. Iwasaki et al., Phys. Lett. B 481, 7 (2000).
4) J.-P. Jeukenne, A. Lejeune and C. Mahaux, Phys. Rev.
C 16, 80 (1977).

- 29 -

1

027(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41
RIKEN

Reaction cross sections of carbon isotopes incident on a proton†
B. Abu-Ibrahim,∗1 W. Horiuchi,∗2 A. Kohama, and Y. Suzuki,∗3[Nuclear reaction, total reaction cross sections, unstable nuclei]

†
∗1
∗2
∗3

Condensed from the article in Phys. Rev. C. 77, 034607(2008)
Department of Physics, Cairo University, Egypt
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University
Department of Physics and Graduate School of Science andTechnology, Niigata University- 30 -

1000

40 MeV

900
800

σR (mb)Reactions of unstable neutron-rich nuclei with a proton target are of current interest since such reactions
are at present the major means to sensitively probe
the matter densities of exotic nuclei, particularly theregion of nuclear surface. If one appropriately selects
incident energies, protons could be more sensitive toneutron distributions than to proton distributions of
nuclei.
The structure of carbon isotopes has recently attracted much attention. Several studies have been carried out experimentally 1) and theoretically.2) For example, the structure of 22 C has been studied by two(W.H. and Y.S.) of the present authors using a threebody model of 20 C+n+n. They showed that it has a
Borromean character.3)
In this work, we systematically study the total reaction cross sections of carbon isotopes with N = 6-16 on
a proton target for a wide range of incident energies,
ranging from 40 to 1000 A MeV. Emphasis is put on
the difference between a proton target and a carbon
target. The calculations include the reaction cross sections of 19,20,22 C at 40 AMeV, the data of which haverecently been obtained at RIKEN.4) This study is anextension of our previous work on similar processes,
but using a carbon target.5)
We formulate this problem using the Glauber theory. The inputs are the parameters of nucleon-nucleon
profile functions and the wave functions (densities) of
carbon isotopes. The parameters of nucleon-nucleon
scattering are determined from available experimental
data, and we treat the interactions of proton-protonand proton-neutron separately.
To describe the intrinsic structure of carbon isotopes, we use a Slater determinant generated from aphenomenological mean-field potential, which we usedin our previous work,5) and construct the density distributions. The center-of-mass motions are appropriately taken into account. To go beyond the simple
mean-field model, we adopt two types of dynamical
model: One is a core+n model for odd-neutron nuclei,
and the other is a core+n+n model for 16 C and 22 C.
For 22 C, we generate several densities that are constructed from the wave functions yielding different
separation energies of 0.489, 0.361, 0.232, and 0.122

700
600
500
400
300
10

12

14

16

A

18

20

22

24

Fig. 1. Reaction cross sections for carbon isotopes at 40
MeV. The solid circles are the data for A  12: The
upper one indicates natural carbon at 42 MeV, and thelower is 12 C at 40 MeV. The energy is converted to thatin the case of a proton target. The preliminary data for
22
C is about 1000 mb with a large uncertainty.4)

MeV for the last two neutrons. All of these energies
lie within the error bar of the experimental value of0.423±1.140 MeV. The reaction cross sections calculated using these densities are 957, 969, 985, and 1005
mb, respectively, for proton-22 C at 40 MeV. Since thepreliminary data of proton-22 C reaction cross section
has been reported to be around 1000 mb with a large
uncertainty,4) all of our predictions are consistent withthe data, but the larger two values, 985 and 1005 mb,
are favorable. If so, the data suggest a very small S2n .
Finally, we carry out a simple estimation of the contribution of the neutron and the proton to the total
reaction cross sections. The major contribution to σR
comes from the surface region. Moreover, we pointout that a proton target can probe the surface regionof neutron-rich nuclei better than a 12 C target particularly at a lower incident energy.
References
1) N. Imai et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 062501 (2004).
2) N. Itagaki, T. Otsuka, K. Ikeda and S. Okabe: Phys.
Rev. Lett. 92, 142501 (2004).
3) W. Horiuchi and Y. Suzuki: Phys. Rev. C 74, 034311(2006).
4) K. Tanaka et al.: QW-005 in INPC2007 Abstracts andprivate communication.
5) W. Horiuchi, Y. Suzuki, B. Abu-Ibrahim, and A. Kohama: Phys. Rev. C 75, 044607 (2007); Erratum: ibid.
C 76, 039903(E) (2007).

1

011
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Competition and coexistence of normal and intruder states in exotic
Na isotopes from β decay study
Y. Utsuno,∗1 T. Otsuka,∗2 T. Mizusaki,∗3 and M. Honma∗4[NUCLEAR STRUCTURE, shell model, unstable nuclei]

∗1
∗2
∗3
∗4

Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy
AgencyDepartment of Physics and Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo
Institute of Natural Sciences, Senshu University
Center for Mathematical Sciences, University of Aizu

- 31 -

+

29

Ne

4.61

5/2

+

4.64

4.95

3/2

+

4.94

log ft(3/2 )29

2
1

Ex (MeV)

It is of considerable interest to determine the boundary of the so-called “island of inversion”1) denoting theregion where the N = 20 magic structure is broken.
This is mainly because its location is quite sensitive
to the N = 20 shell gap theoretically, leading to thefurther understanding of how the shell gap evolves inexotic nuclei.2) For the “western” boundary of the island, i.e., that along a fixed isotope chain, we haveshown that, for the Na isotope chain, a strong mixing
occurs at N = 18 and the intruder state almost completely dominates the ground state at N = 19 fromthe nuclear moment of the ground state.2) This indicates a more extended island than the original1) and amarkedly narrowing N = 20 shell gap to explain it.
It is most likely that the normal and intruder states
coexist near the boundary. The information has been
available for neutron-rich Na isotopes from recent experiments on the β decay.3,4) Since not only the energy
levels but also their log f t values provide useful information, in the present study, we investigated the βdecay matrix elements by the Monte Carlo shell model(MCSM) calculation with the SDPF-M interaction5) ,which was carried out as a RIKEN-CNS collaboration
project on large-scale nuclear structure calculations using the Alphleet and Alphleet-2 computer systems.
The calculation of the β decay matrix element in
MCSM is not as straightforward as other one-bodytransitions such as electromagnetic transitions because
the standard formula to calculate the one-body transition density based on the Thouless’ theorem is notapplicable owing to the orthogonality between the initial and final states. We thus derived a formula tocalculate the matrix element of Φ |c†p cn |Φ for the βdecay.
Figure 1 shows the energy levels and log f t values
compared between experiment and shell-model calculations. For 29 Na, it was pointed out that two states atapproximately 1.5 MeV should be strongly affected by
the intruder states because there are no corresponding levels from the sd-shell model. The MCSM calculation reproduced those two levels containing an intruder component of more than 50%. In this work, we
also reproduced their log f t values excellently, providing a firm confirmation of this conclusion. Since the

Na

4.70

4.75

+

3/2 5.22

30

2
1
0

+

log ft

0

3

1/2

30

0

+

Ne

4.46(13)+1

log ft

+

5/2+
3/2

Na

+

4.21

1

5.02

1

+

+

1

5.00

1

4.03(14)1+ 3.98
2

1
+
2

Exp.

+

+

1

log ft4.84(12)

+

+

3/2+
5/2

+

SDPF-M

+

1+
2

USD

Fig. 1. Energy levels of 29 Na and 30 Na compared amongexperiment (Exp.), the MCSM calculation with the
SDPF-M interaction (SDPF-M) and the sd-shell modelwith the USD interaction (USD) together with theirlog f t values. Only the levels that can be fed via allowed β decay are presented as well as the ground state.
For the calculation of log f t values, gA /gV is quenchedby a factor 0.9.

log f t value is sensitive to the probability of the intruder states (note that it is infinity if the parent anddaughter have completely different npnh states), theagreement supports the strong mixing there obtainedby MCSM. Similarly, a good agreement for 30 Na has
made it clear that the 924 keV state is dominated by
the normal state.
References
1) E. K. Warburton, J. A. Becker and B. A. Brown: Phys.
Rev. C 41, 1147 (1990).
2) Y. Utsuno, T. Otsuka, T. Glasmacher, T. Mizusaki, andM. Honma: Phys. Rev. C 70, 044307 (2004).
3) V. Tripathi et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 162501 (2005).
4) V. Tripathi et al.: Phys. Rev. C 76, 021301(R) (2007).
5) Y. Utsuno, T. Otsuka, T. Mizusaki, and M. Honma:
Phys. Rev. C 60, (1999).

1

031
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Shell-model description of neutron-rich Ca isotopes
M. Honma,∗1 T. Otsuka,∗2 T. Mizusaki,∗3[NUCLEAR STRUCTURE, shell model, unstable nuclei]

∗1

∗2
∗3

Center for Mathematical Sciences, University of Aizu
Department of Physics and Center for Nuclear Studies, University of Tokyo
Institute of Natural Sciences, Senshu University51

6(7/2−)

4+

1/2−

3+

3/2−
5/2−

3/2−

1

1/2−
3/2−

1+

7/2−

2

3/2−

exp. B A

Ca

0+

5/2−

5/2−

0

53

Ca

2+

4
3

52

Ca
1/2−
7/2−
9/2−

5

Ex (MeV)The evolution of the shell structure characterized byappearance and/or disappearance of magic numbers
in nuclei far from the stability line has been one of
the most interesting subjects in the nuclear structure
physics. It has been pointed out that one possible origin of such a change of the shell structure is the tensor force.1) The shell model is useful in that sense fortheoretical investigations of this problem, because theshell-model Hamiltonian can properly inherit the tensor interaction from the microscopic G-matrix.
We developed an effective interaction GXPF12) for
pf-shell nuclei by modifying the microscopic G-matrix
interaction in an empirical way so as to fit available experimental energy data. The GXPF1 and the revised
version GXPF1A3) have been successfully applied forthe study of many nuclei including neutron-rich ones.
One interesting prediction by the GXPF1(A) is thedevelopment of a new shell closure at N = 34 in Ca
isotopes in addition to that at N = 32. The latter one
has been established experimentally and can be seen
also in other isotopes such as Ti and Cr. On the other
hand, it is still difficult to clarify experimentally theexistence of such a magic structure in 54 Ca. Theoretically, since the development of the N = 34 shell gap
strongly depends on details of the effective interaction,
further improvement of the Hamiltonian is desired formore precise and reliable predictions.
Recently, new experimental data have been published for low-lying energy levels of 51−53 Ca.4) These
data can provide important information for improving the effective interaction, especially for two-bodymatrix elements related to the p1/2 and the p3/2 orbits which could not be determined in the GXPF1(A).
In order to obtain better fit to the new data, we havemodified the GXPF1A in the following three parts: (1)the single-particle energy for the p1/2 orbit is shifted
up by 0.3 MeV, resulting in the single-particle energies−8.6240, −5.6793, −1.3829 and −3.8370 MeV for the
f7/2 , p3/2 , f5/2 and p1/2 orbits, respectively, (2) T = 1
diagonal two-body matrix element for the p3/2 -p1/2 orbits are modified so that the quadrupole-quadrupole
interaction becomes stronger, and (3) the pairing matrix elements related to the p1/2 orbits are readjusted.
The calculated energy levels for Ca isotopes obtainedby using the modified interaction GXPF1B are shownin Fig.1. In 51 Ca, the GXPF1A(B) predicts a 3/2−
ground state and a 7/2− state at 3.5 MeV excitation

2+

5/2−

2+
3/2−

0+

0+

exp. B A(1/2−)

1/2−

exp. B A

Fig. 1. Energy levels of Ca isotopes. Experimental data
(exp.) are compared to shell-model results obtainedby a code MSHELL5) with the effective interactions
GXPF1A and GXPF1B.

energy. These states correspond to neutron one-holestates on top of the 52 Ca core, and are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results. On theother hand, the excitation energies of the 1/2− andthe 3/2−
2 states are shifted up significantly from the
GXPF1A to the GXPF1B, giving rise to much better
correspondence with the new experimental data. In
52
Ca, the GXPF1A predicts almost degenerate 1+ and+2 states corresponding to the (p3/2 )−1 (p1/2 )1 doublet at around 2.3 MeV. These states are separated
by 0.7 MeV with the GXPF1B, showing a reasonable
correspondence with the experimental data. As forthe 53 Ca, the ground state is tentatively assigned as(1/2− ), and the first excited state appears at 2.2 MeV.
The GXPF1A(B) predicts a 1/2− ground state anda 3/2− state at 2.1 MeV, suggesting good agreementwith the experimental data.
By using the GXPF1B, the excitation energy of the54
Ca is calculated to be 2.6MeV, which is2+
1 state ofalmost the same as that of 52 Ca, predicting again thedevelopment of the N = 34 shell gap.
References
1) T. Otsuka, et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 232502 (2005).
2) M. Honma, et al.: Phys. Rev. C 65, 061301(R) (2002);
Phys. R ev. C 69, 034335 (2004).
3) M.Honma et al.: Eur. Phys. J. A 25 Suppl. 1, 499(2005).
4) F. Perrot et al.: Phys. Rev. C 74, 014313 (2006).
5) T. Mizusaki: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 33, 14 (2000).

- 32 -

1

RIKEN(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Diﬀerence between interaction cross sections
and reaction cross sections†021

A. Kohama, K. Iida,∗1 and K. Oyamatsu∗2[Nuclear reaction, interaction cross section, reaction cross section, unstable nuclei]
Measurements of interaction cross sections havebeen performed for stable and light unstable nuclei1)
and are planned for heavy unstable nuclei in radioactive ion beam facilities, such as RIKEN RI Beam Factory. The interaction cross section, σI , for a nucleus
incident on a target nucleus is deﬁned as the total crosssection for all processes associated with proton and/or
neutron removal from the incident nucleus. This deﬁnition of σI leads to the relation σI = σR − σinel , where
σR is the total reaction cross section and σinel is the
cross section for inelastic channels.
Recently, we have systematically analyzed the proton elastic scattering and reaction cross section data
for stable nuclei at a proton incident energy of Tp ∼800–1000 MeV on the basis of a “black-sphere picture”
of nuclei.2) This picture is originally expected to provide a decent description of the reaction cross section
for any kind of incident particle that tends to be attenuated in nuclear interiors. We showed that for proton beams incident on stable nuclei, the cross sectionof a black sphere of radius a (= πa2 ), which was determined by ﬁtting the angle of the ﬁrst elastic diﬀraction peak calculated for proton diﬀraction by a circular
black disk of radius, a, to the measured value, is consistent with the measured total reaction cross section.2)
This consistency suggests that the black sphere radiuscorresponds to a reaction radius inside which the reaction with incident protons occurs. This feature is also
true for nucleus-nucleus total reaction cross sections.
In this work, we revisit the commonly accepted notion that the diﬀerence between interaction and reaction cross sections is negligible at relativistic energies.
To analyze the diﬀerence, we concentrate on the reactions of stable projectiles on a carbon target and construct “pseudo data” for the reaction cross sections using a phenomenological black-sphere model of nuclei2)
since empirical data are very limited at high energies.
In the model, the absorption cross section is writtenby2

σBS = π (aP + a(C)) ,(1)

where aP is the black-sphere radius of a projectile nucleus. a(C) is the black-sphere radius of the target
C nucleus obtained from the measured angle of theﬁrst diﬀraction maximum in proton elastic scattering.2) For proton incident energies higher than ∼ 800†∗1∗2

Condensed from the article in arXiv:0803.0187[nucl-th]
Department of Natural Science, Kochi University
Department of Media Theories and Production, Aichi
Shukutoku University

Fig. 1. ∆σI,R = σI − σR (crosses), ∆σI,BS = σI − σBS(squares), and ∆σI,sc = σI − σscaling (diamonds) for a
carbon target as a function of projectile mass. σscaling
is obtained by substituting a � 1.2135A1/3 [fm] for aP
in Eq. (1). This scaling of the black-sphere radius a wasfound for stable nuclei ranging from He to Pb.2)

MeV, a(C) = 2.69 ± 0.07 fm. We have basically veriﬁed the validity of our assumption of σR ∼= σBS using
the currently available σR data for 9 Be, 12 C, and 27 Al
incident on 12 C.
The comparison with the empirical interaction crosssections suggests a signiﬁcant diﬀerence between thereaction and interaction cross sections for stable nuclei.
Actually, for stable nuclei incident on a carbon target,
there is a signiﬁcant diﬀerence between real σI data andpseudo σR data even at relativistic energies (Fig. 1).
We ﬁnd that this diﬀerence is consistent with thefact that σI < σR . From the ﬁgure, as expected, we
ﬁnd that the diﬀerence is mostly negative. The average of the diﬀerence over various projectiles is about−60.4 mb. This diﬀerence would lead to possible uncertainties of about 0–0.3 fm in estimates of nuclear
matter radii if relying on the σI data alone.
References
1) A. Ozawa, T. Suzuki, and I. Tanihata: Nucl. Phys.
A693, 32 (2001).
2) A. Kohama, K. Iida, and K. Oyamatsu: Phys. Rev. C
72, 024602 (2005).

- 33 -

1

053
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Neutron skin effect on proton pairing correlation
M. Yamagami and Y. R. Shimizu∗1[Neutron-rich nuclei, pairing correlation, rotational excitation]
The neutron skin effect on proton pairing correlaϖϖtion in neutron-rich Mg isotopes is investigated by the
ed
ϖ
ed
ϖ
Woods-Saxon potential plus the Bogoliubov pairingmodel1) . We emphasize the necessity of the isovector density dependence in the pairing effective force forthe description of collective phenomena in neutron-richnuclei.
In the present study, the pairing field is treated selfconsistently by using the density-dependent contact interaction,
Fig. 1. Proton pairing gaps in 24−40 Mg obtained with sur

 τ
(r;
)
ρ
1
−
P
σ
∗
τ
face, mixed and volume pairing forces with  = 0.0 andδ(r − r  ).
(r, r  ) = V0
1−η
vpair
2
ρ0
0.5 are compared. The strengths V0 are fixed so as to

We extend the density dependence to ρτ∗ (r; ) =ρ(r) + τ3 ρ1 (r), instead of the usual isoscalar density ρ(r) = ρp (r) + ρn (r). Here the isovector densityis ρ1 (r) = ρn (r) − ρp (r), τ3 = 1(−1) for the neutron(proton) pairing force, and Pσ is the spin exchange operator. The parameters η and ρ0 = 0.16 fm−3 control
the density dependence, and the extra parameter 
represents the neutron skin effect in the pairing force.
The proton pairing gaps in 24−40 Mg obtained using
the surface (η = 1.0) and mixed (η = 0.5) pairing
forces with  = 0.0 and 0.5 are shown in Fig. 1. The
result using the volume pairing (η = 0.0) is also plotted. The Woods-Saxon potential with fixed deformation β2 = 0.3 is used for the p-h mean field.
Using the surface pairing force with  = 0.0, theneutron and proton pairing gaps have the same value in24
Mg. However, the proton gap suddenly becomes zeroas the neutron number increases. This is attributed
to the neutron skin effect. Since the proton-neutron
pairing interaction is not included, the strong effectof the neutron skin on the proton pairing may not bereasonable. The isovector density dependence prevents
the quenching of the proton pairing gap. The isovector
density dependence is also important for the mixed
pairing force, although the effect is not as large as thatin the case of the surface pairing force.
The sensitivity to  is much weaker in the neutron pairing, because the neutron density is dominantaround the surface region. On the other hand, theneutron pairing is very sensitive to the isoscalar density dependence due to the different low-density effecton the pairing forces around the surface region1) .
To investigate the effect of the isoscalar and isovector density dependences of the pairing force on therotational excitations, the energies of the 2+ states are
estimated by the formula E(2+ ) = 6h̄2 /2J . The moment of inertia J is evaluated by the cranking formula.
∗1

obtain the same neutron pairing gap in 30 Mg.

ed
ed

ϖ
ϖ
ϖ
ϖ

Fig. 2. Energies of the 2+ states in 30−40 Mg. The pairing
force parameters are the same as those in Fig. 1.

As shown in Fig. 2, the 2+ energies are almost constantin the case of the surface pairing. As the parameter η
becomes smaller, the energies decrease rapidly due tothe weakened neutron pairing around the neutron drip
line. On the other hand, while maintaining the same
systematic trend, the 2+ energies shift toward higher
energy with  = 0.
The systematic information of the rotational 2+states can be utilized to explore the unique role playedby the pairing correlation in neutron rich nuclei. It isalso expected that the pairing properties around theneutron drip line can be used to determine the density
dependence of the pairing force, which has not been
well determined using the knowledge of the β-stable
nuclei.
References
1) M. Yamagami and Y. R. Shimizu: submitted to Phys.
Rev. C (2008).

Department of Physics, Kyushu University- 34 -

1

150(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Finite amplitude method for the RPA solution†
T. Nakatsukasa, T. Inakura,∗1 and K. Yabana,∗2[Nuclear structure, random-phase approximation]

δh(ω) =
†
∗1
∗2



1  h ψ |, |ψ − h[φ|, |φ ,η

(1)where ψi | = φi |+ηYi (ω)| and |ψi  = |φi +η|Xi (ω).
Its Hermitian conjugate, δh† (ω), may also be expressedas Eq. (1), but with ψi | = φi | + ηXi (ω)| and |ψi  =|φi  + η|Yi (ω). Here, |Xi (ω) and |Yi (ω) are forward
and backward amplitudes, respectively.
Using this numerical differentiation, the RPA equations can be easily calculated by the action of the
HF Hamiltonian. We employ a well-established iterative method to obtain their solutions (CGM/BiCGM). The most advantageous feature of the present
approach is that it only requires operations of the HF
Hamiltonian, h ψ  |, |ψ . These operations are usually included in computational programs of the static
HF calculations. The only extra effort necessary is toestimate the HF Hamiltonian with different bra andket single-particle states, ψi | and |ψi . Therefore, aminor modification of the static HF computer code will
provide a numerical solution of the RPA equations.
We name this numerical approach the finite amplitude
method (FAM).
The accuracy of the FAM is tested for the BKN interaction. The BKN interaction is sufficiently simple for us to easily perform an exact RPA calculation. Figure 1 shows results calculated by the proposed
method (FAM) and those using the exact RPA fora quadrupole-strength distribution in deformed 20 Ne.
These two different calculations provide identical results. This proves that the numerical differentiation in
the FAM is sufficiently accurate in practice.
References
1) T. Nakatsukasa and K. Yabana, Phys. Rev. C 71,
024301 (2005).
K=0
K=1
K=2

20

4

0

(b) RPA40

20

0

Condensed from the article in Phys. Rev. C 76, 024318(2007)
Institute of Physics, University of Tsukuba
Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba(a) FAM40dB(ω; Q2K) [ fm /MeV ]In order to describe the dynamical properties in
the nuclear response to external fields, the randomphase approximation (RPA) is a leading theory applicable to both low-lying states and giant resonances.
RPA is a microscopic theory and can be obtained bylinearizing the time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF)
equation, or equivalently, the time-dependent KohnSham equation in density-functional theory. The linearization produces a self-consistent residual interaction, v = δ 2 E[ρ]/δρ2 , where E and ρ are the energydensity functional and the one-body density, respectively. The standard solution of the RPA is based on
the matrix formulation of the RPA equation, which involves a large number of particle-hole matrix elementsof the residual interaction, vph ,hp and vpp ,hh . Since
the realistic nuclear energy functional is rather complicated, it is very tedious and difficult to calculate all
the necessary matrix elements. Although there havebeen numerous studies on HF-plus-RPA calculations,because of this complexity it has been common in practice to neglect some parts of the residual interactions.
RPA calculations with full self-consistency are becoming a current trend in nuclear structure studies, however, they are only essentially for spherical nuclei atpresent. The applications to deformed nuclei are still
very few. We propose a new practical method of solving the RPA equation in the self-consistent HartreeFock (HF) theory.
The basic idea of the present method is analogous tolinear-response calculations in a time-dependent manner (real-time method)1) . In the real-time method, thetime evolution of a TDHF state involves only the action of the HF Hamiltonian, h[ρ(t)], on single-particle
orbitals, |ψi (t) (i = 1, · · · , A). Although the real-time
method is very efficient for obtaining nuclear responses
in a wide energy range, its numerical instability causedby zero modes was a problem for linear-response calculations1) . Zero-energy modes related to symmetry
breaking in the HF state are easily excited, which often prevents the calculation of the time evolution fora long period. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a
corresponding method in the frequency (energy) representation. This can be achieved by introducing a small
parameter η and calculating the induced field as

0

10

20
ω [ MeV ]30

40

Fig. 1. Isoscalar quadrupole-strength distribution for 20 Ne,
calculated by the FAM (a) and using the RPA (b).

- 35 -

1

002
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Particle-number-projected thermal pairing∗
N. Dinh Dang
NUCLEAR STRUCTURE, thermal fluctuations, pairing, superfluid-normal phase transition, BCS theory, Richardson model, Lipkin-Nogami method, particle-number projection

∗

1.6
1.4
1.2

∆ (MeV)

The BCS theory and its generalization, the HartreeFock-Bogoliubov (HFB) theory at finite temperature,describe well the superfluid-normal (SN) phase transition from the superconducting state to the normal one
in infinite systems. However, when the BCS and HFBtheories are applied to small systems such as atomic
nuclei, modifications are required since the finitenessof the systems causes large quantal and statistical fluctuations, whose effects are ignored in these theories.
Quantal fluctuations (QF) within the BCS (HFB)
theory include particle-number fluctuations. The latter exist even at zero temperature because of the violation of particle number in the BCS ground-state wave
function. To eliminate this defect of the BCS (HFB)
theory various methods of particle-number projection(PNP) have been proposed. These PNP methods areclassified as the projection after variation (PAV) andvariation after projection (VAP). In the PAV, the BCS(HFB) wave function is used to calculate the projectedenergy of the system, whereas the VAP determines
the wave function by minimizing the projected energy.
Among the VAPs, the one proposed by Lipkin andNogami is quite popular because it is give a rather
good description and, at the same time, is computationally simple albeit approximate.
Statistical fluctuations (SF) in the pairing field havebeen studied within the approaches based on Landau’s (macroscopic) theory of phase transitions andthe static-path approximation. The results of thesestudies show a nonvanishing pairing gap as a functionof temperature in the presence of SF. The recently proposed modified BCS (MBCS) theory and its generation, the modified HFB (MHFB) theory1) , take into
account the effects due to quasiparticle-number fluctuations (QNF) based on a microscopic foundation. It
has been shown for the first time within the MBCS theory that it is the QNF that smoothes out the sharp SN
phase transition and leads to the nonvanishing thermal
pairing in finite systems.
Since the effects of QF are still neglected within the
MBCS (MHFB) theory, to give a conclusive answer tothe question for SN phase transition in finite systems it
is necessary to perform PNP in combination with the
MBCS (MHFB) theory. This is done in the present
paper by using the Lipkin-Nogami (LN) method andPAV. The calculations carried out within the Richardson model show that the PAV-MBCS theory offers predictions closer to the exact results than those obtained

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

-0.1

0.1

1
T (MeV)2

3 4 5

Fig. 1. Pairing gaps as functions of temperature obtained
within the Richardson model for Ω = N + 1 = 11 withthe level distance equal to 1 MeV and pairing interaction parameter G = 0.4 MeV. The BCS and MBCS
solutions are shown by the dotted and dashed lines,
respectively. The results obtained within the LN andmodified LN methods are denoted by the dot-dashedand double-dot-dashed lines, respectively. The thinsolid line shows the PAV-MBCS effective gap ∆PNP ,while the thick solid lines stand for the exact result.

within the modified LN method for the pairing gap(See Fig. 1), energy of the system, and other thermodynamic characteristics such as heat capacity andentropies. The application to a realistic heavy nucleus
120
Sn with an open shell for neutrons shows small effects caused by PNP, which do not change the qualitative picture of smoothing out the sharp SN phase transition due to the QNF within the MBCS theory. It is
now possible to confirm that the sharp SN phase transition in finite nuclei at finite temperature is smoothed
out, and this is the consequence of the large QNF due
to the finiteness of the system, as has been microscopically proved within the MBCS theory.

References
1)

N. Dinh Dang and V. Zelevinsky, Phys. Rev. C 64,
064319 (2001); N. Dinh Dang and A. Arima, Phys.
Rev. C 67, 014304 (2003); N. Dinh Dang and A. Arima,
Phys. Rev. C 68, 014318 (2003); N. Dinh Dang, Nucl.
Phys. A 784, 147 (2007).

Condensed from Phys. Rev. C 76, 064320 (2007).

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1

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RIKEN
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41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Thermal pairing assisted by quasiparticle-number fluctuation
N. Dinh Dang and N. Quang Hung
NUCLEAR STRUCTURE, thermal fluctuations, pairing, superfluid-normal phase transition, BCS theory, Richardson model, Lipkin-Nogami method, particle-number projection,
quasiparticle RPA, neutron-rich isotopes.

where Dj  = 1 − 2nj , nj = [exp(j /T ) + 1]−1 , j = Ωj  (u2j  − vj2 )(A†j A†j   + A†j Aj  ),
j + √ GjΩj Dj and . . . denotes the grand canonical ensemble average. This approach is called finite-temperature BCS1(FTBCS1) theory to be distinguished from the usual
FTBCS one. The coupling to quasiparticle-pair vibrations within the SCQRPA is carried out by using
the method of double-time Green’s functions. The
particle-number violation is removed making use of theapproximated projection within the Lipkin-Nogami(LN) method. The numerical calculations of pairing
gaps, total energies, and heat capacities are performed
within a double-fold equidistant multilevel model andrealistic nuclei 56 Fe and 120 Sn. The results obtained
show that, in the region of moderate and strong couplings, the sharp transition between the superconducting and normal phases is smoothed out, resulting in a

- 37 -

2.0∆ (MeV)

1.2
1.0

N=10
G=0.4 MeV

0.8

(a)

56 Fe

(d)
1.0

_

0.4

0.5

0.2
0

-92
-94

(MeV)

-12

E

G = 25/56 MeV

1.5

0.6

-96

-16

-98
-100

-20

-102

-24

-104

(b)

20

(c)

8

(e)

-106

-28

(f)

16

C

Because of its simplicity, the Bardeen-CooperSchrieffer (BCS) theory, which explains the conventional superconductivity, has been widely employed as
the first step in nuclear structure calculations that include pairing forces. However, the application of the
BCS theory to small systems such as atomic nuclei
needs to be carried out with a certain care since quantal and thermal fluctuations are not negligible in finite systems, especially when the number of particles
is small.
In the recently proposed self-consistent quasiparticle random-phase approximation (SCQRPA) for multilevel systems1) , the derivation of the SCQRPA is basedon a set of renormalized BCS equations. These equations include the corrections due to the quasiparticlenumber fluctuation (QNF) and the SCQRPA. The latter come from the so-called screening factors, which
are the expectation values A†j A†j   and A†j Aj   in the†is the prodcorrelated ground state. Here A†j ≡ αj† α−j
uct of two time-reversal conjugated quasiparticle oper†, corresponding to the j-th orbital.
ators, αj† and α−j
The present study extends this approach to nonzero
temperature T . The equations for the pairing gap andparticle number, which include the effect of QNF at
T = 0, are found within this approach as:
nj (1 − nj )uj  vj  , (1)Ωj  Dj   + 2δjj ∆j = G
Dj 
j

 

1
1
N =2
Ωj vj2 Dj + 1−Dj  , Ωj = j+ ,(2)
2
2
j

6

12

4

8
4

2

0

0

1

2

T (MeV)

3

4

0

0.5

1.0
1.5
T (MeV)



2.0



¯ ≡
Fig. 1. Level-weighted pairing gaps ∆Ω j ∆j / j Ω j ,jtotal energies E ≡ H, and heat capacities C ≡ ∂E∂T
as functions of temperature T , obtained for N = 10[(a) – (c)], and 56 Fe [(d) – (f)]. The dotted, thin solid,
thick solid lines show the FTBCS, FTBCS1, and FTBCS1+SCQRPA results, respectively. The predictions
by the FTLN1 and FTLN1+SCQRPA are presented
by the thin and thick dashed lines, respectively. The
dash-dotted lines in (a) – (c) denote the exact results,
whereas those in (e) and (f) stand for the predictions of
the finite–temperature quantal Monte Carlo method.

thermal pairing gap, which does not collapse at the
BCS critical temperature Tc , but has a tail, which extends to high T . The dynamic coupling of quasiparticles to SCQRPA vibrations significantly improves theagreement with the results of exact calculations andthose obtained within the finite-temperature quantal
Monte Carlo method for 56 Fe2) . The corrections givenby the LN method to the pairing gap are significant
only at low T (See Fig. 1).

References
1) N. Quang Hung and N. Dinh Dang, Phys. Rev. C 76,
054302 (2007).
2) S. Rombouts, K. Heyde, and N. Jachowicz: Phys. Rev.
C 58, 3295 (1998).

1

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RIKEN
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41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Effects of thermal fluctuations and angular momentum on nuclear
pairing properties
N. Quang Hung and N. Dinh Dang
NUCLEAR STRUCTURE, angular momentum, thermal fluctuations, pairing, superfluidnormal phase transition, BCS theory.
M/Mc = 0.0

0.2

1.6

0.4

∆ (MeV)The effect of angular momentum on pairing correlations in nuclei at finite temperature T was studied inRef.1) within the BCS theory. For simplicity, the angular momentum projection M was introduced insteadof the total one. The calculations carried out within
the uniform model showed that, at T = 0, the pairing
gap decreases as angular momentum M increases, andvanishes at the critical value Mc . This is the so-called
Mottelson-Valatin effect. At a constant M value, thepairing gap decreases with increasing T , and collapses
at the critical temperature Tc . However, at some values of M ≥ Mc , there appears a temperature region
Tc1 ≤ T ≤ Tc2 , in which the pairing gap reappears at
T = Tc1 , increases with T to reach a maximum, thendecreases again to vanish at T = Tc2 . This effect is socalled ” anomalous pairing or thermally assisted pairing correlation ”. In the formalism involving the BCS
theory including the angular momentum, the effects ofquantal and thermal fluctuations were neglected. However, these fluctuations are known to be significant insmall systems such as nuclei.
Recently, an approach called the self-consistentquasiparticle random-phase approximation (SCQRPA)
2)
has been proposed for a multilevel pairing model.
Within this approach, the correlations due to thequasiparticle number fluctuations (QNF) and quantal
fluctuations such as the QRPA are included into theequations for pairing gap and particle number. As theresult, the total pairing gap, ∆j , depends on levels andis divided into two parts. The first part, ∆, is the sameas the BCS gap, while the second one, δ∆j , depends onlevels and includes the QNF. This approach is called
the BCS1 theory to be distinguished from the conventional BCS one. Very recently, it has been extended tofinite temperature and called the FTBCS1 theory3) .
In the present work, we include the angular momentum M into the FTBCS1 equations to study its effects on thermal pairing in nuclei. The numerical calculations are carried out within a doubly degenerate
equidistant model with a constant pairing interactionG.
The results obtained show that, at constant valuesof M , the pairing gaps given by the FTBCS1 theory do not collapse at Tc as predicted by the FTBCS
one but decrease monotonously with increasing T andnever vanish even at very high T (See Fig. 1-(a) and(c)). This feature is caused by the QNF. The effect ofanomalous pairing is also seen within the FTBCS1 but

1.2

FTBCS
(a)

0.2

M/Mc = 0.0

FTBCS1
(c)

0.4
0.6

0.6

0.8
0.8

0.8
0.4

0.9

1.0

1.0
1.05

1.0842
1.4
1.6

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 0

1

T/TC
1.6

∆ (MeV)



FTBCS
(b)

0.6
0.8

1.2

3

4

FTBCS1(d)

0.8

T/Tc = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4
0.9

0.8

2

T/TC

0.95

1.0

T/Tc = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6

1.2
1.4

0.4
0.99

1.6

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

M/MC

0.8

1.0 0

1

2

1.8

4.0
2.0 3.0

3

4

M/MC

Fig. 1. Level-weighted pairing gaps as functions of T forvarious angular momentum projections M [(a),(c)] andas functions of M for various T [(b),(d)] obtained within
the FTBCS (left) and FTBCS1 (right) using the doubly
degenerate equidistant model for Ω = N = 10 withthe level distance equal to 1 MeV and constant pairing
interaction parameter G = 0.6 MeV.

in such a way that the gap reappears at T = Tc1 andremains finite at T > Tc1 (See Fig. 1-(c)). At T = 0,
the FTBCS and FTBCS1 pairing gaps for different M
are the same because the QNF are zero in this case
(See Fig. 1-(b) and (d)). However, the critical angularmomentums Mc within the FTBCS1 are shifted up tohigher values than those predicted by the FTBCS. At
high T , the FTBCS1 pairing gaps are finite even atvery high M (See Fig. 1-(d)).

References
1) L. G. Moretto: Phys. Lett. B 35, 397 (1971); L. G.
Moretto: Nucl. Phys. A 185, 145 (1972).
2) N. Quang Hung and N. Dinh Dang: Phys. Rev. C 76,
054302 (2007).
3) N. Dinh Dang and N. Quang Hung: submitted to
RIKEN. Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008).

- 38 -

1

152
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Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Shape mixing in low-lying states of 68 Se and 72 Kr†
N. Hinohara,∗1 T. Nakatsukasa, M. Matsuo,∗2 and K. Matsuyanagi∗1[Nuclear structure, large-amplitude collective motion, proton-rich nuclei]

†
∗1
∗2

Condensed from the article in Prog. Theor. Phys. 119, 59(2008)
Department of Physics, Kyoto University
Department of Physics, Niigata University

existence/mixing phenomena in these nuclei is essentially controlled by the single collective coordinate microscopically derived by the ASCC method.
It is also shown that the low-lying states canbe reproduced significantly better by including thequadrupole pairing interaction. The reason for thisis that the time-odd component of the mean field generated by the quadrupole pairing interaction enhances
the collective mass of the vibrational motion and themoments of inertia of the rotational motion, which lowers the energy of the collective excitation. This component is included in the collective mass derived by the
ASCC method, but it is ignored in the Inglis-Belyaev
cranking mass.
The shape mixing in collective wave functions is analyzed. It is found that the shape mixing in collective
wave functions attenuates as angular momentum increases. This implies that, even when the potential
barrier is very low, the rotational dynamics play animportant role in localizing the wave functions aroundthe oblate and prolate minima at finite angular momenta (I > 0).
References
1) M. Matsuo, T. Nakatsukasa and K. Matsuyanagi: Prog.
Theor. Phys. 103, 959 (2000).
2) N. Hinohara, T. Nakatsukasa, M. Matsuo and K. Matsuyanagi: Prog. Theor. Phys. 117, 451 (2007).

68

9

Excitation Energy (MeV)

The shapes of nuclei along the N = Z line change
significantly as the numbers of protons and neutronschange. In 68 Se and 72 Kr, the ground and excitedstates corresponding to oblate and prolate shapes havebeen found experimentally. From the viewpoint of collective dynamics based on the mean-field theory, it isexpected that the oblate and prolate shapes are mixed
by the many-body tunneling effect through the potential barrier lying between two local minima in the potential energy landscape. The adiabatic self-consistentcollective coordinate method1) is a microscopic theoryof large-amplitude collective motion based on the timedependent Hartree-Bogoliubov (TDHB) theory, andenables us to extract the collective degrees of freedom(collective path) from the TDHB manifold under theassumption that the large-amplitude collective motionof interest is slow. Recently, the method has been rigorously formulated, in which the gauge invariance withrespect to the particle number fluctuation degrees of
freedom is taken into account (gauge-invariant ASCC
method).2)
We investigated the oblate-prolate shape coexistence/mixing phenomena in low-lying states of 68 Se
and 72 Kr by the gauge-invariant ASCC method andthe pairing-plus-quadrupole Hamiltonian including thequadrupole-pairing interaction. The collective pathextracted by the ASCC method runs approximately
along the valley that exists in the triaxially deformed
region and connects the oblate and prolate local minima in the collective potential energy surface. The collective Hamiltonian that describes the coupled collective motion of the large-amplitude vibration responsible for the oblate-prolate shape mixing and the threedimensional rotation of the triaxial shape is microscopically constructed in the collective subspace. The excitation spectra, the spectroscopic quadrupole moments,
and the E2 transition properties of the low-lying states
are calculated for the first time by the ASCC method.
The calculation produces an oblate ground-state band
and an excited prolate band. The basic pattern ofshape coexistence/mixing phenomena are qualitatively
reproduced using the one-dimensional collective pathin the two-dimensional (β, γ) plane. It should be emphasized that the collective path, potential, and mass
parameters are all self-consistently extracted from the
many-dimensional TDHB manifold. We can conclude
that the TDHB collective dynamics of the shape co-8(G2=0)

7

(118)

6

+

6

6+

(G2=G2self)(27)(1251) (293)

4

(155)

+

6+

6+
(1151)

(20)

(792)
4+
(1408) (331)
+
2
(31)
(971)
(537)
4+
+
(42) +
2 (1059)
0
2
(26)
(765)
(631)
(1221)
2+
0+
1
(203)
(782)
2+
(725)
(834)
(194)
+
+
0
0
0
3

4+

(exp)

(944)

5
4

Se

(65)

6+

6+
+

+

4

4

2+

+

2

0+

Fig. 1. Excitation spectra of low-lying states of 68 Se calculated by ASCC method, both neglecting (left) andincluding (middle) quadrupole pairing in microscopic
Hamiltonian. Experimental data are shown in the rightpanel. The numbers in the parentheses indicate thevalues of B(E2) in units of e2 fm4 .

- 39 -

1

RIKEN(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Correlation between eigenenergies and sorted diagonal elements of alarge dimensional hamiltonian matrix
N. Yoshinaga ∗1 and A. Arima∗2[Shell model, matrix diagonalization, Gaussian orthogonal ensemble]
Most many-body problems are reduced to problemsof how to obtain eigenenergies of a large dimensional
hamiltonian matrix. However, eigenenergies of a large
dimensional hamiltonian matrix are quite diﬃcult toobtain. There are various methods to obtain eigenenergies. One is the exact diagonalization of a matrix. Usually, the Lanczos method is quite practical to obtain a few lowest energies, but the dimension of the matrix is limited up to 108 even using
big computers. The Monte Carlo method is one ofthe promising methods and attract considerable attention, although it takes a lot of computational time.
Recently, we have found an approximate strong linear correlation between eigenenergies and matrix elements (hii , i = 1, . . . , D) sorted according to values
from smaller to larger ones (h11 < h22 < . . . < hDD )where D is the dimension of the matrix.1) Here, wehave in mind the matrices of two-body shell model interactions and Gaussian orthogonal ensemble. Using
the linear relation between eigenenergies and diagonal matrix elements, we can statistically obtain mucheigenenergies without any diagonalization of the hamiltonian. First, let us assume the functional dependenceof the eigenenergy Ei in terms of sorted diagonal elements hii . Namely, we assume that the functional relation Ei = f (hii ) holds statistically. Since the numberof states for a given energy interval is the same forboth eigenenergies and diagonal elements, we have therelation,
P (Ei ) dEi = ρ (hii ) dhii ,(1)

where P (Ei ) and ρ (hii ) are the density of states for
Ei and hii , respectively. Immediately, we have thediﬀerential equation,
P (Ei ) f � (hii ) = ρ (hii ) ,

(2)

dEi
where f � (hii ) = dh
. Once P (Ei ) and ρ (hii ) areii
given, Eq. (2) can be solved.
Realistic two-body interaction. The eigenenergies
for a realistic two-body shell model interaction are
known to follow the Gaussian distribution.2) In thiscase, it is natural to assume that we have
� �
�2 �
E−E
D
P (E) = √
,
(3)
exp −
2Σ2
2πΣ

and
∗1
∗2

Department of Physics, Saitama University
Science Museum, Japan Science Foundation- 40 -

� �
�2 �
h−h
D
.
ρ (h) = √
exp −
2σ 2
2πσ

(4)

Then, Eq. (2) is easily solved to give a linear function,
Ei = ahii + b,(5)Σ
where a = Σσ,b = −σh + E .

Gaussian orthogonal ensemble. In this case, thedistribution of diagonal matrix elements for dimension
D matrix is given as��Dh2
ρ(h) = √(6)
exp − 2 .
2σ
2πσ
The distribution of eigenenergies is given as�
P (E) = 1/π A2 − E 2 ,(7)
where we have A√ = 2D .√ The lowest eigenenergy is
given as E = − D = − 2N . Assuming the functional dependence, the diﬀerential equation becomes
� 2�
�
h
D
2
√ exp −
= 1/π A2 − (f (h)) f � (h).
(8)
2
2π

By integrating, we have

�h

�
h2
dh =
exp −
2
−∞


�
�
� �2
�
� �
π
f
D
f 
f
+
+
1−
.
arcsin
π
A
2
A
A
D
√
2π

�

(9)

It turns out that the solution is well-simulated using a
hyperbolic function.
In this paper, we have shown the functional dependences of eigenenergies as functions of sorted diagonal elements for realistic nuclear shell model (NSM)
hamiltonian (soft chaotic case) and the GOE hamiltonian (hard chaotic case). In the NSM case, the function is approximately linear, while it is simulated as a
hyperbolic-tangent function in the GOE case as the dimension of the matrix approaches inﬁnity. Most manybody problems in many physical ﬁelds are reduced toeigenvalue problems for given Hamiltonians. It is expected that the present method statistically provides
a useful tool for studying many-body problems.
References
1) J. Shen, A. Arima, Y. Zhao N. Yoshinaga: to be submitted.
2) T. A. Brody, J. Flores, J. B. French, P. A. Mello, A.
Pandey, and S. S.Wong: Rev. Mod. Phys. 53, 385(1981).

1

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Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

A simple description of doublet bands in mass around 100
K. Higashiyama∗1 and N. Yoshinaga∗2[Nuclear structure, quadrupole coupling model, chopsticks conﬁgurations](I)|Φ(RL; I)� = [|R� ⊗ |jν jπ ; L�],(1)where I is the total spin. The model Hamiltonian
employed in the present calculation consists of the
Hamiltonian of the collective core and the quadrupolequadrupole interactions between the collective core,
the neutron, and the proton. In this work, we apply the QCM to the ∆I = 1 doublet bands with theνh11/2 ⊗ πg9/2 conﬁguration in the mass A ∼ 100 region.
In Fig. 1, we compare the theoretical energy levelsof the QCM with the experimental data for 106 Rh. In
the experiment, the 6−
1 state appears to be lower in energy than the 8−
state.
In the QCM calculation, this1
state is predicted to be higher in energy than the 8−
1
state. For the yrast states with spins greater than 7,
the calculated energy levels are in excellent agreementwith the experiment. Concerning the yrare states, theQCM calculation reproduces the observed levels at correct positions.
In Fig. 2, we compare the theoretical ratios
B(M 1; I → I −1)/B(E2; I → I −2) for the yrast stateswith the experimental values. The theoretical result
gives a successful description of the large-amplitude
staggering of the B(M 1)/B(E2) ratios.
By analyzing the QCM wave functions, it is found∗1∗2

Department of Physics, Chiba Institute of Technology
Department of Physics, Saitama University- 41 -

106
4

Rh

Yrare

Yrare
−

(18 )

17

17
16
15

(15 )
(14 )

−

(13 )

2

14

−

13
−

(12 )

12

−

(12 )

1

(10 )

11

−

9

−

(7 )

10

−

−

(8 )

8

QCM

−

(6 )

−

−

7

−

(9 )

−

13

−

11

−

−

(11 )
−

expt.

−

−

(10 )

15

−

(13 )

−

−

−

−

(11 )

−

16

−

14

−

12

−

10

−

−

−

−

−

18

−

−

(16 )

−

(14 )

0

Yrast

−

(17 )

(15 )

3

E (MeV)

Yrast
−

−

(16 )

−

9

6

−

7

−
−

8

Fig. 1. Experimental energy levels of 106 Rh (expt.) compared with those of the QCM calculation.

30
2

B ( M1 ) B ( E2 ) [( µ N eb ) ]The ∆I = 1 doublet bands built on the νh11/2 ⊗πh11/2 conﬁguration in doubly-odd nuclei around themass A ∼ 130 were investigated in terms of thepair-truncated shell model.1,2) The calculations reproduce well the experimental energy levels and ratios
B(M 1; I → I − 1)/B(E2; I → I − 2) for the yrast
states. The analysis of the wave functions reveals a
new band structure, which results from the chopsticks
conﬁgurations of two angular momenta of the unpaired
neutron and the unpaired proton, weakly coupled with
the quadrupole collective excitations of the even-evencore.
To conﬁrm their structure, we have recently proposed a much simpler model, the quadrupole coupling
model (QCM).3,4) In the model, a system of one neutron in the orbital jν and one proton in the orbital jπ is
speciﬁed as the state |jν jπ ; L�, where L is the angularmomentum of the two-particle state. The collectivecore state is denoted as |R�, where R indicates the angular momentum of the core state. A total wave function of any doubly-odd nucleus is written as a productof the collective-core state and the two-particle state,

QCM
expt.

20

10

0

10

12

14

16

18

I (h)

Fig. 2. Comparison of the B(M 1; I → I − 1)/B(E2; I →I − 2) ratios in the QCM with the experimental data
(expt.).

that the main structure of the ∆I = 1 doublet bands
in the mass A ∼ 100 region is described in terms ofa weak coupling of the chopsticks conﬁgurations of
two angular momenta of the unpaired nucleons, to thequadrupole collective excitations of the core. The excitation mechanism of these doublet bands is very similar
to that in the mass A ∼ 130 region predicted in theprevious studies.1–4)
References
1) K. Higashiyama and N. Yoshinaga: Prog. Theor. Phys.
113, 1139 (2005).
2) K. Higashiyama, N. Yoshinaga, and K. Tanabe: Phys.
Rev. C 72, 024315 (2005).
3) N. Yoshinaga and K. Higashiyama: Eur. Phys. J. A 30,
343 (2006); 31, 395 (2007).
4) K. Higashiyama and N. Yoshinaga: Eur. Phys. J. A 33,
355 (2007).

1

016
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41(2008)
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Rep.41

GCM description of rotational motions in 182 Os
Y. Hashimoto∗1 and T. Horibata∗2[3D-CHFB, tilted-axis rotation, generator coordinate method]

0

-0.2

Energy (MeV)

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Fig. 1. Cranked-HFB energy with respect to tilt angle withangular momentum J = 24h̄.

In Fig. 1, we show the energy curve with the angularmomentum J = 24h̄ when the axis of rotation is tilted
from θ = 0◦ to 90◦ , where θ = 0◦ (90◦ ) means thatthe axis of rotation is perpendicular (parallel) to thesymmetry (z-) axis. Starting from the unstable groundband (g-band) state at θ = 0◦ , we found a local minimum point at θ = 19◦ , which is expected to be a “t∗2

0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

North latitude (degree)

Fig. 2. Amplitudes of the two GCM solutions with the lowest (dotted curve) and the second lowest (solid curve)
energies. Angular momentum is J = 24h̄.

band” with K=8h̄.1) We found another minimum pointat θ = 90◦ . Since the energy curve has several points
at which the first derivative of the curve with respect
to the angle θ is discontinuous (e.g., θ = 3◦ , 42◦ , · · ·),we might have structural changes in the nucleus at the
points on the curve.
We carried out the GCM calculation on the basis of
the HFB solutions along the energy curve in Fig. 1. In
Fig. 2, we show the amplitudes of the two GCM solutions with the lowest and the second lowest energies.
The lowest energy solution (dotted curve) shows thatthe HFB local minimum solution at the angle θ =90◦ isstable. On top of the stable HFB solution at the angle
θ =90◦ , we find a GCM solution (solid curve) suggesting the existence of an excited state, which is expected
to be a precession mode.8) The quantum mechanicalinvestigations on the excitational modes in terms of
the GCM, including the cases with much larger amplitudes built on the set of distinctive structures pointed
above, are now in progress.
References

North latitude (degree)

∗1

0.3

GCM amplitude

In the past two decades, experimentalists have accumulated data that support the theoretical assumptionsof the existence of general types of nuclear rotationalmotion.1) When the axial symmetry is lost in the nuclear mean field, a general type of rotational motion
occurs, in which the rotational axis is not parallel tothe principal axis (PA) with the largest moment of inertia but fluctuates around the PA,2,3) which is called
the wobbling motion. ¿From a theoretical viewpoint, amuch more general type of rotation is expected, where
the rotational axis is located away from any of theprincipal axes.4,5) This is called tilted-axis rotation(TAR).6) The three-dimensional cranking model playsa central role in the study of the wobbling motion and
TAR.
To clarify the microscopic mechanism of the general type of nuclear rotational motion, we studied theosmium nucleus 182 Os by the cranked Hartree-FockBogoliubov (HFB) method and the generator coordinate method (GCM) on the basis of the HFB solutions. The model Hamiltonian used in the present calculation is the pairing plus quadrupole (P+QQ), as
used in ref. 6. The parameters in the model Hamiltonian are the interaction strengths for the quadrupolequadrupole and the pairing interactions, whose values
are the same as those used in the previous calculations
shown in ref. 7.

Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences,
University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
Department of Software and Information Technology,
Aomori University, Aomori, Aomori 030-0943, Japan- 42 -

1) For example, P. M. Walker et al.: Phys. Lett. B309, 17(1993).
2) A. Bohr and B. R. Mottelson: Nuclear Structure, Vol.II(Benjamin, Reading, MA, 1975).
3) S. Frauendorf: Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 463 (2001).
4) A. K. Kerman and N. Onishi: Nucl. Phys. A361, 179(1981).
5) N. Onishi: Nucl. Phys. A456, 279 (1986).
6) T. Horibata and N. Onishi: Nucl. Phys. A596, 251(1996).
7) T. Horibata, M. Oi, N. Onishi, and A. Ansari: Nucl.
Phys. A646, 277 (1999); A651, 435 (1999).
8) Y. R. Shimizu, M. Matsuzaki, and K. Matsuyanagi:
Phys. Scr. T125, 134 (2006).

1

RIKEN(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
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Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Existence of a one-body barrier revealed in deep subbarrier fusion†
T. Ichikawa, K. Hagino,∗1 and A. Iwamoto∗2[Fusion reactions, coupled-channel model, medium-mass nuclei]
For medium-heavy mass fusion reaction at deep
subbarrier energies, experimental fusion cross sections
steeply fall-oﬀ, as compared with those calculated using the standard coupled-channel (CC) model.1) Those
unexpected deviations, referred to as the fusion hindrance, have been systematically observed below a certain threshold incident energy, which depends on a colliding system. The physical origin of the steep fall-oﬀ
has not yet been understood.
One important aspect of the deep subbarrier fusion
is that the inner turning point of the Coulomb barrieris smaller than the touching point for projectile andtarget. That is, the projectile and target overlap witheach other in the classically forbidden region, and thecomposite system formed should penetrate through theresidual Coulomb barrier. From this viewpoint, thethreshold incident energies correlate with the potential energy at the touching point, VTouch , because thedensity overlap takes place at incident energies below
VTouch .
In this respect, we systematically evaluated the potential energies at the touching point using various
phenomenological potential models, and showed thatthe touching energy VTouch indeed clearly correlateswith the experimental threshold incident energies Es
estimated by Jiang et al. This result indicates that thesteep fall-oﬀ of fusion cross sections can be attributed
to the overlapping of the target and projectile nuclei.
To describe this, we propose a two-step modelthat phenomenologically supplements the standard CC
model. That is, the two-step model consists of the capture process calculated using the standard CC model
until the colliding nuclei contact each other, which isfollowed by the penetration of the residual potential in
the overlap region to reach a compound state. The latter works only at incident energies below VTouch . Details of this model are discussed in ref. 5. The fusioncross section is, then, given by
σ(E) =πh̄2 �
(2� + 1)T� (E)P1bd (E, �),
2µE

(1)

�

where µ and E denote the reduced mass and the incident energy in the center-of-mass system, respectively.
T� is the capture probability for the two-body process,which is calculated using the computer code CCFULL2).
P1bd is the penetrability of the potential in the overlap†∗1∗2Condensed from articles in Phys. Rev. C75, 057603 (2007)
and Phys. Rev. C75, 064612 (2007).
Department of Physics, Tohoku University
Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Fig. 1. Fusion cross sections for the 64 Ni+64 Ni reaction
calculated using the two-step model. The ﬁlled circles denote the experimental fusion cross section, takenfrom ref. 1. The solid line denotes the fusion cross section. The dashed line denotes the corresponding capture cross section. The dash-dot-dotted line shows theresult in the absence of the channel coupling eﬀect.

region, which is calculated using the WKB approximation with the coordinate-dependent inertia mass.
For nuclear shapes and densities in the overlap region, we assume neck formations between the targetand projectile-like nuclei, on the basis of the macroscopic ﬁssion approach. We describe the shapes using the Lemniscatoids parametrization3) and calculate the potential energies using the Yukawa-plusexponential model.4) For the inertia mass, we employ
the irrational-ﬂow mass calculated using the WernerWheeler approximation.
Figure 1 shows the fusion cross section for the64
Ni+64 Ni reaction thus obtained. The result of thetwo-step model, denoted by the solid line, is consistent with the experimental data. We conclude thatthe overlaps between the colliding nuclei are responsible for the steep fall-oﬀ of the fusion cross section.
In this way, the two-step model can naturally explain
not only the fusion cross section but also the thresholdincident energy.
References
1) C. L. Jiang et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 012701 (2004).
2) K. Hagino et al.: Phys. Commun. 123, 143 (1999).
3) G. Royer et al.: J. Phys. G8, L159 (1982).
4) H. J. Krappe et al.: Phys. Rev. C 20, 992 (1979).
5) T. Ichikawa et al.: Phys. Rev. C 75, 057603 (2007).

- 43 -

1

3. Hadron Physics

069
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(2008)
41(2008)
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Accel.Prog.
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Rep.41

Measurement of direct photon via internal conversion in√s = 200 GeV p+p collisions at RHIC-PHENIX
Y.L. Yamaguchi,∗1 Y. Akiba,∗2 A. Toia,∗3 T. Dahms,∗3 T. Gunji,∗1 F. Kajihara∗1 and H. Hamagaki,∗1[Direct photon, Internal conversion, Low pT]
Direct photon is a unique probe to investigate properties of Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) since photons
penetrate a dense and hot partonic matter created byheavy ion collisions. Special interest is given to thermal photons from the QGP which are considered tobe the primary contributor at the low energy region in
the inclusive photon spectrum1) .
A measurement of ‘real’ direct photon using an electromagnetic calorimeter is notoriously difficult in theenergy region below 4 GeV since the systematic errors
can not be reduced due to a large hadron background,particularly π 0 . Recently an alternative method usinga ‘virtual’ direct photon measurement via internal conversion was demonstrated to provide the photon yieldwith less systematic error in Au+Au collisions2) . Fore+ e− pairs from virtual photon decays can be obtainedby a drift chamber with a reliable estimation of components from hadronic decays using the Kroll–Wada
formula3) . The same method is applicable to the direct
photon yield in p+p collisions, which serves as a vitalreference to the direct photon yield in√Au+Au collisions. Current status of the analysis in s = 200 GeV
p+p collisions at RHIC-PHENIX is provided in thisreport.
One of the most important points in this analysis is
to compare a ratio of the yield in a proper mass window
to that in a very low mass region such as 0 to 30 MeV
between the real mass spectrum and the hadronic decayed mass spectrum calculated by the Monte Carlocalculation. If any excess over the calculation is observed, it indicates the evidence of direct photon.
For real events, the correlated pair mass spectrum isobtained after combinatorial background subtraction
using an event mixing method. However the contribution of cross pairs from π 0 , η → 2γ(or γe+ e− ) →e+ e− e+ e− and double Dalitz decay cannnot be subtracted since they are correlated. Thus the cross paircontribution is considered in simulation as well as theother effects on real data such as eID efficiency, geometrical acceptance and momentum smearing in the
low pT region. The systematic errors from different
sources are listed in Tab. 1. Finally we obtain the ratios of the yield in 90–300 MeV to that in 0–30 MeV
for both real and simulated hadronic component. Figure 1 shows the ratios of the yield for real and sim∗1∗2∗3

Center for Nuclear Study (CNS), University of Tokyo
RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research)
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, SUNY

- 45 -

Table 1. Systematic errors from different sources.
SourceeID efficiency
acceptancecross pairs
particle ratio

Sys.Error
8%
6%
6%
7%

ulated hadronic component as a function of pT. The
obtained ratios are almost consistent. Then a ratio

Fig. 1. The ratios of the yield in 90–300 MeV to that in
0–30 MeV for real and simulated hadronic component.

of the direct photon yield to the inclusive photon yield(Rγ ∗ ) are calculated from the obtained ratios as shownin Fig. 2. This result shows there might be a small
amount of the direct photon in p+p collisions.

Fig. 2. The ratio of the direct photon yield to the inclusive
photon yield in p+p collisions.

We hope to finalize soon the result in p+p collisions
with more statistics. Hence, the comparison of thedirect photon yield in p+p and Au+Au collisions will
become possible.
References
1) S. Turbide, et al.,: Phys. Rev. C 69 014903 (2004).
2) Y. Akiba for the PHENIX collaboration: RIKEN Accel.
Prog. Rep. 39, 190 (2006).
3) N.M. Kroll and W. Wada: Phys. Rev. 98 1355 (1955).

1

035
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Measurement of ω mesons via radiative decay mode in√sN N =200GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC-PHENIX
M.Ouchida∗1
The measurement of low-mass vector mesons under
extreme conditions created by relativistic heavy-ion
collisions is an intriguing study being carried out asa part of the quest to observe the QCD phase transition to quark gluon plasma. Properties such as themass and width of vector mesons are expected to bemodified at low pT which can be used as a probe of
the chiral symmetry restoration. Furthermore, hadronsuppression due to jet quenching which is considered to
be an effect of QGP, should be observed in the spectraof vector mesons.
We measured ω mesons (782GeV/c2 )1) via theradiative decay mode (ω → π 0 γ, π 0 → 2γ) in√
sN N =200GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC-PHENIX.
The main challenge of this analysis is to handle thehuge combinatorial background necessary for reconstructing particles from the three-body decay mode.
The focus of the analysis is on a feasibility study using
both simulation and real data
√ to search for the optinal
parameters that improve S/ B. For example, the momentum and energy range of π 0 and γ are optimized
to reconstruct ω. To estimate the remaining background, we consider three background sources, correlated and uncorrelated backgrounds (BG2 and BG1,
respectively) and the Ks0 contribution (BG3), theneach amount of background is determined by fitting.
The total background can be successfully subtracted
from the foreground as shown in Fig. 1.
Hiroshima University

COUNT

d3 N
1
1
dNωmeas,=··dp3
BR · Nevt 2πpT dpT dy(1)where BR is the branching ratio (8.92 %)1) , Nevt isthe number of events for each centrality,  is the total efficiency and Nωmeas is the number of measured ωmesons.
To evaluate the efficiency , we performed a single
ω event simulation using event generators based onMonte Carlo codes. The PHENIX implementation of
the GEANT-based simulation and the event particle
tracking software system, PISA were used to consider
the detector response.
The results for ω meson production for each centrality (the value used to characterize the heavy-ion
collisions) is shown in Fig. 2. Lines represent estimated yields from p+p collisions scaled by the number of collisions without a nuclear matter effect. The
figure suggests that data points become lower than thelines for higher centrality, i.e., hadron suppression.
In summary, we were able to extract ω via the radiative decay mode in Au+Au by overcoming the huge
combinatorial background by applying an optional cut
and the subtraction of multiple backgrounds. The result suggests that ω meson production might be suppressed in central Au+Au collisions at high pT region.
References
1) Particle Data Group; J. Phys. G33, 1 (2006).

-2

(b)

(a)

E

d N/dydp (GeV/c)∗1

The ω invariant yield is defined as2

1/2 πp

BG 2

BG 3 (from K0s) ��

104 × Ncoll × (p+p)
102 × Ncoll × (p+p)
10 × Ncoll × (p+p)
Ncoll × (p+p)

104 × (0-20%)
102 × (MinBias)
10 × (20-60%)(60-92%)

3
2

10

10
1

10-1
10-2

T

BG1+BG2+BG3PHENIX Preliminary

10

T

��

104

-3

10

-4

10

BG1

-5

10

-6

10

Mass

-7

10

-8

10 2

Fig. 1. (a) Invariant mass spectra of 3 γ.

Three background

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

p

10
11
[GeV/c]Tsources, BG1, BG2 and BG3, are shown with the foreground.
Solid Gaussian lines denote ω peaks when the mean and widthFig. 2. ω meson production in Au+Au. The centrality increases

are fixed values extracted by the simulation. (b) After subtract-from the bottom to the top. The minimum bias trigger (Min-ing BG1+BG2+BG3 from the foreground. The solid line is theBias) is the trigger accepting 92% of the geometrical cross sec-

fitted function when the mean and width are fixed.

tion.

- 46 -

1

154
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Azimuthal anisotropy measurement of direct photon√
in sNN = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC-PHENIX
K. Miki ∗1[PHENIX, RHIC, QGP, Direct Photon, Flow]
In the heavy-ion collision experiment at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC), strong suppression
is observed at high transverse momenta (pT ) hadronyields in central Au+Au collisions compared with p+p
collisions when using the scaling law of the numberof binary nucleon-nucleon collisions1) . The observedhigh-pT suppression is attributed to the energy lossof hard-scattered partons passing through the highdensity matter2) . On the other hand, the non suppression of the high-pT direct photon (non hadronic√
decay photon) yield is observed in sNN = 200 GeV
Au+Au collisions3). Since photons do not interact
strongly with other particles, they have a long mean
free path and can thus provide information on thestates in which they were emitted.
Although the measurements of direct photons as
penetrating probes allow us to more reliably study
hot and dense matter, there are many photon sourcesin addition to hard-scattered photons in heavy-ion
collisions. In non central collisions, the collision region is expected to have spatial anisotropy, and havean ellipsoid shape. Diﬀerent pressure gradients andparticle densities of the participants cause diﬀerent
anisotropies of the particle emission, depending on the
production processes of photons. Therefore, the azimuthal anisotropy parameter v2 is a powerful tool for
exploring the source of direct photons.
The second harmonic coeﬃcient parameter v2 of
the azimuthal distribution of the particles producedin heavy-ion collisions is deﬁned by(N inc. /N decay) · v2inc. − v2decay(N inc. /N decay) − 1

References
1) K. Adcox et al. : Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 022301 (2002).
2) S. S. Adler et al. : Phys. Rev. C76, 034904 (2007).
3) S. S. Adler et al. : Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 232301 (2005).

0.30- 47 -

0.30

PHENIX preliminary
centrality 00 - 20 %

0.20

0.20

0.15

0.15

0.10

0.10

0.05

0.05

0.00

0.00

Au+Au collisions (Run7)
sNN = 200 GeV-0.05

Au+Au collisions (Run7)
sNN = 200 GeV-0.05

PHENIX preliminary

0.4

PHENIX preliminary

0.3

centrality 00 - 20 %0.3

centrality 20 - 40 %

2

0.4

0.2

Direct photon v

2

PHENIX preliminary
centrality 20 - 40 %0.25

π0 v 2π0 v 2(1)

Graduate school of Pure and Applied sciences, University ofTsukuba(2)

Figure 1 shows v2 for π 0 and direct photons as a function of pT (0 to 10 [GeV/c]). The strong suppressionof neutral hadrons by the jet-quenching eﬀect makes it
possible to extract v2 for direct photons when pT > 4
GeV/c. v2 for direct photons is found to be consistent
with a value of zero within statistical and systematic
errors. This result supports the hypothesis that themost eﬀective part of direct photons originates frominitial Compton-like hard scattering. To study the effect of another emission source, it is necessary to perform more detailed calculations with larger samples
and compare the results with other analysis results.

0.25

where φ is the emission angle of the particle and ΦRP isthe direction of the reaction plane, which is determinedby another anisotropy existing in the forward particle
ﬂow. If more particles are emitted in the minor-axis direction of the ellipsoid, v2 should have a positive sign.
The photons resulting from initial Compton-like hard
scattering are expected to exhibit a zero v2 if they do
not interact with the hot dense matter. The v2 of photons from parton fragmentation are expected to havea similar v2 to hadrons because of the suppression ofhigh-pT hadrons. On the other hand, the photons resulting from the energy loss of parton jets in the hot
dense medium caused by Bremsstrahlung should negative v2 , because the partons emitted in the direction of∗1

v2dir. =Direct photon v

dN∝ 1 + 2v2 cos(2(φ − ΦRP )),dφ

the major ellipsoidal axis of the collision region should
produce more Bremsstrahlung photons.
The anisotropy of direct photons (v2dir. ) is deﬁned
as hadron decay photons v2 (v2decay ) subtracted fromall of the measured photons v2 (v2inc. ) with each thenumber of measured photons as weight. v2 for direct
photons is estimated from Eq.(2),

0.1
-0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3

Au+Au collisions (Run4)sNN = 200 GeV

-0.4
-0.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8
9
p T [GeV/c]

0.2
0.1
-0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3

Au+Au collisions (Run4)sNN = 200 GeV

-0.4
-0.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8
9
p T [GeV/c]

Fig. 1. v2 for π0 and direct photons as a function of pT .
Black bars show the statistical error and boxes show thesystematic error. π0 v2 is estimated using the Run7 dataset (new plot) using the RXNP detector (new detector).

1

017
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41PHENIX’s Central Track Beam
Shift and Momentum Scale
Corrections on Run-06’s (s) = 200 pp Collisions
A. Morreale,∗1
1

Introduction

2

The inner PHENIX charged tracking system consistsof Drift Chambers (DC) and Pad Chambers (PC1),
which measure charged particle trajectories in the θand φ direction to thus obtain 3 momentum of theparticle. The DC are cylindrically shaped and locatedin the region from 2 to 2.4 m from the collision pointand 2 m along the beam direction. This places them ina residual magnetic field with a maximum of 0.6 kG. [1]Since there is no magnetic field tracking within the DC
and the PC region, charged tracks in the central spectrometers are reconstructed assuming a collision vertex
in the geometrical center of the detector. Hit associations in the DC and PC1 in conjunction with a trackreconstruction model is used to associate hits within awindow of the track. In order to obtain accurate momentum reconstruction of charged tracks, offline corrections are made to the collision vertex. Displacementof the collision vertex from the detector’s center canbe caused by shift of the beam axis, or detector misalignment as the central spectrometres can roll in thex direction during detector access periods and normal
beam operations. This vertex displacement (offsets)affect the x and y coordinates as these are related to
the r-φ slope which are in turn used during momentum
track reconstruction.[1]Beam Shift Calibration Procedure

To calculate the amount the collision vertex which
is off-centered in the data taken during 2006 proton
proton running, zero magnetic field runs were studied.
These runs are taken under zero magnetic field settings
in the PHENIX detector, therefore charged particles
will not bend. To center the distribution of the shiftedvertex of the expected straight tracks, the α and φof charged tracks recorded on the drift chamber wasstudied. Since tracks are expected to be straight in thecentral arms, and any φ-dependance of the measured
track’s azimuthal angle (α) gives an indication and anumerical measurement of the offsets in x (XOffset)
and y (YOffset).
Two main components were corrected in this analysis: an actual beam shift and a misalignment caused by
the detector central arms being moved. A beam shift
is indicated by an YOffset and XOffset different thanzero but in equal magnitude in east and west arms.
An non-zero XOffset that has different magnitudes in
the west and east arms, is an indication of a detector
misalignment. Corrections to both effects are done. In
addition, a momentum scale correction was extracted
from the offset measurements.
The α vs φ plots were used by transforming frompolar coordinates to extract XOffset and YOffset.
The actual offset was defined as in eq(1). The XOffset West(East)and YOffset obtained using this method
can be found in Table 1.
∆α =XOf f set ∗ sin(φ) Y Of f set ∗ cos(φ)
+
RDC
RDC

(1)

RDC = Drift chamber radius = 220 cm.
XOffset West fill 7621: -0.27 cm
XOffsetEast fill 7621: -0.03 cm
YOffsetfill 7621:
0.19 cm
XOffset West fill 7641: -0.29 cm
XOffsetEast fill 7641: -0.05 cm
YOffsetfill 7641:
0.20 cm
Table 1. XOffsets and YOffsets foundFig. 1. Charged tracking in the detector region is calculated by using a hough transform of the tracks left bypassing particles in the drift chamber, an assumption
made is that the track is straight in the detector region.

∗1

Offsets in the x and y coordinate were found, as
Table 1 shows, and corrected for in the 2006 longitudinal proton-proton beam data sample. The stabilityof the offsets throught the whole data set was tested
by checking at well known charged particle spectra indiffrent data ranges. If the offsets were not stable,a change in the mass position, and/or mass spectra
resolution would be detected by looking at an charge

Department of Physics, University of California at Riverside- 48 -

1

017
dependant shift in the mass squared m2 value for protons and anti protons. Protons and anti-protons arewell known charged particles in the PHENIX detector
that are often used for calibration purposes. Once thebeam shift offsets had been found and tested for stability then the momentum scale was extracted. Testingfor stability was done by comparing the mass spectra of
protons and anti protons in all the data. Comparisonof mass values to published values from the Particle
Data Group (PDG) physics booklet publication was
also performed[2].
3

Momentum Scale

Beam Shift and Momentum scale corrections on thelongitudinal 2006 proton proton data at sqrt(s) =200GeV were obtained. The beam shift offsets obtained can be seen on Table 1, the momentum scalecorrection was found to be 0.97. The calibration of thethese corrections were made available to the PHENIX
collaboration after being tested using known particle
species: protons/antiprotons and π ± . Both methods
showed that the corrections were valid over the whole
data set meant to calibrate.

t2 /(L2 − 1)1) K. Adcox et al., PHENIX central arm tracking detectors, NIM A499 489-507, 2003
2) W.-M.Yao et al. (Particle Data Group), J. Phys. G 33,
1 (2006) and 2007 partial update for the 2008 edition(2)

where t and L are known variables indicating time offlight of particle and distance from collision to detector respectively. The m2 of 0.906 GeV2 compared to
the PDG value of 0.880 GeV2 gave a scale of 0.97, or
3% from unity. This deviation was used as a momentum scale correction. A secondary cross check was performed by looking at high pT π ± candidates firing thein the Ring Imaging Čerenkov counter (RICH). Thiscross check verified that the RICH threshold turn-on
curve for charged pions could be clearly seen unshiftedaround 5 GeV/c (pion threshold is 4.7GeV/c). Similar to the proton and anti-proton inspection, mismatchof the turn-on curve for π + and π − would indicate abeam shift component remaining. Charged pions do
not make use of the time of flight , but rather use the
RICH detector for identification.

-

htemp
m2tof p+ solid Line, p triangles
Entries
Mean
RMS

1400
1200

-

m2 tof p+ Bold line, p triangles
MBPosm2tof
Entries
Mean
RMS

1400

10633
0.915
0.1591

1000

800

800

600

600

400

400

200
0

15313
0.92390.1402

1200

1000

200
0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4
m2tof

0

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

Fig. 2. m2tof of p(solid line) and antip(tringles) before(left) and after(right) corrections

2

Results and Conclusions

References

Charge separated m2 distributions from momentum
p < 1.8 to p > 1.0 were studied. Mass peaks were obtained and signal + background was fitted to a polynomial degree 2 + gaussian. The m2 was identified
using Phenix Time of flight(TOF), the mass value obtained from the fit for protons and antiprotons was
0.906 ±0.001. These measurement of the protons andantiprotons mass gave a momentum scale correction,
as the m2 tof variable is directly related to the momentum of the particle via:
m2 = p2 ∗4- 49 -

187
RIKEN(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41PHENIX local polarimeter analysis in polarized proton-proton√
collisions at s = 200GeV from RHIC Run-6
S. Dairaku∗1 for the PHENIX Collaboration[Spin, Asymmetry]

where P is the absolute polarization value measured↑(↓)
by the RHIC polarimeters, and NL(R) is the numberof neutrons scattered to the left (right) when the direction of the beam polarization is vertically upwards(downwards). We identify forward neutrons using azero degree calorimeter (ZDC) and measure the scattering direction of the neutrons using a shower maximum detector (SMD) by detecting the shower shapein the ZDC.
When the spin rotator is on, the local polarimetermeasures the asymmetries ALR and AU D , which are
the left-right and up-down asymmetries of the forward
neutron production, respectively. We can calculate thefraction of the residual transverse component of thebeam polarization ( PPT ) as
��
�2 �
�2
ALR
PT
AU D
=
+
.
(2)
P
AN
AN
If the proton beams are longitudinally polarized correctly, PPT should be ∼ 0, and the fraction of the longitudinal component ( PPL ), which is calculated by
�
�2
�
PL
PT
= 1−
,
(3)
P
P
∗1

should be ∼ 1.
Figures 1 and 2 show the azimuthal angle φ dependence of the asymmetry AN for forward neutron production for two RHIC rings (the so-called blue ringand yellow ring, respectively) when the spin rotator
was oﬀ. We can see the clear sinusoidal shape of thevertically polarized beams.
The analysis is ongoing, and the ﬁnal values of thetransverse component ( PPT ) and the longitudinal component ( PPL ) will be reported in the near future.
ReferencesAN1) G. Bunce et al.: Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 50, 525(2000).
2) Y. Fukao et al.: Phys. Rev. B 650, 325 (2007).

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05 -1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5
φ [rad]Fig. 1. Azimuthal angle φ dependence of the asymmetry
for forward neutron production for the blue ring when
the spin rotator was oﬀ.

AN

One of the main goals of the PHENIX experiment isto determine the polarized gluon distribution function
in a proton.1) To achieve this objective, we use polarized proton-proton collisions. We determine the polarized gluon distribution function by measuring double
longitudinal-spin asymmetries during the productionof various particles. In RHIC rings, proton beams arevertically polarized. Therefore, we need to change thedirection of the beam polarization from the vertical direction to the longitudinal direction using spin rotator
magnets. A local polarimeter is used for evaluating
how correctly the proton beams are longitudinally polarized when the spin rotator is on.
When the spin rotator is oﬀ, the proton beams arevertically polarized at the PHENIX interaction region, and the local polarimeter can measure the significant single transverse-spin asymmetry (AN ) for forward neutron production,2) which is calculated by
�
�
↑ ↓
↓ ↑
1 N L N R − N L NR
1 σ↑ − σ↓
�
= �
,
(1)
AN ≡
P σ ↑ + σ↓P
NL↑ NR↓ + NL↓ NR↑

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05 -1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5
φ [rad]Fig. 2. Azimuthal angle φ dependence of the asymmetry
for forward neutron production for the yellow ring when
the spin rotator was oﬀ.

Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Japan- 50 -

1

045
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41√Longitudinal spin transfer to Λ̄ in s=200 GeV longitudinallypolarized proton-proton collisions
R.Han∗1

1

Introduction

3

The spin transfer to hyperon in experiments for the
study of nucleon spin, which connects to spin dependent quark to hyperon fragmentation function and isalso a potential probe for the spin structure of nucleon,
has been widely used to study various aspects of spin
effects in high-energy reactions through the self spinanalyzing parity violating decay of hyperon1) . Among
hyperons, Λ and its antiparticle Λ̄ are more appropriate to be studied for their self-analyzing power andlarger cross section. Λ̄ is also found to be sensitive tothe polarization of the antistrange sea of the nucleon2) .
2Λ̄ Production at RHIC/PHENIX

The PHENIX experiment is the largest of the four
experiments currently performed to gather data at theRelativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Λ̄ is reconstructed via it weak decay Λ̄ → p̄π + with a branchratio of 64%. We reconstructed Λ̄ from pp collisions
extracted from the data collected during the 2002-2003
run period (Run-3) of RHIC/PHENIX with one beampolarization reaching 36%.
The invariant mass spectrum is plotted in the figure
below. In total, 60308 Λ̄ signal and 52253 background
events are reconstructed in the mass range of 1.110
GeV /c2 ∼ 1.122 GeV /c2 . Λ̄ events with comparative
statistics are also generated for the study of spin transfer.

Spin Transfer to Λ̄The spin transfer to Λ̄ can be analyzed through theangular distribution of the decay proton in the Λ̄ restframedN
∼ (1+αPB ·DLL cos Θp̄Λ̄ )·a(κ, cos Θp̄Λ̄ );(1)dcosΘp̄Λ̄
where a(κ, cos Θp̄Λ̄ ) is the acceptance correction function; Θp̄Λ̄ is the angle between the momentum of the
decay antiproton and e3 in the Λ̄ rest frame, where e3
is defined as the direction of the Λ̄ momentum in thelaboratory frame. α is the decay asymmetry in theΛ̄ rest frame, and PB is the beam polarization, where
DLL is the spin transfer from the proton to Λ̄ , the first“L” being the initial longitudinal polarized proton andthe second one means the longitudinal polarized Λ̄ produced in the collision. The preliminary result of spintransfer to Λ̄ from Run3 data has been approved by
PHENIX collaboration.

The observed spin transfer to Λ̄ is consistent withzero within statistical uncertainties, as qualitatively
expected from the small average xF and pT . Quantitative theoretical predictions exist for transverse momenta pT larger than 8 GeV. It should be noted thatat lower pT , for which preliminary data exist, the crosssection is not well described by current pQCD calculations. The preliminary study shows that 1.5M Λ̄events could be reconstructed from the PHENIX run5
data set. By including run5 data, we expect to increase statistics by a factor of three and to obtain amore solid physics output on spin transfer analysis.
References∗11) C. X. Liu and Z. T. Liang: Phys. Rev. D 62, 094001(2000); Q. H. Xu, C. X. Liu and Z. T. Liang: Phys.
Rev. D65, 114008 (2002); H. Dong, J. Zhou and Z. T.
Liang: Phys. Rev. D 72, 033006 (2005).
2) Qinghua Xu for the STAR collaboration, hepex/0512058,2005.

School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, North China
Electric Power University, Beijing- 51 -

1

072
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Single spin asymmetry of di-hadron production in√transversely polarized pp collision at s = 200 GeV
R. Yang,∗1 M. Große Perdekamp,∗1 and R. Seidl
The transversity distribution is one of the three parton distribution functions of the proton at leading
twist. It can be interpreted as the difference between
the number of quarks that have spin parallel and antiparallel to the proton spin inside a transversely polarized proton. Compared with the other two distribution functions, the quark momentum distributionfunction and the quark helicity distribution, experimental knowledge on transversity distribution is still
very limited.
Due to the chiral odd nature of the transversity
distribution, it cannot be probed directly in inclusive
deep-inelastic scattering (DIS). One solution is to couple the transversity distribution with another chiralodd function such as the transversity distribution itself
or a chiral-odd, spin-dependent fragmentation function. As an example, Ref. 1 demonstrated a global
QCD analysis of transversity distribution using single
spin asymmetry measured from semi-inclusive DIS2)3)and the corresponding spin-dependent fragmentation
function measured in e+ e− experiment4) .
At the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic
Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the single spin asymmetry of di-hadron production measured in transversely
polarized proton-proton collisions can be taken as an
input for the global QCD analysis. The asymmetry isdefined as(1)

sin(φ)

1 N↑ /L↑ − N↓ /L↓
P N↑ /L↑ + N↓ /L↓

where N↑ and N↓ are the counts of di-hadron pairs,L↑ and L↓ are the luminosities of the beam with thearrows indicating polarization direction of the protonbeam, and P is the beam polarization. This asymmetry is calculated in different φ bins, where the angle
φ is an azimuthal angle between the polarization direction and the direction of the hadron plane. Since asin(φ) modulation is expected5) , the measured asymmetry must be fit with a sine function
A(φ) = AU T sin(φ)(2)

to obtain the analyzing power AU T which is a convolution of transversity distribution function and a spindependent fragmentation function:
AU T ∝ δq(x) ⊗ H1<) (z, m2 ).

0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0

-0.002-0.004-0.006-0.008
-0.01

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6
mππ (GeV/c2)

Fig. 1. Expected statistical uncertainties of the single spin
asymmetry. The curve is an prediction based on thetransversity taken from Ref. 1 and the fragmentation
function from Ref. 6.

References(3)H1<) is the spin-dependent fragmentation function of di-hadron production. It is usually referred to as “interference fragmentation function” (IFF) in the literature.

∗1

π0π±
π+πmodel calculation

0.01

AUT

A(φ) =The measurement of IFF is an ongoing effort at the
BELLE experiment by observing asymmetries in azimuthal angles of pion pair production in back-to-backjets in e+ e− collisions. Based on existing pion phaseshift data, the sign of H1<) might change where the invariant mass of the pion pair is close to 780 MeV/c2 , orthe ρ meson mass6) . Therefore, the analyzing power
AU T is also calculated for 5 different invariant massbins from 0.5 MeV/c2 to 2 MeV/c√2 .
Proton-proton collision data at s = 200 GeV taken
in 2006 was used for this measurement. The integrated
luminosity is 2.7 pb−1 and beam polarization is 55%.
Events are selected by a photon trigger with threshold of 1.4 GeV. For this analysis, the di-hadron pairs
have been chosen to be π 0 π +/− and π + π − pairs. Neutral pions and charged pions are measured by the central arm of the PHENIX detector. When counting thepairs of pions, it is required that each pion has pT > 1
GeV/c, and both come from the same detector arm.
To reduce background from meson decay and conversion electrons at high pT , an additional constraint of
pT < 6 GeV/c has been applied for the charged pions. Figure 1 shows the statistical uncertainties of theanalyzing power for π 0 π +/− and π + π − pairs. This isan ongoing analysis and the plan is to have the results
approved by the PHENIX spin working group and toshow the results in late 2008.

University of Illinois, USA- 52 -

1) M. Anselmino et al.: Phys. Rev. D 75, 054032 (2007).
2) A. Airapetian et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 012002 (2005).
3) E. S. Ageev et al.: Nucl.Phys. B 765, 31 (2007).
4) R. Seidl et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 232002 (2006).
5) A Bacchetta et al.: Phys.Rev. D 70, 094032 (2004).
6) R. Jaffe et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1166 (1998).

1

073
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Longitudinal Double Spin Asymmetries in Forward Rapidity with√
Prompt Muon in Polarized p+p Collisions at s=200GeV†
X. Wang∗1∗3 , H. Liu∗2 and M. Liu∗2[Spin, Single muons, Asymmetry]

Aincl
LL =

N ++ − R · N +−1
PB · PY N ++ + R · N +−

BG
Aincl
LL − r · ALL
,
1−r

BG 2
2
2
(δAincl
LL ) + r · (δALL )δAprompt
,
=
LL
1−r

Aprompt
=
LL

∗1

∗3

χ 2 / ndf
signal/background in muon arms

1

0.9

6.849 / 9

p00.002966 ± 0.05338

p1

0.345 ± 0.05408

p2-0.06056 ± 0.01195

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5
5
p (GeV)T

Fig. 2. Signal-to-background ratio of prompt muons.

(1)(2)
Fig. 3. Prompt muon ALL vs. pT .

(3)

where r is the background fraction and ABG
LL is theasymmetry of the background. Figure 2 shows theprompt- to-background ratio. Comprehensive hadron
simulation was carried out to understand the hadroncomponent at diﬀerent MuID layers. After the track
quality cut was applied, we observed that the tracks
stopped at layer 2 or 3 are mostly hadrons (as shown in
the right-hand plot of ﬁg.1). The hadrons that stopped
at MuID layer 2 or 3 are used to study the backgroundasymmetry.
∗2

Fig. 1. pT distribution of stopped hadrons at gaps 2 and 3
from simulation(left:before cut; right:after cut)

S/B

Deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) experiments with polarized leptons and polarized nucleons have shown thatthe spins of quarks and anti-quarks account for only
approximately 25% of the nucleon spin1) . The restof the proton spins must be carried by the gluons
and orbital angular momentum. Measurements of thescale dependence of the inclusive nucleon spin structure function and recent semi-inclusive DIS data2) haveshown the coarse constraint in the possible gluon spin
contribution. Furthermore, heavy quark production inpolarized p+p collision at RHIC energy is dominatedby the gluon-gluon interaction, thus providing directaccess to the (polarized) gluon distribution in the proton.
We report the feasibility of measuring the longitudinal double spin asymmetries of single muon production at forward rapidity in polarized p+p collisions.
PHENIX has two spectrometers designed for measuring muon production over the pseudorapidity range
1.2 < |η| < 2.4. The muon arms start with a thickhadron absorber to reduce the hadronic backgroundfor muon measurements. Muon arms consist two Muon
Trackers (Mutr) and two Muon Identiﬁers (MuID).
Muons can be produced from D or B meson throughsemi-leptonic decay (prompt muon). The main backgrounds of prompt muons are punch-through hadrons
and muons from light hadron decay. The inclusive
asymmetry Aincl
LL is given as

New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
Hua-Zhong Normal University, Wuhan, China

Runs 5 and 6 data are used to perform this analysis.
This work is now in progress and the results are expected to be released in a few months. Figure 3 shows
the statistical sensitivity of prompt muon ALL vs pT .
References
1) J. Ashman et al., Phys. Lett. B 206, 364 (1988); Nucl.
Phys. B328, 1 (1989); E. Hughes and R. Voss, Annu.
Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 49, 303 (1999).
2) HERMES Collaboration, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2584
(2000); COMPASS Collaboration, Phys. Lett. B 633,
25 (2006).

- 53 -

1

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RIKEN
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41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Measurement of Longitudinal Double-Spin Asymmetries of√
Back-to-Back Dimuons in Polarized p+p Collisions at s=200 GeV
H. Liu, M. Liu and C. M. Camacho∗1 for the PHENIX Collaboration[Spin, Back-to-Back Dimuons, Asymmetry]ALL =1 N ++ − RN +−,Pb Py N ++ + RN +−∆g(x1 ) ∆g(x2 )Q̄
×× agg→Q,
LL
g(x1 )g(x2 )BG
Aincl
LL − r · ALL
,
1−r

BG 2
2
2
(δAincl
LL ) + r · (δALL )
,
δAB2B
=
LL
1−r

∗1

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0

2

4

6

8 10 12 14
mass (GeV/c)

16

18

20

Fig. 1. Invariant mass distribution of B2B dimuons at√
s = 200 GeV detected using the PHENIX muon spectrometers.
B2B dimuons
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

µ-µGRSV-MAX
GRSV-STD

-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
0

0.15

(1)

0.1
0.05

2

4

6

8

10
12
Mass(GeV/c)

14

16

18

20

ALL

0

6

8

10
12
Mass(GeV/c)

14

16

18

20

µ+µGRSV-MAX
GRSV-STD

-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
0

2

4

Fig. 2. Aincl
LL vs. mass in B2B dimuons production at
200 GeV.

√s=

where r is the background fraction, and ABG
LL is thebackground asymmetry.
Figure 2 shows the sensitivity of the inclusive B2B
dimuon Aincl
LL vs. the mass from the 2006 RHIC polarized p+p run. The experimental statistical sensitivities are compared with two gluon polarization models,GRSV standard (red curve) and maximum gluon polarization (blue curve), calculated at LO for B B̄ production.1–3) µ− µ− pairs are free from DD̄ contribution and are expected mostly from B B̄ decays, while
the µ+ µ− sample contains more non-B B̄ events. The
analysis is in progress and preliminary results will be
published in the near future.

(2)

where ∆g(x)(g(x)) is the (un)polarized gluon distriQ̄
is the partonic asymmetry. In
bution, and agg→Q
LL
the case of the B2B dimuons, x1 ∼ x2 , and ALL ∝[∆g(x)/g(x)]2 . The mass distribution of B2B dimuons
is shown in ﬁgure 1. The measured inclusive asymmeB2B
try Aincl
LL is related to ALL by
AB2B
LL =

3500

B2B dimuons

where Pb and Py are the beam polarizations for blue
and yellow beams, respectively, N ++ (N +− ) is the B2B
dimuons yield from the same (opposite) helicity beamcollisions, and R = L++ /L+− is the relative luminosity measured with the beam-beam counter (BBC) andthe zero-degree calorimeter (ZDC) at very forward rapidity.
For the heavy quarks production at RHIC, the asymmetry is proportional to the gluon polarization,ALL ∼B2B dimuons
Entries 77444
Mean
7.499
RMS
2.278

4000

ALL

Understanding the contribution of the polarized gluons to the proton spin is one of the key steps toward
resolving the proton spin puzzle. At the Relativistic
Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) energy, heavy quark production is dominated by the gluon-gluon interaction;
thus, measurements of the heavy ﬂavor production in
the polarized p+p collisions will enable us to study
the polarized gluon distributions. In this report, we
present the status of longitudinal double-spin asymmetries in back-to-back (B2B) dimuons production in thepolarized p+p collisions at RHIC. The B2B dimuons
have been measured using the PHENIX muon spectrometers at forward and backward rapidities (1.2 <|η| < 2.4) where two muons go into opposite arms.
Monte Carlo simulations with PYTHIA event generator have shown that the B2B dimuons in the mass
range of 5 < M < 10 GeV, mostly come from heavy
quark decays, through the channels DD̄ → µ+ µ− andB B̄ → µ+ µ− , µ− µ− , µ+ µ+ .
The longitudinal double-spin asymmetry ALL is
measured as(3)

References(4)1) A. P. Contogouris et al.: Phys. Lett. B 246, 524 (1990).
2) M. Karliner et al.: Phys. Lett. B 324, 209 (1994).
3) M. Gluck et al.: Phys. Rev. D 63, 094005 (2001).

Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA- 54 -

1

135
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Accel.
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RIKEN
Accel.
Prog.
Rep.

Measurement of Double Longitudinal Spin Asymmetry (ALL ) in√
Direct Photon Production in s = 200 GeV Proton-Proton
Collisions at PHENIX
R. Bennett,∗1 K. Okada, and T. Horaguchi∗2√
Production of direct photon in s = 200 GeV pp
collisions at RHIC is one of the important channels
PHENIX will employ to determine the polarized gluon
distribution. To establish the theoretical understanding of this process, we compare the direct photon total
cross section measured using our data, with the perturbative QCD calculations at next-to-leading order.
This comparison shows good agreement between data
and theoretical calculations over a broad range in photon transverse momentum (PT )The double helicity spin asymmetries, ALL , is evlauate from the 2005 dataset based on a luminosity of 2.7
pb−1 and polarization 50%. Since the direct photon
ALL is linear in ∆G, the gluon contribution to thespin of the proton, it is sensitive to both the sign andmagnitude of ∆G. It will serve as a complementarymeasurement to the π 0 ALL analysis . ALL is calculated using the following formula.
N++1
N++ − RN+−
ALL =
, R=
|PB ||PY | N++ + RN+−
N+−

(1)

Where PB (PY ) is the polarization of the blue (yellow)
beam. N++ (N+− ) are direct photon yields during like(unlike) sign helicity crossings. R is the relative luminosity, which is the ratio of the production rates.
The extraction of direct photon ALL relies on, first
purifying the sample by considering only isolated photons as direct photon candidates. Photons originatingfrom hadronic decays (π 0 , η, ω...) will be found in close
proximity to other jet material, as opposed to the direct photon which should remain isolated. A 0.5[rad]cone is defined around any candidate photon. A photon is considered isolated if the sum of the energy inside
the cone is less then 10% of the energy of the candidate
photon. This effectivly removes photons originatingfrom hadronic decays while leave behind a cleaner direct photon sample.1) The cut is most efficient at highPT . Next, photons originating from hadronic decays(mostly π 0 → γγ) which pass the isolation cut are removed. These are hadronic decays in where the energy
asymmetry of the photons is so great that the pair pass
the isolation cut. These photons are identified by creating mass-pairs of photons which pass the cut. Any
photon which forms a pair of 135 ± 30M eV are simply
removed from the isolated photon sample. We denotethese photons by nπ0 .
Finally we correct the assymetry for hadronic decays∗1∗2Department of Physics, State University of New York at
Stony Brook
Department of Physics, Hiroshima University

in which one photon has missed the PHENIX acceptance. We estimate this from the total number of π 0 ’s
where both decay photons are in PHENIX acceptance,. Nπtaggedis then scaled by the probability thatNπtagged00). Rπmissis
one photon will miss our acceptance (Rπmiss
00estimated by a Monte Carlo simulation. We then assume other hadronic decays (η, ω...) will have similar
behavior as the π 0 and their contribution can be calculated by comparing their branching ratios to that of theπ 0 . We denote all one-miss hadrons by, N bg . The direct photon asymmetry and uncertainty are correctedby:ALL (direct − γ) =ALL (iso − nπ0 ) − rAbg
Nbg
LL
,r =
(2)
1−r
Niso−nπ0∆ALL (sig)2 =∆A2LL (iso − nπ0 ) + r2 ∆A2LL (bg)(3)
(1 − r)2

Here, ALL (iso − nπ0 ) is the asymmetry of the sample of isolated photons minus photons originating fromhadronic decays that still pass the isolation cut. Abg
LL
is the asymmetry of the one-miss hadrons. r is the ratio of the number of one-miss hadrons to the number
of isolated photons minus nπ0 . The uncertainy of eachpoint is then evaluated in this manner.
Fig. 1, shows we are unable to distinguish the several
GRSV model curves. It is important to note that although we are statistically limited at the moment, wehave shown that we have a consistent method for measuring the double longitudinal spin asymmetry and as
gains are made in both luminosity and polarization thismeasurement will certainly complement the results of
the neutral pion asymmetry analysis.
References
1) S.S. Adler et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. (98), 012002 (2007)

Fig. 1. Direct Photon ALL as a function of PT with curves
for GRSV theoretical models- 55 -

1

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(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Run06 Polarization in Proton-Proton Operation at RHIC Using theHydrogen Jet Polarimeter
K. Boyle,∗1 I. Alekseev,∗2 A. Bravar,∗3 G. Bunce,∗4∗5 C.M. Camacho,∗6 S. Dhawan,∗7 A. Dion,∗2 K.O. Eyser,∗8
R. Gill,∗4 W. Haeberli,∗9 A. Hoﬀman,∗10 H. Huang,∗4 H. Liu,∗6 M.X. Liu,∗6 Y. Makdisi,∗4 I. Nakagawa,
H. Okada,∗4 K. Sakashita,∗11 E. Stephenson∗12 D.N. Svirida,∗1 T. Wise,∗9 J. Wood,∗4 and A. Zelenski∗4[polarized proton, silicon strip detector, RHIC, polarimetry, CNI, forward elastic scattering]where PT (PB ) is the target (beam) polarization. PT
is monitored by a Breit-Rabi polarimeter and wasmaintained at 92.4±1.8% throughout both Run05 andRun06.
Figure 1 compares the Run05 and Run06 measured
target and beam asymmetries as a function of thestruck proton’s recoil energy for the two beams (called“Blue” and “Yellow”). The target asymmetry is consistent between the two years, whereas the diﬀerence
in beam asymmetry indicates the increased polarization in Run06. In Run6, the average polarization wasState University of New York - Stony Brook, Stony Brook,
NY 11794∗2 Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Russia∗3 University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland∗4 Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA∗5 RIKEN-BNL Research Center, BNL, USA∗6 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545∗7 Yale University, USA∗8 University of California, Riverside, USA∗9 University of Wisconsin, USA∗10 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
02139∗11 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan∗12 Indiana University Cyclotron Facility, USA

53.2 ± 0.9 ± 1.3% and 52.7 ± 0.8 ± 1.3% in the Blue andYellow beams, respectively.
Polarization was also measured during a short
31 GeV run in Run06. Figure 2 shows the target andbeam asymmetries measured with the “Blue” beam.
Large backgrounds in the “Yellow” running period prevented asymmetry measurements, and so only blue wasmeasured. Blue beam was used to normalize bothbeams in during the 31 GeV run.
References
1) H. Okada et al., Phys. Lett. B 638, 450 (2006).
2) O. Jinnouchi et al., RHIC/CAD Accelerator Physics
Note 171, 2004.

ε

0.07
0.06
0.05

05 εT, Blue
05 εB, Blue
05 εT, Yellow
05 εB, Yellow

06 εT, Blue
06 εB, Blue
06 εT, Yellow
06 εB, Yellow

0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4
T (MeV)

Fig. 1. Target (open) and beam (ﬁlled) asymmetry vs. recoil energy at 100 GeV from Run05 and Run06 (top).

0.07

ε

A necessary ingredient in the RHIC spin programis high polarization that is precisely measured. A polarized Hydrogen jet polarimeter1) is used to make anabsolute measurement of the beam polarization, which
is needed to normalize the results from the protonCarbon polarimeters.2) In the 2006 RHIC run (Run06),
the RHIC spin goal of less than 5% total relative uncertainty in the polarization of a single beam was achievedat beam energy of 100 GeV.
The Hydrogen jet is designed to study protons elastically scattered at low recoil energy (TR ) nearly perpendicular to the beam direction. In this low recoil
energy region of a few MeV, the asymmetry due to the
Coulomb nuclear interference eﬀect is expected to be
maximal. In a polarized hydrogen target, two diﬀerent
asymmetries can be measured: εT , the target asymmetry where the target is taken as polarized and the beam
unpolarized, and εB , the beam asymmetry where thebeam is taken as polarized and the target unpolarized.
The analyzing power, which is a physics quantity, isthe same in both cases, and so we can relate target
and beam polarization as
εB
PB =
PT
(1)
εT

0.06
0.05

∗1

εTarget
εBeam

0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4
T (MeV)

Fig. 2. Target (open) and beam (ﬁlled) asymmetry vs. recoil energy at 31 GeV (bottom) from Run06.

- 56 -

1

RIKEN(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

A Study on the Relative Luminosity for Helicity Asymmetry√
Measurement in Polarized pp Collisions at s = 62.4 GeV at
RHIC-PHENIX
K. Aoki∗1 for the PHENIX Collaboration
One of the main goals of the RHIC-PHENIX experiment is to study the structure of proton spin throughthe double helicity asymmetry (ALL ) of particle production in polarized pp√ collisions. In Run 2006, we
0
measuredπAats = 62.4GeV in addition toLL√s = 200GeV.1) The results signiﬁcantly extended thesensitivity of the polarized gluon distribution to higher
Bjorken-x. ALL is calculated asALL =1 N++ − RN+−
, whereP1 P2 N++ + RN+−

R=

L++
.(1)
L+−

P1(2) is the polarization of two colliding beams,
N++(+−) is the particle yield in parallel (antiparallel)
helicity bunch crossings, and R is relative luminosity.
A precise determination of R is essential for the ALL
measurement since the uncertainty of R propagatesas δALL ∼ 2P11 P2 δR. The average polarization was√
�P1 · P2 � = 0.23 in Run 2006 at s = 62.4GeV.
The achieved accuracy would be δR = 1.3 ×√
10−3−3(δALL = 2.8×10 ) if analysis similar to that at s =200GeV2) was performed. The value of δALL is morethan half of the statistical uncertainty of π 0 ALL at thelowest pT , where the statistics are the highest. We
discuss how we improved the accuracy of R.
The PHENIX Beam-Beam Counter (BBC) covers
3.0 < |η| < 3.9 with full azimuthal coverage and detects charged particles.3) The Zero Degree Calorimeter(ZDC) covers the forward direction (< 2.8mrad) anddetects neutral particles.3) BBC and ZDC serve as independent luminosity measures. They are placed symmetrically to the plane η = 0 and the diﬀerent components are named BBCN, BBCS and ZDCN, ZDCS.
A Local-Level 1 (LL1) trigger, BBCLL1[NoCut], isdeﬁned as the coincidence between BBCN and BBCS
hits. BBCLL1[30cm] is deﬁned as BBCLL1[NoCut]
with an additional oﬄine vertex position cut with|z| < 30cm. ZDCLL1[30cm] and ZDCLL1[150cm] aredeﬁned in a similar way.
BBCLL1[30cm] counts are used to calculate R. By
comparing it with the other luminosity measures, δRis evaluated. Let NA(B) (i) be the counts of trigger A(B) in bunch crossing i. r(i) = NA (i)/NB (i)should be constant if the two triggers are ideal luminosity measures. The assumption was tested by
a ﬁt2) , where possible spin dependences are taken
into account. We use BBCLL1[30cm] as trigger B
in this√ article. ZDC[30cm]√ was chosen for trigger A
at s = 200GeV.2) At s = 62.4GeV, the ratio∗1

Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Japan

Trigger
62.4GeV
200GeV
BBCLL1(NoCut)(*)
in ZDCwide
1.3 × 10−2 2.1 × 10−1
ZDCwide(*)
in BBCLL1(NoCut)
3.8 × 10−5 6.7 × 10−3
BBCLL1(NoCut)(*)
in pZDC
1.9 × 10−1 N/A
pZDC(*)
in BBCLL1(NoCut) 1.2 × 10−2 N/A
Table 1. Event overlap. Triggers with (*) are used in theanalysis.

ZDC[30cm]/BBCLL1[30cm] is an order of magnitude
smaller. Even with the use of ZDC[150cm] (three times
higher statistics than that of ZDC[30cm]), the achieved
accuracy was δALL = 2.8 × 10−3 and is statisticallylimited.
For improvement of the accuracy, a trigger pZDC deﬁned as (BBCN||BBCS)&&(ZDCN||ZDCS), was introduced and used as trigger A. BBCLL1[30cm] has a vertex cut, while pZDC does not. The ﬁt across bunches
using these triggers produced a large χ2 , partially due
to the vertex width variation in each bunch crossing.
This eﬀect was corrected using the vertex distribution
width obtained by a Gaussian ﬁt to the vertex distribution. After the correction, χ˜2 (=χ2 /N DF ) of the ﬁt
was greatly reduced, although it was still larger thanunity (at most ∼10). This√was taken into account byenlarging the ﬁt error by χ˜2 . The achieved accuracy
was δALL ∼ 1.4 × 10−3 , which is two times more accurate than the results using ZDC[150cm].
Since pZDC uses a common detector with BBCLL1,
the dependence on each other should be evaluated. For
the study, event overlap was investigated. Let “A in B”
be the fraction of events that are collected by trigger
B and which ﬁre trigger A at the same time. To avoid
the eﬀect from the diﬀerence of the vertex cut, BBCLL1(NoCut), ZDC[150cm], and pZDC were compared
and are summarized in Table 1. The eﬀect of a 150cm
cut is small since a typical vertex distribution has awidth of σ ∼ 60cm. ZDCLL1 in BBCLL1 at 200GeV(pZDC in BBCLL1) is ∼ 0.7% (1.2%). BBCLL1 in
ZDCLL1is ∼ 21% (19%). Thus, the event overlap√√ ats = 62.4GeV is at a similar level to that at s =200GeV.
References
1) K. Aoki et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 79 (2007).
2) K. Tanida et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 37, 227(2003).
3) K. Adcox et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 499, 469(2003).

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(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Double Helicity Asymmetry of Inclusive Charged Hadron Production√in Proton Proton Collisions at s = 62.4 GeV at PHENIX
A. Datta,∗1 D. Kawall,∗1,∗2[Double Helicity, Asymmetry, Longitudinal Polarization]transverse momentum range (0.2 ≤ pT ≤ 4.5 GeV/c).
Muons from charged hadron decays are another sourceof the background and they are eliminated by track
selection procedure and momentum cuts.

Introduction
The gluon contribution to the spin of the proton is 1
2∆G(Q ) =∆g(x, Q2 )dx,0where ∆g is the polarized gluon distribution, x is themomentum fraction, and Q is the resolution scale.
At PHENIX, spin asymmetries are measured for several processes sensitive to√∆g(x, Q2 ). Hadron production in pp scattering at s = 62.4 GeV with transverse momentum (pT ) below 5 GeV/c is dominated byquark-gluon scattering at leading order in perturbative QCD (pQCD), providing sensitivity to the gluon
helicity distribution in the proton. In the rapidity
range (−0.35 < η < 0.35) covered by the PHENIX
central arm detectors2) , scattering of quarks and gluons with momentum fractions 0.05 - 0.21) are probed.
The cross-sections and double-spin asymmetry for single inclusive charged hadrons in this kinematic regime
are important for constraining ∆g, and for comparison
with threshhold resummation calculations1) .

Predictions From Theory
Next-to-leading order pQCD calculationsof ALL for√
mid-rapidity charged hadrons at s = 62.4 GeV havebeen performed by W. Vogelsang et al. for several
GRSV models with factorization and renormalisation
scales µ = pT . Figure 1 shows predictions of ALL
for inclusive positively charged hadrons for three different scenarios: ‘GRSV-max’ (∆G(1GeV 2 ) = 1.9),‘GRSV-standard’ (∆G(1GeV 2 ) = 0.4), and ‘∆g = 0’(∆G(1GeV 2 ) = 0.1). Also shown on the plot are theanticipated experimental uncertainties on ALL , estimated from the observed charged hadron yields.
0.25

GRSV Max
0.2

GRSV standard

Hadron Selection and Background Reduction
Integrated luminosity of ∼ 0.08 pb−1 of minimum
bias triggered data (triggered on any inelastic√ process)of longitudinally polarized pp collisions at s = 62.4
GeV were recorded at RHIC in 2006. Charged tracks
reconstructed from Drift Chamber (DC)2) and the 1st
layer of the Pad Chamber (PC1)2) with the additional
requirement of a matching hit on either PC3 or theelectromagnetic calorimeter2) are selected. An offlinevertex cut of 30 cm on both sides of the nominal centerof the interaction region is imposed to remain within
the acceptance of the tracking detectors. Transverse
momenta are reconstructed using the DC, and are corrected for spatial shifts of the DC arms. Runs withlarge dead areas or high noise in the DC are eliminatedfrom the analysis.
Electrons and positrons from conversion of photons
mostly coming from π 0 decays are one source of the
background. The Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH)
detector at PHENIX has a high momentum threshold for hadrons (4.7 GeV/c for pions) and less than
100 MeV/c threshold for e± . RICH veto is used toseparate e± tracks from hadron tracks in the desired∗1∗2

Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, USA
RIKEN-BNL Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA- 58 -ALL

0.15

GRSV ∆g = 0
0.1
0.05
0
0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5
pT(GeV/c)

3

3.5

4

4.5

Fig. 1. GRSV predictions of ALL for positively charged√
hadrons from pp ( s = 62.4GeV ) and projected uncertainties for integrated luminosity of 0.08 pb−1 .

Conclusion
With the uncertainties anticipated on ALL , we will
be able to test the (currently disfavored) GRSV-max
predictions1) for consistency with the data at morethan 3 σ. An attempt to distinguish between the twoother input polarised gluon distributions will require
more statistics, and distinguishing between them remains inconclusive for the moment.
References
1) D. de Florian, W. Vogelsang and F. Wagner, Phys. Rev.
D 76, 094021 (2007).
2) K. Adcox et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 499, Pages 469-479, 489-507, 521-536(2003).

1

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Rep.41

A study of high-pT photons in the PHENIX electromagnetic
calorimeter
K. Okada
categories in the PbSc as a function of cluster energy
after the subtraction of the background not related tothe collisions. From this figure, the category of (notphoton shape and no track match) shows an excess
starting at approximately 10 GeV, which indicates the0).
contribution of π 0 photon merging (πmerge
As a comparison, the number of π 0 s identified by0) is used. Figure 2 shows the ratio of
two clusters (πsep000). In the same figure, the results
πsep to (πsep + πmergeof two other analyses are also shown. As the cluster
energy increases, more π 0 photons merge and fewer π 0
are identified by the separated photons, thus this ratio
decreases. Since the PbGl has finer segmentation, theonset is higher than that of PbSc. All three independent approaches are in good agreement, although theanalysis described in this report has a large statisticaluncertainty at the high-energy region.
References
1) K.Adcox et al.: Nucl. Inst. Meth. A499, 469 (2003).

105#countIn high-energy nuclear collision experiments, the detection of photons is one of the key issues. Because
photons only interact with media electromagnetically,a photon produced by direct process provides information on the initial condition of the collision with little
disturbance. Even for the hadronic probe, the major
hadronic production process, the neutral pion (π 0 ), is
identified with its decay products, which are photons.
At the RHIC-PHENIX experiment, the main photon
detector is the electromagnetic calorimeters (EMCals)in the central rapidity region1) . There are two types ofcalorimeters: the lead scintillator (PbSc) and the lead
glass (PbGl). The cell size of PbSc (PbGl) is 53 (40)[mm] and is located 5 [m] from the collision point. It
provides a high resolution in the vertical plane; however, there is no longitudinal segmentation.
Two photons from a π 0 start to merge at the π 0energy of about 10 GeV, and it becomes difficult to
identify a single photon cluster. In PHENIX, three
approaches have been taken to address this photonmerging issue. The first is by carrying out a full simulation. The second is based on photon cluster shapeparametrization according to test beam results. The
third uses actual collision data. This report describes
the third approach and gives a comparison between thethree approaches.
The analysis is based on 4 pb−1 of proton+proton(p + p) collision data collected in 2006. In a p + p collision, the particle multiplicity is so low that the effect of
the overlap of two independent photon clusters can besafely ignored. Here we focus on the medium-energy
region where the two photons from π 0 do not completely merge so that the cluster shape is expected tobe different from that of a single photon. All clusters
in the EMCal are divided into four categories by a cluster shape cut and a charged track match. If the cluster comprises merged photons from a π 0 , it should notpass the photon shape cut or be matched to a charged
track. However, this category also contains other objects: background not related to collisions, single photons that failed the photon shape cut, and neutral
hadrons. Background not related to collisions is subtracted using the time-of-flight information. At higher
energy, the contribution from the background is larger.
It is about 10% at 15 GeV. The single-photon contribution is estimated by the number of clusters witha photon shape and no track match and the photonshape-cut efficiency. The neutral hadron contribution
is estimated by scaling the number of clusters matched
to a track.
Figure 1 shows the number of clusters of the four

photon shape, no track
not photon shape, no track
photon shape, track match
not photon shape, track match

104
103
102
10
1
0

5

10

15

20

25
30
E[GeV]

Fig. 1. Number of clusters after background subtraction(PbSc).

00
0
Fig. 2. Ratio of πsep
to (πsep+ πmerge) as a function of
Eπ 0 .

- 59 -

1

RIKEN(2008)
41(2008)
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Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Transversely Polarized Proton Spin Measurements in p+p Collisions
with the PHENIX detector†
Mickey Chiu, Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton NY 11973
Early measurements of double longitudinal asymmetries at RHIC, when both protons are longitudinallypolarized, have shown that the contribution to the proton’s spin from gluon spin is perhaps not very large1–3) ,and might be much less than the 70% remainder ofthe proton’s spin that is unknown. In addition to longitudinally polarized spin measurements, one can also
study the spin asymmetries which result when colliding
transversely√ polarized protons. At the RHIC collisionenergy of s = 200 GeV, NLO pQCD can accurately
describe the invariant cross-sections in unpolarized collisions even at forward rapidities4) , so while it is nottheoretically known how at the moment, the hope isthat orbital angular momentum can be probed by measuring such myriad eﬀects as the Sivers eﬀect, Collins
eﬀect, and higher twist eﬀects in tranversely polarized
proton collisions, in a region where the theory is quantitatively understood.

ANp↑+p → π0 +X at s = 62.4 GeV
0.15

20% polarization uncertainty on A scaleN
10% energy calibration uncertainty on x scale〈 p 〉 = 0.28 0.34 0.44 0.54 GeV/c
TF

η > 3.5
η < 3.5

0.1

0.05〈 p 〉 = 0.64 0.77 0.97 1.16 GeV/c

0

-0.05

T

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6
xF

Fig. 1. The xF dependence of neutral pion analyzing power
√
0
↑
−N ↓
AπN = P1 N
at s = 62 GeV, for two diﬀerentN ↑ +N ↓pseudorapidity bins

The most recent transversely polarized proton run
at RHIC, in 2006, yielded an √integrated luminosity of
approximately 2.7 pb−1 at√a s = 200 GeV and approximately 20 nb−1 at a s = 62 GeV, with an average beam polarization of about 50%. In this 2006 run,a new P bW O4 based electromagnetic calorimeter, theMuon Piston Calorimeter (MPC), was installed at forward rapidities (3.1 < η < 3.7) in the south arm√of
PHENIX6) , in time for the transverse running at s
= 62 GeV. This new detector allows for more interesting studies of transverse spin eﬀects since many of the
non-zero asymmetries are at larger rapidities, presumably because at forward rapidities one probes larger xF
and therefore have sensitivity to valence quark orbital

motion eﬀects.
After masking out noisy towers, correcting the tower
by tower gains, clustering towers, and setting theenergy scale using the mininum ionizing peak, one
can reconstruct the π 0 in the MPC. The backgroundfrom combinatoric pairs is subtracted out using mixed
events. After this, one can count the left-right asymmetry AN in the production of π 0 ’s relative to thespin direction of the proton. In ﬁgures 1 and 2 thesingle spin asymmetry AN is plotted as a function ofxF and pT , respectively, for our sample of π 0 ’s in the
MPC. One can see that there is a signiﬁcant asymmetry. For this sample the statistics begin to run out at
a pT of 1.5 GeV/c, and in any case, due to the low
collision energies there is a kinematic limit of pT ∼ 3
GeV/c for this lower collision energy. The low pT thatis reached does bring into question the ability to interpret the results, since a perturbative QCD treatmentof the data may not be valid. This question can be
explored further by comparing the production crosssection to the NLO pQCD prediction.
In conclusion, PHENIX has measured the single spintransverse asymmetry of π 0 , h± , and J/Ψ, covering an
xF from 0 to 0.6, and at two diﬀerent collision energies. In the future, we expect approximately 25%of the polarized proton running at RHIC will be in
the transverse mode, and the prospects for transverse
asymmetry measurements at PHENIX are quite good.
The north MPC was installed in time for the 2008
run, doubling the coverage at forward rapidities, while
a compact tungsten-silicon based calorimeter covering
pseudorapidity from 1 to 3, the Nose-Cone Calorimeter, is planned as an upgrade for installation in 2011.
With the better coverage from the new detectors andhigher statistics, one can make more diﬀerential measurements in order to decouple the possible contributions to the transverse single spin asymmetry.
References
1) S. S. Adler et al. [PHENIX Collaboration], Phys. Rev.
Lett. 93, 202002 (2004)
2) S. S. Adler et al. [PHENIX Collaboration], Phys. Rev.
D 73, 091102 (2006)3) B. I. Abelev et al. [STAR Collaboration], Phys. Rev.
Lett. 97, 252001 (2006)
4) J. Adams et al. [STAR Collaboration], Phys. Rev. Lett.
92, 171801 (2004)
5) S. S. Adler et al. [PHENIX Collaboration], Phys. Rev.
Lett. 95, 202001 (2005)6) M. Chiu [PHENIX Collaboration], AIP Conf. Proc.
915, 539 (2007)- 60 -

1

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111
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Rep.41

Multiple Collision Effects on Relative Luminosity Measurement at
PHENIX
A. Datta,∗1 D. Kawall,∗1,∗2[Luminosity, Asymmetry, Spin]
Introduction
PHENIX measures asymmetries, ALL , in particle
production from collisions of polarized proton beams :

0.7
0.6

Here Na is the particle yield from beam helicity states++ and −−, and Nb is that for +− and −+. La,b
are the corresponding beam luminosities. P1 , P2 arebeam polarizations. The asymmetries are of physics
interest because of their sensitivity to the polarizationof quarks and gluons in the proton. Measuring thephysics asymmetry requires the measurement of therelative luminosity R = La /Lb of the colliding beams
to higher precision than the expected asymmetries inparticle production.
Current Method of Determining R
PHENIX has Beam Beam Counters1) (BBCs) at ±144 cm from the center of the nominal interaction region (IR). If a pp collision occurs, the average hit time
is constructed in the BBC arms north and south of thevertex. The difference in average hit time of each side
is used to reconstruct the vertex position z:
S
N
− Tav
Tav
∗ c,
2
where c is the velocity of light in vacuum.
The rate of events occurring between ± 30 cm of thenominal IR center is a measure of the luminosity. Thismethod counts at most one event per bunch crossing,even if there were multiple events. This leads to anunderestimate of the luminosity. However, if eventsoccur simultaneously at z > 30 cm and z < −30 cm,
the two events are reconstructed as a single event attheir midpoint, leading to an overestimate of the luminosity.

z=

Effects of Multiple Collisions on BBC Response
To see which of the competing effects is dominant,
we sought the BBC detection efficiency to inelastic collisions occurring at different vertex locations (see Fig.
1). The event generator PYTHIA
was used to simulate√
inelastic pp collisions at s = 200 GeV. The resulting
particles were tracked and the BBC response simulatedusing PISA, the PHENIX detector simulator.
∗1∗2

Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts,
Amherst, USA
RIKEN-BNL Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA

BBC Efficiency

1 Na /La − Nb /Lb.
ALL =P1 P2 Na /La + Nb /Lb

QCD

0.5

Double Diffractive

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-250

-200

-150

-100

-50
0
50
Vertex Position(cm)

100

150

200

250

Fig. 1. BBC efficiency for some of the inelastic processes.

The BBC response to multiple events per bunch
crossings could be simulated by using the BBC efficiency to the individual events. To do this, we formed
the convolution in space and time of bunches of ionswith properties consistent with those at RHIC. This
yields a “true” temporal and spatial distribution of
events. Multiple collisions per crossing could be simulated by choosing two or more events from this “true”
distribution. The BBC response to each event is determined from its true vertex location (Fig. 1), thenthe average hit time in each BBC arm is determined,
yielding the inferred vertex position. Since we know
the true rate of events inside ± 30 cm, and the inferred (i.e. observed by BBC) rate of events inside ±30 cm, we can determine the error in the luminosity
calculation. To the extent that the bunch shapes are
the same for like and unlike helicity bunches, the sizeof the error depends on the event rate and the vertex
distribution.
Results
We can express the correction δR to the relative luminosity R as : δR = R × (ra − rb ) × f . Here ra , rb
are collision probabilities for the different helicity configurations a or b. Typical values are R ≈ 1, ra ≈ collision frequency/crossing frequency ≈ 2 kHz/78 kHz,and |ra − rb |/ra ≈ 0.02 and f (which is bunch shapeand acceptance dependent) ≈ 0.5. This yields corrections δR ≤ 2 × 10−4 . This correction is expected toincrease as the collider luminosity increases.
References
1) M. Allen et al. (PHENIX Collaboration), Nucl. Instr.
and Meth. A 499, Pages 469-479, 549-559 (2003).

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Rep.41

Accessing Gluon Spin Contributions at Low-x through Double
Longitudinal Spin Asymmetries
M. Grosse-Perdekamp,∗1 J. Koster,∗1 A. Veicht∗1
A major research goal of the Relativistic Heavy Ion
Collider and its two large experiments, STAR and
PHENIX, is determining the polarized gluon distribution function (∆g(x)). These measurements are carried out using the double longitudinal spin asymmetry(ALL ) from either inclusive hadron or jet yields produced in the polarized proton-proton collisions. The
double longitudinal spin asymmetry does not make adirect measurement of the parton momentum fraction
x, but is sensitive to an integral of ∆g(x) over an x
range determined by the choice of observable. The
neutral pion ALL measured at PHENIX during Run
05 and Run06, shown in Fig 1., have been used ina global QCD analysis and constrain the total gluon
1
spin contribution to the proton (∆G = 0 ∆g(x)dx)
to be small for one model framework. The present
data however still fits other models that have a large∆G, such as the Gehrmann-Stirling Model C2) , equally
well. In order to differentiate between the models new
approaches are needed which limit the x range of theprobed gluon.

Fig. 1. PHENIX π 0 ALL from Run 05 and 06 proton-proton√
collisions at s = 200 GeV, and the Gehrmann Stirling Model C predicted π 0 ALL

The current PHENIX measurements are done witha single hadron at mid-rapidity which selects a broad
range in the sampled x1,2 , that is roughly 0.03 ≤x1,2 ≤ 0.3. The need for measurements with a different range in x is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 shows the predicted asymmetry based on the∗1

Fig. 2. Gehrmann Stirling Models A, B and C. The vertical dashed lines indicate the x range probed in current
measurements.

Gehrmann-Stirling Model C2) of the polarized gluon
distribution which has a node but still contributes a
total gluon spin contribution of 1. This model or any
distribution which rises at sufficiently small x can beconsistent with the present data set.
The small x region holds potentially large gluon spin
contributions. Taking the unpolarized gluon distribution as a bound for the polarized gluon distribution gives an upper bound for the spin contributions.
The CTEQ 6.5M unpolarized gluon distribution at a
Q2 of the maximum spin contribution for the range
0.01 < x < 0.03 range is 4.9 h̄ for Q2 = 4 GeV2 while
for the 0.3 < x < 1 range the maximum contribution
is only 2.7 × 10−2 for Q2 =100 GeV2 .
Two ongoing analyses using existing data from Run
06 will access lower average x by using data from a new
forward electromagnetic calorimeter. The first analysis
will measure a single hadron ALL while the second will
require two hadrons: one in the forward region and theother in the central region.
References
1) M. Hirai, S. Kumano and N. Saito: Phys. Rev. , D74
2006.
2) T. Gehrmann and W.J. Stirling: Phys. Rev. , D53 1996.
3) K. Boyle: Proc. of the 17th Internation Spin Physics
Symp., Vol. 915 (2007) p. 335-338.

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign- 62 -

1

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41(2008)
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Rep.41

Sampling fractions study for the Nose-Cone Calorimeter
O. Chvála∗1

1

Sampling fractions

Energy deposits in the calorimeter are sampled bypads comprising silicon sensors. Consecutive pads inan NCC segment are connected to form a sub-tower.
The energy collected by the silicon pads is only afraction of the energy deposited in the corresponding
calorimeter volume, since most of the energy is deposited in the passive tungsten radiator.
The sampling fraction, the ratio of the detected energy to the total energy deposited, depends on the∗1

Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of California inRiverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA

shower composition, which varies with the depth andthe shower energy. It also varies with η as the shower
depth changes by about 1.4 from nearly perpendicularimpact at high η to a (pseudo)rapidity of about one,
modifying the sampling fraction. The sampling fraction of an EM shower therefore depends on the NCC
segment, the shower energy and the incident angle ofthe shower on the detector. The sampling fraction also
depends on energies of tracking cutoffs in the GEANT3
simulation.
The sampling fractions were studied by a detailed
GEANT3 simulation of the NCC calorimeter. The
sampling fractions for the three NCC segments areshown in Fig. 1a for the EM1, Fig. 1b for the EM2,
and Fig. 1c for the HAD segment, as a function of ηand energy of the shower. The sampling fractions areused iteratively in the track reconstruction algorithm
as a look-up table with fast bilinear interpolation.
2.8

1.8

2.6

1.6

2.6

2.4

1.4

2.4

2.2

1.2

2.2

2

1

1.8

0.8

1.6

0.6

1.4

0.4

1.2

0.2

1
10

20

30

40
50
60
shower energy [GeV]c) Sampling fractions HAD [%], PISA cutoffs
1.4

2.8

1.2
1
0.8

2
1.8

0.6

1.6

0.4

1.4
1.2

0.2

1

η

b) Sampling fractions EM2 [%], PISA cutoffs
ηa) Sampling fractions EM1 [%], PISA cutoffs
η

The Nose-Cone Calorimeter (NCC) is a new detector
planned as a forward upgrade of PHENIX experiment
at RHIC at BNL. This detector will expand PHENIX
acceptance of γ and π 0 measurement from the current
range of η ± 0.35 adding the region of 1 < η < 3.
NCC detector is a tungsten–silicon (W-Si) sampling
calorimeter, its face is located 41 cm from the nominal PHENIX vertex. The NCC is approximately diskshaped with a radius of 50 cm. Each tower composesof silicon sensors segmented to 15×15 mm pads. The
detector is 19 cm thick, subdivided into three longitudinal segments: EM1, EM2 measuring electromagnetic
showers; and a HAD segment, to identify and reject
hadronic background. In addition, EM1 segment contains two layers of finely segmented 2D silicon strips
at depths of 2 radiation lengths (X0 ) and 3 X0 for highenergy π 0 identification (PI1 and PI2). Total depthsof the two EM segments is 8 X0 each, and 19 X0 for the
HAD segment. The NCC is designed to be a tracking
calorimeter. Clusters of hits in the consecutive longitudinal segments together with information from thePIs and an independent vertex position measurement
are fitted to form NCC tracks.
Large phase space coverage of the NCC together
with its lateral and longitudinal segmentation necessitates rapidity and energy dependent calibrations ofsampling fractions, energy deposits and shower shapes
used to reconstructs shower energies and to identify
particles responsible for a shower. A significant part ofthe corresponding analyzes was done during my stay at
the RIKEN institute. This report describes how thesecalibrations performed.
The NCC is designed to measure electromagnetic
showers, primarily photons, direct or a meson (mostlyπ 0 ) decay products. The calibrations described in thisreport correspond to electromagnetic showers. Calibration for hadrons and jets can be done following thesame procedure.

2.8
2.6

1

2.4
0.8

2.2
2

0.6

1.8
1.6

0.4

1.4
0.2

1.2
1

10

20

30

40
50
60
shower energy [GeV]

10

20

30

40
50
60
shower energy [GeV]

Fig. 1. Sampling fractions in percent for a) EM1, b) EM2,c) HAD segment as a function of the shower energy
and the angle. Importance of both angular and energy
dependence is clearly visible.

2

Energy calibration

After the tracks are formed, the final stage energy
correction is applied. This accounts for leakage at thecalorimeter edges, nonlinearity at low energies, andcalibration of the reconstruction losses. The energy
calibration factor ξ(E, η) is defined as a ratio of thetrue shower energy over the reconstructed energy ofthe shower; the reconstructed shower energy comprisesof sampled energy deposits in each sub-tower in thecalorimeter segments weighted by the sampling fraction and the reconstruction algorithm. Fig. 2 showsξ(E, η) as a function of the reconstructed shower energy and angle.
3

Conclusion

We studied energy and rapidity dependence of thesampling fraction and energy calibration of NCC using a detailed GEANT simulation during SPINFEST
at RIKEN. It can be observed in Fig. 2 that the sam-

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079

η

Energy calibration factor
2.8

1.8

2.6

1.7

2.4

1.6

2.2

1.5

2

1.4

1.8

1.3

1.6

1.2

1.4

1.1

1.2
1

1
10

20

30

40
50
60
reconstructed track energy [GeV]

Fig. 2. Energy calibration for electromagnetic showers as
a function of the shower energy and η

pling fractions shown in Fig. 1 work well and they areappropriate for the NCC detector. The final stage energy calibration corrections remain significant only atedge regions and for low energy γs, as expected fromthe detector geometry and presence of cutoffs in theshower development simulations.
4

Acknowledgments

I would like to express my thanks to the RIKEN
institute, Kensuke Okada, Yuji Goto, Astrid Morrealeand other PHENIX collaborators for allowing me towork at this workshop at RIKEN and for making it avery pleasant stay.

2- 64 -

4. Hadron Physics(Theory)

005
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41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
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Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Global QCD Analysis of Fragmentation Functions
D. de Florian,∗1 R. Sassot,∗1 M. Stratmann[hadronization, global QCD analysis, theoretical uncertainties]

DiH (z, µ0 ) = Ni z αi (1 − z)βi [1 + γi (1 − z)δi ],(1)

where the initial scale µ0 in Eq. (1) is taken to beµ0 = 1 GeV for the light partons and the quark masses
for charm and bottom. To reduce the number of parameters to those that can be effectively constrainedby the data, we are still forced to make some plausible
assumptions. For instance, we impose isospin symmetry for the sea fragmentation functions in the case of++pions, i.e., Dūπ = Ddπ , but we allow for slightly differπ+π+.
= N Du+ū
ent normalizations in the q + q̄ sum Dd+d¯
Similar assumptions are made in the case of kaons,protons, and the remaining charged hadrons, see2) .
The resulting fits are in good agreement with all data
analyzed2) , see, e.g., Figs. 1 and 2. This is a crucial testof the fundamental universality property of fragmentation functions usually assumed in QCD calculations.
Differences to previous analyses1) are most apparent
when compared to data that imply charge separation,
especially in the case of kaons, and, in general, for observables sensitive to the gluon fragmentation at large
energy fractions z. In order to reliably estimate the∗1

Dep. de Fisica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina- 65 -+π0.25 ≤ z ≤ 0.35

2

1/NDIS dN /dzdQ

0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2

z - bin0.25 - 0.35

1+

0.35 - 0.45

-

π

π

0.45 - 0.60

0.35 ≤ z ≤ 0.45

0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2

0.45 ≤ z ≤ 0.60

0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2

0.60 ≤ z ≤ 0.75

0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2

0.60 - 0.75

10-1

THIS FIT
KRE
-

π

2

1/NDIS dN /dzdQ

z - bin0.25 - 0.35

1

0.35 - 0.45
0.45 - 0.60

10-10.60 - 0.75

not fitted

2

Q [GeV]1

10

2

Q [GeV]1(data - theory)/theory

The last few years have seen a growing interest in accurate parameterizations for fragmentation functions
driven by the increasing role of one-particle inclusive
measurements as a QCD laboratory for the spin andflavor structure of the nucleon, nuclear modificationsof parton densities and fragmentation functions, and,in general, as a window to the non-perturbative regime
so far little explored.
Until recently, fragmentation functions have been
extracted exclusively from singe-inclusive electronpositron annihilation data1) . Such a procedure has
many inherent uncertainties: e+ e− data provide no information on how to disentangle quark from antiquark
fragmentation and the gluon fragmentation is only
weakly constrained from QCD scaling violations. Here
we report on the results of a first global QCD analysis
2), where we have determined individual fragmentation
functions for quarks and antiquarks for all flavors, aswell as gluons, from a much larger set of data. Hadronproduction in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering(SIDIS) and proton-proton collisions has the advantage of charge separated final states and sensitivity todifferent scales, energy fractions z, and combinationsof fragmentation functions than e+ e− data.
In order to accommodate the additional data, we
adopt a more versatile functional form for the input
fragmentation functions than in previous extractions,10Fig. 1. Comparison with π ± SIDIS data from HERMES.

10
10
10
10
10
10
10

3 K+

-1

-2

3 K-

E d σ3 [mb / GeV ]dp
2

E d σ3 [mb / GeV ]dp

BRAHMS data
η = 2.95

BRAHMS data
η = 2.95

-3

2

-4

-5

THIS FIT-6

KRE
scale uncertainty

-7

1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5

(data - theory)/theory

1

2

3

4

pT [GeV]

1

2

3

4

pT [GeV]5

Fig. 2. Comparison with pp → K ± X data from BRAHMS.

uncertainties characteristic of the fragmentation functions obtained in our fits, we apply the Lagrange multiplier technique2) to the χ2 -profiles for the truncated1second moments zmin zDiH (z)dz. For pions the relative uncertainties are found to be about 3% and 10%
for “favored” (valence) and “unfavored” (sea) or gluon
fragmentation functions, respectively. The uncertainties in kaon fragmentation functions are typically twiceas large as those for pions2) . In the near future, precision data from BELLE are expected to further reduce
the uncertainties by allowing for the first time to study
scaling violations in e+ e− data.
References
1) S. Kretzer, Phys. Rev. D62, 054001 (2000); S. Albino
et al., Nucl. Phys. B725, 181 (2005); M. Hirai et al.,Phys. Rev. D75, 094009 (2007).
2) D. de Florian, R. Sassot, and M. Stratmann, Phys. Rev.
D75, 114010 (2007); D76, 074033 (2007).

1

014
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Isospin dependence of the EMC eﬀect†
W. Bentz,∗1 I. C. Cloët,∗2 and A. W. Thomas∗3[NUCLEAR STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS, Isospin dependence, Eﬀective Quark Theories]

4
fu/A + 19 fd/A
F2A
= 9 (0)(0)
4
ZF2p + N F2n
f
+ 1f
9 u/A

(1)

9 d/A

on the ratio Z/N of the nucleus A. Here F2A isthe spin independent nuclear structure function, andF2p , F2n are the spin independent free nucleon structure functions. The quark distributions in the nucleus are denoted as fq/A (q = u, d), and the distri(0)butions in the absence of nuclear eﬀects are fq/A =Z/Afq/p + N/Afq/n , where fq/N are the quark distributions in the nucleon (N = p, n).
We evaluate the nuclear quark distributions in nuclear matter. The equation of state for nuclear matter is constructed in the mean ﬁeld approximation1),
including self consistent isoscalar scalar (σ), isoscalar
vector (ω 0 ), and isovector vector (ρ0 ) ﬁelds. The individual nucleons are described as quark-diquark boundstates in the NJL model, where we take into accountthe scalar (0+ ) and axial vector (1+ ) diquarks. The
strengths of the diquark interactions are adjusted tothe mass and the axial vector coupling constant of afree nucleon. The couplings of the vector ﬁelds (ω 0and ρ0 ) to the nucleon are adjusted to the saturation
density and the symmetry energy for the case N = Z.
The quark distributions in the nucleus are evaluatedas the convolution of the nucleon distributions in the
nucleus and the quark distributions in the nucleon2) .
In Figs. 1 and 2 we show the EMC ratios for several ﬁxed ratios Z/N . The baryon density used in thecalculation is the saturation density for each value of
Z/N . The data shown in the ﬁgures refer to the nuclear matter extrapolation of isoscalar nuclei.
On the neutron rich side (Fig. 1), the EMC eﬀect
increases as Z/N decreases from 1 to 0.6, while for
Z/N < 0.6 the eﬀect decreases in the valence quark
region. This can be understood as follows: Becauseof the isovector mean ﬁeld, the u (d) quarks feel anadditional attraction (repulsion) as we go to the neutron rich side. This additional binding means that themedium modiﬁcations of the u distribution becomelarger as we go to the neutron rich side. Because of
the bigger charge of the u quark, the EMC eﬀect willtend to increase (see Eq.(1)). However, at the same
†
∗1
∗2
∗3

1.2

EMC ratios: Z � N

RA =time the overall magnitude of the u distribution decreases relative to the d distribution, and eventually
the smaller medium modiﬁcation of the d distribution
leads to a decreasing EMC eﬀect.
On the proton rich side, the EMC eﬀect decreases
with increasing Z/N , see Fig.2. In this case, the binding (medium modiﬁcation) of the u (d) distribution becomes smaller (larger) as we replace neutrons by protons, and at the same time the overall magnitude of
the u distribution becomes dominant over the d distribution. Therefore the EMC eﬀect gradually decreaseson the proton rich side.

1.1
1
0.9
0.8

Z/N = 0.2
Z/N = 0.4
Z/N = 0.8
Z/N = 1

0.7
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

x

Fig. 1. EMC ratios for Z/N < 1.

1.2

EMC ratios: Z � N

In this work we investigate the dependence of the
EMC ratio

1.1
1
0.9
Z/N = 1
Z/N = 1/0.8
Z/N = 1/0.6
Z/N = 1/0.4
Z/N = 1/0.2

0.8
0.7
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

x

Fig. 2. EMC ratios for Z/N > 1.

References
1) W. Bentz and A.W. Thomas, Nucl. Phys. A 696 (2001)
138.
2) I.C. Cloët, W. Bentz and A.W. Thomas, Phys. Lett. B
642 (2006) 210.

Condensed from an article by I.C. Cloët, W. Bentz, andA.W. Thomas, to be published.
Department of Physics, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
Argonne National Laboratories, Argonne, IL, U.S.A.
Jeﬀerson Laboratories, Newport News, VA, U.S.A.

- 66 -

1

015(2008)
RIKEN
Prog.
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41On the DLY Relation for Fragmentation Functions†W. Bentz,∗1 T. Ito,∗1 A. W. Thomas∗2 and K. Yazaki∗3[FRAGMENTATION FUNCTIONS, Drell-Levy-Yan Relation, Eﬀective Quark Theories]
The Drell-Levy-Yan (DLY) relation1) expresses thequark fragmentation function Dqh (z) by the quark distribution function fqh (x) in the unphysical region of
the Bjorken variable (x > 1). Here we outline two independent derivations of this relation, referring to thecase of the nucleon (h = N ), and give numerical examples, which indicate that the predictions for Dqh (z)based on this relation and a simple eﬀective quark theory are smaller than the empirical values by factors often to hundred.
We consider the Green function< pn |T (O(0)ΨN (p)) |0 >, where ΨN (p) is the Fouriertransform of the nucleon ﬁeld operator, O is a local
ﬁeld operator, and |pn > is a hadronic state. If Γ(p, pn )denotes the amputated Green function, the spectral
representation (or reduction formula) leads to the following relations:the distribution (x > 1) is extremely small. Indeed,
the fragmentation function predicted by Eq.(2) turns
out to be smaller than the empirical one by factorsof ten to hundred, and a similar - though less severe problem occurs for the pion, too. Because the distributions for x < 1 describe the empirical ones very well2) ,this is a puzzling problem. We found that sea quarkeﬀects, induced by the pion cloud, do not improve thesituation.

< pn |O|p > = Γ(p, pn ) uN (p)< p, pn |O|0 > = ±Γ(−p, pn ) vN (p) .

(1)Here |p > (|p >) denotes a nucleon (antinucleon) statewith 4-momentum pµ , and uN , vN are the nucleon
spinors. The plus (minus) sign holds if O is a fermion(boson) type operator.
If we take O to be the current operator in the defµν
inition of the hadronic tensors W µν and W
for theprocesses ep → e� X and e+ e− → pX, respectively, Eq.
µν(1) gives W (p, q) = −W µν (−p, q), which leads to the
DLY relationz1
Dqh (z) = ± fqh ( ) .
6
z

(2)

For h = N (h = π) the minus (plus) sign holds. We
can also take O to be the quark ﬁeld in the operator
deﬁnitions of fqh (x) and Dqh (z), and Eq. (1) again leadsto (2). One important observation from Eq.(2) is thefollowing: For the case of the nucleon, the generalized
distribution must cross zero at x = 1, but for the pion
it must not cross zero because both the distribution
and the fragmentation functions should be positive.
As an illustration, we show the generalized u distribution for the π + and proton in Figs. 1 and 2. Here weuse a simple NJL model description of the pion as a qq
state, and the nucleon as a quark-scalar diquark state.
It is particularly evident from Fig.2 that the “tail” of
†
∗1
∗2
∗3

Fig. 1. Generalized u distribution in proton.

Fig. 2. Generalized u distribution in π + .

References
1) S.D. Drell, D.J. Levy and T.M. Yan, Phys. Rev. 187(1969) 2159; D1 (1970) 1617.
2) I.C. Cloet, W. Bentz and A.W. Thomas, Phys. Lett. B
642 (2006) 210.

Condensed from an article by T. Ito, W. Bentz, A.W.
Thomas and K. Yazaki, to be published.
Department of Physics, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
Jeﬀerson Laboratories, Newport News, VA, U.S.A.
Department of Mathematics, Tokyo Woman’s Christian
University, Japan- 67 -

1

164
RIKEN
Prog.
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Change in Shear Viscosity as Color Ionization of QCD
Y. Hidaka and R. Pisarski∗1[Quark gluon plasma, nonequilibrium system]

∗1

η(L)
|���|22|���|2 ζ(2)ζ(4)
�
3.31
=
,
ηpert.
1 + |���|2 ζ 2 (5)
1 + |���|2

1.4
Gross-Witten
1.2

Step function
Gaussian
Leading order1
η/ηpert.

The experimental results on heavy-ion collisions at
RHIC have clearly indicated a new regime. Much interest has been focused on collective properties, particularly elliptical ﬂow, which appear to be well describedby a system in which the ratio of the shear viscosity,
to the entropy, is small.
Of particular interest is the transition from a gaseous
plasma, in which ionization is complete, to a regime
in which ionization is only partial. As the fractionof ionization decreases, the system forms a condensed
phase, which is usually a liquid; at higher densities
still, then a solid.
We suggest that in a non-Abelian gauge theory, therenormalized Polyakov loop characterizes the degreeof ionization of color charge. Lattice simulation1) indicates that while the theory is conﬁned for T ≤ Tc ,the ionization of color is essentially complete by a few
times Tc . Thus, color charge is only partially ionizedin this relatively narrow temperature window2) . We
term this a “semi”-QGP.
In this report, we consider how shear viscosity
changes in semi-QGP3) . In perturbative calculation
4,5), the shear viscosity changes simply from the running of QCD coupling with temperature. We ignore
this, to concentrate on how it depends on how itchanges as the Polyakov loop does.
To include the eﬀect of the Polyakov loop, we characterize eigenvalues of the temporal Wilson line as atimelike component of the gauge ﬁeld A0 , which is dia
agonal in color: Acl
0 = Q /g, where g is the gauge
coupling constant for an SU(Nc ) gauge theory, anda = 1...Nc . The Wilson line is L = exp(iQ/T ); thus,
the Polyakov loop in the fundamental representation is� = trL/Nc . Thermal vacuum is given not by a ﬁxed Q,
but by a distribution. For example, the conﬁned phaseat inﬁnite Nc shows a completely ﬂat eigenvalue distribution, which ensures that all Polyakov loops vanishin the conﬁned phase, �tr Ln � = 0 for all n ≥ 1.
Viscosity can be obtained by solving the Boltzmann
equation4,5) in the background using the constant A0 .
We estimate viscosity in the pure gauge theory with alarge number of colors for simplicity. In this case, viscosity is described as a function of the Polyakov loop.
Since the expectation value of Polyakov loop is lessthan one in semi-QGP, one can expand viscosity fora small Polyakov loop. We ﬁnd a simple result for asmall Polyakov loop as

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

<trL/Nc>

Fig. 1. Numerical results for viscosity divided by perturbative viscosity with several ansatz of color eigenvalue
densities. Leading order stands for Eq.(1).

where ζ(n) is the Riemann zeta-function. ηpert. is theperturbative viscosity, ηpert. � 27.1T 3 /(g 4 ln g −1 )4,5)
without the background. In Fig. 1, we show numericalresults for η(L)/ηpert. with assumptions of eigenvalue
distribution, which are step-function-, Gross-Witten6)
and Gaussian-type distributions. The diﬀerences
between these eigenvalue distributions are very small.
We also plot the ratio of viscosity in Eq. (1). The
result is in good agreement with numerical results up
to ��� = 0.7. This indicates that a higher representation of color is negligible in semi-QGP. We ﬁnd thatshear viscosity is suppressed near Tc or at a small �, asshown in Fig. 1. This implies that the ratio of shear viscosity to entropy increases signiﬁcantly in semi-QGP.
This increase in viscosity/entropy may be importantin proceeding from RHIC to LHC energies. A bump isobserved near � � 0.9. The value is 25% larger thanthe perturbative value. The physical interpretation has
not been determined yet, but this will be clariﬁed in
our future work3) .
References
1) S. Gupta, K. Hubner and O. Kaczmarek, [arXiv:0711.2251].
2) R. D. Pisarski, Phys. Rev. D 74, 121703 (2006).
3) Y. Hidaka and R. Pisarski in preparation.
4) M. Le Bellac, Thermal Field Theory (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000).
5) P. Arnold, G. D. Moore and L. G. Yaﬀe, Jour. HighEnergy Phys. 0011, 001 (2000); ibid. 0305, 051 (2003).
6) D. J. Gross and E. Witten, Phys. Rev. D 21, 446(1980).

(1)

Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratory- 68 -

1

100
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Nucleon axial charge in (2+1)-flavor dynamical DWF QCD
Y. Aoki,∗1 T. Blum,∗2∗1 H.-W. Lin,∗3 M.-F. Lin,∗4 S. Ohta,∗5∗6∗1 S. Sasaki,∗7 R.J. Tweedie,∗8 T. Yamazaki,∗2
and J.M. Zanotti∗8 for RBC and UKQCD Collaborations[Quantum Chromodynamics, Hadron Physics, Nucleon Structure]
The isovector axial charge, gA , of nucleon is definedas the axial vector form factor at zero four-momentum
transfer, gA = GA (q 2 = 0). The axial vector form
factor is given by the nucleon matrix element of theaxial vector current, Aaµ = ψγµ γ5 (τ a /2)ψ, with upand down-quark doublet ψ,

1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7

n |Aaµ |n = un [γµ GA (q 2 ) + iqµ GP (q 2 )]γ5 (τ a /2)un ,

1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7

where GP is the induced pseudoscalar form factor, τ aan isospin Pauli matrix, and q the momentum transfer,qµ = pnµ − pnµ . The axial charge is known experimentally, as gA = 1.2695(29)1) , from neutron beta decay.
That the value deviates from unity is an outcome of
spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry in quantum
chromodynamics (QCD), and as such plays a pivotal
role in understanding nucleon structure.
The RBC and UKQCD Collaborations recently completed a refined lattice-QCD calculation of this quantity using the “2+1” flavors of dynamical domain-wall
fermion (DWF) ensembles with strange quark with amass slightly heavier than physical, four values for degenerate up and down light quark mass that correspond to pion mass of mπ = 0.33-0.67 GeV, and on
two volumes with spatial size L = 1.8 and 2.7 fm2,3) .
These ensembles consist the most accurate theoretical
calculation of hadron physics to date, with the bestchiral and flavor symmetries provided by DWF quarks
at a sufficiently high lattice cutoff combined with reasonably large volumes. This allows us a detailed investigation of the systematics associated with nucleon
structure calculations, most notably the finite-volume
effect (FVE) in the axial charge which the RBC collaboration pioneered in quenched DWF calculations4) .
Our results are summarized in Fig. 1, and compared with some earlier ones. We find unexpectedly
large FVEs at the smallest value of mπ . Further, thepresent results exhibit a scaling with the single variable mπ L which we also discovered in previous twoflavor DWF and Wilson fermion calculations. Using
this scaling to eliminate the finite-volume effect, we obtain gA = 1.20(6)(4) at the physical pion mass, where
the first and second errors are statistical and systematic. This large FVE with dynamical quarks suggests
∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4
∗5
∗6
∗7
∗8

RIKEN BNL Research Center, BNL, USA
Physics Department, University of Connecticut, USA
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, USA
Center for Theoretical Physics, MIT, USA
Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK
Physics Department, SOKENDAI Graduate University
Physics Department, University of Tokyo
School of Physics, University of Edinburgh, UK- 69 -

1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
2

Nf=2+1(2.7fm)
Nf=2+1(1.8fm)
Nf=2(1.9fm)
Nf=0(2.4fm)
Nf=2+1 Mix(2.5fm)

gA (DWF)
gA (Wilson)

Nf=2 Imp. Wilson β=5.20
Nf=2 Imp. Wilson β=5.25
Nf=2 Imp. Wilson β=5.29
Nf=2 Imp. Wilson β=5.40

Nf=2 Wilson β=5.50
Nf=2 Wilson β=5.60
Nf=2 Wilson β=5.60

Nf=0(3.6fm)
Nf=0(2.4fm)
Nf=0(1.8fm)
Nf=0(1.2fm)

gA (qDWF)
3

4

5

6

7

mπL

8

9

10

11

12

Fig. 1. Finite-volume effect (FVE) and mπ L scaling in nucleon axial charge, gA . Top, middle, and bottom panels are respectively dynamical DWF, dynamical Wilson,
and quenched DWF results. For details, see ref.5) andreferences cited there in: We observe significant finitevolume effect at the lightest mass in the top. The effectscales well with a single variable, mπ L.

we need larger lattice volumes for satisfactory latticecalculations of nucleon structure at realistic up- anddown-quark mass values. See a letter article, ref.5) , forfurther details. We thank the members of the RBC
and UKQCD Collaborations for ensemble generation
and analyses, and RIKEN, USDOE, PPARC, BNL,
Columbia and Edinburgh Universities for providing theresources essential to complete this research.
References
1) W.-M. Yao et al., Journal of Physics, G 33, 1 (2006).
2) C. Allton et al. [RBC and UKQCD Collaborations],
Phys. Rev. D 76, 014504 (2007).
3) P. Boyle [RBC and UKQCD Collaborations], PoS(LATTICE 2007) 005; arXiv:0710.5880 [hep-lat].
4) S. Sasaki, K. Orginos, S. Ohta and T. Blum, Phys. Rev.
D 68, 054509 (2003).
5) T. Yamazaki et al., [RBC and UKQCD Collaborations],
Phys. Rev. Letters 100, 171602 (2008).

1

198
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Dynamical QCD simulation with θ terms†
T. Izubuchi,∗1 S. Aoki,∗1∗2 K. Hashimoto,∗1 Y. Nakamura,∗3 T. Sekido∗1 and G. Schierholz∗2[Strong CP problem, electric dipole moment, θ vacuum]3 S)−m  mN (E,N (E, −S) = 2idN (θ)S· E+O(E ) . (1)We use the ordinary Euclidean U (1) field backgroundrather than its Minkowski space version used in theoriginal calculation,1) which is reported to be susceptible to the systematic error induced at the periodic
boundary in temporal direction.2) To avoid the boundary effect and also to safely neglect the O(E 3 ) in eq.
(1), a uniform and weak electric field invented sometime ago3,4) is used.
Our lattice quark is the two flavors of the RGimproved clover fermion, ψ(x), which is set to beunphysically heavy, mρ /mπ ∼ 0.85, for the feasibility study of the novel method. The θ term is rotated into a parity-violating “mass” term in the quark
action, θ2 ψ̄(x)γ5 ψ(x). A thermalized statistical ensembles with θ = 0.4 and 0.0 are accumulated forτ = 2, 000 in the molecular dynamics time unit eachin the Hybrid Monte Carlo simulations with SextonWeingarten, and Hasenbush accelerations. The gauge
action of our choice is the RG-improved gauge action
a la Iwasaki with β = 2.1(a−1 ∼ 2GeV) for 163 × 32
lattice.
When e−Sθ = e−θQtop is turned on, the nega†

∗1
∗2
∗3
∗

Condensed from the article in PoS (LATTICE 2007) 351.
Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kanazawa University
Institute of Physics, University of Tsukuba
John von Neumann Institute NIC/DESY Zeuthen, Germany
This work was made possible with the computational resources provided by the Large-Scale Simulation Program No.
07-14 (FY2007) of the High-Energy Accelerator Research
Organization (KEK), the RIKEN Super Combined Cluster(RSCC), and QCDOC at RBRC and Columbia University.

(0,0)/(1,1) effective mass difference

Nonperturbative prediction of the Neutron’s Electric Dipole Moment (NEDM)
CP vio with the Strong
θ
4

F
F
d
x
=
iθQtop ,lating θ term, Sθ = i 32π
2µντ ρ µν τ ρ
has been recognized as a challenging, yet very interesting, task for lattice QCD for 19 years. The Strong CP
Problem, the potential inconsistency between the mysteriously small experimental NEDM and anticipations
for a natural size of vacuum angle θ ∼ O(1), may be
exposing one of the most prominent unnaturalness innature. To seek a breakthrough on this difficult calculation, we introduce the CP violation according to Sθ
in the probability of QCD ensemble generation for the
first time, then measure observables without reweighting to see whether the new calculation method has better control over the statistical and systematic errors.
To keep the Boltzmann weight positive semidefinite, θis analytically continued to pure imaginary, θ → −iθ,which can be reverted assuming θ is small.
 is
To measure NEDM, a constant electric field, E,
applied to Nucleon, and the energy, mN , dependence is measured,on its spin polarization, S,

E=+2E0, 1 time slice source
Average
0.004 (ratio) of E=+2 E0 and -2 E0 , 1 time slice source
Average (ratio) of E=+2 E0 and -2 E0, also averaged over 2 time slice sources
0.002

0

-0.002-0.004
0

5

t

10

15

Fig. 1. dN extracted from the exponent of R(t, tsrc ; E) determined at t. The applied external electric fields are
E = +2E0 (red), E = −2E0 (blue), and the appropriate average over E = ±2E0 (black).

tive topological charge, calculated from the O(a2 )improved combination of APE-smeared 1 × 1 and 2 × 1
plaquettes, should appear more frequently than thepositive charge for θ > 0. Indeed, the histogram of
Qtop for θ = 0.4 comes out shifted in the negative
direction. The mean topological charge becomes negative, Qtop  = −7.9, leaving the width of the distribution approximately unchanged; a clear signature of CP
violation is successfully implemented in the simulation.
The polarized Neutron propagator is measured on
100 independent configurations under the external
electric field, that is, a multiple of E0 = 2π/(Lz Lt ) ×
3  0.0368 in the z direction. The quark charges are
set as qup = 2/3 and qdown = −1/3. As an example ofphysical signal, Fig. 1 shows the spin-dependent ratioof the propagators,

R(t, tsrc ; E)= lim

N↑ (t)N ↑ (tsrc )θ,Et→large N↓ (t)N ↓ (tsrc )θ,E∝ e−dN θEt . (2)The results are only on two parameter points, andcould be susceptible to systematic errors, such as excited state contaminations, precise normalization of θ,and O(θ2 , E 2 ). However, the improved signal-to-noise
ratio for the novel method is encouraging considering
the relatively small statistics. A more demanding simulation with domain-wall fermions or overlap fermion
might be free from (some of) such systematic errors.
References
1) S. Aoki and A. Gocksch: Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 1125
(1989), Erratum-ibid.65:1172,1990.
2) E. Shintani et al.: Phys. Rev. D75, 034507 (2007),[hep-lat/0611032].
3) U. M. Heller: Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 4, 417 (1988).
4) E. Brown: Phys. Rev. 133, A1038 (1964).

- 70 1

5. Particle Physics

184
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41B0 − B0 mixing in static limit with domain wall fermions†
Y. Aoki∗1
Experimental efforts made it possible to determine
the oscillation frequencies of Bd0 − Bd0 and Bs0 − Bs0
precisely. The Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements
Vtd and Vts can be obtained through these results, once
the hadronic matrix elements are calculated. In thestandard model, the oscillation frequency reads

Φs/Φd

1.15

(1)

1.05

where q is either d or s, Mq is the Bq0 –Bq0 mixing
matrix element
 
 
(2)
Mq = B̄q0  [b̄γ µ (1 − γ5 )q][b̄γµ (1 − γ5 )q] Bq0

10which needs to be calculated in QCD. By historicalreason matrix element sometimes is written with mass
mBq and decay constant fBq being factorized as Mq =8 2
2
3 mBq fBq BBq , which defines the bag parameter Bq .
Lattice QCD provides an ideal framework to calculatethese low energy matrix elements.
Inlattice calculationthe SU (3) breaking ratio ξ =Ms /Md can be obtained
fBs BBs /fBd BBd ∝more precisely than the each matrix element, since
the large fraction of the statistical and systematic
errors cancel in the ratio. Through ξ (theory) and∆ms /∆md (experiment), the ratio |Vtd /Vts | is determined. |Vtd /Vts | provides an important constraint on
the unitarity triangle. As the error of the ratio fromthe experiment is small (sub-percent), the error of thelattice calculation of ξ dominates the width of the allowed range from |Vtd /Vts |.
To be free from the uncontroled quenching error, thefull 2 + 1 flavor lattice QCD calculation of ξ is indispensable. The RBC/UKQCD collaborations have been
trying to calculate the mixing employing static approximation in the heavy quark effective theory (HQET)
with the 2 + 1 flavor domain wall fermions for the lightflavors. The first results has been reported in2) . We areworking to improve this results to obtain much more
precise number of the matrix element. The key issuresto achieve this will be a) to have smaller quark mass
for the extrapolation of the u, d quarks to the physical point, where larger physical volume must be used
to make the finite volume effect negligible; b) to determine matrix elements and the mixing coefficient ofhigher dimensional operator to get lid of O(a) discritization error, where a is the lattice spacing (We haveshown this error is substantial for decay constants andthe matrix elements in our first study2) ); c) to perform
non-perturbative renormalization of the operator, andfurther, non-perturbative estimate of the coefficients
†

∗1

1.1

Condensed from the article1)
RIKEN-BNL Research Center- 71 -

0.005

0.01

0.015
mud

0.02

0.025

0.03

Fig. 1. Ratio of decay constants Φs /Φd as a function of√
mud , where Φq = fBq / mBq for q = d, s. Solid symbols show the values extrapolated to the physical pointby linear fit.
1.5

1.4

1.3
Ms/Md

∆mq = [known factor] · |Vtq∗ Vtb |2 Mq ,

1.2

1.2

1.1

1
0

0.005

0.01

0.015
mud

0.02

0.025

0.03

Fig. 2. Ratio Ms /Md of the B 0 − B 0 mixing matrix elements Mq = Mq mBq renormalized at mb with MS,
NDR as functions of mud .

of the higher dimensional operators. c) is quite challenging, but we have started investigating it. b) is underway via lattice perturbation theory. In this report,
we show the results dealing with issue a) which wasmade possible by large scale simulation on QCDOC at
RIKEN-BNL Recearch Center.
The results are summalized in Fig. 1 (the ratio ofthe decay constants) and Fig. 2 (the ratio of the matrix elements).
The obtained SU (3)f breaking ratiois ξ = Ms /Md (mBs /mBd ) = 1.16(4), which is improved but, still consistent with 1.11(7) (APE smearing) and 1.14(8) (HYP smearing for static quark actions) obtained with larger statistics, but larger massand smaller volume study.
References
1) Y. Aoki, J. Wennekers, PoS(Lattice 2007) 345-1–7.
2) C. Albertus, et al., PoS(Lattice 2007) 376-1–7.

1

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Prog.Rep.
Rep.41d
ZN
symmetry breaking in simulation of twisted Eguchi-Kawai model†
Tomomi Ishikawa, Tatsuo Azeyanagi,∗1 Tomoyoshi Hirata∗1 and Masanori Hanada∗2µ�=νwhere Uµ (µ = 1, .., 4) are link variables and Zµν =exp (2πinµν /N ) , nµν = −nνµ ∈ ZN . The classical so(0)lution Uµ = Γµ is called a “twist eater” and guarantees the existence of the Z4N symmetry in the weak coupling limit. If√ we use the standard twist nµν = L �µν ,where L = N and �µν is an antisymmetric tensor,
this single hypercubic model can describe the planar
Yang-Mills (YM) theory with the L4 lattice. In theintermediate coupling region, it is unclear whether thesymmetry is unbroken because there is no guaranteethat the symmetry is preserved. Numerical simulations performed during the early days of introductionof this model, however, showed that the symmetry is
unbroken throughout the entire coupling region. It
has promoted the belief that the TEK model indeed
works. Surprisingly, some indications of Z4N symmetry
breaking have recently been reported in several contexts concerning the TEK model6,7) . Our work presented in this article is along this line. We concentrateon investigating the locations of symmetry breaking
from the weak coupling side in the (β, N ) plane andshow the continuum limits as YM cannot be taken. a)
Now we give an estimation for the Z4N symmetry
breaking point from the weak coupling side βc . We
assume that the breaking at this point is a transition
from the twist-eater phase Uµ = Γµ to the identity
conﬁguration phase Uµ = N . The classical energy
diﬀerence between these conﬁgurations can� easily becalculated from action (1) as ∆S � 2π 2 β µ�=ν n2µν =24π 2 βN . Going away from the weak coupling limit,
the system shows quantum ﬂuctuations. We expectthat the Z4N symmetry is broken if the ﬂuctuation
†
∗1
∗2
a)

0.65
0.6
0.55
βc

In 1982, Eguchi and Kawai introduced an importantand interesting idea, which is now called Eguchi-Kawai
equivalence1) . In this equivalence, the existence of the
global ZdN symmetry plays a crucial role. However,it was found that the symmetry is actually broken in
the weak coupling region for d > 22) . To avoid thisproblem, the modiﬁed version of this model, twisted
Eguchi-Kawai model (TEK model), was proposed3) .
The TEK model is a single hypercubic model, whose
action is�ST EK = −βN(1)Zµν Tr Uµ Uν Uµ† Uν† ,

0.5

β c~

0.45

1N
001

.21

+0

0.

0.4
0.35
0.3

0

50

100

150
200
2
N(=L )

250

300

350

Fig. 1. βcL versus N . The line is obtained by ﬁtting usingN ≥ 169 data.

around the twist-eater conﬁguration exceeds the energy diﬀerence ∆S. Because the system describesO(N 2 ) interacting gluons, it is natural to assume that
their quantum ﬂuctuations provide an O(N 2 ) contribution to the eﬀective action. Combining this assumption with ∆S, we can estimate the breaking point βc
asβc ∼ N.
(2)
To determine whether this approximation really holds,
we present numerical simulation data in Fig. 1. The
breaking point βc is simply obtained by observing the
expectation value of the Polyakov line with a cold start.
In this ﬁgure, we can observe a clear linear dependenceof βc on N , as similarly obtained using eq. (2), in thelarger N region. Thus, the EK equivalence is valid onlyin the region β > βc ∼ N . As is well known, the oneloop perturbative calculation of the YM lattice theoryshows that its beta function behaves as β ∼ log a−1
near the weak coupling limit, where a is the latticespacing. Then, the continuum limit of the YM systemwith the ﬁxed physical size l = aL can be obtainedusing the scaling β ∼ log N . To obtain a large N limit
with an inﬁnite volume, we should keep β lower thanthat obtained using eq. (2), where the Z4N symmetryis broken.
From our theoretical observation combined with numerical simulation, we conclude that the TEK model
does not have the continuum limit as the YM theory
and further modiﬁcations are required in actual simulations.
References
1) T. Eguchi and H. Kawai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48 (1982)
1063.
2) G. Bhanot et al., Phys. Lett. B 113 (1982) 47.
3) A. Gonzalez-Arroyo and M. Okawa, Phys. Lett. B 120(1983) 174; Phys. Rev. D 27 (1983) 2397.
4) H. Aoki et al., Nucl. Phys. B 565 (2000) 176.
5) J. Ambjorn et al., JHEP 9911 (1999) 029; Phys. Lett.
B 480 (2000) 399; JHEP 0005 (2000) 023.
6) W. Bietenholz et al., JHEP 0610 (2006) 042.
7) M. Teper and H. Vairinhos, Phys. Lett. B 652 (2007)
359.

Condensed from the article in JHEP 0801 (2008) 025 andPoS (LATTICE 2007) 054.
Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Japan
Department of Particle Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
Note that this model also describes gauge theories on noncommutative spaces. Even in this case, we can show thesame conclusion as in the case of the YM.

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Rep.41

A novel asymptotic formula for spin asymmetries
at small transverse momentum
H. Kawamura, J. Kodaira,∗1 and K. Tanaka∗2[Perturbative QCD, soft gluon resummation, spin asymmetry]
Mechanism of the soft gluon effects is well understood for inclusive hadronic production of color-singlet
particles, h1 + h2 → F (Q, QT , y, · · ·) + X, where F isobserved particles with the invariant mass Q, transverse momentum QT , rapidity y and other kinematicalvariables. When QT  Q, the real emission of gluons
are strongly suppressed and the incomplete cancellation of the soft singularities between the real emission
and the virtual corrections yields the logarithmicallyenhanced corrections ∝ αsn lnm (Q2 /Q2T ) (m ≤ 2n − 1),which make the conventional perturbation useless. Resummation of these corrections is performed in the impact parameter b space, conjugate of the QT space (see,e.g. Ref.1) for details), to ensure the transverse momentum conservation. The resummed cross section isexpressed by the inverse Fourier transform asbdσ res.
∝db J0 (bQT )eS(b,Q) · · · ,(1)dQ2 dQ2T
2

where J0 (bQT ) is a Bessel function and the ellipses include the convolutions of the coefficient functions withthe parton distribution functions for incoming hadrons
evaluated at the scale µ = b0 /b with b0 = 2e−γE . The
soft gluon corrections are resummed in the Sudakov
factor eS(b,Q) and the exponent can be written as
S(b, Q) =1h(0) (λ) + h(1) (λ) + · · · ,αs (Q2 )(2)

where λ = αs (Q2 )β0 log(b2 Q2 /b20 ) and β0 = (11Nc −2NF )/(12π). The first term h(0) resums the leading logarithmic (LL) terms (m = 2n − 1) and thesecond term h(1) resums the next-to-leading logarithmic (NLL) terms (m = 2n − 2, 2n − 3) and so on.
The integrand of (1) is valid in the perturbative region b <∼ 1GeV, and in order to complement the effects
from the nonperturbative region b  1 GeV, we introduce a nonperturbative function via a replacement
2eS(b,Q) → eS(b,Q)−gN P b with a parameter gN P  0.5
GeV.
The asymptotic behavior of (1) at QT = 0 for
Q2 → ∞ limit was studied by the saddle-point method
at the LL level without a nonperturbative function in
the early developments of transverse momentum resummation2) . The LL asymptotic formula is valid only
for a very large Q2 and does not approach the exact
cross section in Q2 → ∞ limit. In Ref.1,3) , we extended the evaluation including the NLL contributions∗1∗2

such as h(1) in (2) and b dependence of the parton
distribution functions, and also the nonperturbative2
function e−gN P b . The NLL result is by no means useful to evaluate the production rate at QT = 0 due
to the phase space suppression, but is useful to evaluate the spin asymmetries in the small QT region where
the resummed cross sections dominates the whole crosssections in both polarized and unpolarized channels3) .
For example, the double-spin asymmetry of the dilepton production in transversely polarized hadronic collision is evaluated as∆T dσ/dQ2 dQ2T dydφ
dσ/dQ2 dQ2T dydφcos(2φ) δH x01 , x02 ; b20 /b2SP,2
H (x01 , x02 ; b20 /b2SP )AT T (QT ) ≡

(3)
(4)

where the prefactor cos(2φ)/2 is the characteristic dependence of the transversely polarized crosssection on the azimuthal angle φ of one ofthe outgoing leptons, and (δ)H(x1 , x2 ; µ2 ) denotes the sum of the products of the (transversity) density distributions:(δ)H(x1 , x2; µ2 ) =222e (δ)q (x , µ )(δ)q̄h2 (x2 , µ ) + (1 ↔ 2) . x01,2 = q q ±yh1 1
Q2 /Se denote the DY scaling variables. The surprisingly simple form of (4) indicates that the soft
gluon corrections largely cancel between polarized andunpolarized cross sections, and the remnant at the
NLL level reside only in the unconventional scale
b0 /bSP of parton distributions, which is determined by
the saddle-point in (1) at QT = 0. Note that this scaleremains in the Q2 → ∞ limit and the asymptotic formula (4) approaches the exact asymmetry AT T (QT ) inthis limit. Actually, it shows a good agreement with
AT T (QT ) in the small QT region even in realistic cases,
for example, with the kinematics of RHIC and J-PARC
for pp collisions3) and with the GSI kinematics for pp̄
collisions4) . Therefore, the formula (4) can be usefulfor extracting the transversity from experimental data.
References
1) Prog. Theor. Phys. 118, 581 (2007).
2) G. Parisi and R. Petronzio, Nucl. Phys. B154, 427(1979).
3) H. Kawamura, J. Kodaira and K. Tanaka, Nucl. Phys.
B777, 203 (2007).
4) H. Kawamura, J. Kodaira and K. Tanaka, arXive:0801.0026.

Theory Division, High Energy Accelerator Organization(KEK), deceased.
Department of Physics, Juntendo University- 73 -

1

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Rep.41

Four-dimensional lattice chiral gauge theories with anomalous
fermion content†
Y. Kikukawa∗1 and H. Suzuki[Chiral gauge theories, lattice gauge theory, gauge anomaly]
Regarding the continuum field theory, it has been
discussed that chiral gauge theories with Weyl fermionsin anomalous gauge representations, the so-called
anomalous gauge theories, can consistently be quantized, provided that some of gauge bosons are permitted to acquire (bare) mass. Such theories in four dimensions are inevitably non-renormalizable and must
be regarded as a low-energy effective theory with a finite UV cutoff. It has also been argued (on the basisof the perturbation theory) that the UV cutoff has an
upper bound given by gauge boson mass, up to a proportionally constant.1)
On the other hand, on the basis of a general lattice framework of chiral gauge theories,2,3) it has
been found that the fermion sector of a wide classof anomalous gauge theories, which includes all fourdimensional anomalous theories, cannot consistently
be defined on the lattice under some assumptions.4)
The essence of this observation (in four dimensions)can be summarized as follows.
Theorem 1 Let the gauge group G be compact andsemisimple. Then the following four requirements areincompatible:(1) A lattice Weyl determinant reproduces the gauge
anomaly in the classical continuum limit.
(2) Only gauge invariant restrictions are placed onlink variables.
(3) The modulus of a lattice Weyl determinant isgauge invariant.
(4) A lattice Weyl determinant is a (at least) C 2 class function of link variables.
This statement asserts that there is no lattice formulation of anomalous gauge theories that fulfills all thefour seemingly natural requirements. This, however,raises a question: Presently, we know of only a lowenergy (compared with, for example, the Plank scale)
spectrum of fermions with which gauge anomalies are
fortunately cancelled. It is quite possible, however,that a new heavy fermion that would give rise to an
additional gauge anomaly will be discovered. Cannot
such an anomalous theory be formulated on the lattice? Or, do we have to determine an anomaly-free
fundamental theory very precisely to study low-energy
dynamics of chiral gauge theories of our concern? Thisappears very unnatural.
†∗1

Condensed from the article in J. High Energy Phys. 0710,
018 (2007)
Institute of Physics, University of Tokyo

In this work, we obtained an (at least partial) answer
to the above-mentioned question. We show that thefermion sector of anomalous gauge theories can consistently be formulated on the lattice, if all gauge bosons
are assumed to have non-zero masses. More precisely,
we explicitly construct a consistent Weyl fermion integration measure as described in refs. 2) and 3) in thevacuum sector of the configuration space of link fields,
by introducing bare mass terms of gauge bosons. This
corresponds to evading the nogo theorem by neglecting
requirement (2). Technically, such mass terms remove
very random gauge degrees of freedom that cause obstructions to a consistent fermion integration measure.
The mass term of gauge bosons we introduce is
not invariant under lattice gauge transformations.
However, the gauge invariance is anyhow broken byfermions in an anomalous gauge representation. Introduction of a bare mass term is in fact very natural
because, as is wellknown, the gauge anomaly induces
mass for gauge bosons through higher-order diagrams
even if bare mass is set to be zero. In this manner, atleast for cases that all gauge bosons are massive, wehave a picture in the lattice gauge theory that is consistent with expectations in the continuum theory.1)
Not only for clarifying the above-mentioned theoretical issue, our lattice construction may also be used
for practical purposes. For example, this framework
may be used to determine at a nonperturbative levelan upper bound on the UV cutoff in low-energy effective theories with an anomalous fermion content. If
we further introduce the Stückelberg or Wess-Zumino
scalar field, this framework provides also a lattice definition of a four-dimensional nonlinear sigma modelwith the Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) term. Because
in our construction we used a lattice Dirac operator
that satisfies the Ginsparg-Wilson relation,5) such as
the overlap Dirac operator,6,7) the WZW term has expected topological properties.
References
1) J. Preskill: Ann. Phys. (NY) 210, 323 (1991), and references cited therein.
2) M. Lüscher: Nucl. Phys. 549, 295 (1999).
3) M. Lüscher: Nucl. Phys. 568, 162 (2000).
4) K. Matsui and H. Suzuki: J. High Energy Phys. 01, 051(2005).
5) P. H. Ginsparg and K. G. Wilson: Phys. Rev. D 25,
2649 (1982).
6) H. Neuberger: Phys. Lett. B 417, 141 (1998).
7) H. Neuberger: Phys. Lett. B 427, 353 (1998).

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RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Two-dimensional N = (2, 2) super Yang-Mills theory on computer†
H. Suzuki[Supersymmetry, gauge theory, Monte Carlo simulation]
It will be very exciting if a nonperturbative issue insupersymmetric gauge theories (such as the possibilityof dynamical supersymmetry breaking) can be studied numerically at one’s will. In the case of the latticegauge theory—a unique framework to date for sucha nonperturbative study of gauge theories, however,supersymmetry cannot be manifestly realized. A latticized spacetime inevitably breaks infinitesimal translations that are a part of the supersymmetry algebra.
What one can expect at best is the restoration of supersymmetry in the limit in which the lattice spacing
is set to zero (the continuum limit). Despite the great
efforts made towards the numerical study of the fourdimensional N = 1 super Yang-Mills theory,1,2) so far
no conclusive evidence of restoration of supersymmetry in the continuum limit has been observed. Given
this situation, to test various ideas, it should be useful to examine low-dimensional supersymmetric gauge
theories in detail, which have a much simpler ultraviolet (UV) structure and for which it is relatively easy toaccumulate high statistics in Monte Carlo simulations.
In this work, we carried out a preliminary numerical study of a lattice formulation of the twodimensional N = (2, 2) super Yang-Mills theory (2dN = (2, 2) SYM), proposed by Sugino3) with the gauge
group SU(2). (For recent reviews on lattice formulation of supersymmetric theories, see refs. 4) and 5).)The advantage of this formulation is that a fermionicsymmetry, corresponding to one of four supercharges
in the target continuum theory, is manifestly preserved
even with finite lattice spacings and finite volume. Because of this exact fermionic symmetry, full supersymmetry is expected to be restored in the continuum limit
without any local counterterms.
We developed a code of a hybrid Monte Carlo simulation using a C++ library, FermiQCD/MDP.6,7)
We mainly studied various one-point supersymmetricWard-Takahashi (WT) identities. These are precisely
the same set of WT identities numerically analyzed
by Catterall8) on the basis of his own lattice formulation of 2d N = (2, 2) SYM. A typical result is shownin Fig. 1 in which the expectation values of the total
action density are plotted as a function of the latticespacing a. (All dimensionful quantities are normalized
by the two-dimensional gauge coupling constant g.)
Because of the manifest fermionic symmetry, the expectation value must be zero for all lattice spacings.
The result is consistent with this expectation within†

Condensed from the article in J. High Energy Phys. 0709,
052 (2007)

0.4

real part
imaginary partquenched

0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

ag

Fig. 1. Expectation values of the total action density inunit of g 2 as function of lattice spacing a.

almost 1σ for all values of ag and strongly indicatesthe correctness of our algorithm and code. The resultof quenched approximation (in which the quantum effect of fermions is removed) is also shown and one canclearly observe the distinction from the supersymmetric case. In our numerical simulation, WT identities
implied by the exact fermionic symmetry of the formulation are reproduced with fair accuracy and, formost of these identities, we clearly observe the quantum effect of dynamical fermions. For WT identities expected only in the continuum limit, the results
seem to be consistent with the behavior expected fromsupersymmetry, although we do not see a clear distinction from the quenched (i.e., non-supersymmetric)
simulation. We also measured the expectation valuesof renormalized gauge-invariant bi-linear operators ofscalar fields to illustrate how this type of numerical
study can be useful.
References
1) I. Montvay: Int. J. Mod. Phys. 17, 2377 (2002), andreferences cited therein.
2) F. Farchioni and R. Peetz: Eur. Phys. J. C 39, 87(2005).
3) F. Sugino: J. High Energy Phys. 03, 067 (2004).
4) D. B. Kaplan: Nucl. Phys. 129 (Proc. Suppl.), 109(2004).
5) J. Giedt: PoS LAT2006, 008 (2006).
6) M. Di Pierro: Comput. Phys. Commun. 141, 98 (2001).
7) M. Di Pierro and J. M. Flynn: PoS LAT2005, 104(2006).
8) S. Catterall: J. High Energy Phys. 04, 015 (2007).

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Comments on solutions for nonsingular currents
in open string ﬁeld theories†
I. Kishimoto and Y. Michishita∗��Nonperturbative techniques; string ﬁeld theory, D branes, Conformal ﬁeld theory, algebraic
structures, Supersymmetry

The string ﬁeld theory is expected to be a candidate for nonperturbative formulation of the string
theory. Various studies using the string ﬁeld theory
are useful not only for understanding the string theory from the uniﬁed viewpoint but also for developing
the string ﬁeld theory itself. The study of analytic
solutions of string ﬁeld theories is important for understanding nonperturbative phenomena in the string
theory. There have been various attempts to solve
the equations of motion of string ﬁeld theories. In
particular, since Schnabl constructed an analytic solution1) for tachyon condensation in Witten’s cubicbosonic open string ﬁeld theory, there have been anumber of new developments in this ﬁeld. Recently,
new analytic solutions for marginal deformations using nonsingular currents have been proposed by Schnabl2) and Kiermaier et al.3) They can be regarded
as an application of the technical methods developedby Schnabl.1) As a generalization of these solutions
to Berkovits’ Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW)-type open
superstring ﬁeld theory, new analytic marginal solutions to the equation of motion have also been developed by Erler4) and Okawa.5)
We consider a generalization of an expression of
the solution for marginal deformations given by Schnabl,2) in both Witten’s bosonic string ﬁeld theory andBerkovits’ WZW-type superstring ﬁeld theory. We
construct a class of new solutions to the equation of
motion QB Ψ + Ψ ∗ Ψ = 0 in the bosonic string ﬁeld
theory and η0 (e−Φ QB eΦ ) = 0 in the superstring ﬁeld
theory.
In the bosonic string ﬁeld theory, we found that bytaking a BRST invariant and nilpotent string ﬁeld ψ̂,
namely, QB ψ̂ = 0 and ψ̂ ∗ ψ̂ = 0, we can generate aclass of solutions to the equation of motion with
Ψ(α,β) (ψ̂) = Pα ∗1
1 + ψ̂ ∗ A(α+β)∗ ψ̂ ∗ Pβ .

(1)Here, {Pα }α≥0 is a BRST invariant commutative
monoid, which satisﬁes QB Pα = 0, Pα ∗ Pβ =Pα+β , Pα=0 = I (I: identity state) and A(γ) (γ ≥ 0)
is an associated string ﬁeld, which satisﬁes QB A(γ) =I − Pγ . An example of such string ﬁelds (Pα , A(α) )can be constructed concretely using wedge states. In
particular, if we take ψ̂ = U1† U1 λcJ(0)|0� with a nonsingular current J as a BRST invariant and nilpotent†∗

Condensed from the article in Prog. Theor. Phys., 118, 347(2007).
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)

string ﬁeld, where U1 is composed of Virasoro operators associated with the identity state, we can reproduce Schnabl/KORZ’s marginal solution with eq. (1)with α = β = 1/2. Furthermore, we can reproduce
the Schnabl’s solution for tachyon condensation1) using limλ→∞ Ψ(1/2,1/2) (λQB U1† U1 B1L c1 |0�).
In the superstring ﬁeld theory, using a string ﬁeld φ̂such as η0 QB φ̂ = 0, φ̂ ∗ φ̂ = 0, φ̂ ∗ η0 φ̂ = 0, φ̂ ∗ QB φ̂ = 0,
we can generate a class of solutions to the equation of
motion using the following formula:Φ(α,β) (φ̂) = log(1 + Pα ∗ f ∗ Pβ ) ,1f ≡ (eφ̂ − 1),(α+β)
1 − η0 Â
∗ (e−φ̂ QB eφ̂ )

(2)
(3)

where {Pα }α≥0 is a BRST and η0 -invariant commutative monoid and Â(γ) (γ ≥ 0) is an associatedstring ﬁeld, which satisﬁes η0 QB Â(γ) = I − Pγ . Asan explicit example, if we take the wedge state asPα , its associatedstringﬁeld Â(γ) is constructed
as
��
�
�
�
γ
α
π −−L
π 2 −L L(γ)
Â= 0 dα log γ+ α 4 G̃1 B1 Pα with
2 J1

J −− (z) = ξb(z) and G̃− = [QB , J −− (z)]. In particular, Φ(1/2,1/2) (λU1† U1 cξe−φ ψ(0)|0�), where ψ(z) isa fermionic component of a nonsingular supercurrent,
corresponds to Erler/Okawa’s solutions.
Actually, the eqs. (1) and (2) give maps from one solution to another in the bosonic string and superstring
ﬁeld theory respectively. Moreover, ψ̂ �→ Ψ(α,β) (ψ̂)
and φ̂ �→ Φ(α,β) (φ̂) form commutative monoids withrespect to compositions of maps. It is interesting toapply our maps (1) and (2) to generating various solutions. We have also investigated gauge transformations
among solutions generated using these maps and foundformal expressions of gauge parameter string ﬁelds.
Such gauge transformations seem to become singularbecause they relate simple but singular solutions on thebasis of the identity state to regular solutions with aﬁnite width of worldsheet. It is an important problem
to deﬁne the regularity of string ﬁelds more carefullyand examine that of our generated solutions and thegauge parameters that relate them.
References
1) M. Schnabl: Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 10, 433 (2006).
2) M. Schnabl: Phys. Lett. B 654, 194 (2007).
3) M. Kiermaier, Y. Okawa, L. Rastelli and B. Zwiebach:
JHEP 0801, 028 (2008).
4) T. Erler: JHEP 0707, 050 (2007).
5) Y. Okawa: JHEP 0709, 084 (2007).

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Prospects of Open Charm Production at GSI-FAIR and J-PARC
J. Riedl,∗1 A. Schäfer,∗1 M. Stratmann[heavy flavor production, perturbative QCD, NLO corrections, charge asymmetry]
The study of heavy flavors has become a versatile
tool to probe different aspects of QCD, ranging fromheavy flavor parton densities and the hadronizationof heavy quarks to the dynamics of (spin-dependent)
hard-scattering. Equally significant improvements of
the heavy quark tagging methods in experiment andthe theoretical framework have been achieved. For thelatter, next-to-leading order (NLO) accuracy with fulldependence on the heavy quark mass mQ is the stateof-the-art throughout.
Here, we will focus on a first exploratory study ofopen charm production in p̄p and pp collisions at the
future GSI-FAIR and √J-PARC facilities1) with maximum c.m.s. energies S of about 14.5 and 10 GeV,
respectively. Such experiments have the potential tofurther our understanding of the underlying QCD dynamics and the applicability of perturbative methods
at moderate c.m.s. energies so far little explored. To
study the possible relevance of all-order resummations,
we provide1) differential charm yields at NLO accuracy,
including estimates of theoretical uncertainties due tovariations of the charm quark mass or the renormalization and factorization scales, see, e.g., Fig. 1. Mostof the large NLO corrections displayed in the middle
panel of Fig. 1 can be attributed to the large uncertainties in the LO and NLO gluon distributions at large
momentum fractions x. It is interesting to note thatthe dominant production channel for charm is gluongluon fusion in pp collisions at J-PARC, see the bottom
panel of Fig. 1, but quark-antiquark annihilation in p̄pcollisions at GSI-FAIR1) .
Another interesting, though experimentally challenging observable is the so called “charge asymmetry”, which describes the difference of cross sections
for producing a heavy quark Q or a heavy anti-quarkQ̄ at a certain point in phase-space: AC ≡ (dσ Q −dσ Q̄ )/(dσ Q + dσ Q̄ ). This asymmetry probes a certain
subset of NLO radiative corrections and vanishes atthe LO approximation, see1) . This feature makes it
an important test of QCD hard scattering dynamics.
It should be mentioned that routinely used event generators based on LO matrix elements cannot predict
this interesting effect. A first measurement of AC for
top production has been recently reported by the CDF
collaboration. We estimate the size of AC for charm
quarks at GSI-FAIR and J-PARC, see Fig. 2, and, forthe first time, compute the corresponding charge asymmetry also for polarized hadroproduction1) .
Provided that longitudinally polarized beams and∗1

Institut für Physik, Universität Regensburg, Germany

10 6

c

min

σ (pT > pT ) [pb]

10 5
10 4
10 3

NLO

10 2
10
1
10

J-PARC
-1

µ=

-2

10

min

mT
min
2mT

LO (× 0.1)min

µ = mT

10cc1

σ (NLO) / σ (LO)1σij / σ

c

c

gg

0.5

qq

gq

0

min

µ = 2mT012

pT [GeV] 3
minFig. 1. Open charm cross section at J-PARC.

AC

0.04

mc = 1.45 GeV
mc = 1.35 GeV

0.02

mc = 1.25 GeV

0

J-PARC-0.02

dσc/dy + dσc/dy [pb]
2

1

0

-2

-1

0

1

y

2

Fig. 2. Charge asymmetry AC for charm at J-PARC.

targets will be available at GSI-FAIR and/or J-PARC,
studies of the double-spin asymmetry ALL ≡ d∆σ/dσ
could provide unique insight in the distributions describing the polarization of (anti-)quarks and gluons
in the nucleon at medium-to-large momentum fractions x, which are difficult to access at collider energies. The expected size of ALL strongly depends on theunknown gluon polarization at J-PARC1) . GSI-FAIR
mainly probes the fairly well known u, d valence quark
polarizations, and ALL is estimated to be around 10%.
References
1) J. Riedl, A. Schäfer, and M. Stratmann, Eur. Phys. J.
C52, 987 (2007).

- 77 -

1

6. Development of Accelerator Facility

166
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Acceleration Tests of Uranium Beam in RIBF (I)Nobuhisa Fukunishi, Masaki Fujimaki, Tadashi Fujinawa, Akira Goto, Hiroo Hasebe, Yoshihide Higurashi,
Kumio Ikegami, Eiji Ikezawa, Naohito Inabe, Tadashi Kageyama, Osamu Kamigaito, Masayuki Kase,
Masanori Kidera, Shigeo Kohara, Misaki Kobayashi-Komiyama, Makoto Nagase, Keiko Kumagai, Takeshi Maie,
Takahide Nakagawa, Jun-ichi Ohnishi, Hiroki Okuno, Hiromichi Ryuto, Naruhiko Sakamoto,
Masanori Wakasugi, Tamaki Watanabe, Kazunari Yamada, Shigeru Yokouchi and Yasushige Yano

The uranium beam is one of the most important beams in
the RI Beam Factory1) (RIBF), because it is suitable for
effectively producing very neutron-rich isotopes with mass
numbers around 90 and 130. In addition, the uranium beam
is one of the most difficult beams for us to acceleratebecause a five-step acceleration including a three-stepcharge-stripping process is required as shown in Fig. 1.
Hence, beam commissioning tests of three newly
constructed cyclotrons, the Fixed-Frequency Ring
Cyclotron 2) (fRC), the Intermediate-Stage Ring Cyclotron3)(IRC) and the Superconducting Ring Cyclotron4) (SRC),
have been performed mainly using uranium beams assummarized in Table 1.

MeV/nucleon, which corresponded to the designed
extraction energy of the fRC, but failed to extract it because
the beam intensity of 50 MeV/nucleon was only 3 nA. The
transmission efficiency of the fRC was nearly 1%.
At this stage of the beam commissioning tests, our beamdiagnostics system had not been established. Hence, it wasdifficult to quantitatively explain the reasons for thisextremely low transmission efficiency. However, thefollowing reasons were factors. First, the rebuncher 5) placed
between the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron (RRC) and the fRC did
not work. Its high-power tests were scheduled in August
2006. Secondly, we failed to form a precise isochronous
magnetic field because we could not detect the signals of
the beam passing through phase-pickup electrodes. We used
an oscilloscope to detect preamplified signals but the signalto-noise ratio was too low. Thirdly, the energy spread of theuranium beam injected into the fRC far exceeded theacceptance of the fRC. The energy spread originating fromthe nonuniformity of the charge stripper foil placed between
the RRC and the fRC was estimated to be more than 1%.
Finally, the lifetime of the first-step charge stripper placeddownstream of the RIKEN heavy-ion linac (RILAC) was
too short, that is less than 10 minutes, for a 0.67
MeV/nucleon uranium beam with an intensity of 10 µA.
The lifetime problem had been already pointed out in Ref. 6.
In addition, our beam tuning-techniques remained primitive.
All the problems mentioned above had been greatly
reduced by March 2007. The rebuncher placed between the
RRC and the fRC became operational in September 2006.
Using the rebuncher, we succeeded in extracting a 50
MeV/nucleon uranium beam on September 29, 2006. To
obtain precise isochronous fields, we have added noise
filters and employed a lock-in amplifier to observe signals
in noisy environments. Using the improved phase probe, we
succeeded in forming an isochronous magnetic field with astandard deviation of less than 0.15 nsec in November 2006.
To reduce the energy spread of uranium beams injected into
the fRC, we have reduced the stripper thickness from 0.6
mg/cm 2 to 0.3 mg/cm2. This modification has resulted in achange in the most probable charge state from 73+ to 71+
and a 1.5% increase in the injection energy of the fRC,
which corresponds to a 10 mm increase in the injection
radius of the fRC. Hence, we moved two injection
apparatus (the electro-static inflector and the magnetic
inflector 1) outwards at the end of November 2006. To
solve the first-stripper problem, the acceleration scheme has

Fig. 1. Acceleration scheme of a uranium beam in the RIBF.
The numbers in the parentheses are the charge states ofuranium ions. The acceleration energies of the RILAC,
RRC, fRC, IRC and SRC are 0.67, 11, 50, 114 and 345
MeV/nucleon, respectively.
Table 1. Operational statistics of RIBF beamcommissioning in the period from July 2006 to June 2007.
Operation times listed include waiting times caused bymechanical problems.
Accelerator used
RILAC, RRC
RILAC,RRC,fRC
RILAC,RRC,IRC
SRC without fRC
SRC without fRC
SRC with fRC

Beam
11-MeV/u U
50 MeV/u U
114-MeV/u Kr
345-MeV/u Al
345-MeV/u Kr
345-MeV/u U

Operation Time
8 days60 days
17 days
16 days
23 days
36 days

During the period from July 2006 to November 2006, thefRC was commissioned and the injectors of the fRC werealso tested for uranium beam acceleration. On July 24, 2006,
we succeeded in accelerating a uranium beam to 50- 79 -

166
been changed from the upper scheme in Fig. 2 to the lower
one, which has been realized by a new method developed
for the RIKEN 18 GHz ECR7) ion source. In this method, arod of uranium metal was used instead of UF6 gas. An
acceleration-deceleration technique was also employed in
the extraction region of the ion source8). These
improvements successfully increased the beam intensity ofuranium beams as shown in Fig. 3.

sufficiently short. To compress the beam bunches, it wasnecessary to move a rebuncher downstream because themagnification factor of the longitudinal beam size from the
RILAC to the RRC is determined by the ratio of the
distance between the RILAC and the rebuncher to thatbetween the rebuncher and the RRC. In contrast, thelongitudinal acceptance of the rebuncher becomes small
upon moving it downstream. To solve this poblem, we
inserted an additional rebuncher into the S6 region asshown in Fig. 4. This rebuncher was originally placed
between the AVF cyclotron and the RRC that was used in
the AVF-RRC operation. We also moved the rebuncher
originally placed in the J4 region upstream as shown in Fig.
4. Because of this modification, we succeeded in the singleturn extraction of an 11 MeV/nucleon uranium beam fromthe RRC. After these preparations, the first experiment of
the RIBF was performed, wihch resulted in the discovery ofa new isotope 125Pd.

Fig. 2. Original (upper) and modified (lower) acceleration
schemes of the RILAC-RRC section.

During the period from the end of November 2006 to
February 2007, beam commissioning tests of the IRC and
SRC were performed without using the fRC. We succeededin extracting a 114 MeV/nucleon krypton beam from the
IRC on November 25, 2006 and a 345 MeV/nucleon
aluminum beam from the SRC on December 28, 2006.
Following these successes, 345 MeV/nucleon uranium
beams were successfully extracted from the SRC on March
23, 2007. However, the intensities of the 345 MeV/nucleon
uranium beams were limited as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 4. Layout of rebunchers for the RRC before and after
the replacement performed in April 2007. Arrows show
where rebunchers were moved.
References(1) Y. Yano: “The RIKEN RI Beam Factory Project: A
Status Report”, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B (2007),
doi:10.101b/ j.nimb.2007.04.174 .
(2) T. Mitsumoto et al.: Proc. 17th Int. Conf. On Cyclotrons
and Their Applications, 384 (2004).
(3) J. Ohnishi et al.: Proc. 17th Int. Conf. On Cyclotrons andTheir Applications, 197 (2004).
(4) H. Okuno et al.: Proc. 17th Int. Conf. On Cyclotrons andTheir Applications, 373 (2004).
(5) T. Aoki et al.: Proc. of PASJ3-LAM31, August 2006,
Sendai, FP20.
(6) H. Ryuto et al.: Proc. 17th Int. Conf. On Cyclotrons andTheir Applications, 307 (2004).
(7) T. Nakagawa et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 226, 392(2004).
(8) Y. Higurashi et al.: Proc. of PASJ4-LAM32, August
2007, Wako-shi Saitama, FO14.

Fig. 3. Uranium beam intensities obtained in the beamcommissioning tests. The beam intensities were measured
by Faraday cups, which were not well calibrated for
uranium beams. Hence, the intensities shown here were
overestimated by a factor of two or three. The decrease in
the fRC-extracted beam intensity in July 2007 was caused
by introducing a new Faraday cup.
The first experiment of the RIBF using 345 MeV/nucleon
uranium beams was scheduled in May 2007. To increase thebeam intensity, the beam rebunching system between the
RILAC and the RRC was modified because the bunch
length of the uranium beam injected into the RRC was not- 80 -

167
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Acceleration Tests of Uranium Beam in RIBF (II)Nobuhisa Fukunishi, Masaki Fujimaki, Tadashi Fujinawa, Akira Goto, Hiroo Hasebe, Yoshihide Higurashi,
Kumio Ikegami, Eiji Ikezawa, Naohito Inabe, Tadashi Kageyama, Osamu Kamigaito, Masayuki Kase,
Masanori Kidera, Shigeo Kohara, Misaki Kobayashi-Komiyama, Makoto Nagase, Keiko Kumagai, Takeshi Maie,
Takahide Nakagawa, Jun-ichi Ohnishi, Hiroki Okuno, Hiromichi Ryuto, Naruhiko Sakamoto,
Masanori Wakasugi, Tamaki Watanabe, Kazunari Yamada, Shigeru Yokouchi and Yasushige Yano

The first experiment of the RIBF was successfullycompleted with the discovery of a new isotope, 125Pd.
However, the typical beam intensity of uranium beams
extracted from the SRC during the experiment was as low
as 2 ~ 3 nA and the total transmission efficiency from theion source to the SRC extraction was 0.1%1). Taking into
account the total charge-stripping efficiencies of 4 ~ 5%,
more than 97% of ions were lost during acceleration. The
reasons for this extremely low transmission efficiency havebeen understood partially based on data obtained in a seriesof tests performed after the first experiment.

Fig. 1. Beam intensities observed (lower column, nA) andnames of beam monitors used (upper column) at various
positions of RIBF. The data shown in Fig. 1 were measured
at two different times. The data obtained in the earlier
measurement (shown with parentheses) were normalized to
the later data. Here, we use the abbreviations FC and RP for
a Faraday cup and a radial probe, respectively.
We summarize in Fig. 1 the beam intensities obtained onJune 29, 2007. The positions of beam-intensity monitors areschematically shown in Fig. 1. Note that the beam
intensities shown in Fig. 1 are not calibrated as it is easily
determined by comparing the beam intensities before (680)
and after the RRC acceleration (880). We think that only
two beam monitors, the FC-J41 and RRC-RP are reliable(within accuracy of 10%) because they sufficiently suppress
secondary electrons emitted by uranium ion irradiation. The
FC-J41 has a flat distribution of suppression voltage. The
magnitude of the suppression voltage is 1 kV. The radial
probe (RP) of the RRC experiences an isochronous
magnetic field of 1.5 Tesla, which is sufficient to suppress
secondary electrons. All the other Faraday cups could noteffectively suppress secondary electrons. A comparison- 81 -

between the data of the RRC-RP (440 nA) and FC-A01(880 nA) implies that our Faraday cups overestimate beam
intensity typically by a factor of two for a medium-energy
uranium beam. On the other hand, the production rates ofsecondary particles at the BigRIPS indicated that the FCG01 overestimated beam intensity by a factor of three2). In
addition to the uncertainties of absolute values, five types of
Faraday cup were used and the suppression efficiency of
secondary electrons differed between the five types. As aresult, it is difficult to reliably estimate the partial
transmission efficiency of the RIBF accelerator complex.
For convenience in discussion, we assumed that the datafrom the fRC injection (FC-fRC) to the SRC extraction(FC-G01) were overestimated by a factor of two. We also
used 0.17 and 0.27 as charge stripping efficiencies of thefirst and second charge-stripping processes, respectively.
These values were determined by measuring charge-state
fractions3). Imperfections of charge strippers, for example,
the existence of pinholes, are not taken into account in thepresent assumption and hence partial transmission
efficiencies may be underestimated. Under theseassumptions, partial
transmission efficiencies are
determined as summarized in Table 1
Table 1. Estimated transmission efficiencies of various
sections in uranium acceleration test. (2007/07/3)
Ion source – RILAC end
29%
RILAC end – RRC extraction
86%
RRC extraction – fRC injection
41%
fRC injection – fRC extraction
88%
fRC extraction – IRC injection75%
IRC-injection – IRC extraction
67%
IRC extraction – SRC injection
72%
SRC injection – SRC injection
63%
The transmission efficiency from the ion source to the
RILAC end is estimated by numerical simulation. It is 70%
for a uranium beam with its transverse emittance of 150!
mm mrad (4" value) under an assumption that an energy
spread at R1 is negligible. The preliminary results oftransverse emittance (90% emittance) were 140! and 250!
mm mrad for the horizontal and vertical directions,
respectively. This may be the reason for the observed lowtransmission efficiency. One of the other reasons for the low167transmission efficiency is that the vacuum pressure is not
sufficiently low and uranium ions capture electrons
particularly in the low-energy beam transport line from theion source to the FC-RFQ. It will be tested in 2008.
For other sections, we measured various quantities, suchas profiles and time structures of the beam to understandobserved transmission efficiencies. Figure 2 shows the time
structures of the fRC-injected (D15) and IRC-extracted(K01) beams.

necessary to reduce the energy spread. One candidate
solution is to use the diamond-like carbon foil developed by
the TRIUMF group6), the result of which is also shown in
Fig. 3. In addition, one of the authors (H. H.) has also
started to improve homemade stripper foils.

Fig. 3. Time spectra of beams measured at D18 after charge
stripping (2007/10/2).
In addition to the problems mentioned above, there may
be additional problems. Step-by-step improvements arenecessary to obtain good transmission efficiencies.
Problems mentioned here have been solved partially. For
example, Faraday cups with high precisions have been
introduced. They were verified in a krypton acceleration
test performed in November 2007. In the test, we also
succeeded in the correct use of the IRC’s flat-top resonator.
As a result, the transmission efficiency of the IRC was
improved. Table 2 shows a summary of the transmission
efficiencies of the accelerators used in the krypton
acceleration test. No sizable beam losses were detected forbeam transfer lines. On the other hand, the transmission
efficiencies of the RILAC and SRC were still low. In thenext stage of the beam commissioning, detailed studies of
the RILAC and SRC are required.

Fig. 2. Time structures of beam after first charge stripping
process (D15) and beam extracted from IRC (K01). Plastic
scintillators were used in the measurements. The verticalaxis show a time difference defined as (rf signal) –(scintillator signal). The position of the D15 scintillator isabout 40 meters downstream of the first charge stripper.
The K01 data indicate that the phase width (2.2 nsec) of
the IRC-extracted beam was 29 degrees, which corresponds
to a phase width of 43 degrees in IRC injection taking into
account the phase compression effect4, 5) due to the radial
distribution of acceleration voltage in the IRC. The phase
acceptance of the IRC is designed to be 20 ~ 25 degrees
with the use of a flat-top resonator. However, the flat-top
resonator was not used in this acceleration test because its
leakage fields might give serious damage on the electricinflector placed in the same valley region of the IRC.
Without using the flat-top resonator, the phase acceptanceof the IRC is at most 10 degrees and the phase width of the
IRC-injected beam was more than four times of theaccepted value. This explains why the total transmission
efficiency from the IRC-injection to the SRC extraction was
30%. This longitudinally expanded beam structure was aconsequence of a large energy spread of the beam. One
possible reason for this is that the thickness uniformity ofthe second stripper is poor. Another possible reason is that
we failed to adjust the phase of an rf-field generated by theflat-top resonator of the fRC. To distinguish between thetwo possibilities, we have additionally installed a plastic
scintillator between the fRC and the second charge stripper.
The time spread (~ 6 nsec) of the D15 data in Fig. 2
corresponds to an energy spread of 1.4%. If it was true, thestripper foil used was seriously damaged. We madeadditional measurements in October 2007 and the results
are shown in Fig. 3. In the data noted by “RIKEN”, we useda homemade carbon foil, which was the same type ofcarbon foil used in the test shown in Fig. 2. The energy
spread caused by the “RIKEN” stripper was estimated to be
0.55% (4" value), which was beyond the acceptance (0.2%)of the rebuncher placed between the RRC and the fRC. It is

Table 2. Transmission efficiencies of RIBF accelerators for345-MeV/nucleon-krypton beam. (2007/11/4)
RILAC
28%
RRC
89%
IRC
82%
SRC
45%
References(1) A. Goto et al.: Proc. of 18th Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons andtheir Applications, 3 (2007).
(2) N. Aoi: private communication.
(3) H. Ryuto et al.: Proc. of 18th Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons
and Their Applications, 314 (2007).
(4) R.W. Mueller and R.W. Mahr: NIM, 86, 241 (1970).
(5) W. Joho: Particle Accelerators, 6, 41 (1970).
(6) TRIUMF Carbon Foil Laboratory.

- 82 -

086
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

㩷

Effect of biased disc on plasma potential of RIKEN 18 GHz ECR ion source
W. Takai, H. Higashijima, T. Nakagawa, Y. Higurashi, M. Kidera, A. Goto and Y. Yanoas shown in Fig.1. The mesh size was 11 mm2 with awire diameter of 0.2 mm. The power supply for the mesh
was floating at a high voltage of the ion source (Vsource),
which eliminates the possible measurement error of source
potential. When an ion passes through the collimators, theion is decelerated by the potential difference (Vmesh= Vsource+
Vadjust) between second collimator and the mesh. Vadjust is thevoltage regulated by the power supply. The ions which havea high enough kinetic energy can pass through the mesh andreach the back plate. The current of ions that pass throughthe mesh is measured by the back plate.
Figure 2 shows the typical beam intensity of Ar9+ ions as
a function of Vadjust. The RF power was 460 W. The kinetic
energy of Ar ions higher than qVsource is mainly due toplasma potential and the thermal energy of ions in theplasma, where q is the charge of heavy ions. In Fig. 2, we
can observe the region in which current decreases linearly
until it starts to saturate. We define V0 as the voltage at theintersection of the linear fit and the horizontal line
corresponding to the average current after saturation. The
voltage V0 includes the effect of the plasma potential andthe thermal energy of the ions.

Recently, several laboratories have measured the plasma
potential and reported its importance, because a lower
plasma potential provides a higher beam intensity of thehighly charged heavy ions.1,2) One of the new methods forplasma potential measurement is based on retarding electricfield and successfully applied to measuring the plasma
potential of ECR ion sources under the various conditions(i.e., gas pressure, RF power, and gas mixing ).2)
In 1999, we observed that the beam intensities of highly
charged Ar ions are strongly dependent on negatively biased
disc position.3) However, the effect of disc position on ECR
plasma is not clear yet. To understand this mechanism, weneed further investigation. For this reason, as a first step
toward understanding the mechanisms, we investigated theeffect of a biased disc on plasma potential measured using
the new method described in ref. 2.
In this experiment, we used the RIKEN 18 GHz ECR ion
source. Detailed information and performance of the ion
source were described in ref. 4. The extraction voltage was
fixed to 8 kV.

Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of device for plasma potential
measurement.
Fig. 3.V0 for multicharged Ar ionsFig. 2.
Beamintensity of multicharged Ar ions as function of Vadjust.
Figure 1 shows the device for measuring plasma potential.
The beam was collimated by double slits (diameter; 2 mm)- 83 -

Figure 3 shows V0 as a function of the charge state of Ar.
It is clearly shown that the V0 is constant and independentof the charge state. In a previous study, we observed that V0
decreased with increasing charge and became constant
above q=5.5) If we assume that the ion temperature is moreor less constant and independent of the charge state formulticharged heavy ions, the effect of thermal energy oflower-charge-state Ar ions on V0 is stronger than that ofhigher-charge-state Ar ions. It means that the thermalenergy is not dominant factor in the V0 for higher charge
state of Ar ions in our experiment. For these reasons, wechose V0 for higher-charge-state of Ar ions (q=9) as aplasma potential.
Figure 4 shows the beam intensity of Ar9+ ions as a086function of Vadjust at the disc positions L=4.80 and 5.01 cm.
The disc position of L is defined in fig. 5.

effect systematically, we measured the plasma potential andaverage charge state of Ar ions at various disc positions.
Figure 7 shows the plasma potential (closed circles) andaverage charge state of Ar ions (open circles) as a functionof disc position. It was observed that the plasma potential
and average charge state of Ar ion s were strongly oscillated
by moving the biased disc, and average charge became
lower at higher plasma potential. Figure 8 shows theaverage charge vs. plasma potential. It is clearly observedthat the average charge decreases with increasing plasma
potential.

Fig. 4. Beam intensity of multicharged Ar ions as functionof Vadjust at disc position L=4.80 and 5.01 cm

Fig. 7. Plasma potential (closed circles) and average charge
state of Ar ions (open circles) as a function of disc position
Fig. 5. Schematic drawing of RF injection side of RIKEN
18 GHz ECR ion source and biased disc.

Fig. 8. Plasma potential vs. average charge state
References
1)Z. Q. Xie et al: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 2947(1994)2)O. Tarvainen et al: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 3138 (2004)
3) S. Biri et al: Nucl. Instrum. Methods B152, 386 (1999)
4)T. Nakagawa et al: Nucl. Instrum. Methods.
B226,392(2004)
5)H. Higashijima et al: accepted for publication in Rev.
Sci. Instrum.

Fig. 6. Charge state distributions of Ar ions at disc position
L = 4.80 and 5.01 cm
It was observed that the plasma potential at L=5.01 cm
was higher than that at L=4.80 cm. Simultaneously, wemeasured the charge distribution of Ar ions. Figure 6 shows
the charge distributions at two disc positions. The RF power
was 400W. The gas pressure was 7x10-7 Torr. The averagecharge state of Ar ions at L=4.80cm was higher than that at
L=5.01cm. It seems that the lower plasma potential
provides higher-average-charge state. To investigate this- 84 -

117
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Production of U beam from RIKEN 18 GHz ECRIS
Y. Higurashi, T. Nakagawa, H. Haba, M. Kidera, T. Aihara*, Tamura*, A. Goto and Y. Yano
One of the important challenges for the RIKEN RI beamfactory project is to produce an intense beam of U ions.1)
For this reason, we attempted to produce highly charged U
ion beam with RIKEN 18 GHz ECRIS. In 2006, we
successfully produced ~2 ePA U35+ ion beam by the
sputtering method2,3) and the beam was accelerated up to~345 MeV/u using accelerator complex.
However, the beam intensity was still low compared withthe required beam intensity (15 pPA). Therefore, we need tofurther improve the ion source performance to increase thebeam intensity.

Fig. 2. Beam intensities of highly charged Xe ions as a function ofnegative voltage of extraction electrodeFig.1. Schmatic of the accel-decel extraction system of
RIKEN 18 GHz ECRIS.
In 2007, as a first step to increase the beam intensity, we
adopted the accel-decel extraction system to increase theextraction current. Figure 1 shows the schematic drawing of
the accel-decel extraction system of the RIKEN 18 GHzECRIS. The extraction electrode was isolated from theground potential. A negative voltage was supplied to theelectrode to increase the extraction voltage between theplasma chamber and the extraction electrode. To test theeffect of the accel-decel extraction system on the beam
intensity, we measured the beam intensity of highly charged
Xe ions. We used Xe ions because the Xe ion beam
production is easier to tune than that for U ions beam. The
voltage supplied to the plasma chamber was fixed at 5.6 kV.
To obtain a 345 MeV/u uranium beam from the accelerator
complex of the RIKEN RIB factory project, the extraction
voltage of the ion source for the U35+ ion beam has to be set
at 5.6 kV to match the acceleration condition. Figure 2
shows the beam intensity of highly charged Xe ions as afunction of negative voltage supplied to the extraction
electrode. The ion source was tuned to maximize the beam
intensity at each extraction voltage. It is clearly seen thatthe beam intensities increased by increasing the negative
voltage up to a certain level and keeping it.
*SHI Accelerator Service Ltd

In addition to the accel-decel extraction system, we also
used a larger U rod ( 6625mm3) which was twofold
larger than the rod (3625mm3) used in 2006 to increase
the number of emitted neutral U atoms.
Figure 3 shows the typical charge distribution of thehighly charged U ions, which was measured using the
faraday cup that was placed downstream of the analyzing
magnet. The ion source was tuned for the production of the
U35+ ion beam. The RF power was 550 W. Oxygen gas wasused as the ionized gas. The voltages supplied to the plasmachamber and extraction electrode were 5.6 and -6.7 kV,
respectively. Under this condition, we obtained ~4 ePA of
U35+ ion beam. For a short time, we obtained a ~5 ePA of
U35+ beam in the test experiment.

Fig. 3. Charge state distribution of the U ions.
References

1)Y. Yano: Nucl. Instrum. Methods B261,1009(2007)2)Y. Higurashi et al.,: accepted for publication to Rev. Sci. Instrum.
3)Y. Higurashi et al.,: RIKEN Acc. Prog. Report 40,117(2006)- 85 -

148

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Design and construction of superconducting coils for RIKEN 28 GHz ECR ion
sourceJun-ichi Ohnishi, Takahide Nakagawa, Yoshihide Higurashi, Hiroki Okuno, Kensuke Kusaka, and Akira Goto
The construction of the superconducting coil system forthe 28 GHz ECR ion source1) began at a factory of
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation in October 2007. It consistsof six solenoids SL1~SL6 and a set of sextupole coils asshown in Fig. 1.2) The maximum axial magnetic fields are
3.8 T at the RF injection side and 2.2 T at the beam
extraction side. The sextupole magnetic field isapproximately 2 T on the inner surface of the plasmachamber (r = 75 mm). The coils use a NbTi-copper
conductor and are bath-cooled in liquid helium.
The design of the superconducting coil was modified
during the construction design. The parameters of the new
design are shown in Table 1. Although each sextupole coilin the original design has a saddle form that fits a bore
cylinder, it was changed to a flat shape to make the windingof the coil easy. Because this change decreases the
sextupole magnetic field, the inscribed radius of the coils
was reduced to 98.5 mm from 102 mm at the expense of the
thickness of the vacuum insulation of the cryostat. Figure 2
shows the Ic performance of the conductor with arectangular shape used for coils other than SL3 and SL4 andthe load points for the solenoid SL1 and the sextupole. The
maximum experience field of the sextupole coils is 7.4 T
and it is 6.5 T except for the field component of the current
direction.
SL1 SL2 SL3 SL4 SL5 SL6Sextupole

The sextupole coils are very difficult to design andfabricate because of the following reasons: the experiencemagnetic field is high, the magnetic force is strong andinhomogeneous, they are assembled from six long racetrack
coils, and the inside space is narrow. The longitudinal
distributions of the magnetic force acting on the straight
region of the sextupole coils are shown in Fig. 3. Because
the expansion magnetic force in the azimuth direction is
generated by not only the self-field but also the radial
magnetic field of the solenoids, it changes along the beamaxis and its direction is opposite for the coils of N and S
poles. Figure 4 shows a cross section of the sextupole
straight part. To minimize the movement of the coils causedby the inhomogeneous and large magnetic force, the coils
are fixed with stainless steel wires wound with very hightension of about 580 MPa. The tension is decreased byabout 25% after cooling because of the difference in thethermal shrinkage factor. The deformation of the coils wascalculated by ANSYS.3) Assuming that the remaining
tension after the cooling was 460 MPa and the thickness of
the wire region was 2 mm, the maximum displacement of
the coils was calculated to be 0.19 mm and the movementof the coils by excitation was 0.03 mm.
Conductor (4.2K)

1200

SL1

1000

Sextupole

I (A)

800
600
400
200
0
0

2

4

OPERA-3d

Fig. 1. Arrangement of the superconducting solenoidand sextupole coils.

B (T)

6

8

10

Fig. 2. Ic of the conductor and load points of the SL1
and the sextupole.

Table 1. Parameters of the superconducting coils.
Inner radius (mm)Outer radius (mm)Length (mm)Conductor size (mm)Cu/NbTi ratio
No. turns
Current (A)Bmax (T)Ic (A)
Iop/IcInductance (H)

SL 1
170
250
135
0.82 x 1.15
1.3
9124
162
7.2
203
0.80
34.0

SL 2
175
220
75
0.82 x 1.15
1.3
2778
182
5.2
298
0.61
4.0

SL 3
175
220
35
ĳ1.09
6.5
1305
109
3.1
229
0.47
1.0

- 86 -

SL 4
175
220
35
ĳ1.09
6.5
1305
109
3.0
233
0.47
1.0

SL 5
175
220
75
0.82 x 1.15
1.3
2778
155
4.8
278
0.56
4.0

SL 6
170
250
100
0.82 x 1.15
1.3
6830
132
5.4
223
0.59
20.0

Sextupole
102
142
1073
0.82 x 1.15
1.3
1216
271
7.4(6.5)
349
0.78
6.9

148
Ft coil1
Ft coil2
Fr

1200
1000

I (A) / Temperature (K)F (kN/m)

800
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-60

-40

-20

0
Z (cm)

20

40

SL2
SL4
SL6

150
100
50
0

60

0

Fig. 3. Magnetic force acting on the sextupole coils. Fr
indicates radial direction and Ft the expansion force inazimuth direction. Coil 1 and coil 2 differ in terms of
the pole direction.

1

2

3

4
5
Time (sec)

6

7

8

Fig. 5. Calculated current and temperature changesof the solenoid coils after the SL1 quenched.

Stainless wire
Titanium spacer

coil 1coil 2
coil 3coil 4
coil 5coil 6350
300

Iron pole

250
I(A)

Coil

SL1
SL3
SL5
Temp(SL1)

200

I

200
150
100

Stainless

50
0
0

0.5

1
1.5
Time (sec)2

2.5

Fig. 6. Calculated current waveforms of six coils of the
sextupole after coil 1 quenched. The numbering of thecoils is in the order of the azimuth direction.

Fig. 4. Cross section of the straight part of the
sextupole coil.
The quench protection is made by connecting both endsof each coil with clamp diodes, and resistors are not used.
The sextupole coils are protected by each of the six coils
because the maximum voltage from the ground becomeslarger than 2000 V when they are protected collectively.
Figure 5 shows the currents of the six solenoids and thetemperature of the SL1 calculated by QUENCH4) when the
SL1 quenched during the nominal operation of all thesolenoids. The temperature rise of the SL1 was 115 K andthe maximum voltage between the layers was about 50 V.
On the other hand, Fig. 6 shows the currents of the
sextupole coils when one of the six coils quenches. It isfound that all the coils quench in order because the currentsof the neighbors of the quench coil are increased. The
maximum temperature rise of the six coils was about 120K.
Because the unbalance of the currents between the coils is
generated during quenches, the sextupole must have been
designed to withstand the anisotropic magnetic force.
The winding of the sextupole and the solenoid coils
began in January 2008. The excitation test of the coilassembly alone is planned in May and the total system witha recondensed cryostat will be completed in September.
References
1) T. Nakagawa et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 118(2007).
 J. Ohnishi et al.: High Energy Physics and Nuclear
Physics 31, suppl. 1, 37 (2007).
3) http://ansys.com.
4) M. N. Wilson: Rutherford Laboratory Report, RHEL/M151(1968).

- 87 -

140
RIKEN(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Optimization of low-energy beam transport under space charge
Y. Sato,∗1 Y. Higurashi, T. Nakagawa, M. Kidera, and A. Goto
To achieve an intense heavy-ion beam, we canshorten the length of low energy beam transport(LEBT) system under the space charge domain. In
this report, we discuss the effect of changing the lengthwith using IGUN software, which can simulate a beamfrom the ion source in the space charge domain1) . Our
simulation model is inspired by the LEBT of the 18
GHz ECR ion source (ECRIS) at RIKEN2) . We recall
that there is no treatment for ion space charge compensation in our LEBT system. Therefore, we assume
that our LEBT is in the space charge domain upstreamof the analyzing bending magnet.
To set the ion beam from ECRIS, we refer to themeasured beam distribution at the Faraday cup after the bending magnet of RIKEN in June 2007. We
assume that the ion beam at ECRIS consists of 140µA of O2+ , 250 µA of O3+ , 260 µA of O4+ , 190 µA
of O5+ , 110 µA of O6+ , 50 µA of O7+ and 2.4 µA
of U35+ . The plasma Debye length is assumed to be
0.212 mm. The total beam current becomes 1 mA.
In this paper, we focus on the LEBT upstream of theanalyzing bending magnet. The IGUN software treats
cylindrical problems. Therefore, the model geometry
is cylindrical and close to that at RIKEN. The effect of
the quadrupole magnet next to the analyzing bending
magnet is neglected. We can expect the effect of thequadrupole magnet on beam emittance to be smaller
than that of other upstream components. The modelcomponents in the IGUN are the plasma and extraction electrodes, the solenoidal components of magnetic
field from ECRIS, the focusing solenoid, the Einzel
lens, and deceleration. The solenoidal magnetic field
is modeled from the simulation using FEMM (Finite
Element Method Magnetics) software3) .
We compare three types of LEBT from ECRIS tothe bending magnet: (I) possibly shortest LEBT for
RIKEN 18 GHz ECRIS, (II) the current LEBT for
RIKEN 18 GHz ECRIS, and (III) the previous LEBT
for RIKEN 18 GHz ECRIS. Their properties are listed
in Table 1. The solenoid field and the voltage of thecenter of the Einzel lens are optimized to minimize ther-r’ emittance of the U35+ beam in front of the bending
magnet in each LEBT.
The r-r’ diagram at the entrance of the bending magnet in each LEBT is shown in Figs. 1, 2, and 3. The
optimized RMS emittances of the U35+ beam at theentrance of the bending magnet in LEBTs are 180 mm
mrad for LEBT (I), 270 mm mrad for LEBT (II), and
230 mm mrad for LEBT (III). We found that a 0.5
m shorter LEBT can achieve an around 30 percent
lower emittance beam under the space charge domain.
∗1

Therefore, we must set our LEBT length as short as
possible if there is no treatment to compensate the ion
space charge effect in the LEBT.
References
1) R. Becker and W. B. Herrmannsfeldt: Rev. Sci. Instrum.63, 2756 (1992).
2) N. Inabe, M. Kase, O. Kamigaito, Y. Miyazawa, M.
Hemmi, T. Chiba, A. Goto, Y. Batygin, and Y. Yano:
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep 28, 166 (1995).
3) D. Meeker: in Finite Element Method Magnetics, User’s Manual  (http://femm.foster-miller.net/Archives/doc/manual42.pdf).
Table 1. Parameters of model LEBTs.
ELEMENT(I) SHORT LEBT
Plasma outlet radius
Plasma electrode
Extraction electrode
Einzel center lens 60 mm
Deceleration
Entrance of bending magnet(II) NEW LEBT
Plasma outlet radius
Plasma electrode
Extraction electrode
Solenoid 360 turns, 280 mm
Einzel center lens 60 mm
Deceleration
Entrance of bending magnet(III) OLD LEBT
Plasma outlet radius
Plasma electrode
Extraction electrode
Einzel center lens 60 mm
Deceleration
Solenoid 360 turns, 280 mm
Entrance of bending magnet

Position

Properties

0 mm
0 mm
30 mm
265 mm
600 mm1004 mm

5 mm
5.6 kV-10.5 kV
+4.45 kV
0V

0 mm
0 mm
30 mm
250 mm
660 mm
967 mm1550 mm

5 mm
5.6 kV-10.5 kV
200 A
-6 kV
0V

0 mm
0 mm
30 mm
265 mm
600 mm
630 mm1550 mm

5 mm
5.6 kV-10.5 kV
+0.6 kV
0V
20 A

Fig. 1. The r-r’ diagrams of U35+ in front of bending magnet for Short LEBT.

yoichisato@riken.jp- 88 -

1

Fig. 2. The r-r’ diagrams of U35+ in front of bending magnet for New LEBT.

Fig. 2. The r-r’ diagrams of U35+ in front of bending magnet for New LEBT.

Fig. 3. The r-r’ diagrams of U35+ in front of bending magnet for Old LEBT.

Fig. 3. The r-r’ diagrams of U35+ in front of bending magnet for Old LEBT.

2

2- 89 -

037(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Material inspection for field emission of electronsin cavity of RILAC booster
O. Kamigaito and T. Kobayashi
In May 2005, strong X-rays were radiated from thelast cavity (A6) of the RILAC booster,1) and it became
impossible to raise the cavity voltage to the required
value of 300 kV. The observed phenomena resembled
those in the case of the A1 cavity in December 2001:
the cavity voltage did not exceed a certain level despite the excessive rf power transmitted to the cavity.
In the case of the A1 cavity, it was found that the small
particles produced by Teflon components emitted electrons on the surfaces of electrodes at a high electricfield and generated X-rays through the bremsstrahlung
process.2) We, therefore, removed all the Teflon components from the booster cavities in 2002. However,
the generation of X-rays from the A6 cavity implies
that there are still other origins of electron emission.
We collected a lot of very tiny particles scattered in
the A6 cavity and analyzed them by scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion X-ray analysis (EDX). Figure 1 shows a typical X-ray spectrum
obtained by EDX, which shows that the main component is silver with a small contribution of carbon.

Ag Lα

15000

Tuner

FeederFig. 2. Cross-sectional view of booster cavity A6. Sliding
contacts are used around the tuner and feeder.

References
1) O. Kamigaito, M. Kase, N. Sakamoto, Y. Miyazawa,
E. Ikezawa, N. Fukunishi, S. Kohara, M. Fujimaki, M.
Hemmi, T. Chiba, Y. Chiba, H. Ryuto, A. Goto, andY. Yano: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 013306-1 (2005).
2) O. Kamigaito, H. Hasebe, T. Aihara, T. Ohki, H. Yamauchi, A. Uchiyama, K. Oyamada, S. Kohara, N.
Sakamoto, E. Ikezawa, M. Kase, and Y. Yano: RIKEN
Accel. Prog. Rep. 36, 285 (2003).

12000

Ag Lβ

Count

9000

Ag Lβ2
Ag Lγ

Ag Ll

C Kα

6000

3000

0
0

1

2

3

4

5

Energy / keV

Fig. 1. Typical X-ray spectrum.

The only component containing silver in the booster
cavities is the sliding contacts used around the frequency tuner and rf feeder, as shown in Fig. 2. This
component also contains 5% carbon. Therefore, thetiny particles must come from the sliding contacts
around the tuner, which always moves during the operation.

- 90 -

1

039(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Reconditioning of four-rod cw RFQ for new injector
to RI-beam factoryO. Kamigaito, E. Ikezawa, T. Fujinawa, H. Fujisawa,∗1 S. Yokouchi, K. Oyamada,∗2 H. Yamauchi,∗2 T. Ohki,∗2
T. Aihara,∗2 M. Tamura,∗2 A. Uchiyama,∗2 N. Sakamoto, M. Kase, A. Goto, and Y. Yano
A new injector system for the RI-beam factory1)
has been proposed, which enables the performance ofexperiments on the super-heavy elements2) and RIbeam factory independently.3) This injector system,
consisting of an ECR ion source, an RFQ linac, andthree drift-tube linacs (DTLs), is expected to accelerate heavy ions of M/q=7 up to an energy of 680 keV/u.
The resonant frequencies of the RFQ and DTLs havebeen chosen to be 36.5 MHz, which is twice that of theRRC. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the new
injector system.
RFQ(4-rod)ECRIS

36.5 MHz

Rebuncher36.5 MHzDTL1 ~ 3(QWR)
36.5 MHz

SOL
Q
Q

TQ

SOL

DQ DQ

100 keV/u

0

to
RRC
TQ

Prebuncher
18.25 MHz

Fig. 2. Photograph of RFQ placed in RIBF building. Twoturbomolecular pumps were installed.

680 keV/u

TQ

RFQ Resonator

3m
40 kW

40 kW

40 kW

40 kW

LV

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of new injector system.

PIN3

PEN

VR

VH1

VH2

In November 2007, an RFQ system including two
post accelerators and their RF amplifiers was transferred to RIKEN through the courtesy of Kyoto University. This RFQ system was originally developed by
Nissin Electric Co., Ltd. in 1993.4) Since the termination of its acceleration tests in the company, the RFQ
system has been maintained in the Advanced ResearchCenter for Beam Science, Kyoto University for several
years.
The RFQ linac, based on a four-rod structure, accelerates heavy ions of M/q=16 up to an energy of 84
keV/u in the cw mode with an rf frequency of 33.3
MHz. When the RFQ resonator is modified so as tohave a resonant frequency of 36.5 MHz, it becomes possible to accelerate ions of M/q=7 to 100 keV/u, whichis the required energy in the new injector system, without changing the vane electrodes.
After setting the RFQ system in the RIBF building,as shown in Fig. 2, we installed vacuum pumps on it
and started evacuation with a newly designed control
system of pumps. Figure 3 shows a schematic diagramof the pumping system. The vacuum level reached 3.5
×10−5 Pa in January 2008.
∗1
∗2

TMP
2
VL2

PIN2

RP2

TMP
1

VL1
PIN1

RP1

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of pumping system.

We also measured the unloaded-Q (Q0 ) of the RFQ
resonator. The measured Q0 is 5,280, which is very
close to the original value of 5,400 measured in 1996.5)
We plan to perform a high-power test using the original frequency of 33.3 MHz in June 2008, after reassembling the rf amplifier.
References
1) Y. Yano: Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 261, 1009 (2007).
2) K. Morita, K. Morimoto, D. Kaji et al.: J. Phys. Soc.
Jpn. 73, 1738 (2004).
3) O. Kamigaito, N. Fukunishi, T. Nakagawa, H. Saito,
and A. Goto: Proc. 3rd Annual Meeting of Particle Accelerator Society of Japan and 31th Linear Accelerator
Meeting in Japan, Sendai, Japan, 2006-8, p. 502.
4) H. Fujisawa: Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 345, 23 (1994).
5) H. Fujisawa, N. Hamamoto, and Y. Inouchi: Proc.
7th Int. Symp. Advanced Nuclear Energy Research,
Takasaki, Japan, 1996-3, p. 436.

Advanced Research Center for Beam Science, Institute for
Chemical Research, Kyoto University
SHI Accelerator Service Ltd.

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161

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Calculations of beam transmission and quality in RIKEN AVF
Cyclotron
＊

＊

＊

＊

＊

＊ ＊

S. B. Vorozhtsov, 1 A. S. Vorozhtsov, 1 E. E. Perepelkin, 1 S. Watanabe, 2 S. Kubono, 2 T. Mitsumoto, 2, 3 and A. Goto
Experimental studies, such as nuclear physics of unstable
nuclei and nuclear astrophysics, are performed using the
AVF cyclotron. To establish such research activities, theupgrade project of the AVF cyclotron is being conducted incollaboration between the Center for Nuclear Study (CNS)of the University of Tokyo and RIKEN. One of the issues inthis project is to increase the intensity of 14N5+ ion beams up
to 10 pµA, which is required for obtaining sufficient yieldsof secondary particles.1) The present study is thus focusedon the improvements in beam transmission efficiency andbeam quality in the AVF cyclotron by detailed orbit
simulations.
The computer model of the electromagnetic fields of the
AVF cyclotron was prepared and successfully checkedagainst the measurements. It comprises the following
structural elements: a magnet yoke, spiral sectors, center
plugs, trim and harmonic coils, an inflector, an RF shield,
RF Dee electrodes, a deflector and a magnetic channel (seeFigs. 1 and 2). Electric and magnetic field distributions andmechanical structures were transmitted to the beam
dynamics code for simulations, and particle losses on thesurfaces of the system elements were estimated.
First, the simulation with respect to the beam injection
and acceleration was performed for the existing geometry
and originally designed operational parameters. The
obtained results showed that the beam transmission
efficiency agreed with the measurement; the major particle
losses occurred in the center region during several turns
owing to the vertical broadening of the beam. The
simulation also indicated that the inflector electrode was too
short••to introduce the beam onto the median plane of thecyclotron, and that this caused vertical beam oscillation,
also resulting in the beam loss.
The easiest way to improve the above situation is todetermine better operational parameters instead of changing
the present geometry of the center region. A preliminary
calculation showed that the broadening of the beam could
be mitigated and the beam transmission efficiency could be
improved by changing the following parameters: theinjection energy of the beam and the RF Dee voltage. In thesimulation for 7 MeV/nucleon 14N5+, the extraction voltageof the ECR ion source was decreased from 10.4 kV to 9 kVand the RF Dee voltage from 46.7 kV to 40 kV. These
values were adopted in order to obtain a sufficiently small
vertical angle at the exit of the inflector as well as to ensure
the beam passage through the puller with the beam crossing
the first acceleration gap at the positive RF phase thatallows the electric focusing. It is noted that a negative phase(defocusing) at this gap was adopted in order to avoid
＊1
＊2
＊3
＊3

Fig. 1. Computer model for the electric field distribution in
the center region.

Fig. 2. Computer model for the magnetic field distribution.
overfocusing.2,3) The magnetic field amplitude of the firsttrim coil was also changed by approximately 50 % to ensure
beam sitting at zero RF degree in the isochronous fieldregion. The result obtained in the calculations••indicated thatthe beam transmission efficiency in the range from theinflector•• entrance to the electro-static deflector was
improved from 40 % to 65 %.
References
1) M. Fukuda et al.: CNS-REP-59, 2003, p. 74.
2) A. Goto et al.: Proc. 12th Int. Conf. Cyclotrons and Their
Applications, Berlin, Germany, 1989, p. 439.
3) A. Goto et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 22, 205 (1988).

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo
Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Department of Law, Senshu University- 92 -

(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Foil changer with energy adjuster function†
H. Ryuto,∗1 H. Hasebe, N. Fukunishi, T. Abe, A. Goto, M. Kase, and Y. Yano
The matching between the exit energy of a cyclotron
and the injection energy of the adjacent cyclotron is
crucial in a heavy-ion cyclotron complex such as the
RIKEN RI-beam factory. A uranium beam acceleratedusing the ﬁxed-frequency ring cyclotron (fRC) loses approximately one-tenth of its kinetic energy while passing through the third stripper placed between the fRC
and the intermediate-stage ring cyclotron1) . The beamenergy behind the third stripper changes because of the
thickness diﬀerence of the stripper foil when the stripper foil is changed. It is a rather complicated task to
ﬁne-tune the extraction energy of the beam by changing the extraction radius, or to ﬁne-tune the injectionenergy of the following cyclotron by adjusting the injection radius. To ﬁne-tune the beam energy easily, acharge stripping foil changer that also has an energy
adjuster function was fabricated.
Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the chargestripping foil changer with an energy adjuster function (FCEA). Carbon foils are attached to foil holders. The foil holder is a 0.5-mm-thick rectangular aluminum plate with a rounded rectangular hole of 28 mm
× 14 mm. The foil holders are attached to holder supports using leaf springs. The holder supports are on apair of chain loops stretched in a cylindrical vacuum
chamber. Thirty carbon foils and a beam viewer canbe set in the FCEA. A part of the chain loops is used
to allow beams to pass without charge stripping, andBeam

Maintenance port

this part is also used to determine the zero point of
the loops using switches. The carbon foils are changed
using the maintenance port. Two motors are placed
at one end of the cylindrical vacuum chamber. The
other end is connected to a common vacuum chamberin the beam transport line. One of the motors is used
to change the foil at the beam position by rotating thechain loops through a biaxial feedthrough and gears.
The other motor is used to tilt the foil. The distancethat the beam passes through the foil, that is, the effective thickness of the foil, is adjusted by changing
the angle between the foil and the beam. The ionsthat pass through the carbon foil lose their energy approximately in proportion to the thickness of the foil;
thus, the beam energy can be adjusted by tilting thefoil. The maximum tilting angle is 60◦ . The foil canbe changed while maintaining the same tilting angle.
A uranium beam was accelerated to 345 MeV/nucleon
using two FCEAs at the second and third stripper sections. The FCEAs operated stably during the acceleration of the uranium beam.
References
1) H. Ryuto, N. Fukunishi, H. Hasebe, N. Inabe, S. Yokouchi, O. Kamigaito, A. Goto, M. Kase, Y. Yano, Proceedings of the 2005 Particle Accelerator Conference,
Knoxville, USA, 2005, p. 3751.

Biaxial feedthrough Motors

Foil change

Foil tilt
Cylindricalvacuum chamber
Connection to vacuum chamber Switch for zero-point
determination
in beam line

ChainsLeaf spring 14 mm
Beam spot
Foil holder
C foilHolder support
28 mm

Fig. 1. Schematic view of charge-stripping foil changer withenergy adjuster function showing side view and close-up
view around beam spot on carbon stripper foil.
†∗1

Condensed from the article in Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 581,
586 (2007).
Present address: Photonics and Electronics Science and Engineering Center, Kyoto University.

- 93 -

1

RIKEN(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Development of new Faraday cup for RIBF
T. Watanabe, M. Kase, M. Fujimaki, N. Fukunishi, K. Yamada, A. Yoshida and Y. Yano
New Faraday cups have been developed to measure current of heavy-ion beams for the RIKEN RI
beam factory (RIBF). Ten new Faraday cups havebeen installed into the transport lines of the RIKEN
heavy-ion linac (RILAC), the RIKEN ring cyclotron(RRC), the fixed-frequency ring cyclotron (fRC) andthe intermediate-stage ring cyclotron (IRC) to measure the current of accelerated heavy-ion beams. The
design of the new Faraday cups and the preliminary experimental results obtained during the commissioningof the RIBF using the heavy-ion beams are describedin this report.
During beam commissioning, it is essential to keep
the beam transmission efficiency as high as possible,
because the production of RI beams requires an intense primary beam, and the activation of the beamtransport chambers induced ed by beam loss should be
avoided. In this facility, to evaluate the beam transmission efficiency, Faraday cups are used. When an
accelerated particle hits the surface of a Faraday cup,
secondary electrons are always generated. If these electrons leave the insulated cup area, the reading of thebeam current will be incorrect owing to the numberof lost electrons. Thus, preventing the escape of secondary electrons from the cup is very important formeasuring the beam current precisely. Typically, thiscan be achieved by applying a high voltage near theentrance of the cup. We fabricated and installed old
Faraday cups, which have diagonally cut shapes forcooling the cups effectively. A schematic drawing of
the old Faraday cup installed into the beam transportline at the RIBF is shown in Fig. 1. The designed cooling power of the cup was 10 kW for high-energy heavyion beams. However, as the electric field of suppression for the secondary electron beam was asymmetrical, the measured current depended on the position of
the heavy ion beam. Thus, the tuning of beam transport was difficult, because the smaller the distance be-

Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of old Faraday cup installed into
beam transport line at RIBF.

Fig. 2. Calculated three-dimensional field distribution ofelectric field indicated by arrows.

tween the electrode and the cup, the higher the current
was read (show Fig. 1). Therefore, we decided to design and fabricate a new Faraday cup. Since the electrical field on the beam axis is lower than that on theedge, it is difficult to completely prevent the escape ofthe high-energy secondary electrons produced by highenergy heavy-ion beams, such as uranium beams. To
resolve this technical issue, we calculated the electricfield of the suppression electrode by using the MAFIA
program. MAFIA is an interactive program package
for the computation of electromagnetic fields and isdirectly based on the fundamental equations of electromagnetic fields, the Maxwell equations. To maintainthe high electric potential, the length of the suppression electrode was increased. The MAFIA program
can import the file format of Stereo lithography files,
the so-called STL files, made by many CAD programs.
Figure 2 shows the three-dimensional field distributionof the calculated electric field indicated by arrows, andFig. 3 shows the two-dimensional contour plot of theabsolute electric potential cut at the X-Y plane. The
voltage applied to the suppression electrode was 1 kV.

Fig. 3. Calculated two-dimensional contour plot of absolute electric potential cut at X-Y plane.

- 94 -

1

Fig. 4. Electric potential along Y-axis at position of (X=0,
Z=0).

Figure 4 shows the electric potential along the Y-axis
at the position of (X=0 and Z=0), and the electric
potential on the beam axis of 820 V was obtained.
A schematic drawing and a photograph of the Faraday cup, which was designed on the basis of the previous calculations and installed into the beam transportline between the fRC and the IRC at the RIBF are
shown in Figs. 5 and 6, respectively. The sizes andsolid angles of the old and new Faraday cups are shownin Table 1. The Faraday cup is pneumatically inserted
Table 1. Size and solid angle of each faraday cup.
Depth
26 (mm)60

Inner diameter
46 (mm)62

tively. The output current from the BNC feedthroughis connected to a current-sensitive preamplifier, which
consists of lower impedance input and the conversionof the current to a voltage. A dynamic range of 120
dB depending on the beam current is obtained by a log
operational amplifier. The driving control and statusmonitoring of the Faraday cup are controlled by the
EPICS system1) .

Solid angle
0.783 (sr)
0.715

200
FC-e11

into the beam transport chamber by the pneumatic
feeder when the measurement is started. The depth ofthe cup is 60 mm, and the inner and outer diametersof the cup are 62 mm and 77 mm, respectively. An
isolated cup and a suppression electrode are connected
to a BNC feedthrough and a safe high-voltage (SHV)
feedthrough, which is a high-voltage (max. 5 kV)
coaxial feedthrough particularly designed to protect anelectric discharge from high-voltage exposure, respec-

Beam current (enA)

Old FCNew FC

Fig. 6. Photograph of new Faraday cup.

150

100

50

0
0

-100

-200

-300

-400

-500

-600

Applied suppressor voltage (V)Fig. 7. Typical measurement result obtained using suppression voltage and 5.0 MeV/u 70 Zn16+ beam.





φ



φ

㹋[3







By applying a voltage well above the mean energy ofthe secondary electrons, the electrons are pushed backto the cup surface. A typical measurement result obtained using this suppression voltage and a 5.0 MeV/u70
Zn16+ beam is shown in Fig. 7. From this result, thecurrent was found to saturate over the applied voltageof 70 V.
The authors thank the operation staff for their great
help.








&/66

&/66

6(71 㹑㹁㹋

References


1) M. Kobayashi-Komiyama et al.: RIKEN Accel. Rep.
37, 277 (2004).

Fig. 5. Schematic drawing of new Faraday cup.

2

- 95 -

061

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Status report on transverse emittance monitor
Yasuteru Kotaka*1, Hiromichi Ryuto, Masaki Fujimaki, Masayuki Kase
It is essential to determine transverse emittance precisely
to achieve an efficient acceleration of ion beams. An
emittance monitor system for heavy-ion beam acceleration
at the RIKEN RI beam factory (RIBF) has been developed.

Fig.1. Schematic for measurement of transverse emittanceangle (mrad)First, the principle of transverse emittance measurement
using the emittance monitor system is described. The x-axis
is set perpendicular to the beam axis (see Fig. 1). When aslit system is inserted into the beam line, ions going througha slit are detected using a set of electrodes placed behind theslit at a distance L. As a result, the angle (x') distribution at
the slit's displacement (x) is measured. After performing
this process along the x-axis, the x-x' distribution of beam isacquired. Transverse emittance can be calculated as the areaof x-x' distribution of the beam.

mm). The accuracy of the position setting of the slit andelectrode systems is 0.012 mm at a stroke of 300 mm. The
gap width between slits is 0.1 mm.
An electrode is fabricated from a Ta ribbon whose
thickness is 0.1 mm. Ceramic insulators whose thickness is0.24 mm are placed between the Ta ribbons. The resolving
power of position is 0.34 mm and the beamwidth
acceptance is 10.54 mm. The beam current detected using
the electrode is amplified and an amplifier transports abeam current of 10 nA to a 10 V output voltage. The output
voltage is digitized using an ADC whose resolution is 16 bit
at 20 V.
Figures 3 and 4 respectively show the horizontal andvertical emittances measured using an 16O beam accelerated
to 10.3 MeV/nucleon by an AVF Cyclotron. L was 317 mm,so the angular resolution was 1.1 mrad and the acceptanceof the beam angle was 33.2 mrad. Data are acquired every
0.35 mm of a stroke of 82 mm. It took 2.5 min to measure
horizontal and vertical emittances. The horizontal andvertical emittances estimated from the area of the ellipses
are 19.3 and 10.0ȧ mm㺃mrad respectively.

position (mm)Fig.3. Horizontal emittance.

angle (mrad)Fig.2. Photograph of emittance monitor systems. The upper
part shows a slit system and the lower part shows theelectrode system.
Figure 2 shows a photograph of the emittance monitor
system. The horizontal and vertical slits are arranged insuch a way that they form a rectangle. Horizontal andvertical sets of electrodes are similarly arranged as slits. The
slit and electrode systems are placed at the ports at an angleof 45 degrees from the horizontal direction, so thathorizontal and vertical emittances can be measured using
the same monitor. The measurable beam size is within aradius of 14.4 mm determined by the length of the slits (42position (mm)Fig.4. Vertical emittance.
*1 SHI Accelerator Service Ltd.

- 96 -

071
RIKEN(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Constructing High-Availability Cluster System
for RIKEN RIBF Control System
A. Uchiyama,∗1 M. Kobayashi-Komiyama, and M. KaseIn the RIBF control system based on EPICS, there
are various types of IOCs, such as a network-based
CAMAC crate controller (CC/NET), a wireless routerapplication platform (WRAP) and a VME board
computer, to control various types of devices1) . A
CC/NET and a WRAP have GNU/Linux as theiroperating system, and EPICS programs are installedfrom the ﬁle server of a desktop PC with a mirrored disk (RAID1) system using a network ﬁle system(NFS). The VME board computer has vxWorks as its
operating system, and it is available for network booting using ﬁle transport protocol (FTP). We have an
exclusive server for the FTP service and network booting in our system, which is a single-server computerwith no RAID system. Since these IOCs do not havedisks, these are not expected to break easily. However,they will probably fail to run if the NFS server or FTP
server has a problem in its system. To avoid this problem, we need to replace these servers with new ones
with higher reliability. Accordingly, a purpose of ourwork is to improve this weak point of the system by
the implementation of a high-availability cluster system (HA cluster). Generally speaking, an HA cluster
is a computer cluster system promoting the reliability,
availability, and serviceability (RAS) of the services
provided by the cluster. In this paper we report on
HA clusters for the FTP server and NFS server usedby our EPICS IOCs.

tem to be down for a few minutes. The second concept is to construct a system with low cost. Therefore, we decided to implement failover clusters composed of an active-standby node. To build the system,
open-source Heartbeat2) , DRBD3) , and rsync4) were
installed. Similarly, Red Hat Enterprise Linux clones
are used for their operating systems; Scientiﬁc Linux
4.3 is installed in the NFS cluster server, CentOS 4.2 isinstalled in the FTP cluster server. The speciﬁcations
are summarized in Tables 1 and 2.

Fig. 1. FTP cluster server in RIBF control system.

Table 1. Speciﬁcations of FTP cluster.

CPU
MemoryOS
SoftwareActive nodeStandby nodeIntel Celeron 2.66GHz Intel Xeon 3050
256MByte
1GByteRHEL 4
CentOS 4.2
Heartbeat, rsync, vsftpd
Fig. 2. Action of HA cluster during failover.

Table 2. Speciﬁcations of NFS cluster.

CPU
MemoryOS
SoftwareActive node / Standby nodeDual-Core AMD Opteron 2212HE
2GByteScientiﬁc Linux 4.3
Heartbeat, DRBD, nfsd

One of the main concepts of our system is that it
is unnecessary to have a mission-critical environment
in our control system except for the interlock system.
In other words, we provide the service at all times foraccelerator operation, but the situation allows the sys∗1

SHI Accelerator Service Ltd.

Figure 1 shows the FTP cluster server in the RIBF
control system. This HA cluster consists of a new
FTP server and an old one for booting the VME board
computers. In this system, Heartbeat sends heartbeat
packets to each server using eth1 for alive monitoring and service monitoring. This HA cluster normallyprovides the FTP service from eth0 of the active nodethrough a virtual IP address. In order to avoid disk
trouble during long-term operation, the RAID1 system
is synchronized manually as a backup disk by using
rsync. The action of the HA cluster during failover isshown in Fig. 2. Failover is the capability of switchingover automatically to standby node, when the active- 97 -

1

071
node has a problem. In a recovery test, it was conﬁrmed that the service switches from active node tostandby node automatically without problems. Also,
providing the FTP service stopped for a few seconds
during the service switching at the action, because thestandby node cannot take over the process ﬁle used by
the FTP service of the active node.

ture, a security alert function will be implemented by
the TCP/IP port and IP address monitoring of thecluster from the other client.
Finally, the author would like to thank Takashi Ichihara for helpful suggestions.
References
1) M. Kobayashi-Komiyama et al.: in this report.
2) http://www.linux-ha.org/
3) http://www.drbd.org/
4) http://rsync.samba.org/

Fig. 3. NFS cluster server in RIBF control system.

Figure 3 shows the NFS cluster server in the RIBF
control system. This HA cluster consists of two newservers, and all the Linux IOCs access it to share
EPICS programs. In this NFS cluster, Heartbeat sends
heartbeat packets as well as the FTP cluster. In addition, these RAID1 systems are synchronized automatically with each other as a mirrored disk over the
network by DRBD. Therefore, this NFS cluster is not
only available to switch the service without downtime
in failover, but also it is extremely improbable that welose the data stored in the NFS cluster, because thissystem has four same data in two RAID1 systems.
In December 2007, we started to implement the HA
clusters after a recovery test. The number of IOCs isshown in Table 3. As a result, we succeeded in implementing two HA clusters for key services with low
cost using only open-source software. Thus, it was conﬁrmed that this HA system was useful in a small-scale
system like ours. Note that this NFS cluster server
can not only provide a failover system for the service
to IOC boxes, but also provide a high-security disk
system compared with a RAID1 system without an
expensive disk array system.
Table 3. Number of clients connected with clusters in
RIBF control system.
Service
FTP
NFS

Number of clients
5
16

In the present system, we cannot detect the occurrence of a failover until someone telnets the cluster,because the network of the control system is a standalone system disconnected from Internet, and it is notpossible to send a security alert by E-mail. In the fu-2- 98 -

087
RIKEN(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Beam phase and acceleration rf monitoring systemusing lock-in amplifier for stable beam supply
R. Koyama,∗1 M. Fujimaki, T. Watanabe, Y. Kotaka,∗1 N. Fukunishi, M. Kase, and Y. Yano
One of the most important factors for supplying stable beams in both aspects of energy and intensity is tomaintain the matching of beam phases between accelerators in a multistage acceleration system, such as
the RIKEN RI Beam Factory (RIBF). However, it is
known that the optimized beam phase by tuning gradually shifts with time owing to the phase drift of acceleration rf and so on. Hence, it is important to monitor
the beam phase constantly, and we have developed amonitoring system using the lock-in amplifier SR8441) .
In addition, the system for monitoring the accelerationrf, which is a major cause of phase mismatching, hasalso been developed. The monitoring system has been
introduced to the RILAC and CSM. These systems
were actually used in the experiment on superheavy
elements with the GARIS2) from January to March2008.
In the experiment, a 70 Zn16+ ion beam was accelerated up to 352.6 MeV and bombarded on the target of
the GARIS, as shown in Fig. 1. The beam phase wasFig. 1. Schematic top view of RILAC-GARIS course.

measured at the phase probes (PP) mounted in thesections called “e04” and “e11” using the developed
SR844 system (Fig. 2) in this experiment. The system is controlled by a LabVIEW program. The phaseand amplitude of the beam bunch signal are plotted
as a function of time on the front panel of the program and written in an output file. The program also
beeps out a warning when the beam phase or intensity changes beyond the permissible range. It should
be noted that a third-harmonic acceleration rf is usedas the reference signal of the developed SR844 system.
Figure 3 shows the frequency component of the signal from PP-e11.
The peaks observed also underbeam-off conditions correspond to leakage rf and its
larger harmonics from the RILAC and CSM cavities.
The beam bunch signal has a much higher harmoniccomponent than the leakage rf. Therefore, if we selecta frequency with a high S/N ratio, we can perform∗1

SHI Accelerator Service, Ltd.

- 99 -

Fig. 2. Block diagram of beam-phase-monitoring systemusing developed SR844 system.

Fig. 3. Frequency component of signal from PP-e11 observed using spectrum analyzer under a) beam-off, andb) beam-on conditions.

measurements with negligible leakage rf effects. We
have monitored the third-harmonic frequency component of the beam bunch signal in this experiment. In
addition, signals other than the beam bunch signal,such as the third-harmonic leakage rf, are rejected bynumerically subtracting the I/Q component measured
using the developed SR844 system under beam-off conditions from that measured under beam-on conditions
using the program.
The newly developed rf monitor is expected to havea higher measurement accuracy by utilizing the developed SR844 system than the old monitoring systemusing a vector volt meter 8508A. An accurate and automated monitoring system is efficient in determining
which cavity causes the beam phase shift. This system
is also controlled by the LabVIEW program, and the rf

1

087
voltages and phases of all cavities are plotted as a function of time on the front panel with switching and written in the output fi le. We can easily determine whichcavity we should tune, when the beam phase changes,
by monitoring the correlation between the beam phaseand the acceleration rf using these systems.

Phase fluctuationof RILAC-rf [Deg]Fluctuationof beam phase [nsec]

0.06
0.03

PP-e04PP-e11

0.00
-0.03
-0.06

Phase drift ofbeam phase-0.09

Recovery of
beam phaseby tuning of
rf-phase

-0.12
-0.15
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6

Phase driftof RILAC-#5

Manual tuningof rf-phase-0.8
Date (08/1/17 2:30 - 3:30)

Fig. 5. Example of manual tuning for recovery of beamphase using SR844 monitoring system.

Phase fluctuationof beam phase [nsec]

Fig. 4. Block diagram of rf-monitoring system using developed SR844 system for RILAC and CSM.

Figure 5 shows examples of the beam phase and acceleration rf obtained using the developed SR844 system. The ﬂuctuations of the beam phase and acceleration rf normalized by the optimized value of therequired energy are plotted as a function of time inthis fi gure. The operation performed is summarized
as follows: 1) The beam phase drifted over the limit
value and a warning was beeped out from the developed SR844 system. 2) We checked consistency between the beam phase observed using the developed
SR844 system and the beam energy measured by abeam user. 3) We changed manually the phase of the
RILAC-#5 because only its phase drifted among thoseof other cavities. 4) The beam phase monitored using
the developed SR844 system recovered to the phase
optimized to the required energy. 5) We checked thebeam energy recovered to the required one.
Figure 6 shows the improvement in the voltage stability of the CSM-A5 by exchanging its module for thevoltage regulation called auto-gain control (AGC). We
found that the voltage ﬂuctuation of the CSM-A5 wasperiodic with a very large amplitude in comparison
with those of the other CSM cavities. The ﬂuctuation of the beam phase synchronized with that of the
CSM-A5 was clariﬁed, as shown in Fig. 6.
The developed SR844 system enabled us to determine easily the conditions of the beam phase and ac-

2

Beam and rf off forthe exchange of AGC

1.0

0.05

0.5

0.00

0.0

-0.05
-0.10

PP-e04PP-e11
CSM-A5
Date (08/1/16 12:00 - 16:00)-0.5

Voltage fluctuationof CSM-A5 [%]Beam off for the tuningof ion source

0.10

-1.0

Fig. 6. Improvement in voltage stability of CSM-A5 by exchanging its module for auto gain-control (AGC).

celeration rf, as described above. We plan to extend
the use of the system and aim at supplying more stable beams all over the RIBF. In addition, the timeseries analysis of the data obtained using the developed SR844 system is in progress. In this analysis, weplan to use various data, such as those obtained at a
certain electric power and room temperature. We alsoplan to reveal the dynamics of the acceleration systemof the RIBF to improve its stability.
Finally, the authors are grateful to the operation
staﬀ of SHI Accelerator Service Ltd. for their cooperation in the preparation of hardware for the SR844
monitoring system for the RILAC-GARIS course.
References
1) R. Koyama et al.: Proc. PASJ4-LAM32, Wako-shi,
Saitama (2007) WP38.
2) K. Morita et al.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73, 2593 (2004).

- 100 -

124
(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Comparison of vacuum systems for ring cyclotrons in RIBF
S. Yokouchi, N. Fukunishi, K. Ikegami, N. Inabe, J. Ohnishi, H. Okuno,
K. Yamada, M. Nishida,∗ A. Goto, M. Kase, and Y. Yano
The main accelerator of the RIKEN RI beam factory (RIBF) is a cascade of four ring cyclotrons (RCs):
the RRC, the fRC, and the IRC are normal conducting cyclotrons, and the SRC is a superconducting cyclotron.1) Vacuum systems for these RCs are designedon the basis of nearly the same concept.2–5)
The vacuum chamber consists of magnet chamberswith and without an additional chamber2) (AC), RF
resonators, flat-top (FT) resonator, and valley chambers, as shown in Table 1. The AC is provided to isolate ultrahigh vacuum for ion beams (beam vacuum)from a pole of the sector magnet, which desorbs a large
amount of gas, in the RRC and IRC. The AC is not required for the fRC since the surface of a pole is coatedby a thin Ni layer to reduce its outgas.6) On the other
hand, the beam vacuum is enclosed by the outer wallsof a cryostat vacuum chamber in which warm poles arecontained in the SRC.7) A pneumatic expansion seal isemployed for connection of the RF resonator and themagnet chamber in the IRC4) and SRC8) . In the RRC,
this seal method was not carried out although planned.
Table 2 shows the surface area of main materials for
vacuum chambers exposed to beam vacuum.
The vacuum pumping system is based on cryopumps
for main evacuation, turbomolecular pump (TMP)
pumping systems for high-vacuum evacuation prior tomain evacuation, and rough pumping systems. In addition to these systems, two kinds of differential pumping system are used: One is for evacuation of the AC

Table 1. Configuration of vacuum chambers of RCs.
Vacuum chamber
Magnet chamber with AC
Magnet chamber
without AC
RF resonator
FT resonator
Valley chamber

RRC
4

fRC
-

IRC
4

SRC
-

2
2

4
2
1
2

2
1
2

6
4
1
2

Table 2. Inner surface areas of vacuum chambers. Values
in parentheses indicate those of subvacuum4,5) . The
unit is m2 .
Material
Stainless steel
CopperNi-plated iron
Fluoroelastomer
∗

RRC
167
180
3.0

fRC
70
92
45
2.0

SHI Accelerator Service, Ltd.

IRC
313(118)330(124)2.1(0.6)

SRC
442(245)605(249)
5.0(1.6)

Table 3. Numbers of vacuum pumping systems.
Pumping system
Main pump
10 m3 /s cryopump
5 m3 /s cryopump
4 m3 /s cryopump
2.3 m3 /s cryopump
TMP pumping system
Rough pumping system
Subpumping system
AC pumping system

RRC

fRC

IRC

SRC

10
4
4
2
4

6
2
2
-

12
2
4
2
4
4

16
2
4
2
8
-

(AC pumping system) in the RRC and IRC, and theother is for that of the subvacuum of the RF resonator5) (subpumping system) in the IRC and SRC.
The numbers of vacuum pumping systems are listed
in Table 3. A cryopump of 10 m3 /s is used for RF
resonators and valley chambers. Two 4 and 2.3 m3 /s
cryopumps are used for the FT resonator of the IRC
and SRC, respectively. A cryopump of 5 m3 /s, which
is of the panel type and directly inserted into the stemof the RF resonator,9) is used only for the RRC.
Each RC (ring cyclotron) has a local controller,
which is equipped with a programmable logic controller, and provides a remote sequence control for thevacuum system. A module-type vacuum gauge combined with pirani gauges and cold cathode gauges is
employed for monitoring vacuum pressure and interlocking vacuum process control in all RCs. At present,
only SRC control is available at the RIBF control console, and others are not yet available for lack of device
support programs.
The typical pumping parameters of the RCs are
summarized in Table 4. The pumping factors of the
SRC and fRC are slightly smaller than that of the
RRC; however, the required pressure is attained in
all the RCs. From the actual results of the fRC, Ni
coating for a pole is proved to be a useful method for
manufacturing.
Figure 1 shows the ratio of the outgas from the mainmaterial with respect to the total outgas. The predominant outgas is that from copper in the IRC and SRC,
while it is that from the fluoroelastomer in the RRC
and fRC. The outgas of subvacuum accounts for 35% of
total gas load in the IRC, and 40% of that in the SRC.
The subpumping system is capable of evacuating thisoutgas, as mentioned above. This function, however,does not seem to work well. A result of evacuation
for an RF resonator of the SRC was as follows: thepressure of beam vacuum without subvacuum pumping (p bo ) was 4.4×10−6 Pa , and that with subvacuum- 101 -

1

124
Table 4. Typical pumping parameters of RCs. Total outgas is that after 50 h of pumping calculatedusing the inner surface areas shown in Table 2 and the same equations for outgassing rate as thosereported in Ref. 3 are used for standardization. Pumping factor is defined as the total pumping speed
divided by total outgas and normalized with that of the RRC.
Parameter
Total volume (m3 )Total outgas (Pa · m3 /s)
Total pumping speed (m3 /s)
Pumping factor
Design pressure (Pa)
Current pressure measured (Pa)Stainless steel
60

CopperNi-plated iron

Fluoroelastomer

55
50(19)

47

50

48(20)
39(13)

40

%

RRC
30
5.0 × 10−4120
1
3 ∼ 4 × 10−6
6 × 10−7 ∼ 2 × 10−6

33

32(9)

30
22

25

20

18(7)
13(7)

12

10

6
0

0

RRC

fRC

0

0

IRC

SRC

Fig. 1. Ratios of outgas from main material with respect
to total outgas. Values in parentheses indicate those ofsubvacuum.

psC

Balance of throughput
at each vacuum
pb

Ss

Sb

Subvacuum

Beam vacuum{

Qs=Ssps+C(ps-pb)
Q-Qs+C(ps-pb)=Sbpb
Ss ҋ Sb

Fig. 2. Pumping model for RF resonator. Q s and Q are
the outgas of subvacuum and that of subvacuum andbeam vacuum in Pa · m3 /s, respectively. S s and S b are
the effective pumping speed for subvacuum and that ofbeam vacuum in m3 /s, respectively. p s and p b are thepressure of subvacuum and that of beam vacuum in Pa,
respectively. C is the conductance between subvacuum
and beam vacuum in m3 /s. In this model S s /S b can
be considered to be 0, since S b is much larger than S s .

2

SRC
90
1.3 × 10−3
164.6
0.59
5 × 10−6
1 ∼ 4 × 10−6

p b /p bo is 0.91. Q s /Q is considered to be approximately 0.4, although practically somewhat large. S s ,which is the total effective pumping speed of two TMPs
of 0.35 m3 /s connected with a pipe of 100 mm diameter and 320 mm length (including a gate valve), is estimated to be 0.36 m3 /s. By substituting these values
into Eq. (1), C is calculated to be 1.2 m3 /s. However,C must be much smaller to reduce the subvacuum gasload flowing into the beam vacuum effectively. For example, p b /p bo values are calculated to be 0.6 and 0.7
for C=0 and 0.12 m3 /s using Eq. (1). Although thecopper plate of subvacuum is designed and constructedcarefully so that the conductance between the subvacuum and the beam vacuum is as small as possible, it
might be beyond manufacturing know-how. We must
investigate the effect of the subpumping system for the
IRC without delay, which has the same structure asthat as the SRC.
1) Y. Yano: Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B261,
1009 (2007).
2) K. Ikegami et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 17,156(1983).
3) S. Yokouchi et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 38,
279(2005).
4) J. Ohnishi et al.: Proc. 17th Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons
and Their Applications, Tokyo, 197(2004-10).
5) K. Sugii et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 33, 226(2000).
6) N. Inabe et al.: Proc. 17th Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons andTheir Applications, Tokyo, 200(2004-10).
7) H. Okuno et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 38,
283(2005).
8) H. Okuno et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40,
137(2007).
9) N. Ohsako et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 19,
191(1985).

pumping (p b ) was 4.0×10−6 Pa. Supposing the pumping model as is drawn in Fig. 2, p b is given by
Ss Q spb=1−
pbo
C + Ss Q

IRC
35
7.0 × 10−4
128
0.88
1 × 10−5
6 × 10−7 ∼ 2 × 10−6

References

Q-Qs

Qs

fRC
16
4.5 × 10−460
0.64
4 × 10−5
1 ∼ 2 × 10−6

(1)

- 102 -

169
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Accuracy, Linearity and Stability Tests of Old Power Supplies in RIBF
Makoto Nagase, Nobuhisa Fukunishi, Seiji Fukuzawa*1, Eiji Ikezawa, Keiko Kumagai,
Masashi Tamura*1, Akito Uchiyama*1, Kazuyoshi Yadomi*1, Hiromoto Yamauchi*1 and Masayuki Kase
Beam tuning, especially of beam transport lines, requires
many efforts of accelerator operators. It is very time
consuming because a step-by-step optimization fromupstream is usually performed in our facility. During the
optimization, operators try and select better parameters of
our accelerator complex on the basis of data on positions
and profiles of a beam. However, it is possible to determine
appropriate parameters, for example excitation currents ofmagnets, on the basis of a result of an orbit calculation
starting from a reliable initial condition. For a calculationbased operation, accuracies of power supplies are essential
but they have not been examined for old power supplies
used in the beam transport line from the RIKEN heavy-ion
linac (RILAC) and RIKEN Ring Cyclotron (RRC)1).
Stabilities of power supplies are also important for a stablelong-term operation of the RI Beam Factory (RIBF). To thisend, we measured precisely output currents of the power
supplies using high-precision DC current transformers(DCCT) 2, 3).

Fig. 1. Setup of the current measurements using a DCCT.
Table 1. Specifications of apparatus used in measurements.
DeviceDCCT

DigitalVoltmeter
PC

Brand and TypeHITECTOPACC-T-20MultiRange
HITEC STACC-HCDANFYSIK 866-600
KEITHLEY 2701

Specifications
150,300,550,1050,2000A<0.25ppm/K
3000A <1ppm/K
600A <0.3ppm/Degree
Resolution 6+1/2 digit

Dell WinXPLabView is installed

A setup of the measurement is schematically shown in
Fig. 1. Current from a power supply is controlled by acontrol computer through an interface module and a digitalto-analog converter (DAC). An actual output current isࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈࠈ
1 SHI Accelerator Service Ltd.

detected by a DCCT and converted to voltage. Voltage ismeasured using a digital voltmeter and recorded in apersonal computer. We summarize in Table 1 specificationsof the apparatus used in the measurement.

Fig. 2. Excitation pattern in measurement.
An excitation pattern of a power supply is programmed,
as shown in Fig. 2. Starting from zero, current is raised
linearly to its maximum at a constant rate of 0.1 A/sec or so(T1 ~ T2 in Fig. 2) and kept unchanged for a certain
duration (T2 ~ T3) and decreased to be zero (T3 ~ T4).
After a current is set to be the parameter used in uranium
beam acceleration and kept unchanged for several hours (T5~ T6). The DCCT monitors continuously during the period
from T1 to T6. In this excitation pattern, the linearity of
power supply is checked from output currents from T1 to
T2 and those from T3 to T4. The stability of power supply
is measured during the period from T5 to T6. In Fig. 2, atime scale from T5 to T6 is compressed to be 1/60 for aconvenience.
We applied the method described above to 33 power
supplies. Nine power supplies are for dipole magnets (DMs)placed between the RILAC and the RRC, five are forinjection and extraction dipole magnets of the RRC(BM1_1, BM1_2, BM2, EBM1, EBM2), two are forsteering magnets (SHS60 and SVEB12) and the others arefor quadrupole magnets used in the RILAC-RRC beam line.
Results of the measurements are summarized in Table 2.
The following should be noted.
Firstly, we found marked differences (> 1%) between
setting current and actual output current for several power
supplies. The largest was found in the QDJ33 power supply
and the difference was –5.4%. We should modify the setting
values of these power supplies on the basis of the present
measurements.
Secondly, no incontinuity was observed in the linearity
tests. It means that all the bits of the DACs used in the
power supplies work properly. However, the linearity itself- 103 -

169
is not perfect for some power supplies. The DMe5 power
supply is an example of this problem. The output current
was 2.9% lower than the setting current. To investigate thelinearity, we first calibrate the setting currents to reproduce
the measured maximum current and then subtract the output
currents from the calibrated setting currents. The results areshown in Fig. 3. The nonlinearity observed is 0.4 A, whichcorresponds to 0.2% of the maximum current of the power
supply. The difference between the setting current and themeasured current should be the same for both currentincreasing (T1 ~ T2) and current-decreasing directions (T3~ T4), in principle. However, large differences are observed,
as shown in Fig. 3. It may come from the temperaturedependence of the manganin resister used in the current
feedback loop of the power supply.
Table 2. Summary of measurements.
The first column shows the magnet excited by the power
supply tested. The second column indicates the type ofcurrent sensor used in the power supply. The word “DCCT”,“manganin” and “zeranin” means a DCCT combined with awell-thermocontrolled DAC in a Peltier oven 4), a manganin
resister and a zeranin resister, respectively. In the fourthcolumn, the difference between the setting current and theactual output current at the maximum current of the power
supply is shown.

Fig. 3. Linearity of the power supply of the DMe5.
Thirdly, in the long-term stability tests, we found that theoutput current of the power supplies of DMe1 and DMe3changed more than 100 ppm during the measurements.
These power supplies should be improved in the near future.
We also found power supplies with poor stabilities. These
are for quadrupole magnets and steering magnets. For thesemagnets, their effects on beam quality are not so serious andthe observed stabilities are acceptable. It also should be
noted that a power supply in which a shunt resister is usedin its current feedback loop requires 20 ~ 30 minutes toreach its thermal equilibrium. This obsrvation is due to theDMe5 power supply, as shown in Fig. 4. On the other hand,a rapid stabilization is obtained for a power supply that uses
a DCCT for its current feedback loop. This is due to DMS5,
as shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4. Stabilities of power supplies of DMe5 and DMS5
magnets.
References(1) K. Hatanaka et al., Proc. 11th Int. Conf. On Cyclotrons
and Their Applications, 384 (1986).
(2) http://www.ppmpower.co.uk/manuprod25.htm (HITEC
power protection)(3) http://www.danfysik.com/ (DANFYSIK)(4) M. Nagase et al., Accel. Prog. Rep. 37, 273 (2003)- 104 -

195
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Problems and solutions in operation of EIC and EDC of IRC
Keiko Kumagai, Jun-ichi Ohnishi, Naruhiko Sakamoto, and Osamu Kamigaito
electric discharges occurred dozens of times in one hourwhen the EIC and EDC were operated at voltages higher
than 100 kV, the electrode and septum become dirty, andthe damage to the power supplies is extensive. To
overcome these problems, we installed two series resistorsof 100 k� each inside the feedthrough of the EIC in April
2007, as shown in Fig. 1(c). The resistors are insulatedwith a plastic cylinder (polyacetal) in N2 or SF6 gas. Afterthe installation of the resistors, the amount of stain on theelectrode and the septum decreased and the power supply
did not break down. In addition, we prepared a
200kV-resistant coaxial cable to reuse the oil-immersed
resistor as a backup of the resistors inside the feedthrough.
During the operation in May 2007, the protection resistor
located in the feedthrough for the EIC burned and theinsulating cylinder melted at about 30 minutes after thestart of the operation of the flat-top RF resonator. Since theresonator is located at the same valley region where the
EIC and EDC are installed, it was presumed that a leakage
RF field of 109.5 MHz entered into the resistor through thevoltage supply line and heated it. In order to prevent the RF
leakage field from entering the high-voltage line, we
installed a grounded thin stainless shield around it, asshown in Fig. 2. RF contact fingers are placed between the
EIC and EDC and the shield because they need to be
moved at a distance of 20 mm during beam adjustment. We
measured the RF voltages of the leakage field on the
coaxial cables before and after the installation of the shield.
It was found that the RF voltage decreased to 5% for the
EIC and smaller than 1% for the EDC, as shown Table 1.
Therefore, it is expected that the heating in the protective
resistors in the feedthrough became sufficiently small.

The electrostatic inflector (EIC) and deflector (EDC)
used for beam injection and extraction of the IRC consistof an electrode with a maximum voltage of -120 kV and agrounded septum. The gap distance between the electrodeand the septum is 12 mm. The length of the electrode andthe septum are 0.75 m and 1.35 m, respectively. The
arrangement of the electric line of the EIC and EDC isshown in Fig. 1. The voltage of the EIC and EDC isintroduced into the vacuum chamber from a ceramic
feedthrough. The coaxial cables that can withstand highvoltages are used for the electric line from a high voltage
power supply to the feedtrough. In the case that a coaxial
cable is long, it is necessary to put resistors to protect the
EIC and EDC and power supplies from damage due to thestored electrostatic energy of the cable during electric
discharges, which occur regularly and frequently between
the electrode and the septum.
First, two oil-immersed resistors of 100 k were
installed 4 m away from the electrode and close to thepower supplies, as shown in Fig. 1(a). The two resistors areused for decreasing the amount of stain on the electrodeand the septum and minimizing damage to the power
supply during electric discharges. In December 2006,
immediately after the beam commissioning of the IRC
started, the coaxial cables broke a few times at a place
between the electrode and the resistor. It was assumed thatthe surge voltage was larger than 150 kV at which thecables can withstand. Since the power supplies do not
require a protection resistor when the coaxial cables areshorter than 10 m, we moved the power supplies 6 m awayfrom the EIC and EDC and removed the resistors (Fig.
1(b)). The cables did not break after these changes and we
succeeded in extracting the first beam from the SRC on
December 28. After that, the IRC was operated for about
one month until the end of March 2007.
It was found during the operation for four months that
Beam

2m

0.5m

Controller

HV Power
Supply

40m
100k�

4m
100k�

(a)
HV Power
SupplyController

EIC/EDC

Vacuum FeedthroughCoaxial Cable
6m(b)
Controller

VacuumChamber

Vacuum FeedthroughFig. 2. Shield for RF leakage field.

200k�
HV Power
Supply6m

Table 1. RF leakage voltages on coaxial cables
measured at end of power supply. The input
impedance was 1M(c)Fig. 1. Wiring of EIC and EDC and power supply. a
Coaxial cables between the electrode and a resistor broke
four times. (b) HV power supplies broke down threetimes. (c) The problem did not occur until Nov. 2007.

Without shield
With shield- 105 -EIC (Vp-p)
300
14.4

EDC (Vp-p)
200
0.66

188
(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Status of the SRC in 2007
K. Yamada, H. Okuno, N. Fukunishi, T. Maie, J. Ohnishi, N. Sakamoto, S. Yokouchi, A. Goto, M. Kase,and Y. Yano
The first beam extraction of the superconducting
ring cyclotron (SRC)1) was accomplished at 16:00
on December 28th, 2006 using 345 MeV/nucleon
27
Al10+ . Following this exciting event, the commissioning of a uranium beam was performed in March
2007. The SRC was successfully commissioned using
345 MeV/nucleon 238 U86+ on March 23rd, 2007.2) The
first experiment at the RI Beam Factory3) was carriedout from mid-May to early June 2007 using the uranium beam. In the latest study of the SRC, a 86 Kr
beam was used. A beam current of up to 1.1 eµA for
345 MeV/nucleon 86 Kr34+ was attained on November
10th, 2007 on the new Faraday cup (FC-G01) locatedin the wall between the SRC room and the IRC room.
Various modifications were performed for the SRC
between the times of machine study in 2007 as listed
below. Two diagnostic devices were added in the extraction beam line of the SRC to make commissioning
using the uranium beam easier. As shown in Fig. 1, abeam profile monitor with three wires (PF-G00) was
installed slightly downstream of the gate valve GVG00 that separates the vacuum of the SRC and its
extraction beam line. This monitor is used to verify the beam extracted from the SRC and to adjust
its trajectory in combination with the existing profile
monitor PF-G01. Another device installed was a movable baffle-slit assembly attached on the center of theEBM. Subsequently, the baffle slit was replaced by abeam-stopper head. Because the radial beam patternof the uranium beam was not distinct, probably due
to the effect of secondary electrons, a single-wire electrode was mounted on each radial probe (MDP, ERP1,
ERP2).
Newly designed Faraday cups for precise measure-Fig. 1. Additional magnetic shield for beam duct and thewire monitor PF-G00 placed immediately after the exitof the SRC.

ments were developed to overcome the problem thatthe beam intensity was overestimated by a factor of
two or three due to the insufficient suppression of secondary electrons. Two Faraday cups, FC-G50 and
FC-SC2, which were installed at the entrance of theinjection line to the SRC and at the central regionof the SRC, respectively, have been replaced by the
newly designed cups.4) On the other hand, the abovementioned Faraday cup, FC-G01, is based on a special
design illustrated in Fig. 2. It consists of a fixed main
suppressor electrode, a fixed cylindrical electrode, anda cup bottom movable from upstream to downstream
with respect to the beam axis. The beam stops on
the cup bottom and the emitted secondary electrons
are captured by the cylindrical electrode. Other electrons are returned by the electrostatic field provided
by the main suppressor electrode. The subsuppressor
electrode is used to trap the electrons escaping fromthe aperture between the cup bottom and the cylindrical electrode. The cup bottom is made of oxygen-freecopper with φ62 mm inner diameter, and the bottom
is 23 mm thick and cooled by water. This thickness
is designed to fit beams from argon to uranium accelerated by the SRC. The cup bottom and part of thecylindrical electrode are shown in Fig. 3.
Because of the stray field induced by the sector magnets of the SRC, magnetic shields are required for various devices. As shown in Fig. 4, we added a magnetic
shield around the injection beam line so that the injected beam could not be deflected in the shield doorof the SRC. An additional magnetic shield was also in-

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of new Faraday cup (FC-G01)
for measuring the beam current provided by the SRC.

- 106 -

1

188
stalled at the extraction beam line as shown in Fig. 1.
The radial probes ERP1 and ERP2 were not able tomove because their gate valves closed due to the jamof solenoid valves. The solenoid valves were coveredby magnetic shields. Since the coaxial switching unit
for the signal of phase probes was inactive due to thestrong stray field, it was mounted on a 19 inch rackof stainless steel enclosed by a magnetic shield. The
turbomolecular pump and the rotary pump for the subvacuum pumping system5) were shielded as shown in
Fig. 5. The magnetic limit switches for the angle valve
and pneumatic cylinder were replaced by mechanicalswitches.
In addition to the above improvements, the following devices have been introduced to make the operation easier: a cable connection panel for the vacuum
gauge, a foreline trap for the rough pumping system,a vent pipe for the vacuum exhaust, a hydrostat for
the SRC (and the IRC), a footstep for access to the
SRC, and a basket for the annual inspection of theshield door. The electrodes of the EIC and EDC were

FC-G01cleaned several times to increase the maximum voltage
to 120 – 130 kV. The septum electrode was polishedby buffing, and an ultrasonic cleaning system was successfully adopted to improve the condition of the highvoltage electrode. Note that four RF cavities successfully generate a high voltage up to designed value6) .
There were several mechanical problems in 2007 as
follows. The cooling water leaked from the juncture between the tube and the hollow conductor of the steering magnet in the SRC. The photoswitch of a preamplifier for the profile monitor located at the valley chamber was destroyed by the radiation. The high-voltage
cable for the EDC was broken under mechanical stress.
Sparks occurred at the resistors protecting the EIC
and EDC. The sheath of the coaxial cable for the cold
cathode gauge melted, which indicated excess pressure.
The DC current transformer in the power supply for
the SRC main coil failed. The contact fingers of thetuning panel in RF resonator No.4 burned out. In addition, the problems with the power feeder of the RF
resonator, the wide-band amplifier, the final amplifierof the flat-top resonator, the PLC of the shield door
controller, the trim coil power supply, and the EIC
power supply occurred. These problems were resolved
immediately.
References
1) H. Okuno et al.: IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.: 17,1063–1068, 2007.
2) N. Fukunishi: J. Particle Accelerator Society of Japan
4, 112 (2007).
3) Y. Yano: Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 261, 1009 (2007).
4) T. Watanabe et al.: in this report.
5) S. Yokouchi et al.: in this report.
6) N. Sakamoto et al.: in this report.

Fig. 3. FC-G01 installed in the vacuum chamber locateddownstream of the SRC.

Fig. 4. Injection beam line of SRC to the valley chamber
for EIC and EDC. An assembly of magnetic shields surrounds the beam line between the gate valve GV-G51
and the vertical steerer SV1.

Fig. 5. Magnetic shields for the sub-vacuum pumping system located at the machine-center side of valley in the
SRC.

2- 107 -

143
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Variable-length feeder line for rf system of superconducting ring
cyclotron
N. Sakamoto, O. Kamigaito, H. Okuno, M. Kase, A. Goto, and Y. Yano
The SRC consists of six superconducting sector magnets with magnetic shields, four acceleration cavities
and one flat-top resonator. The acceleration cavities
are equipped with rf power amplifiers located outsideof the magnetic shield (see Fig. 1). The maximum gap
voltage of the acceleration cavity is 500 kVp/cavity
with an rf power of 100 kW at a frequency of 36.5
MHz.
The main power amplifiers are based on the
tetrode SIEMENS RS2042SK coupled with the tetrode
RS2012CJ with a grounded-grid circuit. The amplifiers are basically the same as those for RIKEN Ring
Cyclotrons (RRC)1) . The maximum rf power output
is about 150 kW.
In the area where the amplifiers are situated, thestray magnetic field of the superconducting sector
magnet is about 100 Gauss in the vertical direction.
A feasibility test on the amplifier with a strong magnetic field was performed. Before connecting amplifiers to the cavities, a power test on the amplifiers at astray field of 100 Gauss using a water-cooled dummyload (200 kW C.W.) was performed with a maximum
power output of 150 kW. The power was generated
quite stably and no change in plate loss was observed.
The output ports of the amplifiers are connected tocavities with a 50 Ω coaxial line of WX152D for main
cavities and WX120D for a flat-top cavity. The cavities
are coupled with the coaxial line by inductive couplers.
The couplers are tunable to match the impedance ofthe cavity to 50 Ω.
The coaxial feeder-line is equipped with a slidingsystem (variable length) and the amplifier is placed ona movable platform so that the length of the feeder-line
varies from 7 to 8 m. This is crucial to prevent the coupling of the HOMs of the feeder line with the HOMs

Fig. 2. Resonance modes of rf system. The cavity and amplifier are tuned to a frequency of 36.5 MHz. The resonances labeled with numbers are HOMs of the feeder
coaxial line. a) The green peak is a HOM of the input
circuit. b) The red peak denotes the resonance between
the G1 and G2 electrodes.

of the amplifier and the cavity in the entire range of
operational frequency. Fig. 2 shows the HOMs of themain rf system. The cavity and amplifier were tuned
for 36.5 MHz. The S-parameter (S21 ) between ports
for the power supplies of the control grid (G1) andscreen grid (G2) was measured using a network analyzer(Agilent Technology E5061A). From our experiences with the amplifiers for RRC, we know that there
are two critical modes. One is the resonance of the
input stubs at 55 MHz and the other is the resonancebetween the G1 and G2 electrodes of the power tube
at 98.5 MHz. The position of 0 cm has been selected
for the 36.5 MHz operation.
In summary the variable length feeder-line system
works very well. Finally an acceleration voltage of 2
MV/turn at 36.5 MHz has been achieved with a total
rf power of 400 kW2) .
References

Fig. 1. Photo of the No.3 cavity and the amplifier.

1) T. Fujisawa et al., Sci. Papers I.P.C.R. 79 (1985).
2) N. Sakamoto et al., “RF System for the RIBF Superconducting Ring Cyclotron”, Proc. 18th Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons and Their Applications (Giardini Naxos, 2007).

- 108 -1

160

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Operational Status of He Cooling System for SRC
T. Dantsuka＊1, H. Okuno, K. Yamada, K. Ikegami and M. Kase

160
'06 April ~ June

Flow rate (g/s)

150
140
130

'06 Oct. ~ Dec.

120
110
100
0

20

40

Fig. 2. Flow rate through first turbine in He refrigerator for SRC.
9

7

-75
-80
-85

2007/11/18

Date

Fig. 3. Trend graph of impurity ratio of N2 and H2O (dew point)
by two types of detector.

4.5 K

Control dewar

100 m3 (2 MPa) x 4

Turbine Heat exchanger

JT-valve

Compressor

74 g/s of 1.65 MPa GHe

2007/11/14

2007/11/10-115
2007/11/6-1100
2007/11/2-105

1
2007/10/29

-100

2

2007/10/25

3

2007/10/21-95

2007/10/17-90

4

2007/10/13

5dew point

6

2007/10/9

Nitrogen(ppm)-70

Nitrogen(SRC)
Nitrogen(KEK)
dew point(SRC)
dew point(KEK)

8

R.T.

Reservoir Tanks

60

Past days (days)

2007/10/5

The helium cooling system for SRC consists of four He
reservoir tanks, three compressors (one for backup), a He
refrigerator and a control dewar for the magnet, as shownin Fig. 1. The control dewar, which is located on the topof the SRC, gathers the pipes and cables from the six
sector magnets to make a closed circuit. The cooling
capacities of the helium refrigerator are 620 W at 4.5 K,
and 4000 W at 70 K, and 4 g/s gas helium is used forcooling current leads. It is estimated that it takes three
weeks to cool the cold masses of 142 ton from room
temperature to 4.5 K with this cooling system. The
cooling capacity of the system was designed to be morethan 1.5 times the estimated heat loads of the wholesuperconducting magnets.
In 2007, it was operated for about 7000 hours. However,
we encountered a problem concerning the He refrigerator,
which remains to be solved. Fig. 1 shows that the flowrate of what in the He cooling system gradually decreases,
increasing the temperature of the 80 K stage adsorber anddecreasing the pressure of the T1 inlet. This suggests thatsome impurity accumulates somewhere around the first
turbine. We have to stop operating the refrigerator every
two months to warm it up to room temperature andremove the impurity.
We started to determine the reason for the decrease incooling power with the help of the KEK staffs who havemuch experience about the long-term operation of manylarge helium cooling systems. As a first step, we
measured impurity ratio of the helium coolant in thecooling system using devices normally used in KEK,
which have high accuracies and are well-calibrated. We

SRC

Refrigerator

Fig. 1. Conceptual diagram of helium cooling system for SRC.

*1 Science Service- 109 -

Fig. 4. Cooling Diagram of He refrigerator.

were interested in N2 and H2O, the boiling points ofwhich are higher than 70 K. The measurement results
show a large discrepancy between the data from KEK
devices and the data from the devices normally used in
the operation, as shown in Fig. 2. The dew point (H2O
impurity) impurity measured with high accuracy is 20
degrees higher than those from devices normally used formeasurement. The helium coolant in the system contains
N2 impurity about three times those measured in theoperation. All the data show that impurities remain in thesystem even when impurities were eliminated in the 80 K
adsorber. This suggests that impurities reaches the helium
coolant continuously.
We also measured the absolute pressure at the suction
line going to the compressor where helium pressure is set
to be 0.003 MPaG. The measured data showed that theaccuracy of the pressure gauge used in the normal
operation was low, suggesting that the system has a riskof operating at negative pressure. If the pipes have leaks,some air reaches the helium coolant. Detailed leak tests
on the helium pipes are in progress.
The refrigerator has two 80 K adsorbers to allow theirregeneration without stopping the refrigerator operation,
as shown in Fig. 4. However, since isolation valves forthe adsorbers leak, we could not regenerate them. We
replace the gaskets of the valves during maintenance,
expecting that we can isolate the adsorbers forregeneration, which is indispensable for long-termcooling operations.

- 110 -

077
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Preliminary experiments on the hydrogen removal apparatus for theliquid helium supply and recovery system
M. Nakamura, K. Ikegami and M. Kase

Table 1 Hydrogen concentration in filtered gas.
Standard
Pressure
Hydrogengas fluxin vessel
concentration(ppm)(L/min)(kgf/cm2G)
1.4
0.7
0
3.6
0.8
0
9.2
1.7
0
34.1
0.6
0
We could find that the hydrogen impurity was completely
removed in every case. These results suggested that the“Ag-400” can be used to remove hydrogen from theflowing helium gas of more than atmospheric pressure.
In the next experiment, the absorption activity of“Ag-400” was examined. We made a new small vessel
containing about 20 g of “Ag-400”, which was used insteadof the former vessel. The standard gas was flowed at
1.4L/min through this small vessel in 24 h and the hydrogenconcentration was detected in every 30 min. The results
are shown in Fig. 1.

1.2
Concentration (ppm)

In recent years, the liquid-helium supply and recovery
system of the Wako campus have shown problems withhydrogen impurities in the system.1) Occasionally, a few
hydrogen impurities (ppm amounts) had been found inrecovered helium gas. In such cases, the 20 K adsorber inthe refrigerator can’t remove all the hydrogen impurities.
As a result, hydrogen can enter the liquid-helium storage
vessel, and cause many serious problems. To remove theimpurity hydrogen from the recovered helium gas, we haveexamined to install a hydrogen removal apparatus in oursystem. The silver-zeolite “Ag-400” made by “Molecular
Products Inc.” can be used as the adsorbent in our apparatus.
Usually, this adsorbent is used for removing hydrogen fromthe vacuum spaces of cryogenic vessels and we have notfound it being used in a liquid helium production system.
Therefore, firstly, in the preliminary experiment, theapplicability of “Ag-400” for hydrogen removal fromhelium gas of more than atmospheric pressure has to be
confirmed. Next, the activity of “Ag-400” for hydrogen
adsorption should be examined.
For the first preliminary experiment, we have used a newexperimental setup. This setup is constructed using astandard mixed gas, a new test vessel, a gas flowmeter, anda pressure gauge. The standard gas was a mixture of pure
helium gas with approximately 3 ppm of hydrogen gas.
About 500 g of “Ag-400” was placed in the test vessel. In
this experiment, the standard gas was passed through thevessel at various flow speeds and the hydrogenconcentration in the filtered standard gas was analyzed by
gaschromatography (Shimadzu GC-14B).
Throughout
the experiment, the flow speed of the standard gas and thepressure in the vessel were detected simultaneously. The
results are shown in Table1.

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

Fig. 15

10
15Time (hours)

20

25

Change in hydrogen concentration in
filtered gas.

At the first measurement, the hydrogen concentration was
found to be reduced from 3 to 0.2 ppm. Probably, a small
amount of adsorbent can remove almost all the hydrogen,but not completely. After a few hours, the adsorbent
activity had gradually decreased and the concentration of
impurity hydrogen had increased. After about 18 h, thedecrease in the adsorbent activity had stopped and thehydrogen impurity remained at about 1.0-1.1 ppm. Finally,
24 h later, the hydrogen concentration in the filtered
standard gas was maintained about 1.0 ppm. This result
showed that “Ag-400” can still remove the hydrogen
impurity after about 2.0m3 of standard gas containing about
3 ppm of hydrogen was flowed.
When our system showed problems as described in aprevious report, 1800m3 of recovered helium gas was foundto contain about 1-2 ppm of impurity hydrogen.1)
However, from the results of this experiment, we canestimate that about 20-30 kg of “Ag-400” can reduce thehydrogen impurity sufficiently. Further studies are underway. In conclusion, we can predict that the hydrogen
removal apparatus using “Ag-400” can be used for theliquid-helium supply and recovery system in RIKEN.
Reference
1) K. Ikegami et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 38, 286(2005).

- 111 -

076

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Present Status of Liquid-Helium Supply and Recovery System
K. Ikegami, H. Okuno, M. Nakamura, T. Yoshida, T. Maie, H. Fukuda, and M. Kase
The liquid-helium supply and recovery system, which cangenerate liquid helium at a rate of 200 L/h from pure helium
gas, has been stably operated since the beginning of April
2001. The volumes of liquid helium supplied per year are
listed in Table 1. The total volume supplied gradually
increased between 2001 and 2004. The volume supplied to
the low-temperature physics laboratory increased more than
threefold from 2004 to 2005 due to the implementation㩷 ofthe extensive nanoscience project. The total volume suppliedin 2006 of about 100 kiloliter is almost equal to that in 2005.
The control system of the compressor for liquefying
helium gas broke down at the end of October 2007 and was
repaired in six days.
An observation system1) for measuring the recovered
helium gas has been running smoothly since its completion in2005. The purity of the helium gas recovered fromlaboratories has improved gradually since the completion of
the system. The volume of helium gas sent from eachbuilding such as the Cooperation Center Building for the
Advanced Device Laboratory, the Chemistry and MaterialYear

Physics Building, the Joint Laboratory Building used for thenanoscience project, the Main Research Building, which isconnected to the Frontier Research Building and the Frontier
Material Research Facility Building, the East Brain Science
Building, the Nishina Memorial Building and the RIBF
Accelerator Building on Wako campus to the liquid-helium
supply and recovery system has been measured. The recovery
efficiency, which is the ratio of supplied liquid helium torecovered helium gas, has been measured. The average
recovery efficiency for 2006 has increased to above 78%.
Currently, the liquid-helium measuring and tally
system2) for liquid helium supplied to researchers, which
was completed last year, is running smoothly.
Reference䌳
1)K. Ikegami et al.:(2005).
2)K. Ikegami et al.:(2006).

2001

2002

Laboratory & institute㩷

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 39, 254
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 138

2003

2004

2005

2006

Amount of supplied liquid helium (㷔)Magnetic materials laboratory

3392

7024

7713

11829

15672

16512

Low-temperature physics laboratory

1270

3090

6966

9515

34713

29520

Advanced device laboratory

9977

10849

9726

7401

11264

15017

Condensed molecular materials laboratory

1939

1615

3079

5353

5912

7772

Surface chemistry laboratory

1146

1676

4533

5007

5370

5486

Brain science institute

6277

8144

5055

6292

7285

6956

Other laboratories

3535

7730

14476

9487

15717

14767

27536

40182

51530

54884

95933

96030

Total
Table 1.

Volumes ofliquid helium supplied to laboratories per year from 2001 to 200䋶.

- 112 -

097
RIKEN
Prog.
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Low-charge-state ion production using a laser ion source as primary
ion injection for RHIC-EBIS
T. Kanesue,∗1 J. Tamura,∗2 and M. Okamura,∗3
We are studying a laser ion source (LIS) for primary ion injection into RHIC-EBIS. RHIC-EBIS is a
new pre-injector for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and NASA space Radiation Laboratory(NSRL) being built at Brookhaven National Laboratory to provide a high beam current, highly charged
heavy ion beam1) . This new pre-injector has many advantages in addition to increase injection energy into
the Booster synchrotron and to eliminate stripping
foils before the Booster. These advantages will increase
integrated luminosity at RHIC. Charge state 1+ ionsare required as a primary ion source for RHIC-EBIS.
A LIS that produce ions by a pulsed high power laser
irradiation onto a solid state target is a candidate ofexternal ion source. Almost all solid state targets canbe used and only ions are transported and injected
into the electron beam ion source (EBIS) trap region
to prevent contamination in the trap region.
We attempted to optimize laser power density forthe maximum yield of charge state 1+ ions by defocusing the laser beam. The second harmonics of the
Nd:YAG laser (0.73 J / 5.5 ns and 532 nm wavelength) was used. The plasma total current of 27 Al measured
by FC increased with decreasing laser power density on
the target (power density was adjusted by changing the
spot size of the laser). This is mainly because of theincreased target area utilized. Maximum ion yield wasrecorded at a power density of 9.1 × 108 [W/cm2 ] which
was the most defocused condition in our configuration
at that time. Ion yield can be increased with more
effective defocusing. Thus the charge state distributions of 27 Al, 56 Fe and 181 Ta were measured precisely
at this power density. We used a cylindrical 90 degrees electrostatic ion analyzer to separate ion signals.
The description of the measurement system is given
in ref. 2. Using the obtained results and the relationj ∝ L−3 where j is the ion current density and L isthe distance from the target3) , the plasma drift distance to achieve the required number of ions assuming
a 10 % efficiency during the entire losses in EBIS was
calculated. The calculated plasma properties underthese conditiosn are shown in Table 1. The peak current of Al was too high for efficient beam transport.
This can be reduced by decreasing laser power density
which increases ion intensity. Another disadvantage of
LIS was its large energy spread of about 100 %, which
can be reduced by applying time dependent extraction
voltage according to the ion energy calculated frm thesimple TOF information triggered by laser light. The
charge state distribution of Ta, the ion energy and therequired extraction voltage are shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Time dependence of Ta, ion energy and required
extraction voltage for compensating for energy spread----References

1) J. Alessi et al.: Proc. PAC07, Albuquerque, 2007,
p.3782
2) S. Kondrashev et al.: J. Appl. Phys. 100, 103301 (2006)3) B. Yu. Sharkov et al.: Proc. EPAC96, Sitges, Spain,
1996, p.1550
Table 1. Number of charge state 1+ ions and drift length
required to satisfy ion yields with 1cm2 extraction areas
based on experiment

Target
27

Al
Fe
181
Ta
56

∗1
∗2
∗3

Required 1+
ions for LIS
4.3E11
2.4E11
1.7E11% of
1+ ions
70
80
93

Drift distance
[m]
1.34
1.88
2.91

Pulse width
[µs]
25
45
99

Peak current
[mA]
2.63
0.85
0.24

Energy atpeak current [eV]
540
545
743

Energy spread
[eV]
694
578
825

Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Kyushu University
Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, USA- 113 -

1

7. Instrumentation

102
RIKEN
Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)
㩷

Status of BigRIPS and ZeroDegree project
T. Kubo, K. Kusaka, T. Ohnishi, K. Yoshida, A. Yoshida, N. Fukuda, M. Ohtake, Y. Yanagisawa, H. Takeda, H. Sakurai,
T. Motobayashi, and Y. Yano

The BigRIPS in-flight separator1,2) and its RI-beamdelivery line,3) called the ZeroDegree spectrometer, havebeen constructed as a major experimental installation in the
RI beam factory (RIBF). The construction began in fiscal
year 2002. BigRIPS was successfully commissioned in
March 2007, the end of fiscal year 2006, while thecommission of ZeroDegree is scheduled for April 2008.
Figure 1 shows a schematic layout of the BigRIPS
separator and the ZeroDegree spectrometer along with the
RIBF cyclotrons.
The BigRIPS separator is asuperconducting in-flight separator, which is employed forthe production of RI beams based on the in-flight scheme. It
is characterized by large acceptances and a two-stage
separator scheme. The large acceptances were achieved
using large-aperture superconducting quadrupoles, allowing
the efficient production of RI beams not only by the
projectile fragmentation but also by the in-flight fission of
uranium beams, in which RI beams are produced with large
spreads of both angle and momentum.
The two-stage separator scheme allows us to deliver
tagged RI beams as well as to perform two-stage isotopic
separation. In the former mode, the first stage is used to
produce and separate RI beams, while the second stage is
employed to identify RI-beam species in an event-by-event
mode. In the latter mode, an energy degrader or a charge
stripper is employed at both stages to improve the purity of
RI beams.
The BigRIPS separator leads into the RI-beam delivery
line as shown in Fig. 1. It is designed not only to transport
RI beams to experimental setups placed downstream, butalso to serve as a zero-degree forward spectrometer called

IRC

ZeroDegree. When it is employed as a zero-degree
spectrometer, a secondary target, which is surrounded by a
J-ray array detector, is placed at the beginning of the beamline. For reaction studies using RI beams, ZeroDegree
analyzes and identifies projectile reaction residues incoincidence with J-rays.
The
BigRIPSmagnets
consistoffourteensuperconducting triplet quadrupoles (STQs), in which three
superconducting quadrupoles are installed in a single
cryostat, and six room-temperature dipoles. They are
indicated as STQ1-14 and D1-6 in Fig.1, respectively. The
magnets of the RI-beam delivery line consist of nine STQs
(STQ15-23) and two room-temperature dipoles (D7-8).
These magnets have essentially the same design. In total,
the system consists of 69 superconducting quadrupoles andeight dipoles. There are 12 focuses in the beam line,
indicated as F1-12 in Fig. 1. The first stage of BigRIPS isfrom the production target (F0) to the F3 focus, while thesecond stage is from F3 to F7. The beam line from F8 to
F11 forms the ZeroDegree spectrometer. Each focus isequipped with a focal plane chamber, which accommodates
focal plane devices such as beam-line detectors and somebeam-diagnosis devices. The primary beams are stopped at
a high-power beam dump located at the first dipole D1. The
first stage of BigRIPS is surrounded by radiation shields
which weigh about 7000 tons.
The installation of the BigRIPS magnets, including thecryogenic systems of the STQs, was completed by April
2006, and all the magnets were successfully tested online in2006. The installation and assembly of the othercomponents, such as the focal plane devices, the beam-line

SRC
BigRIPS

Fig. 1. Schematic layout of RI beam factory in 2007.

- 115 -

ZeroDegree

102

b)

c)
a)
Fig. 2. Photographs of BigRIPS separator: a) and b) show
the first and second stages of the BigRIPS separator,
respectively, while c) shows the first stage after the thickradiation shields were installed.

a)

We resumed commissioning experiments using theuranium beams on May 16th, to check and tune theperformance of BigRIPS, such as the ion optics, thecapability of particle identification (PID) and thetransmission, as well as to tune the beam-line detector
system. Once we realized a reasonable performance,
particularly for PID, we switched the runs to search for new
isotopes between May 24th and June 3rd 2007. Although theintensity of the uranium beams was as low as ~108 particle/sand the net data accumulation time was as short as one day,we observed a new isotope 125Pd (Z=46) and possibly 126Pd.
Figure 4 shows the PID plot. This discovery demonstrated
not only the high performance of the BigRIPS separator but
also symbolized the successful launch of the
new-generation RI beam facility. The experiments were
performed by a large collaboration of about 50 physicists
from Japan and other countries. Figure 5 shows somescenes shot during the experiments.
More detailed reports on the project are given elsewherein this progress report.

c)Fig. 4. Particle identification plot of RI beams obtained
from the 238U+Be reaction at 345 MeV/u. The vertical axis
shows the atomic number Z, while the horizontal axis
shows the mass-to-charge ratio A/Q of RI beams.

b)

Fig. 3. Photographs of ZeroDegree spectrometer: a) shows aview of the target position, while b) and c) show those of
the intermediate and final focuses, respectively.
detector system, the control system, the production target,
the beam dump, and the radiation shields, were completed
by February 2007. Figure 2 shows photographs of the
BigRIPS separator.
The installation and online testing of the ZeroDegree
magnets and the installation of the focal plane chambers
were completed by February 2007. The other components,
including the beam-line detector system, were completed by
December 2007; thus ZeroDegree is now ready for thecommissioning. Figure 3 shows photographs of the
ZeroDegree spectrometer.
We began the commissioning of BigRIPS in March 2007.
The first RI beams were successfully produced on March
13th using 86Kr31+ beams at 345 MeV/u. We then produced
RI beams using 238U86+ beams at the same energy for the
first time on March 27th 2007, at the very end of fiscal year
2006.

Fig.5 Scenes shot during the BigRIPS commissioning andthe experiment to search for new isotopes.
References
1) T. Kubo: Nucl. Instr. and Meth., B 204, 97 (2003).
2) T. Kubo et al.: IEEE Trans. Appl., Supercond., 17, 1069
(2007).
3) Y. Mizoi et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 38, 297(2005).

- 116 -

103
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Study of BigRIPS optics
H. Takeda, T. Kubo, T. Ohnishi, N. Fukuda, M. Matsushita,∗1 N. Aoi, K. Kusaka, K. Yoshida, Y. Yanagisawa,
and H. Suzuki∗2
BigRIPS1) is an in-flight RI beam separator at
RIBF. It is designed to produce and deliver intense
RI beams in a wide region of a nuclear chart. For efficient transmission of RI beams even when the in-flightfission of uranium beams is employed as a production
reaction, large acceptance is one of the important features of the BigRIPS. Large-aperture superconducting
triplet-quadrupole (STQ) magnets are used to realize
large acceptance. However, this feature causes the formation of wide fringing field regions around two edgesof the magnets. Shapes of the fringes are varied according to the strengths of fields. It is indispensable
to consider the effects of such fringe fields for a detailed analysis of BigRIPS optics, which is required toprecisely reproduce transfer matrix elements. For thispurpose, we used COSY INFINITY2) , which is an arbitrary order beam physics code for the study and designof an optical system. Arbitrarily shaped fringing fields
can be taken into account in the code.
Field maps were measured previously at certain intervals of current. They were expressed by Enge functions. The transfer matrix elements of optical devicesof the BigRIPS are calculated using the fitted Engefunctions and are optimized to realize desired opticalproperties (e.g., dispersive/achromatic focus) at eachfocal plane. Figure 1 shows a horizontal beam envelope
from F0 to F7 in the first-order COSY calculation.
To examine the fundamental optical properties of
the BigRIPS and the predictability of COSY calculation, we measured optics data during the BigRIPS
commissioning beam time. Initial- and final-phasespace variables are related to matrix elements by linear
transformation in the first-order optics:
xf = (x|x) xi + (x|a) ai + (x|δ) δ,
af = (a|x) xi + (a|a) ai + (a|δ) δ,···,
where x, a, and δ are the position, angle, and magnetic

0.28

X-motionrigidity of the particle with respect to the central ray.
Thus, the (x|x) parameter was extracted by measuringa slope parameter in the (xi , xf ) plane with narrowgates of ai and δ. Other parameters were obtained
similarly.
Measurements were performed using both primaryand secondary beams. Positions and angles were determined from PPAC data. Obtained matrix elements
are compared with the COSY calculation results shownin Fig. 2. Unfilled bars indicate the COSY calculated
values, whereas filled bars indicate the measured values. In the case of primary beams, the positions andangles are small. Moreover, there are several discrete
but narrow peaks in dispersion because charge stateschange at a production target and/or detector materials. Taking advantage of these features of primarybeams, (x|x) and (x|δ) can be measured with relatively
small errors. On the other hand, the widths of positions, angles, and dispersions are large in the case of
secondary beams. It is suitable for measuring the (a|a)
term. As expected, (x|x) and (x|δ) obtained using the
primary beam and (a|a) using the secondary beam wellagree. Other parameters were essentially small under
the present optical conditions. Errors were estimatedas 5 ∼ 10% taking into consideration the position resolutions of PPAC. Disagreements in (x|a) parameters
are conspicuous. They are very sensitive to certain
STQ magnet strengths; thus, it is rather difficult toobtain data showing good agreement.
One of the most important purposes of an optical
study is the reconstruction of beam trajectory. Considering first-order optics, δ can be reconstructed frommeasured positions (F 3x, F 5x) and angle (F 5a) at focal planes by solving the following simultaneous equations:
F 5x = (x|x) F 3x + (x|a) F 3a + (x|δ) δ,F 5a = (a|x) F 3x + (a|a) F 3a + (a|δ) δ.

The goodness of reconstruction can be verified by comparing the measured F 3a with the reconstructed F 3a.
They agreed within 1%. A/Q values were correctedusing the reconstructed δ;
A/Q =

DI

DI

DI

DI

DI

DI

M5
MQ
MQ
MQ
M
MQ
Q
M5
M5

M5
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
M5
M5

M5
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
M5
M5

M5
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
M5
M5

M5
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
MQ
M5
M5

MQ

MQ
M5
M5
0.28

M5
MQ
MQ
MQ
78.

Fig. 1. Horizontal beam envelope from F0 to F7.
∗1∗2

Department of Physics, Rikkyo University
Department of Physics, University of TokyoBρ0 (1 + δ).
γβmu

The magnetic rigidity at the central ray Bρ0 was calibrated from measurements of NMR probes. γ and β
are the Lorentz factor and velocity obtained from TOF
measurements, respectively.
A/Q spectra of Zr isotopes produced by the in-flight238
U fission at 345 MeV/nucleon at Bρ = 7.4 Tm setting are shown in Fig. 3 for comparison. The upper- 117 -

1

103

Primary Beams
10

4

10

3

10

2

F5x

10
1

Counts

10

COSY

4

10

3

10

2

10
1
10

4

10

3

10

2

EXP

10
1
2.5

Secondary Beams

2.6

2.7

A/Q (Z=40)

2.8

Fig. 3. The Bρ reconstruction effect is demonstrated.

part shows the A/Q spectrum with δ correction using
F5 position data through the (x|δ)δ term only. The
middle part shows the result of the reconstruction described above, in which the calculated (COSY) matrix
elements are used. We can clearly observe that the
A/Q resolution is much improved by the reconstruction. However, there seems to be room for further
improvements in COSY calculation, when comparedwith the reconstruction results with the measured matrix elements shown in the lower spectrum.
We are now revising fringing field fittings with Engefunctions and excitation curves of the magnets to improve reproducibility of the COSY calculation, particularly for (x|a). Higher-order track reconstruction is
also in progress.
References
Fig. 2. First-order matrix elements are shown. Unfilled
and filled bars indicate calculated and measured values, respectively. The upper half of the figure shows
the matrix elements among various combinations of focal planes at Bρ = 7.25 Tm primary beam setting. The
matrix elements between F3 and F5 with secondary
beams at various Bρ settings are shown in the lower
half of the figure.

1) T. Kubo: Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B204, 97 (2003).
2) K. Makino, M. Berz: Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A558, 346(2006).
http://bt.pa.msu.edu/index_cosy.htm

2- 118 -

162
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41High-power beam dump system for BigRIPS
N. Fukuda, K. Yoshida, T. Kubo, K. Kusaka, A. Yoshida, M. Ohtake, T. Ohnishi, Y. Yanagisawa, Y. Mizoi∗1 ,T. Okuyama∗2 , and Y. Yanagi∗2
The beam dump system for BigRIPS is a device
to stop the primary beam for all desired RI beams.
The system has been installed in the beam line andhas been on line since the commisioning of BigRIPS
started. The beam dump system is characterized bya wide coverage range of beam positions and an extremely high cooling capacity.
The primary beam is deﬂected over a wide rangeof positions in the ﬁrst dipole magnet (D1) depending on the relative Bρ diﬀerence between the primarybeam and the selected fragment, deﬁned as δBρ =Bρprim /Bρfrag −1. In order to cover the possible range
from δBρ = −50% to +100%, the beam dumps are
installed over at about 2000 mm in D1, and between
D1 and the second superconducting triplet quadrupole
magnet, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The sidewall beam
dumps are located on both sides of the optical axis
in the D1 vacuum chamber. The inner- and outersidewall dumps cover δBρ ranges of −50%–−24% and+18%–+100%, respectively. The outer-sidewall dump
is also designed to work in case magnet power supplies unexpectedly turn oﬀ. The exit dumps that are
installed on both sides of the optical axis at the exitof D1 are independently movable in the horizontal direction to function as a slit. They cover a δBρ rangeof −30%–+27%. The coverage range of δBρ for eachbeam dump is shown in Fig. 2. For | δBρ | ≤ 10%, thebeam dump may decrease the acceptance for desired
fragments; therefore, such a δBρ range will not be usedpractically.
The inner-sidewall dump is fabricated using rectangular screw tubes made of oxygen-free Cu to form avertically inclined wall with bending along the curvature of D1, as shown in Fig. 1. The use of a screw
tube as a cooling channel contributes to improving
heat transfer, and the inclined shape helps decrease thepower density on the surface of the beam dump1,2) . We
adopted Cu as the material because of its high thermal
conductivity. For the outer-sidewall dump, swirl tubes
made of Cu-Ag alloy are arranged vertically in a zigzag manner to form a bended wall. As for the outersidewall dump, inclination of the wall is not necessary
because an expected heat ﬂux is not very high. The
swirl tube has a high heat transfer coeﬃcient3) similarly to the screw tube, and the Cu-Ag alloy has a goodthermal conductivity and radiation hardness. Figure 3
shows a photograph of the sidewall beam dump. The
speciﬁcations for the sidewall dumps are summarized∗1∗2

Division of Electronics and Applied Physics, Osaka ElectroCommunication University.
Toshiba Corporationin Table 1.
The exit dump is a V-shaped CuCrZr plate equippedwith screw tubes as cooling channels. Its vertically inclined angle is 6◦ , which reduces heat ﬂux to approximately 1/10. We adopted CuCrZr alloy, which provides a suﬃcient radiation hardness and a high thermal conductivity. Radiation-hard materials should bechosen for the exit dumps, because they will be irradiated frequently by uranium beams. The transverse
dimension of the dump was determined to cover up tosix signiﬁcant charge states of uranium at the beam
dump position. A photograph of the exit beam dump
is shown in Fig. 4. The speciﬁcations for the exit dump
are summarized in Table 2.
The maintenace of the beam dump system is an important issue, because the beam dump is expected to
be damaged and to be highly radioactivated during an
operation. In particular, the exit beam dump will be irradiated by intense uranium beams; thus it is expected
to be damaged frequently. In order to replace theexit beam dump rapidly and safely, we implemented
a maintenance mechanism that has a linear-guide rail,
as shown in Fig. 1, which enables us to take the dump
in and out through the cave hole in well radio-shieldedenvironment. In addition, we employed a pillow seal
system for vacuum sealing, which provides us a complete remote handling of the vacuum system. Figure 5
shows a photograph of the pillow seal.
The beam dump is cooled by pressurized water witha high ﬂow velocity. The cooling capacity of the beam
dump system is evaluated on the basis of ANSYS simulation. The maximum beam power is expected to
be 83 kW, which corresponds to the case of a 238 U
beam at 350 MeV/nucleon and 1 particle µA. The projected heat ﬂux to the beam dump for a 83 kW beam
is shown in Fig. 2. In the evaluation, the maximum
beam powers that can be absorbed by the beam dumps
are deﬁned by a maximum temperature of 350◦ C. For
the inner-sidewall beam dump, the maximum heat ﬂux
produced by a 238 U beam of 83 kW appears at about
δBρ = −30%. The maximum temperature in this caseis obtained to be 370◦ C. It slightly exceeds 350◦ C,
which, however, is in the allowable range of our criteria. On the other hand, the expected maximum heatﬂux on the outer-sidewall dump is not very large andcan be absorbed suﬃciently. For the exit beam dump,
the acceptable beam powers have been expected to be
40 kW for δBρ = −20%, 25 kW for δBρ = −10%, and
60 kW for δBρ = +10%. Taking into account the energy loss in the production target and the charge state
distribution, the maximum beam power on the beam

- 119 -

1

162
dump is equivalent to about 40 kW. The exit beam
dump can, therefore, withstand a 238 U beam with a fullintensity, except in the region of around δBρ = −10%.

2) K. Ezato et al.: Fusion Eng. Des. 81, 347 (2006).
3) J. Boscary et al.: Fusion Eng. Des. 43, 147 (1998).

References
1) Y. Mizoi et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 36, 318(2003).

Fig. 3. Photograph of sidewall beam dump.

Table 2. Speciﬁcations of exit beam dump.

Fig. 1. Horizontal cross-sectional view of beam dump system and dipole magnet.

InnersidewallOuter
sidewallEﬀective area size
Horizontal: 322 mm
Vertical: 66 mm
Horizontal: 120 mm
Vertical: 66 mm

Cooling channel
M8-screw
24 tubes
M8-screw
8 tubes

Exit dump
Outer-sidewall dump

Inner-sidewall dump

Maximum heat flux (MW/m2)

180
Inner-Sidewall

160

Outer-Sidewall

Exit

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

Fig. 4. Photograph of exit beam dump.

δBρρ (%)

Fig. 2. Operation domain and expected maximum heat ﬂux
for beam dump. The heat ﬂux is calculated for a beam
power of 83 kW. The beam spot at the target is assumed
to be x0 = y0 = 0.5 mm and a0 = b0 = 5 mrad.

Table 1. Speciﬁcations of the sidewall beam dump.

InnersidewallOuter
sidewall2

Material
OF-Cu
Cu-Ag

Pipe shaperectangular
14 mm × 14 mm
circularφ 14 mm

Cooling channel
M8-screw
23 tubes
φ 8 mm swirl
11 tubes- 120 -

Fig. 5. Photograph of pillow seal for exit beam dump.

081
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Signal transport system with optical fiber for RIBF
H. Kumagai, and T. Ohnishi
In RIBF, the distance between the experimental
halls and the counting rooms is more than 100 m. Using a conventional coaxial cable for such a long distance, a analog signal from a detector and a digital signal from a circuit are attenuated, and consequently, theresolution of timing and pulse height for these signals
decrease. To overcome this problem, we have developed a signal transport system using an optical fiber.
Using this transport system, circuit tuning can be performed at the counting room while looking analog signals, and the electric ground level at the experimental
hall can be isolated from that at the counting room.
In addition, it is easy to add a long delay time (> 100ns) to a signal line using an optical fiber with no pulse
distortion, and the required space for the delay cableis small.
Our signal transport system consists of transmitterand receiver modules. These two modules are connected with an optical fiber. Figures 1 and 2 show theconceptual design of this system and the schematic circuit drawings for the two modules, respectively. In theexperimental hall, the amplitude and timing information of the electric signals from a detector or a circuit isconverted to that of a laser using the laserdiode in thetransmitter module, and the signals are transported
through the optical fiber to the counting room witha minutely small loss. At the end, the signals are restored to their original form using the photodiode in
the receiver module. The laserdiode and photodiodeused are SLT4260 and SPV3203 produced by Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd, respectively. The driverand amplifier circuits for the diodes are originally designed by us. The cost of one channel including thetransmitter and receiver modules is about 83,000 JPY.
A photograph of the transmitter and receiver modules,
which are packaged in an Nuclear Instrument Module(NIM) module, is shown in Fig. 3.
Figure 4 shows a typical example of signals using ourtransport system. The upper and lower photographs
show a comparison between input and output signals
with the 100 m transport through the optical fiber andconventional coaxial cable, respectively. Although theoutput signal through the coaxial cable is markedly
attenuated, it is clearly observed that there is no difference between input and output signals in the caseof the 100 m optical fiber.
Linearity is one of the important features of the signal transport system. In Fig. 5, the relationship between the input (Vi ) and output (Vo ) pulse heights
obtained with our system is shown. It was measured using the analog signals in Fig. 4, and fitted as
Vo = 1.004Vi + 3.89 × 10−5 Vi2 . The result of the fitting

Experimental Hall

Detector

Transmitter

Counting Room
Fiber

RecieverCircuitFig. 1. Conceptual design of signal transport system with
optical fiber. Electric signals from detectors at the experimental hall are transported to the counting room
through the optical fiber.

shows the sufficient linearity of our system.
Time jitter was also measured using the same signals. To reduce the dependence of the timing on pulse
height, a constant-fraction discriminator was used todetermine the timing of the signals. Figure 6 shows thevariation in the time difference between input and output signals. The standard deviation of the Gaussian fit
is 11.7 ps. The time jitter of the measurement system
is measured to be 10.7 ps. The intrinsic time jitter ofour system is estimated to be 4.8 ps (r.m.s.), which ismainly caused by the circuit noise of the modules.
The gain of the laserdiode varies with temperature.
From the measurement obtained using a constanttemperature oven, the temperature-dependent factorof the gain is 0.43% per degree. For a high counting
rate more than 1 MHz, the baseline of the output signal is shifted by AC coupling inside the modules. In
the case of an NIM signal with this system, the delay
time caused by the base line shift is about 50 ps at 1
MHz. In order to use this system in RIBF, the radiation damage is investigated using the 70 Zn beam fromRILAC at RIKEN. The total dose of irradiated neutrons is evaluated to be about 109 counts, and no effects on the performance of this system are confirmed.
In BigRIPS1) , this signal transport system has been
installed at all focal planes. In total, more than 100
channels were used for position and timing detectors.
During the commissioning experiment of BigRIPS, thissystem was very stable. In addition, this system wasapplied to obtain a long delay time of about 1.5 µs.
Signals were delayed without any distortion, and thespace for delay cables was much smaller than that fora conventional coaxial cable.
In summary, we have developed a signal transportsystem with an optical fiber, and the performance of
this system has been investigated. Currently, the development of a precise transport system for slow signals
with a 1 µs time width is under way.
Reference
1) T. Kubo et al.: Nucl. Instr. Meth. B204, 97 (2003).

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1

081

Fig. 4. Photographs of comparison between input and output signals with 100 m transport. The upper photograph shows the case of a 100 m optical fiber with oursystem, while the lower one shows that of a 100 m conventional coaxial cable.
Fig. 2. Schematic circuit drawings of transmitter and receiver modules. The upper figure is a drawing of thetransmitter module, while the lower one is that of thereceiver module. APC is an auto-power-control module.

Fig. 5. Relationship between pulse heights of input Vi
and output Vo signals. From the fitting result, Vo =1.004Vi + 3.89 × 10−5 Vi2 .

Fig. 3. Photograph of transmitter and receiver modules
packaged in NIM module. The left and right components are the transmitter and receiver modules, respectively.
Fig. 6. Variation in time difference between input and output signals with 100 m optical fiber using our system.
From the Gaussian fit, σ is 11.7 ps.

2- 122 -

090
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Beam-line detectors for BigRIPS
T. Ohnishi, T. Kubo, K. Kusaka, K. Yoshida, A. Yoshida, M. Ohtake, Y. Yanagisawa, N. Fukuda, H. Takeda, N.
Aoi, H. Suzuki ∗1 , Y. Mizoi ∗2 , H. Kumagai, T. Suda, K. Kimura ∗3 , A. Ozawa ∗4 , T. Suzuki ∗5 , T. Yamaguchi∗5, H. Otsu, Y. Kondo, T. Nakao ∗1 , D. Kameda, Y. Gono, and Y. Yano
Beam-line detectors for BigRIPS1) have been developed over the last several years in order to identify an
RI beam event-by-event at a high counting rate. In BigRIPS, the particle identification is performed by using
magnetic rigidity (Bρ), energy loss (∆E), and the timeof flight (TOF). Position detectors such as the delayline parallel-plate avalanche counter (PPAC)2,3) , ∆E
detectors such as the silicon (Si) detector and tilted
electrode gas ionization chamber (TEGIC)4) , and timing detectors such as thin plastic scintillation counters
are placed at the focuses to measure Bρ, ∆E, andthe TOF, respectively. For the confirmation of particle identification, NaI(Tl) scintillation and germanium(Ge) detectors are also used to measure the total kinetic energy and the γ rays from the isomeric state,
respectively. In Fig. 1, the locations of these detectors
are shown. The properties of beam-line detectors were
examined by using fragments produced by the in-flightfission of a 345 MeV/nucleon 238 U beam at the commissioning experiment of BigRIPS.
The PPAC has been developed in order to measure
the position of unstable nuclei with good detection efficiency at a high counting rate of approximately 106 Hz
2,3). This counter has been already used in the RIPS5) ,and its performance has been demonstrated2,3) . For
BigRIPS, two electrode sets are installed inside one
PPAC in order to obtain good detection efficiency forheavy ions, and the effective area is enlarged to 240
× 150 mm2 . Figure 2 shows the outside view of the
PPAC. As the detector gas for the PPAC, C3 F8 is used
due to the large energy loss and the short rise time ofthe signal. During the commissioning experiment at
BigRIPS, the pressure of C3 F8 was kept as 11 Torr.
The operating anode bias was 890 V. At several focal planes, two PPACs with two electrode sets are installed, and the position resolution of the PPAC is estimated by using the fitted track. We fitted a straightline through three planes to identify the position of
the rest plane. Figure 3 shows a typical distributionof deviations from the fitted track. The standard deviation of the Gaussian fit is 0.48 mm. Considering
the propagation of error including the geometry of the
PPAC, the position resolution is estimated to be 0.35
mm (r.m.s). Figure 4 shows the overall detection efficiency as a function of the atomic number (Z). This
∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4
∗5

Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo
Division of Electronics and Applied Physics, Osaka ElectroCommunication University
Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science
Institute of Physics, University of Tsukuba
Department of Physics, Saitama University

includes the PPAC efficiency of one plane and the efficiency of obtaining a position for both X and Y directions at the focal plane. For nuclei with Z > 30,
the overall detection efficiency was almost 100%. Thisefficiency depends on the gas pressure and the operating bias. If we tune the condition, it increases to morethan 90% for light ions3) .
The timing detector for BigRIPS is a thin plastic
scintillation counter with two photomultiplier tubes(PMTs), one on each side, as shown in Fig. 5. The
plastic scintillator model is BC-420, its size is 100×100
mm2 , and its thickness is 0.2 mm. A Hamamatsu H1949 PMT is used with a current booster. Two plastic
scintillation counters installed at two achromatic focal
planes (F3 and F7) were used for the TOF measurement. From the TOF measurement using an energydegraded 238 U beam at 308 MeV/nucleon, which hasa flight time of 227 ns over the 46.98 m central flight
path, the intrinsic time resolution of one timing detector was measured to be 75 ps (FWHM).
For the ∆E measurement, the Si detector and TEGIC4) installed at F7 were used. The effective areaof the Si detector is 50 × 50 mm2 and its thickness
is 0.35 mm. The diameter of the effective area for
the TEGIC is 200 mm. Figure 6 shows the inside
view of the TEGIC. The TEGIC was operated using
760 Torr P10 (Ar 90%+CH4 10%) gas, and its anodebias was 500 V. The measured energy resolutions of
the Si detector and the TEGIC for 90 Sr were 1.1%
(FWHM) and 0.9% (FWHM) at Bρ=7.2 Tm, respectively. Figure 7 shows the yield distribution in terms of
the atomic number (Z) measured by using the TEGIC.
For fragments in the region Z=20–50, a Z resolutionof ∆Z=0.43 (FWHM) was achieved.
The NaI(Tl) scintillation detector was installed at
F7. It is 3 inches in diameter and 60 mm in depth. The
measured energy resolution of the NaI(Tl) scintillation
detector was 1.98% (FWHM) for 104 Zr at Bρ=7.2 Tm.
The Ge detector used at BigRIPS is a four-segment
clover-type detector. To confirm the particle identification, this detector was used to measure γ rays emitted
from some of the products in their isomeric states, forexample, 122 keV and 300 keV transitions in 96 Rb and141 keV and 167 keV transitions in 97 Sr. More details concerning the Ge detector will be described inanother report6) .
In summary, we have developed beam-line detectors
for BigRIPS. It was confirmed that these detectors
have sufficient resolution for the particle identificationof fragments produced by the in-flight fission of ura-

- 123 -

1

090

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
F3 0.2F5
0
20 30 40 50 60 20 30 40 50 60

Z

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

Z

F7
20 30 40 50 60

Z

Fig. 4. Overall detection efficiency as a function of theatomic number (Z) at F3, F5, and F7. This includes
the PPAC efficiency of one plane and the efficiency ofobtaining a position for both X and Y directions at the
focal plane.

Fig. 1. Locations of beam-line detectors.

Fig. 2. Outside view of the PPAC.
Countsx 10 2

Fig. 5. Outside view of plastic scintillation counter.

F3X 1A

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0

2

4

6

Residue (mm)8 10Fig. 3. Distribution of deviations from the fitted track.
This distribution shows the case of an X plane at the upstream F3 PPAC. The standard deviation of the Gaussian fit is 0.48 mm.

Fig. 6. Inside view of the TEGIC.
Counts
10 4

nium. The development of better resolution and a highcounting rate is in progress.

10 3
10 2

References
1) T. Kubo et al.: Nucl. Instrum. and Methods. B204, 97(2003).
2) H. Kumagai et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 31, 164(1998).
3) H. Kumagai et al.: Nucl. Instrum. and Methods. A470,
562 (2001).
4) K. Kimura et al.: Nucl. Instrum. and Methods. A538,
608 (2005).
5) T. Kubo et al.: Nucl. Instrum. and Methods. B70, 309(1992).
6) T. Nakao et al.: in this progress report.

10
1
0

10

20

30

Z

40

50

60

Fig. 7. Yield distribution from in-flight fission of U in termsof the atomic number Z at Bρ=7.2 Tm with a momentum acceptance of ∆P/P =±1%, measured by using the
TEGIC.

2- 124 -

101
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Magnetic field-map measurement of superconducting triplet quadrupole anddipole magnet for BigRIPS separator at RIKEN†
Y. Yanagisawa, K. Kusaka, T. Kubo, T. Haseyama,䋪1 Y.Yano, H. Suzuki, 䋪2 and Y. Mizoi䋪3†

the guide pipe. Measurements are performed at z-motion
steps of 10 mm and the hall sensors are rotated 360 degrees
at a step of 9 degrees at each z. We performed measurement
only in the clockwise direction in order to avoid possible
backlash.
Figure 1 shows examples of measured field distributions
for the Q800 magnet. The spatial distribution of Br,2 whose
Q800 magnet is at a radius r = 107 mm is plotted as afunction of z. The Br,2 is the quadrupole component of Br.
The origin of z-axis corresponds to the center of eachmagnet. The Br,2 is obtained by decomposing the measured
Br field using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). Data aretaken by exciting the measured magnet only with thecurrent range from 20 A to 165 A (Q1000 160 A).

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The BigRIPS is one of the next-generation separators,
which is aimed at achieving RI beams of greater capability,
being characterized by large acceptances in its ion optics
and the adoption of a two-stage separator scheme. It
consists of fourteen superconducting triplet quadrupoles(STQ1-14) and six room-temperature dipoles (D1-D6). In
the present report, field mapping devices for thequadrupoles and dipoles, and some results for the measured
field distributions of STQ7, STQ11 (quadrupole) and D4(dipole) are described.
Firstly, we describe the magnetic field-map measurementof STQs. We have performed the field-map measurementsof STQ7 and STQ11, which represent superferric STQs.
STQ7 consists of Q500, Q800, and Q500, whereas STQ11
consists of Q500, Q1000, and Q500. The nominal effective
lengths of STQ7 and STQ11 are 500 mm-800 mm-500 mm
and 500 mm-1000 mm-500 mm, respectively. Their pole-tip
and warm bore radii are as large as 170 mm and 120 mm,
respectively. The maximum pole-tip fields are also as highas 2.4 T, corresponding to a maximum field gradient of 14.1
T/m. Details of the STQs are described in Refs. 1-4.
We measured the cylindrical field map (Br, BT, BZ) along
the beam axis, where Br, BT, and Bz are the fieldcomponents of the radial (r) direction, the azimuthal (T)direction, and the beam line axis (z), respectively. The field
mapping device is a two-motion stage, T -Z, driven by
stepping motors. The hall sensors are mounted on the arm,
which moves along the z-axis in the warm bore of themagnet. The detail of the field mapping device is describedin Ref.5. The stroke of the z-motion is 2810 mm. The arm isdriven by a screw along the guide pipe and rotates with aguide pipe as a whole in the T direction. We used three-axis
Hall sensors (AXIS-3 AERPOC Ltd.). These axes
correspond to the directions, r, T and z. Two stepping
motors are driven by the motion controller board (PCI-7332
National Instruments Co. ltd.) installed in a control PC. The
Hall voltages are measured by a digital multimeter (DMM)(Keithley 2700+ 7700) with a constant current of 10 mA
supplied by a current source (Yokogawa 7651). The datafrom the DMM are stored in PC via a GPIB interface. The
motion of the Hall sensor arm is tested using a height gauge
before being installed in the magnet. When the arm moves
along a beam axis, the position accuracy of the radius is
r0.2 mm. It is caused by the bend and torsion of

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Fig. 1 Distribution of quadrupole field component Br,2 for
Q500 magnet along beam axis.
Figure 2 shows the effective lengths of the Q500, Q800
and Q1000 magnets. Effective length is obtained byintegrating the Br,2 numerically. It decreases when current
exceeds 50A in all the magnets. We considered the change
in effective length in theCondensed from the article in IEEE Trans. Appl. Superconductivity in

press
䋪1
Japan Laser Corporation.
䋪2
Department of Physics, University of Tokyo
䋪3
Osaka-Electro Communication University- 125 -

101
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ion optics calculations of the BigRIPS separator.
Secondly, we describe the magnetic field-map
measurement of the dipole. The BigRIPS has six
room-temperature dipole magnets with the same design. It
is an H-type sector magnet. The bending angle and of radiusof the sector magnet are 30 degrees and 6 m, respectively.
The maximum operational field strength is 1.6 T, whichcorresponds to the current of 950 A. To achieve thehomogeneity of the magnetic field, the corners of the polepieces are shaped in Rogowski’s cut. We used the fieldclamp to adjust the effective length to the arc length of themagnet.
We measured the magnetic field distribution of the By of
D4 in the medium plane. The field mapping device consistsof a base plate and a moving hall sensor holder. We set the
15 hall sensors every 20 mm in a direction perpendicular tothe central orbit of the holder. The hall sensors of
HGT-3010 manufactured by Lake Shore Co. ltd. with thenominal control current of 100mA are used. The holder
moves along the base plate driven by ultrasonic motors. The
motion controller and measurement system are the same as
those used in the field mapping of STQs.
Measurements are automatically performed along thecentral orbit at every around 10 mm step because of therestriction of the motion controller. The position ismeasured by an encoder. For the confirmation of theposition, a photosensor detected the pin every 1.2 degrees(about 125 mm). The measurement range is 4140 mm. We
show in Fig. 3 a magnetic field distribution along thecentral orbit. The effective length is obtained by integrating
the measured field map numerically on the medium plane.
Figure 4 shows the effective length along the central orbit.
Over 700A, the effective length begins to decrease and at
950A, it is smaller by approximately 10 mm.

Fig. 3 Magnetic field distribution along central orbit ofdipole.

㪜㪽㪽㪼㪺㫋㫀㫍㪼㩷㫃㪼㫅㪾㫋㪿㩷㩿㫄㫄㪀

Fig. 2 Effective lengths of Q500, Q 800 and Q1000
magnets.

㪌㪐㪌㪏
㪈㪉㪇㪇

㪚㫌㫉㫉㪼㫅㫋㩿㪘㪀

Fig. 4 Effective length of center radius of dipole.
In summary, we have carried out magnetic field-map
measurements on STQ7, STQ11 and D4. For quardrupoles,
we decomposed measurement field data using FFT. Ray
tracing calculations of ion optics for BigRIPS using theobtained data were successfully performed last March 2006.
References
1) S. T. Kubo: Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res., B 204,
97 (2003).
2) T. Kubo et al.: IEEE Trans. Appl. Superconductivity, 17,1069 (2007).
3) T. Hirumachi et al.: IEEE Trans. Appl. Superconductivity,
10, 236 (2000).
4) K. Kusaka et al.: IEEE Trans. Appl. Superconductivity,
14, 310 (2004).
5) K. Kusaka et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 36, 312(2003).

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RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Control system of BigRIPS
K. Yoshida, T. Ohnishi, K. Kusaka, A. Yoshida, Y. Yanagisawa, M. Ohtake, N. Fukuda, and T. Kubo
The control system of BigRIPS is an integrated
control system that controls and monitors magnets,
beam diagnostic devices and vacuum pump stations of
the BigRIPS separator and Zero Degree Spectrometer.
The BigRIPS separator and Zero Degree Spectrometerconsist of 69 superconducting quadrupole magnets, 8superconducting sextapole magnets, and 8 dipole magnets, and are equipped with 80 diagnostic devices, suchas slits and beam position detectors, and 22 pump stations. A system is required to control and monitor
these seamlessly. The experimental physics and industrial control system (EPICS)1) is used as the basesoftware of the control system of BigRIPS. EPICS is aset of open source software tools and is widely used as
the control system of accelerators. By utilizing EPICS,
our eﬀort to construct a control system is minimized
since EPICS has been used in the accelerator control
of RIBF and in the control of the RIPS separator at
the RIKEN ring cyclotron facility.2)
The conﬁguration diagram of the BigRIPS control
system is shown in Fig. 1. Two VME CPU boardsof ADVME7501 manufactured by Advanet Inc. areused as the input output controller (IOC) of EPICS.
Tornado 2.0.2 is utilized as the operating system ofIOCs. Sun Fire V215 is used as the EPICS host computer with the Solaris 9 operating system. The hostcomputer also acts as the boot server of the IOCs.
EPICS R3.14.9 is utilized as the base software of the
BigRIPS control system. Device supports for network
I/O (NIO) and program logic circuits (PLC) developedby the RIKEN accelerator and KEK-RIKEN groups3) ,respectively, are installed in addition to the standard
I/O device support of EPICS. NIO is the remote I/O
system that works as the interface between the VMEbus and power supplies of the magnets. The PLC of
the Yokogawa FA-M3 series is used for the control ofdiagnostic devices and vacuum pump stations.
The status of the cryostats of the superconducting
magnets is once collected and monitored in a subcontrol system called the cryostat controller and forwarded to the IOC afterwards since the fast responseof cutting oﬀ the power supply is necessary to protect
the magnets when the quench of the superconducting
magnets occurs. The cryostat controller consists of
VME CPU board of AVME-148 operated with OS-9,
FA-M3 PLCs, and their I/O modules. An Ethernet
communication routine compatible with the ether unitof FA-M3 is built into the OS-9 system so that theepics IOC can communicate with the AVME-148 CPU
as if it is FA-M3 PLC.
The EPICS extension software of dm2k is utilized
as the user interface of the control system. Figure 2

shows the photograph of the display of the operator
console. The magnets are set by specifying the central
rigidity of the separator. The necessary currents ofthe magnets are calculated from the the central rigidity and beam optics parameters stored in the system.
The beam optics parameters can be replaced easily by
various sets of parameters through the burt utility of
EPICS. Thus, the control system can handle various
optics modes of the separator. Beam diagnostic devices, such as slits and detectors, are positioned appropriately according to the position values inputted
and/or by clicking In/Out buttons in the control window of dm2k.
Collecting the status information and recording
them are the other roles of the control system. The
channel archiver utility is used for this purpose. About
one thousand data, such as magnet currents and theirstatuses, slit positions, and vacuum are collected andstored in the disk of the host computer. Retrieving andplotting the data are performed through the archive
viewer utility. In addition to the standalone program,the web interface is also installed so that we can see theretrieved data as graphs or numerical tables throughboth the utility program and web pages.
The error notiﬁcation system is also included in thecontrol system. The EPICS alh (ALarm Handler) utility works for this purpose. Alh is conﬁgured to ring thebell of the operator console and to send e-mails when asevere condition occurs, so that not only the operators
sitting in front of the console but also persons responsible for the devices away from the console can receive
the notiﬁcation.
References
1) http://www.aps.anl.gov/epics/2) K. Yoshida et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 35, 177(2002).
3) J. Odagiri et al.: Proc. 3rd Annu. Meet. Particle Accelerator Society of Japan and 31st Linear Accelerator
Meet. Japan, Sendai, 2006-8 (2006).

- 127 1

093

Super conducting
Quadrupole Mag.
4k Ref.

DipoleMagnet80k Ref.

CryostatController
VME

Beam Diag. Device(Slit, Detector,...)

Vacuum Pump
Station

NMR
Magnet Power
SupplyMagnet Power
Supply

NIO-S

NIO-S
Magnet Power
SupplyNIO-S

NMRController

VME
IOC
NIO-C
NIO-C

IOC
NIO-C
NIO-C

VME

GPIB/Ether
Converter

Diag.Device
Controller
PLC

VacuumController
PLC

Device Control Net

EPICS
Host
To Lab. LAN
Operator
ConsoleOperator
ConsoleOperator
ConsoleFig. 1. Block diagram of BigRIPS control system.

Fig. 2. Photograph of console display.

2- 128 -

107
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Design of high-resolution beam line for the SHARAQ spectrometer
T. Kawabata,∗1 G. P. A. Berg,∗2 T. Kubo, H. Sakai,∗3 S. Shimoura,∗1 and T. Uesaka,∗1

s11 b16 + s12 b26 + s16 = 0,(1)

s21 b16 + s22 b26 + s26 = 0,(2)where sij and bij are the beam transfer matrix elements of the SHARAQ spectrometer and its beam line,
respectively. From Eqs. (1), (2), and the SHARAQ design values of sij ,1) the dispersion matching conditions
for the beam line transfer matrix elements are determined to be b16 = −14.76 m and b26 = 4.79 rad. It
is necessary for the high-resolution spectroscopy withthe secondary RI beam to construct the beam line satisfying those matching conditions.
The SHARAQ spectrometer will be installed in theE20 experimental room at RIBF. Since the RI beamemitted from the production target at F0 is achromatically focused at F3 in the normal beam transport procedure for the BigRIPS fragment separator,5) we determined F3 to be the starting point of the SHARAQ
beam line.
The SHARAQ beam line shares the magnetic elements with the BigRIPS fragment separator up to F6.
After F6, the SHARAQ beam line branches from BigRIPS and bends 60◦ toward the target. Since the layout of the magnetic elements of the BigRIPS fragment
separator has already been ﬁxed, the layout between
the branching point and the target was optimized to
∗1
∗2
∗3

Center for Nuclear Study, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo
Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame
Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo

SHARAQ
Spectrometer
SHARAQ Beam LineThe construction of the SHARAQ spectrometer wasstarted in 2005 by the Center for Nuclear Study.1) The
SHARAQ spectrometer was designed to achieve a highmomentum resolution of ∆p/p ∼ 1/15000 for charged
particles with a magnetic rigidity of Bρ = 6.8 Tm.
The SHARAQ spectrometer will be devoted to nuclear spectroscopic study using RI beams produced by
the RI beam factory (RIBF) at RIKEN. Since the RI
beams have a variety of isospin, spin, and internal energies, the RI-beam-induced reactions are expected to
be useful tools to probe nuclear many-body systems.
Since the RI beams generally have a large emittance,
the dispersion matching technique2,3) must be introduced to perform high-resolution measurements. If thedispersions of the SHARAQ spectrometer and its beamline are properly “matched”, the missing-mass resolution can be signiﬁcantly improved and made better
than the momentum spread of the RI beam.
On the basis of the notation of the computer code
TRANSPORT,4) the dispersion matching conditions
are given as

SHARAQ Target
STQ-S3
F-S2
SQ1, SQ2
DQ2
1
S2
DQ -S2 TQS
BM
1
F6 F5
-S1 F-S
BM
S1
Q
T
S

10 m

F4

F3

Production Target (F0)BigRIPS

Fig. 1. Layout of the SHARAQ spectrometer and the highresolution beam line at RIBF.

satisfy the dispersion matching conditions based on
the ﬁrst-order ion optical calculation using the computer code COSY INFINITY.6) The optimized beamline layout is shown in Fig. 1.
In the SHARAQ beam line, the two 30◦ bending
magnets (BM) are used with several quadrupole magnets for the beam transport from F6 to the SHARAQ
target.
Although most of the quadrupole magnets are superconducting triplet quadrupole magnets(STQ), the doublet (DQ) and singlet (SQ) quadrupole
mangets are the normal conducting magnets.
Envelopes of the beam trajectories in the horizontal
plane obtained from the ﬁrst-order ion optical calculation are shown in Fig. 2(a). The trajectories for particles with x0 = ±3 mm, y0 = ±3 mm, θ0 = ±10 and
0 mr, φ0 = ±30 and 0 mr, and δ0 = ±0.3% at F3 aredrawn.
The transfer matrix of the SHARAQ beam line obtained by the ﬁrst-order ion optical calculation is tabulated in Table 1. The dispersion matching conditions
are successfully satisﬁed, whereas the horizontal andvertical magniﬁcations are almost unity. The oﬀ diagonal elements of b21 and b43 are kept small to reduce theangular spread caused by x0 and y0 . Detailed description of the ﬁrst-order ion optical calculation is given inRef.7) .
Although the beam-line layout was optimized on
the basis of the ﬁrst-order calculation, the higher order aberration is not negligible since the secondary RI
beams have a large emittance. Therefore, the precise ion optical calculation should be performed using
the measured magnetic ﬁeld maps of BM and STQ
to examine the higher order aberration. The beam envelopes in the horizontal plane obtained from the ﬁfthorder ion optical calculation are compared with thosein the ﬁrst-order calculation in Fig. 2(b). The 72 tra-- 129 -

1

107

Vertical Angle (mr) Horizontal Angle (mr)






































No Oct.

With Oct.

No Oct.

With Oct.

0
-20
50
0
-50
-50



Fig. 2. Envelopes of the dispersive beam transport from F3
to the SHARAQ target in the horizontal plane. The trajectories for particles in the ﬁrst-order calculation are
shown in (a), whereas those in the ﬁfth-order calculation without and with octupole magnets are in (b) and(c), respectively. The octupole magnets are indicatedby the gray rectangles in (c).

(x|x) (= b11 )−0.99(x|θ) (= b12 )0.00(θ|x) (= b21 )0.08(θ|θ) (= b22 )−1.03(x|δ) (= b16 ) −14.76(θ|δ) (= b26 )
4.79(y|y) (= b33 )
1.24(y|φ) (= b34 )0.00(φ|y) (= b43 )−0.55(φ|φ) (= b44 )0.80
Table 1. Beam transfer matrix of the SHARAQ beam line
obtained by the ﬁrst-order ion optical calculation. The
units for the lengths and angles are m and radian, respectively.

jectories for particles with x0 = ±3 mm, y0 = ±3 mm,
θ0 = ±10 and 0 mr, φ0 = ±30 and 0 mr, andδ0 = ±0.3% are drawn. It is clearly seen that the beam
images at the focal points are strongly distorted owing
to the higher order aberration. It is found that thethird-order aberration is the most signiﬁcant, whereas
the other aberration is not large.
Since the octupole magnet is useful to correct thethird-order aberration, the best layout of the octupole
magnets was searched. As a result, it was found thatthe third-order aberration is eﬀectively corrected whenthree octupole magnets are installed at F5 and at
the upper streams of STQ-S1 and STQ-S3, as seenin Fig. 2(c).
To examine the beam proﬁle on the SHARAQ tar-

2

20

0

50

-50

0

Horizontal Position (mm)50

Fig. 3. Correlation between the horizontal position on the
SHARAQ target and the horizontal/vertical angles at
F3. The left and right panels show the correlation patterns before and after the three octupole magnets are
installed.

get, a Monte Carlo calculation was carried out. A
monochromatic beam with the momentum of δ0 = 0
or ±0.3% was transported from F3 to the SHARAQ
target using the calculated beam transfer matrix. The
beam spot and the angular spreads at F3 were assumed
to have Gaussian distributions with full widths at half
maximum of ∆x0 = ∆y0 = 0.5 mm, ∆θ0 = 10 mr,and ∆φ0 = 30 mr. The expected correlation between
the horizontal position on the SHARAQ target andthe horizontal/vertical angles at F3 is shown in Fig. 3.
The left panels show the correlation when the three octupole magnets are not installed, while the right panels show the correlation when the octupole magnets
are installed. Three loci seen in each panel correspondto the three assumed monochromatic beams with thefractional momentum deviations of δ = 0 and ±0.3%.
It is clearly seen that the octupole magnets actuallycorrect the higher order aberration.
The construction of the SHARAQ beam line will bestarted soon, and the ﬁrst beam will be delivered to
the SHARAQ spectrometer in 2009.
References
1) T. Uesaka et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40 (2007)
155.
2) B. L. Cohen: Rev. Sci. Instr. 30 (1959) 415.
3) T. Wakasa et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods. A 482 (2002)
79, and references therein.
4) K. L. Brown et al.: SLAC Report No. 91 Rev. 1, 1974.
5) T. Kubo: Nucl. Instrum. Methods. B 204 (2003) 97.
6) M. Berz et al.; Computer code COSY INFINITY,
http://bt.pa.msu.edu/index ﬁles/cosy.htm.
7) T. Kawabata et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40 (2007)153.

- 130 -

189
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Field measurement system of the superferric quadrupole magnets for
SHARAQ spectrometer
Y. Sasamoto,∗1 K. Nakanishi,∗1 T. Uesaka,∗1 S. Shimoura,∗1 T. Kubo, H. Sakai,∗2 N. Yamazaki,∗1 and R.
Yoshino,∗1
New missing mass spectroscopy with an RI beam isplanned to be conducted at RIBF with the SHARAQ
spectrometer1)2) . The SHARAQ spectrometer is designed to achieve a resolving power of p/δp = 1.5×
104 and a high angular resolution of δθ ∼ 1 mrad forparticles with a maximum magnetic rigidity of Bρ =6.8 Tm.
The SHARAQ spectrometer consists of three
quadrupoles and two dipole magnets. The first doublet
quadrupoles (SDQ) are superconducting magnets thatprovide a large field gradient of 14.1 T/m. The nominal effective lengths of the quadrupoles are 500 mm(Q500) and 1000 mm (Q1000). The design of SDQ issimilar to that of BigRIPS triplet quadrupole magnets(STQ)3) .

ter. The electric current from a current source wasmonitored from the voltage of the resistor placed inseries between the source and a hall probe.
Data acquisition was controlled by a Linux-based
PC. Data were registered in the digital multimeter(Keithley 2701) linked to the PC with the Ethernet
network communication. The hall probe mount was
swept over the measured volume by a pulse motor operated via GPIB devices.

power suplly
current
voltagecryo
control board

Multimeter

80K shield temperatureinside pressure

PC
Ethernet
GPIB

GPIB-enet

hall probepulse‫ޓ‬motor

SDQ

interlock‫ޓޓ‬

Fig. 1. Photograph of SDQ magnet.

To achieve the designed performance, field mapping
is important because ion-optical calculations show thatthe major aberrations originate from the inhomogeneous field distribution of SDQ in the region of r >12 cm2) . In this report, the field measurement system
for the SDQ magnet is described.
In this system, we measured the voltage of a hallprobe together with the following;• temperatures of the room and around the hallprobe,• the electric current supplied to hall elements,• the current and voltage of DC power supplies, and• miscellaneous data for monitoring the status of acryostat.
The diagram of the system is shown in Fig. 2. To measure the magnetic field, three-axis hall probes (Arepoc Co. Ltd., AXIS-3) were used. The temperature
was measured using a platinum resistance thermome∗1∗2

Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo
Department of Physics, University of Tokyopulse‫ޓ‬generator

limit
switchdriverFig. 2. Diagram of the measurement system.

The whole system including the DC power supplies
is required to be sufficiently stable to measure the magnetic field with ∆B/B ∼ 10−4 . Prior to the measurement, the stability of the system was examined.
Figure 3 shows the typical current and voltage ofa power supply in half a day. The current did notexhibit a significant variation, while the voltage gradually changed. The variation in voltage was found todepend on the temperature of the room. It was foundthat the DC power supplies were sufficiently stable tokeep the magnetic field of ∆B/B ∼ 10−4 for a few tensof hours.
Figure 4 shows a typical variation in temperature.
In most cases, the variation was 0.1 ∼ 0.5 ◦ C in aday. This variation results in the fluctuations of about
10−4 for the hall probe voltage since the temperature
coefficient of the hall probe is as small as 2 × 10−4 /K.

- 131 -

1

189
Q500 voltage

Q500 current

Time

[s]

hall probe voltage

[V]

[s]
Time
Q1000 current

Q1000 voltage

0.101190.101188
0.101186
0.101184210-50.101182
0

20000

5h
[s]

[s]

Time

40000 [s]

Time

Time
Fig. 5. Output voltage of the hall probe.

Fig. 3. Typical output of the power supply in half a day.

Temperature(2007).
3) K. Kusaka et al.:
310 (2004) .

[s]
Time
Fig. 4. Temperature around the hall probe measured by
the platinum resistance thermometer.

A major variation in hall voltage was found to be
due to the variation in current from the source. As is
expected, the stability of the current source was consistent with the designed value of 0.01%/day; however,the current from the source sometimes varied morethan the designed value of two figures. By correcting
the large variation for the current source, a stabilityof < 10−4 was obtained in the entire system including
SDQ, as shown in Fig. 5. In the present study, it was
found that the field measurement can be performed
with the required accuracy using this system. Moredetails of the method and results of the field measurement will be reported elsewhere soon.
References
1) T. Uesaka et al.: CNS Ann. Rep. 2005 (2006) 61.
2) T. Uesaka et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 155

2- 132 -IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 14,

010
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

AC power system for SHARAQ
Tadashi. Fujinawa, Sigele. Suzuki*㧘Toshiyuki. Kubo and Yasushige. Yano
Center for Nuclear Study, Graduate School of

insulator and a polyethylene sheath (XLPE/PE).

Science, The University of Tokyo (CNS) and

The size of the cable is 60mm2 and the allowable

RIKEN Nishina Center are constructing thecurrent is 160A. The actual current with the load

Spectroscopy

withof 1MVA is only 88A. The cable withstands aradioactive quantum beam 㧔SHARAQ㧕 in the

shortcut current of 22.43kA.1) Fig. 2 shows thebasement of RIBF building. RIKEN Nishina

appearance of the switchgear.

Center will supply space and beams, and is

The protection relays are installed on both feeder

responsible for build infrastructures, such as anside (52SRF5) and incoming side (52SRF5R).

electrical power supply and a water-cooling

The feeder side detects over current (50), shortsystem. In this paper, we report to the electricalcircuit-current (51) and ground directional current

power supply system and the electrical(67), and SHARAQ power system side detects

equipments of the water-cooling system.

under voltage (27), 50 and 51.

Electrical power supply system

A single line diagram is shown in Fig.1

ofhadronic

systems㪝㫉㫆㫄㩷㪥㫆㪈㪟㪭㩷㪪㪆㪪The maximum capacity of the magnet-powersauce (DC) for SHARAQ is 1000kVA.

㩷㪰

A dory-type transformer is 6.6kV/415V, and a ٌ䂦-Y connection is located in the E20 experimentroom on the third basement floor in RIBF
building. The transformer is highly efficient at a㪍㪍㫂㪭㪆㪍㪅㪍㪢㪭㪉㪌㪆㪊㪇㪤㪭㪘

㪧㫉㫆㫋㪼㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫉㪼㫃㪸㫐㫊㪉㪎㪅㪌㪐㪅㪌㪇㪅㪌㪈㪅㪍㪎㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㪌㪉㪪㪩㪪㪈

rated point of 98.95% and at a maximum point㪥㫆㪉㩷㪟㪭㩷㪪㪆㪪of 99.25% (40% of the rated point).The㪧㫉㫆㫋㪼㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫉㪼㫃㪸㫐㫊㪌㪇㪅㪌㪈㪅㪍㪎

㩷㩷㩷㩷㪌㪉㪪㪩㪝㪌transformer together with a medium-voltage(MV)vacuumcircuitbreakerandno-fuse-breakers with an earth leakage trip
element (ELCB) for 415V is covered withJapan electrical manufacturers’ standard (JEM)
that is called as metal-clad switchgear. This㩷㩷㪚㪜㪫㪍㪇㫊㫈㫄㫄㪧㫉㫆㫋㪼㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫉㪼㫃㪸㫐㫊㪉㪎㪅㪌㪇㪅㪌㪈
㩷㩷㩷䇭㪍㪅㪍䌫㪭㪆㪋㪈㪌㪭䇭䇭㪈㪇㪇㪇䌫㪭㪘type of switchgear is very safe for humans andswitchgear䂦㪰㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷㩷prevents fire.
The㩷㩷㪌㪉㪪㪩㪝㪌㪩isconnected

to

No.2

high-voltage substation feeder No.52RF5 by a
6.6kV-triplex-type cable with an environmental㪛㪈㪅㪉㪅㪊㪅㪛㪨㪄㪬㪅㪛㪨㪄㪛㪅㪪㪨㪝㫀㪾㪅㩷㪈㩷㪪㫀㫅㪾㫃㪼㩷㫃㫀㫅㪼㩷㪻㫀㪸㪾㫉㪸㫄management (EM) cross-linked polyethylene- 133 -

The control system operates with DC110V and010

can also work during electrical power outage as

simplerwell. The operation can be performed both locallystraightforward operational skills. The cableand remotely. The remote control system with acapacity for the cooling tower has enough cross2)

hardwarecontraction

and

more

flat-panel display is in CGS center control room

sections for the future extension of 2MW coolinglocated in NISHINA memorial building.

capacity, which will be used for the rare RI mass

Water- cooling systemring and/or Self-Cooling Radioactive Ion Target
SHARAQ(SCRIT) of experimental equipments. Thosewater-cooling system uses existing power souse

devices are planned to be built in the near future.

of RIBF cooling system connected to a CGS bus

CONCLUSION

The

power

souse

for

the

that provides an uninterruptible power souse. The
system has three motors. The first motor is called
the primary cooling water pump (30kW), which
circulates deionized water (Fig. 3). The second
motor is a circulating water pump (37kW) for the

The electrical power supply system has beensuccessfully operated.
This indicates that we have achieved our initial
goals particularly environmental management.

cooling tower. The third motor is a cooling tower
fan (7.5kW). Those motors are connected to theexisting motor control center (MCC) of extra
units. All motors are three-phase 50Hz 415V highefficiency. The motor starters use a directconnection system, which enable a quick start andefficient restart. They are also more reliable andeconomical

than

the

star-delta

starterFig. 2

MV switchgear.

Fig.3

30kW high efficiency motor.

recommended by Ministry of Land Infrastructure
and Transport (MLIT). The direct-type starters
can only be used when the transformer’s capacity
is sufficiently large. Simple low-voltage (LV)starters are in the Motor Control Centre (MCC).
MCC is the culmination of advancements indigital technology. The incorporation of a control
data link network (CDL) converts the MCC into a

REFERENCE

superior data information system. MCC is1)connected to helium (He) control room with CDL.

Rep.38 (2004).

Short-circuit protection is achieved through theuseofMoldedCase

Circuit2)

Breakers

T.Fujinawa et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog.
Rep.36 (2002)(MCCBS=NFB) and thermal relays for overcurrent. The above-mentioned systems require

T. Fujinawa et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog.

*Shinbishi Elect- 134 -

056

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Development of the SCRIT for Electron Scattering
M. Wakasugi, T. Emoto, K. Ishiia, S. Ito, K. Kuritaa, A. Kuwajimab, A. Nodac. T. Shiraic, T. Suda, T. Tamaeb,
H. Tonguc, S. Wang, and Y. Yano
completion of radiation dumping, which took 2 s from theinjection, the measurements were performed during theremaining 2 s. The SCRIT operation cycle composed of
ion-injection, trapping and extraction was repeated during
the measurement. Trapping time was varied in the range of
10-200 ms for measurement of the time evolution of thetrapped ions, and the electron beam current was varied in
the range of 45-75 mA to measure the current dependence.
Typical data for time evolution of the trapped Cs ions, theanalysis is still preliminary, is shown in Fig. 2. Opensymbols indicate Cs–ion yield of Cs1+, Cs2+ and Cs3+~5+
measured by channeltrons #3, #4 and #5, respectively.
Closed symbol shows the number of trapped Cs ions
including all charge states. Dotted and dash-dotted lines
indicate time evolutions of these items calculated using rateequations3). The experimental data are well reproduced by
the calculation. The number of initially trapped ions, Ni, andthe trapping lifetime, !life, were derived from thereproductive calculation; Ni=3.6(1)107, and !life=53(1) ms
at the current of 75 mA.
Reproducing the time evolution of each charged state oftrapped Cs ions, the collision luminosity between electron
beam and trapped Cs ions can be estimated, which is shownby a solid line. It exceeds 1026/(cm2s) within 50-ms trapping
time.
1+

Cs
2+
Cs
3+ĝ3+
Cs
All Cs ions
Luminosity

/.

0

/.

/

/.

.

02

3

1

0

Lskglmqgrw&/. -&ak q''/.

Lsk`cpmdrp_nncbgmlq&/. 'We succeeded in developing a novel internal target (SelfConfining RI Ion Target: SCRIT) in an electron storage ringfor electron scattering off unstable nuclei1). A prototype of
the SCRIT device was installed in the Kaken storage ring
(KSR) in Kyoto University. Approximately 3.6107 ofstable Cs ions were trapped in the SCRIT for about 53 ms at
the electron beam current of 75 mA. The collision
luminosity between the electron beam and the trapped Csions was achieved to be 1026/(cm2s) within 50-ms trapping
time. The elastically scattered electrons from the trapped Csions were observed and its angular distributions were
measured at the angle of 30, 40 and 60 degrees2).
Experimental setup of the R&D study is schematicallyshown in Fig. 1. Pulsed Cs ion beams were accelerated
vertically to 4.05 keV and bent 90 degrees into the directionof the electron beam axis. They were merged with theelectron beam and guided to the SCRIT device usingtransverse trapping force provided by the electron beam.
The SCRIT device is composed of 40 longitudinally stacked
thin electrodes with 100-mm-long terminals at both ends.
They form longitudinal mirror potential with a 240-mmlong trapping region.
Trapped ions in the SCRIT were extracted after a certain
trapping time. They were guided into an analyzer, whichmeasures the number of trapped ions and their charge-state
distribution using a magnetic field. Channeltrons, numbered#1-#9, were used for extracted-ion counting in the analyzer.
The Cs1+ ions were counted by channeltron #3, Cs2+ ions by#4, and Cs3+~5+ ions by #5. Overall efficiency of the ion
counting by the channeltrons was 10-5.
Scattered electrons emerging from the SCRIT weredetected by an electron detection system consisting of adrift chamber, pairs of plastic scintillators and calorimeters
placed at the scattering angles of 30, 40 and 60 degrees.
Details of the electron detection system are described in Ref.
2.
Electron beam, whose energy is 120 MeV, was injected
into the KSR every 4 seconds because of the short storage
lifetime, typically 100 s at 80 mA. After waiting the

.

3.

/..

/3.

Rp_nnglergkc&kq'

0..

Fig. 2. Time evolution of the number of trapped ions andthe collision luminosity.
References
1) M. Wakasugi et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 100, 164801 (2008).
2) T. Suda et al., in this progress.
3) B.M. Penetrante et al., Phys. Rev. A43, 4873 (1991).

a Department of Physics, Rikkyo University
b Laboratory of Nuclear Science, Tohoku University

Fig. 1. Prototype of the SCRIT and the experimental
setup.

c Institute of Chemical Research, Kyoto University- 135 -

104
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Gain monitor system for the SCRIT experimentotemperatrue ( C)S. Wang, T. Emoto, K. Ishii1, S. Ito, K. Kurita1, A. Kuwajiam2, T. Suda, T. Tamae2, M. Wakasugi
and Y. Yano
In the SCRIT experiment at KSR of Kyoto
Figure 2 shows the temperature change during
University, three calorimeters, one CsI and two
the experiment. It is obvious that when KSR was
BaF2, were employed for measuring the energy ofin operation (“on”), the temperature increased. As
scattered electrons. Each calorimeter consists ofseen in Fig. 2, the temperature of detectors
seven scintillation crystals. According to theincreased almost 3oC during 70 hours operation
period. According to ref. 1, the light output of BaF2
cosmic-ray measurement in the pervious
crystal would decrease about 6%, which isexperiment, the peak position of cosmic-ray,consistent with the result of cosmic-ray
corresponding to 48 MeV, was found to shiftmeasurement, as shown in Fig. 1.
during one week measurement, as shown in Fig. 1.
As a conclusion, in a long term experiment at
The probable reason is that the temperature of
KSR, in addition to check the pulse-height
crystals increased during the experiment period. It
measurement system by gain monitor system,
is known that light output of scintillation crystal
cosmic-ray measurement or elastically scattered
has temperature dependence, BaF2, as an example,olight output will decrease nearly 2% per C atelectrons measurement from W-wire2) is necessary
room temperature1). In addition, the other part,for monitoring the light output change of crystals.
including photomultipliers (PMT) and circuits,
may also have effect on the gain stability.
Therefore, we developed a gain monitor system.
Our gain monitor system includes two parts.
One is a temperature monitor system which checks
the temperature change of crystals and PMTs. The
other part is an LED monitor system which is
introduced to monitor the stability of thepulse-height measurement system.
Fig. 1. ADC spectrum of cosmic-ray measurement of
The PMTs of CsI and BaF2 detectors cover from
BaF2#1. Dashed line is at beginning of the experiment and
185 nm to 650 nm with the peak sensitivity atsolid line is at the end of the experiment.
about 420 nm. Thus, a blue LED would bedesirable.
33
The LED monitor system consisted of three parts:
one blue LED, a light guide connector and optical
30
fibers for each detector. The stability of the LED
27
monitor system was monitored by an 241Am source
room temperaturesuface of CsI crystal
implanted in a NaI crystal which mounted at asurface of CsI PMT
24
surface of 40 BaF crystal
PMT. The stability of the LED monitor system has
on on onsurface of 60 BaF crystal
been confirmed to be much better than 1% over
21
0
20
40
60
80 100 120
one week measurement. By the result of the LED
time (hour)monitor system, the stability of PMTs and circuits
Fig. 2 The temperature changed during the experiment.
has been found to be better than 1%. Therefore, theReferences
gain shift mentioned above should mainly come1) V. Nanal, et al.: Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 389 (1997) 430.
from the light output change of crystals.
o

2

o

2

2) Y. Furukawa, et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40 (2007).

- 136 -

092
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Present status of long injection beam line for rare–RI ring project
Y. Yamaguchi, A. Ozawa,∗1 I. Arai,∗1 T. Fujinawa, N. Fukunishi, A. Goto, S. Igarashi,∗1 T. Kikuchi,∗2
T. Ohnishi, T. Ohtsubo,∗4 H. Sakurai, T. Suzuki,∗3 M. Wakasugi, K. Yamaguchi,∗1 T. Yamaguchi,∗3
Y. Yasuda,∗1 and Y. Yano
We have proposed precise mass measurements ofshort–lived rare nuclei including the r–process region
using a cyclotron–like storage ring1) . The cyclotron–
like storage ring is designed for a fixed energy of
200 MeV/nucleon (γt = 1.214). The short–lived rare
nuclei for a wide range of momentum (δp/p ∼ ±1%)
are injected onto their equilibrium ring orbits by dispersion matching. The ring allows us to determine themasses of such rare nuclei with an accuracy of 10−6 bymeasuring the revolution time (up to 1 ms) with thevelocity measurements before the ring. To measure thevelocity with the required accuracy of 10−4 before thering and to inject such rare nuclei into the ring individually, a long injection beam line is indispensable.
The long injection beam line is branched off from thedispersion–matching (SHARAQ) beam line2) , which isconnected to BigRIPS3) . A start counter for the velocity measurements is located at the F3 achromatic focal
plane of BigRIPS, and a stop counter is located at theR5 achromatic focal plane of the long injection beamline. The distance between those two counters is about
180 m, which gives more than 1 µs flight time for particles of 200 MeV/nucleon. Since a typical counter hasa timing resolution higher than 100 ps, the long injection beam line including BigRIPS allows us to measure
the velocity with an accuracy of 10−4 .
Figure 1 shows the present floor plan of thelong injection beam line that reflects a first–orderbeam–optical calculation result. The long injection
beam line, which starts from the branching point in
Fig. 1, consists of forty–three quadrupole magnets andtwenty–four dipole magnets with a 15 degree bend. We
recycle all dipole magnets of TARNII4) (TN–D). The
two types of quadrupole magnet of TARNII (TN–Q)
and KEK–PS (PS–Q) are recycled. The main parameters for these magnets are summarized in Table 1. The
maximum dipole magnetic field strength of 1.5 T, due
to the limitation of the existing power supply, does
not satisfy our final demand. To excite the maximum
dipole magnetic field strength up to 1.6 T, a new power
supply is necessary.
We have examined the beam optics using the computer code COSY–INFINITY5) with A/Z=3 particles
of 200 MeV/nucleon. The beam trajectories of first–
order optics are shown in Figs. 2, 3, and 4. The trajectories in the horizontal and vertical planes are shown
∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4

Fig. 1. Present floor plan of long injection beam line thatreflects first–order beam–optical calculation result.

for δx = ±1 mm, δy = ±1 mm, δθ = ±8 mrad,
δφ = ±8 mrad, and δp/p = ±1 %.
Figure 2 shows the beam trajectories from the F3
achromatic focal plane of BigRIPS, which is the starting point of our beam–optical calculation, to thebranching point. The acceptance of this section is
wider than that of the downstream section from thebranching point. Figure 3 shows the beam trajectories from the branching point to the middle point of
the long injection beam line. To branch off from the
SHARAQ beam line, a particle is bent 30 degrees using
two TN–D magnets and is squeezed using triplet PS–
Q magnets. To change the floor level of the beam linefrom the SHARAQ stage to B3F, we must bend thebeam line below. Thus, we use a 90–degree–rotated
TN–D magnet (i.e., 15 degree bend below). After theend of the slope section, the particle is bent 120 degrees using eight TN–D magnets and transported tothe straight section (between R3 and R4). Twenty

Institute of Physics, University of Tsukuba
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Utsunomiya University
Department of Physics, Niigata University
Department of Physics, Saitama University- 137 -

Table 1. Main parameters for recycled magnet.
Model
NumberGap, Bore Diameter (mm)Length (m)B (T), B’ (T/m)

TN–D
24
80
1.06
1.5

TN–Q
20
130
0.20
7

PS–Q
23
100
0.60
18

1

Fig. 2. Beam trajectories in horizontal (upper) and vertical(lower) planes from F3 of BigRIPS to branching point.

Fig. 4. Beam trajectories from middle point to R6 of long
injection beam line.

TN–Q magnets are used in the straight section. Figure
4 shows the beam trajectories from the middle point to
the R6 of the long injection beam line. Doubly achromatic focus is achieved at the R5 focal plane, used asa stop counter installation place for the velocity measurements. The R6 corresponds to the exit of the sep-

tum magnet for injection.
To inject the rare nuclei onto their equilibrium ringorbits with small aberrations, dispersion matching isrequired. The preliminary result for the dispersive
beam transport condition is shown in Fig. 4. The arrangement of the dispersive section (between R5 andR6) has not been fixed yet, owing to the unfinisheddetailed examination of the injection scheme.
We considered only the first–order effects in this paper; however, higher–order aberrations are not negligible. Such aberrations will affect not only the dispersion matching but also the velocity measurements. The
evaluation of the effects of higher–order aberrations isstill in progress.
References
1) Y. Yamaguchi et al.: RIKEN. Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 151(2007); Y. Yamaguchi et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods
Phys. Res. B (2008), in press.
2) T. Kawabata et al.: RIKEN. Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 153(2007).
3) T. Kubo: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 204,
97 (2003).
4) T. Katayama et al.: Particle Accel. 32, 105 (1990).
5) M. Benz: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 298,473 (1990).

Fig. 3. Beam trajectories from branching point to middle
point of long injection beam line.

2- 138 -

047
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Development of a Portable Multi-Reflection Time-of-Flight Mass
Spectrograph†
P. Schury, T. Nakamura, A. Takamine, M. Wada, H. Wollnik,∗1 and Y. Yamazaki[Mass measurements, unstable nuclei, low energy beam]
We are developing a multi-reflection time-of-flight(MRTOF) mass spectrometer for use with radioactiveion (RI) beams. The MRTOF will be attached to its
own dedicated gas stopping cell, allowing the systemas-designed to be portable. This will provide flexibility
in commissioning the device by making it possible touse less-demanded RI sources, such as CRIB. Once thesystem is shown to be fully functional, it will be able
to take beam from any available source at RIKEN suchas CRIB, RIPS, or BigRIPS – or even be relocated toanother facility.
Figure 1 provides a sketch of the system. Energetic
ions will be slowed in a solid degrader and thermalized
in a helium-filled chamber. Using a proven RF-carpet
technique,1) thermalized ions will be extracted fromthe gas cell and injected into a radio-frequency (RF)multipole ion beam guide to be transported through adifferentially pumped region. An RF quadrupole massfilter will select for a specific ion mass number, removing non-isobaric ions. The isobaric ion ensemble willthen be cooled in a low-pressure gas-filled RF ion trap
before being injected into the MRTOF.

on what has previously been achieved in an off-line
prototype.2)3) The off-line prototype achieved a mass
resolving power of 200,000. The on-line system, still
under development, is expected to be able to achieveeven better resolving powers. To achieve this goal, anemphasis has been placed on achieving extremely highstability voltage signals for the MRTOF electrodes anddesigning the system to minimize the likelihood of a
faulty alignment of the electrodes – which could introduce systematic measurement errors.
Perhaps more importantly, for the study of the most
exotic isotopes, the new system is intended to be highly
efficient. The gas cell will be cryogenically cooled to reduce gas impurities which might charge exchange witheither the ionized helium or the radioactive ions. While
the RF-carpet technique does not transport He+ , gas
impurities ionized by exchange with helium ions canlead to a powerful source of impurity ions.
As the total flight length may be as much as 1 km,
the emittance strongly effects the the efficiency of thesystem. The energy spread of the ions directly effectsof the maximum resolving power of the system. To
address these issues, the ion trap will also be cryogenically cooled, which should lead to a reduction in theenergy spread and emittance of the cooled ion cloud.
Figure 2 shows the mechanical layout of the MRTOF
system. The system will be mounted on a heavy base ofstainless steel to minimize sagging effects. To minimize
effects from thermal expansion the mounting base will
be water-cooled, which should provide a temperaturestability of ∆T < 1K, resulting in ∆L/L < 17 ppm.

Fig. 1. Planned layout for the portable MRTOF system.
The system includes a gas cell for stopping relativistic
ions, an ion trap to prepare ions for injection into the
MRTOF and ion guide systems for transporting thermalized ions from the gas cell to the ion trap.

Design goals for this new MRTOF device are based∗1Fig. 2. Mechanical drawing of MRTOF. Lateral and transverse views are at different scales.

Due to the low rate for very exotic isotopes it is im-

University of Giessen- 139 -

1

047
portant that the system be stable over periods of as
long as weeks in order to be able to analyze data inaggregate. For example, if operated at a mass resolving power of 200,000 the system must be constant on
a level of better than 5 ppm over the course of themeasurement or systematic mass shifts will occur atthe level of the measurement uncertainty. In order toprevent such from occurring, much effort has gone intodevelopment of an extremely precise voltage regulation
system. Figure 3 details the voltage stabilization system in a flowchart.
The voltage regulation system makes use of voltage
dividers built of low temperature-coefficient resistors
to provide feedback to a digital PID controller. To
further improve the stability of the system the voltage dividers, ADC, and voltage reference are all to be
maintained at a highly constant temperature, preferably ∆T < 10 mK.
HV�Module

Ripple�Filter

Precision ADC

ThermalStabilizer

PID�Contoller

Electrode

Voltage
Divider

Precision ADC

Fig. 3. Flowchart of the voltage stabilization system.

At present, development work for the portable
MRTOF is ongoing. The mechanical design of the
MRTOF electrodes and vacuum chamber are largely
complete. The design of the cooling trap and the electrode system for transporting ions from the trap to the
MRTOF is ongoing, but on-track to be complete before the end of FY2007. The electronics required forthe system have been evaluated and the design of the
PID controller and temperature stabilization circuits
are progressing. It is presently scheduled that mechanical components will be sent for fabrication at thestart of FY2008 and construction will begin in earnest
by mid-FY2008 with commissioning beginning in late
FY2008 or early FY2009.
References
1) M. Wada et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods B204, 570(2003)
2) Y. Ishida, M. Wada and H. Wollnik: Nucl. Instrum.
Methods and Phys. Res. B241, 982 (2005).
3) Y. Ishida, M. Wada and H. Wollnik: RIKEN Accel.
Prog. Rep. 40, 150 (2007)2- 140 -

126
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Highly accurate magnetic field measurement by new NMR equipment
Y. Yasuda,∗1 A. Ozawa,∗1 Y. Yamaguchi, I. Arai,∗1 K. Y. Hara,∗1 Y. Hashizume,∗1 T. Moriguchi,∗1
and T. Nakajima∗2
We plan to construct a precise mass-measurement
apparatus “Rare-RI Ring”, which makes it possible tomeasure masses of exotic nuclei with a relative accuracy higher than 10−6 at RIBF. Rare-RI Ring consistsof a long injection beam line and a cyclotron-like storage ring. We require a uniform and stable magnetic
field with a 10−6 relative accuracy for sector magnets
in our storage ring. Before constructing sector magnets, we had to examine the measurement of the magnetic field with a 10−6 relative accuracy. Then, weinvestigated the uniformity and stability of the magnetic field of a D8 magnet in a zero-degree forward
spectrometer (ZDS) at 1.5 Tesla. Although the relative accuracy for the D8 magnet is 10−4 , which is dueto the power supply, we performed the measurement ataround the center of the sector magnet, which might
be most uniform in the magnet. We used the newly
produced NMR equipment with an external frequency
synthesizer. It has a relative accuracy higher than 10−6
and its scope is 1.5 T±5 mT1) .
At the beginning of the measurement, we searched
the most uniform point for the magnetic field in the
median plane of the D8 chamber, where we could observe the sharpest resonance signal, and called it as
the reference point of measurement. We measured themagnetic field distribution around this point and a longtime fluctuation at this point. A schematic view of themeasured region is shown in Fig. 1. As the magnetic;FKTGEVKQP

4GHGTGPEG2QKPV:;  

%QQTFKPCVGQTKIKP:;  




:FKTGEVKQP

Fig. 2. The position dependences of the magnetic fieldaround the reference point (X,Y)=(2295,100).

reference point data, and we calculated the relative
ratio {f (X, Y, t) − fr (t)}/fr (t) at each point. The deviation of the magnetic field crosses 10−6 at distancesof 25 mm in the X direction and 0.5 mm in the Y direction from the reference point. The dependences ofthe measured magnetic field on position and direction
can be understood from the pole shape and measured
region.
We show one of the results of long-time measurements in Fig. 3. The resonance frequency indicates themagnitude of the magnetic field at the reference point.
It decreased by 5 × 10−5 relatively 26 hours later. We
also measured the temperatures of the experimentalroom and yoke and coil surfaces. The temperaturesof the room and coil surface were kept within ±0.2◦ C.
However, that of the yoke surface increased by about
1◦ C. It appears that the temperature of the yoke surface correlates to the magnetic field. The fact thatthe rate of linear expansion of iron is on the order of
10−5 may explain this correlation. We started the measurement 18 hours later after turning the power of themagnet on. Although the stability of the power supply
is expected to affect the magnetic field, we could notmeasure it in this time.
We plan to perform a long-time measurement for
about one week.

Fig. 1. Schematic view of D8 chamber. We performed ourmeasurement around the center of the chamber.

field changes slowly for a long time, we estimated themagnetic field distribution as a relative ratio correcting a time fluctuation by the following method. The
measured magnetic field at each point was considered
as a function of coordinates (X, Y ) and time t, andwe assumed that the local magnetic field f (X, Y, t) at
each point in the magnet has the same time fluctuation. We obtained a polynomial function fr (t), which
expresses the fluctuation of the magnetic field at thereference point as a function of time, by fitting to the∗1∗2Institute of Physics, University of Tsukuba
ECHO ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.

Fig. 3. Time dependences of magnetic field at reference
point and temperatures of magnet yokes for 26 h.

References
1) ECHO ELECTRONICS CO., LTD., NMR EFM15000R operating manual (2007).

- 141 -

1

RIKEN(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Development of a cryogenic gas target system at CRIB
H. Yamaguchi,∗1 Y. Wakabayashi,∗1 G. Amadio,∗1 S. Hayakawa,∗1 H. Fujikawa,∗1 S. Kubono,∗1 J.J. He,∗2
A. Kim,∗3 and D.N. Binh,∗1[RI beam production, gas target]
greater than 10 mW/mm, the gas around thebeam track is heated and the density of the target decreases4) . We may be able to avoid thedensity-reduction effect to some extent, by maintaining the gas flow on the order of 10 standard
liters per minute (slm). This feature is not implemented in the other cryogenic targets for thesame purpose, such as the one at MARS5,6) .
(3) Oxygen concentration monitoring
When we circulate the hydrogen gas in the closed
system, we have to be concerned with the possibility of an explosion, which can occur if airleaks into the system. Considering the explosive
limits of hydrogen, the concentration of oxygenin the hydrogen gas must be lower than 5%. We
have installed an oxygen analyzer for monitoring
oxygen concentration during the experiment.

A thick and thermostable gas target is necessary forthe production of intense RI beams at CNS Radio Isotope Beam separator (CRIB)1–3) . Recently we constructed a cryogenic gas target system, and its design
and basic test results of are reported here.
Figure 1 shows the entire structure of the target system. The target gas cell located in a vacuum chamberis shown at the bottom of the figure. The cell is 80mm-long and has a 20-mm-diameter cylindrical hole
to contain the gas inside. On the beam direction sidesof the cell, flanges with 2.5-µm-thick Havar foils wereattached to seal the cell, using thin indium wires. The
N2 outLiquid N2 level meter
Liquid N2 in

bypass tothe chamber

isolation vacuum
oxygenanalyzerheat exchanger (coiled pipe)
evacuation
port

gas flow

flow control
valve

900

target gas inpump forgas flow(30 L/min)gas cell with
Havar foil windows

heat bathbeam

Fig. 1. Design of the cryogenic gas target system.

main features of the cryogenic gas target system are as
follows.
(1) Liquid-nitrogen cooling
The target gas and window foils are cooled byliquid nitrogen. If the target is ideally cooled
to the liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K), it
is nearly four times thicker than a room temperature target at the same pressure. The lowtemperature is also desirable for stability againsthigh power beams.
(2) Forced gas circulation
The target gas can be forced to flow using a circulation pump. It is known that the effective
target thickness is reduced by irradiation with ahigh heat depositing beam. That is, when theheat deposition of the beam along the beam is
∗1
∗2
∗3

Center for Nuclear Study, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo
School of Physics, The University of Edinburgh
Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University

We performed some basic tests of the cryogenic target system producing an RI beam at CRIB. For details
of CRIB and its magnets and detectors, refer to references1–3) . In the test measurement, hydrogen gas at
760 Torr (at maximum) was used to produce RI beams.
The primary beam used for production was 7 Li2+ at
5.6 MeV per nucleon, with the maximum current of
2.7 eµA. The cryogenic target worked stably with thismaximum current, which proves that the target can accept a heat load of 7.4 W (5.2 W in the hydrogen gas,
the rest in the Havar window foils). The heat load wasdetermined by measuring the maximum primary-beamcurrent and primary-beam energy before and after thegas target. The cross section of the beam at the target was about 5 mm2 . The RI beam produced in thismeasurement was 7 Be4+ at 4.0 MeV per nucleon. The
target temperature was 85–90 K. The maximum target thickness in this measurement was 2.3 mg/cm2 , 3.3
times thicker than that at room temperature with thesame pressure (760 Torr).
Figure 2 shows the production rates of the 7 Be4+
beam, measured for various primary-beam currents
and circulation rates of the target gas. The production
rates were normalized for the momentum acceptance of±3 %, and we confirmed that we can obtain an intense
7
Be beam of 2 × 108 particles per second (pps) in thebest cases. The primary-beam current was measured
with a Faraday cup on the beam line.
For counting RI beams with a rate of up to around
106 pps, we used a parallel-plate avalanche counter(PPAC)7) . For beams with a much higher rate, weplaced a thin (1 µm) gold foil in the beam line, and- 142 -

1

Effective thickness reduction (%)

7

Be production rate (pps)

0
108
107
106
5

10

55 slm17 slm
5.4 slm
0 slm (scattering)
0 slm (direct)

104
103

10-2

10-1

1

10

102

3

10

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
-10

104

Beam current (nA)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Target gas circulation rate (slm)Fig. 2. Production rates of the 7 Be4+ beam measured forvarious primary beam currents and target gas circulation rates. For primary beams with currents less than
10 nA, the rates were directly measured with the PPAC
(indicated as ‘direct’). For higher current beams, therates were determined by counting particles scatteredelastically with a gold foil.

detected elastically scattered beams with a silicon detector.
The results show a good linearity between the production rate and a primary beam current less than 1
eµA. The beam purity remained the same for this current region. However, when the beam current exceeded
1 eµA, the production rate deviated from the linearity,and the beam purity started to decrease. This is considered as the density-reduction effect caused by heat.
As we observed the beams with a fixed central momentum, the counting rate of 7 Be4+ decreases becauseof the following two effects, both arising when the target density is reduced. The first effect is simply the
reduction of the number of the beam-production reactions, as it is nearly proportional to the target density. The second effect is the momentum shift of the
produced beam. The central momentum of the beam
becomes higher than that for the density without reduction, and significant portion of the beam will fallout of the momentum acceptance, optimized for lowcurrent beam conditions.
We evaluated the second effect (momentum shift)using the counting rate, beam purity, and the relationship of the momentum and counting rate, all of whichwere measured in this test experiment. By excluding
the second effect, the reduction of target thickness (ortarget density) caused from the heat deposition was
calculated.
Figure 3 shows the reduction of the effective thickness against the original thickness, measured with the
low-current beam, for several circulation rates. The
primary beam current was around 2.7 eµA. The heat
deposited from the beam was 5.2 W (corresponding
to 65 mW/mm) in the gas and 2.2 W at the window
foils. As shown in the figure, the target density decreased by about 30 %, when there was no gas cir-Fig. 3. Effective thickness (or density) reduction observedat the hydrogen gas target with the original thicknessof 2.3 mg/cm2 irradiated by the 7 Li2+ beam of 2.7
eµA. The reduction is denoted as the relative deviation from the original thickness, measured with a lowcurrent beam. The error is mostly systematic.

culation. This amount of reduction agrees with theprevious measurement4) , which resulted in a reduction
by 30 % for a beam of 60 mW/mm. These results illustrate that there is a density reduction effect, which
could be minimized by circulating the target gas.
In summary, we obtained a very intense (2 × 108pps) 7 Be beam, having the energy of (4.0 ± 0.2) MeV
per nucleon. We have observed a reduction of the target density, probably due to the high heat depositionof the beam. The reduction was about 30 % at maximum, when the beam deposited heat of 65 mW/mm
in the gas. We succeeded in reducing this reduction
effect to about 5 % by circulating the gas at 55 slm.
References2- 143 -

1) S. Kubono, et al.: Eur. Phys. J. A 13 (2002) 217.
2) Y. Yanagisawa, et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys.
Res., Sect. A 539 (2005) 74–83.
3) T. Teranishi, et al.: Phys. Lett. B 556 (2003) 27–32.
4) J. Göerres, et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res
177 (1980) 295.
5) D. Semon, et al.: Phys. Rev. C 53 (1996) 96–105.
6) A. Azhari, et al.: Phys. Rev. C 63 (2001) 055803.
7) H. Kumagai, et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys.
Res., Sect. A 470 (2001) 562.

096
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Development of 1-mm-thick solid hydrogen target
K. Tanaka, Y. Matsuda,∗1 S. Ishimoto,∗2 K. Ozeki, H. Sakaguchi,∗3 S. Suzuki,∗2 H. Takeda, S. Terashima, and
J. Zenihiro∗4
We have developed a solid hydrogen target (SHT)system for a project on the elastic scattering of protons with RI beams (ESPRI)1) . The elastic scattering of radioactive nuclei can be measured through aninverse kinematics method by detecting the scatteredprotons from the SHT. To identify the elastic scattering, the ground state of the nuclei must be separated
from any excited states clearly. Therefore, a thin SHT
is necessary because the multiple scattering, energy
loss and energy straggling of the recoiled protons inside the target reduce the resolution of the level energy
of projectile nuclei2) . Although we have made 3 ∼ 5mm-thick SHTs previously, the use of a thinner SHT
was demanded in an elastic scattering experiment for a20
O nucleus1) . We have attempted to prepare a 1-mmthick SHT with an almost the same setup for producing
the 3 ∼ 5-mm-thick SHTs; however, a hole has been
formed in the solid hydrogen1) . In the present study,
we improved the SHT setup to obtain a 1-mm-thickand 30-mm-diameter SHT with a thin beam window
foil. The major refinements are the improvement ofheat transfer with aluminum foil, the inhibition of the
inflow of heat through a press machinery for the beam
window foil, and a more reliable measurement of window foil swelling than that in the previous setup1) witha laser displacement sensor and an opaque film.
There was a possibility that radiation heat makes ahole in the solid hydrogen. Compared with the 3 ∼ 5mm-thick of SHT, the 1-mm-thick SHT is thin; thus,
it has a small path for transfering the inflowing heat.
Moreover, because the heat conductivity of solid hydrogen (≤ 1 W/m K) is lower than that of Cu (∼1000
W/m K at 10 K), the heat flowing into the 1-mm-thick
SHT was not removed to a copper cell sufficiently. To
compensate the small efficiency of the thin SHT fortransfering heat inflow on the SHT, we put a 100 µm
aluminum foil, which has a high heat conductivity (≤∼2000 W/m K at ∼ 10 K, depending on the purity ofaluminum materials), on the upstream side of the cell,as shown in Fig. 1. The aluminum foil was glued with
an epoxy adhesive agent on the copper cell. However, it
was easily peeled off at low temperatures because therates of thermal expansion of aluminum foil, copper
cell, and epoxy adhesive are different. To seal the cell,a 9-µm-thin aramid film was put onto the aluminum
foil and glued with the adhesive around the boundaryof the aluminum foil. The adhesive was put between
the copper cell, the aluminum foil and the aramid film.
∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4

Department of Physics, Tohoku University
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
Department of Applied Physics, Miyazaki University
Department of Physics, Kyoto University

Care was taken not to put the agent where the beam
passes through the SHT.
On the downstream side of the SHT, a 12-µm-thinaluminized Mylar foil was used as the beam window.
Because the angular distribution of the recoiled protons for the downstream of the SHT is measured for
the ESPRI experiment, a thin material is necessary
for inhibiting the multiple scattering in the foil of thebeam window. Therefore, a 100-µm-thick aluminum
foil can’t be used on the downstream side of the SHT.
Using the 100-µm-thick aluminum foil on the upstreamside of the SHT, the uniform SHT was successfully produced and kept for a few days.
Cryostat

Cryostatcopper cellH2 gascopper cellrecoiled
protonBeam

Al foil 100 µm

aramidfilm 9µm
aramidfilm 9µm

Al Mylar 12 µm

Al foil 100 µm

Fig. 1. Schematic view of the target cell for 1-mm-thick
SHT. The diameter of the hole in the cell for the SHT
was 30 mm.

Cryostatcopper cell
Cu plate

magnetstringCu plate

magnetpull

Fig. 2. Schematic view of the press machinery with thecopper plate for preventing the swelling of window films.

To determine the cross sections of elastic scattering
precisely, the flatness of the SHT surface is also important. However, the beam window foils swell when

- 144 -

1

096

2

copper cell
Al stripped arealaser scan
directionlaser light Al Mylar 12 µm

Fig. 3. Schematic view of the downstream side of the copper cell and the principle of the laser measurement for
the flatness of the beam window foil. The laser sensor
was scanned horizontally. Part of the aluminum layer
was stripped to observe the solid hydrogen.

0.2

Distance (mm)hydrogen gas is allowed to flow into the cell. Thus,
so far, we have set copper plates on both sides of thecell to press it to obtain a flat SHT. In the previous
setup, the copper plates were pressed onto the cell using stainless-steel bellows, which were connected to thevacuum chamber at room temperature1) . Because theheat inflow into the thin solid hydrogen through thissetup could make a hole in it, we improved this pressmachinery to inhibit the inflow of heat. In this study,
the previous bellows were replaced with magnet plates.
The copper plates were the same as those in the previous setup. The plates and cell were sandwiched between two magnets, as shown in Fig. 2. Cotton strings
were connected to the copper plates to pull down thecopper plates after the solid hydrogen was formed, andthen the copper plates and magnets were removed fromthe surface of the beam window foil to impinge ion
beams. Due to the low heat conductivity and thesmall path for transfering the heat through the cotton strings, the amount of heat inflowed through thispress machinery decreased compared with that in theprevious setup. Before hydrogen gas flowed into thecell, the temperatures of the cell and plate were ∼5 K
and ∼7 K, respectively. On the other hand, their temperatures in the previous setup were ∼5 K and ∼60 K,
respectively, under the same conditions1) . Using thisimproved press machinery, the SHT without window
foil swelling was produced successfully.
The flatness of the downstream side of the target was confirmed using a laser displacement sensor
KEYENCE LK-500. Figure 3 shows the setup for theflatness measurement. We measured the distance between the laser sensor and the surfaces of the SHT andcell, and then scanned horizontally along the horizontal
center line of the SHT and cell. Because a transparent window did not reflect the laser light well, we used
a 12-µm-thick aluminized Mylar foil. Additionally, inorder to check whether a hole exists in the solid hydrogen, part of the aluminum layer on the window foil atthe center and its longitudinal direction was stripped
off. The surface of the SHT was flat within a 0.1 mm
accuracy, as shown in Fig. 4. Owing to the structure of
the vacuum chamber of the SHT, the laser sensor could
not be installed on the upstream side of the cell; thus,
the flatness of the upstream side of the SHT was notmeasured in this study. However, the total strengthof the aramid film and aluminum foil is larger thanthat of the film of the downstream side. Therefore, we
assumed the same flatness for both sides. With thissetup, the existence of the uniform SHT was confirmed
and the flatness was measured simultaneously.
In summary, we have developed an SHT of 1 mm
thickness and 30 mm diameter successfully. Using
the aluminum foil located upstream of the target cell,the efficiency of heat transfer was increased and holes
were not included in the solid hydrogen. To obtain aflat SHT, the copper plates covered both sides of the

0.0
-0.2

transparent area
-0.4

Cu cell-0.6

SHT size(Al Mylar foil)

Cu cell

0

20

-0.8
-1.0
-1.2
-30

-20

-10

10

30

Positon (mm)Fig. 4. Results of the flatness measurement of the beam
window foil. The horizontal axis denotes the position
along the target. The vertical axis denotes the displacement of the cell surface. At the center of the aluminum
Mylar window foil, the foil was transparent because thealuminum layer was stripped and then the measurement
was made impossible.

cell to press the beam window foil. The flatness was
confirmed with a laser displacement sensor. Because
the aluminum foil glued upstream of the SHT provides some background of scattered protons, further
improvements for reducing the background are underway.
----References
1) H. Takeda et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 161(2006).
2) S. Terashima et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 18(2006).

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193

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Application of Cryotarget to Laser ion Source†
J. Tamura,䋪1 M. Okamura,䋪2 and T. Kanesue,䋪3
We examined laser-produced plasma from rare gas target
as part of a future laser ion source1). Features of various
heavy ion generations using a pulsed laser have beenstudied. However, gaseous material at room temperature has
not been able to be used as a laser ion source target becauserare gases, which are in gas state at room temperature, need
to be cooled to solid targets for laser irradiation.
We solidified Ne gas and Ar gas with a Gifford
McMahon cryocooler which can cool down to 43 K at thefirst stage with a cooling capacity of 50 W and to 4.2 K at
the second stage with the capacity of 1 W. The cryocooler
cold head was placed inside of the target chamber. The raregases are sprayed directly into a cooled volume attached tothe second stage. The laser spot area was covered by a
0.08mm thickness Ta sheet to decrease damages from directlaser exposure. By irradiating the ice with a Nd:YAG laser,
we could generate Ne plasma and Ar plasma. The ion
currents of the plasma were measured by a Faraday cup
located 2.3 m from the target. The charge state distributionsof the plasma were measured by electrostatic ion analyzer
located 3.7m from the target.
The obtained ion currents and its charge distributions of
Ne plasma and Ar Plasma are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2,
respectively. The peak values of ion current density reached
1.2 mA/cm2 for Ne and 1.6 mA/cm2 for Ar at Faraday cup
position, respectively. To explore the laser irradiation
condition, the laser power and the position of the focusinglens were varied. For all the conditions, higher ionizedparticles expand with the higher kinetic energies andleading edges of pulse are closely related to the laser power
density. The large ratio of the highly charged particle makes
the plasma pulse length shorter.

Fig. 2. Ion currents of Ar plasma at Faraday cup position.
This was obtained from the laser irradiation condition withpulse energy of 1200mJ, FWHM of 6ns, irradiation
diameter of 2.2mm.
We studied the effect of the thickness of the solidified
target on the property of the laser plasma. There was almost
no variation, although we changed the repetition rate oflaser shots. It seems that only the surface layer might
contribute to the plasma production. Above 1 Hz operationof laser shot, the plasma pulse shape shifted to a solid Ta
plasma’s shape. Also we tried to move the position of thegas feed nozzle, however we could not observe significant
change of the plasma. The current and the charge state
distribution were stable. The residual gas around the cooledarea can be captured and is accumulated enough to provide
the laser plasma with reasonable repetition rate.
We confirmed that a solidified rare gas with a 4 K
cryocooler can be used as a laser ion source target driven bya Nd:YAG laser. Damages or corrosion of the optical device
was not observed. If we apply the plasma to a direct plasma
injection scheme2), the expected injection current will be
more than 100 mA.
†

Condensed from the article in Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 1 (2008)

䋪1

Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology

䋪2Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory

䋪3

Department of Applied Quantum Pnysics, Kyushu University

References

Fig. 1. Ion currents of Ne plasma at Faraday cup position.
This was obtained from the laser irradiation condition withpulse energy of 1200 mJ, FWHM of 12 ns and irradiation
diameter of 2.2 mm.

1) J. Tamura, M. Okamura, T. Kanesue, and S. Kondrashev, Appl.
Phys. Lett. 91, 041504 (2007).
2) H. Kashiwagi, M. Fukuda, M. Okamura, R. A. Jameson, T.
Hattori, N. Hayashizaki, K. Sakakibara, J. Takano, K.
Yamamoto, Y. Iwata, and T. Fujimono, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77,
03B305 (2006).

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196
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Performance of Polarized Proton Target in p
� + 8 He Scattering
Experiment
T. Kawahara,∗1 T. Uesaka,∗2 T. Wakui,∗3 and S. Sakaguchi∗2

2

∗2
∗3

CC =
690 pF

RC =
120 Ω

IO =

VIN RF
RS RI

RI ' = 100 kΩ
PA-05

Coil

RI = 100 kΩ

VIN
RF = 100 kΩ

(b)

IO

CQ = 6.8 µF RQ = 0.5 Ω

Q-snabber
RS = 0.1 Ω

RF = 100 kΩ
CC =
10 pF

RC =
120 Ω

IO =

VIN RFRS RI

RI = 100 kΩ
IO
PA-05

VIN

Fig. 1. Schematic view of V-I converter circuit (a) old circuit used in 2005 (b) new circuit developed in 2007.

Enhancement of optical power

Protons are polarized by repeating the optical excitation of pentacene molecules using a pulsed laser andby polarization transfer. Polarization transfer is carried out by magnetic ﬁeld sweeping during microwave
irradiation. These process were repeated at 2 kHz in
previous studies. Repetition rate had been limited by
the magnetic ﬁeld sweeping system.
In the magnetic ﬁeld sweeping system, current is
supplied to the coil by a voltage-current(V-I) converter
circuit with a high-power OpAmp PA05 (APEX). As
shown in Fig. 1(a), the circuit in previous studies included an element called the Q-snabber to prevent unwanted oscillation. Since a portion of current ﬂows into
the Q-snabber, increase in frequency causes damage tothe circuit due to heating of the Q-snabber. Thus the∗1

RF ' = 100 kΩ(a)

RL = 0.1 ΩA polarized proton target for RI beam experiments
has been developed at CNS1) . The target is operated
in a low magnetic ﬁeld (0.01-0.3 T) and at a high temperature (77-300 K). Protons in the crystal of aromatic
molecules are polarized by the method described in
Ref 1. In the ﬁrst step, we excite electrons with laser
light, and produce a large population diﬀerence in excited triplet states of pentacen molecules. This population diﬀerence is transferred to proton polarization
by microwave irradiation.
The polarized proton solid target was applied to RI
beam experiments in 2003 and 2005, during which analyzing power for p� + 6 He scattering was measured at
the RIKEN projectile fragment separator (RIPS). The
average proton polarization was 11.5% in 20052) .
In order to reduce statistical errors in scattering experiments, improvement of proton polarization is crucially important. From previous studies, it is expectedthat the polarization is limited by the low intensityof optical excitation power. To improve optical excitation power, we have increased repetition rate andpulse width. As a result, we have succeeded in obtaining higher proton polarization.
The improved polarized proton target system wasapplied to a p� + 8 He scattering experiment in 20074) .
We also mention a newly discovered phenomenon in
the reversal of polarization.

repetition rate was limited at about 2 kHz. In order
to use frequencies higher than the limit, we have reconﬁgured the circuit design, as shown in Fig. 1(b),and stabilized the circuit without the Q-snabber. This
circuit works at the repetition rate of up to several
kHz.

Coil

Introduction

RS = 0.1 Ω1Department of Physics, Toho University
Center for Nuclear Study, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo
Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University

The entire system can be operated at a repetition
rate of 2.6 kHz. At this moment, the repetition rate islimited by the optical chopper used to chop the lightof a constant-wave laser. The repetition rate will be
increased by introducing another laser or optical chopper.
The pulse width of the laser was 20 µsec in experiments in 2003 and 2005. From the evaluation of optimum pulse width described in Ref. 1, it is expectedthat a longer pulse width leads to higher proton polarization. We have measured proton polarization using
a pulsed laser light with diﬀerent pulse widths. Figure 2(a) shows the time course of development of polarization during a p� + 8 He scattering experiment in2007. Pulse width changed during t=500-2500 min, as
shown in Fig. 2(b). Here, four diﬀerent widths (50,32, 40, and 65 µsec) were tried. We operated the polarized system at a pulse width of 65 µsec after 2500
hours. A longer pulse width was not tried to avoid thedepolarization eﬀect caused by laser damage.

- 147 -

1

196
stant of 15 min. This time constant is markedly diﬀerent from those of spin-spin relaxation and spin-lattice
relaxation. This phenomenon may be related to spin
defusion. Further study will be carried out on thisphenomenon.

Fig. 2. Time course of development of polarization duringp� + 8 He scattering experiment

3

Target performance in p
� + 8 He scatteringexperiment

The time course of development of proton polarization during the p� + 8 He scattering experiment is shownin Fig. 2. The average proton polarization was 11.1%.
We compare the pumping parameters and polarization achieved in the previous experiment (2005) andthat in the p� + 8 He scattering experiment (2007), as
shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Comparison of optical parameters and polariza�+8 Hetion in p
�+6 He scattering experiment in 2005 and p
scattering experiment in 2007.

Laser power
Repetition rate
Pulse width
Average polarizationp� + 6 He
22 W
2 kHz
20 µsec11.5±2.5%p� + 8 He
18 W
2.6 kHz65 µsec11.1±2.5%

This polarization system was operated using two Arion lasers in 2005. Each laser was driven at a repetition
rate of 1 kHz, resulting in 2 kHz in total. In 2007, we
operated the polarization system with one Ar-ion laser
at 2.6 kHz. Although the laser power was reduced,
a comparable polarization was obtained owing to thehigher repetition rate of 2.6 kHz and the longer pulse
width.
4

Polarization reversal

Fig. 3. Time course of development of polarization after
reversal.

5

We have succeeded in increasing the repetition rateof the polarization process up to 2.6 kHz by improving
a V-I converter. The improved polarized proton solid
target system was applied to the p� + 8 He scatteringexperiment in 2007. The average proton polarization
was 11.1±2.5%. The laser pulse width was extended to
65 µsec for higher polarization. The repetition rate canbe increased at least by a factor of two by introducingof a high-speed optical chopper.
We also discovered a new phenomenon that polarization decreases after the polarization reversal. We
will study the origin of this phenomenon to improveeﬃciency of the polarization reversal.
References
1) T. Wakui, et al.: Nuclear Instruments and Methods inPhysics Research A 550 (2005) 521,
2) S. Sakaguchi, et al.: RIKEN Accelerator Progress Report vol. 40 (2006).
3) S. Sakaguchi, et al.: RIKEN Accelerator Progress Report vol. 41 (2007).
4) T. Kawahara, et al.: RIKEN Accelerator Progress Report vol. 40 (2006).

We succeeded in reversing polarization by the 180◦
pulse NMR method during the p� + 6 He scattering experiment in 20054) . The eﬃciency of polarization reversal was 60%. There is a possibility of further improvement of reversal eﬃciency. For this purpose, we
studied the spin reversal phenomenon in detail. The
dependence of polarization immediately after the reversal was measured. We observed this interesting phenomenon when polarization decreases in a time con-2

Summary and perspective- 148 -

113
RIKEN
Prog.
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Development of a super-segmented beta-counting system CAITEN†
S. Nishimura, M. Kurata-Nishimura, S. Bishop, M. Matsushita,∗1 K. Ieki, ∗1 and H. Sakurai[scintillation detector, beta-decay, unstable nuclei]†∗1

Supported by RIKEN President’s Discretionary Fund
Rikkyo University

inating the positive signal from each H8500 dynode.
The pulse height of the integrated anode signals fromthe PSPMTs are amplified using fast amplifiers andare measured using CAMAC ADC (Phillips H7166) todeduce position information.
We have installed the PSPMTs and CPS in the
CAITEN. The mechanical control has been tested byrotating the CPS at a realistic speed. The optimization of the CAITEN is in progress using beta sources(90 Sr and 207 Bi).
References
1) S. Nishimura, et al.: Nucl. Phys. A 718, 214c (2003).
2) S. Nishimura, et al.: OMEG 2003, World Scientific(2003) 304.

(a)
Plastic scintillator (CPS)
φ 500 mm x 1000 mm

ta

tio

n

Ge
ro

A new project, RIBF, has begun and has successfully demonstrated its high production yield of very
neutron-rich nuclei using an intense uranium beam. βdecay study of those nuclei is one of the major methods
to clarify on their nuclear structure. It is also expected
to provide half-lives of neutron-rich nuclei, which play
an important role in the study of the astrophysical rprocess in supernova explosions.
From the practical point of view, it is required
to perform decay experiments at an extremely low
production yield of r-process nuclei in the cocktail
beam environment. Thus, we have designed a new
beta-counting system “CAITEN” dedicated for halflife measurements of rare isotopes using a novel technique1,2) . The system CAITEN comprises two primarysubsystems. One is a large cylindrical plastic scintillator (CPS: φ500mm × 1000mm, 20mmt ) as an active
implantation target. Another is twenty-four positionsensitive photomultiplier-tubes (PSPMT: Hamamatsu
H8500) array arranged inside the CPS (See Figure 1a).
The CPS consists of 4×105 scintillator pixels(REXON RP-408: 6x6x20mm3 x 4×105 ) glued ona cylindrical plastic tube and this arrangement ismounted on two rotating rims. Here, the system
CAITEN is designed to move the CPS vertically at abeam height (170 cm ± 50 cm) synchronized together
with rotating motion at a speed of 0 ∼ 180 rpm using two independent stepping motors controlled by aprogrammable sequencer system. The idea is to reduce the density of nonassociated decay events fromthe previously implanted nuclei remaining in the CPS
by distributing accumulated nuclei on the entire CPS
surface.
The positions and timings of implanted ions andtheir associated decay events are measured by reconstructing the scintillation images projected on the
PSPMTs. Here, the PSPMTs are supported independently and are floating inside the CPS at the beamheight without having physical contact with the CPS.
The segmented light guides, in the shape of cylindrical caps, are attached onto the PSPMT to minimize
the air-gap distance from the inner surface of the CPS(∼ 4 mm) for accurate position measurement of decay events (See Figure 1b). A compact resistive-chain
electric circuit with an optional daisy chain connection to the neighboring PSPMTs is designed and is attached for each PSPMT for masked reduction of readout channels. A trigger signal is extracted by discrim-

Beam

(b)
LightguideResistive-readout
circuitPosition-sensitive
Photomultiplier tubes (PSPMT)Fig. 1. (a) Schematic of CAITEN with CPS. (b) PSPMTwith segmented light guide and resistive-readout circuit.

- 149 -1

185
㩷

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Drift and extraction of 16N stopped in neon gas
A. Yoshimi, H. Ueno, T. Sugimoto,䋪1 K. Shimada,䋪2 D. Nagae,䋪3 J. Murata䋪4, H. Kawamura䋪4 and K. Asahi 䋪5

The stopping of an unstable nuclear beam in a gas
catcher and its extraction into a vacuum area are considered
to be important for next-generation RI-beam facilities. We
have developed a gas catcher and an ion-guide system for
an atomic beam resonance method with RI beams (RIABR)
1). We have used neon gas as a stopping material, which has
a stopping power larger than that of the widely used helium.
There is no experimental data for gas catcher experimentswith neon gas; thus, we attempted to stop the produced RI
beam in neon gas and to drift the stopped RI ions by the DC
electric field in the gas, and to extract the drifted RI ions
into the vacuum area.
An RI beam of 16N (T1/2=7.13 s) was produced in thisexperiment at the Cyclotron Radio Isotope Center of
Tohoku University. A primary beam of 15N from the AVF
cyclotron bombarded a CD2 target to produce 16N by thed(15N, 16N)p reaction. The 16N with an emission angle of
1.2 – 2.6 was introduced into a stopping chamber filledwith neon gas in order to reject the intense primary 15N
beam2). Figure 1 shows the stopping chamber and detector
system. The incoming 16N beam was introduced through analuminum foil window and stopped in the chamber filledwith 200 Torr Ne gas3). Part of the stopped 16N tends toexist as an ionic state in the neon gas; thus, such ions can be
drifted by an electric field to the vicinity of an exit orifice(I1 mm) where a gas flow also assists them to spout out
into a downstream extraction chamber. A DC electrodeassembly, which consists of 33 thin aluminum discs with a
5 cm bore, produced a DC electric field of 8 V/cm to thestopped 16N ions. A relatively high voltage of 200 V/cm wasapplied at the last disc just before the extraction orifice toconverge the drifted ions. The drift of the ions can bedirectly observed by a two-layer ȕ-telescope located besidethe chamber. The first layer consists of five plastic counters
for detecting the source position of ȕ-rays. This telescope
has a position resolution of 6 cm. The drift effect of 16Nions can be measured by comparing the positions when the
DC field is switched on/off.
Figure 2(a) shows a typical ȕ-decay spectrum from 16N
stopped in the chamber measured by the telescope. Figure2(b) shows a change in counting ratio at each position when
the DC field is applied. From this spectrum a drift
efficiency from upstream (1,2) to downstream (3,4) was
estimated to be 3.0%. This indicates that 97 % of the
stopped RI was neutralized, because the half-life of 16N issufficiently longer than the drifting time of 0.3 s. Thisefficiency will be further improved by purifying theJapan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute㩷 䋨JASRI䋩CYRIC, Tohoku University
Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute䋪4
Department of Physics, Rikkyo University
䋪5
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology
䋪1
䋪2
䋪3

Fig. 1: Experimental setup for stop/drift/extraction of 16N beam.

Fig. 2: (a) Beta-ray time spectrum measured by the ȕ-telescope.
(b) Difference of 16N position distribution between DC field onand off.

stopping gas and baking the stopping chamber to suppress
the neutralization of the stopped RI ions. The extracted 16N
into the downstream chamber through a nozzle was alsomeasured by counting ȕ-rays from 16N stopped in a stopper
inside the extraction chamber. Although the extraction
conditions, such as the DC field gradient before the nozzle,
nozzle shape and the introduction of an RF ion guide, were
not optimized, the total transmission efficiency wasmeasured to be about 10-3. This total efficiency is consistent
with the observed drift efficiency and the simulation withthe arrangement of the electric field. Although the extracted
RI beam of about 10 pps at the vacuum chamber in thisexperiment is not sufficient for the development of RIABR,
improvement will be performed on the basis of the obtained
data.
References
1) A. Yoshimi et al.: AIP Conf. Proc. 915, 849 (2007).
2) T. Sugimoto et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 145(2007) .
3) K. Shimada et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 39, 156(2006).

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116
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Development of silicon-strip detector with wide-dynamic-range
readout system from 20 keV to 4 GeV†
N. Uematsu∗1 and S. Nishimura∗2[Nuclear structure, shell model, unstable nuclei]
using main amps (CAEN N586B) with four different
gains (×1, ×10, ×128, ×1280) (see Fig 1.). As a result
the resolution of each amp reached 1keV/ch, 10keV/ch,100keV/ch and 1MeV/ch, respectively. If the signal issaturated in the higher gain, the lower gain will takeover to read out the signals. However, there is a disadvantage of using four samps because we need read out
with good resolution.
The performance of this readout system has beentested using a 5.4 MeV α ray of 241 Am for energy calibration and further tested at higher energies using apulser. A larger feedback capacitance, which decrease
the gain of the preamp, is applied to the pre amp formeasurement at higher energies. The results show the㪟㫀㪾㪿㩷㪞㪸㫀㫅㪤㪼㪻㫀㫌㫄㩷㪞㪸㫀㫅

㪋㪌㪇㪇

㪋㪇㪇㪇

㪋㪇㪇㪇
㪊㪌㪇㪇

㪊㪌㪇㪇
㪊㪇㪇㪇

㪊㪇㪇㪇
㪉㪌㪇㪇

㫆㫌㫋㫇㫌㫋㩷㩿㪺㪿㪀㫆㫌㫋㫇㫌㫋㩷㩿㪺㪿㪀The study of very neutron rich nuclei, particularly
by β and γ spectroscopy experiments, is important forshedding light on the nuclear structure near the drip
line as well as for astrophysical research related to ther-process. We are now preparing an experiment using Ge semiconductor detectors in conjunction withdouble-sided silicon strip detectors (DSSD).
In the experiment it is necessary to stop the radioisotope nuclei in the DSSD and to efficiently detect theβ particles from the stopped radioisotope. The energy
deposits of the incident particles need to be measured
for heavy nuclei in the DSSD with mass A ∼ 100 together with their associated beta particles. The expected energies of the incident particles introduced in
the DSSD are expected to be up to ∼ 4 GeV, while β
particles with energies below 20 keV must be detected
simultaneously. At present, the preamp that we use
can amplify energy up to about 600 MeV, because of
its high gain. Thus we are currently modifying the existing readout system to cover a wide dynamic range
of energies up to 4 GeV with adequate energy resolution. The overall performance of the readout system
including the DSSD has been evaluated using a pulser
and a β source.

㪉㪇㪇㪇
㪈㪌㪇㪇

㪉㪌㪇㪇
㪉㪇㪇㪇
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㪌㪇㪇

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㪇

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㪇

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㪈㪇㪇
㫀㫅㫇㫌㫋㩷㩿㪤㪼㪭㪀

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㪇

㪉㪇㪇

㪋㪇㪇
㪍㪇㪇
㫀㫅㫇㫌㫋㩷㩿㪤㪼㪭㪀㪏㪇㪇㪣㫆㫎㩷㪞㪸㫀㫅㪋㪇㪇㪇㪊㪌㪇㪇㫆㫌㫋㫇㫌㫋㩷㩿㪺㪿㪀

㪊㪇㪇㪇
㪉㪌㪇㪇
㪉㪇㪇㪇
㪈㪌㪇㪇
㪈㪇㪇㪇
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㪋㪇㪇㪇
㫀㫅㫇㫌㫋㩷㩿㪤㪼㪭㪀㪍㪇㪇㪇

Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of new readout system. The input
from DSSDs is divided in two ways after the preamp(CS AMP-3). We then use the two outputs of the main
amps.

Fig. 2. Plots showing the linearity for different energy regions. The horizontal axis corresponds to input energy
and the vertical axis shows the output channels using
peak ADCs.

We now discuss two newly developed readout systems. The first readout system divides the dynamic
range of the main amp. The ranges are from 20 keV to
40 MeV and from 4 MeV to 4 GeV to ensure adequate
resolution of the readout systems. This is achieved bywide dynamic range of this readout system up to 4
GeV with adequate linearity throughout the energy
range. The resolutions for the low-, medium-, andhigh- energy regions are evaluated to be 25 keV/ch,152 keV/ch, and 1.5 MeV/ch, respectively(see Fig 2.).
However, the noise for the low-energy region becomeslarger from 20 keV to 120 keV, corresponding to a real-∗1∗2

Tokyo Univ. of Science
RIKEN- 151 -

1

116
istic dynamic range of approximately 104 . This effectis caused by the sensitivity of the preamp due to its
lower amplification with larger feedback capacitance.

㪟㫀㪾㪿㩷㪞㪸㫀㫅㪤㪼㪻㫀㫌㫄㩷㪾㪸㫀㫅

㪋㪌㪇㪇

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㪋㪇㪇㪇

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㪊㪇㪇㪇

㫆㫌㫋㫇㫌㫋㩷㩿㪺㪿㪀㫆㫌㫋㫇㫌㫋㩷㩿㪺㪿㪀

㪊㪌㪇㪇
㪉㪌㪇㪇
㪉㪇㪇㪇
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㪈㪇㪇㪇

㪉㪇㪇㪇
㪈㪌㪇㪇
㪈㪇㪇㪇
㪌㪇㪇

㪌㪇㪇
㪇

㪇
㪇

㪉㪇

㪋㪇

㪍㪇

㪏㪇

㪇

㪉㪇㪇

㪋㪇㪇

㪍㪇㪇

㪏㪇㪇

㫀㫅㫇㫌㫋㩷㩿㪤㪼㪭㪀㫀㫅㫇㫌㫋㩷㩿㪤㪼㪭㪀㪣㫆㫎㩷㪾㪸㫀㫅㪋㪇㪇㪇㪊㪌㪇㪇㫆㫌㫋㫇㫌㫋㩷㩿㪺㪿㪀㪊㪇㪇㪇

Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of the other readout system. The
input from DSSDs is divided in two waya using different
capacitors. We use same type of preamp. And we use
the two outputs of the main amps. The capacitance isinserted into the cable core.

Instead of decreasing the gain of the preamp to cover
the several GeV energy region, we have used a new system with parallel preamp readout (see Fig 3). Here,two independent preamps with different impedance circuits are prepared in order to transfer most of thecharge (≥ 98 %) for low-energy measurement, the remaining charge (≤ 2 %) for higher-energy measurement. Considering the intrinsic capacitance and resistance for the DSSDs, effective charge collection in thereadout system requires the selection of adequate capacitance (≥ 10000 pF) for the high-gain part.
The results for an impedance ratio of 50 : 1 to cover
low energies up to 80 MeV and higher energy up to 4
GeV are shown in Fig 4 respectively. According to our
results, there is a sudden change the gain factor for the
medium gain and low gain at an energy ∼ 500 MeV.
This is caused by the saturation of the preamp in thehigh-gain line, where the balance of the charge transfer into two parallel lines is broken. However, a lower
energy threshold of less than 60 keV was achieved. We
also attempted to split the signals into two different
resistances instead of two different capacitances. However, the pulse height appeared to be lower than in thecase of two different capacitance, i.e, there was lesssensitivity the lower-energy region.

2

㪉㪌㪇㪇
㪉㪇㪇㪇
㪈㪌㪇㪇
㪈㪇㪇㪇
㪌㪇㪇
㪇
㪇

㪈㪇㪇㪇

㪉㪇㪇㪇

㪊㪇㪇㪇

㪋㪇㪇㪇

㫀㫅㫇㫌㫋㩷㩿㪤㪼㪭㪀

Fig. 4. Linearity of each readout line with different amplifications. The horizontal axis corresponds to input
energy and the vertical axis shows the readout value inthe channel using peak ADCs.

We have developed and investigated the performance of two readout methods. One uses a single
preamp with lower amplification. The other uses twoparallel preamps with different impedances. Although
the first method exhibits good linearity in the entire region of energy for the dynamic range, we could not obtain adequate sensitivity below 100 keV for a dynamic
range of about 104 . However, the second method has
a large dynamic range of ∼ 105 at the expense of nonlinearity around 500 MeV. The overall performance of
these methods will be investigated using a real beamin future.

- 152 -

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RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Estimation of photon numbers detected in OROCHI experiment
T. Furukawa, Y. Matsuo, A. Hatakeyama,∗1 T. Ito,∗2 K. Fujikake,∗2 T. Kobayashi, and T. Shimoda∗3
We have been developing a new laser spectroscopic method, OROCHI, which is an abbreviation of“Optical RI atom Observation in Condensed HelIum,”with the aim of establishing a versatile method for determining the nuclear spins and moments of unstable
nuclei,1) based on the combination of superﬂuid helium(He II) as a stopper of the RI beam and the in situ laser
spectroscopy of RI atoms stopped in He II to detect thelaser-induced ﬂuorescence (LIF) photons.2) Recently,
we have demonstrated that nuclear spins and moments
are obtained from the measurement of Zeeman andhyperﬁne splittings of atoms using the laser-radiowave(RF)/microwave (MW) double-resonance method with
our OROCHI technique.3) The remaining issue to beaddressed is the estimation of the RI yields required in
the OROCHI experiments. In this report, we describe
the estimation of the required RI yield, taking alkali
Rb atoms as an example.
The LIF photon intensity emitted from one atom
in He II can be estimated from the photoabsorption
cross section of the atom. The cross section of the D1
absorption line of Rb atoms in He II is given asσ(ν0 ) =A
c2= 1.4 × 10−15 (cm2 ),·8π 2 ν02 ∆ν/2

(1)

where A=36.1 MHz is Einstein’s A coeﬃcient for the
Rb atoms, ν0 =385.6 THz (=778.0 nm) is a peak frequency of the absorption spectrum, and ∆ν=4.0 THz
is the FWHM.4) We assume here that σ(ν) in thepumping laser line is constant because the absorption
linewidth (4.0 THz) is suﬃciently larger than the laser
linewidth (10 GHz). Then the photon emission rateΓ from one atom irradiated with the pumping laser(power density: 100 mW/mm2 ) can be obtained fromthe photon number density of the pumping laser Il asΓ = Il · σ(ν0 ) = 5.1 × 104 (photons/s).

(2)

Idet = IRI · τ · �stp · Γ · Ω · �f · �qe ,(3)

in He II is distributed over approximately 3 mm when
the spot size of the RI beam is 10 mm φ, and considering the conditions of the pumping laser irradiatedperpendicular to the RI beam direction (power: 1 W,
spot size: 3 mm φ), 30% of the stopped RI atoms ispumped with a laser and then they emit LIF photons(i.e., �stp =0.3). The LIF photons are focused to the
PMT (Hamamatsu Co.Ltd., R636-10, �qe : typically
10% at Rb D1-line LIF of 795 nm) through a set oflenses (spatial ﬁlter) and two interference ﬁlters (�f :total 10%) to reduce stray laser light. Note that thestray light is easily reduced by a factor of 10−5 by theinterference ﬁlters because the photoabsorption line ofatoms in He II is shifted 15 nm from their emission
line. The ﬁrst lens (diameter: 10 cm φ) is located
5 cm from the detection region, so that the solid angleof the detection system Ω is approximately 25%. From
Eq. (3), the detection rate Idet is 19 counts/sec, whichmeans that we can detect approximately two photons
from one RI atom, which is much more eﬃcient thanthe use of conventional laser spectroscopy (≤10−3 ).
Figure 1 shows the simulated spectrum of 100 Rb microwave resonance expected in one day of measurement, with the assumptions that the spectrum shapeis the same as that in our previous work,3) the hyperﬁne splitting of the ground-state 100 Rb is equal to 3.0
GHz, and the background count rate is reduced to as
low as 10 cps by the interference ﬁlters. The resonancepeak can be clearly seen and the peak position is determined within 2 kHz error by simple Lorentz-shapeﬁtting. This result suggests that we can actually determine the nuclear spin and moment of RI for a yieldof 10 pps, which cannot be achieved by conventional
methods. Note that the hyperﬁne resonance frequencyof 100 Rb can be determined within 10 kHz error although the measurement time is only 1 h.

The detection rate of the photons emitted from theatoms in the observation region using the optical detection system, Idet , is given as
where IRI is the RI beam intensity, τ and �stp are thelifetime and stopping probability of the RI atoms inthe detection region, Ω and �f are the solid angle andtransmission eﬃciency of the optical detection system,
respectively, and �qe is the quantum eﬃciency of PMT.
Now we consider our measurement omit of the lowyield 100 Rb isotope (τ =51 ms, IRI =10 pps from BigRIPS). Assuming that the stopped range of RI atoms
∗1
∗2
∗3

Dept. of Appl. Phys., Tokyo Univ. Agr. Tech.
Inst. of Phys., Meiji University
Dept. of Phys., Osaka University

Fig. 1. Expected spectra in 1 day of measurement using
100
Rb beam (MW frequency sweep: 2999 - 3001 MHz).

References
1) T. Furukawa et al.: Proc. INPC07, in press.
2) T. Furukawa et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 095301 (2006).
3) T. Furukawa: Doctoral thesis, Osaka Univ. (2007).
4) Y. Takahashi et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1035 (1993).

- 153 -

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133
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Network and Computing Environment for RIKEN Nishina Center
T. Ichihara, Y. Watanabe, K. Yoshida, and A. Yoshida
We have been operating Linux/Unix NIS/NFS cluster systems1−2) at the Nishina Center. The host RIBF
is used for the mail server and NFS server for theuser home directory. Postfix is used for mail transport software and Dovecot is used for imap and pop
services. These software packages enable secure andreliable mail delivery. The hosts RIBFSMTP1 andRIBFSMTP2 are new mail front-end servers used fortagging spam mails and isolating virus-infected mails.
We have been using Spam Assassin and Sweep software in our previous mail server RARFSMTP and
RARFSMTP2.2) Since the number of spam mails has
increased rapidly in recent years, occasional mail-delay
problem have occurred with the CPU utilization limit.
Therefore, we have replaced the software Spam Assassin and Sweep with Sophos Pure Message, which isapproximately 30 times faster than the previous software. The host RIBF00 is an ssh login server anda general-purpose computational server. In the host
RIBFDATA01, 10 TB Fiber-channel RAID systems
are served for data storage for the experiments.
For the off-line data analysis of the RIBF experiment, a prototype of the Storage Area Network (SAN)
environment that shares common RAID storage via
fiber-channel switches, has been installed and is being
evaluated. Two sets of dual-core Opteron 1U servers
and a 10 TB SATA Raid system have been installed
for the development and backup of a data acquisition(DAQ) system for RIBF experiments3) .
The bandwidth of the Internet connection of RIKEN
Wako campus was increased from 1 Gbps to 10 Gbps at
the beginning of 2007. Therefore, a large amount of experimental data can be transferred over the Internet4) .
A data transfer rate of 340 MB/s (2.8 Gbps) has been
observed between BNL and RIKEN RIBF over the Internet.
The internet streaming servers, RIBF-WM, which
serves Windows Media streaming files, and RIBF-QT,
which serves Quick Time streaming files, have been
installed. The video recording files of the nuclearphysics series lectures5) held at the Nishina Center
have been archived and they can be accessed via theInternet Windows Media and Quick Time formats at a
speed of 128 kbps, 512 kbps or 2 Mbps, depending on
the conditions of the Internet connection of the client.
To archive the presentations of the International Nuclear Physics Conference held at Tokyo (INPC2007),
the web server INPC2007 has been installed.
An anonymous ftp server, FTP.RIKEN.JP, is managed and operated at RIKEN Nishina Center. Since
the server has become obsolete and is sometimes unstable, it has been replaced with a new server, SUN�����������������������������������
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Fig. 1. Configuration of Linux/Unix server.

Enterprise V40z, which is equipped with four sets of
2.6 GHz dual-core Opteron CPUs and 16 GB Memory.
A 10 TB SATA Raid system has been added to thisserver. Major Linux distributions are mirrored daily
at ftp servers.
Figure 1 shows the current configuration of theLinux/Unix servers at Nishina Center. Most of theusers of Nishina Center have e-mail addresses of thefollowing forms:
username@ribf.riken.jp or username@riken.jp.
The former represents an e-mail address of the
Nishina Center mail server (RIBF) and the latter represents an e-mail address of the RIKEN mail server.
References
1) http://ribf.riken.jp/
2) T. Ichihara et al. RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 39 199(2006).
3) H. Baba et al.: In this report.
4) S. Yokkaichi et al. In this report.
5) http://www.nishina.riken.jp/video-lec/- 154 -

1

145
RIKEN
Prog.
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41A new data acquisition system for RIBF
H. Baba, T. Ichihara T. Ohnishi, S. Takeuchi, K. Yoshida, Y. Watanabe, S. Ota,∗1 and S. Shimoura∗1
A new data acquisition (DAQ) system for RIBF has
been introduced. The features of this RIBF DAQ are
listed as follows.

ZeroDegree

BigRIPS

CAMAC

CAMAC

VME

CAMAC

• Network distributed• On-line event building and analysis• Hierarchical event building• Each detector section has a DAQ• Parallel data readout from the CAMAC and VME
modules• Commodity hardware only (PC, OS, Ethernet,
RAID, SAN, etc.)
The in-ﬂight RI-beam separator named BigRIPS1)
analyzes RI beams by using many beam proﬁling detectors placed at seven focal plane along the 77-meterlong beam line. Tagged RI beams impinge on the reaction target located at the end of BigRIPS. Downstream of the reaction target, various particle/gammaray detectors such as DALI2) and GRAPE,3) and several spectrometers such as ZeroDegree, SHARAQ, andSAMURAI are used. The detector section of BigRIPS
is used in all experiments, but the use of the otherdetector section depends on the experimental conditions. Since experiments having diﬀerent setups are
performed one after another over several weeks, theDAQ system should have ﬂexibility. It is important tochange the combination of the DAQ for each section
as quickly as possible. Therefore, we developed a new
network-distributed DAQ system with the function of
event building.
The conﬁguration of the RIBF DAQ is shown in
Fig. 1. The DAQ system is divided into each detector section such as BigRIPS, ZeroDegree, and DALI.
The boxes represent computers. The boxes labeled
CAMAC (VME) indicate CAMAC (VME) crates witha computer. Each detector section has its own event
builder labeled ‘slave event builder’ in Fig. 1. Dataobtained at the diﬀerent sections are collected by themaster event builder. In the stand-alone mode, eachsection works as an independent DAQ system.
For the event-building and analysis computers,
Linux OS is used. On the other hand, RTLinux,4)which is a real-time expansion of Linux, is adopted forsome of the front-end computers. Owing to the use of
RTLinux, stable high-speed data readout is possible.
For the data storage, a RAID system labeled ‘storage’in Fig. 1 is installed in the storage area network (SAN).
The event-builder and analyzer computers can accessthe RAID system at the same time via SAN. Data isprocessed by a software package called ‘babirl DAQ’. It
is newly developed and based on babarl DAQ5–7) which∗1

Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo

Slave
Event Builder

Slave
Event Builder

Status
Data

StatusData

Ethernet
SAN
Slave
Event Builder

MasterEvent Builder

Analyzer
Analyzer

Storage

VME
VME

Storage

VME

DALI

Fig. 1. The configuration of RIBF DAQ. The boxes arecomputers. The boxes labeled CAMAC (VME) are thefront-end computers for CAMAC (VME).

was previously used at RIKEN RIPS and CRIB. The
babirl DAQ package can deal with various CAMAC
and VME controllers:• CAMAC– TOYO CC/7700,– TOYO CC/NET,– Kinetic K3922,• VME– SBS 620,
– CAEN V2718,– Wiener VMEMM,– ADVME 8001,– VMIVME 7807.

In addition to CAMAC and VME, this system is able
to treat data from the prototype Ubiquitous detector.8,9)The data ﬂow of this system is explained as follows.
Data of the modules in each crate are collected by each
CAMAC (VME) computer under the common trigger. This buﬀered data is called event-fragment data.
The event-fragment data are transferred to slave event
builder through the ethernet, and event-assembledfragment data, which are the event data of its detector
section, are built by using the event number individually counted by each CAMAC (VME) computer. To
construct whole event data (event-assembled data), theslave event builder transfers event-assembled-fragment
data to the master event builder. The event-assembled- 155 -

1

145
data are stored in the storage system and transferredto the analyzer to analyze events online. An important feature is that the DAQ of each section can work
as a stand-alone DAQ. Event-assembled-fragment data
can also be stored in the storage system via SAN. The
event builder treats not only event data but also comment data and status data such as the values of thescaler and magnetic ﬁelds of magnets and the highvoltage supply to the detectors. Status data are transferred to the event builder independently of experimental events, and are attached to the event-assembled
data.
Owing to the parallel readout, the dead time of the
new system is improved compared with the previous
system. If the number of modules per CAMAC (VME)
computer is small and the conversion times of all themodules are short enough, it is possible to achieve adead time of less than 100 µs per event. Since it is necessary to distribute a common trigger to all CAMAC
and VME modules, the dead time of the entire systemdepends on the CAMAC (VME) computer having thelongest dead time.
The previous systems5–7,10) use the RIKEN data format (RDF). For RIBF DAQ, a new raw-data format
has been speciﬁed to satisfy the hierarchic structure
and the undeﬁned block length. It is named RIDF,
which stands for RIBF data format. According to thisdata format, all data are stored as blocks. In somecases, blocks include other blocks as their contents.
There are various types of blocks.
• Global block: contains the following blocks.
• Event block: contains a segment block and a scaler
block.
• Segment block: contains acquired raw data.
• Scaler block: contains acquired scaler data.
• Status block: contains status data.
• Comment block: contains comments such as run
information.

2bit
Re

2bit
Ly

6bit
Class ID

22bit
Size
Address
32bit

Fig. 2. The header rule of RIDF. The size of this header is
64 bits.

line/oﬄine analysis program, ANAPAW,5,7) which has
been widely used for the analysis of RDF, has been extended to handle RIDF.
This RIBF DAQ has been operating since February
2007. Further developments of event building, analysis
software, the device driver, and the status monitor are
now in progress.
References
1) T. Kubo : Nucl. Inst. Meth. B 204, 97 (2003).
2) S. Takeuchi et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 36, 148(2003).
3) S. Shimoura et al.: Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 525, 188 (2004).
4) M. Barabanov and V. Yodaiken: Linux Journal 34, 19(1997).
5) H. Baba et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 34, 221(2001).
6) H. Baba and S. Shimoura: CNS Annual Report 2001,
53 (2002).
7) H. Baba et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 37, 187(2004).
8) T. Watanabe et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 193(2007).
9) H. Baba et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 193(2007).
10) T. Ichihara et al.: IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 36, 1628
(1989).
11) H. Baba: RIBF DAQ Manual.

These blocks are indicated by the header words. Figure 2 shows the header rule of the RIDF. The meaningsof the contents of the header word are listed below.
• Reserve bit (Re): These bits are not used at the
moment.
• Layer (Ly): The layer shows the hierarchical relation of each block. Usually the layers of the global
block, event block, and segment block are 0, 1, and2, respectively.
• Class ID: Class ID is the identiﬁer of the block.
• Size: Size is the block size including the header
word in units of short word. The maximum sizeof one block is 8 MB; however, it is suggested lessthan 128 KB is used.
• Address: Address is the unique number of thecomputer.
The detail of RIDF is described in Ref. 11. The on-2- 156 -

067
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Run06 Polarization of Proton-Proton Operation at RHIC
C. Muñoz Camacho,∗1 I. Nakagawa, I. Alekseev,∗2 K. Boyle,∗3 A. Bravar,∗4 G. Bunce,∗5∗6 S. Dhawan,∗7
A. Dion,∗3 K.O. Eyser,∗8 R. Gill,∗5 W. Haeberli,∗9 A. Hoffman,∗10 H. Huang,∗5 H. Liu,∗1 M.X. Liu,∗1
Y. Makdisi,∗5 H. Okada,∗5 K. Sakashita,∗11 E. Stephenson∗12 D.N. Svirida,∗2 T. Wise,∗9 J. Wood,∗5 and
A. Zelenski∗4polarized proton, silicon strip detector, RHIC, polarimeter, polarimetry, CNI, forward elastic
scattering
In 2006 the proton-carbon (pC) polarimeters at theRelativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) used a new target scan mode, with the measurements generally performed with vertical targets stepping in x (transverse
horizontal coordinate) across the beam, with equalmeasurement time at each step. It allowed to measure
horizontal polarization profile in each run separately(with limited statistical precision). Horizontal targets
were used in a few measurements, which provided vertical polarization profile measurements.
On the first step of pC data analysis, two parameters, t0 and dead layer (DL), were extracted for each
strip in each measurement from the fit of the ”banana”
plot: the recoil Carbon time-of-flight (ToF) vs. energy. The DL parameter carries the meaning of ”effective” dead layer and is used to correct the carbon deposited energy to obtain carbon kinetic energy1) , andt0 is a ToF offset. The list of quality checks (QA)
included control of the width and position of the carbon (C) mass peak, as well as C mass peak position
vs. its kinetic energy (which detects problems with the
waveform digitizer, data adquisition and/or in the fitof ”banana”), strip by strip variations of the numberof events in the ”banana” and consistency in bunchby-bunch asymmetry measurements. All systematic
uncertainties from the effects above were estimatedto be negligible for the final fill-by-filla) polarization
measurements, except the energy correction effect (described by DL), which was defined to be 1.2%.
Since pC measurements, hydrogen jet measurements2) and RHIC experiments are each sensitive todifferent polarization averages across the beam (seeFig. 1), we need to measure (and then correct for)∗1

Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Russia∗3 State University of New York - Stony Brook, Stony Brook,
NY 11794∗4 University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland∗5 Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA∗6 RIKEN-BNL Research Center, BNL, USA∗7 Yale University, USA∗8 University of California, Riverside, USA∗9 University of Wisconsin, USA∗10 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
02139∗11 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan∗12 Indiana University Cyclotron Facility, USAa) One fill correspond to the time the injected beams are stored
in the accelerator rings, typically 6–7 hours.
∗2

the polarization profile of each beam. The correction due to polarization profile depends on the ratioof widths of the beam intensity profile and beam polarization profile. It can be obtained by fitting thepolarization vs. event rate in a scan by a function
P/Pmax = (L/Lmax )R :

−x2
2

L = Lmax · e 2σL⇒ P = Pmax · (L/Lmax )R . (1)
−x2

2σ 2
P = Pmax · e P

Here it is assumed that both intensity and polarization
profiles have gaussian shapes with widths σL and σP ,correspondingly, and at least one point in the scan corresponds to beam maximum intensity; Pmax and Lmax
are polarization and event rate at beam maximum intensity and R = (σL /σP )2 . This approach was used to
extract the Pmax and R parameters for each fill, whichwere used to calculate the average beam polarization
for fixed mode (in order to normalize to hydrogen jetmeasurements) and for beams.

Fig. 1. Average polarization measured by hydrogen jetmeasurements2) (left), pC polarimeters (center) andcollider experiments (right).

The polarization measured by the pC polarimeters
P
pC in the scan mode are correlated with the peakpolarization at the beam center (in both horizontal
and vertical directions) Pmax :P
pC = Pmax · C1X · C1Y ,(2)

where C1X and C1Y are the profile correction factors
for the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively.

- 157 -

1

hand, the polarization profile needs to be weighted byboth beam intensity profiles for the polarizations concerned by collider experiments Pexp :Pexp = Pmax · C2X · C2Y = PpC ·C2X C2Y·.
C1X C1Y

These
profile corrections factors are given by:
Indeed,∞∞dx P(x) I1 (x) I2 (x)
dx −∞
P(x)
 ∞ I(x)
.
C2X
−∞=
∞
C1X =
dx I1=(x) I2 (x)−∞dx I(x)
−∞
2

067

(4)

(5)

2

x
−write:− xcanAssuming I1 (x) ≈I∞2 (x), we22
dxe 2σL e 2σP
1
−∞
∞
=√
, (3)
2− x2

dx
P(x)
I
(x)
∞
2
1 1+R
 ∞ −∞ dxe 2σL= 
C2X = −∞,
(6)
dx I 2 (x)1 + R/2−∞and similarly for the vertical direction. On the other
The ratio/C1X
is thenandsimilarly
for C2Y . profile
2Xbe
hand,
the polarizationneedsCto
weighted
by
given
by:
both beam intensity profiles for the polarizations con√cerned by collider experiments
Pexp :
1+R
1 + R/2
C2X
=
≈
,
(7)
C2Y
C
2X
1 + R/2 1 +CR/2
·
.
(4)
·
C
·
C
=
P
·
Pexp = P1X
max
2X
2Y
pC
C1X C1Y
valid for R  1. Using the same approximations for
These
profilecorrections
factors
arewrite:given by:theverticaldirection,
we canfinally∞dx P(x) I (x) I (x)(8)
Pexp = P
pC ·−∞1 + RX /2 · 1 1 + 2RY /2 .
∞
.
(5)
C2X =
dx
I
(x)
I
(x)
1
2
−∞
Fig. 2 shows final polarization results for Run06,
with
an averageof 55%.
Assuming
I1 (x)polarization≈ I2 (x), wevalue
can write:∞
Referencesdx P(x) I 2 (x)1= Prog. Rep.
C2X = −∞
, 40,
(6)1) I. Nakagawa
et ∞al.: RIKEN
Accel.
2 (x)dxI
1 + R/2−∞ therein.
(2007), and references

Fig. 2. Absolute polarization at beam maximum intensity(Pmax ) and profile ratio R = (σL /σP )2 vs. fill number
for both blue (top) and yellow (bottom) proton beams.

2) K. Boyle et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, (2008).

and similarly for C2Y . The ratio C2X /C1X is thengiven by:√
1+R
1 + R/2
C2X
=
≈
,
(7)
C1X
1 + R/2
1 + R/2

valid for R  1. Using the same approximations forthe vertical direction, we can finally write:
1 + RX /2 · 1 + RY /2 .
(8)
Pexp = P
pC ·Fig. 2 shows final polarization results for Run06,
with an average polarization value of 55%.
References

1) I. Nakagawa et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40,(2007), and references therein.
2 2) K. Boyle et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, (2008).

2- 158 -

Fig. 2. Absolute polarization at beam maximum intensity(Pmax ) and profile ratio R = (σL /σP )2 vs. fill number
for both blue (top) and yellow (bottom) proton beams.

125
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41CCJ Operation in 2006-2007
S. Yokkaichi, H. En’yo, Y. Goto, H. Hamagaki,∗1 T. Ichihara, S. Kametani, T. Nakamura, Y. Watanabe
1Overview

The operation of CCJ1,2) , RIKEN Computing Center in Japan for RHIC3) physics, started in June
2000 as the largest off-site computing center for the
PHENIX4) experiment at RHIC. CCJ was initiallyplanned to perform three roles in PHENIX computing,1) as the simulation center, 2) as the Asian regional
center and 3) as the center of spin physics. Recently,
DST (Data Summary Tape) production from raw data
has become more important, especially for the p+p
data. Out of the many off-site computing facilities of
PHENIX, only CCJ can handle the several hundreds
of TB of raw data in use of HPSS (High Performance
Storage System)5) for the time being.
A joint operation with RSCC (RIKEN Super Combined Cluster System)6) was started in Mar. 2004.
Most of our computing power is now provided by
RSCC. On the other hand, the disk storage and service nodes are still located at the CCJ machine room
in RIKEN Main Building and maintained by ourselves.
HPSS is shared by CCJ and RSCC, while the CCJ data
occupy more than 90% of the data stored in the HPSS.
Many analysis and simulation projects are being carried out at CCJ. They are shown on the web page:
http://ccjsun.riken.go.jp/ccj/proposals/.
2

Current configuration

In the CCJ machine room, we have approximately
190 PC nodes operated using Linux, 166 nodes areused for calculation and the others are used for various services, e.g., data transfer. Each calculation node
has 1 GB of memory, 10–31 GB of local disk and dualCPUs (Pentium III 700 MHz – 1.4 GHz, Pentium 4 2.0
GHz). Scientific Linux (SL) 3.0.5 is operated on thecalculation nodes, similarly to at RCF (RHIC Computing Facility)7) , which is the main analysis facility
for PHENIX. The upgrade to SL4 is planned in 2008.
About 90 nodes are currently operational as calculation nodes and the others are waiting to be retired.
Out of the operational nodes, 36 nodes have been augmented with 300 GB of local disk, on which 10 TB ofnDST data are located in order to avoid the overheadof the data transfer from the data servers or HPSS.
However, a user should take care to submit a job tothe node on which the required nDST file is located.
Each RSCC calculation node has 2 GB of memory,
100 GB of local disk space and two Xeon 3.06 GHz processors. Out of the 1024 calculation nodes in RSCC,
128 nodes are dedicated to CCJ usage. They share∗1

the PHENIX software environment and can access the
CCJ data servers as well as the nodes in the CCJ machine room.
We have two log-in servers. The older server (SUNE450) operated by Solaris 2.6, on which the mail andhttp servers were also running, was replaced by an HP
PC server operated by SL5 in Nov. 2007. Following
RCF, we have required the SSH public-key authentication in order to log-in to CCJ since Sept. 1, 2007.
We have a main server (SUN Fire V880) using Solaris 8 for the NIS/DNS/NTP server and the NFS
server for the users’ home region on the 8 TB SCSIRAID.
At the end of JFY 2006, two data servers (SUN FireV40z) and four SATA-RAID systems (9 TB each) werepurchased and deployed to replace the systems retiredin 2006: a PC data server, two SUN E450 data servers
and 24 TB SCSI RAID disks. Each SATA-RAID isserved as a single partition using LVM (Logical Volume
Manager)8) with XFS9) .
Including two above servers, we have five V40z dataservers, which are operated by SL4 and connected tolarge RAID systems (67 TB in total). Except for theusers’ work regions (40 GB is assigned to each user),none of the disks can be accessed by NFS from the calculation nodes to maintain the total I/O throughput.
The rcp command is used to access the data with alimitation on the number of rcp process to avoid congestion in each data server. In the first half of JFY
2007, they tended to hang up being triggered by theheavy I/O load. Particularly the server of the users’
work-regions was found to hang up most frequently.
We purchased a SUN M4000 operated by Solaris 10
to use as a new NFS server for the users’ home- andwork-regions, in expectation of the stability. It wasdelivered at Feb. 2008 along with a 12 TB FC-RAID
system.
On the calculation nodes, the batch queuing system
LSF10) is operated. In Mar. 2008, they were upgradedfrom version 6.0 to 7.0. On the CCJ-dedicated nodes
in RSCC, LSF version 6.0 was upgraded to 6.2 in Feb.
2008.
HPSS version 6.2 is used as a mass-storage system
at CCJ and RSCC. Approximately 1.2 PB of CCJ data
(200,000 files) have been stored as of Dec. 2007. Five
IBM p630 servers operated using AIX are used as the
HPSS core server and data/tape movers. For CCJ,
eight T9940B tape drives (30 MB/s I/O with capacity 200 GB/cartridge), two T10000 drives (120 MB/s
I/O with 500 GB/cartridge) and 6,110 tape cartridges
are located in two StorageTek PowderHorn 9310 taperobots. A robot can handle approximately 5-6,000

CNS, University of Tokyo- 159 -

1

125
tapes, and thus the two robots have a capacity of
11,083 tapes and 8,620 tapes are already installed.
3

PHENIX software environment

Two AFS11) clients are operated using OpenAFS
on Linux to share the software environment of the
PHENIX experiment as analysis and simulation libraries, configuration files and so on. To cope with the
instability caused by OpenAFS, one client is experimentally operated as a virtual machine using Xen12) ,in order to reset automatically when it hangs up.
The total size of the PHENIX software copied by
AFS daily or weekly from BNL is approximately 300
GB as of Dec. 2007. All the calculation nodes areserved the software by NFS, not by AFS. Using a rsync
server on a PC, the PHENIX software environment
are also shared by PHENIX collaborators in Japan.
Because the PHENIX analysis libraries are compiledusing the shared libraries provided by the operating
system on the calculation nodes, the OS used in CCJ
should be the same as that used in RCF as mentioned
above. It is unrealistic to recompile the software on
the other local OS by ourselves, because they contain14 GB of CVS data, which are being updated daily.
For PHENIX analysis, PostgreSQL is used as the
DB engine to store the calibration data. The total
amount of data in the PHENIX-DB is 40-50 GB as ofDec. 2007. The data are copied to CCJ by request ofusers. Three Linux PCs are used to operate the DB in
CCJ.
4

WAN and data transfer

In Oct. 2006, a 10Gbps network (Super SINET,
which was integrated as SINET3 in Apr. 2007),
which is maintained by NII13) , became available at
RIKEN Wako Campus. Then, the bottleneck in thedata transfer between CCJ and BNL became approximately 1.5 Gbps of bandwidth (B/W) between the
CCJ main switch (Catalyst 4506) and the RIKEN firewall. They were connected by the aggregated two
1000BASE fibers, but the total B/W was found to belimited to 1.5 Gbps due to the firewall performance. To
remove the bottleneck, a 10GBASE switch (Foundry
FESX424) was newly introduced in CCJ machine roomin Nov. 2007 with a 10GBASE line from the switch to
the RIKEN main switch.
In the second half of JFY 2007, four PC servers (HP
ProLiant DL145 G3) and four SATA-RAID disks (12TB each) were deployed as ’buffer boxes’ for the datatransfer between CCJ and BNL. Each node has two
buffer areas A and B, each with a 2 TB. The raw data
are transferred from BNL using GridFtp14) and stored
in buffer A. When A is full, B is used to store the data
and the transfer to HPSS from A is started, and viceversa.

The buffer boxes are operated by SL5 with a Grid
environment (VDT15) 1.8.1). Each server has two network I/F. One is connected to the new 10GBASE
switch and communicates only with BNL. The limitation is set by the access control list on the RIKEN
main switch. The other is connected to the CCJ main
switch and communicates with all but BNL. Using the
new setup, a 360 MB/sec transfer rate from BNL to
CCJ was achieved in Jan. 2008 as shown in Fig.1.
No p+p data were obtained in PHENIX Run-7 (Nov.
2006–May 2007) and thus no raw data were transferred
to CCJ in 2007. In Run-8 (Nov. 2007–Mar. 2008), 100
TB of p+p data were transferred using the new datatransfer machines in Feb. and Mar. 2008.

Fig. 1. Data transfer rate between CCJ and BNL achievedin Jan. 2008 with the new 10GBASE switch.

5

OutlookAfter five years of operation, RSCC will be renewedin Jan. 2009. We have been taking part in the discussion on the detail of the renewal. Replacement of thetape storage system by disk storage was also discussed
but was not adopted.
For CCJ, two big changes are being discussed; 1)
a new tape robot for HPSS will be deployed and located in the CCJ machine room, 2) calculation nodes
assigned to CCJ will be installed with large disks (thetypical size is expected to be ∼1 TB), and the nDST
data will be located in the same manner as that ofabove-mentioned local data disks in a part of CCJ calculation nodes.
References
1) http://ccjsun.riken.go.jp/ccj/
2) S. Kametani et al., RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 39, 224(2006); RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 197 (2007).
3) http://www.bnl.gov/rhic4) http://www.phenix.bnl.gov5) http://www.hpss-collaboration.org/
6) http://rscc.riken.jp
7) http://www.rhic.bnl.gov/RCF/8) http://www.lvm.org/
9) http://www.xfs.org/
10) http://www.platform.com/products/LSF/11) http://www.openafs.org/
12) http://www.xen.org/
13) http://www.nii.ac.jp/
14) http://www.globus.org/grid software/data/gridftp.php15) http://vdt.cs.wisc.edu/index.html

2- 160 -

055
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41PHENIX silicon vertex tracker projectY. Akiba, J. Asai, S. Chollet,∗1 V. Cianciolo,∗2 A. Deshpande,∗3,∗4 B. Deepack, O. Drapier,∗1 A. Drees,∗3
H. En’yo, K. Fujiwara, F. Gastaldi,∗1 R. Granier de Cassagnac,∗1 R. Ichimiya, J. Kanaya, T. Kawasaki,∗5
M. Kawashima,∗6 M. Kasai,∗6 K. Kurita,∗6 M. Kurosawa, A. Lebedev,∗7 E. J. Mannel,∗8 R. Nouicer∗9
C. Ogilvie∗7 H. Ohnishi, M. Okumura,∗10 Y. Onuki, R. Pak,∗9 C. Pancake,∗3 P. Riedler,∗11 M. Sekimoto,∗12 E.
Shafto,∗3 W. Sondheim,∗13 A. Taketani, S. Watanabe,∗10 K. Yamakoshi,∗10 and PHENIX VTX groupis under way.
• A Q/A testing system of the pixel bus has beendeveloped3) .
• The fabrication of the ﬁnal prototype of the pixel
read-out board (SPIRO-2) has been completed at
Ecole Polytechnique. The fabrication of the production version (SPRIO-3) is under way.
• A cosmic ray test of the ﬁnal pixel system prototype was performed4) . The test uses a 1.5cm-wide
pixel bus and a SPRIO-2 board. Clear cosmic ray
tracks were observed in the test.
• Q/A of the pixel sensor module is on going.5)• Q/A of the “Pilot” ASICS used in SPIRO boards
is completed6)• Development of a pixel detector assembly system
is almost complete7) .
• The gluing procedure of various pixel components
is established8)• The production of the strip sensor has been completed. Four hundred sensors have been delivered.
• Q/A of the produciton sensor is under way at
BNL.
• A lab for strip sensor module assembly has been
set up at BNL.
• The second prototype of the Read Out Card
(ROC) of the strip system has been fabricated andtested at ORNL. The development of the third
prototype of the strip system ROC (ROC-3) isunder way.
• A prototype of the rad hard ASIC for strip readout, RCC, was fabricated. Testing of the RCC
chip is under way at ORNL.
• The mechanical and thermal engineering work of
the VTX system is under way by HYTEC, a mechanical engineering company.

We are constructing a silicon vertex tracker (VTX)
for the PHENIX experiment at RHIC. The primary
purpose of the detector is to carry out precise measurements of heavy-quark production (charm and beauty)
in A + A, p(d) + A, and polarized p + p collisions. The
main physics topics addressed by the VTX are as follows.
• Probing high-density partonic matter◦ Energy loss of heavy quarks (charm and bottom) in dense matter◦ Elliptic ﬂow of heavy quarks in dense matter◦ Precise measurement of open heavy-quark
production◦ Modiﬁcation of jets by medium eﬀects• Measurements of gluon spin structure of nucleon◦ ∆G/G with heavy-quark production◦ ∆G/G with γ-jet measurement• Nucleon structure in nuclei◦ Gluon shadowing over broad x-range
These are key measurements that are required for future RHIC programs, both for the study of the dense
partonic matter produced in heavy-ion collisions andfor the measurement of the nucleon spin-structure
functions.
The VTX detector consists of two inner layers ofsilicon pixel detectors1) and two outer layers of silicon
strip detectors. The detector covers pseudo-rapidity|η| < 1.2 and azimuth ∆φ ≈ 2π.
The main points of progress this year are as follows.
• The US side of the project was started in US
FY07. The total budget is 4.7 M US dollars overfour years (FY07-FY10).
• The fabrication of the ﬁnal prototype (1.5 cm) bus
has been completed2) . The production of the bus∗1

LLR, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS-IN2P3, France
Oak Ride National Laboratory, USA∗3 Stony Brook University, USA∗4 RIKEN BNL Research Center, USA∗5 Niigata University, Japan∗6 Rikkyo University, Japan∗7 Iowa State University, USA∗8 Columbia University, USA∗9 Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA∗10 Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, Japan∗11 European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland∗12 High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Japan∗13 Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA∗2

References1)）A.
A.Taketani
Taketanietetal.:
al.:
RIKEN
Accel.
Prog.
41,
xxx）
1
RIKEN
Accel.
Prog.
Rep. Rep.
41, 162.
（2008(2008).
2）K.
Fujiwara et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 163（2008）.
2)）M.
K. Fujiwara
et al.:
RIKEN
Accel.
Prog.
Rep.Rep.
41, xxx
3
Kawashima
et al.:
RIKEN
Accel.
Prog.
41,(2008).
169（2008）.
3) M. Kawashima et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41,4）M.
.
xxxKurosawa(2008). et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 175（2008）
5
RIKEN
Accel.
Prog.
Rep. Rep.
41, 173
.
（2008
4)）M.
M.Kurosawa
Kurosawaetetal.:
al.:
RIKEN
Accel.
Prog.
41,
xxx）
6）R.
Ichimiya et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 171（2008）.
(2008).
5)）Y.
M.Onuki
Kurosawaal.: RIKEN
Prog.41,
Rep.
xxx）.
7
et al.:etRIKEN
Accel.Accel.
Prog. Rep.
16541,（2008(2008).
8）M.
Kasai et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 167（2008）.

- 161 -

6) R. Ichimiya et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, xxx(2008).
7) Y. Onuki et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, xxx

1

046(2008)
RIKEN
Prog.
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Overview status of the Silicon Pixel detector
for RHIC-PHENIX upgrade†
A. Taketani, Y. Akiba, J. Asai, N. Cassano,∗1 S. Chollet,∗2 B. Deepack, O. Drapier,∗2 A. Dress,∗1 H. En’yo,
K. Fujiwara, F. Gastaldi,∗2 R. Granier de Cassagnac,∗2 R. Ichimiya, J. Kanaya, M. Kasai,∗4 T. Kawasaki,∗4
M. Kawashima,∗4 K. Kurita,∗4 M. Kurosawa, E. J. Mannel,∗5 R. Muto, H. Ohnishi, M. Okumura,∗6 Y. Onuki,
C. Pancake,∗1 P. Riedler,∗7 E. Shafto,∗1 M. Sekimoto,∗8 W. Sondheim,∗9
M. Togawa, S. Watanabe∗6 , and K. Yamakoshi∗6
PHENIX is one of the major experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at the Brookhaven
National Laboratory. It has been exploring the spin
structure of the nucleon utilizing polarized protonproton collisions and characteristics of the Quark
Gluon Plasma created in heavy ion collisions. The
Silicon Vertex Tracker (VTX)1) will be implemented
in 2010 to enhance physics capabilities. It will be installed very close to the collision point and will cover| η |≤ 1.2 and | φ |∼ 2π by four layers of silicon sensors. It will be able to distinguish heavy quarks fromlight quarks by detecting a displaced vertex due to thelonger lifetime of heavy quarks, whose cτ ranges from100 µm to 400 µm.
The VTX is composed of two inner pixel layers andtwo outer strip layers. We are responsible for theformer. The pixel detector consists of pixel ladders,extenders, Silicon Pixel Interface Read-Out (SPIRO)
boards, and Front End Modules (FEM). The pixel ladder is composed of a thermal plate including a coolingtube structure, which is made of carbon fiber, four
sensor hybrid modules, and two readout buses. The
sensor hybrid module comprises a silicon pixel sensor
and four dedicated readout chips. The signal due toa passing charged particle is fed to the readout chipand converted to binary data. They are readout by
the SPIRO board through the readout bus and extender, and transmitted to the FEM via serial opticallink, which sends them to the PHENIX DAQ system.
One hundred twenty sensor hybrids must be checkedon a test bench before assembly. Ninety-eight modules
have been tested until this year. The modules 44, 6
and 48 are identified as good, usable, and bad sensors,
respectively.2)
A Cu-Al-polyimide based bus was fabricated as aprototype. It was assembled with sensor hybrid modules and its expected functionality was confirmed.
Also, the design of a preproduction version bus was
finalized and the bus is now under fabrication.3) Dur∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4
∗5
∗6
∗7
∗8
∗9

Stony Brook University, USA
LLR, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS-IN2P3, France
Niigata University, Japan
Rikkyo University, Japan
Columbia University, USA
Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industiral Technology, Japan
European Organization for Nuclea Research, Switzerland
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Japan
Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA

ing fabrication, the manual connectivity check for thefine pitch bus might take a long time. Therefore, anautomatic bus check system was developed4) and used
for testing the fabricated bus. In addition to reducing
the production time to only 10 min per bus, it identified many micro short circuits between signal lines
and the plane ground. Thus, the layout of the bus waschanged and its yield was improved markdly.
Digital and analog pilot chips are implemented on
the SPIRO board for controlling and giving reference
voltages to readout chips on the sensor hybrid modules. One hundred fifty pairs are required for the entire
PIXEL detector. They were tested with test benches
and their functionality was confirmed.5)
The assembly of the pixel ladder is required to havean accuracy less than 25 µm for precise tracking. The
mechanical design is almost finalized. Dedicated assembly benches and jigs have been developed. The
procedures for gluing the components of the ladder toeach other are established with a glue thickness of 100± 30 µm.6) The possibility of breaking the bonding
wire between the readout chip and the bus, due tothe vibration induced by the Lorentz force at a magnetic field, was increased. We tested it at the samemagnetic field and decided to encapsulate the entire
bonding wire.7)
A full chain test with a telescope of three layers
of prototype pixel ladders, extender, SPIRO, FEM,
and PHENIX DAQ system was performed and demonstrated the performance by utilizing cosmic ray.8)
Electrical integration was discussed from the viewpoints of bias voltage, low voltage, and grounding issues.9) The specifications of the power supplies were
finalized.
References

161 (2008)
1) Y.Akiba et al.:RIKEN Accel.Prog.Rep.41,xxx
2) M.Kurosawa et al.:RIKEN Accel.Prog.Rep.41,xxx
173(2008)
3) K.Fujiwara et al.:RIKEN Accel.Prog.Rep.41,xxx
163 (2008)
1694) M.Kawashima et al.:RIKEN Accel.Prog.Rep.41,xxx(2008)
5) R.Ichimiya et al.RIKEN Accel.Prog.Rep.41,xxx
171 (2008)
167 (2008)6) M.Kasai et al.: RIKEN Accel.Prog.Rep.41,xxx
165 (2008)
7) Y.Onuki et al.:RIKEN Accel.Prog.Rep.41,xxx
8) M.Kurosawa et al.:RIKEN Accel.Prog.Rep.41,xxx
175(2008)
179 (2008)9) E.J.Mannel et al.:RIKEN Accel.Prog.Rep.41,xxx- 162 -

1

048
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Development of ﬁne-pitch and low-material-budget readout bus for
PHENIX pixel detector
K. Fujiwara, A. Taketani, M. Kawashima∗1 , T. Kawasaki∗2 K. Yamakoshi∗3 , K. Takano∗3 , S. Watanabe∗3 ,Y. Akiba, H. En’yo, R. Ichimiya, Y. Onuki, M. Kasai∗1 and PHENIX VTX group
The PHENIX detector system at the relativistic
heavy ion collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National
Laboratory will be upgraded by installing a four-layer
silicon vertex tracker (VTX) by the summer of 2010.1)
The VTX consists of two inner silicon pixel detectors
and two outer silicon strip detectors. The VTX will enhance the physics capabilities to enable the investigation of new hot and dense nuclear matter in heavy-ion
collisions and the structure of the proton spin in polarized proton-proton collisions at the RHIC by identifying heavy quarks via the measurement of the displaced
vertex.1) Our group is responsible for making the Silicon Pixel Detector part.
The signals from pixel sensors are processed using
bump-bonded readout chips and converted to binary
data. One readout chip has a 32-bit data width. The
binary data are transferred to a SPIRO board?) via
ﬁne-pitch low material budget readout bus. The signal on the SPIRO board is converted to a serial opticalsignal and transmitted to the PHENIX DAQ system.
The signal transfer bus (Pixel Bus) has been developedwith several constraints from the target physics, radiation environment, and mechanical structure points ofview. The development status of the Pixel Bus is described in this report.
The Silicon Pixel Detector has principally four constraints in the detector side and in the production side,∼50 µsec of detector readout time, to avoid mechanical conﬂict with the neighboring detector sector, tominimize the multiple scattering and photon conversions, and to easily make and handle the Pixel Bus in
the production side. In terms of the detector readout
time, we have chosen to expand the number of parallel
32-bit data width in the original design of ALICE3)
to 128 bits. At ﬁrst, we modiﬁed the digital PILOT
chip, which has a 2 × 32-bit data width. The digital PILOT chip controls readout chips and multiplexes
a data.?) By using two digital PILOT chips for eachhalf-ladder,4) the Pixel Bus will have a 128-bit data
bus width. Four readout chips (4 × 32-bit data width)
can be read in parallel. However, this expansion requires a circuit with a four-times-denser layout fromthe original ALICE design on the bus. To avoid mechanical conﬂict with the neighborhood, a bus widthof 13.9 mm is required. To minimize the multiple scattering and make the photon conversion in the detector
as small as possible, the Pixel Bus has to be thin. Fi∗1
∗2
∗3

Department of Physics, Rikkyo University
Department of Physics, Niigata University
Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology

nally, to be satisﬁed with the production and handlingof the bus, the bus should be made up of a technology of Flexible Printed Circuit board (FPC), which ismade from a conductor of copper and aluminum and apolyimide insulator. The development of such a ﬁnepitch FPC is challenging but necessary for the project.
We have developed a new copper-aluminumpolyimide FPC that has 128-bit data bus width. The
advantage of the Pixel Bus is not only its ability toincrease the data bus width fourfold but it also has areduced material budget. For our bus, we are aiming
at less than 0.28% X0 in the radiation length. The
bus has six layers that consist of copper, aluminumand polyimide layers. It contains two signal layers,
two through-hole layers for manufacturing purposes, apower and a ground layer. The bus contains 188 longitudinal lines in total. The size of the bus is 13.9 ×
250 mm2 . Therefore, one signal and control line is 30µm in width and 30 µm internal in minimum with 3µm thickness.6,7)
During its development, the HSPICE simulator8)
was used to evaluate the performance of the Pixel
Bus, to characterize its own resistance and transmitting waveforms to simulate an ideal case. These simulated signals are compared with the signals on the
produced trial bus. The behavior of the propagation
signal and the crosstalk induced on the bus are estimated using the HSPICE simulator6,7) . In the simulation, ﬁrst, the geometrical model for the 2-D ﬁeld
solver of the Pixel Bus and the Extender is preparedas shown in Fig. 1.6) The Extender is connected to a
SPIRO board and supplies power and bias voltage to ahalf-ladder. Next, the library of the GTL driver in theFig. 1. Geometrical model of bus simulation.

ALICE1LHCb readout chip,9) the GTL receiver in the
Digital PILOT ASIC, and pull-up resisters with thepull-up voltage of 1.8 V are combined into the model
shown in Fig. 2.6) The top part is used for the evaluation of the propagation and the bottom part simulates
crosstalk on the adjacent signal line. Then, the square- 163 -

1

048
erty in the Pixel Bus has been established. The performance of the bus is conﬁrmed with HSPICE simulation and the chain test.10) The performance satisﬁes
the PHENIX design requirement from the electricaland mechanical viewpoints. For the mass production,a quality assurance procedure has been established.11)
It is an electrical inspection method using a Linux PC.
Finally, the mass production of the Pixel Bus will begin this year.
voltage (V)Crosstalk Simulation (Pixel Bus)
2.5

100 nsec

100 nsec2
1.5

Probe Point #1

1

Probe Point #2

0.5

Probe Point #3

00

Probe Point #2'
50

100

150

200

250

2

1

Signal (HSPICE)

0.5

0
0

220
Probe Point#1

Probe Point#2
For signal propagation

GTL Driver

Pixel Bus

Cu-Extender
220

50

100

150

Signal (Measured)
200

250

300

350

GTL Receiver
Probe Point#3

voltage (V)Cu-Extender

400
nsec

1.5

1.8V
Pixel Bus

350

Data signal propagation in Pixel Bus~ 100 nsec

GTL Driver300

Fig. 3. Simulation result for the bus with 220 Ω of pull-up
resisters.

voltage (V)digital pulse with 100 nsec width and the amplitudeof 1.8 V is injected as a signal from the ALICE1LHCb
readout chip. It is propagated to the GTL receiverthrough the bus and the extender. The simulation result with 220 Ω pull-up resisters is shown in Fig. 3. It
shows that the rise time of the waveform at the end of
the Extender (Probe Point#2) is ∼80 nsec, with a falltime of ∼15 nsec. Since the low level of the pulse falls
to 0.3 V, the noise margin is 0.5 V for the GTL threshold of 0.8 V. The maximum level of crosstalk (Probe
Point#2’) is 0.3 VPP . Probe Point#4, which is a digital readout result, indicates that the simulated pulse
has a 50% duty cycle, which is the same as the input
pulse. Consequently, the Pixel Bus with the Extenderand the 220 Ω pull-up resisters can transfer the data
correctly.6)
The result of the HSPICE simulation is comparedwith the propagation characteristic on the produced
bus with an oscilloscope. In the comparison, the propagated data signal and the crosstalk are measured on
test points on the SPIRO board. The analog bandwidth of an oscilloscope is 300 MHz and the passive
probe has the bandwidth of 500 MHz. The analog
bandwidth is suﬃciently high to observe these waveforms. Fig. 4 shows a comparison of the simulated
signal with the measured signal. They agree reasonably well and the crosstalk level is suﬃciently low. The

1.8V

400
nsec

Crosstalk in Pixel Bus
2

1.5

GTL Receiver
1

Probe Point#2’

Cross talk (HSPICE)

0.5

Cross talk (Measured)

For crosstalk0
0

Fig. 2. HSPICE model of Pixel Bus. (Top): Model forthe evaluation of propagation, (Bottom): Model for theevaluation of crosstalk.

bus resistance is measured on the prototype Pixel Bus
to compare with the simulation result. The resistanceof a signal line is 43.3 Ω from the simulation. The
measured resistance on a data line in the signal layer
is 40.7 ± 2.4 Ω, the resistance of a data line with three
through-holes is 50.4 ± 2.4 Ω. Therefore, the resistance of a through-hole is estimated to be approximately (50.4 Ω-40.7 Ω)/3 ∼ 3 Ω. This is consistent
with the value expected from the simulation within
systematic uncertainty; thus, the prototype bus seems
to satisfy our requirement.6) As a result, it is conﬁrmedthat the simulation agrees well with the propagationin the real bus. We tuned the pull-up resisters by thissimulation method, then we concluded that 220 Ω hasbest propagation characteristics.
In summary, we have successfully developed a veryﬁne pitch and low-material-budget readout bus for
the VTX upgrade. A simulation method using the
HSPICE simulator to evaluate the propagation prop-

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400
nsec

Fig. 4. Comparison of HSPICE simulation and measured
result for the Pixel Bus with 220 Ω of pull-up resisters.

References

1) Y. Akiba: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 161xxx, (2008).
2) R. Ichimiya: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 171
xxx,(2008).
3) A. Kluge et al.: Proc PIXEL 2002 Workshop (Monterey, CA) eConfC020909.
4) Y. Onuki: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 165xxx, (2008).
5) K. Fujiwara et al.: Czech. J. Phys. 55 (12), (2005)
6) K. Fujiwara, Development of a silicon pixel tracker foran experiment of high energy heavy ion and polarized
proton collisions, Doctoral dissertation, Niigata University, 2007.
7) K. Fujiwara, Conference record of IEEE in 2007.
8) Synopsys Inc: HSPICE Manual (2006).
9) W. Snoeys et al.: Nucl. Instr Meth. A466, 366, (2001).
10) M. Kurosawa, et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41,
173
xxx, (2008)11) M. Kawashima, et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41,xxx, (2008)169

2- 164 -

054
(2008)
RIKEN
Prog.
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Development of assembly procedure for PHENIX pixel detector †Y. Onuki, Y. Akiba, J. Asai, H. En’yo, K. Fujiwara, R. Ichimiya, H. Kano, M. Kasai,∗1 K. Kurita,∗1 M.
Kawashima,∗1 M. Kurosawa, R. Muto, H. Ohnishi,
A. Taketani, Y. Yamamoto∗2 and PHENIX VTX Collaboration
The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)1) ofBrookhaven National Laboratory
provides collisions of√polarized proton-proton s up to 500 GeV and heavy√
ion sN N up to 200 GeV. The PHENIX2) is one of two
major experiments at RHIC. The silicon vertex tracker(VTX)3) for the PHENIX detector will be installed in2010 to enhance the physics capabilities for both heavy
ion program and spin program. The upgrade will enable the precise measurement of the energy loss of thecharm and bottom quark separately in Quark Gluon
Plasma (QGP) at heavy-ion collisions. Fundamental
information on gluon polarization in the proton can beextracted from the measurement of the proton beam
helicity-dependent asymmetry of the heavy quark production. Both measurements are required for the identification of heavy flavor. The VTX will have a distance to the closest approach resolution better than 50µm, which enables us to separate the decay productsof the heavy and light flavor quarks, and identify thecharm and bottom quarks.
The VTX consists of two major parts: the inner twolayers are pixel-type sensors and the outer two layers
are strip-type sensors.4) The distance from the beamline for each layer is 25, 50, 100 and 140 mm, respectively. The inner two pixel layers have 10 and 20 pixel
sensor modules (ladder) in φ direction. RIKEN is assigned to fabricate all the ladders. A ladder is formed
using 4 sensor modules, a bus5) that is a flexible circuitboard made of copper, aluminum and polyimide, anda stave that is made of CFRP including cooling pipe.6)
We have been developing dedicated assembly fixtures
for the mass production of the ladder: The assembly
bench has a microscope with sufficient magnificationfor observing the alignment mark on the sensor module and a long-stroke X-stage with a magnetometer
which can measure the position with sub-µm accuracy. The alignment jig is used by placing it on theassembly bench and fixing the sensor modules by vacuum hole one by one independently. The X-Y-θ-stage
jig is used for sensor module alignment with under 10µm accuracy. The turn jig is used flipping over thealigned sensor modules and gluing the sensor modules
and stave. The details of the jigs and procedure for thealignment were already reported last year.7) We havebeen improving and developing more assembly procedures particularly for gluing and stacking both the bus
and stave into a ladder. Each component is glued using†∗1∗2

Condensed from the article in Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1827
(2000)
Rikkyo University, Japan
University of Electro-Communications, Japan

two-component epoxy paste adhesives, Araldite 2011,
which is known as radiation-hard adhesive.8) It is important to establish how to dispense the adhesive witha low thickness and a smooth surface without boids.
Thus, we have been studying how to optimize the dispensing parameters with a programmable robot andan adhesive dispenser9) .

Fig. 1. The stave jig has four bushes. Each pair of diagonalholes is used for the relative position determination of
the jigs to be placed properly with pins.

Fig. 2. The bus jig has many hollows on the surface for the
bus’s SMD (Surface Mount Device) to be placed flat.
The provided two pins are put through the two bushesof the stave jig as a guide for the proper location. Two
micrometers for thickness control are attached on thebackside of the figure.

The stave is placed on the stave jig, which is shown in
Fig. 1 and is developed this year, and then dispensed
adhesive. The stave jig with a silicon pad sticks thestave by vacuum chucking. It has two alignment pins
for the proper placing of the stave.
The bus-jig is also newly developed for use in placing and sticking two buses by vacuum chucking. Epoxy
adhesive is dispensed on the bus on the bus jig in thesame manner as that for stave gluing. Then the bus
jig is placed on the stave jig to glued to each other, as
shown in Fig.1. The thickness of the glue can be controlled with two micrometers provided by the bus jig.
Our target thickness is ∼ 100 µm and it was alreadyachieved with dummy components.9)
Sensor modules and buses are connected by 25 µmdiameter 4 mm-long aluminum wires by wedge bonding. The PHENIX DAQ trigger is sent to four sensor
modules from the bus via the bonding wires. It isalso a problem for us that the CDF experiment in the
Fermi National Laboratory shows10) that the bonding- 165 -

1

054
wire breaks because of the vibration induced Lorentz
force that interacts with the wire flowing a periodic
electric current in a magnetic field and the vibration
was suppressed by the encapsulation of the wire witha silicon encapsulant. To look at this issue in our detector, a simple test was carried out with a magnet,
which has a maximum field of 0.8 T esla. The bonding wire on the test board, which has a similar shapeand length was settled in the magnetic field. The field
and wire configurations were the same as that in the
PHENIX. The wire was terminated using the 50 Ω resistor and fed GTL level pulse to simulate the trigger
synchronized current. The vibration of the wire, whichis shown in Fig. 4 was observed using the CCD camera outside the magnetic field. The wire was broken
by feeding ∼ 10 mA, ∼ 7 KHz pulse within a minute.
The motion images were recorded in the PC and analyzed. Fig. 5 shows the vibration amplitude dependingon the GTL pulse frequency. It has clear resonance atapproximately 7 KHz. It is comparable to the current
PHENIX maximum trigger rate of ∼ 5 KHz and has
a possibility to coincide the trigger rate after PHENIXDAQ system is upgraded and the luminosity of the
RHIC is improved in the future. Thus, we decided
to encapsulate the entire wire with Sylgard 186 and184 manufactured by G.E. Dow Corning to avoid the
crucial vibration.
All the designs for components of a pixel ladder andassembly jigs were completed by the end of 2007 andwill be manufactured in start of 2008. The productionof the pixel ladder will begin in the spring of 2008.
1) H. Hahn et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. A 499,
245 (2003).
2) K. Ac et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 499,
469 (2003).
3) C. Woody, Proc.18th Winter Workshop on Nuclear
Dynamics, Nassau, The Bahamas 2002-1(EP Systema,2002); J. M. Heuser, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res.
A 511, 210 (2003); Y. Akiba, AIP Conf. Proc., 698, 785(2003); A. Taketani, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res.
A 541, 137 (2005); K. Tanida, Nucl. Instrum. Methods
Phys. Res. A 549, 75 (2005)
4) J. Tojo et al. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 51, 2337(2004); Z.
Li et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 541, 21(2005); Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 535, 404(2004). Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 518, 300(2004)
5) K. Fujiwara et al. RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 163
XXXX(2008).
6) Y. Onuki et al. RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40 205 (2006).
7) Y. Onuki et al, RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40 171 (2007).
8) ATLAS SCT Barrel Module FDR, SCT-BM-FDR,
2001.
9) M. Kasai et al, RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 167
XXXX(2008).
10) G. Bolla et al, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A
518, 277 (2005);

2

Fig. 4. Recorded movie of the vibration of wire in the circuit. Several wires can be seen as thin horizontal lines.
Squares located on both sides are the lands of electrodeof the circuit. Each movie was recorded in three seconds. The GTL pulse was switched off during the first,
and then switched on after two seconds.
Resonance frequency for bonding wire@3.83mm length

Ratio of widths of wire at GTL ON and OFF

References

Fig. 3. Gluing two buses and four sensors on the stave.

1.45
1.4
1.35
1.3
1.25
1.2
1.15
1.1
1.05
6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7

7.2
7.4
7.6
GTL signal frequency[KHz]

Fig. 5. Vertical axis is the ratio of the width of wires when
the GTL signal is on or off. Each width of the wirecomes from the sigma value fitted by Gaussian for thehistogram, which is the slice at the maximum resonanced plane (vertical line) from Fig. 4.

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Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Gluing for PHENIX silicon pixel detector
M. Kasai,∗1 Y. Onuki, Y. Yamamoto,∗2 K. Yamakoshi,∗3 A. Taketani, H. En’yo, K. Kurita,∗1 K. Fujiwara,
M. Kurosawa, M. Sekimoto,∗4 M. Kawashima,∗1 R. Ichimiya, Y. Akiba, and PHENIX VTX group.
PHENIX at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider is an
exploratory experiment for the investigation of high energy collisions of heavy ions and protons in Brookhaven
National Laboratory. We will install a silicon vertex
tracker (VTX) into most inner part from beam pipein 2010. The VTX enables tagging heavy-quark production (charm and beauty) in A + A and p(d) +A, polarized p + p collisions, namely it can measure
tracks from D-meson and B-meson decay and then distinguish the event including charm quark and the event
including bottom one. In addition, it leads to precise
measurements of reconstructing parton momentum in
γ + jet event by measuring momentum of charged particle from jet.
The VTX consists of pixel sensors at inner 2 layers(10 pixel full ladders and 20 pixel full ladders which
cover at r=2.5, 5.0cm with z=±10cm.) and strip sensors at outer 2 layers. Rikkyo university and RIKEN
are responsible for the pixel detector. These ladders
should meet following requirements from mechanicalpoints of view.

Fig. 1. Structure of a pixel stave

cedure for a stave. The equipment in Fig.2 was used
for gluing. Gluing is performed by a dispenser anda programmable robot. We tested several parameter
sets, dispensing pressure and needle, glue direction etc,with program. A glass plate, which surface is enoughsmooth, and an aluminum plate are substituted for athermal plate, and a sensor module, respectively. The
aluminum plate is easy to fabricate as same size of sensor module in width, length, and heiesght, and is muchcheaper than real one.

• Dimensional uniformity of entire VTX ≤25µm,
Pixel sensor modules alignment accuracy ≤10µm.
• Stress free semiconductor devices on the ladder.
• Assembly process should be done in the room temperature. However entire VTX will be operated in0◦ C.
• Glue which sticks each components on the ladder should be thin enough in order to maintainhigh thermal conductivity and minimize the ladder thickness.
Structure of the pixel stave2)3) is shown in Fig.1. It
is formed by a thermal plate, four sensor modules, andtwo readout buses. The thermal plate1) is made from a
CFRP plate and a cooling, which supports whole stave
mechanically. The sensor module is made from a pixel
sensor and four dedicated readout chips. The readout bus is a copper-aluminum-polyimide base flexible
printed circuit board. The assembly procedure has tobe established for mass production, 30 ladders and 10
ladders as spares.
The procedure for sensor modules alignment in pixel
assembly had been established with dedicated jigs in2006.4) We established the procedure to glue fourdummy sensor modules and a glass plate with a uniform gluing thickness of about 100µm.
In this report, we especially describe the gluing pro∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4

Fig. 2. A setup of gluing

The glass plate is placed on an alignment-jig and thedummy sensor modules are placed on a turn-jig. The
turn-jig is put on the alignment-jig and the offsets between the glass plate and dummy sensor modules areadjusted with micrometers to 100µm. This is because
we dispense the glue for 100µm thickness. Then theglue is dispensed on the glass plate as in Fig.3. Finally, the glass plate and the dummy sensor modules
are attached. During these steps, all parameters were
optimized.

Department of Physics,Rikkyo University
The University of Electro-Communications
Tokyo Metropolitan College of Aeronautical Engineering
KEK- 167 -

(1) Getting rid of bubbles with a centrifugal machine : 3 minutes at rotation radius 16.3cm with
2400rpm.
(2) Internal diameter of the dispenser needle is
1.06mm.
(3) Dispensing pressure is 0.220MPa or 0.230MPa.
(4) Gluing direction is only way Side A → Side B(The total is 12 lines.)
Gluing distance is 25cm including extra 2.5cm

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190
on both at begin and end, which is needed
to maintain a uniform pressure/glue dispensing
rate in the dispensing machine.
(5) Distance between the lines is 1.05mm.
The sweep speed is 30mm/sec and total 12
sweeps per stave takes about 2min.
(6) This procedure is done within 15min after mixing two component epoxy in the 23◦ C and from
40% to 50% humidity environment.

Fig. 3. The glue is dispensed on the dummy thermal plate
which is made by glass plate..

These works are done in the clean room. Elevensamples are fabricated and measured. The thicknessof sensor modules and glass plate are measured before
gluing by using a micrometer. After gluing, total thickness is measured and glue thickness is evaluated. Fig.4
shows the average thickness of the glue of each sample.
Gluing procedure with 100±30µm is established.

The first and third issues are fine with current solution. But in second one, it is not easy to eliminate
small bubbles. There are two concern with small bubbles in the glue. One is that bubles may expand or
explode and stress silicon devices which is very fragile.
Another is that heat conductivity may decrease.
The heat conductivity may be affected by the fraction of babble total volume in the total glue. It is verysmall effect and can be ignored. The glue dispensed
on the glass plate is exposed the heat cycle by using
peltier device. Temperature of the glue is monitoredby an infrared themography. The lowest and highest temperature are 0◦ C and 40◦ C respectively, which
are expected realistic senario of the VTX opeation. It
takes about 9 minitutes for one cycle, 0◦ C → 40◦ C→ 0◦ C. There are no observation of explosion under
7 times of heat cycle. Also it is estimated expansionof the bubble by measuring the projected bubble areawith a microscope. Some pictures at each temperature are taken with a digital camera. The projectedbubble area(S) in the picture is converted to a bubble
radius(r) when the bubble shape is assumed as a circle
whose area is S=π r2 . Fig.5 shows comparison between the measured-radius and equation of state, andFig.6 shows comparison with the coefficient of thermal expansion. Error bars show the r.m.s. of the 6measurements at each temperature. It seems that thethermal expansion of the bubbles is not issue for the
pixel detector from these result. Additionally no damage, no glue crack, and no peal off are observed during
the heat cycle.

Fig. 4. Thickness of glue. The variation by the different
measurement location on a sample

During defining the parameters, remaining issues areraised as listed below.
• Dispensing pressure does not reach to the intended
value by 0.07MPa just after a few second fromstaring. The pressure affects the dispensing rate.
At this moment, extra sweep length is needed tomaintain flat pressure.
• Glue is dispensed as line shape and it takes
a few minuets to merge into single flat plane.
There are no big bubble between lines, but small(0.01∼0.1mm) bubbles might remain after gluing
the glass plate and the dummy sensor modules.
• The glue at side A is about 30µm thicker than atside B.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

In summary, the way of diaspensing and gluing between thermal plates and sensor modules for PHENIX
pixel detector is established. The glue thickness is controlled with 100±30µm. The thermal expansion of the
bubbles is not issue for the pixel detector.
References
1) J. Asai: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 38, 235 (2005)
2) K. Fujiwara: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 38, 228 (2005)
3) H. Ohnishi: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 38, 230 (2005)
4) Y. Onuki: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 171 (2007)2- 168 -

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Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.4141(2008)

Quality assurance of fine-pitch and low-material readout bus forsilicon pixel detector
M. Kawashima,∗1 K. Fujiwara, A. Taketani, K. Kurita,∗1 Y. Akiba, R. Ichimiya, Y. Onuki, M. Kasai,∗1
M. Kurosawa M. Sekimoto and PHENIX VTX group
In the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic
Heavy Ion Collider in Brookhaven National Laboratory, the research utilizing high-energy heavy-ion collision and polarized proton collision is being advanced.
We plan to install a silicon vertex detector1) (VTX) to
improve the vertex tracking performance with higher
resolution of the PHENIX detector system.
The VTX consists of two inner pixel layers and twoouter strip2) layers. It is necessary to have 10 ladders at the first layer and 20 ladders at the second
layer in order to surround the collision point. A ladder is an unit of the detector to which is composedof a support, pixel sensor modules including bumpbonded dedicated readout chips3) and a readout bus4) ,as shown in Fig. 1.

flexible printed circuit board as the technical choice.
The width of the line is 30µm and the space between
two lines is 30µm. The industry-standard line/space is100/100µm. The readout chip is electrically connectedby the bonded wire, the pad of which is 100µm widewith a 120µm pitch. The number of connections to thechips per bus is 862. The SPIRO-side connection has
186 lines of connectors with 200µm.
Just after pattern etching during each layer formation, signal lines are visually checked using a microscope. Then these layers are stacked together andconnected via copper plated through holes. The connectivity of the stacked bus must be tested. The bus
has over 1000 pads to connect to the readout chips andthe SPIRO board, so it may be very time-consumingto
perform the check using prove needles. Therefore wedeveloped a connectivity check system. The system
consists of an extended bus part and PCI-based digital Input/Output boards (DI/O). The concept of thesystem is shown in Fig. 2. The signal lines at rth bonding pad for the readout chip are extended to the cardedge connector, which can be easily connected to theoutside DI by attaching cables with card edge connectors. On the SPIRO side, the lines from connector pads
are extracted and fed to DO. After confirming the connectivity, these extended part are cut off. DI/Os arecontrolled by LINUX PC through the PCI bus. The
circuit diagram of each connection is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 1. Components of pixel detector: A full stave consistsof 2 buses, 4 ladders, and 1 support. One half is electrically independent from the other half.

The pixel detector is required to have low material
budget, compact size and high-speed readout becauseof the conditions of physics measurement in PHENIX
experiment. The signal arising on the silicon sensor is
fed to a chip and converted to binary data. They aretransferred to the SPIRO5) board via a readout bus.
The SPIRO board receives parallel binary data andtransmits them via a serial optical link. One readout
chip has a 32-bit-wide data bus. In order to reduce
the readout time, four out of eight chips are read out
simulteniously. Thus the readout bus has to have a
4 × 32 bit-wide parallel line. It also needs other control
lines and voltage reference lines, so the total numberof lines is 188. However the pixel detector is at the
innermost part of the PHENIX detector and it is required ti have low material budget and to be compact.
We have selected a copper-aluminum-polyimide based∗1

Rikkyo University

Fig. 2. Concept layout of the bus check system: The bus
has extended parts which are connected to the DI/O.
They are controlled by a PC.

The principle of this system is that the TTL signal
us fed to a signal line on the SPIRO side and the TTL
signalis recieved on the readout-chip side. It is able topredict which lines recieves the true TTL signal with agiven input signal. We fed only one signal line simulteniously, and checked all sginal lines on the reaout-chip- 169 -

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Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of each connection: A signal lines
is driven by the TTL driver. The TTL level signal will
be recieved at the other end. In the typical case, one
signla from the SPIRO side may be distributed to one
to four places on the readout-chip side.

side. This test can privide the correct connectivity.
After developing the system, it was passed to the bus
manufacture with an operation manual. The engineer
can run it and identify the problem. It takes about 5
minutes to connect the extended part and the DI/O,
and 1 minute to run the software. The check result
is written into files. Hence we can share it and carryout discussions from remote locations. When the preproduction bus was manufactured, this check system
was used. One out of five samples was passed. Thismethod greatly improves the inspection stage in the
production of the readout bus. Two types of problems
were found. One was a simple mistake on the net list in
the design stage. The other was that some lines touch
the adjacent plane ground via unetched copper. This
problem was solved by widened the space between thesignal lines and the adjacent plane ground. The production yields were also greatly improved.
The fine-pitch and low-material-budget readout bus
for the PHENIX pixel detector has been manufactured
as part of the preproduction.A system for checking theelectrical connectivity of the bus was developed.
References

1) Y. Akiba et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41,xxx(2008)
1612) Z. Li, et.al.,”Novel stripixel detector for PHENIX Upgrade”,NIMA 518(2004)300-304
3) A. Kluge et al.: Proc PIXEL 2002 Workshop (Monterey,CA) ConfC020909.
4) K. Fujiwara et al.:
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep.
41,xxx(2008)
163
5) R. Ichimiya et al.:
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep.
171
40,xxx(2007)2- 170 -

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Prog.
(2008)
41(2008)
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Rep.41

Analogue and Digital Pilot Testing for the silicon pixel detector of
the PHENIX experiment†
R. Ichimiya, F. Gastaldi, ∗1 Y. Akiba, E. T. Atomssa, ∗1 R. Granier de Cassagnac, ∗1 S. Chollet, ∗1
O. Drapier, ∗1 H. E’nyo, K. Fujiwara, M. Kurosawa, E. J. Mannel, ∗2 H. Ohnishi, Y. Onuki, C. Pancake, ∗3
E. Shafto, ∗3 A. Taketaniand PHENIX VTX GroupAs part of the upgrade program of the PHENIX detector at RHIC, a silicon VerTeX tracker (VTX) 1–4)
is being developed for installation in 2010. The VTX
provides vertex tracking with a resolution of < 50µm
over a large coverage both in rapidity (|η| < 1.2) andin azimuthal angle (∆φ ∼ 2π). It consists of two inner pixel layers followed by two outer strip layers. We
are responsible for the pixel layers. Each pixel layer
is formed by 10 (first layer at 2.5 cm) and 20 (second
layer at 5 cm) ladders. Each pixel ladder consists of
two half-ladders with an active length of 11 cm covering the η > 0 and η < 0 regions. The readout
system for the pixel detector is thus divided into 60
subsystems; each subsystem contains one half-ladder,as shown in Fig. 1.

Digital Pilot ASICs, two Analogue Pilot ASICs, a control FPGA, two GOL high-speed serializer ASICs andthree OE/EO converters as shown in Fig. 2. It performs the following functions:• Sending control signals to the half-ladder.
• Multiplexing data from the half-ladder and sending it to the FEM via optical links.
• Providing slow control of the pixel readout chips
and the SPIRO board itself.
• Performs data format conversion to match the
PHENIX requirement.

Fig. 2. Block diagram of SPIRO.

Fig. 1. Pixel detector readout scheme.

Hit data at two pixel sensors are read out by eightreadout chips6) and sent through four 32-bit wide buses
on a half-ladder to a SPIRO board. The SPIRO board
receives data from the pixel bus and sends it to a FrontEnd Module (FEM) via optical data links. The FEM
receives data from the SPIRO boards, reformats it into
the standard PHENIX data format and transmits it to
the PHENIX DAQ system. In addition, it provides aclock, a trigger and slow control to the SPIRO boards.
1

SPIRO Board

As described above, the SPIRO board is the frontend electronics for the half-ladders. It consists of two
∗1
∗2
∗3

Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRSIN2P3, France
Columbia University, Nevis Laboratories, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, USA

The core component of the SPIRO board is the Digital Pilot ASIC. Each of the two pixel readout chip6)
pairs presents 256 × 2 sequential words of data to a
32-bit bus synchronously at a beam collision clock frequency of 10 MHz as shown in Fig. 1. To meet thereadout timing requirements of PHENIX, four readout chips are read out in parallel. To optimize thereadout speed and space factor, PHENIX Digital Pilot
ASIC5) with twice the number of input channels wasdeveloped using the same design rules and radiationtolerant technology as the original ALICE Digital Pilot
ASIC7) . The PHENIX Digital Pilot ASIC with 2 × 32
inputs can simultaneously read two 32-bit words fromtwo pairs of pixel readout chips. Each 32-bit input
handles the output from a pair of chips, which represents 512 sequential words of pixel data. An Analogue
Pilot ASIC provides several reference voltages using
on-chip DACs and monitors the voltages and currentsof 4 pixel readout chips using an on-chip ADC. We use
the ALICE Analogue Pilot ASIC without any modifications. The FPGA converts the data format to adopt
the PHENIX requirement and transfers the data fromthe PHENIX global clock (≈ 38 MHz) domain to a
low-jitter local clock (40 MHz) domain using an onchip FIFO. Two GOL ASICs serialize the 32-bit width
data into 1.6 Gbps.

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1

139
2

Digital/Analogue Pilot Testing

2.1 Test Setup
To test all 190 Digital Pilot ASICs and 204 Analogue
Pilot ASICs, two inspection boards were fabricated totest each ASICs. They equipped with a QFP IC socket,
control/readout ports and monitoring ports.

Fig. 3. Pilot ASIC Inspection Setup.

The test inspection setup basically has the same configuration as the SPIRO board. Serial commands weretransmitted from an external Pulse Pattern Generator module (PPG) and fed to the Digital Pilot ASIC
on the Digital Pilot Inspection board. To control andread back data from the Analogue Pilot, JTAG signallines and a reset signal line were connected between the
Digital Pilot Inspection Board and the Analogue Pilot
Inspection Board with fling wires as shown in Fig. 3.
Analogue Pilot DAC output voltages were measured
by a Keithley 2000 Digital Multi-Meter (DMM) with a
10 channel switch-box. Analogue Pilot ADC data werestored in its registers and read out by Digital Pilot
ASIC via the JTAG path. The readout data from theDigital Pilot ASIC were read out by a FIFO module.
The whole system i.e., the PPG module, the FIFO
module and the Keithley 2000 DMM, was controlled
by a Linux computer and all the readout data wererecorded.
2.2 Analogue Pilot Inspection
The Analogue Pilot ASIC inspection consists of
DAC output voltage measurement by the DMM, ADC
readout via the JTAG path and the JTAG registers
read/write test.

of range from either the normal output voltages or thenormal readback voltages. Some chips did not respondto DAC register setting. We found that 180 good chips
out of the 204 chips; there were 12 faulty chips and 12
chips with output voltages that slightly exceeded thenormal ranges or with pins that were deformed.
2.3 Digital Pilot Inspection
For Digital Pilot chips, which have a direct interface
with the pixel ladder, their inspection was carried out
with using a half-ladder and an old prototype SPIRO
board with a QFP IC socket. During this test, trigger
commands were sent to the Digital Pilot chips and thedata were read out. We observed the output data by
scanning the threshold value of the pixel readout chipfrom high to low. If the Digital Pilot functions well inthe test, uniform random hit patterns should be displayed as the threshold decreases. We then set test
pulse mask patterns on the pixel chips, and we outputted test pulses and trigger commands. This test is
to check Digital Pilot’s test pulse output function andcrosstalk in the Digital Pilot chip.
We found that there were 178 good chips out of the
190 chips.
3

Summary

To eliminate faulty Digital and Analogue Pilot chips
used in the SPIRO board before their assembly, they
were inspected. For Analogue Pilot chips, ADC output voltages were measured by a DMM and also readback by an on-chip DAC. We confirmed that the output voltages were in good agreement with readback
voltages. By this inspection, we verified that we had
178 good Digital Pilot chips and 180 good Analogue
Pilot chips. These are sufficient numbers for SPIRO
board fabrication for the PHENIX experiment.
References

Fig. 4. DAC output voltages (left) and their readback by
ADC (right).

Fig. 4 shows measured DAC output voltage for each
DAC register value and the corresponding readback
voltage measured by the ADC for good chips. Readback voltages obtained by the ADC agree well with
the DAC output voltages. We rejected chips with out

2- 172 -

1) Y. Akiba et al.: Proposal for a Silicon Vertex Tracker(VTX) for the PHENIX Experiment, BNL-722042004, Physics Dept. BNL (2004).
2) Y. Akiba et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 161
XXX(2008).
3) A. Taketani et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 162
XXX(2008).
4) E. J. Mannel et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41,
179
XXX (2008).
5) H. Kano et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 38 237(2005).
6) K. Wyllie: ALICE1LHCB Preliminary Users Manual
Version 3/7/01,
http://kwyllie.home.cern.ch/kwyllie/ALICE1LHCB.htm
7) A. Kluge: ALICE Silicon Pixel On Detector Pilot System OPS2003-The missing manual, ALICE-INT-2004030, CERN (2005).

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Quality assurance test of readout chips and pixel sensor hybrids for
PHENIX
M. Kurosawa, Y. Akiba, J. Asai, B. Deepak, H. En’yo, K. Fujiwara, R. Ichimiya, J. Kanaya, M. Kasai,
M. Kawashima, R. Muto, M. Okumura, Y. Onuki, P. Riedler, and A. Taketani
The PHENIX detector at RHIC-BNL has been upgraded with a silicon vertex tracker (VTX)1) surrounding a beam pipe with four cylindrical layers. The inner two layers are silicon pixel detectors (SPDs) andthe outer two layers are silicon strip detectors (SSDs).
In the plan of upgrading PHENIX VTX, the RIKEN
group is developing the SPD. The SPD is made up of
30 ladders, each of which consists of four sensor hybrids.2) A sensor hybrid is an assembly of a silicon
pixel sensor and four readout chips3) (ALICE1LHCb)
bump-bonded with 20-µm-diameter bumps to the sensor (bonded by VTTa) ). The readout chip has 8192
pixel cells arranged in 32 columns and 256 rows. The
pixel size is 50 µm × 425 µm. In preparation forthe mass production of the ladder, a quality assurance(QA) test is required for the readout chips and pixel
sensor hybrids to ensure that they can be used as detectors. This report describes recent results of the QA
test.
Figure 1 shows a picture of the QA system. It mainly
consists of a probe station (SUSS MacroTec), a probecard, a DAQ adapter board, VME equipment for a
DAQ system, and a Windows PC. A LabVIEW program running in the Windows PC is used for data taking and analysis. The measured and analyzed data
are sent to a PostgreSQL database server located at asecure area accessible only from the internal RIKEN
network. The database can be accessed from the webinterface in the secure area.

for the following parameters.
Items to be checked for readout chips:(1) Current consumption• The current consumptions of analog and digital circuits of the readout chips are measured.
(2) JTAG and DAC functionality• It is confirmed whether configuration settings
in the chip are readable and writable bymeans of a Joint Test Action Group (JTAG)
protocol.
• The digital-to-analog converter (DAC) linearity is calibrated.
(3) Mask functionality• The noisy pixels can be masked by a maskfunctionality.
(4) Minimum threshold and noise level• The minimum threshold in all pixel matrices
is determined.
(5) Mean threshold and mean noise for the complete
pixel matrix• The test pulse from the pulsar inside thechip is sent to each pixel cell and the mean
threshold and noise levels are determined.
Items to be checked for sensor hybrids:(1) Same tests as those in items 1, 3 and 4 and partof JTAG functionality test in item 2• The sensor is biased at 50 V during the measurements.
(2) Performance of SPD with β source (90 Sr)• Faulty bump bonds and maximum efficiency
are checked by β source measurement.
The tested readout chips and sensor hybrids are classified in three classes, Class I, II, and III. The chips
and sensor hybrids classified as Class I are used for theexperiment. Class II and III are not used for the experiment, but Class II is used for other purposes suchas the production of a prototype ladder.
The readout chips (sensor hybrids) categorized into
Class I satisfy the following criteria.

Fig. 1. QA test system in a clean room at RIKEN.

All the readout chips and hybrid sensors are tested∗1a)Tokyo Metropolitan College of Aeronautical Engineering
VTT Electronics, Tekniikantie 17, Epsoo, P.O. Box 1101,
FIN-02044 Epsoo, Finland- 173 -• Current consumptions lower than 350 and 270 mA
for analog and digital circuits, respectively.
• A complete JTAG and DAC functionality forreadout chips and a complete JTAG functionality for sensor hybrids.
• Mean threshold lower than 1800 electrons (4200

1

128

Fig. 2. Typical response of a sensor hybrid, categorized into Class I, to β rays. Good and faulty bumpbonds are shown in black and white, respectively.

electrons).
• Less than 1% defect pixels in mean threshold scan(and source test).
The QA test results of the readout chips are summarized in Fig 3. About 1030 Class I readout chips ofthem were used for bump-bonding with a pixel sensor.
The average of the mean threshold and mean noise for
the Class I readout chips are about 1400 and 120 electrons, respectively.

The main reasons of classification in Class III werea mask test error and a faulty bump-bonding, and one
or two readout chips out of four readout chips on thesensor had these errors. Such Class III sensor hybrids
can be repaired by a replacing bad readout chips withnew ones (rework process).
We obtained 1030 readout chips and 45 sensor hybrids classified as Class I. Since a total of 120 sensor
hybrids are required for the experiment, we need 75
Class I sensor hybrids more. About 50 sensor hybrids
will be fabricated and 38 Class III sensor hybrids will
be repaired by the rework process to obtain 75 Class I
sensor hybrids. The required time of QA is about 18
sensor hybrids per month. The QA test of the required
sensor hybrids for the experiment will be completed byAugust 2008.
References

1) Y. Akiba et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 161xxx(2008).
2) Y. Onuki et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 165
xxx(2008).
3) K. Fujiwara et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 38, 228(2005).

Fig. 3. QA test results of the readout chips.

Figure 4 shows the summary of QA test results.
About 100 sensor hybrids have been probed and 45
Class I sensor hybrids were obtained. The average ofthe mean threshold and the mean noise for the ClassI sensor hybrids are about 3300 and 150 electrons, respectively. A typical response to β rays from 90 Sr isshown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 4. QA test results of the sensor hybrids.

2- 174 -

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Cosmic-ray experiment with PHENIX silicon pixel sensor telescope
M. Kurosawa, K. Fujiwara, Y. Akiba, J. Asai, H. En’yo, R. Ichimiya, M. Kasai, M. Kawashima, Y. Onuki,
C. Pancake,∗1 E. Shafto,∗1 A. Taketani and the PHENIX VTX GroupPHENIX is an experiment aiming to study the spin
structure of nucleons and hot and dense matter at
Brookhaven National Laboratory’s Relativistic Heavy
Ion Collider (RHIC). PHENIX is being upgraded with
the introduction of a silicon vertex tracker (VTX) toextend its physics capability1) . The VTX is composedof a four-layer barrel detector, two outer silicon strip
detectors (SSD) and two inner silicon pixel detectors(SPD). The basic component of the SPD is a half ladder assembled using two sensor hybrids2) . One sensor hybrid has four readout chips bump-bonded toa silicon pixel sensor, with pixel sizes of 50 µm inthe z (row)-direction and 425 µm in the φ (column)direction3) . The sensor hybrids are wire-bonded to areadout bus4) , and the bus is connected to a readoutboard5) (SPIRO), which controls the readout chips andtransfers binary data to a DAQ system. The RIKEN
group have developed two types of readout bus, one isa 3.0-cm-wide Cu-polyimide-based bus and the otheris 1.5-cm-wide Cu-Al-polyimide-based bus. As a firststep, the 3.0-cm-wide bus was fabricated to perform anelectrical test by connecting it to a hybrid sensor and
SPIRO board. The 3.0-cm-wide bus was fabricated byindustrial-standard technology without R&D. In 2006,
a full chain test was successfully performed using the
3.0-cm-wide bus, the prototype SPIRO and a front end
module (FEM)6) . In 2007, we fabricated the 1.5-cmwide bus with new technology. To avoid a mechanicalconflict during the VTX construction, the width of thebus was reduced to 1.39 cm. By using Al, the radiation
length was reduced to one-quarter that of Cu. Then,
to verify the functionality of the Al-polyimide bus andperform the chain test with the PHENIX readout system, a chain test using cosmic rays was carried out at
Stony Brook University in September 2007.
The setup of the chain test using cosmic rays is basically the same as that of the previous experiment in2006. We used two previous prototype half ladders(using the 3.0 cm bus) and one prototype pixel ladder(using the 1.5 cm bus). Figure 1 shows the setup of
the telescope. The three prototypes are stacked lengthwise. All the half ladders are connected with the three
SPIRO boards. These SPIRO boards are controlled by
one FEM via optical fibers. The main roles of FEM
are to send the 40 MHz clock and serial commands,
and take serial data including hit information from theSPIRO boards. The trigger is made of a coincidenceof self-trigger signals (FastOR) on layer 0, layer 1 andlayer 2. The FastOR signal is generated when a cosmic
ray hits a sensor hybrid. If the FEM receives the trig-

ger signal, it sends a level-1 trigger to all half ladders,then hit information is sent to the SPIRO boards andstored in the FEM module. The stored data in the
FEM were read out by two ways: one was by a Window PC connected with a USB interface; the otherwas using a granule timing module (GTM) and a datacollection module (DCM). The later way is the same
configuration as a PHENIX DAQ system.
In the chain test, the prototype detector and DAQ
system were confirmed to be well functioning by thetelescope configuration consisting of three pixel layers
connected with the readout system.

Fig. 1. Setup of cosmic-ray experiment. The vertical distance between the sensor hybrids was 60 mm. Sensor
hybrid B was not used in the experiment.

A total of 75 cosmic-ray events with hit on three sensor hybrids were obtained. We estimated the intrinsic
resolution of the hybrid sensor from these cosmic-ray
events. A typical cosmic-ray event is displayed in Fig.
2. The top three images show the hit positions of thecosmic-ray on each sensor hybrid after clusterization.
The bottom image represents a reconstructed track obtained from the least-squares fit with the hit positions(cross points) on each layer after the position alignment.
The position alignment of the sensor hybrid werecarried out by translation (colshif t , rowshif t , zshif t )and rotation (colrot , rowrot , zrot ). The ’col’ and’row’ indicate the column and row direction, respectively. The parameters, zshif t , colrot and rowrot , wereassumed to be zero because they were not effective
the position alignment. The translation and rotation
parameters were determined by minimizing the chisquare defined as  (col − coltrk )2 (row − rowtrk )2 
2
trk

χ =

hits

∗1

Stony Brook University, USA

2
σcol

+

trk

2
σrow

.(1)

The coltrk and rowtrk are the intersection position- 175 -

1

130
The position resolution of the sensor hybrid is dueto two components. One is the intrinsic position resolution and the other is the effect of multiple scatteringin the support of the sensor hybrids. We obtained the
intrinsic position resolution by estimating the effect ofmultiple scattering.
The procedure of the estimation for multiple scattering is same as that carried out in the analysis, lastyear. The resolution due to multiple scattering was
calculated under the following conditions.
• The momentum of cosmic rays at ground level isused a known momentum distribution7) .
• The energy loss of the 4 GeV cosmic rays passing
through concrete with an average thickness of 6 m
is 2.5 GeV (The experiment was performed in anunderground area of a six-story building.).
• The thickness of the scattering material is estimated to be the average thickness of the material
through which the particle passed.
Fig. 2. Event display of typical cosmic ray event. (a)-(c)Square points represent the clusterized hit position oneach layer. (d) The cross points and straight line are
the hit position and reconstructed track, respectively.

of a line connecting the hit positions on layer 2 and 0.

The coltrk and rowhit are the alignmented hit position
for translation and rotation defined as below.


coltrk = colhit − rowhit zrot + colshif trowtrk = rowhit + colhit zrot + rowshif t

(2)
(3)

Here, colhit and rowhit represent a hit position on asensor hybrid.

Fig. 3. (a) and (b) are the residual distributions in thecolumn and row directions, respectively, on layer 1.

From the calculation under the above conditions, theresolution from the multiple-scattering effect was calculated to be 35 µm. Thus, we obtained the intrinsic
position resolutions in the column and row directions
to be σcol = 150 ± 16 µm and σrow = 94 ± 17 µm,
respectively. The error is the statistical error not including the systematic error.
The measurement of cosmic rays has been performed
with silicon pixel sensor hybrids and a 1.5 cm bus at
Stony Brook University. Seventy-five clear tracks ofcosmic rays were measured. The 1.5 cm bus has beenworking without problems.
References

1) Y. Akiba et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 161xxx(2008).
2) Y. Onuki et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 165
xxx(2008).
3) K. Fujiwara et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 38, 228(2005).
4) K. Fujiwara et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 186(2007).
5) R. Ichimiya et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 176(2007).
6) M. Kurosawa et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 180(2007).
7) J. Kremer et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4241-4244 (1999).

Figure 3 shows the residual distributions of layer
1 after the alignment. The residuals in the column
and row directions were defined as (coltrk − colhit ) and
(rowtrk − rowhit ), respectively. The standard deviations of these residual distributions were calculated tobe 192 ± 20 µm and 122 ± 20 µm in the column androw directions, respectively. These standard deviations
were used to obtain the intrinsic position resolution of
a sensor hybrid.

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Beam stopper and Mott polarimeter for T-violation experiment
H. Kawamura∗1 , M. Fukuda∗2 , Y. Hirayama∗3 , D. Kameda, J. Komurasaki∗2 , K. Matsuta∗2 , M. Mihara∗2 , J.
Murata∗1 , T. Nagatomo, K. Narita∗1 , D. Nishimura∗2 , T. Toyoda∗1 , M. Uchida∗4 , H. Ueno, and H. Yoshimi[Mott polarimeter, β decay, spin polarization, symmetry]
A beam stopper and a Mott polarimeter for a time
reversal violation experiment have been developed.
The transverse polarization of electrons emitted fromspin-polarized nuclei can be determined by measurement of the asymmetry that arises from the scatteringsof the electrons from high-Z nuclei. A non-zero valueof the electron transverse polarization component normal to the plane spanned by nuclear polarization andthe electron momentum implies the violation of time
reversal symmetry (T).
Polarized nuclei are implanted in a stopper to which
an external static magnetic field is applied. The polarimeter should be closely positioned to the stopper,considering the detector solid angle. A small permanent magnet is employed instead of an electromagnet.
It is not necessary to change the intensity of the magnetic field and to keep the homogeneity, unlike in βNMR measurement. The magnetic field intensity B0must be as small as possible in order to minimize thebending of electron tracks. On the other hand, thepolarization relaxation time T1 has to be sufficiently
longer than to the lifetime. T1 depends on the B0 ,temperature, and material of the beam stopper. In
the present study, the B0 and material dependences of
T1 are measured prior to the T-violation experiment.
A polarized 8 Li beam is obtained via the 7 Li(d,p)8 Li
reaction using the Van de Graaff accelerator of Osaka
University. 8 Li is implanted in the metal stopper towhich the external magnetic field is applied at room
temperature. The polarization relaxation is measured
by the β-NMR method. Determined T1 is shown in
Fig. 1. As a result, we choose Pt with greater than
500G at normal temperature as the stopper for the
T-violation experiment.
Regarding the polarimeter, multi-wire drift chamber(MWDC) is utilized as an electron tracking detector1) .
The size of the MWDC is 640mm×510mm×240mm,
and its effective area is 440mm×300mm. It consists of
6 sense layers (XX UU VV ) with a wire gap of 10mm
and a pitch of 10mm. First, an offline experiment using
a checking source is performed. A β-source (90 Sr/Y,
Emax =2.2MeV) is placed at the entrance window, anda 300-µm-thick Pb foil is placed at the opposite side
window. Consequently, it is shown that the backscattering of Mott scattering of β-ray with Pb foil can bedetected. Mott scattering for a backward angle has a
∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4

Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK, Ibaraki
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Fig. 1. T1 vs B0 . The lifetime of 8 Li is 838msec. T1 roughly
becomes longer as B0 increases. The data point of Al
includes a large error owing to a low material purity,and other factors.

small cross section and a large asymmetry. The figureof merit is maximized at ∼110◦ . The obtained angular
distribution is compared with the results of a MonteCarlo simulation (Fig. 2). The obtained width of theresidual distribution is less than 10◦ . It is smaller than
the scale of the angular dependence of the asymmetry.
Therefore, it can be said that the MWDC has sufficientability to work as a Mott polarimeter.

Fig. 2. Obtained angular distribution of Mott scattering.

In addition, a DAQ system and a pintle mount for
online experiment have been developed. The entire
Mott polarimeter consists of a beam stopper with magnets, 9 scintillation counters, and a MWDC. Currently,
we have assembled the experimental apparatus, andcarried out performance evaluation. The T-violation
experiment at the polarized 8 Li beamline of KEKTRIAC was performed in April 2008.
References
1) H. Kawamura et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 167(2007).

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RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Development of centrality filter and pion detector
for heavy ion collision experiments
M. Nitta*1, T. Akiyama*1, K. Ieki*1, T. Ikeda*1, S. Ebesu*2, H. Oishi*1, H. Kawamura, A. Kitabata*1, E. Takada*3, T. Toyoda*1,
Y. Nakai, K. Narita*1, S. Nishimura, K. Ninomiya*1, Y. Hara*1, Y. Haki*1, M. Matsushita*1,
T. Murakami*2, J. Murata*1 and H. Sakurai[collision centrality, pion detector, TOF]
The physical properties of hot and dense nuclear matterin an isospin asymmetric nuclear collision are the target ofstudy in RIBF. In order to determine the collision impact
parameter, we have developed a Centrality Calorie Meter(CCM). In addition, we have also developed a pion range
counter in the present
study. The results ofa test experiment
performed at HIMAC
are described. As aprobe of collisioninacentrality
nucleus-nucleus
collision,
emitting
particle multiplicity
Fig. 1. The Layout of CCM
is often used. In thepresent study, instead of measuring the multiplicity, we
attempt to measure the total transverse energy to obtaincentrality information. A test experiment for the CCM test
was performed at HIMAC in July 2007. The experimental
setup is shown in Fig. 1. Pure CsI scintillators are located in
the forward and sideward directions. An indium target and
400MeV/u Xe-139 beam were used. In order to confirm thatthe sideward CCM can function as a centrality filter, acorrelation between the sideward scintillator and theforward scintillator was expected to be observed. As a result,
we succeeded in finding the forward-sideward cor- relation(see Fig. 2).In a central collision, a large amount oftransverse energy is emitted in the sideward direction; on
the other
hand,
a
small
number of
nucleons
originatingfrom theincident
nuclei are
injected totheforwardFig. 2. Forward-sideward correlation
calorimeter.
䋪1

Department of Physics, Rikkyo University

䋪2

Department of Physics, Kyoto University

䋪3

Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, NIRS, Chiba, JapanFor thedetection of
the pions,
ʌ+ĺȝ+ + Ȟȝ
decay
isused. Wecan identify
the stopped
pion events
inthepresence ofFig. 3. Pion events observed withstrong backthe pion range counter.
ground eventsby selecting the double-pulse events from the muon decay.
A performance test of the pion range counter was performedin December 2007, and January 2008 at HIMAC. A
0.1-1.9mm (0.5mm) Pb target and 600MeV/u (400 MeV/u)
Ne-20 beam were used on December 07 (January 08).
Four plastic scintillators were placed in a line. In
addition, in order to measure the TOF and ǻE of pions, a
TOF wall consisting of plastic scintillators was built. The
results obtained using the range counter are shown in Fig. 3.
PL1, PL2 and PL3 indicate the first, second and third
scintillators respectively. The correlation between PL1 and
PL2+PL3
is shown in
Fig. 3. Pion
events areclearlyobserved toformaȁ-shapedline. The
“slope” ofthe ȁ lineisthepenetrated
pion event,Fig. 4. Pion events observed withandthethe TOF counter
opposite is
stopped event. As shown in Fig. 4,similar results are also
observed using the TOF counter.
In these experiments, it is confirmed that CCM exhibits
satisfactory performance as a centrality filter and the pionrange counter can identify the pion event.

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RIKENAccel.
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Overview of the Readout Electronics for the Silicon Vertex Tracker
for the PHENIX ExperimentE.J. Mannel,∗1 Y. Akiba, E.T. Atomssa,∗2 D. Bista, M. Bobrek,∗3 C.L. Britton,∗3 S. Chollet,∗2 V. Cianciolo,∗3
L.G. Clonts,∗3 A. Deshpande,∗4 O. Drapier,∗2 K. Fujiwara, F. Gastaldi,∗2 R. Granier de Cassagnac,∗2 R.
Ichimiya, J. Kanaya, M. Kasai,∗5 M. Kawashima,∗5 K. Kurita,∗5 M. Kurosawa, R. Nouicer,∗6 C. Pancake,∗4 H.
Pei,∗7 , P. Riedler∗8 E. Shafto,∗4 A. Taketani, S. Watanabe,∗9 K. Yamakoshi,∗9 Y. Yamamoto, and
the PHENIX VTX Group[RHIC, PHENIX, Silicon Detectors, Electronics]
The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy
Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory has approved the silicon vertex tracker (VTX)
upgrade to be installed in 2009, in preparation for initial data taking during PHENIX Run 10. The goalof the VTX upgrade is to provide precise measurements of heavy-quark production (charm and beauty)
in A+A, p(d)+A and polarized p+p interactions at
RHIC. These are essential measurements for future
heavy-ion and spin-physics programs at RHIC. In addition, the precise tracking capabilities of the VTX will
provide signiﬁcant improvements to other PHENIX
physics measurements.
The VTX consists of two detector sub-systems, thepixel detector and the stripixel detector. The VTX
provides nearly full coverage in azimuth over the rapidity range of |η| < 1.2, with 50 µm resolution in the
distance to closest approach. A preliminary design ofthe central detector is shown in Fig. 1.
The pixel detector consists of two inner barrels, eachapproximately 22 cm long. The ﬁrst barrel with a radius of 2.5 cm is built from 10 pixel ladders, while
the second barrel is built from 20 pixel ladders.1–3)
Each ladder is constructed from two half-ladders which
are mounted on a carbon composite stave which provides mechanical support and cooling for the ladder.
A schematic drawing of the half ladder is shown in
Fig 2. Each half-ladder consists of two sensor modules
mounted on a multi-layer readout bus (pixel bus). The
pixel detector uses the ALICE1LHCb readout chip designed by the CERN EP-MIC group for the ALICE
and LHCb experiments.4) Four readout chips, thinned
to 150 µm are bump-bonded to a sensor module.
The pixel bus is a ﬁne pitch kapton/copper/aluminum
printed circuit board (PCB) providing power and control signals to the readout chips and brings data out
∗1
∗2
∗3
∗4
∗5
∗6
∗7
∗8
∗9

Columbia University, Nevis Laboratories, USA
Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRSIN2P3, France
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, USA
Rikkyo University, Japan
Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA
Iowa State University, USA
CERN, CH-1211, Geneva Switzerland
Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, Japan

Fig. 1. A cross-section view of the proposed VTX showing
the two inner pixel barrels, two outer stripixel barrels,
and cooling and support structure.

Fig. 2. A schematic overview of a pixel half-ladder.3)

to the Silicon PIxel Read-Out (SPIRO) module on a
128 bit data bus. The half-ladder is connected via a
bus extender to a SPIRO module which provides all
voltages, control and timing signals and reads out thedata for a half ladder. The SPIRO module is connected
via optical ﬁber to the pixel Front End Module (FEM)- 179 -

1

078
which is the interface to the PHENIX data acquisition
system. The pixel bus and bus-extender are being designed and built at RIKEN. The ﬁnal prototype of the
pixel bus is shown in Fig 3.

Fig. 3. The ﬁnal prototype pixel bus prior to attachmentof the sensor modules and and connectors. The 500 Yen
coin provides the scale.

The SPIRO module is used to control and readout
the the ALICE1LHCb chips. Two PHENIX Digital
Pilot ASICs located on the SPIRO board each readout two ALICE1LHCb chips in parallel at a rate of
10 MHz, allowing a half ladder to be completely readout in 51.2 µsec, achieving a maximum data rate of∼ 20kHz. The PHENIX Digital Pilot ASIC was developed by the RIKEN group using the same design
rules and radiation tolerant technology as used for the
ALICE Pixel Pilot ASIC.5) Data from the PHENIX
Digital Pilot chip is serialized with the Gigabit Optical Link (GOL) chip which is radiation tolerant andcapable of transmitting data at 1.6 Gbits/sec.6) TheSPIRO module also has two Analog Pilot chips usedfor voltage control and monitoring on the half-ladder.7)
The SPIRO modules are being designed and built at
LLR-Ecole Polytechnique in France.
The Pixel FEM is the interface between two SPIRO
modules and the PHENIX DAQ and slow control systems. Commands, initialization parameters and clock
timing information is transmitted to the SPIRO modules and pixel data is received from the SPIRO modules. In addition, the FEM formats the pixel data into
standard PHENIX data packages prior to inclusion of
the data into a PHENIX data stream. The pixel FEM
is being designed and built at Stony Brook University.
Prototype pixel buses, bus extenders, SPIRO boards
and pixel FEMs were used to build a cosmic ray test
stand which was successfully tested at Stony Brook
University in October of 2007. The system consisted of
a 1.5 cm pre-production bus and two 3.0 cm prototype
buses forming a 3 layer cosmic ray telescope. During
the tests, approximately 100 cosmic ray events wereobserved in the telescope.8)
The stripixel detector forms the two outer barrelsof the VTX. The inner barrel with a radius of 10 cm
consists of 18 ladders, and the outer barrel at a radiusof 14 cm consists of 26 ladders. Each ladder contains
5 or 6 stripixel sensor modules for the inner and outerbarrels of the stripixel detector respectively.
Each sensor module consists of a silicon stripixel sensor with x and u strips on the same side of the siliconsensor.9) The u strips are rotated 4.6◦ with respect
to the x strips to provide stereo readout of the sen-sor. The silicon sensor is attached to the ReadOut
Card (ROC) and the modules are mounted on a carbon ﬁber stave which provides the mechanical support
and cooling for the ladder. Each ladder is readout fromone end to a stripixel FEM located near the detector
which provides the interface to the PHENIX data acquisition system.
Readout of the stripixel sensor is controlled by the
ROC which has 12 SVX4 chips developed at Fermi
National Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory.10) Each SVX4 chip reads out 128 strips
which are digitized with 8 bit ADCs, allows for onboard zero suppression, has a 46 deep pipeline buﬀer
and is radiation hard. Control of the readout is doneby the ROC Control Chip (RCC), a custom radiation
tolerant ASIC designed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. All RCCs on a ladder share a common bus
which is also connected to the Pilot Module (PM). The
PM passes all data between the stripixel FEM and theladder and provides voltage regulation, ﬁltering anddistribution to the ladders. The stripixel FEM serves
as the interface between the ROC’s and the PHENIX
DAQ and slow control systems. The ROCs, PMs andFEMs are being designed, prototyped, and built at
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the sensor module assembly and ladder construction is being done at
Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Final prototypes of the PIXEL bus, bus extender,
and SPIRO modules have been built. A system test of
the prototype modules was successfully completed at
Stony Brook University in October 2007. Fabricationof production components is to start in the ﬁrst halfof 2008. We expect to start assembly of the ﬁrst pixel
buses in 2008, with all ladders ready for installation
into the detector in time for the data taking during
PHENIX Run 10 starting in 2009. Prototyping of sensor modules and read out electronics for the stripixel
ladders continues with production of ladders scheduled
to start in 2009, and installation scheduled to be completed in 2010 in time for PHENIX Run 11.
References
1) H. Kano, et al. : RIKEN Accel Prog. Rep. 39(2006)211
2) K. Fujiwara, et al.: RIKEN Accel Prog. Rep. 41(2008)3) R. Ichimiyma et al.: RIKEN Accel Prog Rep. 41 (2008)
4) K. Wyllie: ALICE1LHCB Documentation (2001)
5) A. Kluge: ALICE Silicon Pixel On Detector Pilot System OPS2003-The missing manual (2005)
6) P. Moreira et al.: GOL Reference Manual (2005)
7) G. Anelli, R. Dinapoli, A. Kluge: Speciﬁcation of thedigital control part of the ANAPIL2 (2004)
8) M. Kurosawa, et al.: RIKEN Accel Prog. Rep. 41(2008)
9) Z. Li et al.: Nucl. Instr. and Mth. A 518 (2004), 535(2004), 541 (2005)
10) L. Christofek et al.: SVX4 User’s Manual (2003)

2- 180 -

174
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Development of the front-end electronics for the muon trigger in
RHIC-PHENIX experiment
Y. Fukao for the PHENIX MuTr FEE Upgrade Group
The PHENIX experiment aims to reveal the spin
structure of the proton. One of the mysteries in the
study of the proton spin structure is the contribution ofsea quarks to the proton spin. Currently, we only knowthat the total polarization of the sea quarks is slightly
negative, and no measurement that can directly reveal
the ﬂavor of the sea quarks has been performed. Our
goal is to determine the polarization of the sea quarks
and their individual ﬂavor by measuring a single helicity asymmetry in W boson production during thecollisions of polarized protons. Since the W boson is
produced by the weak interaction, there are many advantages of this method. One is that the theory of
the weak interaction is well understood and the measurement of the asymmetry can directly connect to thepolarization of the sea quarks. The second is that the
W boson couples with the quark ﬂavor selectively. The
third is that quarks with negative helicity or antiquarks
with positive helicity participate in the reaction due tothe V −A structure of the weak interaction. For thesereasons, measuring the W boson is a promising method
studying the spin of the sea quarks.
W bosons are measured by detecting highmomentum muons from their decay, using the muonarms in the PHENIX experiment.1) Figure 1 shows
the side view of the PHENIX detector. Two muonarms are located forward and backward of the collision point. The muon arm consists of a muon identiﬁer(MuID) and a muon tracker (MuTr). MuID comprises
ﬁve layers of chambers sandwiched by steel walls. Particles that penetrate MuID are identiﬁed as muons.
MuTr comprises three stations of tracking chambers ina radial magnetic ﬁeld. The two stations near the collision point include three cathode-readout strip chambers each, while the last station has two chambers. In
total, there are six or four active cathode planes in eachstation because the cathodes of both sides are read out.
The direction of the nonstereo cathode strips is radial
and the stereo strips are tilted by about 10 degrees.
Therefore, MuTr is sensitive to the azimuthal positionof the muon. The momentum of a muon is determinedfrom the curvature of its track. One of the greatest
diﬃculties in measuring a W boson is that the trigger
rate will be too high at the designed luminosity for
500 GeV operation to record all events in the current
setup, in which muons with a momentum of more than
2.5 GeV/c can penetrate MuID and ﬁre the trigger.
We are developing a new trigger system for the muonarm. The system performs rough particle tracking online and triggers events with straight tracks as possible
high-momentum muons. To implement such a func-

Fig. 1. Side view of the PHENIX detector.

tion into PHENIX, two types of hardware are planned
to be installed, a resistive plate chamber (RPC) andtrigger boards for MuTr (MuTRG). The trigger will be
generated as a combination of RPC and MuTRG. RPC
provides the two-dimensional position of the muon andthree stations will be installed in each arm. One of
the features of RPC is its good timing resolution ofa few nsec. The timing of the new trigger will be
determined by RPC. MuTRG contributes to providing the position in the azimuthal direction, which issensitive to the momentum of the muon, with minimum modiﬁcation to the PHENIX detector. Figure 2
shows a schematic diagram of MuTRG. The signal
from the cathode strips of MuTr is divided into twolines. 95% of the charge of the signal is sent to the existing electronics, MuTr-FEE (front-end electronics),
to measure the position oﬄine. The remaining 5%
is used for MuTRG. It is ampliﬁed and discriminated(MuTRG-AD2) ), then transmitted from the interaction region to the counting room (MuTRG-TX), where
signals from several MuTRG-TX boards are merged(MuTRG-MRG). Finally, the trigger is generated in
combination with RPC at the level 1 trigger board.
The hit information from MuTRG is also sent to adata collection module (DCM) and recorded.
During summer 2007, we performed a test experiment at PHENIX to evaluate MuTRG-AD and TX
boards. The boards were installed in part of MuTr andthe data by a cosmic ray were collected. The outputof MuTRG-TX was received by a temporary interface
board and sent to the PHENIX readout system. The
data were recorded by a standard PHENIX DAQ andmerged with the data from MuTr-FEE. The purposeof the test experiment was twofold. One was to evaluate the eﬀect of MuTRG-AD and TX on the existing
MuTr-FEE and the other was to evaluate the performance of MuTRG-AD and TX themselves.

- 181 -

1

174
St1_eff_selected_mrg_blt
Entries
95
Mean
30.05
RMS
12.22
χ2 / ndf
49.75 / 67
p09.451 ± 0.121
p1
3.972 ± 0.193

efficiency

St1_eff_selected_mrg_blt
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of MuTRG.

Pedestal RMS / MPV of MIP

It is important to maintain the performance of MuTr
when it operates with MuTRG. Because the noise in
MuTr-FEE is increased by adding MuTRG-AD, which
degrades the position resolution of MuTr, the eﬀectof MuTRG on MuTr-FEE must be minimized. Figure 3 shows the noise level of MuTr with MuTRG-AD
and TX. The noise level is deﬁned as the ratio of thepedestal RMS (root mean square) to the MPV (mostprobable value) for the MIP (minimum ionization particle). The noise level was increased by 30% after installing MuTRG-AD and TX. This corresponds to thedegradation of the position resolution from 100 µma)
to 120 µm, and a simulation shows that this is acceptable. It also turned out that the position resolution
is recovered by increasing the high voltage (HV) of
MuTr by 25 V. In addition to studying the noise level,
we evaluated the detection eﬃciency of MuTr and noserious problems were found.
HV = 1900 V, Average = 1.369± 0.013 %

0.03

0.025
0.02

0.015
0.01

0.005
00

HV = 1925 V, Average = 1.025 ± 0.011 %
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80
90
strip number

Fig. 3. Noise level for a part of MuTr after MuTRG-AD
and TX were installed. The horizontal axis is the number of the cathode strip. The open circles were measured with nominal HV for MuTr (1900 V). The ﬁlled
circles were measured with HV increased by 25 V. The
averages over the strips are shown in the ﬁgure.

To evaluate the performance of MuTRG, we examined its eﬃciency, the noise in MuTRG-AD and thetiming resolution, which are directly related to the rea)

2

0

10

20

30

40

50

q value

Fig. 4. Turn-on curve of MuTRG eﬃciency. The q value
corresponds to the calibrated charge. MPV for MIP has
a q value of 17. The data is ﬁtted to a function of theGaussian integral. p0 and p1 indicate the center andwidth of the rising edge, respectively.

jection power of the trigger. Figure 4 shows the turnon curve of the eﬃciency of MuTRG-AD. The threshold for the signal in MuTRG-AD was set so that the
fake hit by noise was 1 kHz, the eﬀect of which is negligible in terms of the rejection power. The turn-on
curve was ﬁtted reasonably well to a function of theGaussian integral with the eﬃciency at the plateau
ﬁxed to 1. Based on the turn-on curve, we obtained
an eﬃciency of 91% for MIP for the single-cathodeplane. Therefore, when we take the OR of two cathodes in the same station, the eﬃciency becomes 99%.
The timing resolution of MuTRG was evaluated to be∼60 nsec, although the time distribution is not Gaussian but asymmetric. About 95% of the signal from
MuTRG was included in a gate of 318 nsec.b)
From the results of the test experiment, we produced
a combined board of MuTRG-AD and TX, and conﬁrmed that the noise in both MuTr-FEE and MuTRG
is consistent with the results of the test experiment.
To ﬁnalize the development of MuTRG-AD and TX,
we plan to carry out another test at PHENIX. The
board with the combined MuTRG-AD and TX will be
installed into half of MuTr in summer 2008. The development of MuTRG-MRG will also be completed atthat time.3)
References
1) PHENIX collaboration: Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A499,
537, (2003).
2) K. Shoji et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 184(2007).
3) K. R. Nakamura et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41,
183
xxx (2008).
b)

The position resolution of 100 µm was evaluated at atest bench.1) This resolution has not yet been achieved at
PHENIX and a study to achieve it is underway.

- 182 -The interval between the intersections of beams is 106 nsec
at RHIC. The trigger timing is determined by RPC. However, increasing the gate for MuTRG causes a fake track anddegradation of the rejection power. The gate of 318 nsec is
considered acceptable on the basis of a simulation.

176
RIKEN
Prog.
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Speciﬁcation of Data-Merging Board andData-Collecting-Module Interface Board for Muon Trigger Upgradeat RHIC PHENIX
K. R. Nakamura∗1 and the PHENIX Collaboration∗2
One of the goals of the PHENIX experiment at
RHIC is the understanding of the spin structure of a
proton. The spin structure of a proton contains many
unknown properties and one of them is the spin distribution function of each sea-quark ﬂavor. To solve
this problem, as a part of the PHENIX experiment weplan to measure the single-spin asymmetry of the Wboson production
AW
L of proton-proton√ cross section
1)
scattering at s = 500GeV.
For this measurement we need to detect muons produced by W boson decay in the forward and backward
directions.2) In the PHENIX detector system, the forward muon detection is performed by a muon arm,3)
which consists of cathode strip chambers (MuTr) for
tracking and momentum measurement, and ﬁve wirechambers (MuID) with alternating layers of steel walls
for hadron absorption (Fig. 1).
In the measurement of W boson production, Wbosons are identiﬁed by the detection of hightransverse-momentum muons over 20GeV/c, since inthe low-momentum-region background events are dominant compared with W boson events. However, thethreshold momentum of the current trigger system is
up to 2.5GeV/c. When the√ designated RHIC luminosity of 2×1032 cm−2 s−1 at s = 500GeV is achieved, thereaction rate is expected to be 12MHz. At this threshold level of MuID, its rejection factor is about 250 andthe trigger rate is 48kHz. Since the bandwidth of the
PHENIX data acquisition system is 2kHz, it is still ineﬃcient to acquire W boson data using this system.
Thus, a new trigger with a rejection rate of over 6000
is needed for eﬀective measurement. This implies thenecessity of a trigger system with a higher threshold of
momentum of over 20GeV/c.
A new trigger system using the MuTr signal is being
developed. This system uses 5% of the Coulomb chargeof the cathode strip signal to provide hit informationand only produces a trigger for high-momentum muon
events. The proposed system is shown in Fig. 2. Currently, the R&D of the ampliﬁer-discriminator board(MuTRG-AD), which ampliﬁes and discriminates 5%of the strip signal to obtain a hit signal, and that ofthe data-transfer board (MuTRG-TX), which serializes the 64-bit signal from the AD board for transmission from the interaction region to the counting
house through an optical cable, are nearly complete.4)
The combined AD and TX board (MuTRG-ADTX)∗1∗2

Department of Physics, University of Kyoto
We also collaborated with O. Sasaki and M. Ikeno at KEK.

is now being developed. The trigger system collects
MuTr hit data from two cathode planes per station.
Each cathode plane is covered by several MuTRGADTX boards. Thus, a data-merging board (MuTRGMRG), which collects and reorders the signals of these
MuTRG-ADTX according to strip ordering and transmits them to the ﬁrst-level trigger board (LL1 board),
which produces the trigger signal, is necessary.
The most important role of MuTRG-MRG is tomerge the hit data and transmit it to the LL1
board.Since a number of MuTRG-ADTX are installedin each cathode plane, one MuTRG-MRG must be able
to handle 1.2Gbps hit signals from 10 MuTRG-ADTX.
Data from each MuTr-ADTX arrives synchronouslywith the beam clock and contains a beam-clock counter
number (BCLK), which represents the event number,and hit information obtained from the MuTr strip.
MuTRG-MRG checks the consistency of the BCLK
from all MuTRG-ADTX. After this check, the board

Fig. 1. Side view of forward/backward PHENIX detector
system.

Fig. 2. Proposed upgrade of system. The R&D of MuTrgAD and MuTrg-TX are almost complete.

- 183 -

1

176
Table 1. Summary of control signals of MuTRG-MRG and ADTX through VME bus
MuTRG-MRG side
FPGA conﬁguration, Reset, Initialization,
Test signal input, Error detect, Mask conﬁguration,
Test signal readout, Link status, Chip control

discards unnecessary data originating from parts of the
AD boards unconnected to the chamber and reorders
the residual valid data according to the strip arrangement. The hit data from the two cathode planes arecompressed by using logical OR (or AND) on the two
signals of the pair of strips. Finally, MuTr-MRG transmits the ordered data to the LL1 board through an
optical cable at a data rate of about 2.8Gbps. Achieving the data rate is the most challenging work on thedesign of MuTRG-MRG. In this way MuTRG-MRG
handles the data of at most 192 cathode strips.
Once the MuTRG-ADTX are installed inside MuTr,
they are not directly controllable. Thus, the second
important role of MuTRG-MRG is to control MuTRGADTX remotely. Control signals from the operator aretransferred to MuTRG-MRG using a VME bus, and
MuTRG-MRG distributes these signals to MuTRGADTX through an optical cable. Table 1 shows asummary of the control signals of MuTRG-ADTX and
MuTRG-MRG.
Upon a request from the PHENIX trigger, the
MuTRG-MRG sends triggered hit data to the datacollecting-module (DCM), which collects the hit data
for the further analysis. Since MuTRG-MRG transmits the triggered data to the DCM after trigger isreceived, it must memorize the event data transmitted to the LL1 board until the trigger signal arrives.
Thus, MuTRG-MRG is designed to store the data ina shift-register of more than 40 events.
An interface board is necessary to merge and serialize the triggered data from a number of MuTRG-MRG
to transmit large amount of data from all the MuTRGMRG to the DCM. This new board is called the DCMinterface board (MuTRG-DCMIF) and is now also being developed. MuTRG-DCMIF has two roles in thisnew system. The ﬁrst one is to collect MuTRG-MRG
signals and transmit serialized signals to DCM throughan optical cable as mentioned above. One MuTRGDCMIF can connect 16 MuTRG-MRG and handle thedata from these 16 boards. The second role of theboard is to receive control signals from the global timing module (GTM), which provides the trigger, beamclock, reset signal, initialization signal, and other features in the PHENIX DAQ system. MuTRG-DCMIF
selects the trigger, beam clock, reset, and initialization signals from the GTM signal to distribute them to
MuTRG-MRG, and the MuTRG-MRG transmits thereset and initialize signals to MuTRG-ADTX. In thisway, the whole system can receive the GTM signals.

2

ADTX side
FPGA conﬁguration, Reset, Initialization,
Test signal input, AD threshold conﬁguration,
Chip control

Fig. 3. System setup of MuTRG-MRG and DCM I/Fboards. The hit signals bring to Counting House fromInteraction Region.

The system setup of MuTRG-MRG and MuTRGDCMIF is shown Fig. 3. Four VME crates are needed,and 16 MuTRG-MRG and one MuTRG-DCMIF areamounted on each crate. These boards are 9U in heightand 280mm in depth.
The MuTRG-MRG and MuTr-DCMIF boards are
now undergoing R&D. MuTRG-MRG will be completeat the beginning of April 2008, and MuTRG-DCMIF
will be complete in summer 2008. Testing of the prototypes at the KEK test bench before their production
and installation in the PHENIX system is scheduled
for this summer.
References
1) G. Bunce et al.: Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 50, 525(2000).
2) C. Bourrely and J. Soﬀer: Phys. Lett. B 314, 132(1993).
3) URL: http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/WWW/muon/muon.html
4) Y. Fukao et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 181xxx(2008).

- 184 -

III. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES II(Material Science and Biology)

1. Atomic and Solid State Physics(ions)151(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41RIKENFirst-principles electron dynamics simulation for optical breakdownof dielectrics under intense laser field
T. Otobe,∗1 M. Yamagiwa,∗1 J.-I. Iwata,∗2 K. Yabana,∗2 T. Nakatsukasa, and G. F. Bertsch∗3

∗1

∗2
∗3

Advanced Photon Research Center, JAEA
Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba
INT, University of Washington, USAnnk

The bottom panel (c) shows the excitation energy percarbon atom as a function of time.
At the beginning, when the applied electric field isweak, the response is dielectric: Etot (t)  −1 Eext (t),with the static dielectric constant of diamond,   6.
At t ≈ 15 fs, the number of excited electrons and theexcitation energy show a rapid increases. Simultaneously, the total electric field becomes out of phase to
the applied electric field, signaling a large energy transfer. This change may indicate an optical breakdown.
Detailed investigation is now in progress.

Electric field [V/Å]15
10

Laser field
Total field (Laser+Induced)

(a)

5
0
-5
-10

-1

-1

where n(r, t) is the time-dependent density given byn(r, t) = i |ψi (r, t)|2 , and µxc (r, t) is the exchangecorrelation potential. The orbitals ψi (r, t) are specified
by band index n and Bloch wavenumber k. The time tot (t) isdependent, spatially uniform vector potential Acomposed of the external and induced ones, Atot (t) = ext (t)+ A ind (t). The external vector potential A ext (t)A
is related to the electric field of the applied laser pulse, ext (t)/dt. The induced vector poten laser (t) = −dAE ind (t), expresses the electric field caused by thetial, A
polarization.
Figure 1 shows results for diamond. The laser pulse
is characterized by the maximum laser intensity, I0 =1 × 1015 W/cm2 , the laser frequency, h̄ω = 3.1 eV,
and the pulse duration, T = 40 fs. The top panel (a)of Fig. 1 shows the time profile of the electric field.
 tot (t) are presented by dotted and solid laser (t) and E
E
lines, respectively. The middle panel (b) shows thenumber of excited electrons per carbon atom, which isdefined asδnn − |φnk |ψnk (t)|2 .
(2)nex (t) =Excitation energy [eV atom ] Excited electron [atom ]The interaction of ultrashort laser pulses with dielectrics has been a subject of intense study for boththe fundamental interest as well as for possible applications. A key physical process in the interaction, theoptical breakdown of the medium, is a highly nonlinear
optical process but is not yet fully understood. The optical breakdown causes a reproducible structural modification of the dielectric, making the process suitable
for micromachining, medical surgery, and other technical applications. However, the first-principles computational approach has not been applied to the electron
dynamics for bulk systems irradiated by intense ultrashort pulses. In the present article, we report our attempt to describe the optical breakdown of dielectrics
based on the time-dependent density-functional theory(TDDFT).
The TDDFT enables us to treat the ionization ofboth multiphoton and tunneling mechanisms. It also
incorporates the dynamical screening effect, which isone of the important many-body correlations. We apply the TDDFT to diamond, a prototype of a typicalinsulator. Our computations are performed using aformalism that was originally developed for the calculation of the dielectric function of crystalline solids.1)
Assuming the long-wavelength limit and that the pulse
laser is represented by a time-dependent spatially uni laser (t), the electronic motion isform electric field E
described by the following time-dependent Kohn-Sham(TDKS) equation for single-particle orbitals ψi (r, t):

2
e
1 
∂
(t)
+ Vion (r)p + Aih̄ ψi (r, t) =
tot
∂t
2m
c


e2

+ dr
n(
r
,
t)
+
µ
(
r
,
t)
ψi (r, t),(1)xc|r − r |

0.8
0.6

(b)

0.4
0.2
0.0
10
8

(c)

6
4
2
0
0

10

20

30

40

Time [fs]Fig. 1. TDDFT simulation for diamond under a laser pulse.
See text for details.

References
1) G. F. Bertsch et al., Phys. Rev. B 62, 7998 (2000).

- 185 -1

153
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Pulse-luminescence continuum in heavy-ion tracks in case of extremely weakatomic interaction in condensed rare gases
Kazuie Kimura, Masanori Koshimizu*1, Hiromichi Ryuto, Keisuke Asai*1, and Masayuki KaseBy time-resolved spectra of time resolution of 85
ps, we found unknown ultrafast luminescence fromincipient track cores㩷 by 2-MeV/nucleon heavy-ion
in insulator crystals. Such luminescence could beobserved evidently for alkali halides and metaloxides while negligibly slight luminescence wasobserved in SiO2 and none in diamonds which areformed by covalent bonds. It can be characterized
as follows1, 2). The luminescence rises from vacuum
ultraviolet region in some crystals and covers avisible end. It has a structure comprised of broad
peaks. Its efficiency is largely dependent on theatomic number of the projectile ion, i.e. excitation
density and also on target solids, probably theirbond nature. The efficiency increases super-linearlyin many cases with excitation density. This meansthat the luminescence is produced by multiple
interactions among precursors. The lifetime of theseprecursors should be less than 100 ps since thedeconvoluted decay curve of luminescence fit to an
exponential function and has no tail. The lifetimesof known excited states are too long to be theprecursors. The luminescence efficiencies is largely
dependent on the target material: in case of alkali
halides, the efficiency increases in the order of massof halogens such that iodides have about 100 times
stronger luminescence than fluolides. Lastly, thisluminescence is independent of temperature in therange between 3K and 350 K. Almost all electronic
excited states in the solids are known to be unable
to survive at 350 K. Therefore, the present
luminescence should be unusual one which has
spectroscopic nature unchanged by temperature
increase. This means that the spectrum obtainednear 350 K is due to neat ultra-fast luminescencesurviving after the other luminescence disappeared.
Since the spectrum comprises continuum, we callthe ultra-fast luminescence UFLC (ultra fast
luminescence continuum). The photoemission
mechanism is, we propose, stimulated emission
through interaction among near-continuum states,
i.e. stimulated emission of hot bands. Thismechanism is the most applicable for alkali halides.
Broad peaks of UFLC are interpreted due to Stokes
shift similarly to self-trapped excitons. It is notedthat time for hole-trapping (2ps) is much shorter

than the time till electrons ejected diffuse, return toholes, and create self-trapped excitons (100ps). Also,
holes in alkali halides are essentially halogen atom,
X0, which has no longer ionic bonds withsurrounding ions which work as a network to
diffuse excess energy. In exchange, the extremely
high-dencity of continua and hot bands stimulate
photo-emissions. By contrast, diamond has 4 bonds
a carbon atom that can keep their networks against
ionization. Therefore, the escape probability of theexcess energy depends on the bond order and its
strength. However, strong VUV-UFLC of MgOseems to be not interpreted by this mechanism but
by extra dynamics of holes, though the detail is notdescribed here. Now, if above network mechanism
is true, what happens in liquid or solid rare gases?
There are no atom-atom attractive forces except forthat of van der Waals force at ground states. Since
the hole is isolated, strong UFLC could be expected.
We will try to measurer UFLC and its dynamical
data for condensed rare gases using a cryomonochromator shown in Fig.1. and our ion-photon
time correlation system.

Fig.1. Cryo-monochromator; a grating is concave one with a
focal length 197 mm, blaze wavelength of 50 nm and it looks at
the sample directly Time-correlation system using 8ch
MCP-PMT is the same as the one used in Ref. 2.

References

1) K. Kimura, J. Kaneko, S. Sharma, W. Hong, and N. Itoh,Phys. Rev. B 60, 12626(1999)2).K. Kimura, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res., B 212, 123(2003)*1 graduate school of eng. Tohoku Uni.

- 186 -

088
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41RIKEN

Dynamic features of beam guiding by insulator capillaries
Y. Kanai, M. Hoshino,∗1 T. Ikeda, T. Kambara, R. Hellhammer,∗2 N. Stolterfoht,∗2 and Y. Yamazaki∗1∗2

Department of Physics, Sophia University
Hahn-Meitner Institute, Berlin, Germany

References

6000
4000

Ne7+ Tilt Angle = 2.8 deg
4(a) 3.5 keV
Deflection Angle 3

2000

2
Intensity00
100 200
6000(b) 4.9 keV
4000
2000

0
I = 50pA-1
300 400
4

Deflection Angle 3

2

Intensity

4000

0
0

1

0
I = 50pA-1
300 400
4

0
0
100 200
6000(c) 7 keV Deflection Angle

2000

1

Deflection Angle (deg) Deflection Angle (deg) Deflection Angle (deg)Intensity (arb. unit)

Intensity ( arb. unit)

1) N. Stolterfoht et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 133201 (2002).
2) T. Ikeda et al.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163502 (2006).
3) K. Schiessl et al.: Phys. Rev. A 72, 062902 (2005).
4) Y. Kanai et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 258, 155(2007).
5) N. Stolterfoht et al.: Phys. Rev. A 76, 022712 (2007).
6) N. Stolterfoht et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 225,
169 (2004).
7) M. Fürsatz et al.: J. Phys. Conf. Series 58, 319 (2007).

Intensity ( arb. unit)

The electric property of insulator surfaces can beused to guide slow ions along the axis of an insulator
capillary.1,2) Qualitatively, this guiding process can be
explained as the deflection of ions by charge patches
produced on the capillary surface by the preceding ionsurface collisions.1,3) Here, we present experimental results indicating the relationship between the growth ofthe charge patches and the behavior of the guided ions.
We performed experiments at RIKEN with Ne7+
ions from a 14.5 GHz ECR ion source.4,5) Beam energies were 3.5, 4.9, and 7 keV, and beam intensities
5 - 200 pA at the target position. The typical beam
divergence was smaller than 0.5◦ . The diameter ofthe beam at the target was 1-1.5 mm. A polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) foil was attached to the target
holder and rotated. The PET foil included capillaries
with a length of 10 µm and a diameter of 200 nm. The
capillary density was 4×106 capillaries/cm2 . To avoid
the macroscopic charging of the surface of the PET
foil, Au was evaporated on the front and exit sides.
We used a two-dimensional position-sensitive detector(PSD) consisting of MCPs and a wedge-and-strip anode. It was set 170 mm from the target and rotated on
the horizontal plane around the target. The vacuumin the chamber was lower than 1×10−5 Pa.
Typical experimental results for 3.5 - 7 keV Ne7+ are
shown in Fig. 1. Here, the PET capillary was tilted by
2.8◦ with respect to the incident beam direction andthe beam intensity was 50 pA. The transmitted intensities and deflection angles of the beams were plotted as functions of the charge accumulating at the foil
surface. The deflection angles moved along the tilted
direction in accordance with the intensity evolution.
Although this behavior seems to be a general feature
for the beam guiding effect4–7) , a detailed study has
not been done.
The increase in deflection angle with the intensity
evolution in Fig. 1 may be attributed to the growth ofa charge patch at the entrance region of the capillary.
Moreover, the decrease in deflection angle after the
maximum in Figs. 1 (a) and (b) may be attributed
to the growth of another charge patch in the capillary.
Plural patch formation was shown by simulation.3) It
is noted that this oscillatory behavior of the deflection
angle along the tilted direction was clearly observed at
low energies of 3.5 and 4.9 keV, and was not observed
at 7 keV, as shown in Fig. 1. At the energy of 7 keV,
the second patch may not be formed and the guided
ions may be deflected only once by the patch in theentrance region.

3
2

Intensity

10

I = 50pA-1
100 200 300 400
Deposited Charge (nC)

Fig. 1. Deflection angle (•) and intensity (×) evolutions oftransmitted 3.5, 4.9, and 7 keV Ne7+ ions as functionsof charge deposited at PET foil. The tilt angle was 2.8◦
and the beam intensity was 50 pA. The deflection angle
was deduced from the peak position at the PSD.

- 187 -

1

108
(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Density enhancement of slow highly charged ion beams
focused by tapered glass capillary
T. Ikeda, Y. Kanazawa,∗1 Y. Kanai, T. M. Kojima, M. Hoshino,∗1 Y. Iwai, and Y. Yamazaki∗2

∗1

∗2

4 mmφ

Al plate

8+

Ar

2 mmφ

Glass
Capillary
inlet
outlet
0.8 mm φ
0.9 - 24 µm φDeflector

Al foilA

aperturePSD
40 mmφ125 mm

110 mm~ 50 mmFig. 1. Schematic view of experimental setup1) .

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Enhancement factor σ

We have developed a method to produce ananometer-sized slow highly charged ion (HCI) beamwith a single tapered glass capillary. The ions entering
the glass capillary hit the inner wall and consequently
cause the wall to become charged. When the accumulated charge becomes sufficiently large to preventthe subsequent incident ions from touching the innerwall, the ions travel more or less parallel to the wall,and then the ions can exit from the outlet. When the
diameter of the outlet is smaller than that of the inlet, a density-enhanced beam is realized. The glass
capillary has the following advantages for producing
a nanobeam of slow HCIs; (1) the size of the output
beam is the same as the outlet inner diameter, (2) ionscan be reflected from the inner wall without close collision, keeping their initial charge states, and (3) the
taper can enhance the density of the output beam.
An ion beam of 8 keV Ar8+ was extracted from a14.5 GHz Caprice ECR (electron cyclotron resonance)
ion source at RIKEN, and injected in a glass capillary
made of borosilicate2) , and finally detected by a PSD(position-sensitive detector) after a deflector (Fig. 1).
The deflector was used for the charge-state analysisof transmitted ions. The outer and inner diametersof the capillary at the inlet were 2 mm and 0.8 mm,
respectively, and those at the outlet were 55 µm and
0.9-24 µm, respectively. (Hereafter, Dout for the outlet
inner diameter.) Aluminum foil was used to monitor
incoming ion currents of 0.1 - 100 pA.
For a capillary of Dout = 24 µm, the transmitted
beam was obtained even when the capillary was tilted
by ±87 mrad (=±5◦ ) with respect to the beam direction. Its divergence of ±5 mrad without the chargetransfer inside the capillary was observed, where thetransmission rate was at most 1%. Without tilting thecapillary, the maximum counts at the PSD was about
1600 cps for an entering current of 0.2 pA. The density enhancement factor σ was introduced as the ratioof Nt /So to Ni /Si , where Nt is the number of transmitted ions, Ni the number of injected ions into thecapillary, and So and Si the geometrical outlet and inlet cross sections of the capillary, respectively. For thismeasurement, the density of the output beam was approximately 10-fold that of the input beam (σ ∼10)1) .
However, density enhancement may depend on beamenergy, the charge state of ions, ion mass, input current intensity, outlet size, and surface conductivity of
the capillary among others. We examined the input
current dependence of density enhancement. Figure 2

1

10

100

Input current [pA]
Fig. 2. Input current dependence of enhancement factor for
8 keV Ar8+ beam.

shows the enhancement factor as a function of input
current without tilting the capillary (Dout = 20 µm).
The measurement errors of input current and enhancement factor were due to input-beam fluctuation andwere estimated to be about 10%. The enhancement
factor was found to decrease from 6 to 1 with the input
current varying from 0.8 pA to 30 pA. To confirm theupper limit of the enhancement, measurements with
input currents less than 0.8 pA are required.
References
1) T. Ikeda, Y. Kanai, T. M. Kojima, Y. Iwai, T. Kambara,
Y. Yamazaki, M. Hoshino, T. Nebiki, and T. Narusawa:
Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163502 (2006).
2) T. Ikeda, T. M. Kojima, Y. Iwai, Y. Kanai, T. Kambara,
T. Nebiki, T. Narusawa, and Y. Yamazaki: J. Phys.
Conf. Ser. 58, 68 (2007).
3) T. Ikeda, Y. Kanai, T. M. Kojima, Y. Iwai, Y.
Kanazawa, M. Hoshino, T. Kobayashi, G. P. Pokhil, andY. Yamazaki: J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 88, 012031 (2007).

Department of Physics, Sophia University
Also at the Institute of Physics, University of Tokyo- 188 -

1

091
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Precision measurement of Ar+∗ with collinear laser spectroscopy
V.Lioubimov,∗2 M.Wada,∗1 M. Ogawa,∗3 A.Takamine,∗1,∗3 T.Nakamura,∗1 P. Schury,∗1 H.Iimura,∗4 K.Okada,∗5
H.A.Schuessler,∗2 and Y.Yamazaki,∗1,∗3

∗1
∗2

∗3
∗4
∗5

Atomic Physics Laboratory, RIKEN
Department of Physics, Texas A&M University
Graduate School of Arts and Science, University of TokyoJapan Atomic Energy Research InstituteDepartment of Physics, Sophia University

Fluorescence Intensity (Counts/bin)

1000

io0107045

800

parallel

600

400

200
anti-parallel
n=1944319

0

f_beat (para)n=1940271

0

200

400
600
channel number

1.
0.

f_beat (anti)

800

Beat Frequency (MHz)Precision laser spectroscopy on a metastable 40 Ar+
ion beam has been performed with a collinear fast
beam setup1) and two (parallel and anti-parallel) laser
radiations. Collinear laser spectroscopy has been used
for systematic measurements of nuclear charge radii
through the isotope shift of atomic levels. For such a
purpose, one usually doesn’t need absolute resonancefrequencies but only needs diﬀerences of resonance frequencies among isotopes. If such relative values areconcerned, a single laser radiation at ﬁxed frequency
can be used for spectroscopy and the isotope shift canbe determined from the Doppler shift by scanning thebeam velocity. However, a measurement of the absolute transition energy provides important additional
information. Recent atomic theory can predict atomic
level energies with great accuracy which allows us todeduce the absolute value of the nuclear volume eﬀect.
In particular certain atomic levels can be probes forthe possible variation of the fundamental constant.2)
We measured the 2 G7/2 −2 F5/2 transition (λ0 ≈ 617nm) of a40 Ar+ metastable ions at a beam energy of 20
keV. A 20-keV Ar ion beam was provided by a plasma
ion source and mass separated by a 90-degree dipole
magnet. The ﬂuorescence detection region of the beamline was located at a ﬁxed potential of -150 V in order
to avoid optical pumping before a photo multiplier detects laser induced ﬂuorescence (LIF). The resonant
frequency of such an accelerated beam is obviously
very sensitive to the beam energy. The sensitivity is
13 MHz/V in the present case. The acceleration voltage was stabilized to <0.1 V using an accurate voltage divider and a software PID feedback loop. Even
when the acceleration voltage was constant, we stillobserved noticeable velocity drifts which were mainly
due to the ion source conditions. We therefore measured LIF in parallel and anti-parallel conﬁguration
simultaneously using two independent lasers. The frequencies of two radiations were also measured simultaneously using an optical frequency comb generator.
A mode-locked femto second laser with a microstructure ﬁber provides millions of narrow peaks in the frequency domain with an exact interval of the repetition rate of the laser (frep = 250 MHz) in the visible
to IR spectral ranges. Two dye laser radiations weremerged and interfered with the comb radiation andthe beat signals were detected in avalanche photo detectors. Due to a slight but suﬃcient diﬀerence (≈Fig. 1. LIF spectra of a 40 Ar+∗ metastable ion beam withparallel and anti-parallel laser radiations. Absolute
laser frequencies are obtained from the beat frequencies with a frequency comb.

1.5 nm) of the wavelengths of the two lasers, two beatsignals can be detected independently in two detectors
using a grating. The dye laser frequency is determinedas νdye = nfrep ± fbeat ± foﬀset , where n is an integer indicating the n-th peak of the comb and foﬀset
is the oﬀset of the ﬁrst comb peak from the origin.
The signs and n can be determined from the saturation spectroscopy of I2 molecule and foﬀset is locked to
40 MHz.
Figure 1 shows an experimental result. The laser
frequency for parallel conﬁguration was scanned fromlower to higher while the anti-parallel radiation wasfrom higher to lower and the start frequencies were adjusted to coincide with each other. The beat frequencies were counted through band pass ﬁlters to avoid
spurious counts due to the side-band signals and noise.
The observed peak frequencies are described as νpara =ν0 /γ(1 + β cos θp ) and νanti = ν0 /γ(1 − β cos θa ), whereγ, β are the relativistic factors. Since the diﬀerence
between the angles of laser radiations to the beam,θp − θa is less than 1 mrad, the absolute transition fre√quency is obtained as ν0 = νp νa with high accuracy.
Several measurements at diﬀerent conditions showed
good agreement in ν0 while the beam velocities were
diﬀerent. We preliminary determined the transition
frequency as ν0 = 485, 573, 619.7(3) MHz. This measurement has two orders of magnitude higher accuracy
than previous data.3)
References
1) V. Lioubimov et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 166(2007).
2) M. Aldenius et al.: submitted to Mon. Not. R. Astron.
Soc. (2006).
3) G. Norlen: Phys. Scr. 8, 249 (1973).

- 189 -

1

175
(2008)
RIKEN
Prog.
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Accuracy evaluation of the measurement system for determining
hyperfine structure of alkali atoms in superfluid helium
K. Fujikake,∗1 T. Furukawa, Y. Matsuo, A. Hatakeyama,∗2 T. Kobayashi, A. Sasaki,∗1
H. Odashima,∗1 and T. Shimoda∗3

Fig. 1. Experimental setup.
∗1

∗2
∗3

A spectrum of the hyperfine transition of 85 Rb
atoms in the ground state (F =2, mF =0 → F =3,
mF =0) is shown in Fig. 2. We scanned the microwave
frequency of the oscillator with a sweep time of ∼ 1 s
and accumulated the results of about 50 LIF counts. In
this experiment we used the step-sweeping mode rather
than the continuous-sweeping mode used for the experiment on atoms in He II. In the continuous-sweeping
mode, the output frequency of the oscillator is notphase-locked, and therefore it caused an uncertainty
of a few hundred kHz in the frequency determination.
In this work, the resonance frequency of the hyperfine
transition, ν, is determined to be ν = 3.035734(2) GHz
and is in good agreement with the previously reported
value of ν = 3.035732440 GHz3) within the statistical error. The step-sweeping mode turned out to provide better stability of frequency than the continuoussweeping mode , and consequently the resonance frequency of the hyperfine transition obtained in this experiment is two orders of magnitude more accurate
than that in the previous experiment. We plan to determine the hyperfine structure splittings of Cs and Rb
atoms in He II with improved accuracy by operating
the microwave oscillator in the step-sweeping mode.
LIF Counts

Laser spectroscopy in superfluid He (He II) is expected to be an effective method for determining thenuclear moments of unstable nuclei from their hyperfine structure. We have recently demonstrated its use
for the accurate determination of nuclear moments
and the hyperfine anomaly (Bohr-Weisskopf effect)of stable 85,87 Rb atoms in He II by laser-microwave
double-resonance spectroscopy.1,2) The obtained hyperfine anomaly parameter is slightly different fromthat in free space due to the effect of surrounding He
atoms. For a detailed discussion of such effects, itis necessary to evaluate the experimental error in our
measurements of hyperfine structure of atoms in He II.
For this evaluation we observed the hyperfine structureof 85 Rb atoms at room temperature in free space using
the setup that was used previously for atoms in He II.
We here report the comparison between the microwave
hyperfine transition frequency we observed and that in
the literature.3)
Figure 1 shows the experimental setup used for themeasurement of the hyperfine transition frequency of85
Rb atoms in free space. A glass cell (30 mm in diameter, 40 mm in length) containing a Rb metal sample is placed in the center of an open-top quartz container in a helium cryostat. Note that the cryostat
is not cooled with any coolant. Other instruments
such as the pumping laser, laser-induced fluorescence(LIF) detection system, and microwave devices are thesame as those used for the experiment on atoms in
He II.4,5) Rubidium atoms vaporized from the metal
sample are optically pumped with the pumping laser
tuned to the D1 line (795 nm). During optical pumping, Rb atoms are populated in the F =2 ground state
and then the atoms cease emitting LIF photons. Whenthe microwave frequency is resonant with the hyperfine
structure splitting, photon emission recovers because
the polarization of atoms is decreased. To prevent the
population relaxation of atoms due to wall collisions,the inside of the glass cell is coated with paraffin.6)

×10

3

236
234
232
230
228
226
224
222
220
218
3.03566 3.03568

3.03573.03572 3.03574 3.03576 3.03578
Microwave Frequency(GHz)

Fig. 2. Hyperfine transition spectrum of 85 Rb in the
ground state (F =2, mF =0 → F =3, mF =0). OthermF components are outside of the frequency region.

References
1) T. Furukawa: Doctoral thesis, Osaka Univ. (2007).
2) T. Furukawa et al.: Proc. INPC07, in press.
3) M. Teru, R. Fortin, and J. Y. Savard: IEEE Trans.
Instrum. Meas. IM-25, 477 (1976).
4) T. Furukawa et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 212(2007).
5) T. Itou et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 213 (2007).
6) G. Singh, P. Dilavore, and C.O. Alley: Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 1388 (1972).

Dept. of Phys., Meiji University
Dept. of Appl. Phys., Tokyo University Agr. Tech.
Dept. of Phys., Osaka University- 190 -1

030

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Online TD PA C study w ith the 19 F(! 19 O) probe implante d inhighly oriented pyroly tic graphite †W. Sato,*1 H. Ueno, H. Watanabe, H. Miyoshi,*2 A. Yoshimi, D. Kameda, T. Ito,*2 K. Shimada,*3 J. Kaihara,*2
S. Suda,*2 Y. Kobayashi, A. Shinohara,*1 Y. Ohkubo,*4 and K. Asahi*2†

Condensed from the article in Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 266, 316(2008).
1
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
2
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology
3
Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku University
4
Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University

-0.2

(a)

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0

R(t)

Nuclear spectroscopic techniques combined withthe probe-implantation method are very suited for theinvestigation of interaction between impurity atoms andhost materials because of their high sensitivity.
Directing our interest to this advantage, we haveestablished an online time-differential perturbed angularcorrelation (TDPAC) measurement system at the RIKEN
Nishina Center. The TDPAC method is a nuclear
spectroscopy, which provides microscopic information
on a local scale in matter through hyperfine interactions
between probe nuclei and the surrounding spins andcharge distribution. As a trial of the combined method
at this facility, the short-lived isotope 19O, a parent of a
new TDPAC probe 19 F, was implanted in a sheet of
highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and TDPAC
measurements were performed on line. Demonstrating
the applicability of this online TDPAC method, we herereport successful observation of an electrostaticinteraction between the probe and the surrounding
carbon atoms.
Ionized 22Ne was accelerated by a two-stage
acceleration with the AVF cyclotron and the ring
cyclotron up to 110 MeV/u at a beam intensity of 150
pnA. A variety of radioactive nuclides were produced
at a Be production target by projectile-fragmentation
reactions; the secondary beam of interest, 19O, wasseparated out of these heavy ions at a purity of 98% orhigher by the RIKEN projectile-fragment separator.1) A
well-focused pulsed beam of 19O was implanted deep inthe sample at a beam intensity of "10 5 s-1. In order toobtain better counting statistics, we used sixteen BaF2
detectors. They were arranged in four independent
detector planes for the investigation of asample-to-detector
configuration
dependenceof
perturbation patterns for a single crystalline sample.
The TDPAC measurements were performed at 18 K on
the 1357-197 keV cascade ! rays from 19F nuclei, whose
197 keV intermediate state with its nuclear spin andparity of 5/2 + has a half life of 89.3 ns.
The TDPAC spectra of 19F(!19O) implanted in the
HOPG sheet at 18 K are shown in Fig. 1. The spectrum
in Fig. 1(a) was obtained by the detectors directed to face
the two-dimensional HOPG layer at !/4 radians, and thespectrum in Fig. 1(b) obtained by those arranged inparallel with the layer. There is an apparent difference

0.05

(b)

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05
0

50

100

150

200

Time (ns)Fig. 1. TDPAC spectra of 19F(!19O) in HOPG
measured at 18 K for different sample to detector
configurations. See the text for detail.

in the time-evolving oscillation patterns between Figs.
1(a) and 1(b), signifying the presence of a c-axis
orientation dependence in these spectra. Assuming thatthe electric field gradient (EFG) is axially symmetric ("!
= 0) and the symmetric axis is oriented in parallel withthe c axis, we performed least-squares fits to the spectrawith theoretical equations. The fits are satisfactory forboth of the perturbation functions as indicated with thesolid curves in Figs. 1(a) and 1(b); that is, the c axis of
the HOPG was found to be parallel to the axiallysymmetric principal axis of the EFG at the site of theprobe nucleus. The EFG value at the probe nucleus
was evaluated from the fits to be Vzz = 2.91(17) " 10 22 V
m-2. This value is in good agreement with a theoreticalvalue for the nucleus of 19F placed in the interlayer
position of point group C3v, Vzz = "2.938 # 10 22 V m-2.2)
This agreement suggests!that the incident 19O atoms are
initially stabilized at this site.
References!

1) T. Kubo et al.: Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 70, 309 (1992).
2) D. Surono et al.: Hyperfine Interact. 96, 23 (1995).

- 191 -

155

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Structure of Au-Pd nanoparticles synthesized by GeV ion irradiation
Iwase*1, N. Maeda*1, T. Akita*2, T. Abe, T. Kambara, H. Ryuto and F. Hori*1
Previously, we suggested that nanoparticles
synthesized from Au and Pd aqueous solutions by
1.6 GeV C ion irradiation have a structure with Au
cores surrounded by Pd shells [1]. In this report, weshow that the Au core-Pd shell structure has
directly been observed by an annular dark fieldscanning
transmission
electronmicroscopy(ADF-STEM).
The specimens were dilute aqueous solutions with
0.5 mM NaAuCl4/2H2O as a precursor of Au3+ ions,
0.5 mM PdCl/2NaCl/3H2O as a precursor of Pd2+
ions, and 8 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as asurfactant. The specimens were sealed inpolystyrene vessels and irradiated with 1.6 GeV
fully-stripped carbon ions at the E5B beam line of
the RIKEN ring cyclotron accelerator. The
irradiation doses used were 300,1500,5000 and
10000 Gys. The irradiated solutions including Au-Pd
particles were dropped on carbon films and are driedin vacuum. The Au-Pd particles dispersed on carbon
films were observed by ADF-STEM. Energy
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was also used
to investigate the local composition of Au-Pd
particles.
Figure 1 shows the ADF-STEM images of Au-Pd
nanoparticles synthesized by 1.6 GeV carbon
irradiation. As can be seen in the figure, thediameter of Au-Pd particles is within 3-8 nm, andeach particle reveals a very bright region issurrounded by a weaker-contrast region. As theintensity of ADF-STEM image is nearly proportional
to the square root of the atomic number of theelements, the ADF-STEM image suggests that thecore of Au atoms (atomic number, 79) is surrounded
by a shell of Pd atoms (atomic number, 46). This Au
core-Pd shell structure was confirmed by EDS. We
measured the EDS spectra at points “13” and “14”shown in Fig. 1. The intensities of the Au-MDand
Pd-LD X-rays at the two points clearly show that thecore and shell of the particle consist of Au and Pd
atoms, respectively.
We have also synthesized Au-Pd nanoparticles
using other irradiation methods (10 MeV pulsed
electron irradiation and Co-60 J-ray irradiation)[2].
The average size of particles synthesized by GeV ion
irradiation is larger than that of particles
synthesized by the electron irradiation, but smaller
than that of particles synthesized by J-ray
irradiation. Au-Pd nanoparticles synthesized by
GeV ion irradiation and F-ray irradiation clearlyshow a structure with a Au- core and a Pd- shell, but
the particles synthesized by pulsed electron
irradiation are too small to detect the core-shellstructure. We are now determining which
irradiation parameters ( e.g,. LET and dose rate)
predominate the size and structure of Au-Pd
nanoparticles.

10 nm

Fig. 1. ADF-STEM image of Au-Pd nanoparticles
synthesized by 1.6 GeV C irradiation to the dose of
10,000 Gys.
References
1) N. Maeda, F. Hori, T. Kambara, T. Abe, H. Ryuto, A.
Iwase,* RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40(2007) 202.
2) N. Maeda, T. Hiroki, F. Hori, S. Okuda, R. Taniguchi, T.
Kojima, T. Kambara, T. Abe, A. Iwase: Mater. Res. Soc.
Symp. Proc. Vol. 900E, 0900-O06-16.1-6.

*1 Osaka Prefecture University.
*2 National Institute of Asvanced Industrial Science andTechnology (AIST)- 192 -

032
㩷
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

㩷

Lattice Location of Hydrogen in E1-V2H†
Tatuya Hayashi,䋪1 Shigetoshi Koike,䋪2 Naota Higami,䋪1 Kazuhiro Hirabayashi,䋪1 Hiroshi Matsuba䋪1
Kiyoshi Ogiwara and Eiichi Yagi䋪3
On the basis of neutron, electron and X-ray diffraction
experiments it has been reported that the Eң-V2H has two
different crystal structures, a body-centred monoclinic one
and a body-centred tetragonal one with an axial ratio of
c0/a0~1.1 (c0 and a0; lattice parameters in the c-direction andthe a-direction, respectively) with an ordered arrangementof hydrogen atoms, depending on the condition for crystal
growth.The Eң-V2H phase exists below about 450 K, andabove about 470 K it transforms to a body-centred cubic(bcc) phase (D-V2H) with a disordered arrangement ofhydrogen atoms at tetrahedral interstitial (T ) sites. Whentensile stress is applied during transformation from an D toa E1-phase, it crystallizes into the tetragonal structure, while
without tensile stress it crystallizes into the monoclinic
structure. The lattice location of hydrogen in the tetragonalҏ
Eң-V2H has been investigated by the neutron and X-ray
diffraction methods.1,2) By the latter method, the lattice
location of hydrogen can be only indirectly deduced. It has
been reported that hydrogen is located at Oz sites which areoctahedral (O ) sites between two adjacent V atoms aligned
along c0 axis (z-axis). The density distribution of hydrogenaround an Oz site was also obtained by the neutron
diffraction method.2) Despite usefulness of a channelling
method to obtain such information, no experiment has been
performed for the Eң-V2H. As a channelling method utilizing
a nuclear reaction 1H(11B, D)DD with a 11B beam has beendeveloped for study on hydrogen,3) in the present work thelattice location and the density distribution of hydrogen in
the tetragonal Eң-V2H have been studied. 
A Eң-V2H single crystal was prepared in the following
processes. Hydrogen was doped to a vanadium single
crystal slice 0.5 mm thick from the gas phase above 573 K
up to the concentration corresponding to a compositionof
V2H under the tensile stress of 1.0 kg/mm2 along the [001]direction.Thus an D-V2H single crystal was prepared. By
cooling the specimen from 483 K to room temperature at a
rate of 0.1 K/min, a single domain of Eң-V2H was prepared.
During whole processes the tensile stress was being applied.
The
concentrationofhydrogenwas[H]/[M]
(hydrogen-to-metal atom ratio)=0.5. Channelling analyses
were performed at room temperature for [100], [110] and[101] axial channels, and (110), (100) and (001) planar
channels with a 11B+ beam of about 2.02 MeV, utilizing aresonance type of nuclear reaction of 1H(11B, D)DD at about†

Condensed from the article in J. Alloys and Compounds 446-447, 512(2007)
䋪1
School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo䋪2
Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science䋪3
RIKEN and School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University

1.8 MeV as in previous studies on H in V. 4,5) In this methodhydrogen can be detected by measuring the emitted D
particles, whose energy ranges from 0 to about 5 MeV.
Figure 1 shows channelling angular profiles of yields of11
B ions backscattered by V atoms (B-angular profiles) andthose of D articles (D-angular profiles). From the orientation
dependence of the D-angular profiles it is concluded thathydrogen is located at Oz sites. It is to be noted that for the(001) channel the D-angular profile coincides with theB-angular profile, whereas for the (100) channel it does not.
This result indicates that hydrogen is completely shadowed
behind the (001) planes, whereas it is not completely
shadowed but its density distribution is extended outside the(100) planes, i.e. in the [001] direction. The HWHM of
density distribution of hydrogen around an Oz site wasestimated to be less than 0.2 Å in the [001] direction andabout 0.35 Å in the [100] direction. These values are
smaller by about factor 2 than those obtained by neutron
experiments, but very close to the theoretically obtained
values.6)

Fig. 1. Channelling angular profiles obtained at room
temperature for V2H.
References
1) Y. Noda et al.: Acta Cryst. B42, 529 (1986).
2) T. Kajitani and M. Hirabayashi: Z. Phys. Chem. N.F. 145,
281 (1985).
3) E. Yagi et al.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 52, 3441 (1983).
4) E. Yagi et al.: Phys. Rev. B31, 1640 (1985).
5) E. Yagi et al.: Phys. Rev. B33, 5121 (1986).
6) H. Sugimoto: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 53, 2592 (1984).

- 193 -

2. Atomic and Solid State Physics(muon)

110
RIKEN
Prog.
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Development of new µ-e decay counter for multichannel µSR
spectrometer with intense pulsed muon beam at RIKEN-RAL
Y. Hirayama,∗1 M. Iio, K. Ishida, M. Iwasaki, Y. Matsuda, T. Matsuzaki, H. Ohnishi, H. Outa, D. Tomono,
J. Kasagi∗2 , H. Yamazaki∗2 , R. Klein∗3 and S.N. Nakamura∗3
Proton beam intensity upgrade is in progress at
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL). Owing tothis upgrade, an approximately 1.5 times higher muon
beam intensity is expected at RIKEN-RAL. To handle such a high-intensity beam, a new µSR (muon spinrotation, resonance, relaxation) spectrometer must be
developed. Spectrometers are generally composed of anumber of positron counters and three pairs of coils.
The biggest problem with the high-intensity beam isthe distortion of the muon decay time spectrum causedby signal pile-up; two or more positrons are injected
into the counter at the same time. To solve this problem, it is eﬀective to increase the number of counter
segments in order to reduce the incoming positron rate
per counter. Since the space in the coils is limited, asmall counter with a compact read-out is required forthis purpose. Therefore, we developed a new counterto realize the compact read-out to increase the number of counter segments easily. At least, 282 segments
are essential for reducing the number of pile-up signals compared with the present ARGUS spectrometer1) speciﬁcation.
The most important character of the counter is theuse of a single wavelength shifter ﬁber (WSF) as acompact light guide to read photons from a scintillator instead of a bulky acrylic light guide. The photons are absorbed by WSF and those emitted in theaxial direction of WSF are transmitted to a photomultiplier tube. Figure 1(a) shows the counter, which iscomposed of a scintillator (14×14×50 mm3 ), a 75 cm
WSF (Kuraray Y-11(200)M-S 1 mm) and a 16ch multianode photomultiplier tube (MAPMT, Hamamatsu
H6568-10). This scintillator is designed speciﬁcally to
be sensitive to a positron incidence angle. The spindly
scintillator is pointed at the sample, so that positrons
from the sample position penetrate through the longest
path and background particles outside the target penetrate through a path shorter than the longest path. If
an appropriate threshold level of output signals from
the MAPMT is provided in proportion to the light output, we can preferably observe decay positrons only
from the sample direction and reject background particles.
We performed an experiment at the Laboratory of
Nuclear Science (LNS), Tohoku University2) to countthe number of photons from the counter and to test thepositron incidence angle dependence of the light out∗1∗2∗3

Fig. 1. (a) Picture of counter element. (b) Typical photon number distribution. (c) Angle dependence of light
output. The vertical axis is the number of photons normalized by that at 0 ◦ . Each bar with the experimental
value denotes the FWHM of the photon spectrum peakat each angle.

put. A 250 MeV/c positron beam penetrates a 50 mm
scintillator directly. The counter was tilted at angles(θ) of 0◦ , 5◦ , 10◦ , 17◦ and 90◦ . Figure 1(b) shows atypical photon number distribution. We detected approximately 100 photons. The angle dependence of thelight output is shown in Fig. 1(c). The vertical axis in
Fig. 1(c) is normalized by the average number of photons at 0 ◦ . The number of photons calculated fromthe shape of the scintillator is also shown in Fig. 1(c)with a solid line. It indicates that the calculated value
is consistent with the experimental value. In addition,
if the threshold level were set at 0.7, we could observe
positrons with the incidence angles below 15◦ eﬀectively. For the new spectrometer, we need a tighter
constraint of the incidence angle. Therefore, we plan
to use 10×10 × 50 mm3 scintillators. The calculated
value is also shown in Fig. 1(c) with a dotted line. To
conﬁrm background suppression using the muon beam
at RIKEN-RAL, we observed a muon decay time spectrum at a high threshold level of 0.7. The constantbackground was not observed at this threshold level inthis statistics of 8 × 106 , indicating that it could be
suppressed at least below 10−5 of the statistics at timezero.
We established the compact read-out mechanism of
the counter. The construction of the new µSR spectrometer is in progress. The total number of fabricatedcounters is 606, which is three times larger than thatof counters of a conventional ARGUS spectrometer.
Pile-up events can be suppressed below 2.7 % of total
events. We would like to thank the accelerator staﬀ of
LNS for providing the beams and their kind support
for the experiment.
References
1) R. Kadono et al.: RIKEN Accel. Rep. 29 (1996).
2) H. Yamazaki et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 536(2005)70.

Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Laboratory of Nuclear Science, Tohoku University
Department of Physics, Tohoku University- 195 -

1

001
(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41Development of New TDC and Data Acquisition System for
Next-Generation µSR
R. Kadono,∗1 A. Koda,∗1 N. Kawamura,∗1 S. Takeshita,∗1 K. H. Satoh,∗1 M. Tanaka† ,∗2 T. Uchida,∗2 Y.
Yasu,∗2 S. Y. Suzuki,∗3 Y. Matsuda,∗4 T. Matsuzaki,∗4 and M. Iwasaki,∗4
It is anticipated upon the completion of J-PARC(with 1 MW beam power) that the MUSE facility will
deliver pulsed beams with an unprecedentedly high intensity: the estimated instantaneous event rates are
104 –105 positrons within a mean lifetime of 2.2 µs,
which is repeated at a rate of 25 Hz. To cope withthe problem in handling such a high data rate, a collaboration with the KEK electronics system group has
been started.
The most crucial step for the time-diﬀerential µSR
measurements is to record the timing of muon-decay
positrons with a precision of ∼ ±0.5 ns for a relatively
long period (∼ 30 µs) using time-to-digital converters(TDCs). Although such devices have been commercially available (e.g, Model 3377, LeCroy), they share acommon problem in that the interface for computer access is based on some speciﬁc data bus such as CAMAC
or VME. These data buses have an inherent problem
that their speciﬁcations become quickly obsolete, getting unsupported by electronics/computer developers.
Moreover, they are not suited for high-density implementation required for the highly segmented detection system: it is anticipated that 1000∼2000 positroncounters are necessary for a typical µSR spectrometer to minimize the distortion of time spectra causedby the pile-up of positron events and associated lossof information, while those devices usually have only
16∼32 input channels per module.
We are currently developing a new TDC module
based on custom-made integrated circuits (ASICs).
The ASICs for TDC have been originally developedby the KEK electronics group for use in large-scaledetector systems for high-energy physics experiments;
therefore they are readily modiﬁed for high-density implementation. Moreover, the development of a new
hardware interface based on the ubiquitous Ethernet
technology is in progress. The idea is to build the
TCP protocol into a small “silicon” chip (“SiTCP”,
in a commercially available FPGA) for further integration to front-end devices. Presently, the Ethernet
and associated TCP/IP protocol are the de facto standards for data exchange over a computer network, andthe risk of being left behind with an obsolete data bus
can thus be minimized by adopting the Ethernet as
a direct interface between front-end devices and computers. The speciﬁcation for the data transfer rate of
∗1

∗2

∗3

∗4

the current Ethernet (≥ 1 Gbps) is fast enough to handle the average event rate anticipated for the J-PARC
Muon Facility.
The adoption of the Ethernet as an interface forfront-end devices gives rise to the need for an unprecedented data acquisition (DAQ) system for use in a
multi-CPU environment. As a ﬁrst step in the development of a new DAQ system, we performed a test
experiment on the SiTCP-based TDC module with aprototype DAQ system using the pulsed muon beam
at RIKEN-RAL. The module consists of TDC-ASIC
on a mother board which is customized for the SiTCP
interface. The signal outputs from the ARGUS spectrometer (48 channels each for the backward/forward
counters) were connected to TDC. Figure 1 shows atypical set of the obtained spectra, where one can observe exponential decay of counting rates without distortion over more than ﬁve decades (corresponding to
the time range of ten times the muon’s lifetime). Following this promising result, we are now preparing forthe test of positron counters based on new photon detection devices for replacing bulky phototubes.

Fig. 1. Time-dependent µ-e decay spectra for the backward
and forward sets of counters on the ARGUS spectrometer.
†

Present aﬃliation: Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Tokyo

Inst. Materials Structure Science, KEK
Inst. Particle and Nuclear Physics, KEK
Computer Research Center, KEK
Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN- 196 -

1

028
RIKEN
Prog.
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Density enhancement of muon beams with tapered glass tubes†
T. M. Kojima, D. Tomono, T. Ikeda, K. Ishida, Y. Iwai, M. Iwasaki, Y. Matsuda, T. Matsuzaki,
and Y. Yamazaki∗1

ξ = Nwith /Nwithout= Nwith /Nwithout,d≤Dout

for Dout ≥ Dsci (1)for Dout < Dsci , (2)where the suffix ‘d ≤ Dout ’ stands for the muon signal
integrated within the area of Dout using a measured
muon beam profile.
Density enhancements of 54 MeV/c muon beams
were observed for all the conditions studied. The bottom of Fig. 1 shows ξ with L = 400 mm tubes as a†∗1a)Condensed from the article in J. Phys. Soc. Jpn, Vol.76,
093501 (2007).
Also at Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University ofTokyo
In the simulation; 1) the energy loss is scaled from proton
data using a semi-empirical formula, 2) the energy straggling is given by the Vavilov distribution, and 3) the angular
distribution is given by the Moliere expression for multiple
scattering. For simplicity, a parallel muon beam is generated having a 4 % momentum dispersion and the measured
Gaussian position distribution.

Mylar foil㩷

light guidecollimator (40mmφ)㩷
scintillator㩷
PMTbeam port㩷

density enhancement ξWe have demonstrated that the beam density of 54
MeV/c muons can be increased almost by a factor of
two when a tapered glass tube is inserted coaxiallyalong the muon beam.
The experiment was performed at Port 2 of RIKENRAL Muon Facility at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K. The top of Fig. 1 schematically shows theexperimental setup. A 50 Hz pulsed muon beam1)
is extracted into atmosphere through thin Mylar foil
and an aluminum collimator of inner diameter 40 mm
and length 85 mm. A Typical beam intensity is about
104 muons per pulse and the beam size is about 40
mm as FWHM at 403 mm dowstream from the collimator. Positron/electron contamination is negligible.
The glass tubes were made of Pyrex. The inlet diameter, Din , was 46 mm. The lengths of the tubes,
L, were 100–400 mm, the outlet diameters, Dout , were
3–20 mm, and the thickness was 2 mm. We prepared
plastic scintillation counters with a thickness of 0.5 mm
and diameters, Dsci , of 5, 10, and 20 mm. One of thescintillators was placed 3 mm downstream of the tube
to monitor the muon intensity. Scintillation intensities,
Vwith and Vwithout , were measured with and without
the glass tube, respectively, keeping all other experimental conditions the same. The energy and angular
distributions of muons at the position of the scintillator were calculated with a Monte Carlo simulation,a)and a pair of average deposition energies εwith andεwithout was evaluated for each set of experimental conditions. The numbers of muons that hit the scintillator, Nwith and Nwithout , are proportional to Vwith /εwithand Vwithout /εwithout , respectively. The beam density
enhancement factor, ξ, is given as

glass tube㩷

detector㩷

3.0
exp. µ+− Dsci=20mm
exp. µ Dsci=20mm

2.5
2.0
1.5

sim. µ+ Dsci=20mm
1.0
0

5

10

15

20

outlet diameter Dout [mm]Fig. 1. Top: a schematic view of the experimental setup(not to scale). Bottom: the beam density enhancement
ξ for 54 MeV/c muons with L = 400 mm tubes asa function of Dout for Dsci = 20 mm. The solid line
shows the result of the simulation.

function of Dout for Dsci = 20 mm together with theresults of the numerical simulation. As seen in the figure, ξ increases from  1.5 to  2.3 as Dout decreases
from 20 to 3 mm, and the simulation successfully reproduces the overall behavior of the experimental results.
This enhancement occurs because a certain fraction ofmuons incident on the inner wall is reflected via smallangle scattering and transported to the outlet of the
tube. It is worth noting that the density enhancementfor µ− was almost identical to that of µ+ .
We also simulated the density enhancement under avacuum condition for 27–81 MeV/c. The simulationshows the enhancement factor is about 2 and almost
constant over the entire momentum region, includingcommonly used surface muons of 27 MeV/c. The simulation also suggests that the density enhancement factor improves further when the tube is made of a heavymaterial such as copper, lead, or gold. Preparations inthis direction are in progress.
References
1) T. Matsuzaki et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res.,
Sect. A 465 (2001) 365-383.

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1

171
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41
RIKEN

Muon-catalyzed fusion in nonequilibrium mixtures of T2 withortho/para/normal-D2
K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, Y. Matsuda, M. Iwasaki, H. Imao, K. Nagamine, N. Kawamura∗1 , M. Kato∗1
and H. Sugai∗2[muon, fusion, deuterium, tritium]
In a muon-catalyzed fusion (µCF) cycle, muonic
molecule formation is one of the key processes and it isessential that the rate should be reasonably high for amuon to catalyze many fusions during its lifetime (λ0= 2.2 µs). The dtµ formation is considered to proceed
as follows: (tµ)F + (DX)Ki νi → [(dtµ)xee]Kf νf (x =d, t, X = D, T), where F is the hyperfine state andKi (Kf ) and νi (νf ) are the rotational and vibrational
states of the initial (final) channel respectively. Since
the final states are only in discrete levels, the initialstate must have a matching energy (the resonant condition) for the reaction to occur. Thus, the dtµ formation rate often shows an interesting, and sometimes
unexpected, dependence on target conditions, such astemperature, density and molecular states.
For the understanding of the reaction, it is important to know separately the dtµ formation rate fromeach initial molecular state. In a measurement performed at the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility, the cycling rate increased by 25% in the nonequilibrium
state immediately after D2 +T2 mixing and gradually decreased to the value for the equilibrated state(D2 +T2 +2DT)1) . This result clearly shows the dominance of the resonant formation with D2 over that withDT.
Because the resonance condition should depend on
the rotational level of D2 molecules, an experimentthat varies the ortho-D2 (rotational states Ki =0,2,...)
to para-D2 (Ki =1,3,...) ratio in the D2 /T2 target isvery important. For the ddµ formation in pure D2 ,we observed a difference by a factor as large as 2 between the ortho-D2 and para-D2 targets2),3) . It is predicted that the effect is even larger for the dtµ formation. Several calculations suggest that the dtµ formation rate with para-D2 is much higher than that withortho-D2 .
Previously, we reported µCF measurements4) on liquid mixtures of T2 with normal-D2 and ortho-D2 . Recently, we have successfully produced para-rich D2(72% para concentration), and µCF on its mixture
with T2 has also been studied. In Fig. 1, the timedependence of the neutron disappearance rate (λn =λ0 + W φλc , where W is the muon loss probability per
cycle, φ the target density and λc the µCF cycling∗1∗2

Muon Science Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy
Agencyrate) compared with its value at the equilibrium stateis plotted instead of λc itself. This is because we do
not have suffiecient data to determine the absolute fusion yield, which is essential to the extraction of thecycling rate, due to the low beam intensity in the lastmeasurement. Even though the disappearance rate almost follows the variation in cycling rate, since W ismuch less dependent on the target condition. It can beseen from Fig. 1 that the increase in λn (and λc ) due
to the nonequilibrium effect is largest with ortho-D2
and smallest with para-rich D2 .
It is puzzling why the observed effect is opposite
to theoretical calculations. One explanation could bethat the dtµ formation due to the three-body collision becomes important in liquid D/T and such a collision may favor dtµ formation with ortho-D2 . We
plan to confirm the D2 (para-rich)+T2 result using D2
of higher para concentration (> 90%) under betterbeam conditions. Also, we plan an independent measurement focused on the ortho-para D2 state stability
by in situ Raman spectroscopy at JAEA. Such measurements will give us more quantitative values of theortho-D2 and para-D2 contributions to dtµ formation.
References
1) K. Ishida et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 35, 39 (2002).
2) H. Imao et al.: Phys. Lett. B 632, 192 (2006).
3) H. Imao et al.: Phys. Lett. B 658, 120 (2008).
4) K. Ishida et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 39, 82 (2006).

Fig. 1. Difference in neutron disappearance rate from equilibrated value as function of time after mixing D2 andT2 . Cases using D2 (normal)+T2 , D2 (ortho)+T2 andD2 (para-rich)+T2 are compared. Filled symbols denotethe data obtained after equilibration.

- 198 -

1

082
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41
RIKEN

Muon Transfer Studies in Solid D2 with Implanted Alkali and
Alkaline-Earth Ions
P. Strasser∗1 , A. Taniguchi∗2 , S. Ohya∗3 , H. Mochizuki∗3 , T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, Y. Matsuda, M. Iwasaki, and
K. Nagamine∗4[Muonic atom spectroscopy, Solid hydrogen film, Ion implantation]

∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4

Muon Science Laboratory, IMSS, KEK
Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University
Department of Physics, Niigata University
University of California Riverside, CA, USA

2p

80

3/2

1s

1/2

88

Counts / 0.5 keV

We proposed the cold hydrogen film method1) to expand muonic atom spectroscopy by utilizing nuclear
beams, including, in the future, radioactive isotope(RI) beams, to produce radioactive muonic atoms.
This method will enable the study of unstable nuclei
by the muonic X-ray method at facilities in which bothintense µ− and RI beams will be available. The basic
concept is to stop both µ− and nuclear beams simultaneously in a solid hydrogen film, followed by the application of the direct muon transfer reaction to higher
Z nuclei to form radioactive muonic atoms.
An experimental program to perform muonic atom
spectroscopy with stable ions implanted in a solid hydrogen (H2 /D2 ) film has been initiated at the RIKENRAL muon facility to experimentally establish the feasibility of this method. Already very promising results
were obtained in pure solid D2 films with argon ions
implanted non-uniformly, to study the muon transfer
reaction and the diffusion process of dµ atoms. A new
surface ionization type ion source has been constructed
and installed on the existing µA* apparatus at port 4
with the aim of using in the future radioactive isotopes. This type of ion source is capable of producing
ions from alkali and alkaline-earth metals with highefficiency. At the moment, only stable beams will be
produced to optimize the new surface ion source andtune the beam transport optics. Barium and strontium ions were successfully generated from barium oxide and strontium oxide, and accelerated up to 30 keVwith a new ion extraction unit. Beam intensities of 1–
2 µA were obtained. The ion beam optics was tuned
to transport the beam to the solid hydrogen target
and optimize the beam spot to efficiently use the large
muon beam size at the target position. All bariumand strontium isotopes could be separated on the focal
plane after the bending magnet, allowing the implantation of only one specific isotope on the target.
The first transfer experiment was performed by measuring two different targets with isotopically separated
strontium ions. As shown by Monte Carlo simulations
performed with SRIM, the range of 30-keV Sr ions insolid D2 is only about 200 nm, with a range stragglingof about 60 nm (FWHM). Therefore, it is very difficult
to perform a uniform implantation in a thick D2 layer.

2p

60

1/2

1s

1/2

µ Sr

86

µ Sr

40

20

0
2310

2320

2330

2340

2350

2360

Energy [keV]

Fig. 1. Muonic strontium delayed energy spectra with 1mm pure D2 and about 1 ppm of 88 Sr (solid line) and86
Sr (dotted line) ions implanted non-uniformly.

Consequently, the same procedure as that used previously to implant argon ions was utilized. Each Sr implantation was separated from the next by depositinga fixed amount of D2 to yield a total D2 layer thicknessof 1 mm. Each implantation region was identical, anda total of 20 implantations separated by 50 µm were
performed for each target, corresponding to an average Sr concentration of about 1 ppm throughout theD2 layer. Figure 1 shows the delayed energy spectra
measured by the Ge detector with 1-mm pure D2 and88
Sr ions (solid line) and 86 Sr ions (dotted line) implanted non-uniformly. A preliminary analysis showsthat the measured isotope shift is consistent with thatobserved in previous experiments performed using enriched strontium isotopes in very large quantities. This
experiment was performed using natural strontium oxide in the ion source, and only about 7 × 1016 ions of88
Sr and 5 × 1016 ions of 86 Sr in the target, respectively. These experiments are still performed with arelatively large number of implanted ions, because of
the relatively low µ− beam intensity at 27 MeV/c. Future intense muon beams with higher muon flux would
require fewer implanted ions. Further measurements
are planned with other alkaline-earth metals and rareearth elements, and possibly long-lived radioactive isotopes in the near future.
References
1) P. Strasser et al.: Hyp. Int. 119, 317 (1999); Nucl.
Instr. and Meth. A 460, 451 (2001); AIP Conf. Proc.
793, 242 (2005).

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RIKEN

Studies of thin Nd0.5 Sr0.5 MnO3 film using low-energy polarized muon
beam
Y. Matsuda, P. Bakule, M. Iwasaki, T. Matsuzaki, I. Watanabe, Y. Miyake,∗1 Y. Murakami,∗2 M. Izumi,∗3 andK. Miyano∗3[thin film, magnetism, perovskite, µSR]
We have been carrying out µSR studies of a
Nd0.5 Sr0.5 MnO3 (NSMO) film. NSMO is one of themanganese oxides with a perovskite-like structure,
which has been attracting interest in the last few years.
Bulk crystals of NSMO are paramagnetic at room temperature, and show a ferromagnetic transition at 250 K
and a successive antiferromagnetic transition at 170 K
with a very sharp metal-insulator transition. It is understood that near the boundary between the groundstate and the ferromagnetic-metallic state, two states
are in a delicate balance. Thus, when a small external field (magnetic field, electric field, or light) is applied, the balance suddenly falls to one side, resulting
in marked changes in resistivity.
A recent demonstration of such phase transition ina thin NSMO film is a large step forward for device
application1) , although the magnetic structure of thethin film is not known. The understanding of the interplay between the external conditions and the delicate balance between different magnetic states in thinfilms would be of great interest. There are few probesthat can be used to investigate magnetic properties ofthin films, and our newly build low-energy polarized
muon beam line2,3) provides a unique opportunity. In
contrast to a conventional polarized muon beam line,
in which muon’s kinetic energy is 4 MeV or higher,
our low-energy muon beam line can supply polarizedmuons with variable implantation energy from 1 keV
to 30 keV. This means that we can control the penetration depth of polarized muons within a few tens of
nm. This experiment is the first demonstration of thistechnique at the RIKEN-RAL muon facility.
Since the last report in the RIKEN accelerator
progress report4) , we have made several improvementson our beam line. The stability of the magnetic field ofa bending magnet in our low-energy muon beam line
has been improved by replacing an old power supply toa new one. The strength of the field is now constantly
monitored by a Hall probe. This has greatly improved
the pointing stability of our low-energy muon beam,
reducing background and eliminating a drift of the offset level on the spectrum. An unstable high-voltage
power supply for one of the electrostatic quadrupolesis also replaced. The optical arrangement in the laser
∗1

∗2
∗3

High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
Faculty of Science, Tohoku University
Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, theUniversity of Tokyosystem to generate Lyman-α light for generation of
low-energy muons3) has been modified so that the confocal condition of 212.5 nm and 820 nm lasers in Kr
gas is improved.
In the experiment, we used four NSMO films epitaxially grown on (110)-oriented SrTiO3 . The thicknessof the films was about 100 nm, and the size was 10
mm by 10 mm. The samples were mounted on a GM
cryostat, which can cool the sample down to 10 K. We
carried out zero-field µSR measurement at 300 K, 280
K, 240 K, 230 K, 225 K, 220 K, 215 K, 155 K, 110 K
and 100 K. The residual magnetic field under zero-field
condition was less than 2 mG.
We observed a clear change in µSR spectrum around
220 K. This corresponds to a magnetic phase transition from a paramagnetic state to a ferromagnetic
state. This observation is the first demonstration ofmagnetic phase transition in thin films using our lowenergy muon beam. We also observed a change inspectrum shape between 215 K and 155 K, and 155
K and 110 K. The former change may be related tothe metal-insulator transition at 170 K previously observed in resistivity measurement of a sample1) . The
latter may correspond to the newly discovered phasetransition at 140 K, unique to this NSMO film5) . Unfortunately, because of 10 months long shutdown of
the ISIS accelerator in 2007, we were not able to accumulate enough data to draw a conclusion on these twotransitions. We have been given an extension of ourallocated beam time by the last Nishina Center MLPAC, and we are planning to continue the measurement, as well as developing work on the beam line.
References
1) M. Nakamura, Y. Ogimoto, H. Tamaru, M. Izumi, andK. Miyano: Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 182504 (2005).
2) P. Bakule, Y. Matsuda, M. Iwasaki, Y. Miyake, K.
Nagamine, Y. Ikedo, K. Shimomura, and P. Patrick:Physica B 374-375, 456 (2006).
3) P. Bakule, Y. Matsuda, Y. Miyake, K. Nagamine,
M. Iwasaki, Y. Ikedo, K. Shimomura, P. Strasser, S.
Makimura: Nucl. Inst. Meth. B 266, 335 (2008).
4) Y. Matsuda, P. Bakule, I. Watanabe, Y. Miyake, Y.
Murakami, M. Izumi, K. Miyano: RIKEN Accel. Prog.
Rep. 39, 149 (2006).
5) Y. Wakabayashi, D. Bizen, H. Nakano, Y. Murakami,
M. Nakamura, Y. Ogimoto, K. Miyano, H. Sawa: Phys.
Rev. Lett. 96, 017202 (2006).

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Rep.41

Studies of vortex core in parity-violated superconductor with strong
spin-orbit interactions
N. Nishida,∗1 T.U. Ito,∗1,∗2 W. Higemoto,∗2 S. Kawamura,∗3 H. Takeya,4 K. Hirata,∗4 and I. Suzuki,∗5[non-centrosymmetric, spin-orbit interaction, superconductivity,µ+ SR]
In a superconductor with a non-centrosymmetriccrystal structure, the Cooper pair can take a paritymixed orbital state, and spin singlet and spin
triplet states can be mixed. In addition to noncentrosymmetricity, the presence of strong spin-orbit
interaction removes spin degeneracy in electron bands
and brings about the splitting of spin-up and spindown bands. Thus, in non-centrosymmetric crystals
with a strong spin-orbit interaction, unconventional
superconductivity may be realized. Recently, in an
applied magnetic field, peculiar vortex states which
are very different from Abbrikosov vortex lattice havebeen proposed; the quasi-particle spin polarization1)
in the vortex core or FFLO-like mixed state2) may occur. Recently, Li2 Pd3 B (Tc=6.7K)3,4) and Li2 Pt3 B(Tc =2.43K)5) have been discovered and are best candidates for studying effects of non-centrosymmetricity
and strong spin-orbit interaction on superconductivity; the crystal structure is non-centrosymmetric andthe spin-orbit interaction is about 3 times stronger in
Li2 Pt3 B than in Li2 Pd3 B. The temperature dependence of the penetration depth, λ(T), has been obtained6) through surface impedance measurements: In
Li2 Pt3 B, the λ(T) has been found to exhibit a linear
T dependence at low temperatures, indicating a linenode superconducting energy gap ∆, while in Li2 Pd3 B,
the λ(T) levels off at low temperatures, indicating analmost isotropic ∆. To interpret these features, the”S-triplet Cooper pairing” of s-wave orbital symmetry
and spin-triplet state has been proposed in Li2 Pt3 B
7). In Li2 Pd3 B detailed µ+ SR studies have been performed8) , and the obtained λ(T) is similar to that by
the surface impedance study. Recent NMR studies on
Li2 Pd3 B and Li2 Pt3 B9) have cofirmed the spin-triplet
superconductivity of Li2 Pt3 B. Considering that peculiar superconductivity can be realized in Li2 Pt3 B, weperformed µ+ SR experiments to observe the spin polarization of quasi-particles perpendicular to the flux
line in the vortex core1) : When µ+ is implanted withthe spin parallel to the applied magnetic field, the initial direction of µ+ spin will be relaxed, if in the vortex
core there exists quasi-particle spin polarization perpendicular to the flux line, and if not, it will not berelaxed. The only possible method for detecting thistype of local spin polarization is LF-µ+ SR. The LF∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4
∗5

Tokyo Institute of Technology
Japan Atomic Energy Association
Ochanomizu University
National Institute of Metals
RIKEN Nishina Center

Fig. 1. σ(T) in Li2 Pt3 B and those in Li2 Pd3 B of ref.8) areplotted.

µ+ SR experiments on Li2 Pt3 B at 50 G were performed
at 3 K above Tc and at 0.4 K below Tc at the RIKENRAL Muon Facility. An appreciable difference has notbeen detected within error after about 1.5 × 108 eventsin the spectra. The quasi-particle spin polarization in
the vortex core has not been detected within the error
range. To measure λ(T), the TF-µ+ SR measurements
have also been performed at 50 Oe: The dephasing ofmuon spin precession is well described in terms of exp(t2 /2σ 2 ), where σ ∝ 1/λ2 . The normalized σ values areplotted in Fig. 1. In Li2 Pt3 B and Li2 Pd3 B, σ(T) has
been found to exhibit the same temperature dependence with leveling off below 0.5 × Tc . This indicates
that, in Li2 Pt3 B and Li2 Pd3 B, the superconductivities are not very different. The µ+ SR results are inconsistent with the results of the surface impedance or
NMR experiments. The main reason for this discrepancy is unknown at the present. However, considering that Li2 Pt3 B is extremely sensitive to moisture10) ,the results of the surface impedance or NMR experiments might be affected by surface conditions, while,as µ+ SR probes the inside of the sample, the results
are not affected by the surface conditions.
References
1) N. Hayashi et al.: Physica C437-438, 96 (2006).
2) R. P. Kaur et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 137002 (2005).
3) K. Togano et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 247004 (2004).
4) H. Takeya et al.: Proc. LT-24 (2005).
5) P. Badica et al.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 74, 1014 (2005).
6) K.-W. Lee et al.: Proc. LT-24 (2005).
7) H. Q. Yuan et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 017006 (2006).
8) R. Khasanov et al.: Phys. Rev. B73, 214528 (2006).
9) M. Nishiyama et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 047002(2007).
10) U. Eibenstein and W. Jung: J. Solid State Chem. 13,
21 (1997).

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Rep.41

Impurity-induced effect in a spin-Peierls compound TiOBr
S. Ohira-Kawamura,∗1 S. Kuroiwa,∗2 H. Kawashima,∗2 J. Akimitsu,∗2 K. Ohishi,∗3 and R. Kadono∗4[Spin-Peierls system, muon spin relaxation]
TiOBr has attracted interest as a new spin-Peierls(SP) system that shows two phase transitions1) : a
second-order transition accompanying the SP lattice
distortion with an incommensurate (IC) structure at
Tc2 = 47 K and a first-order commensurate (C) SP
transition at Tc1 = 27 K. In contrast to another inorganic SP system CuGeO3 , a long-range magnetic order in an impurity-doped system Ti1−x Scx OBr has notbeen reported. This fact implies that the system ishighly one-dimensional and interchain magnetic interactions in it are negligible. To investigate the transition temperatures for various Sc concentrations andspin dynamics in these systems, we performed µSR
measurements at the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility.
In the ZF-µSR time spectra of pure TiOBr, muon
spin relaxation is markedly enhanced below 27 K. On
the other hand, Sc-substituted samples do not show
any remarkable enhancement of the muon spin relaxation down to 1.5 K. The time spectra are well fittedwith the function A(t) = As GKT (∆, t)e−λt , where ∆ isthe distribution width of the internal field at the muonsite and λ is the relaxation rate. GKT (∆, t) is the
Kubo-Toyabe function for describing the muon spin
relaxation due to the nuclear dipole field. The temperature dependence of λ for x ≤ 0.01 is depicted inFig. 1. In these three samples, λ slightly increases below ∼50 K. As temperature further decreases, only
TiOBr (x = 0) shows a steeper increase in λ below ∼27 K. This behavior is similar to the typicalT dependence of λ accompanying the formation of aspin-singlet state. Therefore, in the case of a pure
TiOBr system, two anomalies in λ at ∼50 K and 27 K
seem to correspond to the IC- and C-SP transitions(Tc2 = 47 K and Tc1 = 27 K). However, two othersystems do not show the steep increase in λ at Tc1 .
This result indicates that the local internal fields observed in the Sc-substituted samples are different fromthat in TiOBr. It is expected that a small amountof impurities will markedly suppress the C-SP state ofTiOBr.

Fig. 2. Temperature dependences of distribution width ofinternal field ∆ [(a), (c) and (e)] and relaxation rate λ[(b), (d) and (f)], for x = 0.01, 0.03 and 0.07.

Fig. 1. Temperature dependence of the muon spin relaxation rate λ for x = 0, 0.005 and 0.01.
∗1
∗2
∗3
∗4

Present address: Academic & Information Board, Ochanomizu University
Department of Physics, Aoyama Gakuin University
Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy
AgencyMuon Science Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization

Figures 2(a)-(f) show the temperature dependencesof ∆ and λ in Ti1−x Scx OBr for x ≥ 0.01. The ICSP transition temperature Tc2 has been expected todecrease with increasing x to reach zero at around x =0.07.1) However, λ increases below ∼50 K commonlyin all measured samples with the independence of x.
Since the systems have a 2D layered structure where
Ti and Sc spatially form triangular lattices, the SP
transition at Tc1 may occur to release the frustration
within the 2D layers. The x-independent increase in λbelow ∼50 K may indicate the suppression of magnetic
fluctuations, rather than the IC-SP transition.
References
1) T. Sasaki et al.: cond-mat/0509358 (2005).

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Rep.41

Magnetic properties in spin-singlet Pd(dmit)2 salts having a 2D
distorted triangular lattice
S. Ohira-Kawamura,∗1 R. Kato, M. Tamura, and M. IwasakiOrganic conductor, 2D distorted triangular lattice, spin-singlet system, muon spin relaxation

Organic Pd(dmit)2 salts have a 2D layered structure consisting of [Pd(dmit)2 ]2 dimers, each of which
possesses spin-1/2. The dimers form a distorted triangular lattice in the layers with interdimer antiferromagnetic interactions. Therefore, strong spin frustration is expected to occur there.1) Because of thesmall spatial anisotropy in the triangular lattice, thesystems exhibit the character of a 2D square lattice or
1D chain at low temperatures, by releasing the frustration. We have previously performed µSR experiments
on some Pd(dmit)2 salts with the character of the 2D
square lattice due to the small anisotropy, and we observed long-range magnetic order.2,3) As the next stepof our study, we carried out the µSR measurement of
C2 H5 (CH3 )3 P[Pd(dmit)2 ]2 (P 21 /m) to investigate its
novel magnetic properties. X-ray structure analysis
and magnetic susceptibility measurement suggest that
this system shows a spin-singlet state such as the spinPeierls state below 25 K,4) although the system has
a 2D approximately triangular lattice structure rather
than a 1D chain structure.
The µSR experiment was carried out at the
RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility.
25 mg of theC2 H5 (CH3 )3 P[Pd(dmit)2 ]2 polycrystalline samples
were prepared.
The ZF-µSR time spectra exhibit almost Gaussiantype time evolution of the muon spin polarization down
to ∼25 K. The relaxation gradually became fasterat lower temperatures, and the shapes of the time
spectra become exponential. The time spectra werefitted with the function A(t) = A0 G(∆, t) exp(−λt).
The temperature dependences of the muon spin relaxation rate λ and the internal field distribution at
the muon site ∆ are shown in Figs. 1(a) and (b),respectively. λ is independent of temperature down
to ∼25 K, and then starts to increase. ∆ seems torapidly decrease concomitantly at ∼25 K, because theshapes of the time spectra change from Gaussian-type
to exponential. Such behavior of λ and ∆ is often observed in spin-singlet systems. In fact, similar temperature dependences of λ and ∆ are reported for anotherPd(dmit)2 salt that forms a spin-singlet state.3) It often happens in the spin-singlet state that dilute spins
which do not dimerize yield fluctuating local fields andcause the muon spin relaxation. The increase in λslightly below the transition temperature is thought toreflect the dynamics of the electronic spins such as the∗1

Fig. 1. Temperature dependences of (a) the muon spin relaxation rate λ and (b) the internal field distribution∆.

slowing down of spin flip excitations across the finite
energy gap in the magnetic excitation spectrum in the
spin-singlet state.5) Therefore, our result strongly indicates that the system exhibits a valence bond (VB)
ordered state, as suggested by the previous studies.4)
Note that such a large enhancement of the muon spin
relaxation is not observed in a resonating valence bondstate because the resonance frequency is too high to be
detected by the µSR method. Below ∼15 K, λ eventually saturates. The temperature independence of λin this temperature region may be used to detect the
local field due to some defect.
References
1) M. Tamura and R. Kato: J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
14, L729 (2002).
2) S. Ohira et al.: Phys. Rev. B 70, 220404(R) (2004).
3) S. Ohira et al.: Physica B 374-375, 122-125 (2006).
4) M. Tamura et al.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 75, 093701 (2006).
5) B. W. Lovett et al.: Phys. Rev. B 61, 12241 (2000).

Present address: Academic & Information Board, Ochanomizu University- 203 -

1

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41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
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Rep.41
RIKEN

Effect of randomness on the quantum spin system Tl1−x Kx CuCl3
with x = 0.44 studied by Zero-field Muon-Spin-Relaxation (ZF-µSR)
method†T. Suzuki, F. Yamada,∗1 I. Watanabe, T. Goto,∗2 A. Oosawa,∗2 and H. Tanaka,∗1[spin gap, magnon, Bose-Einstein condensation, randomness, Bose glass phase]

†
∗1
∗2

Condensed from article in J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, 074704(2007).
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Department of Physics, Sophia University

Tl1-xKxCuCl3 (x=0.44)

12

ZF - µSR

A(t) (%)

9

3K 4K

10K

2K

6

0.08 K

3
A(t)=A0exp(-λt)β
0
0

3

6

9

t (µs)

Fig. 1. Time spectrum of the zero-field muon-spinrelaxation. Solid lines indicate fitted results obtainedusing the stretched exponential function exp(−λt)β .
0.35

Tl1-xKxCuCl3 (x=0.44)

0.30

ZF - µSR

1.5

0.25
β

λ (µsec.-1)

In the mixed system Tl1−x Kx CuCl3 , which is the
subject of this study, the randomness of the local
potential is introduced through the difference in thevalue of the dominant intradimer interaction J between
TlCuCl3 and KCuCl3 , because J corresponds to the
local potential of the excited spin triplets (magnons).
Magnetization measurements suggest that the groundstate is negative with no gap in the mixed system atzero field (ZF), although both the parent materials are
non-magnetic with finite excitation gaps1) .
The appearance of a new phase, Bose-glass phase,at lower magnetic fields at T = 0 is predicted by theories.2) According to theoretical predictions, the Boseglass phase is produced between gapped and orderedphases. Recently, we have reported an increase in the
muon-spin-relaxation rate λ at low temperatures at
x = 0.20, which is possibly a precursor to the Boseglass phase at T = 03) . However, it has not yet beenclarified whether or not another ground state apartfrom the Bose-glass phase and the gapped state appears when the randomness is enhanced with increasing the concentration of x. To investigate microscopic
magnetic properties in highly random systems, we carried out the zero-field muon-spin-relaxation (ZF-µSR)
measurements in Tl1−x Kx CuCl3 with x = 0.44 single
crystals at the RIKEN-RAL muon facility.
Figure 1 shows ZF-µSR time spectra at each temperature. The shape of the time spectrum is changed
drastically with decreasing temperature. The µSRtime spectra are analyzed using the function of thestretched exponential A0 exp(−λt)β , where A0 is theinitial asymmetry and λ is the muon-spin-relaxation
rate. Figure 2 shows the temperature dependenceof the muon-spin-relaxation rate λ and of the power
β. The relaxation rate λ rapidly increases with decreasing temperature in contrast to the case of x =0.20 (open triangles). The rapid increase in the relaxation rate λ reminds us of the critical divergence
toward a phase transition, and it is suggested that
there exists a critical slowing down of the fluctuation
frequency of the Cu-3d spins to a spin frozen state
below 80 mK in zero-field. The expected spin frozen
state is not the Bose-glass phase, because the saturation of the relaxation rate λ is not observed in the

0.20
1.0

0.15
0.10
(x = 0.20)

0.05

0

2

4

6
T (K)

8

10

0.5

Fig. 2. Temperature dependence of the relaxation rate λ(left-hand side vertical axis, closed circles) and of thepower β (right-hand side vertical axis, closed squares)
for x = 0.44. Solid lines are guides for the eye.

case of x = 0.44. The power β of the stretched exponential function decreases with decreasing temperature, and tends to saturate to the value of β = 0.65.
By the analogy of the nuclear spin-lattice relaxationby spatially localized impurity spins4) , it is suggested
that the fast muon-spin-relaxation originates from thespatially-fixed dilute moments fluctuating in time, andthat spatially separated islands, which have a finite
magnetic moment large enough to cause the fast muonspin-relaxation, appear in the singlet sea at lower temperatures.
References
1) A. Oosawa et al.: Phys. Rev. B 65, 184437 (2002).
2) M. P. A. Fisher et al.: Phys. Rev. B 40, 546 (1989).
3) T. Suzuki et al.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 75, 025001 (2006).
4) M. R. McHenry et al.: Phys. Rev. B 5, 2958 (1972).

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41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
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Rep.41RIKENµSR study of the impurity-induced magnetic phase inTl(Cu1−x Mgx )Cl3 †T. Suzuki, F. Yamada,∗1 I. Watanabe, T. Goto,∗2 A. Oosawa,∗2 and H. Tanaka∗1[Keywords: Bose-Einstein condensation, quantum phase transition, impurity effect]

†

∗1
∗2

25
TlCu1-xMgxCl3 (x = 0.0047)
T = 20 mK
LF-µSR

20
A(t) (%)

3000 G

15
300 G

10
50 G

5

ZF

0
0

1

2

3
t (µs)

4

5

6

Fig. 1. Time spectrum of the longitudinal-field muon-spinrelaxation (LF - µSR) of TlCu1−x Mgx Cl3 with x =0.0047 at 20 mK in 0, 50, 70, 100 300, 1000, 3000, 5000
gauss. Solid lines indicate fitted results.

0.4

λ (µs-1)

TlCuCl3 has the magnetic ground state of spin singlets with an excitation gap of 7.5 K.1) At low magnetic fields, magnetization decreases to zero because of
the singlet ground state. At high magnetic fields, however, magnetization begins to increase below the temperature TN . Neutron elastic scattering experiments
have revealed that the field-induced Néel ordering occurs and that the vertical component of spins orders
antiferromagnetically.2) Recently, impurity-introducedTl(Cu1−x Mgx )Cl3 single crystals have been grown,
and new intriguing phenomena have been reported.3,4)
The magnetic phase transition to an ordered state
is observed by magnetization and specific heat measurements in the zero-field limit, and neutron elastic scattering measurements reveal that this impurityinduced ordered state is an antiferromagnetically ordered state whose magnetic structure is the same asthat of the field-induced phase in TlCuCl3 . The purpose of this study is to investigate the microscopic
magnetic properties of the impurity-induced orderedstate in Tl(Cu1−x Mgx )Cl3 with x = 0.0047 at low temperatures using the muon-spin-relaxation (µSR) technique. Measurements of µSR were performed using the
LTF instrument at the Swiss Muon Source (SµS), Paul
Scherrer Institut (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland. BeforeµSR measurements, we carried out the measurement of
the temperature dependence of the specific heat in thezero field. We observed a clear peak in the temperature dependence of the specific heat of the spin system,and the phase transition point TN is confirmed to be
0.70 K.
In order to investigate the difference in spin dynamics between temperatures below and above TN ,the longitudinal-field muon-spin-relaxation (LF - µSR)
measurements were carried out at 20 mK and 1 K.
Figure 1 shows the time spectrum at 20 mK at eachmagnetic field. Solid lines indicate fitted results using the function A(t) = A(0)GKT (∆, HLF , t) exp(−λt).
GKT (∆, HLF , t) is the static Kubo-Toyabe function.
Figure 2 shows the magnetic field dependence of themuon spin relaxation rate at 20 mK and 1 K. The obtained data for 20 mK are well fitted using the Redfield2
2
τ /(1 + γµ2 HLF
τ 2 ). The loformula of λ(HLF ) = γµ2 Hloc
cal magnetic field Hloc and the frequency of fluctuation
f at muon sites are deduced to be Hloc = 34 gauss andf = 1/τ = 0.74 MHz, respectively. On the other hand,

TlCu1-xMgxCl3 (x = 0.0047)
LF-µSR

0.3

20 mK

0.2
1K

0.1
0 -1
10

100

101 102
HLF (gauss)

103

104

Fig. 2. Magnetic field dependence of the relaxation rate λat 20 mK and 1 K. Solid lines indicate fitted result for
20 mK.

the magnetic field dependence of λ in the case of 1 K is
broad and the cutoff structure is almost smeared. Thismeans that muon spins feel widely spread spectrum of
the local magnetic fields Hloc and of the frequency offluctuation f at 1 K. These results indicate that the
local magnetic fields Hloc and the frequency of the fluctuation at muon sites, which originate from the Cu-3d
spins fluctuation, concentrate to the one component
with decreasing temperature, but the Cu-3d spins in
the crystal are not frozen down to 20 mK. These spins
slowly fluctuate at a frequency below 1 MHz at 20 mK.
References

Condensed from the article submitted to Phys. Rev. B
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Department of Physics, Sophia University- 205 -

1) H. Tanaka et al.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 70, 939 (2001).
2) A. Oosawa et al.: Phys. Rev. B 65, 184437 (2002).
3) A. Oosawa et al.: Phys. Rev. B 66, 020405(R) (2002).
4) H. Imamura et al.: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.74, 064423(2006).

1

024(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41µSR studies of the ground state of an impure spin-ladder
A. Kikkawa,∗1 Z. Honda,∗2 K. Katsumata,∗1 I. Watanabe,∗3 T. Suzuki,∗3 and T. Matsuzaki∗3

The ground state of quantum antiferromagnets suchas, a spin, S = 1 Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain,a spin-Peierls compound and a two-leg spin-ladder
is a singlet with an energy gap (spin-gap) to thelowest excited state due to quantum fluctuations.
This non-magnetic state is called the spin liquid one.
When an impurity is doped in these magnetic systems, novel phenomena appear. Examples include,
the fractional spin degrees of freedom at the ends
of S = 1 Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain1) andthe impurity induced long-range magnetic order inspin-Peierls and two-leg spin-ladder materials2–4) . To
the best of our knowledge, there have been neither theoretical nor experimental studies on randomly
mixed two spin ladder materials with different magnetic atoms. We have performed experimental studies on a random mixture of two spin-ladder materials,
Na2 (Co0.5 Fe0.5 )2 (C2 O4 )3 (H2 O)2 .
From our magnetic measurements on single crystalsof Na2 (Co0.5 Fe0.5 )2 (C2 O4 )3 (H2 O)2 , we find that thetemperature, T , dependence of the magnetic susceptibility shows a broad peak at ∼ 18 K indicating a formation of a spin-gap and an increase below ∼ 6 K. The
latter observation is interpreted as due to the presenceof magnetic moments that do not participate in theformation of the spin liquid state. The magnetic fielddependence of the magnetization is consistent with thisinterpretation.
In order to obtain microscopic information on thismixed ladder, we have performed µSR measurements
under zero and non-zero magnetic fields applied parallel to the muon beam direction (longitudinal field, LF).
Muon spin-relaxation measurements were conductedat the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility in the UK.
Figure 1 shows the time spectra obtained at LF =0.395 T and at the designated temperatures. We seea considerable amount of muon spin relaxation andthe relaxation becomes faster with decreasing temperature. This T -dependence of the spectra is very different
from that observed in pure Na2 Co2 (C2 O4 )3 (H2 O)2 . In
the pure compound, the relaxation is extremely slow at
low temperatures, reflecting the non-magnetic groundstate5) . The present µSR measurements show clearly
that magnetic moments exist at the low temperaturesand cause µ-on spin relaxation. This result gives a microscopic evidence for our interpretation of the magnetic susceptibility mentioned above.
∗1

∗2
∗3

RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Harima Institute
Faculty of Engineering, Saitama University
Advanced Meson Science Laboratory, RIKEN Nishina Center

Asymmetry[µSR, spin-ladder, impurity effect]
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
15 K
17
16
15
10 K
14 0.3 K
13
12
0
1
2

80 K

40 K
25 K

3
4
Time µsec

56Fig. 1. Temperature dependence of the µ-on spin decay of an assembly of single crystal samples ofNa2 (Co0.5 Fe0.5 )2 (C2 O4 )3 (H2 O)2 measured at 0.395 T.
Full lines are the results of fits to the formula discussed
in the text.

We fitted the spectra to a sum of two relaxation
functions,Gz (t) = D exp(−λ1 t) + E exp(−λ2 t) + F,

(1)

where, D, E and F are constants, independent of time,t, and λ1 and λ2 are the relaxation rates. The relaxation rate thus obtained increases with decreasing
T down to about 10 K and becomes almost temperature independent below about 10 K. This result isinterpreted as follows: at high temperatures Co andFe electron spins are in the paramagnetic state andthe fluctuation time is too fast to be detected by µSR
which has a characteristic time window from 10−6 to10−11 seconds. With decreasing temperature, the spatial correlation among spins develops and the fluctuation of the spins becomes slow. The almost temperature independent relaxation rate at the low temperatures imply a wide distribution in relaxation times as
is often observed in random magnetic systems.
References
1) M. Hagiwara et al. : Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 3181 (1990).
2) J. P. Renard et al.: Europhys. Lett. 30, 47 (1995).
3) H. Fukuyama et al.: J. Phys. Soc. Japan 65, 1182
(1996).
4) M. Azuma et al.: Phys. Rev. B 55, R8658 (1997).
5) A. Kikkawa et al.: J. Phys. Soc. Japan 76, 023707(2007).

- 206 -

1

043
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41µSR study around a quantum critical point in heavy fermion
compounds Ce2 RhIn8−x Snx
K. Ohishi,∗1 R. H. Heffner,∗1,∗2 T. U. Ito,∗1,∗3 W. Higemoto,∗1 E. D. Bauer,∗2 and T. Suzuki

∗1
∗2
∗3

25
2K

Asymmetry [%]Quantum phase transitions are induced by the application of a control parameter, typically either pressure or chemical substitution, in contrast to classical phase transitions, which are induced by thermal fluctuation. It is observed that superconductivity and/or non-Fermi liquid (NFL) behavior often occurs in the vicinity of a magnetic quantum criticalpoint (QCP), where the Curie or Néel temperature approaches T = 0 K. NFL behavior includes anomalous
temperature dependences of the electrical resistivity(∆ρ = ρ(T ) − ρ(0) ∝ T n , 1 ≤ n < 2) and the specific heat coefficient (C/T ∝ − ln T )1,2) , in contrast
to the Fermi liquid behavior seen in ordinary metals(∆ρ ∝ T 2 , C/T = constant). To study these behaviors, which appear near a QCP, the heavy fermion systems are very suitable since they can be tuned continuously from the magnetic ordered state to the paramagnetic metallic state by varying a single parameter,
i.e., the strength of hybridization between conduction
bands and f -electrons. Phase diagrams observed inheavy fermion systems have indeed been establishedexperimentally for magnetic ordering, superconductivity and NFL behavior. However, at present, there is
no ability to predict whether superconductivity, magnetism or both will occur in such a phase diagram, andwhat properties any specific ground state will possess.
This is crucial for understanding why magnetic ordering and superconductivity occur together, and why superconductivity and NFL behavior appear in the vicinity of a QCP.
Ce2 RhIn8 is a known antiferromagnet with TN =2.8 K3) , but becomes superconducting above a pressure of 1.1 GPa4) . The magnetically ordered state isfavored at low pressure. The Néel temperature is eventually depressed with increasing pressure, and superconductivity sets in above 1.1 GPa. Recently, it has
been found that the chemical substitution of Sn for
In in Ce2 RhIn8−x Snx depresses TN for a critical concentration of about x ∼ 0.5, suggesting the emergenceof a QCP5) . According to specific heat measurements
above 0.4 K5) , NFL behavior in C/T was observed.
Therefore, it is considered that Ce2 RhIn8−x Snx is agood candidate to study magnetism and superconductivity around a QCP because two QCPs are inducedin this system.
In this beam time, we focused on Sn-doped samples, and performed zero-field (ZF) and longitudinal-

1.2K

20

0.5K
0.4K

0.3K

15
Ce2RhIn8-xSnx
x = 0.5
ZF-µSR
10

0

4

8

12

Time [µs]Fig. 1. ZF-µSR time spectra in Ce2 RhIn8−x Snx (x = 0.5)
at various temperatures.

field (LF) muon spin relaxation (µSR) measurementsof Ce2 RhIn8−x Snx (x = 0.5 and 0.7) in the temperature range between 0.3 K and 10 K at the RIKENRAL Muon Facility in the U.K. Figure 1 shows the
ZF-µSR time spectra for the x = 0.5 sample at various temperatures. While the relaxation rate above
2 K is almost independent of temperature, it gradually starts to increase with decreasing temperature.
As shown in this figure, muon spin precession signals
are not observed down to 0.3 K, suggesting the absence of magnetic ordering at this temperature. The
LF-µSR measurements revealed that the internal field
at 0.3 K is static at a few gauss. Although the data
are not shown here, no muon spin precession has been
observed in the x = 0.7 sample. The relaxation rate
observed in x = 0.7 is smaller than that in x = 0.5.
While the detailed analysis is in progress, it is likelythat the suppression of magnetic ordering occurs inboth x = 0.5 and 0.7 samples. Further experiments
at lower temperature are necessary to clarify the magnetic ground state of these samples.
References
1) P. Coleman and A. Schofield: Nature 433, 226 (2005).
2) T. Park et al.: Nature 440, 65 (2006).
3) J. D. Thompson et al.: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 266230, 5 (2001).
4) M. Nicklas et al.: Phys. Rev. B 67, 020506(R) (2003).
5) E. D. Bauer: Unpublished results.

Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy
AgencyLos Alamos National Laboratory, USA
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology- 207 -

1

(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Quasi-Static Internal Field Observed by µSR in La2−x SrxCuO4
I. Watanabe, T. Adachi∗1 S. Yairi∗1 Y. Koike∗1 and K. Nagamine∗2[µSR, High-Tc , Cu-Spin Dynamics, Spin Gap]λ(HLF ) =∗1∗22
2γµ2 Hloc
τc,22
1 + γµ HLF τc2(1)

Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University.
Physics Department, University of California, Riverside(UCR), USA.

Normalized Asymmetry

where τc is the correlation time of the internal ﬁeld at
the muon site, γµ the gyromagnetic ratio of a muon
spin (γµ = 2π×13.55 MHz/kG), and Hloc the internalﬁeld ﬂuctuating with the frequency of ωc (= 1/τc ) at
the muon site.
After obtaining the best ﬁt using the Redﬁeld equation, τc and Hloc have been obtained to be about 0.07
MHz and 1.8 G, respectively. In paticular, the obtained frequency is at the low end of the µSR characteristic time window. Therefore, the current study
proves the existence of a small quasi-static internalﬁeld in LSCO well above the magnetic transition temperature.
1.5La2-xSrxCuO4
x=0.115 at 50.8 K

ZF
2.5G
5G
10G
20G

5

15

1.0

0.5

0

0

10

20

Time ( sec)
Fig. 1. Longitudinal-ﬁeld µSR time spectra of La2−x Srx CuO4
with x=0.115 at 50.8 K.

1
Sr11.5%, 50.8K

0.1

-1

( sec )The origin of high-Tc superconductivity remains
controversial and lots of experimental and theoretical studies that have been carried out over past 20
years. We have continuously studied Cu-spin dynamics
in high-Tc oxides using the muon-spin relaxation (µSR)
technique. The µSR technique is a unique methodof sensing spin dynamics within the middle-frequency
range between 10−6 and 10−11 sec. Using the zero-ﬁeld(ZF) µSR measurement of polycrystalline samples ofLa2−x Srx CuO4 (LSCO), we have clariﬁed a close relationship between the mobility of holes and the dynamics of the internal ﬁeld at the muon site1,2) . To
obtain more detailed information on the dynamics of
the internal ﬁeld at the muon site, we have carriedout precise µSR measurement in longitudinal ﬁelds(LF) with statistics higher than conventional statistics2) . LF-µSR measurement has been performed at
the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility in the UK. A special
setup called a ”ﬂy-past” mode, improves the signalto-noise ratio, has been developed to measure smallchanges in µSR time spectra. Polycrystalline samplesof LSCO with x=0.115 have been prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method1,2) . The sample
has shown a static magnetically ordered state below
apriximatelly 10 K1,2) .
Figure 1 shows the LF dependence of time spectra
at 50.8 K. The time spectrum of ZF shows a Gaussiantype depolarization behavior and recovers with increasing LF, and becomes almost ﬂat above 20 G.
The time spectra have been analyzed using the analysis function of A0 e−λt GZ (∆, t, Hloc ) (Ref. 2). Here,A0 is the initial asymmetry and GZ (∆, t, Hloc ) is theGaussian-type Kubo-Toyabe function2) . In Fig. 3, acalculated time spectrum with LF = 5 G and λ = 0
is shown by a red line. The measured data with thesame condition is highlighted by blue circles. Clearly,
there is a diﬀerence between the obtained and calculated spectra. This diﬀerence proves the nonzero valueof λ.
Figure 2 shows the LF dependence of λ at 50.8 K. λdecreases with decreasing LF. Its LF dependence showsa convex shape in the log-log plot. To obtain quantitative information from this data, the Redﬁeld equation
is applied3–5) . The Redﬁeld equation is expressed;

0.01

Hloc = 1.81 0.03 G
c = 13.1 0.7 sec

0.001
0.0001

1

10

100

1000

Field (Gauss)
Fig. 2. Longitudinal-ﬁeld dependence of λ of La2−x Srx CuO4
with x=0.115 at 50.8K.

References
1) I. Watanabe et al., J. Low Temp. Phys. 131, 331 (2003).
2) I. Watanabe et al., to be published in Phys. Rev. B.
3) W. Higemoto et al., Phys. Lett. A 243, 80 (1998).
4) I. Watanabe et al., Phys. Rev. B 62, 14524 (2000).
5) T. Saito et al., Phys. Rev. B 74, 134423 (2006).

- 208 -

1

051
RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Effect of Pressure on a Static Magnetically Ordered State of Cu
Spins in La2−x Srx Cuy Zn1−y O4 with x = 0.13 and y = 0.0025 Studied
by µSR
I. Watanabe, T. Adachi∗1 , Y. Ishii, T. Kawamata, Y. Koike∗1 , and D. Andreica∗2[µSR, High Tc , Cu Spin Dynamics, Pressure]∗1∗2

obtained at 8.1 kbar is similar to that measured in theatmosphere. Thus, it is concluded from this study thatpressure does not affect on the dynamics of stripes atleast up to about 8 kbar. Additional high-pressure
experiments using other samples are now planned inorder to obtain more information about the pressure
dependence of the stabilization of stripes.

Fig. 1. Pressure cell available at PSI and used in this study.

Corrected Asymmetry (%)

One of the fascinating models for describing themechanism of high-Tc superconductivity is the socalled stripe model of spins and holes1) . An important
point for understanding this model is to investigate thedynamics of stripes. It has been reported that stabilized stripes are easily destabilized by a low pressure ofabout 2 kbar2) . On the other hand, we have proved in
our previous µSR study that a small amount of nonmagnetic impurities stabilizes dynamically fluctuating
stripes in La2−x Srx CuO4 at around x=0.13, where thehole concentration is about 1/8 per Cu3) . Therefore,
we have carried out a µSR measurement at a highpressure of about 8 kbar in order to investigate theeffect of pressure on the dynamics of stripes.
The polycrystalline Zn-substituted sample,
La2−x Srx Cu1−y Zny O4 , with x=0.13 and y=0.0025 has
been prepared by a typical solid-state reaction method.
In this sample, the stabilization of stripes is observed
below 7 K, although no sign of the stabilization of
stripes is observed in the case of y=0. Thus, thissample is expected to be located at the boundary between the stabilized and dynamically fluctuating statesof stripes. If the dynamics of stripes depends on thepressure, the disappearance of the stabilized state of
stripes would be observed in this sample at a pressureof the order of a few kbar. The high-pressure µSR
measurement was carried out at PSI in Switzerland
using a clump-type cell made of CuBe. The appliedpressure in this study was 8.1 kbar. µSR time spectra
at a transverse field (TF) of 50 G were measured withchanging temperature.
Figure 1 shows a photograph of the high-pressure
cell available at PSI. The cell is cooled in the He-gas
atmosphere down to about 2 K. Muons with a highmomentum were injected into the sample through thewall of the cell. Figure 2 shows temperature dependences of the amplitude of the muon-spin precession in
TF = 50 G at 0 and 8.1 kbar. The precession amplitude decreases with decreasing temperature below 15
K. This tendency is the same as that observed in ourprevious study4) . Thus, the decrease in the precession
amplitude of the muon spin indicates the stabilizationof stripes. As observed in Fig. 2, the temperature dependence of the precession amplitude of the muon spin

30

Sr13%, Zn0.25%, TF=50G
25

20
0 bar
8.1 kbar

15

0

10

20

30

40

50

Temperature (K)Fig. 2. Temperature dependences of the amplitude of themuon-spin precession of La2−x Srx Cu1−y Zny O4 with
x=0.13 and y=0.0025 in TF = 50G at 0 and 8.1 kbar.

References
1) J. M. Tranquada et al.; Nature (London) 375, 561(1995).
2) S. Arumugam et al.; Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 247001 (2002).
3) I. Watanabe et al.; Phys. Rev. B 65, R180516 (2002).
4) T. Adachi et al.; Phys. Rev. B 69, R184507 (2004).

Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
PSI, Switzerland, and Department of Physics, Babes-Bolyai
University, Romania- 209 -

1

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RIKEN
(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Suppression of antiferromagnetic order by impurity-doping in theelectron doped Pr1−x LaCex CuO4
Masaki Fujita,∗1 Aya Hino,∗2 Toshiaki Takagi,∗2 Isao Watanabe,∗3 and Kazuyoshi Yamada∗1,∗4
Electron-hole symmetry of a pairing mechanism is
one of the central issues in a research on high-Tc superconductivity. Since either type of carrier doping
into Mott insulators induces high-Tc superconductivity, it is widely considered that the spin correlations
play a crucial role in the superconducting mechanism.
To reveal the universal nature of spin correlations onunderlying CuO2 planes, impurity eﬀects have been
extensively studied for the high-Tc superconductors.
In a prototypical hole-doped (n-type) superconductor La2−x Srx CuO4 (LSCO), evidence for the existenceof spatially modulated spin correlations (stripe correlations) and/or the magnetic quantum phase transition was revealed in the superconducting phase by asystematic µSR measurement.1,2) To understand sucha novel magnetism revealed by impurity substitution
in carrier-doped Mott insulators and its relevance tothe high-Tc superconductivity, comparative studies betweeen hole-doped and electron-doped (n-type) systems are indispensable.
To gain further insight into this problem, we
have performed zero-ﬁeld µSR measurements on theelectron-doped system Pr1−x LaCex Cu1−y Zny O4 3) at
RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory in the UK. As shown in Fig. 1, the Znfree sample shows a clear rotation component in theµSR time spectrum at T ∼6 K, indicating the existence of a static magnetic order at low temperature.
However, upon Zn doping, the time spectrum changes
into an exponential-type one with faster depolarization. This result indicates the suppression of the development of spin correlations at low temperature by
Zn doping. The onset temperature for the appearance of static magnetic order (TN ) as a function of Zn
concentration is plotted in Fig. 2 for y=0, 0.04 and0.08. TN decreases monotonically upon Zn doping forall systems with ﬁxed Ce concentration. Furthermore,no clear evidence of appearance of magnetic order wasobserved in the superconducting phase at low temperature down to 6 K. These results suggest the reductionof spin correlations by Zn doping and diﬀerent from thebehavior in the hole-doped system in which an anomalous enhancement of spin correlations is conﬁrmed at
adequate Zn concentrations. Therefore, the nature ofstatic or low-energy spin ﬂuctuations in the n-type system would be quite diﬀerent from those in the p-typesystem. A monotonic reduction of spin correlations
and no appearance of magnetic order after vanishing
the superconductivity suggest that the non magnetic
Zn impurity in the electron-doped system simply acts
as a vacancy of spins on underlying CuO2 planes, resulting into the dilution of Cu spins by Zn doping.

∗1

References

∗2
∗3
∗4

Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Japan
Department of Physics, Tohoku University, JapanRIKEN Advanced Meson Science Laboratory
World-Premier-International Research Center Initiative, Tohoku University, Japan

Normalized AsymmetryPr1-xLaCexCu1-yZnyO4, T~6K
y=0
y=0.04y=0.08

1.0

0.5

0

0

2

4

time (µsec)

68Fig. 1. ZF-µSR time spectra for Zn-doped PLCCO with y= 0 (circles), 0.04 (triangles), and 0.08 (squares).

Pr1-xLaCexCu1-yZnyO4
150

x=0.06T (K)100

x=0.0850

x=0.10
0

0

0.05

0.10

Zn concentration (y)0.15

Fig. 2. Zn-concentration dependence of the magnetic transition temperature for x=0.06 (diamonds), 0.08 (circles)
and 0.10 (squares).

1) I. Watanabe et al., Phys. Rev. B 62, R11985 (2000).
2) Risdiana et al., Phys. Rev. B 77, 054516 (2008).
3) M. Fujita et al., Phys. Rev. B 67, 014514 (2003).

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㩷
㩷

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

PSR Study of Proton Dynamics in 9-Hydroxyphenalenone Derivatives
Tomoyuki Mochida,*1,2 Masaru Oyama,*1,2 Tadashi Sugawara,*3 Isao Watanabe, Yasuyuki Ishii, Takao Suzuki,
Takayuki Kawamata, and Teiichiro Matsuzaki

O

H
O

O

X

Fig. 1. Tautomerization
derivatives.

H

special interest. A similar tendency of the relaxation rates
for 1-h was observed, but the results are preliminary owing
to beam-time limitation.

Relaxation rate (Ps-l)

In this study, we elucidate the nature of the phasetransitions in molecular crystals of 9-hydroxyphenalenone
derivatives. These are interesting materials for investigatinghydrogen/deuterium dynamics and its consequences onphase transitions in hydrogen-bonded ferroelectrics.1, 2) At
room temperature, the molecules undergo rapid
tautomerization coupling with intramolecular hydrogentransfer between the two oxygen atoms (Fig. 1). By
applying PSR, we investigate the distribution ororder-disorder of the hydrogen/deuterium along thehydrogen bond and how they are correlated with the phasetransitions.
O

X

Temperature (K)9-hydroxyphenalen-1-one

Fig. 2. Temperature dependence of muon relaxation rate in
5-bromo-9-deuteroxyphenalen-1-one (1-d).

As the first step, we investigated how thehydrogen/deuterium dynamics in the 5-bromo derivative (X= Br) can be detected by PSR. The phase sequences of the
5-bromo compound (1-h) and its deuteroxy analogues (1-d)
have been examined in detail:3–5) 1-h exhibits no phasetransition, but 1-d exhibits successive phase transitions at TI= 34 K and TC = 22 K. The absence of phase transition in
1-h has been ascribed to hydrogen tunneling.4,5) Previously,
preliminary PSR measurements for 1-d were performed at
PSI for 1 day, but the relaxation time turned out to be toolong for the instruments. This time, we performed PSR
measurements at RAL for two days, and could evaluate therelaxation time for both 1-h and 1-d.
The temperature dependence of the relaxation rates for
1-d under zero magnetic field is shown in Fig. 2. A
significant increase in the relaxation rate was observed at
approximately 36 K, which may reflect the ordering of thedeuterium associated with the phase transition. However, amore detailed analysis is necessary to unambiguously
ascribe the origin of this enhancement. To exclude thecontribution of muonium, relaxation rates were measured
under a longitudinal magnetic field at 4000 G. A marked
enhancement of the relaxation rate was observed at
approximately 200 K. The origin of the enhancement is of

For further studies, we need to collect more accurate datafor 1-h for the discussion of the isotope effect. We further
plan to investigate the hydrogen/deuterium dynamics in the
5-methylderivatives,
which
exhibitunusuallow-temperature structures.6) Since these materials are theorganic version of KDP-like ferroelectrics, theseinvestigations will provide essential information on the roleof hydrogen dynamics in hydrogen-bonded ferroelectrics.

*1
*2
*3

of

References

1) T. Mochida, D. Kuwahara, S. Miyajima, and T. Sugawara: J.
Phys. Chem. B. 107, 12315 (2003).
2) T. Mochida, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara, Y. Moritomo, and Y.
Tokura: J. Chem. Phys. 101, 7971 (1994).
3) Y. Moritomo, Y. Tokura, T. Mochida, A. Izuoka, and T.
Sugawara: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 64, 1892 (1995).
4) T. Matsuo, K. Kohno, A. Inaba, T. Mochida, A. Izuoka, and T.
Sugawara: J. Chem. Phys. 108, 9809 (1998).
5) T. Matsuo, K. Kohno, M. Ohama, T. Mochida, A. Izuoka, and T.
Sugawara: Europhys. Lett. 47, 36 (1999).
6) R. Kiyanagi, A. Kojima, H. Kimura, M. Watanabe, Y. Noda, T.
Mochida, T. Sugawara, and S. Kumazawa: J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 74,
613 (2005).

Kobe University
Toho University
The University of Tokyo- 211 -

089
(2008)RIKEN
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Electronic structure and dynamical properties ofhydrogen in WO3 probed by muon
M. Mihara,∗1 K. Shimomura,∗2 I. Watanabe, Y. Ishii, T. Suzuki, J. Komurasaki,∗1 D. Nishimura,∗1 K.
Nishiyama,∗2 R. Kadono,∗2 S. Takai,∗3 T. Nakano,∗1 and T. Hirose∗4
field (electrochromic effect). Here, we measured thezero field (ZF) muon spin relaxation in Hx WO3 at
RIKEN-RAL, to extract information on the basic proton diffusion process from the dynamical properties ofmuon in Hx WO3 , which is important for the development of the electrochromic device based on the WO3thin film6) .
We used two powder samples of commercial undoped WO3 and doped Hx WO3 synthesized by themechanochemical method7) , in which the WO3 powder was milled with zirconia balls and xylene for 24 h.
The hydrogen concentration was estimated to be a few
tens of %. To avoid an undesirable antiferromagnetism
due to oxygen adsorption, the samples were degassed
at 150 ◦ C in vacuum and subsequently sealed within
30-µm-thick silver foils by glue in He atmosphere.
28
300 K

Asymmetry (arb. unit)

Hydrogen in some wide gap semiconductors forms
shallow donor levels and can be a source of conductivity. WO3 is one of the candidates for the formationof shallow donor levels upon hydrogen incorporation,
which is suggested by theoretical prediction based on
first-principle total-energy calculations1) . The muon
spin rotation (µSR) spectroscopy is suitable for investigating the formation and electronic structure of suchlevels, as determined by the existence of the muonium(Mu) center shown in ZnO2) and so on with an extremely small hyperfine coupling constant comparedwith the vacuum hydrogen value. Previous studies oftransverse field (TF) µSR in WO3 suggest the possibility of shallow Mu formation3,4) . However, higher
statistical data have been desired to confirm whether
the shallow Mu exists in WO3 . For this purpose, TFµSR measurements in WO3 single crystals prepared by
the Bridgeman method5) were performed using a highintensity pulsed positive muon beam at the RIKENRAL facility.
A TF-µSR spectrum at 7 K under a transverse fieldof 2 mT is shown in Fig. 1. No evidence of the shallow
muonium formation, such as a beat pattern due to asmall hyperfine field, has been shown in WO3 within
460M-event data.
20

26
160 K

24
22

10 K
20
18
HxWO3
WO3

16
14

T=7K

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Asymmetry (%)

Time (µs)
10Fig. 2. ZF µSR spectra in Hx WO3 and WO3 .
0

Typical spectra are shown in Fig. 2. A relatively
fast relaxation was observed in the doped sample compared with the undoped sample owing to the nuclear
dipolar field from protons. Data analysis is now inprogress to extract the dynamical properties of muonsin Hx WO3 and further experimental studies at temperatures higher than room temperature are being
planned.

-10

-20
0

5

10

15

20

25

Time (µs)

Fig. 1. TF-µSR spectrum in WO3 single crystal grains.

Another subject is the diffusion property of hydrogen in WO3 . Hydrogen impurities in WO3 play animportant role in changing its optical properties, as
observed in the nonstoichiometric compound Hx WO3 ,called tungsten bronze. The hydrogen-doped (darkblue) and undoped (colorless) states in solid WO3 thinfilms can be reversibly controlled by applying electric
∗1

∗2
∗3
∗4

Department of Physics, Osaka University
Institute of Material Structure Science, KEK
Department of Materials Science, Tottori University
Department of Physics, Kagoshima University

References
1) Ç. Kılıç et al.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 73 (2002).
2) K. Shimomura et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett 89, 255505(2002).
3) S. F. J. Cox et al.: Proc. Int. Conf. Phys. Semiconductors (2005) p. 193.
4) M. Mihara et al.: KEK-MSL Report (2005) p. 33.
5) T. Hirose et al.: Phys. Status Solidi (a) 203, 608 (2006).
6) H. Yoshimura and N. Koshida: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 45,3479 (2006).
7) S. Takai et al.: Electrochemistry 72, 876 (2004).

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1

3. Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry

075
㩷

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

㩷Development of capillary electrophoresis apparatus for chemistry ofshortlived radioactive elements
T. Kuribayashi,*1 T. Yoshimura,*1 K. Ooe,*1 N. Takahashi,*1 H. Haba, S. Enomoto, and A. Shinohara*1

The chemistry of heavy actinides has recently received
attention and has been performed to determine theperiodicity of elements. Studies of the properties of theseelements have been limited owing to low production rates
and short lifetimes of nuclides. For solution chemistry ofthese elements, two methods, ion exchange and solvent
extraction have been applied.1) From the significance ofheavy actinide chemistry, it is important to establish a new
methodology to investigate the chemical properties of suchactinides. Capillary zone electrophoresis is highly
promising for the chemistry of the heavy actinides since thismethod rapidly separates chemical species with highresolution.2) In this study we applied capillaryelectrophoresis as a rapid chemical apparatus for short-lived
radioactive elements.
The mobility of each of the lanthanides (Ce, Pm, Sm, Eu,
Gd, Dy, Yb, and Lu) was determined using lanthanide
multitracers, which were produced in 197Au(14N,X)
reactions at the E3b course of the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron.
A fused silica capillary 30 cm in length and 100 Pm in innerdiameter was used. The applied voltage was +15.0 kV. The
electrolyte used was an aqueous solution of 12 mM D-HIB(2-hydroxy-iso-butyric acid) and pH was adjusted to 3.11
with 0.35 M acetate and 10 mM creatinine. Each fraction
eluted from the capillary was collected into plastic tubes
and the radioactivity of each fraction was measured using a
Ge semiconductor detector. No significant Cl- dependenceof mobility of each lanthanide was observed for 10-1 M
KCl; thus, it is found that KCl aerosols delivering ashort-lived nuclide in a gas-jet transport system may be
unaffected by the mobility of the lanthanide. Figure 1 shows

Fig. 1. Plots of relative mobility against ionic radius oflanthanide ions. (open circle: offline experiment usinglanthanide multitracers, filled circle: online experimentusing lanthanide multitracers, open square: 152Dy).
䋪1

Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka
University

Fig. 2. Holder for collection of short-lived nuclides using a
gas-jet transport system.
that the relative mobility of lanthanide ions when that of Ce
was normalized as 1 and Lu as 0. Mobility decreased in theorder of the atomic number. Since the equilibrium constantwith D-HIB becomes larger with decreasing ionic radius of
the metal ion, the amount of the effective charge of themetal complex with D-HIB decreases with increasing
atomic number.3)
For the experiment using the KCl gas-jet transport systeminstalled at an accelerator,1) a holder to collect the
short-lived radioactive element was designed (Figure 2).
This holder has a small dip with 1.5 mm in radius and 3 mm
in depth. The short-lived nuclide collected in this holder isdissolved in a small amount of water (2 PL) to give acomparative concentrated solution and the nuclide isefficiently introduced into the capillary. The experiment
was performed using the AVF cyclotron at the research
center of nuclear physics (RCNP) in Osaka University. In
this experiment, a 152Dy (t1/2 = 2.37 h) tracer was producedin the reaction of 140Ce(16O,4n)152Dy. 152Dy produced by anirradiation for 10 min was collected on the holder and was
dissolved into a solution containing the lanthanide
multitracers at pH 3. The experimental condition to obtainthe mobility of 152Dy was the same as that to determine
mobility described above (offline experiment) except for an
applied voltage of +20.0 kV. The mobility of 152Dy is inagreement with those of the offline experiment. From theseresults it is found that this methodology is valid for thechemistry of short-lived nuclides. In the future we will
perform the chemistry of heavy actinides using this system.
References
1) M. Schädel: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 368 (2006).
2) Y. Kitamoto et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 39, 112(2006).
3) T. Hirokawa et al: J. Chromatogr. 312, 11 (1984).

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127

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Preparation of rotating 238U target of GARIS
H. Kikunaga,*1 H. Haba, D. Kaji, and K. Morita
with helium gas filled in GARIS at a pressure of 38 Pa.
After the irradiation, no damage or losses of the target
material were observed by Į spectrometry. In the near
future, we will develop a rotating Cm2O3 target to produce
SHE nuclides for chemical experiments such as 261Rf, 265Sg,
and 269Hs.
䋪1

Present address: Graduate School of Science, Osaka University

Fig. 1 Photograph of 238U target.

Target density(arb. units)

We plan to the study chemical properties of superheavy
elements (SHEs) with atomic numbers Z  104 by using thegas-jet transport system coupled to the gas-filled recoil ion
separator GARIS at the RIKEN Linear Accelerator Facility(RILAC).1) SHE nuclides with long half-lives for chemical
experiments are commonly produced by hot-fusion
reactions on actinide targets such as 238U, 248Cm, and 249Bk.
Thus, the actinide targets in the oxide form, which arestable for high-intensity heavy-ion bombardments for long
beam times, are prepared by electrodeposition from organic
solutions (molecular-plating method). In this paper wereport on a procedure of preparing a large and uniform
U3O8 target by electrodeposition for irradiations using arotating target system of GARIS.
The details of the electrodeposition cell used in this work
are described in Ref. [2]. A Ti backing foil of 3 ȝm
thickness placed on a water-cooled Ti block was used as thecathode, whereas a Pt plate of 0.1 mm thickness on anotherTi block was used as the anode. A Teflon spacer perforated
in the shape of a banana and of 10 mm thickness was
sandwiched by the electrodes sealed using silicon rubbers
perforated in the same banana shape and of 1 mm thickness.
The active target area was 7.85 cm2.
Prior to electrodeposition, a uranium material in thechemical form of UO2(NO3)2·6H2O was purified by an ion
exchange method in hydrochloric acid. 0.01 M HNO3 (5.5PL) containing 2.6 mg of 238U was mixed with 12 mL of
2-propanol, and the mixture was filled into theelectrodeposition cell. Electrodeposition was carried out by
applying a voltage of 800 V at an increasing current densityfrom 1 to 6 mA cm–2 for 20 min. During theelectrodeposition, the Ti blocks were continuously
water-cooled at 10–15 oC. After the electrodeposition, thetarget was sintered in an electric furnace to obtain uraniumoxide. The temperature in the furnace was raised up to 600
oC in 20 min, and thereafter the power was turned off. The
target thickness of 312 ± 15 ȝg cm–2 averaged for the 16
targets was determined by Į spectrometry of 238U. The
average deposition yield was 95±4%. Figure 1 shows aphotograph of the 238U target mounted on the Al frame. The
uniformity of the target was investigated using an imaging
plate Fujifilm BAS-MS2040. The imaging plate was
exposed by the targets for 9 days. The areal weight
distribution of the target is shown in Fig. 2 for each 1.0 mm
× 1.0 mm pixel. It was found that the standard deviation of
thickness is only 3% except for the 2 mm outer edge of thetarget.
The 16 238U targets were arranged on the rotating wheelof 30 cm diameter and were irradiated with the 113.8-MeV
22
Ne beam with beam currents up to 4.3 particle ȝA toproduce 255No via the 238U(22Ne,5n)255No reaction.3) A total
beam dose of 2.5 × 1018 was accumulated. The target wheel
was rotated during the irradiation at 3000 rpm and cooled

Fig. 2 Areal weight distribution of 238U target for each 1.0 mm ×
1.0 mm pixel measured with imaging plate Fujifilm
BAS-MS2040.

References

1) H. Haba et al.: J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 8, 55 (2007).
2) H. Haba et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 39, 109 (2006).
3) H. Haba et al.: a separate paper of this report.

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RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Anion-exchange behavior of Nb, Ta, and Pa as homologues of Db in HF/HNO3
solutions†Y. Kasamatsu,＊1 A. Toyoshima,＊1 H. Toume,＊1 K. Tsukada,＊1 H. Haba, and Y. Nagame＊1

Kd

ArVs
,
AsWr

(1)

where Ar and As are the radioactivities (Bq) in the resin andsolution, respectively, Vs is the volume of the solution†＊1

Condensed from the article in J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 8, 69 (2007).
Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency.

(mL), and Wr is the mass of the dry resin (g). We
investigated the dependence of the Kd value on the shaking
time in HF/HNO3 solutions with HF concentrations of 10í4,
10í3, 10í2, 1, and 10 M to obtain the Kd values inequilibrium. From the results, the shaking time in theanion-exchange experiments was determined to be 15 minfor the solutions with HF concentration [Fí]  10í4 M,
while it is at least 5 h for solutions with 10í5 M  [Fí] <10í4 M, and 1 day for those with [Fí] < 10í5 M. Under such
experimental conditions, the Kd values of Nb, Ta, and Pa
were determined in various concentrations of HF/0.1 M
HNO3 (1 × 10í6 M  [Fí] < 2 × 10í2 M). Variations of theKd values of Nb, Ta, and Pa as a function of [Fí] are shownin Fig. 1. The Kd values of the elements increase withincreasing [Fí], which reflects the successive formation ofanionic fluoro complexes. The decrease in the Kd values in
the concentrated [Fí] region is due to the displacement of
the anionic fluoro complexes of the group 5 elements on theresin through the HF2í anions.1)
As shown in Fig. 1, clear differences in theanion-exchange behavior among Nb, Ta, and Pa wereobserved under the studied conditions, suggesting that eachelement forms different anionic fluoro complexes.1,2) Fromthe present results, we propose that a chemical experiment
on Db in HF/HNO3 media would be appropriate for the
study of the fluoride complexation of Db.

104

-1

103
Kd / mL g

To find suitable conditions for the experimental study of
the anion-exchange behavior of element 105, dubnium (Db),
we have investigated the anion-exchange behavior of thegroup 5 elements Nb and Ta and their pseudo homologue Pa
in HF/HNO3 media by a batch method using radiotracers of95
Nb, 179Ta, and 233Pa.
Niobium-95 (T1/2 = 34.97 d) and 179Ta (T1/2 = 665 d) were
produced by proton bombardments of Zr and Hf metallic
foil targets with natural isotopic abundance, respectively,
using the RIKEN K70 AVF cyclotron. The incident energyof the proton beam was 14 MeV with a beam current ofapproximately 5 PA. The radioactive tracers were preparedby an anion-exchange separation from the target materials
and other by-products. Protactinium-233 (T1/2 = 27.0 d) was
chemically separated from its D-decay parent 237Np (T1/2 =2.144 × 106 y) by the anion-exchange method.
Before the measurements of the distribution coefficients(Kd) in the anion-exchange reaction, the adsorption of theelements on the surfaces of experimental tools made ofperfluoroalkoxy (PFA) and polypropylene (PP) wasinvestigated in HF and HF/HNO3 solutions with [Fí] > 10í6
M. The time dependence of the adsorption of theradiotracers on the PFA and PP tubes was observed. We
found that the adsorption of the group 5 elements on both
PP and PFA surfaces is negligible within 1 week in thesolutions.
The Kd values on the anion-exchange resin were
subsequently investigated in HF/0.1 M HNO3 solutions. In a
PP test tube, 8–200 mg of the dried resin and 3 mL of
HF/HNO3 solution containing 30–50 PL of the tracer
solution were mixed. Then, the tube was shaken for acertain time (shaking time). After centrifugation, 1 mL of
the solution was pipetted into a small PP container andsubjected to J-ray spectrometry using a Ge detector. The
same treatment was conducted without the resin to
determine the reference radioactivity of the solution. The
radioactivity of each isotope on the resin was determined bysubtracting the radioactivity in the supernatant solution
from the reference radioactivity of the solution. The Kdvalues were evaluated from the ratio of the radioactivity inthe resin to that in the solution as: Nb-95: Ta-179: Pa-233

102
101
100
10-1 -7
10

10-6

10-5 - 10-4
[F ] / M

10-3

10-2

Fig. 1. Variations of the Kd values of Nb, Ta, and Pa on
the anion-exchange resin as a function of the fluoride ion
concentration.
References

1) R. Caletka and V. Krivan: J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 142, 359(1990).
2) O. L. Keller and A. C. Strode: Inorg. Chem. 5, 367 (1966).

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4. Radiation Chemistry and Biology

163
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(2008)
41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41

Ion irradiation in liquid of µm3 region for cell surgery†
Y. Iwai, T. Ikeda, K. Maeshima, T. M. Kojima, T. Kobayashi,
T. Nebiki,∗1 G. P. Pokhil,∗2 T. Narusawa,∗1 N. Imamoto, and Y. Yamazaki
A typical animal cell is about 50 µm in diameterand composed of complex intracellular organelles andassembled macromolecules, which range in size from
more than 1 µm (e.g., chromosomes, mitochondria,
and nuclear compartments) down to 100 nm (e.g., centriole, and nuclear pore complex) or less. Several research groups have been intensively working on the
preparation of ∼MeV microbeams for biological applications. In a conventional scheme, a well-focusedenergetic ion beam is extracted in air via a vacuum
isolation window, then injected into a biological cellin water.1,2) Another straightforward scheme involves
passing energetic ions through a micron-sized aperture
with or without a thin window at the end.3–5) The
drawbacks of these schemes are as follows: (i) a relatively large cylindrical volume is damaged along thebeam trajectory in addition to the targeted point; (ii)serious energy and angular stragglings are induced during passage through the vacuum isolation window andair, which deteriorates beam quality, and as a result
determines the lower limit of beam size at the target,and (iii) real-time control/monitoring of the bombarding point is not easy even when a micron-sized beam
is prepared. To overcome such technical but serious
problems, we have developed a scheme using a tapered
glass capillary with a thin window at its outlet.6,7) This
scheme can realize pinpoint energy deposition and athree-dimensional selection of the bombarding pointby observing the outlet through a microscope with micron precision or better in an arbitrary position of aliving cell or in any liquid object.
Figure 1(a) shows an illustration of the microbeam
preparation setup including an X-Y stage, which isaligned by the upstream micrometers with respect tothe beam line. The beam is first trimmed by a square
aperture of 1×1 mm2 formed by four rectangular aluminum plates, then injected into a tapered glass capillary on a capillary holder and passed through a thinwindow at the outlet of the capillary. This end window enables the whole beam line to be kept undervacuum and, at the same time, a microbeam can beinjected into a liquid target in a well-defined positionin front of the capillary. The tapered glass capillaryis ∼50 mm long (Fig. 1(b)) with inlet and outlet diameters of 0.8 mm and several micrometers, respectively.6,7) The downstream micrometers are used toalign the capillary to the beam axis in steps of 0.5†∗1∗2

Condensed from the article in Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 023509(2008)
Kochi University of Technology
Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Russia

(a)

(b)

50 mm

UMM
glass capillary
X-Y stage

DMM

2+

SA

liquid scintillator or
solution with cells
nucleusHe

bellowso-ringsA

objective
end-window cell
lens
(c)
(d)

springplunger

10 µm

10 µm

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic drawing of microbeam preparation
setup. Upstream micrometer (UMM), downstream micrometer (DMM), and square aperture (SA). (b) Photograph of tapered glass capillary, (c) microgram of capillary outlet, and (d) diagonal image of capillary outlet
by SIM.

mrad. The capillary outlet is placed in the focus ofan optical microscope, which is installed on a threedimensional stage. Figures 1(c) and 1(d) show an optical microscope image and a scanning ion microscope(SIM) image near the capillary outlet, respectively. As
expected, this window was vacuum-tight and the outlet could be safely dipped in liquid.
Ion beams of 3 and 4 MeV He2+ from an electrostatic tandem accelerator at Kochi University of Technology were charge-state-selected by an analyzing magnet, and then transported to the microbeam preparation setup described above. Figure 2(a) shows a microscopy image observed using a charge-coupled device(CCD) camera when a 3 MeV He2+ beam was injected
into a droplet of a liquid scintillator (BICRON BC501A) through a tapered glass capillary with a thinwindow. A diffuse white area is clearly visible downstream of the window showing ions that were injected
into a volume of about µm3 in the liquid scintillator
through the thin window. The open circles and crosses
in Fig. 2(a) show the observed scintillation intensity
projected along and perpendicularly to the beam axis,
respectively. Figure 2(b) shows the simulated energy
deposition in the window and scintillator by the computational code “stopping and range of ions in matter,” SRIM-2006.8) The dashed line in Fig. 2(a) shows
the scintillation intensity distribution evaluated taking
into account the conversion efficiency from the energy
deposition to the scintillation.

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1

163

Capillary
20 µm

500

Intensity

LET (keV / µm)

Intensity

(a)

(a)

(b)

400
300
200
100

30 µm

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
Depth (µm)

Fig. 2. (a) Scintillation due to 3 MeV He2+ beam entering
tapered glass capillary with end-window thickness of 7.5µm and outlet diameter of 1.6 µm. The thin solid curves
show an outline of the capillary. The open circles andcrosses show the projected scintillation intensity alongand perpendicular to the beam axis, respectively. The
dashed line shows the scintillation intensity distribution
evaluated taking into account the conversion efficiency
from the energy deposition to the scintillation. (b) Linear energy transfer (LET) calculated by SRIM-20068)
with 3 MeV He2+ beam entering capillary with endwindow thickness of 7.5 µm. The dashed and solid lines
show the LET in the end window and liquid scintillator,
respectively.

The focusing factor ξ, which is the ratio of the beam
density at the outlet to that at the inlet, was measured
as a function of the outlet diameter Dout in the rangeof 1.5-9.6 µm. The transmitted ion current was measured with a Faraday cup covering the capillary outlet. On the other hand, the incident current entering
the capillary was evaluated by replacing the tapered
capillary with a Faraday cup having the same inlet diameter as the capillary. It was found that ξ increases−1.3, and reaches, asmonotonically similarly to ξ∝Douthigh as 1000, which is another important aspect of thetapered glass capillary compared with a conventional
scheme employing a simple aperture.
As the second demonstration, a real biological cell,a HeLa cell whose nucleus was labeled with a fusion
protein of histone H2B and green fluorescent protein9)(GFP), was bombarded by a microbeam. The microbeam was prepared using 4 MeV He2+ incident to atapered glass capillary with an end window of 7.3 µm
thickness and 9.6 µm outlet diameter (see Figs. 1(c)and 1(d)). Figures 3(a) and 3(b) show the fluorescence images of the nucleus before and after irradiationof a transmitted current of ∼100 pA for ∼7 s, respectively, which clearly show that the bombarded volume
was optically inactivated without affecting global cellmorphology (see phase contrast images in Figs. 3(c)and 3(d) before and after bombardment, respectively).
In summary, we have demonstrated that a tapered
glass capillary with a thin end window can deposit energy in a well-selected volume of a microscopic region

2

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 3. Fluorescence images of HeLa cell nucleus labeledwith histone H2B-GFP.9) (a) Before and (b) after irradiation with 4 MeV He2+ beam entering tapered glass
capillary with end-window thickness of 7.3 µm and outlet diameter of 9.6 µm. (c) and (d) are the phase contrast images of (a) and (b), respectively. The solidand dashed lines show an outline of the capillary anda calculation of the energy deposition region by SRIM2006.8) In (c) and (d), the capillary is far from the cellto prevent it sticking to the cell.

in a cell. A tool enabling “surgery” in an arbitrary
region of a cell is now available, providing a technique
for studying various functions of intracellular structures independently. According to the simulations performed by SRIM-2006, the bombardment region in thecell can further be reduced, e.g., down to 100 nm or sowhen a 20 keV He2+ beam is injected into a tapered
capillary with an end-window thickness of 100 nm andan outlet diameter of 100 nm.10) The combination ofa low-energy ion injector and an optical microscope
would lead to the development of a desktop cell surgery
system.
References
1) G. Dollinger et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res.
B 231, 195 (2005).
2) M. Heiß et al.: Radiat. Res. 165, 231 (2006).
3) G. Randers-Pehrson et al.: Radiat. Res. 156, 210(2001).
4) M. Folkard et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res.
B 210, 302 (2003).
5) Y. Kobayashi et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res.
B 210, 308 (2003).
6) T. Nebiki et al.: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 21, 1671 (2003).
7) T. Ikeda et al.: Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163502 (2006).
8) J. F. Ziegler, computer code SRIM-2006.01(http://www.srim.org/).
9) H. Kimura et al.: J. Cell Biol. 153, 1341 (2001).
10) T. Kaito, U.S. Patent No.6740368 (25 May 2004).

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098

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

DNA damage response after heavy-ion irradiationin mammalian quiescent cells
M. Izumi and T. Tsukada
Since the majority of the cells in the body exist in aquiescent state, it is in quiescent cells where most DNA
damage occurs. However, it is uncertain whether DNA
damage in quiescent cells is repaired or converted into
mutations during quiescence or how proliferation is
involved in both pathways when proliferation is
stimulated.1)
In radiation therapy, a beam of X-rays or accelerated
particles is used to kill cancer cells or slow their growth rate.
Radiation therapy often causes side effects, because several
important tissues that exist in the path of the radiation beamor the surrounding normal cells may be affected. In
addition, recent evidence suggests that the accumulation of
DNA damage is important for the aging of stem cells andprogenitor cells.2) Therefore, it is important to understandhow quiescent cells respond to DNA damage caused byionizing radiation.
The histone H2AX protein is a variant member of the
H2A family of histones and is distinguished from other
H2A histones by a unique carboxy-terminal sequence.
This sequence is highly conserved among species and is
rapidly phosphorylated in response to DNA double-strand
breaks within a minute after exposure to ionizing
radiation.3) Phosphorylated histone H2AX directly interacts
with many components involved in DNA repair andcheckpoint pathways, including Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1
complex, Brca1, NFBD1, and 53BP1, and stimulates theaccumulation of these proteins around DNA double-strand
breaks.
Furthermore, phosphorylated histone H2AX
recruits chromatin remodeling factors and cohesin complex,
which facilitate the homologous recombination repair.
To assess the risk of heavy ion, we examined thephosphorylation of histone H2AX after heavy-ion
irradiation in mammalian cells. Mouse NIH 3T3 cells
were synchronized in the quiescent state by serum
starvation as previously descibed4) and irradiated with 3 or
10 Gy of carbon ions. Then the cell extracts wereprepared in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors, andphosphorylated histone H2AX was detected byimmunoblotting (Fig. 1).
In quiescent cells, the amount of phosphorylated histone
H2AX transiently increased after irradiation and decreased
with the half-life of less than 2 h in NIH 3T3 cells. On theother hand, the amount of phosphorylated histone H2AX
decreased more slowly in cycling cells than in quiescentcells, although the initial amounts of phosphorylated histone
H2AX were almost the same. The same results wereobtained when the cells were irradiated with 10 Gy of argon
ions.
Because the accumulation of phosphorylated histone
H2AX is a hallmark of checkpoint response, it is assumed
that checkpoint pathway of DNA damage in quiescent cells

does not work efficiently. Now we are trying to directly
quantify the amount of DNA damage and clarify the timecourse of actual DNA repair in quiescent cells using the
Comet assay.

time after irradiation 0 1!-H2AX
cyclingcells
lamin B1
quiescent
cells

3 Gy
10 Gy
5 16 24 0 1 5 16 24 (h)!-H2AX
lamin B1

Fig. 1 Western blot analysis of phosphorylated H2AX(!-H2AX) after heavy-ion irradiation. NIH 3T3 cells weresynchronized in the quiescent state by serum starvation for
2 days.
Either asynchronously growing cells orsynchronized cells were irradiated with 10 Gy of carbon
ions, and whole cell extracts were prepared at indicatedtime points and subjected to immunoblotting. As aloading control, lamin B1 was detected.
References
1) J. H. Bielas and J. A. Heddle: DNA Repair 3, 711(2004).
2) D. J. Rossi et al.: Cell Cycle 19, 2371 (2007).
3) C. Thiriet and J. J. Hayes: Mol. Cell 18, 617 (2005).
4) H. Miyazawa et al.: J. Biol. Chem. 268, 8111 (1993).

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(2008)
41(2008)
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RIKEN

Cell-killing eﬀect of low dose of high-LET heavy ionsM. Tomita,∗1 T. Tsukada, and M. Izumi
Ionizing radiation is well known to induce DNA
double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are one form oflethal DNA damage. Accelerated heavy ions with highlinear energy transfer (LET) can induce complex clustered DNA damage involving two or more DSBs. The
complexity of clustered DNA damage shows strong
LET dependence.1) The higher cell-killing eﬀect ofhigh-LET radiation has practical implications in applications to radiation cancer therapy and in assessing
risks in a space environment. Radiation-induced bystander responses are deﬁned as responses in cells thathave not been directly targeted by radiation but are in
the neighborhood of cells that have been directly exposed.2) Radiation-induced bystander responses cameinto the spotlight after the report of Nagasawa andLittle (1992),3) who demonstrated that after exposure
to a low dose of α-particles, a larger proportion of cells
showed biological damage than that estimated to havebeen hit by the α-particles. In a space environment,
astronauts are exposed to low ﬂuencies of high-LET
radiation. In addition, normal cells surrounding a tumor also undergo exposure in heavy-ion cancer therapy. Thus, bystander responses induced by a low doseof high-LET radiation are an important problem inradiation biology. In our study we aim to clarify themolecular mechanisms and biological implications of
bystander responses induced by low doses of high-LET
radiation. In this study, we show that the cell-killingeﬀect of high-LET iron (Fe) ions is signiﬁcantly higher
than that of low-LET X-rays in the low-dose region.
Figure 1A shows the clonogenic surviving fraction of
normal human lung embryonic ﬁbroblast WI-38 cells
irradiated with 250 kV X-rays or 90 MeV/u Fe ionsat 1000 keV/µm. WI-38 cells were plated on a 25 cm2
cell culture ﬂask for one week before irradiation to form
conﬂuent monolayers. The surviving fraction was determined by a colony formation assay. The radiosensitivity of WI-38 cells to Fe ions was higher than thatto X-rays (Fig. 1A). The doses resulting in 10% cell
survival (D10 ), calculated from the cell survival curves,
were 4.02 Gy and 3.36 Gy for X-rays and Fe ions, respectively. The RBE relative to X-rays was 1.19. Figure 1B indicates the surviving fractions at doses of lessthat 1.0 Gy. The survival curve for Fe ions was also
calculated for doses under 1.0 Gy. At lower doses, thesurviving fraction for Fe ions was signiﬁcantly lower
than that for X-rays. The values of D95 were 0.128
and 0.040 for X-rays and Fe ions, respectively. The
RBE was 3.2. Our present results suggest that a low
dose of high-LET radiation can induce cell death eﬃciently in comparison with low-LET radiation.
∗1

The average number of ion tracks per nucleus wascalculated as 0.72 in the nuclei of human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells irradiated with 3 Gy of Fe ions.4)
Thus, nonirradiated cells exist in the same population
at doses less than 3 Gy. To clarify whether the highcell-killing eﬀect of a low dose of high-LET radiation
is caused by the induction of bystander responses, weare currently attempting to detect DSBs induced innonirradiated cells cultured on CR39.

Fig. 1. Cell survival curves of normal human ﬁbroblast WI38 cells. Conﬂuent monolayers of normal human ﬁbroblast WI-38 cells were irradiated with 250 kV X-rays and
90 MeV/u Fe ions (1000 keV/µm). Cells were harvested
and plated 24 h after irradiation. Surviving fractions(SFs) were normalized to those for nonirradiated controls. In A, all SFs obtained in this study were ﬁtted
by the linear-quadratic (LQ) model. In B, SFs at doses
under 1.0 Gy were ﬁtted by the LQ model. Error barsof the SFs of X-irradiated cells represent the standard
errors of the means (SEMs), which were obtained fromthree independent experiments.

References
1) D. T. Goodhead: J. Radiat. Res. 40, Suppl. 1 (1998).
2) K. M. Prise et al.: Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 99, 223(2002).
3) H. Nagasawa and J. B. Little: Cancer Res. 52, 6394
(1992).
4) S. Goto et al.: Radiat. Res. 158, 678 (2002).

Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry- 220 -

1

Incubation

115

ofUnirradiatedCells
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RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)㩷

Induction of Bystander Effect by Carbon-Ion Irradiation of Human Cells
F. Yatagai, H. Matsumoto*1, M. Honma*2, and T. Abe
It is important to elucidate the effects of ionizing
radiation (IR) induced not in the cells directly hit by IR but
in their neighboring cells, which is generally known as the“bystander effect”. Ion-bean irradiation is considered to bea powerful tool for experiments on the bystander effect,
because non-hit cells can be easily distinguished from hit
cells.
Unirradiated cells of a human lymphoblastoid, TK6, wereincubated with a conditioned medium (CM), which was
obtained by the centrifugation of the cell suspension after
exposure to a 2 Gy of carbon-ion beam135 MeV/u (Fig. 1).
As a control, a normal medium (NM) was prepared from anunirradiated cell suspension (Fig. 1).
C-ion (2 Gy)

Incubation of
Unirradiated Cells

Centrifugation

NormalMedium (NM)Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of the cell treatments by  radiation exposure, centrifugation, and incubation
The spontaneous frequency of thymidine kinase deficient(TK-) mutations observed in the cells cultured with CM waslower than that obtained with NM. As shown in Table1, thereduction rate was only about 20% of the original level of
total mutations, but this rate becomes as high as about 60%
if we restrict our consideration to EMs, which were induced
relatively early. However, this type of reduction of TKspontaneous mutation frequency (MF) was not observed
using a tumor suppressor (p53) gene deficient cell line,
NH32 (a derivative of TK6).
a) TK6 (p53+)
MediumEM (X10 )LM (X10 )Total (X10 )-6

EM (Early Mutant)

-6

-6

NM

1.04 + 0.30

1.20 + 0.11

2.27 + 0.33

LM (Late Mutant)CM0.38 + 0.12

1.39 + 0.25

1.77 + 0.32

P-value (T-test)

0.24

0.58

0.51

b) NH32 (p53-)

MediumEM (X10-6)

LM (X10-6)

Total (X10-6)

NM

13.8 + 10.0

12.9 + 1.6

26.8 + 11.8

EM (Early Mutant)CM

12.1+ 4.8

10.9 + 3.2

23.0 + 8.1

LM (Late Mutant)P-value (T-test)

0.80

0.43

0.49

Table1 Spontaneous TK mutation frequencies (MFs) of
TK6 and NH32 cells obtained with NM and CMHigh Energy Med. Res., Fukui Univ.
䋪2
National Institute of Health Sciences
䋪1

NM

CM

LOH
Homozygous
Hemizygous

Non-LOH
Fig. 2 Relative proportion of each mutational class for the
TK- spontaneous mutants isolated from the TK6 cell, 54 and 48 mutant clones for NM and CM, respectively.

Conditioned
Medium (CM))
No Exposure Centrifugation

The mutational classes of the TK- mutants isolated from
TK6 cells were determined by loss of heterozygosity (LOH)
analysis1) (Fig. 2). The relative proportion of non-LOH
mutations recovered in the CM collection was lower thanthat for NM, accounting for the reduced TK- MF caused byusing CM.

The further characterization of LOH mutants bychromosome mapping1) did not show any significant
differences in the extent of LOHs (the deleted or replaced
region of chromosome 17) between the two mutant
collections, NM and CM. We also examined whether thesite-specific DNA double-strand break (DSB) in the TK
gene introduced by the expression of I-SceI restriction
enzyme can be repaired more efficiently by using CM. Bothrepair pathways, non homologous endjoining andhomologous recombination, were barely affected by the
incubation medium. These results support the above
possibility that the cells cultured in CM acquire the ability
to reduce the occurrences of non-LOH mutations, mostly
point mutations, compared with the culture in NM.
Using the same LOH analysis system, the mutagenic
response of TK6 cells exposed to X-rays with a challengedose, 2 Gy, was found to be reduced in cells previously
exposed to X-rays with a priming low-dose, 5 cGy.2) The
reduced fraction mainly consisted of non-LOH mutations,as observed here. Considering the consequence of thistypical radioadaptive response, the phenomenon observed
here might be regarded as an example of a
bystander-adaptive response, which can be defined as a
response that reduces the mutagenic effects of a stress in the
bystander (non-hit) cells. We are now elucidating themolecular mechanisms underlining this interesting
phenomenon, for example, an essential requirement of the
p53 function and a possible involvement of NO radicals.
References

1) F. Yatagai et al.: Mutat. Res. 560, 133-145 (2004).
2) F. Yatagai et al.: Mutat. Res. 638, 48-55 (2008).

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RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Antiarrhythmic effect of single heavy-ion irradiation
on diseased canine heart
K. Yoshioka䋪1, M. Amino䋪1, D. Fujibayashi䋪1, S. Tanaka䋪2, K. Naito䋪2, Y. Shinozaki䋪2, M. Sakai䋪3, S. Yamazaki䋪3,
Y. Furusawa䋪4, K. Tsukada䋪5, T. Tsukada䋪6, M. Izumi䋪6, T. Kambara䋪6, and T. Tanabe䋪1.
Modalities currently available for the treatment andprevention of life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias(VT/VF) are antiarrhythmic drugs, catheter ablation, andthe implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD). The
prevention of sudden death of postinfarction patients
consists of revascularization, optimal pharmacologicaltherapy (including beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, andstatins), and the placement of an ICD. Antiarrhythmic drugs,
including amiodarone (SCD-HeFT), have failed to decreasemortality in postinfarction patients. The usefulness of these
therapeutic options is limited by either low efficiency,
intolerable side effects, or the impairment of the quality oflife (QOL) of the recipient. Fundamentally innovative
antiarrhythmic strategies are, therefore, a matter of great
concern to cardiologists. There is a need for novel therapies
aimed at alleviating myocardial changes caused by theischemic process and remodeling, and decreasing thepropensity of this group of patients to ventriculararrhythmias.
Radiation therapy employed for the treatment of diseased
hearts is still limited. Catheter-based intracoronary
ȕ-radiation has been shown to be effective and safe for theprevention of in-stent restenosis [1]. By using a similarcatheter-based radiation technique, Guerra et al. createdlinear lesions at the cavotricuspid isthmus region in dogs [2].
They concluded that ȕ–radiation holds promise as analternative energy source for ablation therapy for atrial
flutter and fibrillation. To our knowledge, the present
study is the first report showing the potential usefulness oftargeted external heavy-ion radiation (THIR) in thetreatment and prevention of ventricular arrhythmias. Aninteresting case report already exists regarding the use ofradiation therapy for primary tumors of the heart; Aoka et al[3] applied external heavy-ion (C-ion) radiation to a patientwith a malignant cardiac angiosarcoma, and demonstrated amarked reduction of the tumor size, indicating the clinicalfeasibility and usefulness of THIR in the treatment ofdiseased hearts.
We have previously reported that the application of THIR
(15Gy, HIMAC, Chiba, Japan) to rabbit hearts(anterior-lateral wall, 3×3 cm2 area) reduced ventricularvulnerability in association with an improvement of the
conduction velocity and spatial homogeneity of
repolarization according to analysis by epicardial mapping[4-6].

However there is no information on the body surface
parameter obtained by 12-leads electrocardiology (ECG) for
THIR in large animals under the condition of a close chest
experiment.
Singleheavy-ion
irradiation(12C6r,2
135MeV/nucleon, 15Gy) was applied to a 5×5 cm limitedarea of the anterior-lateral wall of a diseased canine heart.
Myocardial infarction (MI) was produced by thetrans-catheter approach using a microsphere injection to thecoronary artery in the left ventricle (LV) followed by 2
weeks of irradiation (MI+THIR, n=4). Electrophysiologicalchanges in the LV were examined by analyzing thesignal-averaged ECG before MI and after irradiation up to
60 days. Because it has been said that a late potential (LP)indicates the conduction delay and instability of thedepolarization of LV, and which means the vulnerability to afatal ventricular arrhythmia. LP parameters consisted offiltered QRS duration (f-QRS)(ms), root-mean-square 40ms
(RMS40ms)(µV), and low amplitude (<40 µV) terminal
signals (LAS40µV)(ms) were calculated using thetime-domain method. An age matched canine without MI
was used as a control (CON+THIR, n=4).
It was demonstrated that MI caused a significant
worsening of LP; decreases in RMS40 (by 67%) andincreases in LAS40 (by 56%) had occurred 7 days after theoperation. However, THIR significantly improved the valueof RMS40 (by 22%) and LAS40 (by 30%) 14 days after
irradiation, and its effect lasted over 60 days. These effectsof THIR were reversed in CON+THIR. The QRS-duration
was not affected by THIR in both MI and the control. In
summary, a single application of THIR to canine hearts
causes a significant improvement of the conduction delay in
MI. This long-lasting effect of modifying the depolarization
abnormality is expected to enhance its potential therapeutic
benefit as a novel strategy for treating life-threatening
ventricular arrhythmias in structural heart diseases.
References[1] J. J. Popma et al.: Circulation 106, 1090 (2002).
[2] P. G. Guerra et al.: Circulation 110, 911 (2004).
[3] Y. Aoka et al.: Lancet Oncol. 5, 636 (2004).
[4] K. Yoshioka et al.: Circulation 101, 1060 (2000).
[5] M. Amino et al.: Cardiovascular Res. 72, 412 (2006).
[6] K. Yoshioka et al.: Circ. J. 70, 1200 (2006).



Department of Cardiology, Tokai University School of Medicine
Department of Research Support Center, Tokai University
Fukuda Denshi Company
㧖4
National Institute of Radiological Sciences
㧖5
Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
䋪6
RIKEN
䋪1
䋪2

㧖3

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RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Carbon-io n be am se nsitivity of DSB repair-deficient mutants of
Neurospora crassa
L.Q. Ma*, S. Hatakeyama*, Y. Kazama, H. Ichida, Y. Hayashi, T. Abe and H. Inoue*
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are induced byexposure to ionizing radiation and genotoxic chemicals. Ifthey fail to repair expeditiously, DSBs can lead todeleterious chromosomal disorders, such as grosschromosomal rearrangement, the loss of chromosome arms
and aneuploidy. Since DSBs should be repaired tomaintain the genome integrity, two major repair pathways
function in eukaryotic cells: homologous recombination
repair (HR) and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ).
Genetic evidence suggests that HR and NHEJ are
independent and that these pathways work competitively torepair DSBs. Further analyses revealed that the MRX(Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2) complex provides as an early
response initiating the two DSB repair pathways. Eachmember of the NHEJ, HR and MRX complexes is highly
conserved in eukaryotes.
The filamentous fungus
Neurospora crassa also has almost all their members. We
are interested in how HR, NHEJ and MRX combine torepair the DNA damage in Neurospora arising fromcarbon-ion irradiation.
Three DSB repair-deficientmutants were examined, mei-3, mus-52 and uvs-6, whichhave a mutation in the homolog genes of budding yeast
RAD51 (HR), YKU80 (NHEJ) and RAD50 (MRX),
respectively.
Sensitivity to carbon-ion irradiation was evaluated asfollows. About 2x107 conidia from a one-week culture wereplaced on a cellulose acetate membrane and irradiatedwith carbon ions at various doses of 0 to 400 Gy. The
irradiated samples were suspended in a phosphate buffer
and plated at 1,000 conidia per plate. After incubation at
30˚C for 3 days, the number of colonies on each plate wascounted. The survival curve of each strain is shown in
Fig.1. The sensitivity of the wild-type strain is indicatedby closed circles. The mei-3 mutant (closed triangles) was
more sensitive to the carbon-ion beam than the wild-typestrain. The uvs-6 mutant (closed diamonds) showed thehighest sensitivity to the carbon-ion beam among the tested
strains. On the other hand, the mus-52 mutant (closed
squares) exhibited a unique pattern of sensitivity; at doses
lower than 100 Gy, the mus-52 mutant was slightly moresensitive than the wild type, but it exhibited less sensitivity
than the wild type at higher doses. This tendency was ingood agreement with the survival curves obtained from an
X-ray irradiation experiment (data not shown).
The frequency of induced mutations was determinedby measuring the number of forward mutations occurring in
the ad-3 (adenine-3) loci. A conidial suspension fromeach sample was inoculated into a 5-liter Florence flask at 5x 105 viable conidia per flask. The flask was cultured in
the dark at 30˚C with low aeration. Under these conditions,each conidium produces a bead like colony after 1 week.
If genetic alterations occur in the ad-3 loci, it causes theaccumulation of a purple pigment as a metabolic
intermediate of adenine. The mutation frequencies of thewild type and mus-52 are shown in Table 1. Purple
colonies were obtained at two doses, 100 and 200 Gy, but
not at lower or higher doses. The mus-52 mutant exhibited
lower mutation frequency than the wild type. However,the data are insufficient for us to discuss the mutagenic
effect of the carbon-ion beam. Further experiments should
be carried out at a narrower dose range.
The mutation
spectrum generated in ad-3 loci is currently being
determined by DNA sequencing. The results data will bereported soon.

*Laboratory of Genetics, Saitama University- 223 -

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41(2008)
RIKENAccel.
Accel.Prog.
Prog.Rep.
Rep.41
RIKEN

Molecular characterization of microbial mutations induced bycarbon- and iron-ion beam irradiation†
H. Ichida, T. Matsuyama, H. Ryuto, N. Fukunishi, T. Abe, and T. Koba∗1
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) represent themost serious form of DNA damage. It has been demonstrated previously that densely ionizing (high linear energy transfer; high-LET) radiation, such as neutronsand α-particles, can have a greater biological effectthan sparsely ionizing (low-LET) X-rays or γ-rays1) .
However, little is currently known about the characteristics of the mutations induced by highly accelerated ion beams at the molecular level, although the
mutagenic efficacy is known to be dependent on theradiation dose and on the energy and charge of the
produced ions2) . To investigate the molecular characteristics of heavy-ion beam induced mutations, weestablished a Mesorhizobium loti derivative that harbors a single intact copy of the levansucrase (sacB )gene construct within its genome. In exogenous sacB expressing strains growing in selective medium, the living cells must be SacB-deficient. Therefore, we can efficiently observe the gene disruption events by selecting
sucrose-tolerant colonies after irradiation.
The reporter strain, M. loti Line #1, was irradiatedwith carbon (135 MeV/nucleon, LET: 23–60 keV/µm)
and iron (90 MeV/nucleon, 640 keV/µm) ion beams,
and sucrose-tolerant mutants were collected. Sequencing analysis of the sacB fragments amplified from thesemutants showed that single nucleotide mutations suchas base substitutions and excisions, insertions, anddeletions had occurred in each case. To evaluate the effects of the ion beam irradiation on DNA and minimize
the detection of artifacts, we focused on 56 completely
independent insertion and deletion events that would
not be affected by any bias resulting from cell division.
The distribution of the mutated positions is depicted in Fig. 1. In insertion lines, fragments of approximately 1188 bp were identified within the sacB
regions. The sequences of these inserts were essentially identical in all of these lines, but their positions appeared to be dispersed around the sacB
promoter and coding regions (Fig. 1, rectangles).
Sequence analysis of the junctions revealed two tofour nucleotide duplications at both termini in all of
the lines. These nucleotides were identical for theinserted fragments and sacB, representing signs of
microhomology-based repair. The primary structurearound the junction sites flanking the inserts consistedof AT at the possible microhomology sites followed by
G(A/T)CGT(GA/AG)ACTCAT(T/A)A(C/A)CGC.
†∗1

Fig. 1. Distribution of mutation positions. Circles: single
nucleotide mutations; rectangles: insertions; triangles:
deletions. Open symbols: carbon-ion mutations; filled
symbols: iron-ion mutations.

This structure was completely conserved in all of theinsertion lines and may have contributed to the homologous recombination pathway.
In the deletion lines (Fig. 1, triangles), no duplicated or homologous nucleotides were found at eitherof the deletion termini, indicating that they may havebeen induced independently of homologous recombination. Recent biochemical and bioinformatic analyses
have revealed the existence of functional homologuesof eukaryotic non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) proteins in bacteria, although this process had long beenthought to be restricted to eukaryotes3) . It is thus areasonable interpretation that these deletions were induced when DNA lesions were repaired by NHEJ. Sequence analysis further showed that the deletion size
range was 43–203 bp with the use of carbon ions and
119–641 bp with iron ions. The size of the deletion
therefore appeared to be dependent on the LET, withcarbon and iron ions producing deletions of different
sizes.
In the postgenome era, reverse genomics is a useful approach, but is almost completely dependent ontransgenic techniques, such as gene targeting by artificial recombination techniques. Heavy-ion beams therefore provide an effective alternative because they cangenerate length mutations that can be rapidly detectedby general molecular techniques.
References
1) D. Goodhead: J. Radiat. Res. 40, 1–13 (1999).
2) G. Horneck et al.: Adv. Space Res. 14, 315–329 (1994).
3) T. Wilson et al.: Trends Biochem. Sci. 28, 62–66 (2003).

Condensed from the article in Mutation Research, 639, 101–107 (2008).
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University- 224 -1

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RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

㩷Development of an effective system for detecting DNA damage
induced by heavy-ion beam
Y. Kazama, H. Saito, M. Fujiwara, T. Matsuyama, Y. Hayashi, H. Ryuto, N. Fukunishi and T. Abe

Heavy-ion beams have high linear energy transfer (LET).
In contrast to electron irradiation, which has low LET andcauses closely spaced single-strand breaks, accelerated
particles in heavy-ion beams are thought to produce closely
positioned DNA damages and double-strand breaks uponpiercing DNA strands. However, there is still little
experimental evidence of a correlation between LET and
the effect on deletion size in the plant kingdom. As a firststep toward studying the LET-dependence on deletion size,
we developed an effective system to characterize
ion-induced DNA mutations in plants. We established avisual screening system for the detection of DNA damage.
In this system, we used a stable transgenic Arabidopsis linethat has a single-copy yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)
gene and constitutively expresses the YFP. When the YFP
gene is mutated by heavy-ion beam irradiation, its loss offunction or expression can easily be detected by thedisappearance of YFP signals under microscopy.
To produce such a transgenic line, the YFP gene fusedwith the N-terminal presequence of a mitochondrial HSP60
and the NOS terminator under the cauliflower mosaic virus
35S (CaMV35S) promoter was introduced into Arabidopsis
thaliana (L.) Heynh. ecotype Columbia (Fig. 1). A total of
324 transformants (T1) were selected, and 47 plants
exhibited bright YFP fluorescence from the whole seedlingunder a fluorescence stereomicroscope. One of them,
designated FY2-9, was a stable transgenic line that had asingle-copy fluorescent protein gene at a single
chromosome locus.
Dry seeds of YFP-homozygous FY2-9 were irradiatedwith C, Ne, Ar, and Fe ions at a dose range of 5 to 200 Gy.
These ions were accelerated to 135, 135, 95, and 90
MeV/nucleon, and their LETs were 22.5, 61.5, 290, and 640
keV/ȝm, respectively. In total, 5,183 seeds (M1) were
irradiated and the M2 plants were screened for mutants that

had no YFP signal. Four, five, two, and five seedlings
were obtained from M2 populations mutagenized with C,
Ne, Ar, and Fe, respectively. The highest mutation rates
were observed at doses of 200 Gy (1.10%), 200 Gy (0.82%),
10 Gy (0.44%), and 50 Gy (0.65%) in the above irradiation
treatments, respectively. All the putative mutant plants
showed normal growth and development, and none of theprogeny exhibited YFP fluorescence. These data suggestthat this visual screening system is highly efficient forscreening mutants with DNA mutations.
We focused on mutant no. 104, which was irradiated with
C at a dose of 200 Gy. When PCR analysis was performedon the total genomic DNA of FY2-9 and no. 104, single
DNA products of 1,620 and 633 bp were amplified,
respectively. Sequence analysis of the 633-bp productrevealed that no. 104 contained a 985-bp deletion, which
included a 3’ part of the CaMV35S promoter, thepresequence region, YFP, and a 5’ part of the NOS
terminator (Fig. 1). In addition, 12 base changes occurred
upstream of the deletion site (data not shown). Five of
these were transitions and the others were transversions.
Moreover, a 49-bp fragment called the filter DNA1) was
inserted at the rejoined site (Fig. 1). In previous studies
using Arabidopsis, either point like mutations or
rearrangements by C-ion irradiation using the AVF
cyclotron of Takasaki Ion Accelerators for Advanced
Radiation Application were detected.2) In contrast, C-ion
irradiation using RIKEN Ring Cyclotron induced a complex
pattern of mutations, a single large deletion, and many point
mutations. The investigation of mutations in the otherisolated mutants is in progress.
References

1) V. Gorbunova and A. A. Levy: Trends Plant Sci. 4, 263 (1999).
2) N. Shikazono et al.: J. Exp. Bot. 56, 587 (2005).

Fig. 1. Structures of the YFP transgene in FY2-9 and mutated region in no.104. LB: T-DNA left border, RB: T-DNA rightborder, Pnos: NOS promoter, bar: bialaphos-resistance gene, TRbcS: RbcS terminator, PCaMV35S: CaMV35S promoter, Pre:
N-terminal presequence of a mitochondrial HSP60, YFP: yellow fluorescent protein gene, Tnos: NOS terminator.
†

Condensed from the article in Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 71, 2864

(2007).

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RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Radiation effect and partial deletion of the Y-chromosome by heavy ion beamin Silene latifolia
K. Ishii,䠆 K. Nishihara,䠆 K. Yamanaka,䠆 N. Ishi,䠆 A. Koizumi,䠆 Y. Kazama, T. Abe, and S. Kawano䠆

Silene latifolia (white campion) of Caryophyllaceae is adioecious plant in which males have one X-chromosome
and one Y-chromosome and females have two
X-chromosomes. The Y-chromosome contains three
regions: gynoecium-suppressing function(s) (GSF),
stamen-promoting function(s) (SPF), and male-fertility
function(s) (MFF). S. latifolia, which has an XY
sex-determination system, is a representative model plant
for studying plant sexuality and searching for plantmale-determining genes. We are aiming to establish a
versatile screening method for detecting sex-reversal
mutants yielded by chromosomal deletions. In this study,
we examined the relationship between the effect ofradiation on growth and chromosomal deletions induced byirradiating carbon-ion beam.
Hypoplasia, which appears in the first generation (M1) ofplants grown from directly irradiated seeds is known as the“radiation effect”. The number of dividing cells in themeristem is decreased, which delays plant growth, because
they are fatally damaged by the irradiation of a carbon-ion
beam. Seeds were irradiated with a 135 MeV/u carbon-ion
beam with absorbed doses ranging from 20 to 200 Gy. We
first examined the relationship between hypoplasia andchromosomal deletions. The number of individuals withboth cotyledons and true leaves was counted three weeks
after seeding to construct a survival curve (Fig. 1, ●). The
survival rates of the seeds irradiated at up to 75 Gy ranged

Fig. 1 Survival rates and growth rates of seedlings raised
from the irradiated seeds. The survival rates (●) were
estimated for three weeks after seeding. The growth rates ofthree weeks (○) and five weeks (▲) after seeding , andthree months after transplanting in a farm field (■) were
measured for individuals irradiated at different absorbed
doses (Gy).
䠆

Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier
Sciences, University of Tokyo

from 100% to 85%. The survival rates of seeds irradiated atmore than 75 Gy decreased as the amount of absorbed dose
increased. The survival rate of seeds irradiated at 200 Gy
was 18%. Although the seeds irradiated at 200 Gy
germinated to produce cotyledons or true leaves, they
exhibited extreme hypoplasia and hardly grew even after
five weeks (△). For irradiation ranging from 20 to 150 Gy,
the growth inhibition was almost proportional to theabsorbed dose. Growth rates after three weeks (○) and five
weeks ranged from 8 to 90%. However, three months after
transplanting in a farm field, the growth rate of the plants
germinated from seeds irradiated at doses of as high as 150
Gy recovered to nearly 50% and the plants grew to 50 cm inheight. The growth inhibition by irradiation appears to belimited to the early stages of growth. Almost all of the
hypoplasia appearing in this generation of plants grownfrom seeds directly irradiated with a heavy-ion beam is
expected to not be inherited by the next generation (M2).
The male of S. latifolia is suitable for checking
chromosomal deletions by PCR because it has one
X-chromosome and one Y-chromosome. We examined 60
individuals, which were irradiated with doses ranging from80 to 200 Gy, using 36 STS markers (20 Y-chromosome-, 7
X-chromosome-, and 9 autosome-specific markers). This
range of irradiation resulted in plants growing at less than
60% of the standard growth rate. In an individual irradiatedat 150 Gy (A36-0), the chromosomal region containing
MS2, ORF191, SlY1, ScX11, SlY3, MS4, and SlssY wasdeleted (Fig. 2). Each of the four true leaves of A36-0 was achimera of the cells possessing deleted chromosomal DNA
and wild-type chromosomal DNA.

Fig. 2 Scheme of Y-chromosome-specific STS markers andtheir deletion sites. K034 is a spontaneous mutant.1) A36-0
was obtained in this study by heavy-ion-beam irradiation.
★ indicates the deletion regions of A36-0.
References

1) A. Koizumi et al.: Plant Cell Physiol. 48, 1450-1461 (2007)- 226 -

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High-efficiency improvement of transgenic torenia flowers by ion beam irradiation
K. Sasaki*, R. Aida*, H. Yamaguchi*, T. Narumi*, Y. Hayashi, H. Ryuto, N. Fukunishi, T. Abe and N. Ohtsubo*
Although genetic engineering and ion beam breeding havebeneficial features, both still have practical or technicaldisadvantages in the production and commercialization oftransgenic plants on demand. For example, public release ofgenetically engineering products may experience problems
such as cost of commercialization and overcoming public
resistance. Likewise, ion beam breeding is hampered by low
reproducibility—it is difficult to obtain the same mutant indifferent experiments. Such deficiencies might becompensated in part by combining these procedures thereby
improving the risk-cost/benefit ratio and to identify thegenes that produce valuable mutant phenotypes.
To develop an efficient way to produce and releasetransgenic flowers to the public domain, as well as toimprovetherisk-cost/benefit ratio of
product
commercialization, we performed ion beam irradiation of
wild-type and genetically modified torenia (Torenia
fournieri Lind. ‘Crown Violet’) plants in which petal color
and pattern had been modified by controlling two
anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes encoding chalcone
synthase (CHS) and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR)1).
The transgenic line CS400-29 contains a transgene
encoding torenia chalcone synthase gene (CHS) under thecontrol of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter(p35S). Similarly, CA411-3 and CA411-7 contain
p35S::antisense-CHS, DS405-2 contains p35S::DFR (DFR
is dihydroflavonol- 4-reductase) and DA416-20 contains a
p35S::antisense-DFR gene.
Ion beams of 12C6+ (1.62 GeV, LET 22.5 KeV Pmí1,
5–80 Gy) and 20Ne10+ (2.70 GeV, LET 61.5 KeV Pmí1,
5–30 Gy) were applied to 11,500 leaf disks from wild typeand five transgenic lines, and over 3,200 regenerated
flowering plants were then investigated for visible

phenotypes. The mutation rate after whole irradiation
averaged 10.4% (Table 1), and the maximum rate in theinitial screening was 44.2% (20Ne, 30 Gy). Mutant
phenotypes were observed mainly in flowers and showedwide variation in color and shape (Figure 1). Mutation
efficiencies for petal color and coloration pattern werehigher in transgenic plants than in wild-type plants, while
those for petal shape and corolla divergence were almost
equivalent in the two plant groups. Mutation spectrums inpetal color in transformant-based mutants were obviously
wider than those in wild-type plants.
We propose that the combination of genetic
engineering and ion beam irradiation greatly facilitates
improvement of agrobiological and commercial traits withina short period.
Table 1. Mutation rates of ion-beam irradiated plants.
12

Originallines
WT
CA400-29
CS411-3
CS411-7
DA405-2
DS416-20
12

C subtotal
WT
TG
Total

20

C

No.
MutatedPlants

Rate
(%)D

398
142
252
314
117
259
1482
818
2423
3241

6.8
13.4
13.9
9.6
18.8
15.4
11.7
6.0
11.9
10.4

27
19
35
30
22
40
173
49
289
338

Original
lines

Ne
No.
MutatedPlantsWT
CA400-29
CS411-3
CS411-7
DA405-2
DS416-20

420
252
255
290
247
295
20
Ne subtotal 1759

22
22
20
21
25
55
165

Rate
(%)D
5 .2
8.7
7.8
7.2
10.1
18.6
9.4

Reference
1) R. Aida et al.: Plant Sci. 153, 33 (2000)

Figure 1. Morphological and color variations induced by heavy-ion beam irradiation. The original flower of each plantmaterial is shown in the top-left corner of the colomn. A representation of the mutation spectrum in each irradiation
experiment is shown as a color chart beside the colomn.
* National Institute of Floricultural Science
Condensed from the article in Plant Biotechnol. 25(1), 45 (2008).

- 227 -

202
RIKEN
Prog.
Rep.
41 41
(2008)(2008)RIKENAccel.
Accel.
Prog.
Rep.

㩷

Analysis of a class B gene-deficient like torenia mutant
produced by ion beam irradiation
K. Sasaki*, R. Aida*, T. Niki*, H. Yamaguchi*, T. Narumi*, T. Nishijima*, Y. Hayashi, H. Ryuto, N. Fukunishi, T. Abe and
N. Ohtsubo*
We propose that the combination of genetic engineering andion beam irradiation greatly facilitates improvement ofagrobiological and commercial traits within a short period,and heavy-ion beam irradiation was applied to geneticallymodified torenia (Torenia fournieri Lind. ‘Crown Violet’)plants carrying anthocyanin biosynthesis-related transgenes.
Among the mutants, we unexpectedly obtained a class B
gene-deficient like mutant, 53-31. Because the molecular
and/or genetic mechanisms of floral developmental control
are poorly understood in torenia, we chose the mutant for
our analysis. The 53-31 mutant was obtained by the 20Ne
(30 Gy) ion beam irradiation of DS416-201) plant whichcarrying 35S:: dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) gene. In
this mutant, petals (Figure 1A-d, -e) were changed into
sepals (Figure 1A-f), as seen in B-class mutants ofsnapdragon and Arabidopsis. We assumed that the torenia
class B genes GLOBOSA (TfGLO) and/or DEFICIENS(TfDEF), which are orthologs of PISTILATA (PI) and
APETALA3 (AP3) in Arabidopsis, respectively, would be
deficient in the 53-31 mutant. Then, we examined theexpression of the TfGLO and TfDEF genes using the first,
second and fourth whorls of the mutant, by RT-PCR
analysis (Figure 1B). The results indicated that only TfGLO
expression was not detected after 28 cycles of RT-PCR in
all whorls. To investigate whether this mutant phenotype
was caused by a mutation in the TfGLO gene, we next
determined the genomic sequence of TfGLO and its 1.4 kb
promoter region in WT plants. Comparison of the 693 bp
TfGLO cDNA and the genomic sequence showed that
TfGLO has five exons and four introns (Figure 1C). The
introns are 135, 662, 212 and 199 bp long. Consequently,
specific mutation was not seen in the genomic sequence ofTfGLO in the 53-31 mutant, even after the 1.4 kb promoter
region had also been sequenced (data not shown).
The result indicated that such a phenotype (Figure 1A-c)
is caused by deficiency in the expression of only TfGLO
among these two class B genes. Although we expected a
specific mutation in the genomic sequence of TfGLO which
resulted in loss of its expression, we found no suchcandidate within the sequence that included the 1.4 kb
promoter region (Figure 1C). In Arabidopsis, the AP1,LEAFY (LFY) and unusual floral organs (UFO) genes havebeen reported to participate in the expression of class B
genes. Since AP1, LFY, and UFO have yet been cloned intorenia, we are now trying to clone these regulatory genes
and intend to investigate their expression for future analysis.
Molecular and/or genetic research in torenia is rather
difficult because its genomic sequence has not been
determined. However, we isolated many floral phenotype
mutants of torenia by ion beam irradiation. For some mutants,

we will be able to identify the deficient gene that causes themutant phenotype by reference to the abundant information
on regulatory genes and/or enzymes in other model plants.
We expect that increasing amounts of information on themechanisms by which floral development is controlled intorenia will accumulate in the future.
Reference
1) R. Aida et al.: Plant Sci. 153, 33 (2000).

Figure 1. Analysis of mutants obtained by heavy ion beamirradiation. (A) Photographs of WT (a), DA416-20
transgenic line (b) and 53-31 mutants (c) obtained from theDA416-20 line. Photographs of second whorls in WT (d),DA416-20 (e), and 53-31 mutants (f). (B) RT-PCR analysisof class B genes TfGLO (AB359952) and TfDEF(AB359951) in whorls 1, 2, and 4 of WT, DA416-20 and
53-31 plants. The torenia actin gene, TfACT3 (AB330989),
was used as an internal control. (C) Genomic structure of
TfGLO gene. ATG, initiation codon. STOP, stop codon. Graybox indicates the coding region of TfGLO (693 bp). The
lengths of the introns are in the order, 135, 662, 212, and199 bp.

* National Institute of Floricultural Science
Condensed from the article in Plant Biotechnol. 25, 81 (2008).

- 228 -

122
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Development of flower colour mutant of Dianthus chinensis var.
semperflorens by heavy-ion beam irradiation
M. Sugiyama,* Y. Hayashi, N. Fukunishi, H. Ryuto, T. Terakawa* and T. Abe
Dianthus chinensis var. semperflorens is acaryophyllaceous plant known as ‘Tokonatsu’ in Japan. It
is a dwarf (about 10 to 15 cm high) perpetual flowering
plant grown by garden farming or container gardening.
Traditionally, new cultivars of D. chinensis var.
semperflorens are developed by selective breeding
utilizing a naturally occurring bud mutation process or bycrossbreeding. Recently, an artificial induction of
mutations by heavy-ion beam irradiation has been used inplant breeding. Some new cultivars of ornamental plants
such as Verbena hybrida and Petunia hybrida have beendeveloped by heavy-ion beam irradiation.1, 2) In this study,
we attempt to develop a flower colour mutant of D.
chinensis var. semperflorens by heavy-ion beamirradiation.
The flower of D. chinensis var. semperflorens cv. ‘White
Eye’ (WE) exhibits a concentric red ring over theunderlying white colour (Fig.1A). WE was used as theplant material for our study. Stems of WE propagated invitro were cut into approximately 3-5 mm segments, eachcarrying axillary buds. The stem segments were cultured
on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l kinetin and 0.1 mg/l
naphthylacetic acid for 15 days. They were then irradiatedwith a 12C6+ ion beam (135 MeV/nucleon, LET 23
KeV/ȝm) at doses of 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 60 and 80 Gy. The
irradiated samples were transplanted on a fresh MS
medium for plant elongation and rooting. Fifty days after
the irradiation, the plants were transferred to flower pots
and grown in a greenhouse. After four months of culture,
the viability of the irradiated sample and the mutations inflower morphology were examined.
The effects of the heavy-ion beam irradiation are shownin Table 1. The survival rate of the plant decreased asradiation dose increased. All the plants irradiated at 80 Gy
died. At doses below 80 Gy, several types of mutants weredetected among the surviving specimens. Some control
specimens developed a uniformly coloured mutatedpurplish pink flower probably caused by somaclonalvariation during culture in vitro. Heavy-ion beamirradiation at 20 to 60 Gy augmented the occurrence of
this flower colour mutant. Furthermore, the irradiation
diversified the flower morphology in terms of colour andform. Mutants with flowers that showed various colour
patterns differing from the original were obtained at 20 to
40 Gy (data not shown). Mutants that were altered in only
flower form and in both flower colour and form wereobtained at 25 to 35 Gy and 25 to 40 Gy, respectively.
Two specimens producing a mutated white flower,
obtained at 30 and 35 Gy, were selected for further*Hokko Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

evaluation (Fig. 1B). These specimens produced mutatedwhite flowers along with the original flower type,suggesting that they were chimeras. A branch carrying amutated white flower was cut from these specimens andgrown separately to isolate the white flower characteristics.
Finally, some isolates that produce only white flowers
were obtained. The isolates originating from the specimen
obtained at 30 Gy took more time to bloom than thoseoriginating from the specimen obtained at 35 Gy. These
isolates were almost identical to the original plant in otherphenotypic characteristics (Table 2).
In D. chinensis var. semperflorens, it has been difficult todevelop new cultivars producing white flowers bytraditional breeding methods because this characteristic is
uncommon in this plant. The present results show thatheavy-ion beam irradiation is effective for developing new
cultivars of this species. The application for new-variety
registration for the isolate with white flowers, which wasbred from the specimen obtained at 35 Gy, was filed with
the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries in 2007.

A

B

Fig. 1. Original flower (A) and mutated white flower (B)of D. chinensis var. semperflorens cv. ‘White Eye’.
Table 1. Effects of 12C6+ ion beam irradiation on D.
chinensis var. semperflorens cv. ‘White eye’
Dose
(Gy)

Number ofplantssurviving

Survival rate
(%)

100
100
300
300
400
100
100
100

90
74
223
175
127
34
5
0

90
74
74
58
32
34
5
0

Control
20
25
30
35
40
60
80
§

Number of mutants producing
flowers with indicated colour

Number ofplantsirradiatedPurplish pink

Colours otherthan purplish
pink

Number of
Number ofmutants showing
mutantsmutations in bothshowing
flower colour
mutation in only
and flower form
flower form

No.

(%) §

No.

(%) §

No.

(%) §

No.

(%) §

15
40
112
93
59
16
4
䋭

(16.7)(54.1)(50.2)(53.1)(46.5)(47.1)(80.0)
(䋭)

0
4
20
19
23
4
0
䋭

(0.0)
(5.4)
(9.0)
(10.9)(18.1)(11.8)
(0.0)
(䋭)

0
0
7
9
6
0
0
䋭

(0.0)
(0.0)
(3.1)
(5.1)
(4.7)
(0.0)
(0.0)
(䋭)

0
0
1
4
2
1
0
䋭

(0.0)
(0.0)
(0.4)
(2.3)
(1.6)
(2.9)
(0.0)
(䋭)

Frequency of mutants (%) = (Number of mutants/Number of plants surviving) × 100

Table 2. Phenotypic comparison between wild type andwhite-flower mutant obtained at 35Gy§
Wild type

Plant heightof blooming

Flowerdiameter

Petal width

94.1±5.231.2±3.1

15.6±1.4

Length ofWidth ofmaximum leaf maximum leaf
55.3±4.3

White flower
102.7±5.2
31.2±1.713.9±0.860.5±1.9
mutant§Values represent the mean (mm) ± standard error of 8 individuals.

8.1±0.98.3±0.5

References
1) K. Suzuki et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 35, 129(2002)
2) K. Miyazaki et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 35, 130(2002)- 229 -

063
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Induction of floral-color mutation by C-ion irradiation in spray-type
chrysanthemum
N. Wakita 1, Y. Kazama, Y. Hayashi, H. Ryuto, N. Fukunishi, K. Yamamoto 1, S. Ijichi 2 and T. Abe
mutation rate and a wider spectrum than any other varieties.
In addition to mutants showing flower-color changes,
those showing color-pattern changes were obtained in theirradiation experiment on Kazumi Harmony and Kazumi
Liebe. In these mutants, the white area on the rims of
petals expanded (Fig. 1). All of the flowers of thesemutants showed the same type of color-pattern change.
Investigation of the stability of these mutations is inprogress.

A spray-type chrysanthemum is one of the major cut
flowers and a special product of Wadomari town.
Wadomari town has developed original varieties ofspray-type chrysanthemum with various floral colors bycrossbreeding since 2001. However, it is desired to
produce more varieties with new floral colors to meet awide variety of consumer needs. Recently, heavy-ion
beam irradiation has been utilized for breeding of various
plants. 1) In this study, we performed heavy-ion beamirradiation of chrysanthemum to induce new floral-color
mutants.
Forty stem segments from 18 original varieties ofchrysanthemums were irradiated with C ions (135
MeV/nucleon, LET 22.5 keV/µm) at doses of 3 Gy and 6
Gy. The irradiation doses were selected on the basis ofprevious research. 2) After irradiation, the stem segments
were transplanted to an experimental field. The survival
rates of irradiated plants were all 100%. Newly developed
stem segments from each irradiated plant were removed,
retransplanted in the field, and further studied for mutationin the experimental field. The number of retransplanted
segments was 125-389 in each irradiation experiment.
Among the 18 varieties, 10 exhibited flower-color
mutations (Table 1). The other eight varieties showed no
mutation. The mutation rates ranged from 0.35% to 6.40%.
One of the varieties, Kazumi Fantasy showed a higher

Fig. 1 Color-pattern mutant. A, flowers of an original variety ofchrysanthemum, Kazumi Harmony. B, flowers of a color-patternchanging mutant. White areas of petals were expanded in the
mutant.

References
1) T. Abe et al.: 18th Inter. Conf. Cyclotrons Their Appli. inpress (2008)
2) K. Suzuki et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 37, 152 (2004).

Table1. Flower-color mutation induced by C-ion beam
VarietyDose

No. ofPlantsa

Kazumi
SoleilKazumi
Venus
KazumiHarmony
Kazumi
Liebe
Kazumi
Rosso

3 Gy
6 Gy
3 Gy
6 Gy
3 Gy
6 Gy
3 Gy
6 Gy
3 Gy
6 Gy
3 Gy

217
172
162
135
170
160
229
228
211
209
125

6 Gy
3 Gy
6 Gy
3 Gy
6 Gy
3 Gy
6 Gy
3 Gy
6 Gy

172
126
196
132
137
163
172
282
389

Kazumi
Fantasy
Kazumi
SakuraKazumiElf
Kazumi
EspoirKazumi
AccordaFlower color
Original

MutantYellow

Greenish yellow

Bright yellow

Yellow

Deep purplish pink

Deep yellowish red

Dull yellowish pink

Dull pink

Purplish pink

Dull purplish pink

Pinkish white

Orange, Strong
reddish orange, PaleyellowWhite, Pale purplish
pink

White

Greenish yellow

Light orange

Strong red

Yellowish white

Pale greenish yellow

Reddish yellow

No. of retransplanted segments

1 Wadomari Cho agricultural experimental station
2 Mayor of Wadomari town

- 230 -

No. ofMutants

Mutation
Rate (%)

1
5
0
2
0
2
1
4
0
1
4

0.46
2.91
0
1.48
0
1.25
0.44
1.75
0
0.48
3.20

11
1
2
1
3
0
1
1
2

6.40
0.79
1.02
0.76
2.19
0
0.58
0.35
0.51

201
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Analysis o f libr aries of ‘Micro- Tom’ to mato mutations induced byheavy -ion bombardment †S. Imanishi,

A. Noguchi,

T. Hiraga,

M. Nagata,

Y. Hayashi, N. Fukunishi, H. Ryuto, T. Abe and I. Honda

Fruit setting, development, and ripening are complex,
genetically programmed processes. Identifying the factorsthat control these processes is important for understanding
the mechanisms of reproductive development. We induced
mutations in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar‘Micro-Tom’ by heavy-ion irradiation (HII), recently
established as an effective method for inducing mutations inplants, and constructed mutation libraries.
Dry seeds of tomato were irradiated by 12C or 20Ne-ion
beams accelerated to 135 MeV/nucleon with RRC. The
linear energy transfer values of the 12C and 20Ne ions were22.7 and 64.2 keV/µm. The lethal dose 50 (LD50) was foundto be higher than 200 Gy for both ions (Fig. 1). Sweet
pepper, which also belongs to the Solanaceae family, wasirradiated by 12C or 20Ne-ion beams with RRC under thesame conditions and did not germinate under the 200 Gy
irradiation1). Although the condition of irradiation was
different, the LD50 of the tomato cultivar ‘First’ wasreported to be 50 Gy with C ions accelerated with the AVF
cyclotron in TIARA2). ‘Micro-Tom’ showed a low
sensitivity to a high HII dose; however a direct comparison
with these results is thought be difficult.

inflorescence. This M1 mutant (Fig. 2) resembles thattomato anantha mutant, in which the development of floral
primordia is surpressed before organogenesis3-5). Because
we could not obtain seeds from this mutant, inheritance andsegregation of the trait are unknown, while the phenotype
of anantha has been shown to be caused by a recessive
mutation4). The isolation of monogenic homozygous
recessive mutants in the M1 generation has not commonly
been described in other mutational studies using many plant
species, although our group isolated such mutants in sweet
pepper by M1 plant selection in HII mutational studies1).
Furthermore, we found several morphological mutants in
the M1 generation. Most of these mutations are not inheritedin the M2 generation, as reported1), whereas about 3% of theM2 progenies derived from seeds irradiated with ion beams
showed abnormalities the same as those observed in the M1
generation. We continue the analysis of the mode ofinheritance of the mutations.

Fig. 2. An M1 mutant in which all inflorescences look likebroccoli.

Fig. 1. ‘Micro-Tom’ M1 generation raised from the seeds
irradiated with accelerated heavy-ion.
By screening 6,794 M 1 plants, we found various
mutations, including those affecting the sizes of plants,
leaves, or fruits, and one conferring a broccoli-like†

Condensed from the article in Acta. Hort. 745, 485-489 (2007)
National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (NIVTS), National

To date, we have visually phenotyped 1,610 M2 families(five sibs per line) in the field, and found 262 plants
differing from the wild type (WT) in one or morecharacteristics. The fruit of one plant was larger than that of
WT. These results suggest that such mutation libraries
could be powerful tools for explaining the reproductive
development of plants.

References
1) I. Honda et al.: Euphytica 152, 61 (2006).
2) M. Masuda et al.: Acta. Hort. 637, 257 (2004).
3) J. Helm: Züchter 21, 89 (1951).
4) E. F. Paddock and L. Alexander: Ohio J. Sci. 52, 327 (1952).
5) K. D. Allen and M. Sussex: Planta 200, 254 (1996).

Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)- 231 -

066

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Semidwarf mutants of Tartary buckwheat induced by heavy-ion beam irradiation
T. Morishita*1, Y. Miyazawa*2, H. Saito, Y. Hayashi, H. Ryuto, N. Fukunishi and T. Abe
Recently, heavy-ion beams have been regarded as a new
mutagen for plant breeding because of their high linear
energy transfer (LET) and high relative biologicaleffectiveness (RBE). We previously reported the biologicaleffects and mutation induction by ion beams in buckwheat1)
2). We obtained semidwarf mutants named IRBFT-45, 63,
67 and 77. The semidwarf type is important for improving
lodging resistance and yielding ability in buckwheat
breeding. These semidwarf mutants were obtained byirradiating dry Tartary buckwheat (var. Rotundatum) seeds
with 40 Gy of carbon (23 keV/ȝm, 12C6+), 100 Gy of carbon(39 keV/ȝm, 12C6+), 30 Gy of iron (624 keV/ȝm, 56Fe24+)
and 20 Gy of argon (280 keV/ȝm, 40Ar17+) ions (Table 1).
The phenotype of IRBFT-45 is semidwarf and othersemidwarf mutants exhibited similar phenotype as
IRBFT-45 (Fig. 1). The plant height of these mutants arefrom one-half to one-third of Rotundatum. Furthermore
main stem length and 1000-grain weight are lower thanthose of Rotundatum. Among the mutants, IRBFT-67
showed the highest 1000-grain weight (Table 2). Because of
their lodging resistance, it seems that these mutants will
become good breeding materials.
References
1) T. Morishita et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 36, 137(2003)
2) T. Morishita et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40, 255(2007)

Table 1. Semidwarf mutant lines of Tartary buckwheat.
/WVCPV1TKIKPCN+QP5RGEKGU.'6&QUG
MG8ǴO  )[+4$(64QVWPFCVWO% 

+4$(64QVWPFCVWO% 

+4$(64QVWPFCVWO(G

+4$(64QVWPFCVWO#T

IRBFT-45

Rotundatum

Fig. 1.Semi-dwarf mutant IRBFT-45 (left) and original variety Rotundatum(right). Other mutants (IRBFT-63,67,77) are similar phenotype as IRBFT-45.

Table 2. Characteristics of semidwarf mutants of Tartary buckwheat
Mutant;GCT)GPGTCVKQP2NCPV/CKPUVGO0QQH0QQHITCKP4GUKUVCPEGJGKIJVNGPIVJPQFGUDTCPEJGUYGKIJVQHNQFIKPIEO  EO 
I+4$(6/
XGT[JKIJ
/㧙㧙㧙㧙㧙/XGT[JKIJ
/XGT[JKIJ+4$(6/㧙㧙㧙㧙㧙/XGT[JKIJ
/XGT[JKIJ+4$(6/㧙㧙㧙㧙㧙/XGT[JKIJ
/XGT[JKIJ+4$(6/㧙㧙㧙㧙㧙/XGT[JKIJ
4QVWPFCVWO㧙
1TKIKPCN 㧙㧙OGFKWO㧙㧙㧙㧙㧙OGFKWOResistance of lodging is evaluated by field observation.
䋪1

National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences

䋪2

Grad. Sch. Life Sci., Tohoku Univ.

- 232 -

203

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Detection of deletion region of the ion-beam-induced einkorn wheat (Triticum
monococcum) mutant, maintained-vegetative-phase
K. Murai*1, N. Shitsukawa*1, C. Ikari*1, S. Shimada*1, S. Kitagawa*1, K. Sakamoto, H. Saito, H. Ryuto, N. Fukunishi,
S. Takumi*2, S. Nasuda*3 and T. Abe
The timing of the phase transition from vegetative toreproductive growth is associated with the heading time,
one of the most important traits in cereal crops. In
hexaploid common wheat (Triticum aestivum), theheading time is genetically determined and has threecharacteristic components: a vernalization requirement,
photoperiod sensitivity, and narrow-sense earliness(earliness per se), that is, an autonomous promoting
pathway. To develop mutant for heading-time genes,
einkorn wheat (T. monococcum) strains KU104-1 andKU104-2 were used in ion-beam treatment experiments.
The seeds were subjected to accelerated ions of 14N7+
with 135 MeV/nucleon energy in a dose of 50 Gy
nitrogen ion-beam treatment and then sown in a field.
The ears of M1 plants were bagged and the harvested
selfed seeds of each ear were used to produce the M2lines. We identified the maintained-vegetative-phase(mvp) mutant by its inability to transit from thevegetative to the reproductive phase.1) We obtained two
mvp mutant lines: the first was found in 1921 M 2 line
plants of KU104-2; the second was found in 1326 M2line plants of KU104-1. These lines were named mvp-1
and mvp-2, respectively. mvp mutants continued to growvegetatively and never underwent the transition to thereproductive growth phase. After vernalization treatment,
mvp plants grew vegetatively for more than 4 years in a
growth chamber under-long day conditions (16 h light/8
h dark) at 20 °C. In our previous study, we showed that
WAP1 (wheat APETALA1) is a key gene in the regulatory
pathway that controls the phase transition fromvegetative to reproductive growth in common wheat.2)
WAP1 is an ortholog of the VRN1 gene that is responsible
for vernalization insensitivity in einkorn wheat. PCR
analysis of the genomic DNA from wild-type (WT)einkorn wheat and the mvp mutants was performed using
the WAP1/VRN1 -specific primer set WAP1-553L (5’AAGATCAGACTCAGCCTCAA-3’) and WAP1-1003R(5’-TTCACATAAACAACATCCCA-3’). No VRN1 genefragment was amplified from the mvp mutants indicatingthat this region of the VRN1 gene had been deleted by theion-beam treatment. To determine the size of the deleted
region in the VRN1 gene of the mvp-1 mutant, we carriedout PCR analyses using primer sets designed from thechromosome 5AL BAC 231A16 of the einkorn wheat
strain DV92. The twenty primer sets covering the VRN1
coding and promoter regions did not amplify any DNA
fragments from the mvp-1 mutant, but 2 primer setslocated outside this region (65228-66046 and 8479985280) amplified DNA fragments (Fig. 1). These results
indicate that the deletion is about 19 kb in length andincludes the VRN1 coding and promoter regions in the
mvp-1 mutant. To examine the relationship between the
VRN1 deletion genotype and the mvp phenotype, we
performed PCR analysis of an M 3 generation that wasderived from an mvp heterozygous M 2 plant, segregating
for mvp and normal phenotypes. In the M3 generation,
mvp and normal plants segregated in a ratio of 1:3 forboth mvp-1 and mvp-2 mutations. Genomic DNA was
isolated from each M3 plant grown in the field, and thepresence or absence of the VRN1 gene was assessedusing the VRN1-specific primer set, 81655L (5’TCGTGGAGAAGCAGAAGGC-3’) and 82017R (5’GTTGATGTGGCTCACCATCC-3’), designed from the
BAC sequence of DV92. We found that the VRN1deleted genotype perfectly co-segregated with the mvp
phenotype for both mvp-1 and mvp-2 mutations. These
results indicate that the mvp phenotype was caused by
the deletion in the VRN1 gene and that mvp-1 and mvp-2
are allelic. The mvp mutation resulted from the deletionof the VRN1 coding and promoter regions, demonstratingthat WAP1/VRN1 is an indispensable gene for phasetransition in wheat. Furthermore, this study indicates that
ion-beam treatment is useful for isolating mutants withsingle-gene deletion.

Fig. 1 PCR analysis of the VRN1 region in wild-type (WT) and mvp-1
mutant. Primer sets are indicated by a combination of Arabic figures basedon the sequence of the chromosome 5AL BAC 231A16 of the T.
monococcum strain DV92. Red lines indicate amplified DNA fragments
not detected in mvp-1 mutants. Black lines indicate amplified DNA
fragments detected in both WT and mvp-1 mutant plants.
References
1) N. Shitsukawa et al.: Genes Genet. Syst. 82, 167 (2007).
2) K. Murai et al.: Plant Cell Physiol. 44, 1255 (2003).
Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, *2 Departmentof Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe
*1

University, *3 Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of
Agriculture, Kyoto University- 233 -

084

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Characterization of salt-tolerant mutants of rice
induced by heavy-ion irradiation
Y. Hayashi, H. Takehisa, Y. Kazama, C. Kanbač1, S. Ohbu, H. Ryuto, N. Fukunishi, H. Tokairin,
K. Ohkoshič2, Y. Yoshinoč2, T. Satoč1 and T. Abe

Table 1.

WTb
6-99Lb19-55bWTc
19-74ca*2UR

amlrpmj

4+77

amlrpmjq_jglc/7+33

amlrpmjq_jglcamlrpmjUR

0..50..4

q_jglcq_jglcamlrpmjq_jglc
.#

/.#

0.#

1.#

2.#

3.#

4.#

5.#

6.#
Lmpk_jpgac

7.#

/..#

MrfcpqFig.1 Grain appearance of brown rice in control andsaline paddy fields measured by rice inspector.
Reference
1) Y. Hayashi et al.:RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 40,
253 (2007).
Shoot length and yield components in control and saline paddy fields.
Table 2. Scores of eating quality test.

control

Shoot length

Panicle number

Grain number

Fertility

1000-grain weightácmâá/plantâá/ panicleâ

á%â

ágâ

17.7

98.7

96.6

26.6

100
a

salinecontrolsalinecontrolsalinecontrol

88.2 (88%)
113
102 (90%)97.2
86.0 (89%)
96.0

26.7 (151%)
13.3
19.7 (148%)
18.2
25.8 (142%)25.8

93.6 (95%)
97.9
94.7 (97%)
99.8
95.5 (96%)
97.6

89.9 (93%)
95.7
93.5 (98%)
96.0
90.7 (94%)
91.5

20.2 (76%)
27.5
22.9 (83%)
27.0
20.9 (77%)
27.1

salinecontrolsaline70.2 (73%)
10879.0 (74%)

17.2 (67%)
15.6
14.2 (91%)

63.0 (65%)
104.0
67.0 (64%)

85.8 (91%)
91.6
81.1 (89%)

17.4 (64%)
27.5
21.1 (77%):Relative rate in the saline paddy field (saline/control ! 100).

*1

the saline paddy field compared with WT. Grain
appearance is one of the most important factors inevaluating the quality of rice. The grain appearance of
WT was significantly degraded in the saline paddy field,
particularly under the higher salt concentration in 2007.
The grain appearance of the 6-99 and 19-74 lines in thesaline paddy field were better than that of WT (Fig. 1). In
the eating quality test, the scores of WT and the 6-99 line
were equivalent in the control paddy field. Each score
for the saline paddy field was decreased; however, thescore of the 6-99 line was higher than that of WT (Table2). These results indicate that the two mutant lines 6-99
and 19-74 were less affected by salinity stress. Thesemutants are expected to be useful for understanding themechanisms controlling the salt-tolerance of rice plants.
Physiological and genetic analyses are in progress.

/7+52

Salinity is a serious worldwide soil problem in ricegrowing areas because salinity stress affects the growthand productivity of crops. In our previous paper, we
reported salt-tolerant mutant lines of rice induced by C
ion irradiation1). The 6-99 and 19-74 lines grew taller
than untreated line, and the 19-55 line maintained its
greenness in a saline paddy field. In this study, wecharacterized these salt-tolerant mutants of rice.
Three lines of salt-tolerant mutants (6-99, 19-55 and19-74) and WT (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) were
examined. The plants were grown in a control paddy
field and a saline paddy field. The salt concentration offloodwater was regulated by flooding the saline paddy
field with salt water (Na+ 120mM) or fresh water every
week. The salt concentration during the experimental
period of 2006 was maintained from 20 to 65mM Na+
and that of 2007 was maintained from 25 to 100mM Na+.
We recorded the shoot length, yield components(number of panicles, number of grains, percentage ofripening, grain weight) and grain appearance. Most yieldcomponents were measured by counting the panicles on
the main culms. Grain appearance was measured by arice inspector (SATAKE RGQI10A or Kett RN500)
using dehulled grains. Eating quality was graded on a 5point scale from 1 (bad) to 5 (good). The eating quality
of WT grown in the control paddy field was assigned thestandard value of 3. A panel of at least 10 judges selected
at random evaluated the eating quality.
The 6-99 and 19-74 lines exhibited high shoot length,
but there were no differences in the relative rate of shootlength in the saline paddy field between the mutant lines
and WT (Table 1). For the relative rates of grain number
and fertility, no differences between the mutant lines and
WT were observed. For the 1000-grain weight, the 6-99
and 19-74 lines did not show a significant reduction inb:Harvest in 2006.

Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
Chiba Prefectural Agriculture Research Center- 234 -c

:Harvest in 2007.

Control

SalinePaddy field

Paddy field

Nipponbare

3

2.63 ± 0.18

6-99

3.06 ± 0.16

2.86 ± 0.15

19-55

2.67 ± 0.31

1.61 ± 0.21

042
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Identification of blast resistance gene in Indica-type rice, Kasalath, using chromosome segment
substitution lines.
H. Takehisa, M. Yasuda*1, Y. Fukuta*2, H. Nakashita*1, T. Sato*3, T. Abe
Rice blast caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe
grisea (M. grisea) is one of the most devastating ricediseases worldwide. The identification and utilization ofresistance genes have been proven to be the mosteffective and economical approach to controlling rice
blast disease. The indica cultivar Kasalath has been
extensively used as a model cultivar known to be resistantto many Japanese blast fungus races. To determine theresistance mechanisms of Kasalath, we identified theblast resistance gene(s) to M. grisea race Hoku1(Japanese blast fungus) by using chromosome segment
substitution lines (CSSLs).
We used 52 CSSLs. The CSSLs were developed frombackcrosses of rice varieties Nipponbare and Kasalath.
The genotype of each line was determined using 214
RFLP markers distributed along the 12 rice chromosomes.
Therefore, these CSSLs can be used as a permanent
mapping population. The seeds were imbibed in distilledwater at 30͠ for 2 days. Germinated seeds were sown
on a synthetic culture soil (Gouseibaido No.3;
Mitui-Toatu, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) in seedling cell trays (30cm×60 cm) in a greenhouse for 2 weeks before
inoculation. Four-leaf-stage plants were used for theexperiments. Pretreatment with water was performed bydrenching the soil. Five days after pretreatment, challenge
inoculation with Hoku1 was performed on the pretreatedleaves. In the rice blast assay, plants were sprayed with
Hoku1 conidia suspension (105 spores/mL), kept at 100%
humidity for 16 h, and then incubated for 5days in agreenhouse (25°C). Infection on leaf-4 was calculated 5days after inoculation. The disease reaction of the
inoculated plants was evaluated 12 days after challenge
inoculation.
Kasalath and Nipponbare exhibited resistance andsusceptibility to Hoku1, respectively. There were 10
resistant lines and 42 susceptible lines among the 52
CSSLs. Two resistant lines (CSSLs 27 and 28) had theKasalath chromosome segment on chromosome 6(Figure1, A). This indicated that there was a blast
resistance gene on chromosome 6 of Kasalath. However,the 8 other lines (CSSLs 2, 5, 20, 26, 29, 32, 38, and 41)
with a Kasalath segment on chromosome 6, exhabited
susceptibility. These results suggest that the Kasalath
blast resistance gene was located between the C1478
marker and the R2123 marker according to thesegenotypes. Moreover, 7 other resistant lines (CSSLs 9, 12,
13, 47, 48, 49 and 50) had the Kasalath segment onchromosome 11 (Fig. 1, B). However, 6 other lines(CSSLs 2, 18, 43, 44, 46 and 51) with the Kasalath
segment on chromosome 11 showed susceptibility. These
results suggest that the resistance gene was locatedbetween the S14061 marker and the C535 marker inchromosome 11 according to these genotypes and that
Kasalath has two genes that express resistance to Hoku1.
Near the two genes are the loci of the resistance genes
Piz and Pia, respectively (Table 1, A and B). The
monogenic lines carrying Pia showed susceptibility to
Hoku1 (data not shown). Therefore, it is considered that
the Kasalath blast resistance gene on chromosome 11 is a
novel gene. In contrast, each monogenic line carrying Piz,
Piz-t, Piz-5 and Pi9 at the Piz locus showed resistance toHoku1 (data not shown). However, when thesemonogenic lines showed resistance to other blast isolates,
Kasalath showed susceptibility to them (data not shown).
This means that Kasalath did not have Piz, Piz-t, Piz-5
and Pi9. These results suggest that the Kasalath blast
resistance genes at chromosomes 6 and 11 might be novel.
In our study, we identified the novel blast resistance genein Kasalath using CSSLs.
(A)*1 RIKEN Discovery Research Institute*2 JIRCAS*3 Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University- 235 -

(B)

Figure1. Graphical genotypes of CSSLs which had the Kasalathchromosome segments on chromosome 6 (A) and 11 (B), respectively. The
accession number of CSSL, the DNA markers (slanting numbers) andgenetic distance (the numbers in parentheses) were according to the
database of Rice Genome Research Center. White and black bars indicatedthe Nipponbare and Kasalath chromosome, respectively. Pi-genes were
known blast resistance genes. R = resistant; S = susceptible

IV. OPERATION RECORDS

1. Operation of RIBF

123

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

RILAC operation
E. Ikezawa, T. Ohki,* M. Kase, O. Kamigaito, T. Nakagawa, N. Sakamoto, H. Okuno,
M. Wakasugi, N. Fukunishi, M. Kobayashi-Komiyama, M. Kidera, Y. Higurashi, H. Ryuto,
T. Watanabe, K. Yamada, S. Kohara, M. Fujimaki, M. Nagase, T. Kageyama, S. Yokouchi,
T. Aihara,* H. Yamauchi,* A. Uchiyama,* K. Oyamada,* R. Koyama,* M. Tamura,*
A. Goto, and Y. Yano䠆SHI Accelerator Service Ltd.

Throughout this reporting period, RILAC has been insteady operation and has supplied various ion beams forvarious experiments. Table 1 shows some statistics for the
RILAC operation from January 1 through December 31,
2007. For the beam commissioning of the RI Beam Factory(RIBF), 0.67 MeV/nucleon 238U and 2.68 MeV/nucleon
86
Kr ion beams accelerated by RILAC were injected
intensively into the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron (RRC) 11 times
in total from January through November 2007. Therefore,
the percentage of the beam service time for injection into
RRC was approximately 96% of the total RILAC beamservice time. A 238U ion beam was used for the first time ina research experiment at RIBF. The mechanical troubles
encountered hardly affected the operation time schedulethroughout this reporting period.

Table 2 shows a summary of the beam service time of
the RILAC standalone allotted to each beam course (e2, e3,
and e4) in the No. 1 target room of RILAC in 2007.
Compared with one year ago, the beam service time of the
RILAC standalone decreased by approximately 96%,
because the beams commissioned by RIBF were mainly
provided and research experiments on the heaviest elements,
which are performed by standalone operations, were notcarried out.
Table 3 shows statistics for the operation times of the 18
GHz ECR ion source (18G-ECRIS) and thesuperconducting ECR ion source (SC-ECRIS) in 2007. The
percentages of the operation times allocated to 18G-ECRIS
and SC-ECRIS were approximately 97% and 3% of thetotal ion source operation time, respectively. The ion beamsof 6 elements were used in various experiments, beam

Table 1. Statistics for RILAC operation from January 1
through December 31, 2007.

Operation time of RILAC
Beam service time of RILAC
Mechanical trouble

Table 3. Operation statistics for two ion sources(18G-ECRIS and SC-ECRIS) in 2007. The
operation times using SC-ECRIS are indicated inparentheses.

3338.5 hr
2497.5 hr
0.0 hrBeam service time of RILAC standalone 100.5 hr
Beam transport to RRC
2397.0 hr

Table 2. Beam service time of RILAC standalone
allotted to each beam course in the No. 1 target
room of RILAC in 2007.

Beam course

Total time (hr)

%

e2
e3

40.5
60.0

40.3
59.7

e4

0.0

0.0

Total

100.5

100.0

Ion

Mass

Charge state

Mg

26

7

Ar

40

11

Kr

86

18

728.0 (

Xe

136

20

12.0 ( 57.0 )

Os
U

188
238

24
14, 3581.0 ( 0.0 )2262.0 ( 0.0 )3226.0 ( 112.5 )Total

Total time (hr)143.0 (0.0 )

0.0 ( 55.5 )0.0 )acceleration tests, and beam commissioning.
We carried out the following improvements andoverhauls during this reporting period.
1) The beam transport line between 18G-ECRIS and theanalyzing magnet was modified. An electrostatic focusing
system, which combined an accelerating electrode and a
decelerating electrode, was newly installed.
2) The beam transport line between RILAC and RRC wasmodified. An existing rebuncher was moved from theconnecting room between RRC and RILAC to the No. 2- 237 -

123
target room of RILAC. In addition, another rebuncher was
moved from the injection beam line slightly after AVF to
immediately before RRC and after the merging point of two
injection beam lines from AVF and RILAC. Somequadrupole magnets, Faraday cups, beam profile monitors
and phase probes were also newly installed to complement
the existing ones.
3) Coaxial cables for the rf reference signal and for thedetection signals of rf amplifiers and rf cavities were
replaced with new ones.
4) A system to monitor the beam phase and the voltage
and phase of the acceleration rf was developed using a
lock-in amplifier (model SR844). This system helps us torecover the beam phase easily from the shift by readjusting
the rf parameters. Details of the system are reported
elsewhere in this issue.1)
5) A vacuum chamber of the 90 ࢎ bending magnet(DMe1) was replaced by a new one. The internal surface ofthe new chamber was reinforced with 1-mm-thick tantalum
plates. A beam monitor was equipped in the new chamber todetect stray beams.
6) Three pumps and a heat exchanger of the water coolingsystem were overhauled. The other water pumps were
subjected to a simple inspection.
7) Plate power supplies at the final stages of rf systems
were subjected to annual inspection.
8) Flow switches for the lower-limit detection in the No.
1 rf power amplifier were replaced with new ones, because
they were worn out after many years of operation.
We experienced the following mechanical problems
during this reporting period.
1) SC-ECRIS suffered insulation failure between theplasma chamber and the solenoid coil.
2) The No. 1 rf power amplifier was splashed with water
due to a puncture of the nylon tube.
References
1) R. Koyama et al.: in this issue.

- 238 -

199
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

AVF operation
Masayuki Kase, Noritoshi Tsukiori*2, Tadashi Kageyama, Yukimitsu Ohshiro*1,
Nobuhisa Fukunishi, Takahide Nakagawa, Osamu Kamigaito, Hiromichi Ryuto, Hiroki Okuno, Naruhiko Sakamoto,
Masanori Kidera, Masanori Wakasugi, Misaki Kobayashi-Komiyama, Yoshihide Higurashi, Makoto Nagase,
Shigeo Kohara, Shigeru Yokouchi, Kazunari Yamada, Takeshi Maie, Kiyoshi Kobayashi*2, Ryuichi Ohta*2,
Minoru Nishida*2, Kunikazu Masuda*2, Yasuteru Kotaka*2, Seiji Fukuzawa*2, Takeshi Nakamura*2, Ryo Koyama*2,
Kazuyoshi Yadomi*2, Shigeru Ishikawa*2, Makoto Hamanaka*2, Kazuo Miyake*2, Akira Goto, and Yasushige Yano
*1
Center of Nuclear Science, the University of Tokyo*2
SHI Accelerator Service Ltd.
Table 1 shows the statistical data of the AVF
cyclotron (AVF) operation from January to December 2007
together with the data obtained in the previous year.
The
total operation time in 2007 was the almost same as that in2006. The operation of AVF-RRC has been at low level
since 2006, because the RRC was frequently operated with
the RILAC for RIBF commissioning.
The total operation in the AVF stand-alone in 2007
decreased by 20% compared with that in 2006. However,experiments in CRIB were performed very actively in 2007.
13 types of the CRIB experiments, which have been undercontrol of the Center of Nuclear Study of the University ofTokyo (CNS), were carried out in 2007. The backlog of
CRIB experiments, which had been approved by PAC
became few.
The annual beam-time for student experiments aspart of curriculum of the University of Tokyo were
performed four times as usual in the second half of 2007.

Supply of RI, in agreement between RIKEN and Japan
Isotope association, started officially in October 2007.
Concerning this, the beam times for production of two types
of RI, 65Zn and 109Cd, were carried out at the C03 beamcourse in November and December, respectively.
The upgrading of the AVF is in progress in cooperation
with CNS. In this program, the more attractive beam has
been pursued, with high energy and with strong intensity.
It will expend the availability of RI beams at CRIB andstrengthen the capability of ri production using an intenseand energetic proton beam at C03. In 2007, the following
two projects were in progress. First the beam trajectory in
the AVF injection area was investigated to get higher
energy efficiently in the single-harmonics mode incooperation with DSR of Russia. Second a high rf voltage
became available in higher frequency range by adjusting thecapacitance of the coupling condenser in the rf amplifier.

㪫㪸㪹㫃㪼㩷㪈㪅㩷㩷㪪㫋㪸㫋㫀㫊㫋㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪻㪸㫋㪸㩷㫆㪽㩷㪘㪭㪝㩷㫆㫇㪼㫉㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫀㫅㩷㪉㪇㪇㪍㩷㪄㩷㪉㪇㪇㪎㪅㪰㪼㪸㫉㪫㫆㫋㪸㫃㩷㫆㫇㪼㫉㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫋㫀㫄㪼

㪉㪇㪇㪍

㪉㪇㪇㪎

㪊㪐㪍㪊㩷㪿㫉

㪊㪍㪍㪐㩷㪿㫉

㪙㪼㪸㫄㩷㫋㫌㫅㫀㫅㪾㪏㪌㪊㩷㪿㫉㩷㩷㩿㪉㪉㩷㩼㪀㪎㪍㪎㩷㪿㫉㩷㩷㩿㪉㪈㩷㩼㪀㪠㫅㫁㪼㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫋㫆㩷㪩㪩㪚㩷㪈㪇㪌㪈㩷㪿㫉㩷㩷㩿㪉㪎㩷㩼㪀㪈㪉㪊㪌㩷㪿㫉㩷㩷㩿㪊㪋㩷㩼㪀㪘㪭㪝㩷㫊㫋㪸㫅㪻㪄㪸㫃㫆㫅㪼㪉㪇㪌㪐㩷㪿㫉㩷㩷㩿㪌㪉㩷㩼㪀㪈㪍㪍㪎㩷㪿㫉㩷㩷㩿㪋㪌㩷㩼㪀㪈㪉㪎㪌㩷㪿㫉㩷㩷㩿㪍㪉㩷㩼㪀㪉㪌㪎㩷㪿㫉㩷㩷㩿㪈㪉㩷㩼㪀㪌㪉㪎㩷㪿㫉㩷㩷㩿㪉㪍㩷㩼㪀㪈㪉㪏㪐㩷㪿㫉㩷㩷㩿㪎㪎㩷㩼㪀㪇㩷㪿㫉㩷㩷㩿㪇㩷㩼㪀㪊㪎㪏㩷㪿㫉㩷㩷㩿㪉㪊㩷㩼㪀㪙㪼㪸㫄㩷㪺㫆㫌㫉㫊㪼㩷㩿㪘㪭㪝㩷㫊㫋㪸㫅㪻㪄㪸㫃㫆㫅㪼㪀㪜㪎㪸㩷㩿㪚㪩㪠㪙㪀㪜㪎㪹㪚㪇㪊

- 239 -

200
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

RRC operation
Masayuki Kase, Noritoshi Tsukiori*2, Eiji Ikezawa, Tadashi Kageyama, Nobuhisa Fukunishi,
Takahide Nakagawa, Osamu Kamigaito, Hiromichi Ryuto, Hiroki Okuno, Naruhiko Sakamoto,
Masanori Kidera, Masanori Wakasugi, Misaki Kobayashi-Komiyama, Yoshihide Higurashi,
Makoto Nagase, Shigeo Kohara, Masaki Fujimaki, Shigeru Yokouchi, Kazunari Yamada, Yukimitsu Ohshiro*1,
Kiyoshi Kobayashi*2,Ryuichi Ohta*2, Minoru Nishida*2, Kunikazu Masuda*2, Yasuteru Kotaka*2,
㩷 Seiji Fukuzawa*2, Takeshi Nakamura*2, Ryo Koyama*2, Kazuyoshi Yadomi*2, Shigeru Ishikawa*2,
Makoto Hamanaka*2, Kazuo Miyake*2, Akira Goto, and Yasushige Yano
*1 Center of Nuclear Science, the University of Tokyo.
*2 SHI Accelerator Service Ltd.
Table 1 shows the statistical data of the RIKEN Ring
Cyclotron (RRC) operation for the year 2007, together withthose in 2005 and 2006. The total operation time in 2007
recovered up to 70% of that for 2005, after it had recorded
the minimum of 40% in 2006 in the 20-year history of the
RRC operation.
After the first beam of 345MeV/u 27Al had beensuccessfully extracted at the end of 2006, the RIBF
commissioning followed in 2007 under the condition thatthe budget of power rates was limited only to a four-month
operation in FY 2007 and that some of it was used for the
new injector development in advance.
Two kinds of86
238
beam were tested in RIBF, Kr and U. A total of 1845
hr was spent in the RIBF commissioning. In the case of
Kr beam, the RRC provides the beam into the IRC, and in
the case of U beam, into fRC.
On the other hand, the beam service time of the RRC
for delivering beams directly to users in the Nishinabuilding decreased markedly to 687 hr, being 42% of 2006
and only 16% of 2005. Owing to budgetary problems,
the RRC operation was stopped intentionally even in timeintervals between the RIBF beam tests. In July, which isone of three months when the special high rate summer
power cost is imposed in weekdays, biological experiments
were conducted in a weekend to save on the power cost.
Among the large backlogs of the RIPS (E6)experiments, which had been approved by the PAC, three ofthem were scheduled as a beam time in 2007 according topriority. One is the experiment on the vector analyzing
power measurement for the p-8He elastic scattering byusing a 100MeV/n 18O beam, which was conducted during
the so-called golden week from the end of April to thebeginning of May 2007. The second is that on the nuclear
moment measurements of the isomeric state of 32Al using a
95 MeV/n 40Ar beam in the middle of October 2007. The
third is a series of 1.5-day experiments on the developmenton the ion-trap technology, which ran five times in total in
2007.
An unscheduled shutdown of the RRC due to themachine troubles was a total of 100hr in 2007. 37% was
due to the vacuum troubles in beam probes and another
37% was due to the troubles of magnet power supplies. A
shutdown due to troubles in the rf system marked only
13%.

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068

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Operation of the tandem accelerator
T. Kobayashi and K. Ogiwara
The tandem accelerator (Pelletron, 1.7MV) was
operated for a total of 85 days for experiments during theannual reporting period from Jan.1 to Dec.31, 2007. A
total of 35 days was spent for machine inspection,
troubleshooting, beam test and recovery for electric power
failure.
Compared to the previous year, the operation days
decreased by 15% because a group studying semiconductor
crystal growth control terminated the evaluation
experiments. An application for constructing a new beamline for capillary beam focusing was accepted at theoperation meeting.
The accelerated ion species in this period are H+, He+ andB+ with energies from 1.5 to 2.5 MeV summarized in table
1.
Experimental studies on the following subjects were
performed, and are still in progress.

(b) Effect of irradiation on the state of hydrogen in metals(2) Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) (12days)(a) Development and application of a highly sensitive
high-resolution in-air PIXE system for chemical state
analysis(b)(3) The analysis using elastic scattering(1) Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) using 1H(11B,D)2D
reaction (54days)(a) The state of hydrogen in Nb-based and Ta-based alloys,
and V as investigated by the channeling method

Table 1
Ion
H+

4

+

He

11

B+

(19days)(a) Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) analysisof polymers, carbon materials.
(b) Ion channeling RBS analysis of epitaxial thin films
grown on Si substrates.
(c)Elastic recoil detection (ERD) analysis of diamond-likecarbon (DLC) thin films and ion-implanted polymers
for determining hydrogen distribution.

The beam conditions and the analysis techniques of the tandem accelerator

Energy [MeV]1

Trace element analysis of biological andenvironmental samples using energy dispersive X-ray
spectrometry

Beam current [nA]

Analysis

Operation time [days]

1.6 – 2.5

30 – 50PIXE

121.5 – 2.3

3 – 18

RBS, ERDA

19

2.0

1.0 – 1.5

NRA54

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080

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Status of RIBF Control System
Misaki Kobayashi-Komiyama, Akito Uchiyama,＊1 Takeshi Nakamura,＊1 Masaki Fujimaki, and Masayuki Kase
The current structure of the EPICS-based control systemof the RIKEN RI-Beam Factory (RIBF) is shown in Fig. 1.
Three components have been improved since last year. The
first improvement is that the server computer for the controlof N-DIM, PLC, GP-IB devices and a network-based
CAMAC crate controller (CC/NET) was replaced withhigh-availability cluster system. In this paper, ahigh-availability cluster system refers to a system in which
all programs running on it continue to run without any
interruption even if a computer malfunctions, and all
programs and data are stored in the system without any loss
in the cause of a malfunction. We constructed such a systemusing two sets of new server computers, each one including
a RAID1 system (DELL PowerEdge SC1435). During
normal operation, all control programs run on the main
computer, and the other computer is on standby. Bothcomputers send a heartbeat signal each other every two
seconds to determine each other¶s status. When the main
computer has a problem, the second computer immediately
takes over all its tasks without any interruptions and starts
running them. This changeover is performed very smoothly,and no change in the beam operation is detected by theusers.
The second improvement is the upgrade of the server
computer for NIO control to a high-availability cluster

system. In this case, we constructed the system using thecurrent server computer as the main computer, and we set
up a new standby computer (DELL PowerEdge 860).
Details of these improvements are discussed in Ref.1. As aresult of these improvements, a reduction in the probabilityof beam service interruption due to computer malfunction is
expected and system maintenance is expected to be simpler
and lesstime-consuming.
The final improvement is the replacement of an old
CAMAC crate controller with a CC/NET. In our control
system, an old CAMAC crate controller is controlled by a
VME computer, which is difficult to maintain because of its
age. The purpose of this replacement is to retire the VME
computer. There are six CAMAC crates in the Nishinabuilding and one in the Linac building, and one of the crate
controllers in the Nishina building and the Linac controller
were replaced with CC/NETs about four years ago. The
remaining crate controllers in the Nishina building were
replaced this year. In this replacement, we stopped using
crate number 2 and rearranged the cables from the devices
for use in a crate number 1. The current crate number 1 was
moved from room B of magnet power supplies (BPS) to thefront of BPS in the corridor. All the DIM are now controlledusing CC/NET and we are tuning the system so that it
operates stably.

Linac bldg.

Nishina bldg.

RIBF bldg.

Operation
Logging (Zlog)
DNS
Application Server
EPICS R3.14.7 on Linux

File Server (HA)
(N-DIM, PLC, CC/NET, GP-IB)
EPICS R3.14.7 on SL4.3

VME (Motorola)

NIO

PS

CAMAC (CC/NET)
EPICS R3.14.4 on Debian

DIM

PS
FC/PF/etc.

GP-IB

PS

N-DIM

FC
VAC

File Server (HA)(NIO)
EPICS R3.14.7 on Linux

VME (Motorola)

NIO

PS

CAMAC (CC/NET)
EPICS R3.14.4 on Debian

DIM

PS
FC/PF/RP/etc.

N-DIM

FC
VAC

N-DIM

PF
RP(data taking)

PLC

RP(move)etc.

VME (Motorola)

NIO

PS

N-DIM

FC
VAC

N-DIM

PF
RP(data taking)

PLC

RP(move)
etc.

Linux IOC #L1

Linux IOC #L2

Linux IOC #N2

Linux IOC #L3

Linux IOC #R2

Linux IOC #N3
N-DIM

Linux IOC #R3

PFLinux IOC #N4

Linux IOC #R4: subnet-1: subnet-2: subnet-3: subnet-4

Fig. 1. Structure of RIBF control system.
＊1

SHI Accelerator Service, Ltd- 242 -

: improved

080
The arrangement of the Beam Interlock System (BIS) has
been progressed. Many new interlock signals from devices
such as magnet power supplies or vacuum gate valves inbeam transport lines were connected to the BIS. In addition,
we set up a network router between the network of the
EPICS control system and the BIS to monitor signals fromthe BIS in the EPICS program. The BIS is composed ofMelsec PLCs, and its GUIs were developed using Melsec
Soft GOT programs. Many useful GUIs have been preparedto monitor the signals of the BIS; however, there are no
GUIs for monitoring the status of DI channels grouped by
DO channels. In other words, there are no GUIs formonitoring the relation between a DI/AI channel and a DO
channel at a glance. We know the recent histories of twenty
interlock signals in a line at the BIS monitor, and all thehistory can be found in files; thus, when a Faraday cup isinserted into a beam transport line by BIS, we can use themto discover the faulty channel number. However, when
multiple Faraday cups are inserted into a line at the sametime and multiple faulty channels are listed on a monitor,
we need another file to determine their relationship. We
often have such an experience, particularly when we change
the setup of accelerators for a new experiment. Thus, we
decided to create a new GUI to determine the relation
between the DI/AI and DO channels in EPICS because weare not familiar with SoftGOT programs. To obtain BIS
information, an EPICS program sends a command to a PLCof the BIS. We speculated that the speed of communication
among the BIS stations would be reduced by this new
program; however, it had no effect on the speed. We createdGUIs to monitor the DI channels grouped by DO channels,
which is very useful during a beam operation.
We are now investigating the construction of a databasefor all parameters of the accelerators, EPICS signals andnon-EPICS signals, in which they are recorded in a single
time axis. We have found one possible system, and havestarted its construction and testing.
References
1)

A.Uchiyama et al.: in this report.

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㩷㪅㩷

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Present Status of the BigRIPS Cryogenic Plant
K. Kusaka, M. Ohtake, T. Kubo, K. Yoshida, A. Yoshida, T. Ohnishi, Y. Yanagisawa, N. Fukuda, Y. Yano,
M. Nobutoki,䋪1 H. Ito,䋪2 N. Kakutani,䋪2 T. Tsuchihasi,䋪2 and K. Sato䋪2

The BigRIPS separator1) is characterized by its
superconducting triplet quadrupoles (STQs). The five
STQs (STQ1 – STQ5) on the first stage of BigRIPS arecooled by a large liquid helium cryogenic plant, which
consists of a Linde-TCF50S refrigerator, a Maekawa 315
kW compressor unit, one 10 m3 and two 100 m3 helium
buffer tanks, a 2000 L liquid helium Dewar vessel, and a
50-m-long transfer line as its main components. The
whole cryogenic system, including the STQ’s was
fabricated by Toshiba Corporation and Taiyo Nippon Sanso
Corporation, and installed in the RIBF building in the
beginning of 2004. The design of the system is describedin ref. 2.
A stand-alone test of the cold box and heat-load
measurements of the transfer line were performed in Marchand April 2004.3) The first cooling operation of the wholesystem was performed in October and November 2004.4)
The pressure of the isolation vacuum of the transfer line
increased in the refrigerator-mode operation, and a helium
leakage was discovered. The origin of the leak turned out
to be a pinhole in the cryogenic valve of STQ1. The leak
was fixed and some improvements of the 70 K shield of thetransfer line and the valve boxes were performed from April
to August 2005. Heat-load measurements were carried out
again in August 2005. The improved results and theestimated excess cooling capacity are summarized in Table
1.
The second cooling operation was performed in May andJune 2006. After one week of purification operation and astand alone test of the cold box, STQ1-STQ5 were cooled
from the room temperature to 4 K in 16 days, and it took
another 4 days to fill the cryostats and the Dewar vessel
with liquid helium. Figure 1 shows the cooling curves of
the STQs together with the temperature of the supply
helium and return helium.

Within 43 days of continuous operation in the refrigerator
mode, excitation tests of STQs, and the simultaneous
excitation of all the BigRIPS magnets were successfully
performed without quenching. We also verified that themagnetic axis of STQs did not differ from the optical axis.
The transfer of liquid helium from the Dewar vessel to the
STQ1 cryostat, in the case of quenching, was performed
and the resulting transfer rate was estimated to be 180-200
L/h. Utilizing the spare heater installed in each cryostats,liquid-level control tests were performed while varying thepower of the spare heaters. By introducing a new control
sequence of the 4 K return valve to keep the pressure of the
4 K return-line constant (~0.038 MPaG), we havesucceeded in the automated control of the liquid helium
level in the cryostats.

Fig. 1. Cooling curves of STQs in the precooling period.
The temperature and pressure of the supply gas and return
gas are also shown.
Continuous operation of the BigRIPS cryogenic plant
started in October 2006. The operational record from
October 2006 to July 2007 is summarized in Fig. 2. The
beam time of the BigRIPS commissioning is also shown.

Table 1. Cooling capacity and heat loads of the BigRIPS cryogenic plant.
Design䋪1
䋪2

4K LoadMeasured

Design80K Load
Measured403(358 / 45)486(362 / 124)

Transfer line (total) [W](items: Transfer tube / Valve box (STQ1-5))

101(61.5 / 39.5)

101(47 / 54)

Liquefier load for current leads [W] ([g/s])

88 (0.91)

70 (0.71)--

Cryostat load (STQ1-5) [W]

18

16

225

225

Total heat load [W]Cooling capacity of cold box [W]

207
390

187
509.3

628
700

711
906.5

Excess cooling capacity [W]

183

322.3

72

195.5

Taiyo Nippon Sanso Corporation
Toshiba Corporation- 244 -

136

Fig. 2. Operational record of the BigRIPS cryogenic plant.
to be 13 ppm.
In the first operation cycle from October 2006 to January
After evacuating high-pressure section of the cold box we2007, contamination of the helium gas occurred on October
performed a purification operation such that the impurity
11, 2006, which was caused by the incorrect operation ofconcentrations in the helium gas were improved to N2:
the gas-analyzer system attached to the cryogenic plant.
0.6-0.7 ppm, H2O: ~0.0 ppm, and O2: ~0.9 ppm. We thenAfter 23 days of the purification, including the evacuation
started the precooling operation. It took 12 days for theof all the lines in the cold box, the room-temperature gas
warm-up and the purification and 7 days for the precoolinglines around the compressor unit, and the power-lead gas
and the liquefier-mode operation.
lines, the impurity concentrations of the helium gas wereAs shown in Fig. 2, we have repeated the warm-up of the
improved to N2: 0.4-0.5 ppm, H2O: ~0.1 ppm, and O2: ~0.5
ppm, although the N2 concentration at the beginning of thecold box and have recooled the magnets in the same way as
purification was too large (> 200 ppm) to measure.
that in the first operation cycle in accordance with the
The precooling was started on November 17, 2006.
BigRIPS beam time schedule. Figure 3 shows the flow
Since the temperature of STQ1 was 271 K, which was
rate of the first expansion turbine T1 in the steady-operationmuch higher than those of STQ2-STQ5 (175-196 K), we
period I-IV, shown in Fig. 2, which is a measure of coolingstarted the precooling operation so that the cold gas from
capacity. Although the T1 flow rate depends on thethe cold box circulated only in the transfer lines. The
pressure at the entrance of T1, which can be set manually, itmagnets were connected to the system when theis mainly determined by the 70 K-shield pressure upstream
temperature of the supply gas and return gas matched thatof the T1 entrance. The unusual decreasing tendency ofof the magnets. This took place after 15 days ofthe shield pressure with time can be seen in Fig. 3.
precooling and 4 days in the liquefier mode with an average
We realize that the purity control of the helium gas isliquefaction rate of ~50 L/h.
very important. We are introducing a gas chromatography
After 3 weeks of steady operation in the refrigerator
system, a dew point meter, and an oxygen sensor tomode, the power of the heater in the phase separator (PS),measure impurity concentrations. A new method ofwhich corresponds to the excess cooling capacity, started
controlling the suction pressure of the compressor using adecreasing gradually and the temperature of the 70 K-shield
precise pressure sensor is also being introduced to avoid the
supply gas began to rise. On the 40th day in thepossible penetration of air into low-pressure lines.
refrigerator mode, the power of the PS heater dropped tozero and the liquid level in the PS started decreaseing. We
stopped the refrigerator after 53 days of operation in the
refrigerator mode, since we could not keep the liquid
helium levels in cryostats STQs constant. The temperatureand pressure of the 70 K-shield supply gas were ~90 K and~1.55 MPaG., whereas they were ~55 K and ~1.58 MPaG at
the beginning of the steady operation, respectively.
We initiated the warm-up operation by disconnecting STQs
from the cold box. Evaporating gas was sent to the buffertank using the recovery compressor. After stopping the
expansion turbines, we closed the valves of the 80 K
Fig. 3. T1 flow rates as functions of the operation period inadsorbers to separate the first and second heat exchanger
the refrigerator mode. Labels I - IV denote the operation
sections (EX1 and EX2), where impurities in the helium gas
periods shown in Fig. 2. The temperature and pressure ofblocked the gas flow from the cold end. To increase thethe supply gas and return gas are also shown.
speed of the warm-up process we introduced dry nitrogengas into the isolation vacuum of the cold box up to a
References
pressure of 5 Torr.
We measured the impurity
1) T. Kubo et al: IEEE Transactions on Appl. Supercond. 17,
concentrations on-line during the warm-up operation and1069 (2007).
the peak N2, H2O, and O2 concentrations were 21 ppm, 2
2) T. Kubo et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 36, 316 (2003).
ppm, and 4 ppm, respectively. We also analyzed the gas in3) T. Kubo et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 38, 289 (2005).
the EX1 and EX2 sections off-line using a gas
4) K. Kusaka et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 38, 291 (2005).
chromatograph. Only the N2 concentration was measured- 245 -

137
㩷
㩷

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Present Status of STQ system in BigRIPS and RI-Beam Delivery LineK. Kusaka, M. Ohtake, T. Kubo, K. Yoshida, A. Yoshida, T. Ohnishi, Y. Yanagisawa, N. Fukuda, Y. Yano,
H. Ito,䋪 T. Miyase,䋪 N. Kakutani,䋪 T. Tsuchihasi,䋪 and K. Sato䋪The BigRIPS separator and the RI-Beam delivery line in
the RIBF project are characterized by the superconducting
triplet quadrupoles (STQs).1) Although the five STQs
(STQ1 ~ STQ5) on the first stage of the BigRIPS are cooled
by a large liquid helium cryogenic plant1,2), all the STQs on
the second stage of the BigRIPS (STQ6~STQ14) and thoseof the RI-beam delivery line (STQ15~STQ23) are cooled
by a stand-alone refrigeration system with small
cryocoolers on their cryostat.1,3)
All the STQs of the BigRIPS separator (STQ1~14) were
fabricated and tested at Toshiba factory.
Since theinfrastructures of the RIBF facility, such as cooling water
systems, were not ready for operation, they were warmed
up and shipped to RIKEN in 2004. Only the five STQs
(STQ1~STQ5) were installed on site and the rest
(STQ6~STQ14) were stored in the BigRIPS hall in the
RIBF accelerator building.
From February 2005 to February 2006, STQ6~STQ14
were cooled down from room temperature to 4 K and theGM coolers for 80K-shield and high-Tc superconducting(HTSC) power leads and GM/JT coolers for the 4K vessel
began continuous operation. The precooling of the coldmass from room temperature to 80K was performed bytransferring 3000~5000 L of liquid nitrogen into thecryostat with the GM cooler in operation. The precoolingfrom 80 K to liquid helium temperature was performed bytransferring ~2000 L of liquid helium from dewars (Fig. 1).
After we confirmed the liquid helium in the helium vesselusing the liquid level sensor, the GM/JT cooler was
mounted on the cryostat. Figure 2 summarizes the amountof the transferred cryogen in the precooling of
STQ6~STQ14.

Fig. 1. Precooling by transferring liquid nitrogen (left).
Transferring liquid helium from dewar (right).
䋪Toshiba Corporation

Fig. 2. Summary of amounts of transferred liquid nitrogenand liquid helium in precooling STQ6~STQ14. The totaltransfer times are also indicated.
STQ15, which is the first focusing element of the
RI-delivery beam line, was fabricated in 2004~2005 andshipped to RIKEN in early 2005. STQ15 was shipped in acooled state and kept at liquid-helium temperature in the
BigRIPS hall by operating small cryocoolers.
The
installation of the STQ6~STQ15 on site began in January
2006. All the STQ’s were installed and aligned in theircooled state. The installation and alignment of all the
BigRIPS magnets and most of the cabling and plumbing
were completed in the spring of 2006.
Excitation tests on STQ6~STQ14 were performed from
May to June 2006. Excitation tests of STQ1~STQ5,
cooled by the BigRIPS cryogenic plant, were also
performed in the same period. The fine tuning of power
supplies and interlock tests on the cryo-control panel (CCP)
were also performed.
In the excitation tests on the Q500D of STQ9, an
over-voltage of the HTSC power lead PL4 was detected.
Although the temperatures of all the HTSC power leads
PL1~PL5 were in the range of the design values 55~66 K,
the voltage of PL4 at an excitation current of 2 A wasmeasured to be 3 mV, which is much larger than theconventional value. The material of the HTSC power lead
is Bi2223 whose TC and IC are ~80 K and 500~600A at 77
K, respectively, so that the voltage of the HTSC power leadin the STQs must be less than 1 mV even at a nominal
excitation current of 142A.
STQ9 was then warmed up from July to August and thecurrent lead port was opened. When the temperature of
the cold mass became ~120 K (~1.5 month after stoprunning the cryocoolers), dry nitrogen gas was introducedin the isolation vacuum of the STQ9 cryostat. It took 2months to warm the cold mass from 4 K to room
temperature. The HTSC power leads PL2, PL4, and PL5- 246 -

137
were replaced with new ones, and we confirmed that PL4
was broken. Although the normal PL resistance at room
temperature is within 10~20 m:, that of PL4 was measured
to be ~167 m:PL2 and PL5 were replaced to avoid
possible damage that could be caused by the replacement of
PL4. After the replacement, the isolation vacuum of the
STQ9 cryostat was evacuated, and precooling was
performed at the end of August 2006. The precooling took
one week and 2000 L of liquid helium was consumed. Bymeasuring the liquid helium consumption rate (~2.5L/h),the 4K heat load of the cryostat was confirmed to be thesame as the result of the factory test (1.8W). Excitation
tests were successfully performed in September 2006. A
training quench of the SX coil occurred once at a current of+55 A, when it was simultaneously excited with Q500D (I =142 A).
In the on-site excitation tests, held in the early summer of
2006, the temperatures of the HTSC power leads of STQ11
and STQ13 were found to be more than 10 K higher thanthat of other STQs. In September 2006, we performed
another set of excitation tests on STQ6~STQ15 to measure
the temperature rise 'T of the HTSC power leads.
Exciting Q500U and Q500D of each STQs one hour with acurrent of 142 A, the temperatures of all the power leads
and the GM cooler head were recorded. It was found outthat the 'Ts of the PL1, PL2, and PL4 on the STQ11
cryostat and the 'T of the PL1 on the STQ13 cryostat
exceeded ~4 K, while that of other power leads was lessthan 3 K, which is euqal to the design value. We havedecided to warm STQ11 and STQ13 up in order toinvestigate the reason f or the large 'T.
From mid October to November 2006, STQ11 andSTQ13 were warmed up and thermal contacts of the power
leads to the cooling Cu plate, where the GM cooler head is
attached, were investigated with the current lead ports open.
Since the beam time of the BigRIPS commissioning wasplanned in the beginning of 2007, STQ11 and STQ13 were
warmed up within a month by introducing dry nitrogen gas
into their isolation vacuum when all the liquid helium in thehelium vessel evaporated. In both STQ11 and STQ13, thethermal contacts between the power leads and the coolingplate turned out to be insufficient. Although the bus bar
attached to the HTSC power lead must be tightly connectedto the cooling plate together with an aluminum nitride platewith indium, which is used as an electric insulator, some of
the fastening bolts were loose. All contacts between the
HTSC power lead and the cooling Cu plate and the contactof the thermo-couples to the current lead were improved,
and STQ11 and STQ13 were recooled untill early
December of 2006.
One-week continuous excitation tests on STQ11 andSTQ13 together with STQ8 and STQ10 were performed in
December 2006. STQ8 and STQ10 were chosen for thetests since their results of 'T measurement were worse thanthe others. We confirmed that the fixed power leads of
STQ11 and STQ13 were sufficiently cooled. However,
the temperature of the PL4 of STQ8 turned out to be 12 K
higher than that of the GM cold head, and 'T was measured

to be 6 K. Since we did not have sufficient time to warm
up and fix STQ8 untill the BigRIPS commissioning, we
replaced the compressor (U108) of the GM cooler with alarger one (U110) to enhance the cooling capacity of theGM cooler.
From March to June 2007, all the BigRIPS magnets were
excited in time for the commissioning experiment of
BigRIPS. Figure 3 shows a long-term trend of the power
lead temperature of STQ8. During the commissioning
period, all the STQs except STQ8 had stable operations.
On May 28, 2007, the temperature of the PL4 of the STQ8
exceeded 70 K, which is set to the alarm level of the
CCP-interlock system. We found that the temporarily
replaced compressor U110 had oil leak and that the
exposure pressure dropped to 1.5 MPaG from its typicalvalue of 2.2 MPaG. To continue the commissioning beamtime, we used the original U108 compressor with an
exposure pressure of 1.9 MPaG. Although the PL4temperature was only 3 K below the alarm level, we finish
the commissioning without further problems.
From July to August, not only STQ8 but also STQ10 and
STQ15 were warmed up and fixed of their thermal contact
with the HTSC power leads. As stated above, the PL4temperature is 14 K higher than that of the GM cooler head
before the fixing. After the fixing of thermal contact, all
the power lead temperatures approached within the range of3 K from the GM head.
After the fixing of STQ8, STQ10, and STQ15, all thepower leads of the BigRIPS STQs have been well cooled
when the compressors and GM coolers were maintained onschedule. To establish the scheduled maintenance of GM/JT
coolers, a series of R&D tests on the GM/JT cooler havebeen continuously performed since August 2007.

Fig. 3. Long-term trend of temperature of STQ8 power
leads and GM cooler head.
The sudden drop in
temperature on June 21 was due to a recharge of thecryogen gas to the compressor, so that the exposurepressure changed from 1.9 MPaG to 2.2 MPaG.
References

1) T. Kubo et al: IEEE Transactions on Appl. Supercond.,Vol. 17,1069 (2007).
2) K. Kusaka et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41, 244(2008).
??? (2007).
3) K. Kusaka et al.: IEEE Transactions on Appl. Supercond., Vol.
14, 310 (2004).

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RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 41 (2008)

Radiation Safety Management at RIBF
Y. Uwamino, S. Fujita, H. Sakamoto, R. Hirunuma Higurashi, H. Mukai*1, A. Horigome, T. Yamaki, K. Igarashi, K. Nakano,N. Yukawa and Y. Sato
The cyclotrons of RRC and AVF were overhauled onschedule in the summer of 2007 after the end of operations
with a 63 MeV/nucleon 40Ar beam at RRC and with a 6
MeV/nucleon 19F beam at AVF. Residual radioactivity wasmeasured at various locations using an ionization-chamber
J-ray survey meter. The dose rate at the RRC deflector was
found to be 4 mSv/h on September 18, 2007, which is 57
days after the end of operation, and that at the AVF deflector
was found to be 13.5 mSv/h on August 20, 2007, which is 21
days after the end of operation. Figure 1 shows the variationsin the dose rates at these deflectors since 1986. Owing to thelong decay time of 57 days at RRC this year, the dose rate issmaller than the average of recent years. The beam intensityof AVF was increased for radioisotope production and dose
rate also increased.
Residual radioactivity was measured along the beamlines after almost each experiment. The spots a–x, marked
with solid circles in Fig. 2, are the places where the dose
rates exceeded 20 PSv/h. Table 1 shows a summary of theobserved dose rates and gives the dates on which themeasurements were performed. The maximum dose rate wasfound to be 800 PSv/h at the RIKEN projectile-fragment
separator (RIPS) target in the beam distribution corridor
denoted by q in Fig. 2.
We continuously monitored the radiation in and aroundthe RIBF facility using neutron and J-ray area monitors, andthe results at the site boundary and outside of the radiation
controlled area are shown in Fig. 3. The data are average
dose rates for each month including natural backgroundradiation. The notations (g) and (n) denote gammas andneutrons, respectively. The environmental monitoring postsof Nos. 1-4 are placed near the site boundary. No. 1 is close
to the Wako Daiyon Elementary School, No. 2 is in front of
the Nishina building, No. 3 is close to Route 254 and No. 4
is close to the BSI Central Building. The computer room atthe boundary of the radiation controlled area is on the groundfloor immediately above a bending magnet that guides thebeams from the RRC vault to the distribution corridor.
Owing to the low background level, neutron dose isstrongly affected by accelerator operation, and this situation
is clear in the neutron dose in the computer room denoted“Comp. room (n)” in Fig. 3.
No accelerator was operated in August and September,and the dose rates at this period were assumed as the natural
background. The net accumulated dose, that is, the dose after
the subtraction of the background, of neutrons and gammas
in the computer room in the year 2007 was 4.2 PSv, which
was much lower than the allowable dose limit (5000 PSv/y).
The variation in the annual dose for these 9 years is shown in
Fig. 4. The value increased until 2005 and decreased
thereafter owing to the operation conditions of RRC, that is, ashort operation time for the RIBF construction and adominant beam time of the low-energy uranium acceleration.
The variations in dose rates at the site boundary are verysmall owing to the small effect of the accelerator operation
due to the long distances and thick shields. Since the amp
gain of the No. 3 J-ray monitor was corrected during theTable 1. Summary of dose rates measured along beamlines with ionization-chamber survey meters. The points a-x
indicate the measurement locations shown in Fig. 2.
Point

1.E+05dose rate ( P Sv/h)

1.E+04
1.E+03
1.E+02RRC

AVF

1.E+01

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

1988

1986

1.E+00year

Fig. 1. Variation in dose rates at the deflectors of RRC and
AVF since 1986.
䋪1

Japan Environment Research Corp.

- 248 -

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x

Dose rate
Date
Energy Intensity Period
Particle(ȝSv/h) (dd/mm)(MeV/u) (enA)(days)
110
31/8
B-11
4.6
1500
2
150
12/1
C-12
135
50
1.5
60
31/8
B-11
4.6
1500
2
400
31/8
B-11
4.6
1500
2
90
31/8
C-13
100
3700
1.5
90
31/8
C-13
100
3700
1.5
450
31/8
C-13
100
3700
1.5
180
30/11
C-12
135
200
0.5
60
12/1
C-12
135
50
1.5
50
12/1
C-12
135
50
1.5
25
27/7
C-13
100
3700
1.5
20
27/7
C-13
100
3700
1.5
50
27/7
C-13
100
3700
1.5
120
27/7
C-13
100
3700
1.5
100
27/7
C-13
100
3700
1.5
500
27/7
C-13
100
3700
1.5
800
27/7
C-13
100
3700
1.5
30
30/11
C-12
135
200
0.5
60
12/11
Kr-86
345
790
5
70
12/11
Kr-86
345
790
5
40
5/7
N-14
135
2400
2
400
5/7
N-14
135
2400
2
25
5/7
N-14
135
2400
2
200
12/11
Kr-86
345
790
5

095

SRC

AVF Cyclotron

㪸
㪹
㪺
㪻
㪼
㪽
㪾
㪿

RIKEN Ring
Cyclotron

E5

E6

E7

㫈

㫇

㫆㫅

㫉

㫄l㫂

㫁

㫏
IRC

㫀
BigRIPS

㫌

E4

㫎

㫊

㫍
E3

E2

E1

㫋


Fig. 2. Layout of RIBF beam line at Nishina building and RIBF accelerator building. Measurement locations of residual
radioactivity are indicated by solid circles denoted a-x.

dose rate (PSv/h)

10

-1

10

-2

10

-3

#1Elem.school(g)#1Elem.school(n)#2Nishina(g)#2Nishina(n)#3R254(g)

1

2

3

4

5

#3R254(n)#4BSI(g)#4BSI(n)Comp.room(g)Comp.room(n)

6
7
month

8

9

10

11

12

Fig. 3. Monthly dose rates at site boundary (#1 through #4)
and boundary of radiation controlled area in 2007. (g) and(n) denote gammas and neutrons, respectively.
12

accumulated dose (P S䌶/year)

annual maintenance carried out in August, the dose rate
shows a ramp in September, and the indicated dose rate up to
August is smaller than the actual value. The net accumulated
dose at any point of 2007 was smaller than the detection limitof about 20 PSv/y, which is mostly caused by the fluctuationin the natural J radiation. The J background is affected, forexample, by rainfall, which collects the natural radioactivityof radon and its daughters in the air. The detection limit ofneutrons is much smaller than that of gammas, and the
maximum net accumulated dose of neutrons was 0.9 PSv/y,which was observed at No. 2. The shielding calculation1)
showed that the J dose is comparable to or smaller than theneutron dose; nonetheless, the annual dose of neutrons andgammas at the site boundary was much smaller than the legal
allowable limit (1000 PSv/y).
In addition to radiation safety, we took measures to copewith possible suffocation risk at the BigRIPS tunnel and SRC
vault where a huge amount of helium is used in the
superconducting magnets. The constructed device is asuffocation-safety interlock system (SIS) which is connectedto the Houshasen (“radiation” in Japanese) Interlock System(HIS). If a low air concentration of oxygen or a quench at amagnet is detected, an alarm siren sounds and the beam isblocked in the latter case. The access doors and ventilationfans of the BigRIPS tunnel are controlled by SIS. The airconcentration of the radioactive gas in the tunnel is also readby SIS, and the doors and fans are controlled depemding on
this concentration.

10
8
6
4
2
0

Reference
1) Y. Uwamino, N. Fukunishi and K. Oishi: Proc. 9th Int.
Conf. on Radiation Shielding, Tsukuba, Japan, 1999-10(Sup. 1 J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 2000), p146.

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

year

Fig. 4. Variation in accumulated leakage radiations atboundary of radiation controlled area since 1999.

- 249 -

V．RECORDS OF LABORATORIES,GROUPS, AND TEAMS(Activities and Members)

Events of Nishina Center from Jan. 2007 to Mar. 2008
2007

16, Jan.
16, Jan.
16, Jan.
9-10, Feb.
1, Feb.
5, Feb.
9-10, Feb.
12, Mar.
15, Mar.
23, Mar.
25, Mar.
6, Apr.
3, Jun.
3, Jun.
3, Jun.
25-26, Jul.
1-3, Aug.
12-13, Sep,

2008

30, Oct.
29, Nov.
18, Jan.
18-19, Feb.
27-28, Mar.

Commemorative lecture by Prof. T. D. Lee "Symmetry and Dynamical
Symmetry, Commemorate the Decoration of the Order of the RisingSun, Gold and Silver Star (Koshiba Hall, Univ. of Tokyo)"
A Signing Ceremony for Memorandum of Understanding for RIKENBNL collaboration
The 14th Meeting of The Management Steering Committee of RIKENBNL Collaboration
The 1st Program Advisory Committee for Nuclear Physics Experiments
at RI Beam Factory
The 1st Program Advisory Committee Meeting for Materials and LifeThe film shoot of the Hollywood movie "Jumper"
The 1st Program Advisory Committee Meeting for Nuclear Physics
experiments
First successful extraction of Kr beam from the SRC
First successful extraction of RI beam from BigRIPSFirst successful extraction of U beam from the SRC
THE RIBF Users Informal Meeting
Two isotopes of element 112 were observed at RIKEN using GARIS
Symposium for Centennial Celebration of Hideki Yukawa
International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2007)
Discovery of very Neutron-rich new isotope Pd 125 (Z=46, N=79).
The 2nd Program Advisory Committee Meeting for Materials and Life
Science at RIKEN Nishina Center
4th Annual Meeting of Particle Accelerator Society of Japan and the32nd Linear Accelerator Meeting in JapanThe 2nd Program Advisory Committee meeting for Nuclear Physics
Experiments at RI Beam Factory
65
109
First Shipment of RI ( Zn, Cd) used by AVF Cyclotron
Nishina Memorial Lecture: Search for New Elements
Tree Planting Ceremony of "Nishina Zao"
The 3rd Program Advisory Committee meeting for Nuclear Physics
Experiments at RI Beam Factory
The 3rd Program Advisory Committee Meeting for Materials and Life
Science at RIKEN Nishina Center- 251 -

㪘㪺㪺㪼㫃㪼㫉㪸㫋㫆㫉㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷 㩷
1. Abstract
Our aim is to operate and develop the accelerator-complex system, mainly the rf systems, of the RI Beam
Factory. We focus on further efficient use of the RI Beam Factory through R&D associated with a new injector
for parallel operation of both RI beam factory experiments and the super-heavy elements experiment. Anotherobjective of our team is to carry out an upgrading project of the AVF cyclotron on the expansion of region of its
acceleration beam energies as well as the increase in beam intensity.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Operation and development of the accelerator-complex system(2) R&D of a new injector for the RRC(3) Upgrading project of the AVF cyclotron
3. Summary of Research Activity(1) Operation and development of the accelerator system
O. Kamigaito, N. Sakamoto, S. Kohara, J. Ohnishi and A. Goto
We perform operation, maintenance and development of the RIBF accelerator system: mainly
radio-frequency acceleration system. We also perform beam commissioning of the new accelerators.
(2) Development of a new injector for the RRC
O. Kamigaito, N. Sakamoto, Y. Sato and A. Goto
We are performing design and fabrication of a new injector for the RRC in order to make the efficient use of
the accelerator beam time by making it possible to simultaneously conduct both experiments using RI’s and thesuper-heavy-element search experiment. We are in charge mainly of design and development of linacs as wellas the low-energy beam transport line of a superconducting ECR ion source.
(3) Upgrading of the AVF cyclotron
A. GotoWe are advancing the project of modification of the center region of the AVF cyclotron in collaboration with
CNS, Univ. of Tokyo, in order to expand the region of its available acceleration energies as well as to increase
the beam intensity. We are performing orbit simulations in detail for that purpose. We have already completed
upgrade of the performance of the coil power supplies, improvement of the radio-frequency acceleration system,
etc.

Team Leader
Akira GOTO
Members
Osamu KAMIGAITO
Shigeo KOHARA
Kiyoshi OGIWARA
Jun-ichi OHNISHI
Naruhiko SAKAMOTO
Contract Researcher
Yoichi SATO
Visiting Scientists
Mitsuhiro FUKUDA (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
Masatoshi ITO (CYRIC, Tohoku Univ.)
Yoshitaka IWASAKI (SAGA Light Source )Satoshi KURASHIMA (JAEA, Takasaki)- 252 Nobumasa MIYAWAKI (JAEA, Takasaki)
Hajime SAITO (SHI Accel. Serv. Ltd. )Contract Researcher
Yoichi SATO
Visiting Scientists
Mitsuhiro FUKUDA (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
Masatoshi ITO (CYRIC, Tohoku Univ.)
Yoshitaka IWASAKI (SAGA Light Source )Satoshi KURASHIMA (JAEA, Takasaki)
Nobumasa MIYAWAKI (JAEA, Takasaki)
Hajime SAITO (SHI Accel. Serv. Ltd. )Research Consultants
Yoshiaki CHIBA
Shoushichi MOTONAGA
Students
Student trainees
Keisuke ITOH (Grad. Sch. Sci. Eng., Saitama Univ. )Hiroaki MATSUBARA (Grad Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ. )Ryo MATSUO (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Tohoku Univ.)
Yuji TAMESHIGE (Grad Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ. )- 253 -

㪠㫆㫅㩷㪪㫆㫌㫉㪺㪼㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷
1. Abstract
Our aim is to operate and develop the ECR ion sources for the accelerator-complex system of the RI Beam
Factory. We focus on further upgrading the performance of the RI Beam Factory through the design andfabrication of a superconducting ECR heavy-ion source for high-intensity uranium ions.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Operation and development of the ECR ion sources(2) Development of a superconducting ECR heavy-ion source for high-intensity uranium ions
3. Summary of Research Activity(1) Operation and development of ECR ion sources
T. Nakagawa, M. Kidera, Y. Higurashi, H. Haba, T. Kageyama and A. Goto
We routinely produce and supply various kinds of heavy ions such as zinc ions for the 113th-element
experiment as well as uranium ions for RIBF experiments. We also perform R&D’s to meet the requirements
for stable supply of high-intensity heavy ion beams.
(2) Development of a superconducting ECR ion source for use in production of a high-intensity uranium
beam
T. Nakagawa, J. Ohnishi, M. Kidera, Y. Higurashi, Y. Sato and A. Goto
The RIBF is required to supply uranium beams with very high intensity so as to produce RI’s. We havedesigned and are fabricating an ECR ion source with high magnetic field and high microwave-frequency, since
the existing ECR ion sources have their limits in beam intensity. The coils of this ion source are designed to besuperconducting for the production of high magnetic field. We are also designing the low-energy beamtransport line of the superconducting ECR ion source.

Team Leader
Akira GOTO
Members
Hiromitsu HABA
Tadashi KAGEYAMA
Takahide NAKAGAWA
Contract Researcher
Yoshihide HIGURASHI
Masanori KIDERA
Visiting Scientists
Takehiro MATSUSE (Fac.Text. Sci. Technol.,Shinshu Univ)
Student Trainee
Hiroyuki HIGASHIJIMA (Grad. Sch.. Sci., Rikkyo Univ.)- 254 -

㪩㪠㪣㪘㪚㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷
1. Abstract
The operation and maintenance of the RIKEN Heavy-ion Linac (RILAC) have been carried out. There are
the two modes, the standalone mode, in which the beam is delivered directly to the low-energy beam user in the
RILAC, and the injection mode, in which the RILAC beam is injected to the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron (RRC).
The RILAC is composed of two ion sources, the frequency-variable RFQ linac, six frequency-variable cavities,
and six energy booster cavities (CSM). The maintenance of these devices is important to keep the log-term
stability of RILAC beams.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) The long term stability of the RILAC operation.
(2) Improvement of efficiency of the RILAC operation.
3. Summary of Research Activity
The RIKEN Heavy-ion Linac (RILAC) is a frequency-tunable linac. The RILAC is composed of two
Heavy-ion ECR ion sources, RFQ linac, six main cavities, and six energy booster cavities. Thousands hours
are spent in a year for delivering many kinds of heavy-ion beams to various experiments.
The RILAC has two operation modes: the stand-alone operation delivering low-energy beams directly toexperiments and the injection mode operation supplying beams into the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron (RRC).㩷 㩷 In
the first mode, the RILAC supplies very important beam to the nuclear physics experiment of “the research ofsuper heavy elements”. In the second mode, the RILAC plays very important role as upstream end of the
RIBF accelerators.
The maintenance is very important in order to keep the high quality performance of the RILAC.
Improvements are always carried out for the purpose of more efficient operation.

Team Leader
Masayuki KASE
Member
Eiji IKEZAWA
Research Consultants
Toshiya CHIBA
Masatake HEMMI‫ޓ‬
Yoshitoshi MIYAZAWA- 255 -

㪚㫐㪺㫃㫆㫋㫉㫆㫅㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷 㩷 㩷
1. Abstract
We are carryng out the operation and maintenance of five cyclotorons in RIKEN (AVF cyclotron, Riken Ring
cyclotoron:RRC, fRC, IRC, and super-conducting cyclotron:SRC). We are trying to deliver stably ahigh-energy and high intensity beam to experiments.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Operation technology of cyclotrons.
(2) Maintenance of cyclotrons.
(3) Maintenance of super-conducting cyclotron.
3. Summary of Research Activity
We are carryng out the operation and maintenance of five cyclotorons in RIKEN (AVF cyclotron, Riken
Ring cyclotoron:RRC, fRC, IRC, and super-conducting cyclotron:SRC). We are trying to deliver stably ahigh-energy and high intensity beam to experiments. Detailed research subjects are the following,
Operation technology of cyclotrons.
Maintenance of cyclotrons.
Maintenance of superconducting ring cyclotron..

Team Leader
Masayuki KASE
Members
Naohito INABE
Keiko KUMAGAI
Makoto NAGASE
Hiroki OKUNO
Research Ascociat
Kazunari Yamada- 256 -

ࠨࠗࠢࡠ࠻ࡠࡦ࠴࡯ࡓ/GODGTUZNU㪙㪼㪸㫄㩷㪫㪼㪺㪿㫅㫆㫃㫆㪾㫐㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷
1. Abstract
In order to realize the efficient acceleration in RIBF accelerators, the operation is being improved by doing
various computer simulations. For this purpose, related technology (beam diagnosis, computer control, andcharge stripper) was developed.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Improvement on the beam transmission along the multi-stage accelerator system.
(2) Development of beam diagnosis.
(3) Development of computer control.
(4) Development of charge stripper for high intensity heavy ion beam.
3. Summary of Research Activity(1) Development of the beam diagnostic technology.
(2) Development of the charge-stripping foil.
(3) Development of the computer control system of accelerator.
(4) Investigation of beam behavior in accelerators.
Team Leader
Masayuki KASE
Members
Masaki FUJIMAKI
Nobuhisa FUKUNISHI
Sachiko ITOTamaki WATANABE
Contract Technical Scientist
Misaki KOBAYASHI-KOMIYAMA
Visiting Scientists
Masanori KOSHIMIZU (Grad. Sch. Eng., Tohoku Univ. )Hideo MIKAMI (SHI Accel. Serv. Ltd. )Hiromichi RYUTO (Photonics and Electronics Science and Engineering Center, Kyoto Univ.)
Research Consultants
Kazuie KIMURA
Mutsuko SASAKI- 257 -

㪚㫉㫐㫆㪾㪼㫅㫀㪺㩷㪫㪼㪺㪿㫅㫆㫃㫆㪾㫐㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷
1. Abstract
We are operating the helium cryogenic system in the south area of RIKEN Wako campus and delivering theliquid helium to users in RIKEN. We are trying to collect efficiently gas helium after usage of liquid helium.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) The high efficiency of the liquid herium production cycle.
(2) Optimization of the large-scaled superconductinf cyclotron.
3. Summary of Research Activity
We are operating the herium cryogenic system located in the south area of Wako campass of RIKEN. We
are producing liquid helium and supplying them to RIKEN inside users. For the purpose of efficient operation,
we are trying to collect the gas after the use of liquid helium.

Team Leader
Masayuki KASE
Members
Kumio IKEGAMI
Masato NAKAMURA
Technical Staff-I
Hiroo HASEBE
Takeshi MAIE
Part-time Staff
Kazushiro NAKANO
Research Consultant
Ken-ici KATO

- 258 -

㪟㪼㪸㫍㫐㩷㪠㫆㫅㩷㪥㫌㪺㫃㪼㪸㫉㩷㪧㪿㫐㫊㫀㪺㫊㩷㪣㪸㪹㫆㫉㪸㫋㫆㫉㫐㩷
1. Abstract
With fast RI beams provided by the RIBF cyclotron complex, ,we study exotic behavior of nuclei far fromthe stability valley, explosive nuclear burning in high-temperature and high-density environment in stars andearly universe, and nuclear reactions related to solar neutrino production. For that purpose, we develop
various experimental methods based on intermediate-energy inelastic scattering including Coulomb excitation,
Coulomb dissociation, transfer- and fragmentation-reactions coupled with g-ray and particle-decay
measurements. We perform also study of the three-nucleon forces by precise measurements of elastic
scattering and breakup reactions of few-nucleon systems and development of new technics including newlaser-spectroscopy for exotic nuclei. Developments of radiation detectors such as semiconductor detectors andscintillation detectors, data processing methods, and construction of experimental equipment, together withtheoretical studies on nuclear structure and nuclear reaction, are also made.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Spectroscopy of unstable nuclei with direct reactions(2) Development of radiation detector systems with high precision and high efficiency(3) Study of astrophysical nuclear reactions with fast beams of unstable nuclei(4) Development of laser spectroscopy for unstable nuclei(5) Theoretical studies on nuclear structure and nuclear reactions
3. Summary of Research Activity
3.1. Ȗ-spectroscopy
Proton inelastic scattering on neutron rich nuclei was studied using a new Ȗ-spectroscopy technique toinvestigate the evolution of shell structure.
(1) 30Ne, 36Mg
Proton inelastic scatterings on 30Ne and 36Mg were performed. 36Mg is the most neutron-rich magnesium
isotope ever studied experimentally in or beyond the island of inversion region. The study of 30Ne aims atfurther study of the enhanced collectivity expected from the observed low excitation-energy of its 2+ state.
(2) 18,20C
Proton inelastic scattering to excite the first 2+ states in 18,20C was studied aiming at studying themechanism of decoupling of proton and neutron collectivity observed in 16C.
3.2. Spectroscopy using breakup reactions.
(1) Invariant mass spectroscopy of nuclei in the vicinity of the neutron drip line(a) Strong E1 transitions at low excitation energies (soft E1 excitation) were observed for 11Li by a new
Coulomb breakup experiment.
(b) Inelastic-scattering, one-neutron knockout, and charge exchange reactions of 14Be were measured for
proton and 12C targets. The transition to the first 2+ state of 14Be at Ex=1.55 MeV was measured, whichshowed smaller deformation lengths compared to 12Be. The invariant mass spectrum of 13Be in the
one-neutron knockout channel showed two peaks. The peak at higher energy around Ex=2 MeV has a d-wave
property.
(c) Invariant mass spectra were obtained by the breakup and inelastic scattering of 6He, 17C, and 19C on
proton targets. New peaks were found for neutron-rich carbon isotopes.
(2) Invariant mass spectroscopy of proton-rich nuclei
Coulomb dissociation of the proton-rich nuclei 23Al, 27P on 208Pb was measured. Relative energy spectra- 259 -

for 22Mg+p, 26Si+p were obtained. The breakup cross sections are converted to the radiative proton-capture
cross sections, which provide useful information for the astrophysical network calculation on the explosive
nucleosynthesis in novae and X-ray bursts.
(3) Missing mass spectroscopy of very neutron-rich light nuclei
Missing mass spectroscopy of exotic systems 7H, 6H and 4n was performed using 8He beam and deuterontarget The reaction channels d(8He,3He)7H, d(8He,4He)6H, and d(8He,6Li)4n were mainly aimed at. The
reference peak in the d(8He,t)7Heg.s. channel was clearly observed.
3.3. Nuclear reaction study using the high-resolution spectrograph SMART(1) Necessity of the three-nucleon-force is shown to reproduce the deuteron-proton elastic scattering crosssection. To further investigate the three-nucleon-force, spin transfer coefficients for deuteron-proton breakup
reactions were measured.
(2) Many experiments have been performed to test experimentally Bell's inequality. However, tests using
hadron systems are limited. We tested Bell’s inequality in the proton-neutron system by measuring thespin-correlation between the proton-neutron pair in 1S0-state which was produced by the 2H(d,pn) reaction.
3.4. Laser spectroscopy and laser ablation of atoms with stable and unstable nuclei(1) A new laser spectroscopy technique for atoms trapped in superfluid helium is being developed. We havesuccessfully measured very long spin relaxation time (> 2 s) and hyperfine coupling constants of 133Cs
atoms in superfluid helium.
(2) Tags of stable isotope collected from a bio-sample by laser ablation were successfully identified bytime-of-flight technique.
3.5. SCRIT development
Feasibility studies of a novel experimental scheme has been performed, SCRIT (Self-Confining RI Target),which makes it possible to study the internal structure of exotic nuclei by electron scattering. A prototype has
been installed at the electron storage ring, KSR, of Kyoto University. What we have completed this year are
following; i) construction of a scattered electron calorimeter made of pure CsI crystals, ii) installation in the
SCRIT chamber ultra-thin W and C wires for luminosity calibration and detector calibration, iii) installation ofa recoil detector which aim at measuring a Time-Of-Flight of the recoiled nucleus by electrons for its mass
determination. Newly constructed and/or installed devices all work fine. We are now ready to detect
elastically scattered electrons from the SCRIT target.
3.6. SAMURAI development
SAMURAI (Superconducting Analyzer for Multi-particle from Radio Isotope Beams) is a large-acceptancemulti-particle spectrometer we proposed to construct at RIBF. Its major part is of a large-gap superconducting
magnet with 7 Tm of bending power. SAMURAI enables momentum analysis of heavy projectile fragments
and projectile-rapidity protons with large angular and momentum acceptance. SAMURAI also affords
projectile-rapidity neutron measurements with large angular acceptance in coincidence with heavy projectile
fragments.
In this fiscal year, a workshop was held to establish the collaboration framework and to clarify roles of eachgroup and issues to be solved. A summary document which includes direction of magnet design, current statusof particle detectors and neutron detectors, outline of the experimental projects, was issued for the TAC
meeting.

- 260 -

3.7. Theoretical studies of nuclear physics
Theoretical works are also promoted for the following subjects in strong cooperation with the experimental
approaches.
(1) Cluster Aspect of Nuclear Physics: Roles of the tensor, deuteron-like and di-neutron cluster correlation.
(2) Nuclear matter density distributions and nuclear radii: Description of proton-nucleus elastic scattering bya "black sphere" picture.
(3) Nuclear structure study using nuclear reactions: Analysis of 16C + 208Pb inelastic scattering using the
16C wave function calculated by the anti-symmetrized molecular dynamics (AMD).
(4) Mechanism of reactions involving unstable nuclei studied by a microscopic reaction theory: Analysis of
the 6He+209Bi breakup reaction based on the four-body Continuum Distcretized Coupled Channels (CDCC)
method.
(5) Nuclear structure at finite temperature: A self-consistent formulation of particle-particle RPA and a modelwith thermal fluctuation to calculate the width of low-temperature giant resonances.

Head
Tohru MOTOBAYASHIMembers
Nori AOI
Akihisa KOHAMA
Yukari MATSUO
Toshimi SUDA
Yasushi Watanabe
Yoshiyuki Yanagisawa
Ken-ichiro YONEDA
Special Postdoctoral Researchers
Hidetada BABA
Takeshi FURUKAWA
Shoko KANNOYosuke KONDOTakuma MATSUMOTO
Satoshi TAKEUCHI
Contract Researchers
Shawn BISHOP
Nguyen Dinh DANG
Kimiko SEKIGUCHI
Meiko UESAKA
Asia Program Associates
Nguyen Quang HUNG
Shuo WANG
Senior Visiting Scientists
Hisashi HORIUCHI (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Kyoto Univ. )Kengo Ogawa
Takaharu OTSUKA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo, )Hideyuki SAKAI (Grad. Sch.. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Hiroyuki SAKURAGI (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Osaka City Univ. , )Research Consultants
Yasuo Aoki
Kiyomi Ikeda
Toshimitsu Yamazaki- 261 -

Hisashi HORIUCHI (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Kyoto Univ. )Kengo Ogawa
Takaharu OTSUKA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo, )Hideyuki SAKAI (Grad. Sch.. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Hiroyuki SAKURAGI (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Osaka City Univ. , )Research Consultants
Yasuo Aoki
Kiyomi Ikeda
Toshimitsu Yamazaki
Shuhei Yamaji
Part-time Staff ΣKiyomi Arai
Hanako Ishitobi
Miki Kanou
Hironori KUBOKI
Noriko Okayasu
tsuneyo Suzuki
Visiting Scientists
Takashi Abe
Yasuhisa ABE (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
Shigeyoshi AOYAMA (Niigata Univ. Integrated Information Processing Center )Ichiro ARAI (Grad. Sch. of Pure and Applied Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba, )Yoshihiro ARITOMO (Flerov Lab. Nucl. Reactions, JINR, Russia)
Daniel BEMMERER (Tech. Univ. Berlin Inst., Germany)
Daniel BAZIN (MSU, NSCL, USA)DIDIER BEAUMEL (Paris-XI Univ., France)
Fa BECK (Strasbourg Nucl. Inst., France)
Carlos BERTULANI (Univ. Arizona, USA)
Yorick BLUMENFELD (Paris-XI Univ., France)
Richard BOYD (Dept. of Phys., Ohio State Univ., USA)BO CEDERWALL (Royal Insti. Tech. , Sweden)
Alan CHEN (McMaster Univ., Canada)
Silvio CHERUBINI (Catania Univ., Italy)
Alain COC (CSNSM, Orsay, France)
Tien Khoa DAO (Inst. Nucl. Sci. Tech., Center for Basic Res. Computation)
Mahananda DASGUPTA (Bompay Univ., India)
Zsolt DOMBRADI (ATOMKI, Hungary)
Zoltan ELEKES (ATOMKI, Hungary)Henning ESBENSEN (Argonne Nat. Lab., USA)
Michael FAMIANO (MSU, NSCL, USA)
Hubert FLOCARD (Orsay Nucl. Inst., France)
Yoshihide FUCHI (KEK)
Shinichiro FUJII (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Yoshitaka FUJITA (Grad. Sch. of Sci. , Osaka Univ. )Tomonori FUKUCHI (Fac. of Sci. ,Rikkyo Univ. )Mitsunori FUKUDA (Sch. of Sci. , Osaka Univ. )Yoshimitsu FUKUYAMA (SPring8 Center, RIKEN)
Zsolt FULOP (ATOMKI, Hungary)
Ken-Ichi FUSHIMI (Fac.of Integrated Arts and Sci., Univ. of Tokushima)
Valdir GUIMRAES (Sao Paulo Univ. Brazil)
Taku GUNJI (Dept. Phys., Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
Kevin Insik HAHN (Ewaha Womans Univ., Korea)
Hideki HAMAGAKI (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Ikuko HAMAMOTO (Lund Univ., Sweden)
Jun HASEGAWA (Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Res. Lab. for Nuclear Reactors )Jianjun HE (Edinberg Univ.)
David HINDE (Australia Nat. Univ., Australia)- 262 Michio HONMA (Univ. Aizu )Takatoshi HORIBATA (Fac.of Software and Information Tech. ,Aomori Univ. )Ken-Ichi FUSHIMI (Fac.of Integrated Arts and Sci., Univ. of Tokushima)
Valdir GUIMRAES (Sao Paulo Univ. Brazil)
Taku GUNJI (Dept. Phys., Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
Kevin Insik HAHN (Ewaha Womans Univ., Korea)
Hideki HAMAGAKI (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Ikuko HAMAMOTO (Lund Univ., Sweden)
Jun HASEGAWA (Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Res. Lab. for Nuclear Reactors )Jianjun HE (Edinberg Univ.)
David HINDE (Australia Nat. Univ., Australia)
Michio HONMA (Univ. Aizu )Takatoshi HORIBATA (Fac.of Software and Information Tech. ,Aomori Univ. )㧭kos HORVATH (Eotvos Lorand Univ., Hungary)
Munetake ICHIMURA (Fac.of Computer and Information Sci., Hosei Univ.)
Eiji IDEGUCHI (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Kazuo IEKI (Fac.of Sci.,Rikkyo Univ., )Kei IIDA (Kochi Univ. of Tech., Physical Sci. )Nobuaki IMAI (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Astrid IMIG (Univ. of North Carolina, USA)
Tetsuro ISHII (JAEA)
Shigeru ISHIMOTO (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Naoyuki ITAGAKI (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Akira IWAMOTO (JAEA)
Naohito IWASA (Dept. of Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
Hironori IWASAKI (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Takuji IZUMIKAWA (Niigata Univ. RI Center)
Janos GAL (Hungarian Academy Sci., Inst. Nucl. Res., Hungary)
Toshitaka KAJINO (National Astronomical Observatory of Japan)
Nasser KALANTAR (Univ. Groningen, The Netherlands)
Gabor KALINKA (Hungarian Academy Sci., Inst. Nucl. Res., Hungary)
Yoshiko KANADA-EN'YO (Kyoto Univ., Yukawa Inst. for Theoretical Phys.)
Seigo KATO (Fac. of Sci.,Yamagata Univ.)
Kiyoshi KATO (Fac. of Sci. , Dept. of Phys., Nonlinear Phys., Hokkaido Univ., )Takahiro KAWABATA (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Takeshi KIKUCHI (Fac.of Eng.,Utsunomiya Univ.)
Jongchan KIM (Seoul National Univ. , Korea)
Masaaki KIMURA (Grad. Sch. of Pure and Applied Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba, )Kikuo KIMURA (Nagasaki Inst.of Applied Sci. )Adam KISS (Eotvos Lorand Univ., Hungary)Takeshi KOIKE (Dept. of Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
Tetsuro KOMATSUBARA (Grad. Sch. of Pure and Applied Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba, )Alexe KORSHENINNIKOV (Inst. Generall & Nucl. Phys., Kurchatov Inst., Russia)
Evgueni KOUZMINE (Russian Res. Center, Kurchatov Inst., Russia)
Shigeru KUBONO (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Kazuyoshi KURITA (Fac.of Sci.,Rikkyo Univ., )Chie KUROKAWA (Meme Media Lab., Hokkaido Univ., )Evgueni KUZMIN (JINR. Flerov Lab. of Nuclear Reaction, Russia)
Marco LA COGRATA (Catania Univ., Italy)
Karin LAGERGREN (Royal Insti. Tech. , Sweden)
Khiem LE (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Alinka Lepine
Chen LI (Peking Univ., China)
Filho LICHTENTHALER
Gengjian LIN
Weiping LIU (China Inst. Atomic Energy, China)
Minliang LIU (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Jingbin LU (Fac. of Sci., Kyusyu Univ. ,)㨃illiam LYNCH (MSU, NSCL, USA)
Yukie MAEDA (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)- 263 Univ.)
Kazushige MAEDA (Dept. of Phys., Tohoku
Kensaku MATSUTA (Sch. of Sci. , Osaka Univ. )Kenichi MATSUYANAGI (Fac. of Sci., Kyoto Univ., )Chen LI (Peking Univ., China)
Filho LICHTENTHALER
Gengjian LIN
Weiping LIU (China Inst. Atomic Energy, China)
Minliang LIU (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Jingbin LU (Fac. of Sci., Kyusyu Univ. ,)㨃illiam LYNCH (MSU, NSCL, USA)
Yukie MAEDA (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Kazushige MAEDA (Dept. of Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
Kensaku MATSUTA (Sch. of Sci. , Osaka Univ. )Kenichi MATSUYANAGI (Fac. of Sci., Kyoto Univ., )Marco MAZZOCCO
Jie MENG (Sch. of Phys., Peking Univ., China)
Alberto MENGONI (Univ. of Tokyo)
Johannes MESSCHENDOR (Univ. of Groningen, Netherlands)
Yasuo MIAKE (Grad. Sch. of Pure and Applied Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba)
Shin'ichiro MICHIMASA (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Mototsugu MIHARA (Grad. Sch. of Sci. , Osaka Univ. )Toshiyuki MINEMURA (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Shiro MITARAI (Fac. of Sci., Kyusyu Univ. ,)Toshinori MITSUMOTO
Wolfgang MITTIG (NSCL, MSU, US)
Takashi MIYACHI (Adv. Res. Inst. Sci. Eng., Waseda Univ.)
Tomoko MIYAGISHI (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
Hiroari MIYATAKE (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Peter MOLLER (Los Alamos Nat. Lab., USA)
Sadao MOMOTA (Kochi Univ. of Tech., Intelligent Mechanical Systems Eng.)
Tsuneyasu MORIKAWA (Fac. of Sci., Kyusyu Univ. ,)Ben MOTTELSON (Copenhagen NORDITA, Denmark)Hiroyuki MURAKAMI (Fac.of Sci.,Rikkyo Univ., )Takayuki MYO (Theoretical Nuclear Phys., RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
Yasuki NAGAI (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
Takashi NAKAMURA (Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Particle-, Nuclear-, and Astro-Phys.)
Kosuke NAKANISHI (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Shintaro NAKAYAMA (Fac.of Integrated Arts and Sci., Univ. of Tokushima)
Evgueni NIKOLSKI (Russian Res. Center, Kurchatov Inst., Russia)
Masahiro NOTANI (Argonne Nat. Lab., USA)
Atsuko ODAHARA (Grad. Sch. of Sci. , Osaka Univ. )Kazuyuki OGATA (Fac. of Sci., Kyusyu Univ. ,)Alexey OGLOBLIN (Russian Res. Center, Kurchatov Inst., Russia)
Yukimitsu OHSHIRO (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Takashi OHTSUBO (Dept. of Phys., Niigata Univ. )Hiroyuki OKAMURA (CYRIC, Tohoku Univ.)
Shinsuke OTA (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Masahisa OTA (Dept. of Phys., Konan Univ.)
Kazuhiro OYAMATSU (Fac.of Studies onContemporary Society,Aichi Shukutoku Univ. ,)Kyoichiro OZAWA (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Thomas PAPENBROCK
Jonathan PEARSON (McMaster Univ., Canada)
Gianluca PIZZONE (Catania Univ., Italy)
Chilakamarri RANGACHARYULU (Univ. Saskatchewan, Canada)
Stefano ROMANO (Catania Univ., Italy)
Hiroyuki SAGAWA (The Univ. of Aizu, Center for Mathematical Sci. )Akito SAITO (Dept. Phys., Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo )Takao SAKAGUCHI (BNL, USA)
Harutaka SAKAGUCHI (Dept. of Applied Phys., Fac. of Eng., Univ. of Miyazaki)
Mitsuo SAKAI (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Badawy SARHAN (Cairo Univ., Egypt)- 264 Kimikazu SASA (Univ. of Tsukuba)
Yoshiteru SATOU (Grad. Sch. of Sci.,Tokyo Inst. of Tech. )Ryoichi SEKI (California State Univ. , Northridge, USA)

Stefano ROMANO (Catania Univ., Italy)
Hiroyuki SAGAWA (The Univ. of Aizu, Center for Mathematical Sci. )Akito SAITO (Dept. Phys., Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo )Takao SAKAGUCHI (BNL, USA)
Harutaka SAKAGUCHI (Dept. of Applied Phys., Fac. of Eng., Univ. of Miyazaki)
Mitsuo SAKAI (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Badawy SARHAN (Cairo Univ., Egypt)
Kimikazu SASA (Univ. of Tsukuba)
Yoshiteru SATOU (Grad. Sch. of Sci.,Tokyo Inst. of Tech. )Ryoichi SEKI (California State Univ. , Northridge, USA)
Noritaka SHIMIZU (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Youhei SHIMIZU (Theoretical Nuclear Phys., RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
Yoshifumi SHIMIZU (Fac. of Sci., Kyusyu Univ. ,)Susumu SHIMOURA (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Cosimo SIGNORINI (Univ. of Padova, INFN, Italy)
Dorottya SOHLER (ATOMKI,Hungary)
Claudio SPITALERI (Catania, Italy)
Andreas STOLZ (MSU, NSCL, USA)
Kenji SUDA (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Satoru SUGIMOTO (Grad. Sch. of Sci. , Kyoto Univ.)
Kohsuke SUMIYOSHI (Div. of Liberal Arts, Phys. Group, Numazu College of Tech.)
Yang SUN (Univ. of Notre Dame, USA)
Akihiro SUZUKI (RCNP, Osaka University)
Toshio SUZUKI (Univ. of Fukui, Fac. of Enginerring)Toshio SUZUKI (Nihon University)
Takeshi SUZUKI (Faculity of Eng.,Saitama Univ. )Shoji SUZUKI (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Nobuyuki SUZUKI (Dept. of Phys., Niigata Univ. )Yasuyuki SUZUKI (Niigata University)
Yoshihiro TAGISHI (Univ. of Tsukuba, Inst. of Phys. ,)Naoki TAJIMA (Univ. of Fukui, Fac. of Enginerring)
Tadayuki TAKAHASHI (JAXA )Masatoshi TAKANO (Waseda Univ. RISE)
Masaaki TAKASHINA (Kyoto Univ., Yukawa Inst.for Theoretical Phys.)
Tadaaki TAMAE (Lab. of Nucl. Sci., Dept. of Phys.,Tohoku Univ.)
Atsushi TAMII (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
Kazuko TANABE (Otsuma Women’s Univ)
Gurgen TER-AKOPYAN (JINR. Flerov Lab. of Nuclear Reaction, Russia)
Takashi TERANISHI (Kyusyu Univ.)
Jun TERASAKI (Peking Univ., Dept. of Phys., China)
Renju THOMAS (Australia Nat. Univ., Australia)
Wendong TIAN (Shanghai Inst. Applied Phys., China)
Livius TRACHE (Texas A&M University, US)
Manyee TSANG (MSU, NSCL, USA)
Tomohiro UESAKA (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Yutaka UTSUNO (JAEA)Peter VON BRENTANO (Koln Univ., Germany)
Takahiro WADA (Fac.of Sci.and Eng.,Konan Univ.)
Yasuo WAKABAYASHI (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Tomotsugu WAKASA (Fac. of Sci., Kyusyu Univ. ,)Takashi WAKUI (Tohoku Univ. CYRIC)
Shin-ichi WATANABE (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Yutaka WATANABE (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Zhendong WU
Shuwei XU (Chinese Academy of Sci., China)
Kazuhiro YABANA (Univ. of Tsukuba, Inst. of Phys. , Nuclear Theory Group )Kentaro YAKO (Grad. Sch.. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Takayuki YAMAGUCHI (Saitama Univ.)- 265Sci.,
Hidetoshi YAMAGUCHI (CNS, Grad. Sch.
Univ. of Tokyo)
Shoichi YAMAKA (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Norio YAMAZAKI (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)

Shin-ichi WATANABE (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Yutaka WATANABE (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Zhendong WU
Shuwei XU (Chinese Academy of Sci., China)
Kazuhiro YABANA (Univ. of Tsukuba, Inst. of Phys. , Nuclear Theory Group )Kentaro YAKO (Grad. Sch.. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Takayuki YAMAGUCHI (Saitama Univ.)
Hidetoshi YAMAGUCHI (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Shoichi YAMAKA (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Norio YAMAZAKI (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Yanlin YE (Peking Univ., China)
Naotaka YOSHINAGA (Faculity of Sci.,Saitama Univ. )Akira YOSHINO (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Chongcheoul YUN (Chung-Ang Univ., Korea)
Tao ZHENG (Peking Univ., China)
Yong ZHENG (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Shan-Gui ZHOU (Peking Univ., China)
Junior Research Associates
Naoya FURUTACHI (Grad. Sch. Of Sci., Tokyo Science University)
Student Trainees
Guengpeng AN
Yoki ARAMAKI (Grad. Sch.. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Tae-Eun CHOI (Ewaha Womans Univ., Korea)
Vincenzo CRUCILLA (Univ. of Catania, Italy)
Binh DAM (Inst. Theoretical Phys., Vietnam)
Kazuya EBISU
Koutaro FUJIKAKE (Sch. of Sci. and Tech., Meiji Univ. )Seiya HAYAKAWA (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Toshikazu HORI (Grad. Sch. of Sci. , Osaka Univ. )Wataru HORIUCHI (Grad. Sch. of Sci.& Tech. Niigata Univ. )Takeshi HOYA (Grad. Sch. of Pure and Applied Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba, )Kenichi ISHII (Fac.of Sci.,Rikkyo Univ., )Fuming JIA
Ju Hahn LEE (Chung-Ang Univ., Korea)
Chen JUN (McMaster Univ., Canada)
Hyo-Soon JUNG (Chung-Ang Univ., Korea)
David KAHL (McMaster Univ., Canada)
Tomomi KAWAHARA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Toho Univ.)
Tomohito KAWAMATA
Jung-Lan KIM (Ewaha Womans Univ., Korea)
Jang Youl KIM (Chung Ang Univ., Korea)
Aram KIM (Ewaha Womans Univ., Korea)
Mituhisa KITAYAMA (Dept. of Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
Nobuyuki KOBAYASHI
Junji KOMURASAKI
Takamasa KUBOKI (Grad. Sch. of Sci.& Eng., Saitama Univ. )Kenichiro KURA (Sch. of Sci. , Osaka Univ. )Yuzo KURIHARA (Grad. Sch. of Sci. and Eng., Tokyo Metropolitan Univ. )Atsuhiro KUWAJIMA
Livio LAMIA (Univ. of Catania, Italy)
Ki-Woo LEE (Chung-Ang Univ., Korea)
Toshiyuki MASUE (Grad. Sch. of Sci. , Osaka Univ. )Yohei MATSUDA (Dept. of Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
Ryohei MATSUMIYA (Grad. Sch. of Sci. , Osaka Univ. )Kenjiro MIKI (Grad. Sch.. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Munesato MIURA
Hiroyuki MIYA
- 266 and
Kazutaka MIYAKAWA (Grad. Sch. of Pure
Applied Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba, )JunYoung MOON (Chung Ang Univ., Korea)
Tetsuaki MORIGUCHI (Grad. Sch. of Pure and Applied Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba)

Ki-Woo LEE (Chung-Ang Univ., Korea)
Toshiyuki MASUE (Grad. Sch. of Sci. , Osaka Univ. )Yohei MATSUDA (Dept. of Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
Ryohei MATSUMIYA (Grad. Sch. of Sci. , Osaka Univ. )Kenjiro MIKI (Grad. Sch.. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Munesato MIURA
Hiroyuki MIYA
Kazutaka MIYAKAWA (Grad. Sch. of Pure and Applied Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba, )JunYoung MOON (Chung Ang Univ., Korea)
Tetsuaki MORIGUCHI (Grad. Sch. of Pure and Applied Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba)
Yuhei MORINO (Grad. Sch.. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Yoshiaki NAKAYAMA
Takashi NANNICHI (Sch. of Sci., Tokyo Inst. of Tech.)Daiki NISHIMURA
Shumpei NOJI (Sch. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo, )Susumu ODA (Grad. Sch.. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Kazuya SAITO
Satoshi SAKAGUCHI (Grad. Sch.. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Satoshi SANO (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Ayako SASAKI
Masaki SASANO (Grad. Sch.. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Maria SERGI (Univ. of Catania, Italy)
KIANA SETOODEHNIA (McMaster Univ., Canada)
Tomoyuki SHIMAMURA (Sch. of Sci., Tokyo Inst. of Tech.)
Mayuko SHINOHARA (Grad. Sch. of Sci.and Eng., Tokyo Inst. of Tech. )Ryota SHIODA (Fac.of Sci.,Rikkyo Univ., )Syota SUGAWARA (Sch. Sci. Eng., Waseda Univ.)
Hiroshi SUZUKI (Grad. Sch.. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Kunihiko TAJIRI (Sch. of Sci. , Osaka Univ. )Akihisa TAKAHARA
Kana TANAKA
Yasutaka TANIGUCHI (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Kyoto Univ. )Yasuhiro TOGANO (Fac.of Sci.,Rikkyo Univ., )Xinxing Xu
Yusuke YAMADA (Fac.of Sci.,Rikkyo Univ., )Yuji YAUCHI (Fac.of Sci., Dept. of Phys., Rikkyo Univ.,)
Jung-Sook YOO (Ewaha Womans Univ., Korea)
Akira YOSHIDA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Kyoto Univ. )Michiori YOSHITAKE (Grad. Sch. of Sci.& Eng., Saitama Univ. )Chunlei ZHANG
Secretaries
Kayoko WADA

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㪩㪸㪻㫀㫆㪸㪺㫋㫀㫍㪼㩷㪠㫊㫆㫋㫆㫇㪼㩷㪣㪸㪹㫆㫉㪸㫋㫆㫉㫐㩷

1. Abstract

This laboratory explores exotic nuclear structures and dynamics in unstable nuclei that have never been
investigated before, such as those with largely imbalanced proton and neutron numbers. Our aim is to develop
new experimental techniques utilizing fast RI beams to discover new phenomena and properties in unstable
nuclei. Another important subject is the equation-of-state of asymmetric nuclear matter, and its association withthe origin of elements and with neutron stars. For instance, we are making attempts to the better understandunderlyning mechanism for exotic stability-enhancements of very neutron-rich fluorine isotopes, the large
deformation of the nucleus 34Mg with N=22 in spite of its vicinity to the N=20 magic neutron number andanomalous collectivity in 16C. We are further extending these studies to medium- and heavy-mass regions by
developing facilities, detectors and unique methods at RIBF, thereby leading on the challenging task to findnew exotic phenomena. We also perform numerical simulations of nucleosynthesis under the environment ofcore-collapse supernovae, and moreover quest for footprints of supernovae and solar activities in the past,embedded in Antarctic ice core, in collaboration with Cosmic radiation laboratory and National Institute ofPolar Research.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Study of structure and dynamics of unstable nuclei through development of new methods utilizing fast RI
beams(2) Stability of exotic nuclei and exploration into limit of nuclear existence(3) Research on equation-of-state in asymmetric nuclear matter via heavy-ion induced reaction(4) Promotion of nuclear astrophysics in an interdisciplinary organization
3. Summary of Research Activity(1) 㩷 Program based on missing mass method
Missing mass method is an essential tool to identify and observe both bound and unbound states. Especiallyfor highly excited states beyond particle threshold, any models of particle and gamma decay processes are notnecessary in reconstructing excitation energy. Difficulties stemming from inverse kinematics are low energy ofrecoiled out particles from targets and high accurate measurement necessary for emission angles. To overcome
the difficulties, we are developing new detection systems for proton (in)elastic scattering; ESPRI(Elastic
Scattering of Proton with RI beam), and a magnetic spectrometer for particles emitted at zero degree. The twosystems have been employed for light mass nuclei for matter distributions as well as spectroscopic studies.
(2) 㩷 Program based on in-beam gamma spectroscopy
In the medium and heavy mass region explored at RIBF, collective natures of nuclei are one of important
subjects, which are obtained through production and observation of high excited and high spin states. To
populate such states, heavy-ion induced reactions such as fragmentation, fission are useful and development of
in-beam gamma methods fit for the reactions is necessary. So far, we have developed two-step fragmentation
method as an efficient method to identify and populate excited states, and lifetime measurements to deducetransition strength.
(3) 㩷 beta spectroscopy
Beta-spectroscopy is a traditional and efficient method for nuclear spectroscopy, especially out non-yrast
levels. In the light mass region, several light-mass nuclei in both neutron-rich and proton-rich region have been
investigated at RIPS through beta-gamma and beta-p coincidence technique. Concerning the medium and heavy
mass region available at RIBF, we are developing two position-sensitive active-stoppers to achieve
low-background via position correlation; strip-silicon detectors and a cylindrical active stopper called CAITEN.

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(4) 㩷 Equation-of-state via heavy-ion central collisions
Eos in asymmetric nuclear matter is essentially important to understand mechanism of supernovae explosion
as well as crust structure of neutron stars. We are designing an experimental setup to detect pions andmultiplicity in central collisions with RIBs at the intermediate energy at RIBF.
(5) 㩷 Interdisciplinary study for nuclear astrophysics
To understand the origin of elements beyond ion, interdisciplinary works are important in linking data from
nuclear physics program. We are promoting simulation of nucleosynthesis in the r- process path, andinvestigation of Antarctic ice core to search for footprints of supernovae as well as solar activity in the past via
mass spectrometer, to link data obtained from nuclear physics program.

Head
Hiroyoshi SAKURAI
Members
Takashi ICHIHARA
Takashi KISHIDA
Yoichi NAKAI
Shunji NISHIMURA
Hideaki OTSUHeiko SCHEIT
Nishina Center Researcher
Yuko MOCHIZUKI
Research Associate
Hiroshi WATANABE
Special Postdoctoral Researcher
Maya TAKECHIEri TAKESHITA
Satoru TERASHIMA
Senior Visiting Scientist
Wolfgang MITTIG (GANIL, France)
Visiting Scientists
Sachiko AMARI (Washington Univ.,USA)
Koichiro ASAHI (Tokyo Institute of Technology)
Sudhee BANERJEE (Variable Energy Cyclotron Center, India)
Xiangzhou CAI (Shanghai Inst. Applied Physics, China)
Junsei CHIBA (Tokyo University of Science)
Alfred DEWALD (Univ. Cologna Insti. Nucl. Phys.)
Deqing FANG (Shanghai Inst. Applied Physics, China)
Adrian GELBERG (Univ. zu KoelnInst. Fur Kern Physik, Germany)
Wei GUO (Shanghai Inst. Applied Physics, China)
Kaoru HARA (University of Tsukuba)
Steven KARATAGLIDIS (Rhodes Univ.,South Africa)
Hiroyuki KOURA (JAEA)
Yugang MA (Shanghai Inst. Applied Physics, China)
Hideki MADOKORO (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd)
Masayuki MATSUO (Grad. Sch. of Sci. and Tech., Niigata Univ, )Tetsuya MURAKAMI (Kyoto Univ.)
Jiro MURATA (Rikkyo Univ.)
Tetsuo NORO (Kyusyu Univ. Fac. of Sci.)- 269 Akira ONO (Tohoku Univ.)
Naohiko OTSUKA (JAEA)

Steven KARATAGLIDIS (Rhodes Univ.,South Africa)
Hiroyuki KOURA (JAEA)
Yugang MA (Shanghai Inst. Applied Physics, China)
Hideki MADOKORO (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd)
Masayuki MATSUO (Grad. Sch. of Sci. and Tech., Niigata Univ, )Tetsuya MURAKAMI (Kyoto Univ.)
Jiro MURATA (Rikkyo Univ.)
Tetsuo NORO (Kyusyu Univ. Fac. of Sci.)
Akira ONO (Tohoku Univ.)
Naohiko OTSUKA (JAEA)YURI PENIONZHKEVICH (Flerov Lab. Nucl. Reactions, JINR, Russia)
Simona SCHEIT (Univ. of Tokyo)
Toshiyuki SUMIKAMA (Tokyo University of Science)
Takahiro TACHIBANA (Waseda High Sch., Waseda Univ.)
Kohji TAKAHASHI (Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium)
Noboru TAKIGAWA (Fac. of Sci., Tohoku Univ.,)
Oleg TARASOV (MSU, NSCL, USA)
Ryouichi WADA (Texas A&M Univ., USA)
Juzo ZENIHIRO (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Kyoto Univ.)
Shuangquan ZHANG (Peking Univ., China)
Yumin ZHAO (Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ.)
Contract Researcher
Yasuyuki GONO
Students
Junior Research Associate
Yuichi ICHIKAWA
Taro NAKAO
Mugumi NIIKURA
Student Trainees
Shoichiro EBESU (Kyoto Univ.)
Yuhei HASHIZUME (Tsukuba Univ.)
Maki HATA (Rikkyo Univ.)
Chihiro ISHII (Tokyo University of Science)
Yoshihiko IWAO (Kyoto Univ.)
Hitomi KIMURA (Tokyo Univ.)
Hiroaki MATSUMOTO (Kyoto Univ.)
Minori NIITA (Rikkyo Univ.)
Ken-ichiro OGAWA (Tsukuba Univ.)
Kensuke OKADA (Rikkyo Univ.)
Akio SHIRAKI (Tokyo Univ.)
Daisuke SUZUKI (Tokyo Univ.)
Hirotake TAKAHASHI (Shinsyu Univ.)
Nobuya UEMATSU (Tokyo University of Science)
Hideakira YOSHII (Tokyo University of Science)
Kenta YOSHINAGA (Tokyo University of Science)
IPA
Kuoang LI (Peking Univ., China)
Visiting Rsearcher
Pieter DOORNENBAL (GSI)
Secretary
Shizuka KATO (Temporary staff)- 270 -

㪪㫌㫇㪼㫉㪿㪼㪸㫍㫐㩷㪜㫃㪼㫄㪼㫅㫋㩷㪣㪸㪹㫆㫉㪸㫋㫆㫉㫐㩷
1. Abstract
The elements with their atomic number Z>103 are called as trans-actinide or superheavy elements. The
chemical properties of those elements have not yet been studied in detail. Those elements are not exist innature therefore, they must be produced by artificially for the scientific study of those elements. In ourlaboratory, we have been studying the physical and chemical properties of the superheavy elements
utilizing the accelerators in RIKEN and various methods of efficient production of the superheavy
elements.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Search for new supreheavy elements(2) Decay spectroscopy of the heaviest nuclei(3) Study of the chemical properties of the heaviest elements(4) Study of the reaction mechanism of the fusion process (theory)
3. Summary of Research Activity(1)㩷 Searching for new elements
㩷 To expand the periodic table of elements and the nuclear chart, we will search for new elements.
(2)㩷 Spectroscopic study of the nucleus of heavy elements
㩷 Using the high sensitivity system for detecting the heaviest element, we plan to perform a spectroscopic
study of nuclei of the heavy elements.
(3)㩷 Chemistry of superheavy elements
Study of chemistry of the trans-actinide (superheavy element) has just started world-wide, making it a
new frontier in the field of chemistry. Relativistic effects in chemical property are predicted by many
theoretical studies. We will try to develop this new field.
(4)㩷 Study of a reaction mechanism for fusion process
Superheavy elements have been produced by complete fusion reaction of two heavy nuclei. However,
the reaction mechanism of the fusion process is still not well understood theoretically. When we design anexperiment to synthesize nuclei of the superheavy elements, we need to determine a beam-target
combination and the most appropriate reaction energy. This is when the theory becomes important. We
will try to develop a reaction theory useful in designing an experiment by collaborating with the theorists.

Head
Kosuke MORITA
Members
Hiromitsu HABA
Kouji MORIMOTO
Special Postdoctoral Researcher
Takatoshi ICHIKAWA
Daiya KAJI
Kazutaka OZEKI
Contract Technical Scientist
Akira YONEDA
Visiting Scientists
Kazuhiko AKIYAMA (Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.)
Masato ASAI (Japan Atomic Energy Agency)
Shin-ichi GOTO (Niigata Univ.)- 271 Kouichi HAGINO (Tohoku Univ.)
Yoshitaka KASAMATU (Japan Atomic Energy Agency)

Kazutaka OZEKI
Contract Technical Scientist
Akira YONEDA
Visiting Scientists
Kazuhiko AKIYAMA (Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.)
Masato ASAI (Japan Atomic Energy Agency)
Shin-ichi GOTO (Niigata Univ.)
Kouichi HAGINO (Tohoku Univ.)
Yoshitaka KASAMATU (Japan Atomic Energy Agency)
Hisaaki KUDO (Fac. Sci., Niigata Univ.)
Yuichiro NAGAME (Japan Atomic Energy Agency)
Tetsuya MURAKAMI (Grad. Sch. Sci., Kyoto Univ.)
Minoru SAKAMA (Tokushima Univ.)
Atsushi SHINOHARA (Osaka Univ.)
Tetsuya SATO (Japan Atomic Energy Agency)
Keisuke SUEKI (Grad. Sch. Pure Appl. Sci., Univ. Tsukuba )Fuyuki TOKANAI (Dept. Phys., Yamagata Univ.)
Atsushi TOYOSHIMA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency)
Kazuaki TSUKADA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency)
Akihiko YOKOYAMA (Dept. Chemi., Kanazawa Univ.)
Takashi YOSHIMURA (Osaka Univ.)
Research Consultants
Takashi INAMURA
Kenji KATORI
Toru NOMURA
Students
Junior Research Associate
Takahiro AKIYAMA (Saitama Univ.)
Part-time Staff I(Research Support)
Nozomi SATO (Grad. Sch. Sci. Eng., Tohoku Univ.)
Student Trainees
Tomohiro NANRI (Dept. Chem., Kanazawa Univ.)
Itsuro YAMAZAKI (Dept. Chem., Kanazawa Univ.)- 272 -

㪫㪿㪼㫆㫉㪼㫋㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪥㫌㪺㫃㪼㪸㫉㩷㪧㪿㫐㫊㫀㪺㫊㩷㪣㪸㪹㫆㫉㪸㫋㫆㫉㫐㩷
1. Abstract
Nuclei are finite many-particle systems composed of protons and neutrons. They are self-bound in
femto-scale (10-15m) by the strong interaction (nuclear force) whose study was pioneered by Hideki Yukawa.
Uncommon properties of the nuclear force (repulsive core, spin-isospin dependence, tensor force, etc.) prevent
complete microscopic studies of nuclear structure. There exist number of unsolved problems even at present. In
addition, radioactive beam facilities reveal novel aspects of unstable nuclei. We are tackling these old problems
and new issues in theoretical nuclear physics, developing new models and pursuing large-scale calculations ofquantum many-body systems. We are also strongly involved in research on other quantum many-body systems,
to resolve mysteries in the quantum physics
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Nuclear structure and quantum reaction theories(2) First-principle calculations with the density functional theory for many Fermion systems(3) Computational nuclear physics
3. Summary of Research Activity(1)㩷 Large amplitude dynamics in shape coexistence phenomena
Shape coexistence phenomena in proton-rich 68Se and 72Kr have been studied with the adiabatic
self-consistent collective coordinate method. The canonical collective variables, mass parameter, and potential
were determined self-consistently. The calculation indicates importance of the triaxial degrees of freedom forthe tunneling dynamics between two quasi-vacua at prolate and oblate shapes. The collective Hamiltonian was
requantized to calculate excitation spectra and transition properties for the first time. The shape mixing ishindered by coupling to the rotational motion to localize collective wave functions around prolate and oblate
minima.
(2) 㩷 Time-dependent density funcitonal approach to nuclear photoabsorption
Nuclear photoabsorption cross sections were calculated with the finite amplitude method for thetime-dependent density functional theory which we had proposed in 2007. We used the supercomputers at
RIKEN, KEK, and University of Tsukuba to perform the large-scale calculations for cross sections from Be to
Ni isotopes, from proton to neutron driplines. Detailed analysis is under progress.
(3) 㩷 Nuclear matter density distributions and nuclear radii
We revisited the commonly accepted notion that the difference between interaction and reaction crosssections is negligible at relativistic energies. We show that the difference is clear especially in small mass
number region. It could bring about uncertainties of the order of nuclear skin thickness of stable nuclei inestimates of nuclear matter radii(4)㩷 Nuclear structure studies using nuclear reactions
We systematically studied total reaction cross sections of carbon isotopes with N=6-16 on a proton target for
wide range of incident energies. The calculations include the reaction cross sections of 19,20,22C at 40A MeV, thedata of which had been measured at RIKEN. Our numerical results are consistent with the preliminary data, andsuggest very small S2n for 22C.
(5)㩷 Neutron Cooper pair in deformed neutron-rich nuclei
Appearance of di-neutron correlation by neutron skin and continuum effects in neutron rich Mg and Cr
isotopes is pointed out. By evaluating the moments of inertia, we show that the rotational excitations are
qualitatively influenced by the di-neutron correlation and the systematic experimental information of the E2
properties can indicate the novel correlation.

- 273 -

(6)㩷 Molecular structure of 12Be studied with the generalized two-center cluster model
We investigate the molecular structures in the unbound region and the reaction dynamics on their excitation.
In this study, we employ the generalized two-center cluster model (GTCM) which can describe the atomic andmolecular limits of the system with two inert-cores plus valence neutrons. We applied the GTCM to 12Be andfound that the various molecular configuration appear above the Į+8He threshold and they are strongly excitedby the reaction of Į+8He ĺ 6He + 6He.

Head
Takashi Nakatuskasa
Members
Akihisa KohamaSpecial Postdoctoral Researcher
Makoto Ito
Yasuro Funaki
Contract Researcher
Masayuki Yamagami
Visiting Scientists
Tsunenori Inakura (Grad. Sch. of Pure and Applied Sci., Univ. Tsukuba)
Nicolas L.J. Michel (Dept. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
Taiichi Yamada (Kanto Gakuin Univ.)
Takenori Furumoto (Osaka City Univ.)
Research Fellow
Kosai Tanabe
Students
Junior Research Associa
Student Trainees
Shuuichiro Ebata
Shouhei Iwasaki
Secretary
Shinko Odai

ਛോ⎇/GODGTU:.5- 274 -

㪪㪣㪦㪮㪩㪠㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷
1. Abstract
A next-generation slow radioactive nuclear ion beam facility (SLOWRI) which provides slow, high-purity
and small emittance ion beams of all elements is being build as one of the principal facilities at the RIKEN
RI-beam factory (RIBF). High energy radioactive ion beams from the projectile fragment separator BigRIPS
are thermalized in a large gas catcher cell. The thermalized ions in the gas cell are guided and extracted to a
vacuum environment by a combination of dc electric fields and inhomogeneous rf fields (rf carpet ion guide).
From there the slow ion beam is delivered via a mass separator and a switchyard to various devices: such as an
ion trap, a collinear fast beam apparatus, and a multi-reflection time of flight mass spectrometer. In the R&D
works at the present RIKEN facility, an overall efficiency of 5% for a 100A MeV 8Li ion beam from thepresent projectile fragment separator RIPS was achieved and the dependence of the efficiency on the ion beam
intensity was investigated.
First spectroscopy experiment at the prototype SLOWI was performed on Be isotopes. Energetic ions of
7,10,11
Be from the RIPS were trapped and laser cooled in a linear rf trap and precision spectroscopy was
performed. The evaluated ion temperature of <10 mK demonstrates that a reduction of more than 15 orders ofmagnitude for the kinetic energy of radioactive Be was achieved online. Precise investigation of the hyperfine
structure will confirm the anomalous mean radius of the valence neutron of the so called neutron halo nucleus.
Other spectroscopy experiments using the slow RI-beams are also under progress in off-line setups. A
collinear fast beam apparatus for nuclear charge radii measurements was build and tested with stable Ar+ ion
beams. A multi-reflection time-of-flight mass spectrograph was build for precise and fast measurements ofshort-lived radioactive nuclei. A high mass resolving power of 200,000 has been achieved with a 3 ms
measurement period.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Development and constraction of the next-generation slow RI-beam facility(2) Precision hyperfine spectroscopy of trapped ions for magnetization distribution in a halo nuclues(3) Nuclear charge radii measurements using ion trap and collinear fast beam apparatus(4) Precision mass measurements of short-lived nucei using a multi-reflection TOF mass spectrograph(5) Development of deceleration and cooling devices for energetic beams using gas cell and rf fields.
(6) Atomic physics and fundamental symmetry research investigating nuclear decay of an isolated atom
3. Summary of Research Activity(1) Development of universal slow RI-beam facility
WADA, Michiharu, TAKAMINE, Aiko, SCHURY Peter, SONODA, Tetsu, OKADA, Kunihiro, KANAI,
Yasuyuki, YOSHIDA, Atsushi, KUBO, Toshiyuki, YAMAZAKI, Yasunri, WOLLNIK, Hermann,
SCHUESSLER, Hans, NODA, Koji, OHTANI, Shunsuke, KATAYAMA Ichiro
A next-generation slow radioactive nuclear ion beam facility (SLOWRI) which provides slow, high-purity
and small emittance ion beams of all elements is being build as one of the principal facilities at the RIKEN
RI-beam factory (RIBF). High energy radioactive ion beams from the projectile fragment separator BigRIPS
are thermalized in a large gas catcher cell. The thermalized ions in the gas cell are guided and extracted to a
vacuum environment by a combination of dc electric fields and inhomogeneous rf fields (rf carpet ion guide).
From there the slow ion beam is delivered via a mass separator and a switchyard to various devices: such as an
ion trap, a collinear fast beam apparatus, and a multi-reflection time of flight mass spectrometer. In the R&D
works at the present RIKEN facility, an overall efficiency of 5% for a 100A MeV 8Li ion beam from the present
projectile fragment separator RIPS was achieved and the dependence of the efficiency on the ion beam intensity- 275 -

was investigated.
(2) Laser spectroscopy of trapped radioactive beryllium isotope ions
WADA, Michiharu, TAKAMINE, Aiko, SCHURY Peter, SONODA Tetsu, OKADA, Kunihiro, KANAI,
Yasuyuki, YOSHIDA, Atsushi, KUBO, Toshiyuki, YAMAZAKI, Yasunori, WOLLNIK, Hermann,
SCHUESSLER, Hans, NODA, Koji, OHTANI, Shunsuke, KATAYAMA Ichiro
As a first application of the prototype SLOWRI setup, we are applying hyperfine structure spectroscopy to theberyllium isotopes to determine in particular the anomalous radius of the valence neutron of the neutron halo
nucleus 11Be, and to determine the charge radii of these beryllium isotopes through laser-laser double resonancespectroscopy of laser-cooled ions. Laser cooling is an essential prerequisite for these planned experiments.
However, the exact resonance frequencies of the cooling transitions for radioactive beryllium isotopes are notknown. In such light elements, the isotope shifts in the atomic transitions are larger than several 10 GHz andtheir dominant parts are due to complicated multi-electron correlations. Some theoretical works on the isotope
shifts of the beryllium ion exist, however the values contradict each other at the level of accuracy needed.
The first laser spectroscopy experiments for beryllium isotopes were performed to measure the resonancefrequencies of 2s 2S1/2 - 2p 2P3/2 transition of 7Be+, 9Be+ and 10Be+ ions aiming at determining the specificisotope shift parameters. Then, the hyperfine structure of 11Be+ and 7Be+ ions using the laser-microwave double
resonance spectroscopy were performed and A(7Be+) = -742.7723(4) MHz and A(11Be+) = -2677.308(2) MHz
were determined for the first time. Precision measurements of the nuclear magnetic moments of these Be
isotopes are in progress.
(3) Development of a multi-reflection TOF mass spectrograph
WADA, Michiharu, SCHURY Peter, TAKAMINE, Aiko, SONODA Tetsu, OKADA, Kunihiro, YAMAZAKI,
Yasunori, WOLLNIK, Hermann,
The atomic mass is one of the most important quantity of a nucleus and has been studied in various methods
since the early days of physics. Among many methods we chose a multi-reflection time-of-flight (MR-TOF)
mass spectrometer. Slow RI beams extracted from the RF ion-guide are bunch injected into the spectrometerwith a repetition rate of ~500 Hz. The spectrometer consists of two electrostatic mirrors between which the ionstravel back and forth repeatedly. These mirrors are designed such that energy-isochrononicity in the flight time
is guaranteed during the multiple reflections while the flight time varies with the masses of ions. A
mass-resolving power of >200,000 has been obtained with about 500 reflections in a 30 cm length spectrometer.
This mass-resolving power should allow us to determine ion masses with an accuracy of 10-7. The advantagesof the MR-TOF spectrometer are: 1) short measurement periods, typically 2 ms, which allows all neutron richnuclei to be investigated, 2) the device is compact and its operation is simple, especially, it is independent fromthe all upstream devices, accelerators and fragment separators, 3) ions of more than isobars can be measured
simultaneously, so that mass reference can easily be established in the mass spectra. In total, the number ofmeasurable nuclides within a limited beam time would be larger than that can be achieved by other methods. It
should be noted here also that this method can be used even during a low-duty parasite beam time. An on-line
MR-TOF mass spectrograph with 80 cm length having an expected mass resolving power of 1,000,000 is underfabrication.
(4) Development of collinear fast beam apparatus for nuclear charge radii measurements
WADA, Michiharu, SCHUESSLER, Hans, IIMURA, Hideki, SONODA, Tetsu, SCHURY, Peter,
TAKAMINE, Aiko, OKADA, Kunihiro, YAMAZAKI, Yasunori, WOLLNIK, Hermann,
The root-mean-square charge radii of unstable nuclei have been determined exclusively by isotope shiftmeasurements of the optical transitions of singly-charged ions or neutral atoms by laser spectroscopy. Many
isotopes of alkaline, alkaline-earth, noble-gases and several other elements have been measured by collinear
laser spectroscopy since these ions have all good optical transitions and are available at conventional ISOL

- 276 -

facilities. However, isotopes of other elements especially refractory and short-lived ones have not been
investigated so far.
In SLOWRI, isotopes of all atomic elements will be provided as well collimated mono-energetic beams. Thisshould expand the range of applicable nuclides of laser spectroscopy. In the first years of the RIBF project, Ni
and its vicinities, such as Ni, Co, Fe, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ge are planned to be investigated. They all have possible
optical transitions in the ground states of neutral atoms with presently available laser systems. Some of them
have so called recycle transitions which enhance the detection probabilities noticeably. Also the multistep
resonance ionization (RIS) method can be applied to the isotopes of Ni as well as those of some other elements.
The required minimum intensity for this method can be as low as 10 atoms per second.
We have built an off-line mass separator and a collinear fast beam apparatus with a large solid-angle
fluorescence detector. A 617 nm transition of the metastable Ar+ ion at 20 keV was measured with bothcollinear and anti-collinear geometry that allowed us to determine the absolute resonant frequency of thetransition at rest with more than 10-8 accuracy. Such high accuracy measurements for Ti and Ni isotopes are in
progress.

Head
Hiroyoshi SAKURAI
Members
Michiharu Wada.

- 277 -

1212ᄙ⒳☸ሶ㐿⊒⎇ⓥᖱႎᄙ⒳☸ሶ㐿⊒⎇ⓥᖱႎ1&Members.doc08.9.11
1&Members.doc08.9.11

㪩㩽㪛㩷㫋㪼㪸㫄㩷㪽㫆㫉㩷㫄㫌㫃㫋㫀㫇㪸㫉㫋㫀㪺㫃㪼㩷㫊㫇㪼㪺㫋㫉㫆㫄㪼㫋㪼㫉㩷㪩㩽㪛㩷㫋㪼㪸㫄㩷㪽㫆㫉㩷㫄㫌㫃㫋㫀㫇㪸㫉㫋㫀㪺㫃㪼㩷㫊㫇㪼㪺㫋㫉㫆㫄㪼㫋㪼㫉㩷

1.1.Abstract
Abstract
Main
Maintask
taskofofR&D
R&Dteamteamforformultiparticle
multiparticlespectrometer
spectrometerisistotomake
makeR&D
R&Dononbroad
broadrange
rangemultiparticle
multiparticlespectrometer
spectrometer
SAMURAI(Superconducting
Analyserfor
Multiparticles
fromRadioIsotope
beams),
whichisplannedSAMURAI (Superconducting Analyser for Multiparticles from RadioIsotope beams), which is plannedtotobuilt
builtatat
BIBF
fornuclearstructureexperiments
using
RI
beams
at
RIBF.
Designofthelarge
superconducting
magnet
BIBF for nuclear structure experiments using RI beams at RIBF. Design of the large superconducting magnetisis
being
beingdesigned
designedhelped
helpedbybyvarious
variouscompanies.
companies.Various
Variousdetectors
detectorsnecessary
necessaryfor
forlarge
largemagnetic
magneticspectrometer
spectrometerare
arebeing
being
developed
andtested.
developed and tested.
2.2.Major
MajorResearch
ResearchSubjects
Subjects(1)
Designoflarge(1) Design of largesuperconducting
superconductingmagnet
magnetsystemsystem(2)
R&D
on
High-accuracy/high-rate
position(2) R&D on High-accuracy/high-rate positiondetectors
detectors
(3)
R&D
on
High-accuracy
velocity
measuringdetectors(3) R&D on High-accuracy velocity measuring detectors(4)(4)R&D
R&DononHigh-accuracy
High-accuracytotal
totalenergy
energydetectors
detectors
3.3.Summary
SummaryofofResearch
ResearchActivity
Activity(1)㩷
Designof
Large
Superconducting(1) 㩷 Design of Large Superconductingmagnetic
magneticspectrometer
spectrometer㩷 㩷(Kobayashi,
Yoneda,Otsu,
Kubo,
Sekiguchi,(Kobayashi, Yoneda, Otsu, Kubo, Sekiguchi,Nakamura,
Nakamura,Chiga,
Chiga,Iwasa,
Iwasa,Murakami)
Murakami)㩷 㩷Basicdesignoflarge
superconducting
dipolemagnet,whichiscentral
Basic design of large superconducting dipole magnet, which is centralpartpartofofthe
theSAMURAISAMURAIsystem,
system,isisbeing
being
made
in
collaboration
withoutsidecompanies.
made in collaboration with outside companies.
(2)
(2)R&D
R&DofofVarious
Variousdetectors
detectorsfor
forlarge
largesuperconducting
superconductingmagnetic
magneticspectrometer
spectrometer(Kobayashi,
Otsu,
Sato)
(Kobayashi, Otsu, Sato)As
Asnecessary
necessarydetectors
detectorsfor
forlarge
largesuperconducting
superconductingmagnetic
magneticspectrometer,
spectrometer,wewehavehavedeveloped
developedvarious
variousdectors,
dectors,suchsuchasashigh-accuracy/high-rate
position
detectors,
high-precisionvelocity
detectors,
high-precision
total-energy
detectors.
high-accuracy/high-rate position detectors, high-precision velocity detectors, high-precision total-energy detectors.
Their
Theirperformances
performanceshave
havebeen
beenchecked
checkedusing
usingheavy-ion
heavy-ionbeams
beamsatatHIMAC
HIMACaccelerator
acceleratorfacility.
facility.
Head
Head
Hiroyoshi
HiroyoshiSAKURAISAKURAI
SeniorSeniorVisiting
VisitingScientist
Scientist
ToshioToshioKobayashi
Kobayashi(Grad.
(Grad.Sch.
Sch.Sci.
Sci.Fac.
Fac.Sci.,Tohoku
Sci.,TohokuUniv.
Univ.) )- 278 -

㪧㫆㫃㪸㫉㫀㫑㪼㪻㩷㪩㪠㩷㪙㪼㪸㫄㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷
1. Abstract
The team conducts the research and development on production of spin-polarized/alignment RI beams, andapply it to the research on nuclear physics and material science. The microscopic investigation of physical andchemical processes is performed by nuclear techniques which take advantage of the intrinsic nuclear properties
and phenomena (spins, electromagnetic moments, decay modes etc.). In particular, the precession/resonance ofa polarized/aligned nuclear spin under an external field is observed through change in the angular distributionof radiation, for the study of nuclear structures via nuclear moments. The same method, as well as theMoessbauer technique, are used for the investigation of condensed matter such as ferromagnets, fullerenes,
systems with dilute magnetic impurities etc. by capitalizing radioactive nuclei as microscopic probes into them.
All these research activities are to be extended to wide variety of unstable nuclei which the forth-coming
facility, RI Beam Factory (RIBF), will provide. A method to produce beams of highly polarized radioactive
nuclei, taking full advantage of RIBF, is being developed.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Production of spin-polarized RI beam with fragmentation reaction(2) Production of spin-alignment RI beam(3) Development of highly polarized slow RI beams(4) Development of radioactive nuclear probes for condensed matter studies
3. Summary of Research Activity(1) 㩷 Production of fragment-induced spin polarization
In the production of RI beams with the projectile fragmentation reaction, spin-polarized RI beam can beproduced in the projectile-fragmentation reaction by selecting the appropriate scattering angle and outgoing
momentum. With the obtained spin-polarized nuclei, nuclear magnetic moments and electric quadrupole
moments have been determined by means of the b-NMR method through the change in the angular distributionof the emitted b rays. The nuclear structure has been investigated for the nuclei far from the stability line basedon this method. The sub-themes are the following.
1) Production of the spin-polarized neutron-rich Al isotopes from 40Ar-primary beams and measurements of
the nuclear electro-magnetic moments. 㩷 (Ueno䇮Yoshimi䇮Nagatomo䇮Ichikawa, Kobayashi)
2) Production of the spin-polarized 33-34Al (N>20) beams from 36S-primary beams and measurements of thenuclear electric-quadrupole moments㩷 (Nagatomo䇮Ueno䇮Yoshimi䇮Ichikawa)3) Production of spin-polarized neutron-rich Si isotopes from 48Ca-primary beams and measurements of thenuclear electro-magnetic moments.㩷 (Yoshimi䇮Ueno䇮Nagatomo䇮Ichikawa)(2) 㩷 Production of spin-aligned RI beams
1) Production of spin-aligned nuclei is essentially important for the study on the nuclear structure through themeasurement of excited-state nuclear moments, which is also useful to material sciences. Various techniques ofthe production method for obtaining spin-aligned RI beams have been developed. Sub-themes are thefollowing.
2) Production of spin-aligned 32mAl beams in the projectile fragmentation and the measurement of theexcited-state nuclear moment. (Ueno䇮Yoshimi䇮Nagatomo䇮Ichikawa)
Production of spin-aligned 134mCe beams as a probe of material science (Ueno, Yoshimi)3) Development of a new method for the production of spin-aligned RI beams via the two-step fragmentation
reactions. (Ueno, Yoshimi, Nagatomo, Ichikawa)4) Studies on the properties of Transient Field at the high-velocity region. (Ueno, Yoshimi, Ichikawa)- 279 -

5) Application of the Recoil-into-vacuum method to RI-beam experiments (Ueno, Yoshimi)(3) 㩷 Production of highly spin-polarized low-energy RI beams
New methods and devices have been developed for producing highly spin-polarized RI beams in low
beam-energy region to overcome difficulties expected in the above method 1. The high spin polarization andthe low beam energy are important not only for nuclear-moment measurements but also for spin-related
subjects in nuclear physics, fundamental physics, and material sciences. Sub-themes are the following.
1) Development of a new atomic-beam resonance method to combine with fragmentation-based RI beams(Yoshimi, Ueno)
2) Production of low-energy spin-polarized 17N beams via the transfer reactions based on the inverse
kinematics and its application (Shimada, Yoshimi, Ueno)(4) Development of RI probes and application for the condensed matter sciences
Utilizing RI beams as a probe, online Mössbauer spectroscopy and online perturbed angular correlation
experiments have been carried out through the g-ray measurements. The microscopic structures, dynamics inferromagnets, and properties of semiconductors have been investigated from the deduced internal local fields
and the spin relaxation of the probe in materials. The methods and apparatus have been developed. Also, basic
studies on the probe nuclei have been carried out. Sub-themes are the following.
1) (Production of high quality 57Mn beams for the online Mössbauer spectroscopy (Kobayashi, Ueno,
Yoshimi, Nagatomo)
2) Development of the on-line perturbed angular-correlation method with 19O beams as a new probe(Kobayashi, Ueno, Yoshimi, Nagatomo, Ichikawa)
Team Leader
Hiroyoshi SAKURAI
Members
Yoshio KOBAYASHI
Hideki UENO
Akihiro YOSHIMI
Yuichi ICHIKAWA- 280 -

㪩㪸㫉㪼㩷㪩㪠㪄㫉㫀㫅㪾㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷
1. Abstract
We are developing the isochronous storage ring to measure the mass for rare radioactive isotopes (Rare RIring). It is assumed that uranium is synthesized by neutron capture process after the supernovae explosion(r-process). To prove r-process, mass measurements for the rare RI are indispensable. To deduce the mass, wemeasure the circulation time (cyclotron frequency) for the rare RI inside the ring. RI beams produce in RIBF
have some energy spread. To compensate the spread, isochronicity inside the ring is indispensable (isochronous
storage ring). We will inject the rare RI one by one to the ring (individual injection) to identify the RI
event-by-event. To perform the individual injection, we need a long injection line for the ring. The isochronous
storage ring and the individual injection are very unique system.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Developments of isochronous storage ring to measure mass of rare RI(2) Developments of detectors for mass measurements
3. Summary of Research Activity(1)㩷 Developments of isochronous storage ring to measure mass of rare RI
We are improving conceptual designs for an isochronous storage ring, kicker magnets, and the injection line
to the storage ring. The storage ring consists of six sector magnets. The edge angles of each sector magnets
compensate the first order isochronism. For the kicker magnets, we fixed rough specifications. For the injection
line, we performed the first order ion-optical calculations. Furthermore, we performed magnetic fieldmeasurements of a present sector magnet in BigRIPS by using NMR with high accuracy.
(2) 㩷 Developments of detectors for mass measurements
The group in Saitama University performed the experiment to measure the time resolution of thinplastic-scintillators in HIMAC. The results show, for heavy ion beams with 200 A MeV, reasonably good timing
resolution can be achieved even in the thin scintillator with 10 micron thickness. The group in University ofTsukuba measured a response time of Hybrid Photo Detector (HPD), which can replace with traditional Photo
Multi Tube (PMT). The results show that the response time of HPD is faster than that of PMT by about 10 ns.

Team Leader
Hiroyoshi SAKURAI
Research Associate
Yoshitaka YAMAGUCHIJRA
Shinpei NAKAJIMA (Saitama University)
Tetsuaki Moriguchi (University of Tsukuba)
Visiting Scientists
Akira OZAWA (Inst. Phys., Univ.of Tsukuba )Yusuke YASUDA (Inst. Phys., Univ.of Tsukuba )Ichiro ARAI (Inst. Phys., Univ.of Tsukuba )Takeshi SUZUKI (Saitama University)
Takayuki YAMAGUCHI (Saitama University)
Takashi OHTSUBO (Niirata University)
Takashi KIKUCHI (Utsunomiya University)- 281 -

㪪㪚㪩㪠㪫㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷
1. Abstract
We aim at the investigation of internal nuclear structure of short-lived radioactive nulei (RI) by means ofelectron scattering. Electron scattering for RI's has never been performed duo to inability to make target ofthese nuclei. An electron-RI collider system, which requires a huge accelerator complex, has so far been uniquesolition to overcom the difficulty. We have developed a novel internal target system named SCRIT(Self-Confining RI Ion Target) in an electron storage ring to make the experiment easier with much compact
experimental system.
2. Major Research Subjects
Developement of the SCRIT technology and electron scattering for unstable nuclei
3. Summary of Research Activity
Development of a novel internal target of unstable nuclei (SCRIT) in an electron storage ring for electron
scattering experiment(Wakasugi, Suda, Ito, Emoto, Nakamura, Kurita, Tamae, Noda, Shirai, Yano)
We have successfully developed a novel internal target system, which is to be used in an electron storage ring.
This is named SCRIT (Self-Confining Radioactive Ion Target). This technology can localize specific ions on
the electron beam axis using so-called “ion-trapping” phenomenon and form a fixed target of unstable nuclei.
This will realize electron-scattering experiments for short-lived nuclei that have never been succeeded in. The
R&D study of the SCRIT is now under way at the KSR in Kyoto University. We confirmed that approximately
107 of 133Cs ions in the SCRIT device, and the angular distribution of elastically scattered electrons from thetrapped Cs ions was measured. The collision luminosity was reached to be 1026 /cm2/s, and the feasibility ofelectron scattering for unstable nuclei was completely demonstrated. The SCRIT technology will open a new
application of electron rings.

Team Leader
Hiroyoshi SAKURAI
Members
Takashi EMOTO
Sachiko ITO
Masanori WAKASUGI- 282 -

㪞㪘㪩㪠㪪㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷
1. Abstract
Development and maintenance of devices related to study of the superheavy elements.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Maintenance and development of a recoil separator.
(2) Development of rapid chemistry devices.
3. Summary of Research Activity(1) 㩷 Maintenance and development of recoil separator
A gas-filled recoil separator has been used as a main experimental device for the study of superheavy
elements. We will develop and maintain the related devices. We will also offer user-support if a researcher
wishes to use the devices for his/her own research program.
(2) 㩷 Development of devices for fast chemistry
We do research and development of devices for fast chemistry of superheavy elements. We also offeruser�support for potential users.

Team Leader
Kosuke MORITA
Members
Kouji MORIMOTO
Hiromitsu HABA
Special Postdoctoral Researcher
Daiya KAJI
Kazutaka OZEKI
Contract Technical Scientist
Akira YONEDA
Research Associate
Hidetoshi KIKUNAGA
Junior Research Associate
Takahiro AKIYAMA (Grad. Sch. of Sci.& Eng., Saitama Univ. )- 283 -

㪙㫀㪾㪩㪠㪧㪪㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷
1. Abstract
This team is in charge of design, construction, development and operation of BigRIPS in-flight separator andits related experimental installations at RI beam factory (RIBF). They are employed not only for the productionof RI beams but also the experimental studies using RI beams.
2. Major Research Subjects
Design, construction, development and operation of BigRIPS in-flight separator, RI-beam transport lines,
and their related experimental installations
3. Summary of Research Activity
This team is in charge of design, construction, development and operation of BigRIPS in-flight separator,
RI-beam transport lines, and their related experimental installations such as ZeroDegree spectrometer, at RI
beam factory (RIBF). They are employed not only for the production of RI beams but also various kinds ofexperimental studies using RI beams.
The research subjects may be summarized as follows:(1) General studies on RI-beam production using in-flight scheme.
(2) Studies on ion-optics of in-flight separators, including particle identification of RI beams(3) Simulation and optimization of RI-beam production.
(4) Development of beam-line detectors and their data acquisition system.
(5) Experimental studies on production reactions and unstable nuclei.
(6) Development of superconducting magnets and their helium cryogenic systems.
(7) Development of a high-power production target system.
(8) Development of a high-power beam dump system.
(9) Development of a remote maintenance and remote handling systems.
(10) Operation, maintenance and improvement of BigRIPS separator system, RI-beam transport lines, andtheir related experimental installations such as ZeroDegree spectrometer and so on.

Team Leader
Toshiyuki Kubo
Members
Atsushi YOSHIDA
Koichi YOSHIDA
Masao OHTAKE
Yoshiyuki YANAGISAWA
Contract Researchers
Kensuke KUSAKA
Tetsuya OHNISHI
Research Associates
Naoki FUKUDA
Hiroyuki TAKEDA
Part-time Staff
Hidekazu KUMAGAI
Senior Visiting Scientist
Susumu SHIMOURA (CNS, Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)- 284 -

㪚㫆㫄㫇㫌㫋㫀㫅㪾㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪥㪼㫋㫎㫆㫉㫂㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷㪚㫆㫄㫇㫌㫋㫀㫅㪾㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪥㪼㫋㫎㫆㫉㫂㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷㩷㩷

1.1.Abstract
Abstract
Development,
Development,management
managementand
andoperation
operationofofthe
thecomputing
computingand
andnetwork
networkenvironment,
environment,mailmailserver
serverand
anddatadataacquisitionacquisitionsystemsystem㩷 㩷andandcontrol
controlofofthe
theinformation
informationsecurity
securityofofthe
theNishina
NishinaCenter
Centerfor
forAccelerator-Based
Accelerator-Based
Science
Science
2.2.Major
MajorResearch
ResearchSubjects
Subjects(1)
Development,
management(1) Development, managementand
andoperation
operationofofthe
thecomputing
computing(2)
Development,
management
andoperation
of
the
mail
(2) Development, management and operation of the mailserver
server(3)(3)Development,
Development,management
managementand
andoperation
operationofofthe
thedatadataacquisitionacquisitionsystemsystem(4)
Development,
management
andoperationofthe
network
environment(4) Development, management and operation of the network environment(5)(5)Control
Controlofofthe
the information
informationsecurity
security
3.3.Summary
SummaryofofResearch
ResearchActivity
Activity
Development,
management
Development, managementand
andoperation
operationofofthe
thecomputing
computingand
andnetwork
networkenvironment,
environment,mailmailserver
serverand
anddatadataacquisition
system㩷
andcontroloftheinformation
securityofthe
Nishina
Centerfor
Accelerator-Basedacquisition system 㩷 and control of the information security of the Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based
Science
ScienceTeam
TeamLeader
LeaderTakashiTakashiICHIHARAICHIHARA
MemberMemberYasushiYasushiWATANABEWATANABE- 285 -

㪛㪼㫋㪼㪺㫋㫆㫉㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷
1. Abstract
This team is in charge of organizing various detector developments performed at in-house laboratories andgroups, in order to improve mutual share of knowledge and experience. The team is also in charge ofdevelopment and operation of various target systems.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Development of delay-line PPAC
(2) Development of transmitter/receiver for fast signal transmission through optical fibers(3) Development and operation of various target system, such as cryogenic hydrogen and helium targets fornuclear physics experiments and production targets for RI-beam production.
3. Summary of Research Activity
This team is presently focusing on developments of delay-line PPAC and fast signal transmission system
consisting of a pair of fast transmitter and receiver coupled with optical fibers. These two developments are
essential for particle identification at BigRIPS. The team is also in charge of development and operation ofvarious target systems.
(1)㩷 Delay-line PPACAt BigRIPS, a purity of radioactive isotope beams (RIBs) is as low as 10% or less at medium and heavy
mass region. Thus, development of detectors for high-rate use is one of goals in this team. With this respect, wehave developed a position-sensitive Parallel Plate Avalanche Counter (PPAC). Delay-line read-out techniqueappropriate for high rate use is employed for position determination. This PPAC has two stripped-electrodes forboth horizontal and vertical positions, and this configuration leads to high performance in terms of efficiency aswell as position resolution. More than ten PPACs have been installed at BigRIPS, and successfully used for the
first RI-beam production.
(2) 㩷 Fast transmitter and receiver for optical fiber.
In general co-axial metal wires are used for fast signal transmission. Instead, we have developed a special
circuit of transmitter and receiver for optical fiber.
At a new facility of RIBF, circuits for detectors are located at several focal planes of the BigRIPS, anddistances between focal-planes and counting room are as long as 100 m. To introduce optical fibers in signaltransmission, we focus on a common ground at each focal plane, and easily isolate the ground levels. A
problem in use of optical fiber was no fast transmitter/receiver with a low cost, which are not available inmarket. We have developed a pair of fast transmitter and receiver for optical fibers with a semiconductor laser
and photo diode. This circuit has a fast time response of more than 1GHz. Attenuation of signal amplitudes isnegligibly small even at a long distance transmission of more than 100m. Many sets of transmitter/receiver with
an optical fiber have been manufactured and installed for detectors at BigRIPS, and successfully used for the
first RI-beam production. This fast signal transmission scheme will be standard at RIBF.
(3) 㩷 Development and operation of various target systems such as cryogenic targets and production targets
Development and operation of cryogenic targets, such as liquid hydrogen and helium targets and a solidhydrogen target, are very important for nuclear physics experiments using RI beams at BigRIPS and RIBF.
Development and operation of high-power production target are also crucial for RI-beam production at
BigRIPS.

Head
Toshiyuki KUBO
Contract Researcher
Kanenobu TANAKA
Akira YONEDAPart time staff I
Hidekazu KUMAGAI- 286 -

Head
Toshiyuki KUBO
Contract Researcher
Kanenobu TANAKA
Akira YONEDAPart time staff I
Hidekazu KUMAGAI
Senior Visiting Scientist
Hirohiko SHIMIZU (Inst.of Materials Structure Sci., KEK)

- 287 -

㪬㫊㪼㫉㩷㪪㫌㫇㫇㫆㫉㫋㩷㪦㪽㪽㫀㪺㪼㩷
1. Abstract
The RIKEN RI Beam Factory is the world preeminent facility providing the greatest opportunities forscientific researches. It is our important mission to serve for a broad range of application of a large variety of
researchers so that we bring out the best performance of the RI Beam Factory. We manage to facilitate the useof RI Beam Factory to the researchers both inside and outside of RIKEN, to support experiments using theaccelerator complex, to exploit industrial application researches, and to promote the RI Beam Factory tointerested researchers
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Facilitation of the use of the RI Beam Factory(2) Support of experiments in the RI Beam Factory(3) Promotion of the RI Beam Factory to interested researchers
3. Summary of Research Activity
In order to facilitate the use of RI Beam Factory to the researchers both inside ad outside of RIKEN, we haveorganized international Program Advisory Committee, consisting of world leading scientists, to review
proposals, purely based on their scientific merit and feasibility, in the fields of nuclear physics (NP) andmaterial-and-life science (ML). The NP- and ML-PAC meetings are organized twice a year. In the year
2007, we received 53 proposals in total, where over 800 researchers from worldwide are contributing.

Team Leader
Toshimi SUDA
Members
Mieko KOGURE
Technical Staff I
Narumasa MIYAUCHI
Assistant
Tomoko IWANAMI
Yuri TSUBURAI- 288 -

㪜㫏㫇㪼㫉㫀㫄㪼㫅㫋㪸㫃㩷㪪㫌㫇㫇㫆㫉㫋㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷
1. Abstract
We are supporting users of accelerators in the Nishina Center.
2. Major Research Subjects
No research䋮
3. Summary of Research Activity
Supporting activities are carried out for any experiments using accelerators of RILAC, AVF cyclotron, RRC
and/or RIBF accelerators.

Team Leader
Masayuki KASE
Members
Nobuhisa FUKUNISHI
Naohito INABE
Osamu KAMIGAITO
Takahide NAKAGAWA
Hiroki OKUNO
Naruhiko SAKAMOTO
Masanori WAKASUGITamaki WATANABE- 289 -

㪠㫅㪻㫌㫊㫋㫉㫀㪸㫃㩷㪚㫆㫆㫇㪼㫉㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷
1. Abstract
The scope of the industrial cooperation team includes industrial application of RIBF facility and research anddevelopment for industrial application of accelerator associated technologies.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Distribution of radioisotopes Zn-65 and Cd-109 produced at RIKEN AVF Cyclotron(2) Application of data acquisition and signal processing technologies
3. Summary of Research Activity(1) 㩷 Commercial distribution of radioisotopes
At RIBF, various specific radioisotopes for research have been produced with the cyclotrons and used forvarious joint research projects. In October 2007, we have started distribution of radioisotopes Zn-65 andCd-109 commercially to nonaffiliated users under a contract between Japan Radioisotope Association and
RIKEN. Advancements of production techniques are being pursued for stable supply and quality level.
(2) 㩷 Application of data acquisition and signal processing technologies“M-sequence modulation (Takeichi et al., 2007)” enables efficient estimation of a response function from asignal time-series. We are currently working on its further developments and applications to basic andindustrial research fields.

Team Leader
Tadashi KAMBARA
Members
Tomoko ABE
Shuichi ENOMOTO
Hiroshige TAKEICHIPart time staff
Akira OTA
Yukio TSUCHIDA
Keiko YAMAZAKI
Taro YOSHIMIVisiting Scientists
Makiko KAGA (National Inst. of Mental Health, Natl. Ctr. Neurol. Psychiat.)
Atsuko GUNJI (National Inst. of Mental Health, Natl. Ctr. Neurol. Psychiat.)
Michiteru KITAZAKI (Res. Center for Future Vehicle. Toyohashi Univ. of Tech. )Takako SAITO (Grad. Sch. of Design, Kyushu Univ.)
Student Trainees
Yasuhisa FUJIKI (Fac. of Eng., Toyohashi Univ. of Tech. )Shinichiro HARIYAMA (Dept. of Knowledge-based Information Eng., Toyohashi Univ. of Te
Shinichi ONIMARU (Dept. of Knowledge-based Information Eng., Toyohashi Univ. of Tech. )- 290 -

㪩㪸㪻㫀㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷 㩷 㪣㪸㪹㫆㫉㪸㫋㫆㫉㫐
1. Abstract
Nucleons, such as protons and neutrons, are a bound state of constituent quarks glued together with gluons.
The detail structure of nucleons, however, is not well understood yet. Especially the mechanism to build up the
spin of proton, which is 1/2, is a major problem in physics of the strong force. The research goal of Radiation
Laboratory is to solve this fundamental question using the first polarized-proton collider, realized at RHIC,
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in USA. RHIC stands for Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, aiming also
to create Quark Gluon Plasma, the state of Universe just after the Big Bang. RIKEN-BNL Research Center(RBRC) directed by N. Samios carries our core team at BNL for those exciting researches. Recent data analysis
has shown that the proton spin carried by gluons is indeed small, which is a very striking finding beyond our
expectations. We have been doing other pioneering researches at the domestic accelerators at RIKEN and HighEnergy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), which is now proceeded to the new experiment at J-PARC.
We are also performing technical developments such as novel ion sources, super conducting detectors, fine
pitch pixel detectors and neutron optical devices.
2. Major Research subjects(1) Spin physics with relativistic polarized-proton collisions at RHIC
(2) Study of nuclear matter at high temperature and/or at high density(3) Technical developments on radiation detectors and accelerators
3. Summary of Research Activity(1) 㩷 Experimental study of spin structure of proton㩷 using RHIC polarized proton collider[See: RIKEN-BNL Research Center Experimental Group (Heavy Ion Basic Science - Study of Spin Physics
Using RHIC)](2) 㩷 Experimental study of quark-gluon plasma RHIC heavy ion collider[See: RIKEN-BNL Research Center Experimental Group (Heavy Ion Basic Science - Study of Spin Physics
Using RHIC)](3) 㩷 Study of nuclear medium effect on vector mesons at KEK-PS
From the experiment E325 performed at KEK-PS, we have discovered the spectral functions of vector
mesons (ĳ, ȡ and Ȧ) are modified in nuclear matter, which are theoretically expected due to the chiralsymmetry restoration. This discovery was press-released and becomes very popular, resulting in a book forgeneral publicity and a scientific TV program. Also an award was given from RIKEN for this discovery. The
second generation experiment is proposed to J-PARC and the first-stage approval was given for the physics
merit and experimental feasibility. Works are ongoing for detector developments required for the newexperiment. Especially several trial fabrications are done for GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier) which is a key
detector to trace particles in a high rate circumstance.
(4) 㩷 Study of Accelerator and Ion source
To achieve highly polarized beams in RHIC it is necessary to understand the AGS (RHIC injector
synchrotron) spin dynamics. The normal-conducting partial-snake magnet, which we have developed for AGS
years ago, is now in a stable operation with the other super-conducting snake magnet in AGS. After the
departure of Researcher M. Okamura to BNL, this research category is moved to the collaborative work with
BNL. Major equipments were transferred to BNL and became operational to continue the development of ion
source with direct plasma injection scheme, with helps of two of our students.
(5) 㩷 Detector development for PHENIX experiment
We have been developing the silicon vertex tracker (VTX) in order to enhance physics capability of the- 291 -

PHENIX detector at RHIC. It consists of two inner layers of pixel detectors and two outer layers of strip
detectors. RIKEN Radiation Laboratory group is responsible for the ladder fabrication of the pixel detector.
The production of high-signal-density low-material-budget flexible printed circuit board (bus) was started
followed by a check procedure using dedicated test equipments. Prototype of the ladder was assembled on the
fabricated bus and showed its functionality within the full PHENIX data acquisition chain. Also the assembly
procedure with 10-micron accuracy was established.
We also have been developing the momentum-sensitive trigger system for the PHENIX muon arms under thecollaboration with KEK and Kyoto University. The prototype electronics was tested in the real PHENIX
detector environment and its performance was confirmed.
(6) 㩷 Research and development of superconductor radiation detectors
Superconductor radiation detectors are able to measure the energies of photons with a much better resolution
than any type of conventional detectors. They are capable of detecting photons over a wide energy range andalso charged particles. We have been developing superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs) as high-resolution
radiation detectors. This year, we have started new collaborations between KEK and University of Tsukuba.
With KEK, development of Aluminum-based-STJ(Al-STJ) was started to be applied for future polarization
measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB). We fabricated Al-STJs and measured their I-V curves
at 0.4K. At the moment, although their properties are not so uniform, we have several good STJs which can beapplicable for microwave detection. Now we are preparing an experimental environment with an adiabatic
demagnetization refrigerator. With Univ. of Tsukuba, we have started to develop Hafnium-based-STJ (Hf-STJ),
which will be used as infrared detector for a future neutrino-mass-measurement experiment. Since there are noreports about Hf-STJ in the world, we studied characteristics of Hf films deposited by a sputtering method. We
found sputter parameters for stress-free film deposition, and that Tc of the Hf film became similar to that for abulk by applying 300-degree heating during the Hf deposition. We are now investigating how to process Hffilm to a shape of tunnel junction because conventional reactive-ion etching methods are not applicable to Hf.
(7) 㩷 Neutron optics
Cold or thermal neutron beam is a high-sensitivity probe to study not only the structure of condensed matter,but also nuclear and particle physics. However, its realistic applications are still limited since the numbers ofavailable neutron sources are small and their intensities are low. This project aims to enhance the efficiency inusing those precious neutron beams by improving the neutron beam optics, in order to maximize scientificoutputs within a short period of time. Base on the developed technologies, devices are fabricated anddistributed to other laboratories and universities by “Riken Venture Company”, Japan Neutron Optics Inc.
This year, Micro Focusing Small Angle Neutron Scattering (mfSANS), which consists of ellipsoidal neutron
mirrors and a position sensitive neutron detector developed by us, has been constructed in the research reactor
JRR3M in Japan Atomic Energy Agency. We have confirmed that mfSANS works successfully.
We have started construction of a new beam line for fundamental physics research at 1MW Pulse Spallation
Neutron Source in J-PARC. This beam line was designed by applying our knowledge and technique of neutron
optics. We have been developing two types of neutron interferometer, one with multi-layer mirrors and theother with a silicon crystal, to measure Aharonov-Casher effect at this beam line.
(8)㩷 㩷 Theoretical study of hadron physics
A first global analysis of fragmentation functions for light mesons (pions and kaons) was performed byfitting the NLO differential cross sections to the experimental data of electron-positron annihilation, deep
inelastic lepton-hadron scattering and proton-proton collisions. A similar analysis of fragmentation functions
for protons and charged hadrons, which is complementary to the previous one, was also performed. These
results have been published in journals and available for any studies of inclusive production of these hadrons in
QCD hard scattering processes.
- 292 -

The photoproduction
crossof twoinhadrons
in lepton-hadronpolarized lepton-hadroncollision
was calculated
in theThe photoproduction
cross sectionof section
two hadrons
polarized
collision was
calculated
in theof perturbativeQCD
at the next-to-leading
order andaccuracyand phenomenologicalframeworkframeworkof perturbative
QCD at the
next-to-leading
order accuracy
phenomenologicalstudies of studies ofdi-hadron production
at HERMES
and COMPASS
were performed.
this framework
di-hadron production
at HERMES
and COMPASS
were performed.
DevelopingDeveloping
this framework
to the casetoofthe case of
hadroproduction
massivequarks,charm production
at GSI-FAIR
and
J-PARC
was also studied.
hadroproductionof massiveof
quarks,open
charmopen
production
at GSI-FAIR
and J-PARC
wasalso studied.
of softgluon resummation
on double-spinfor dilepton’s
The effectsTheof effects
soft gluon
resummation
on double-spin
asymmetryasymmetryfor dilepton’stransverse transverse
momentummomentum
spectrumin transversely
polarized Drell-Yan(tDY)
process
were calculated
at the next-to-leading
spectrum intransversely
polarized Drell-Yan(tDY) process
were
calculated
at the next-to-leading
logarithmiclogarithmic
accuracy.
Newly developed
techniquefor transverse
resummation
studiedandin adetailaccuracy. Newly
developed
technique fortransverse
momentummomentum
resummation
was studiedwas
in detailnoveland a novel
formulafor the asymmetry
wasByderived.
By performing
phenomenologicalfor dilepton
asymptoticasymptotic
formula forthe asymmetry
was derived.
performing
phenomenologicalstudies forstudies
dileptonproduction
intDY
processat
RHIC,
J-PARC
andGSI,
thegeneralproperties
oftheasymmetryinppproduction in tDY process at RHIC, J-PARC and GSI, the general properties of the asymmetry in pp and ppbar and ppbar
collisions
were clarified.
collisions wereclarified.
The light-conewave(LCWF)
functionof(LCWF)
of B
for exclusive
decays is calculated.
PerformingtheThe light-conewave function
B mesons
formesonsexclusive
decays is calculated.
Performing
theoperator expansion
product expansionof a heavy-light
operatorin the framework
heavy quark
operator productof a heavy-light
non-local non-local
operator in
the frameworkof heavy ofquark
effective
theoryincluding(HQET) including
up to dimension-5of Baremesonsare expressed
effective theory(HQET)
up to dimension-5
operators,operators,
the LCWFthe
of LCWF
B mesons
expressedof three well-known
HQET parameters.
for thewas
LCWF
was solvedin terms inof terms
three well-known
HQET parameters.
EvolutionEvolution
equation equation
for the LCWF
solvedanalyticallyin coordinate
and quantities
which
in the factorization
formulafor exclusive
analyticallyin coordinate
space andspacequantities
which appear
in appear
the factorization
formula for
exclusive
B decays
were calculated.
B decays were
calculated.

Head
Head
Hideto EN’YO
Hideto EN’YO
Members Members
Yasuyuki AKIBA
Yasuyuki AKIBA
Yuji GOTO
Yuji GOTO
Itaru NAKAGAWA
Itaru NAKAGAWA
Yoshie OTAKE
Yoshie OTAKE
Hiromi SATO
Hiromi SATO
Atsushi TAKETANI
Atsushi TAKETANI
Yasushi WATANABE
Yasushi WATANABE
Satoshi㩷 YOKKAICHI
Satoshi㩷 YOKKAICHISpecial Postdoctoral
Researchers
Special Postdoctoral
Researchers
Yoshinori Yoshinori
FUKAO FUKAO
Kenji MISHIMA
Kenji MISHIMA
KAMIHARA
Nobuyuki Nobuyuki
KAMIHARA
Contract Researchers
Contract Researchers
Ryo ICHIMIYA
Ryo ICHIMIYA
Maki KUROSAWA
Maki KUROSAWA
Kazuaki IKEDA
Kazuaki IKEDA
Soichiro KAMETANISoichiro KAMETANI
Hiroyuki KAWAMURA
Hiroyuki KAWAMURA
Yoshiyuki Yoshiyuki
ONUKI ONUKI
Marco Stratmann
Marco Stratmann
Kohei FUJIWARA
Kohei FUJIWARA
Masayuki NIIYAMA
Masayuki NIIYAMA- 293 -

Tomoaki NAKAMURA
Research Consultant
Katsuya HIROTA
Senior Visiting Scientists
Ken-ichi IMAI (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Kyoto Univ.)
Toshiaki SHIBATA (Grad. Sch. of Sci. and Eng., Tokyo Inst. of Tech. Sch. of Sci.)
Hirohiko SHIMIZU (Inst. of Materials Structure Sci., KEK)
Koichi YAZAKI (Tokyo Woman’s Christian Univ.)
Takashi NAKANO(RCNP)
Visiting Scientists
Tomohiro ADACHI (DAI-ICHI KIDEN CO.,LTD)
Christine A. AIDALA (Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, USA)
Hiroshi AKOH (National Inst. of Advanced Industrial Sci. and Tech.)
Masahiro AOYAGI (National Inst. of Advanced Industrial Sci. and Tech.)
Masayuki ASAKAWA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Osaka Univ.)
Alexander Bazilevsky (BNL, USA)
Wolfgang BENTZ (Tokai Univ.)
Carlos CAMACHO ( LANL)
Mickey CHIU (Univ. of Illinois at Urbana, USA)
Ondrej CHVALA ( Unv.of California at Riverside)
Seishi DAIRAKU (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Kyoto Univ.)
Ttakumi Doi ( University of Kentucky)
Dipanwita DUTTA (Nuclear Physics Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre)Frank ELLINGHAUS (Univ. of Colorado, USA)
Waled EMAM (Univ. of California at Riverside, USA)
Hirotsugu FUJII (Grad. Sch./College of Arts and Sciences, Univ. of Tokyo)
Hisako FUJIMURA (Facul.Sci. , Kyoto Univ.)
Kenji FUKUSHIMA (YITP , Kyoto Univ.)
Haruhiko FUNAHASHI (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Kyoto Univ.)
Tetsuo HATSUDA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Toshiyuki HATTORI (Res. Lab. for Nuclear Reactors, Tokyo Inst. of Tech. Sch. of
Masashi HAZUMI ( KEK)
Takeo HIGUCHI ( KEK)
Masanori HIRAI (Grad. Sch. of Sci. and Eng., Tokyo Inst. of Tech. Sch. of Sci.)
Kensuke HONMA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Hiroshima Univ.)
Takuma HORAGUCHI (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Hiroshima Univ.)
Katsuya ISHIGURO (Grad. Sch. of Natural Sci. & Tech., Kanazawa Univ.)
Noriyoshi ISHII (Grad. Sch. of Pure and Applied Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba)
Hirokazu ISHINO( Tokyo Inst.Technol.)
Barbara JAGER (Univ. Karlsruhe, Inst. Theoretical Phys., Germany)
Robert JAMESON (Goethe Universitat Frankfurt, Germany)
Osamu JINNOUCHI (Inst. of Particle and Nucl. Studies, KEK)
Masashi KANETA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Tohoku Univ.)- 294 -

Sci.)

Hirotsugu KASHIWAGI (Takasaki Advanced Radiation Res. Inst., JAEA)
Yuji KAWABATA (Kyoto Univ. Res. Reactor Inst.)
Takeo KAWASAKI (Grad. Sch. of Sci. and Tech., Niigata Univ.)
Akio KIYOMICHI (J-PARC, JAEA)
Yuji KOIKE (Grad. Sch. of Sci. & Tech., Niigata Univ.)
Dmitiri KOTCHETKOV (Univ. New Mexico, USA)
Shunzo KUMANO (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Teiji KUNIHIRO (Yukawa Inst. for Theoretical Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
Masahiko KURAKADO (Osaka Electro-CommunicationUniv.)
Han LIU (Phys. Dept. , New Mexico State Univ.)
Ming XIONG LIU (Los Alamos Nat. Lab., USA)
Yoshikazu MAEDA (RCNP , Osaka Univ.)
Keisuke MAEHATA (Fac. of Eng., Kyushu Univ.)
Yajun MAO (Peking Univ., China)
Yasuo MIAKE (Grad. Sch. of Pure and Applied Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba)
Tsutomu MIBE ( KEK)
Shoichi MIDORIKAWA (Fac. of Software and Information Tech., Aomori Univ.)
Osamu MORIMATSU (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Takahiro MORISHIMA ( KEK)
Hiroaki MYOREN (Grad. Sch. of Sci. & Eng., Saitama Univ.)
Sachio NAITO (Inst. of Materials Structure Sci., KEK)
Hiroshi NAKAGAWA (National Inst. of Advanced Industrial Sci. and Tech.)
Yoshifumi NAKAMURA (DESY, Germany)
Atsushi NAKAMURA (Information Media Center, Hiroshima Univ.)
Masashi OHNO (Sch. of Eng., Univ. of Tokyo)
Munehisa OHTANI (Inst. fuer Theoretische Physik, Universitact Regensburg, Germany)
Masahiro OKAMURA (BNL, USA)
Petra RIEDLER (CERN, Switzerland)
Koichi SAITO (Tokyo Univ. of Sci.)
Takuya SAITO (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
Naohito SAITO (J-PARC, KEK)
Kenji SASAKI (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Shoichi SASAKI㩷 (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Shin-ya SAWADA (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Michiko SEKIMOTO (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Oleg SHEVCHENKO ( ,Joint Inst.for Nucl.Research)
Kenta SHIGAKI (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Hiroshima Univ.)
Tatsushi SHIMA (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
Takenao SHINOHARA (Advanced Sci. Res. Center, JAEA)
Prashant SHUKLA (Nuclear Physics Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre)
Kazutaka SUDO (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Toru SUGITATE (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Hiroshima Univ.)
Mizuki SUMIHAMA (RCNP , Osaka Univ.)
Kazutaka SUMISAWA ( KEK)
Tsuneo SUZUKI (Grad. Sch. of Natural Sci. & Tech., Kanazawa Univ.)- 295 -

Junichi SUZUKI (Advanced Sci. Res. Center, JAEA)
Toru TAINO (Grad. Sch. of Sci. & Eng., Saitama Univ.)
Osamu TAJIMA (KEK)
Junpei TAKANO ( KEK)
Manobu TANAKA (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Kiyoshi TANIDA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Kyoto Univ.)
Kazuo TANIGUCHI (Fac. of Eng., Osaka Electro-Communication Univ.)
Hisayuki TORII (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Hiroshima Univ.)
Yutaka USIHIRODA ( KEK)
Xiaorong WANG (New Mexico State Univ., USA)
Shizui WATANABE ( Tokyo Metroporitan College of Aeronautical Engineering)
Yoshiaki YASUI (Tokyo Management College)
Imuran YOUNUS (Univ. of New Mexico, USA)
Research Fellow
Toru SEKIDO (Grad. Sch. of Natural Sci. & Tech., Kanazawa Univ.)
Students
Junior Research Associate
Kazuya AOKI (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Kyoto Univ.)
Tadaaki ISOBE (CNS, Grad. Sch. of Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Kentaro MIKI (Inst. Phys. , Univ.Tsukuba)
Yasuhiro MINAMIKAWA ( Univ.Tokyo)
Kenichi NAKANO (Grad. Sch. of Sci. and Eng., Tokyo Inst. of Tech. Sch. of Sci.)
Misaki OUCHIDA (Facul. Science , Facul. Sci. Hiroshima Univ.)
Yoshichika SEKI (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Kyoto Univ.)
Kohei SHOJI (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Kyoto Univ.)
Jun TAMURA (Grad.Sch. at Nagatsuta , Tokyo Inst.Technol.)
Yorito YAMAGUCHI (CNS , Univ.Tokyo)
InternKieran BOYLE (Dept. of Physics , SUNY at Stony Brook)
Robert BENNETT (Dept. of Physics , SUNY at Stony Brook)
Ihnjea CHOI ( University of Yonsei)
Amaresh DATTA ( University of Massachusetts,Amherst)
Ran HAN (School of Physics , Peking University)
John KOSTER (Department of Physics , Univ.of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Astrid MORREALE ( ,Unv.of California at Riverside)
Masaki OKUMURA ( Tokyo Metroporitan College of Aeronautical Engineering)
Kota YAMAKOSHI ( , Tokyo Metroporitan College of Aeronautical Engineering)
Ruizhe YANG (Department of Physics , Univ.of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Student Trainees
Kazutaka AOKI (Grad. Sch. of Sci. & Eng., Saitama Univ.)
Yusuke FUJISAWA (Grad. Sch. of Sci. & Eng., Saitama Univ.)
Masatoshi HAMADA (Fac. of Sci., Kyushu Univ.)- 296 -

Masayasu HASEGAWA (Grad. Sch. of Natural Sci. & Tech., Kanazawa Univ.)
Koichi HASHIMOTO (Grad. Sch. of Natural Sci. & Tech., Kanazawa Univ.) (Hirokazu ISHII (Grad. Sch. of Sci. & Eng., Saitama Univ.)
Taku ITO (Grad. Sch. of Sci. and Eng., Tokyo Inst. of Tech. Sch. of Sci.)
Yoshihiro IWANAGA (Facul. Science , Facul. Sci. Hiroshima Univ.)
Takeshi KANESUE ( Kyushu Univ.)
Kenichi KARATSU (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Kyoto Univ.)
Miki KASAI (Coll.Sci. , Rikkyo Univ.)
Yuuji KATOU (RCNP , Osaka Univ.)
Motohiro KAWASHIMA (College of Sci., Rikkyo Univ.)
Kotaro KIJIMA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Hiroshima Univ.)
Masahiro KONNO (Inst. Phys. , Univ.Tsukuba)
Martin LEITGAB (Univ. Vienna, Austria)
Kouichi MATSUBARA (Grad. Sch. of Sci. & Eng., Saitama Univ.)
Nathan MEANS (Dept. of Physics , SUNY at Stony Brook)
Shinji MOTOKI (Grad. Sch. of Biosphere Sci., Hiroshima Univ.)
Takahiro NAGAI (Sch. of High Energy Accel. Sci., The Grad. Univ. for Advanced Studies)
Yoshihide NAKAMIYA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Hiroshima Univ.)
Katsuro NAKAMURA (Facul.Sci. , Kyoto Univ.)
Masaya NIHASHI(Facul. Science , Facul. Sci. Hiroshima Univ.)
Kentaro NISHIMURA ( Univ.Tokyo)
Atsushi OKAMURA (Facul.Sci. , Kyoto Univ.)
Koichi SAKASHITA ( Tokyo Inst.Technol.)
Shinkuro SATO (Inst. Phys. , Univ.Tsukuba)
Takahiro SAWADA (RCNP , Osaka Univ.)
Maya SHIMOMURA (National Inst. of Advanced Industrial Sci. and Tech.)Kathrin SPENDIER ( University of New Mexico)
Kenichi TAKEMASA (Inst. Phys. , Univ.Tsukuba)
Satoru UEDA (Grad. Sch. of Pure and Applied Sciences, Univ. of Tsukuba)
Secretaries
Noriko KIYAMA
Yoko SAKUMA- 297 -

㪘㪻㫍㪸㫅㪺㪼㪻㩷㪤㪼㫊㫆㫅㩷㪪㪺㫀㪼㫅㪺㪼㩷㪣㪸㪹㫆㫉㪸㫋㫆㫉㫐㩷
1. Abstract
Particles like muons, pions, and kaons have finite life times, so they do not exist in natural nuclei or matters.
Implanting these particles into nuclei/matters, exotic phenomena in varieties of objects can be studied from a
new point of view.
Kaon is a second lightest meson which has strange-quark as a constituent quark. It is expected that if one
embed a kaon into nuclei, the sizes of the nuclei become smaller and forms a high density object beyond thenormal nuclear density. Study of this object could lead better understanding of the origin of the mass of thematter, and may reveal the quark degree of freedom beyond the quark-confinement. Those properties can bestudied by precise heavy pionic atom research in different angle. The other example is the weak interaction in
nuclear matter. It can only be studied by the weak decay of hypernuclei, which have Lambda particle in the
nuclei,Muon provides even wider variety of study from nuclear reaction to magnetism in matter. For instance,
stopping positively charged muon in a material, we obtain information on the magnetic properties or the local
field at the trapped site. Injecting negatively charged muon to mixture of deuterium and tritium, muon attracts
surrounding atoms and is known to cause d-t fusions.
As is already clear, in our research we introduce different kind of impurities into nuclei/matters, and study
new states of matter, new phenomena, or the object properties.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Study of meson property and interaction in nuclei(2) Origin of matter mass / quark degree of freedom in nuclei.
(3) Condensed matter and material studies with muon(4) Nuclear physics via muon catalyzed fusion and muonic atoms
3. Summary of Research Activity
Hadron physics at J-PARC and RIKEN-RIBF
Kaon and pion will shed a new insight to the nuclear physics. The recent discovery of deeply bound pionic
atom enables us to investigate the properties of mesons in nuclear matter. At RIKEN-RIBF, we are preparing
precise experimental study of the pionic atom. We are intensively preparing another next generation kaon
experiments (E15 and E17) at J-PARC as day-one experiments. In these experiments, we are aiming at precise
determination of the KN interaction, and clarify the nature of kaon in nuclei. By these experiments, we aim to
be a world-leading scientific research group using these light meta-stable particles.
1) Deeply bound kaonic nuclei
We have performed a high precision and small ambiguity spectroscopy on the K-ppn system, strange
tribaryon -Sq(3115)-, at KEK (High energy accelerator research organization). We measured the momenta of
protons emitted in the reaction between negatively charged K mesons and helium nuclei. Compared to theprevious experiment, the mass resolution was improved by a factor of 2 and the statistical accuracy by a factor
of about 10. We have newly installed detectors exclusively used for the measurement of the protons andrealized small-ambiguity experiment. As a result, no structure was observed, in the spectrum, associated to thestrange tribaryon with the natural width of 20 MeV/c2, and the result was contradictory to the previous
experiment. Statistical evaluation tells that the previous results are rejected by 99% confidence level. The
experiment also tells us that the difficulty of the bound state search using at rest reaction, in which non-mesonic
two-nucleon absorption reactions produce huge energetic nucleon background in the energy region of interest.
This two-nucleon absorption process also caused the absorption width of he kaonic bound state. Thus we- 298 -

proceed the search of the state in the simplest system K-pp at the kaon incident momentum of 1 GeV/c as a
day-one experiment at J-PARC.
2) Deeply bound pionic and eta- nuclei
We made a spectroscopy experiment to measure deeply bound pionic states in several tin isotopes at the GSI,
Germany, to investigate the pion-nucleus strong interaction. The results provided information on the iso-vector
part of the strong interaction between pion and nucleus. More advanced discussion leads to the origin of themass of matter, which is attributed to the quark condensation in the vacuum. Presently we are developing newscheme to achieve order better resolution to study pionic atom at RIKEN-RIBF.
3) Precision X-ray measurement of kaonic atom
Simultaneously with the above experiment (1), we have performed an X-ray spectroscopy of atomic 3dĺ2ptransition of negatively charged K mesons captured by helium atoms. Many Kaonic atoms are known to bemeasured with various elements, however, there are very large deviations in the measured energy levels for the
helium (and the oxygen) from the systematic expectations. The deviation originates in technical issues in old
experiments, and new and high precision data have been long awaited for. Also, wave functions of the Kaonicatoms are expected to reflect the information on the existence of the inner structure, namely deeply boundKaonic states. As a result of the experiment, we have succeeded in performing the spectroscopy and achieved
the shift of 2+-2(stat.) +-2(syst.) eV. The obtained results reject older data beyond any doubt, and the above
deviation is dissolved. Presently, aiming at the determination of the level width and yield, we are analyzing thedata. To clarify the KN interaction strength, we are preparing another x-ray measurement of the kaonic
helium-3 atom, which is another day-one experiment at J-PARC.
Muon science at RIKEN-RAL branch
The research area ranges over particle physics to condensed matter studies and life science. Our core
activities are based on the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility located at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK),which provides the most intense pulsed muon beam. We have variety of important research activities such as
muon-catalyzed fusion (mCF) and condensed matter physics by muon spin rotation / relaxation / resonance(mSR).
(A) Condensed matter/materials studies with high energy accelerator producing particles and nuclei
A major upgrade work for mSR facility is being carried out at RIKEN-RAL muon facility reflecting growing
number of collaborations with other universities and research institutes in this field. A pulsed laser system,
which consists of a Nd:YAG laser and an OPO laser, has been installed to the facility under collaboration
between the University of Yamanashi, KEK, and RIKEN. This will extend the scope of the mSR techniquetowards studies of effects induced by intense photon field, such as spin polarization of conduction electrons insemiconductors. Development of a new mSR spectrometer, which will enable us to study a sample undermultiple-extreme condition, is also underway.
There are three topics of material sciences studied by the muon-spin relaxation method at the RIKEN-RAL
Muon facility in 2007.
1) From measurements of the muon-spin depolarization rate in fields, quantitative values of the transition rateof electrons between iron atoms in a ironmetal complexes have been firstly obtained.
2) In a Sm-based Ru-Fe skutterudite compound, a possibility of the appearance of an ordered state ofmulti-pole moments has been pointed out.
3) A new condensed state of excited electronic states has been suggested in Tl-K quantum-spin systems fromzero-field muon-spin relaxation method.

- 299 -

(B) Nuclear physics studies with muons, such as muon catalyzed fusion and muonic atoms
1) Muon catalyzed fusion (mCF)
We are studying the muon catalyzed fusion (mCF) processes in a wide range of hydrogen target conditions
such as isotope mixtures and temperatures. In recent years, we studied the effect of ortho-para D2 composition.
From the precise density dependence of ddm formation rate in pure D2 target at temperatures near the criticalpoint (38.35 K), we have shown that the resonant ddmҏformation is very much dependent on the D2 rotational
levels as well as the target density. For the liquid D2/T2 mixture, we achieved the increase of dtm formation byusing ortho-D2 for the first time.
2) Development towards muonic atom formation with unstable nuclei
Stopping negative muons in the solid hydrogen with implanted unstable atoms, muons transfer efficiently tothe implanted nuclei from muonic hydrogen to form the muonic atoms. By observing muonic X-rays at muonic
atom formations, fundamental experiments on the nuclear charge density distribution are in progress. Using the
newly installed surface ionization ion source, we carried out successfully the first experiment to measure an
isotope energy shift of muonic X-rays originated from muonic 88Sr and 86Sr atoms. We also successfully
observed characteristic muonic X-rays from implanted 138Ba atoms.
3) Generation of ultra slow positive muon beam
We have constructed a new ȝSR spectrometer specialized for using low energy muon beam, whose kinetic
energy is variable from a few keV to a few tens of keV. This will extend the scope of ȝSR technique from abulk material to surfaces and multi-layered materials. In order to demonstrate the new spectrometer's capability,
we have carried out the first ȝSR experiment of a thin film of a perovskite-type manganese oxide, andsuccessfully observed changes in spectra's shape which are associated to phase transitions.

Head
Masahiko IWASAKIMembers
Katsuhiko ISHIDA
Kenta ITAHASHI
Yoshio KOBAYASHI
Yasuyuki MATSUDA
Teiichiro MATSUZAKI
Hiroaki ONISHI
Haruhiko OUTA
Isao WATANABE
Special Postdoctoral Researchers
Hidekatsu NEMURA
Takatoshi SUZUKI
Dai TOMONO
Fuminori SAKUMASpecial Contract Researcher
Masami IIO
Shinji OKADA
Takahisa KOIKE
Masaharu SATO
Contract Researchers
Pavel BAKULE
Takayuki KAWAMATA
Takao SUZUKI
Visiting Scientists- 300 Tadashi ADACHI (Grad. Sch. Eng., Tohoku Univ.)
Yoshitami AJIRO (Grad. Sch. Sci., Kyoto Univ.)Masaharu SATO
Contract Researchers
Pavel BAKULE
Takayuki KAWAMATA
Takao SUZUKI
Visiting Scientists
Tadashi ADACHI (Grad. Sch. Eng., Tohoku Univ.)
Yoshitami AJIRO (Grad. Sch. Sci., Kyoto Univ.)
Jun AKIMITSU (Coll. Sci. Eng., Aoyama Gakuin Univ.)
Juuichirou ARAI (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Univ. Sci.)
Shingo ARAKI (Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
Kunio AWAGA (Grad. Sch. Sci., Nagoya Univ.)
George BEER (Univ. of Victoria, Canada)HyoungChan BHANG (Seoul National Univ., Korea)
N. Ludmila BOGDANOVA (ITEP, Russia)
Prasad Tara DAS (SUNY, USA)
Masaya ENOMOTO (Grad. Sch. Arts and Sci., Univ of Tokyo)
Mark FAYFMAN (Kurchatov Institute, Russia)
Yutaka FUJII (Fac. Eng., Fukui Univ.)
Masaki FUJITA (IMR, Tohoku Univ.)
Hideto FUKAZAWA (Grad. Sch. Sci. & Tech., Chiba Univ.)
Takayuki GOTO (Fac. Sci. & Tech., Sophia Univ.)
Makoto HAGIWARA (Fac. Eng. Design, Kyoto Inst. Technol.)
Ryugo, S. HAYANO (Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ.of Tokyo)
Wataru HIGEMOTO (Advanced Sci. Res. Center, JAEA)
Masahiro HIRANO (JST)
Kazuto HIRATA (NIMS)
Emiko HIYAMA (Fac. Sci., Nara Women’s Univ.)
Susumu IKEDA (KEK)
Yutaka IKEDO (Toyota Central R&D Labs.)
Fumihiro ISHIKAWA (Grad. Sch. Sci. & Tech., Niigata Univ.)
Shigeru ISHIMOTO (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Tomoichi ISHIWATARI (SMI, Austria)
Ryosuke KADONO (KEK)
Mineo KATO (JAEA)
Naritoshi KAWAMURA (KEK)
Jungho KIM (Seoul National Univ., Korea)
Yasushi KINO (Fac. Sci., Tohoku Univ.)
Akihiro KODA (KEK)Yoh KOHORI (Fac. Sci., Chiba Univ.)
Yoji KOIKE (Grad. Sch. Eng., Tohoku Univ.)
Yoshitaka KUNO (Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
Chow LEE (UCF, USA)
Shunsuke MAKIMURA (KEK)
Goro MARUTA (Grad. Sch. Sci., Hokkaido Univ.)
Satoru MATSUISHI (FCRC, Tokyo Tech.)
Yasuhiro MIYAKE (KEK)
Hitoshi MIYASAKA (Grad. Sch. Sci., Tohoku Univ.)
Soichiro MIZUSAKI (Coll.Sci. & Eng., Aoyama Gakuin Univ.)
Kazuhiko MUKAI (Toyota Central R&D Labs.)
Kazutaka NAKAHARA (KEK)
Takashi NAKAMURA (Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Particle, Nuclear, and Astro-Phys.)
Takayoshi NAKAMURA (RIES, Hokkaido Univ.)
Satoshi NAKAMURA (Grad. Sch. Sci., Tohoku Univ.)
Takehito NAKANO (Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
Nobuhiko NISHIDA (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Tech.)
Kusuo NISHIYAMA (KEK)
Hiroshi NOZAKI (Toyota Central R&D- Labs.)
301 Yasuo NOZUE (Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
Masaaki OHBA (Grad. Sch. Eng., Kyoto Univ.)Kazutaka NAKAHARA (KEK)
Takashi NAKAMURA (Tokyo Inst. of Tech., Particle, Nuclear, and Astro-Phys.)
Takayoshi NAKAMURA (RIES, Hokkaido Univ.)
Satoshi NAKAMURA (Grad. Sch. Sci., Tohoku Univ.)
Takehito NAKANO (Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
Nobuhiko NISHIDA (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Tech.)
Kusuo NISHIYAMA (KEK)
Hiroshi NOZAKI (Toyota Central R&D Labs.)
Yasuo NOZUE (Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
Masaaki OHBA (Grad. Sch. Eng., Kyoto Univ.)
Seiko OHIRA-KAWAMURA (Ochanomizu Univ.)
Susumu OHYA (Fac. Sci., Niigata Univ.)
Akira OSAWA (Fac. Sci. & Tech., Sophia Univ.)
Vassili PEREVOZCHIKO (VNIEF, Russia)
Leonid PONOMAREV (Kurchatov Institute, Russia)
Francis PRATT (RAL, UK)
Shin-ichi SAKAMOTO (JAEA)
Ryoichi SEKI (California State Univ. , Northridge, USA)
Kouichiro SHIMOMURA (KEK)
Vyacheslas STORCHAK (VNIIEF, Russia)
Patrick STRASSER (KEK)
Hiroyuki SUGAI (JAEA)
Jun SUGIYAMA (Toyota Central R&D Labs.)
Haruhiko SUZUKI (Grad. Sch. Nat. Sic. & Tech., Kanazawa Univ.)
Hiroyuki SUZUKI (NIMS)
Kazuyuki TAKAI (Grad. Sch. Sci. & Eng., Tokyo Tech.)
Keiji TAKEDA (ISSP, Univ. of Tokyo)
Hiroyuki TAKEYA (NIMS)
Manobu TANAKA (Inst. of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK)
Akihiro TANIGUCHI (KURRI, Kyoto Univ.)
Takashi TANIGUCHI (Coll.Sci. & Eng., Aoyama Gakuin Univ.)
Eiko TORIKAI (Grad. Sch. Medicine & Eng. Sci., Univ. of Yamanashi)
Akihisa TOYODA (KEK)
Kazuo UEDA (ISSP, Univ. of Tokyo)
Yun XUE (Grad. Sch. Nat. Sic. & Tech., Kanazawa Univ.)
Kazuyoshi YAMADA (IMR, Tohoku Univ.)
Arkady YUKHINCHUK (VNIIEF, Russia)
Johann ZMESKAL (SMI, Austria)
Research Consultants
Yoshinori AKAISHI
Masayasu KAMIMURA
Atsuko ITOStudents
Student Trainees
Truong Cong DUAN (Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
Hiroyuki FUJIOKA (Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Yoshiyuki FUKUDA (Grad. Sch. Sci. & Eng., Tokyo Tech.)Toshio HANAKI (Grad. Sch. Fac. Sci. & Tech., Tokyo Univ. Sci.)
Yuzo HIRAYAMA (Grad. Sch. Sci. & Eng., Tokyo Tech.)Takashi ITO (Grad. Sch. Sci. & Eng., Tokyo Tech.)
Satoshi ITOH (Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Keishi KANADA (Grad. Sch. Sci. & Tech., Sophia Univ.)
Wakako KANEKO (Grad. Sch. Eng., Kyoto Univ.)
Hirokazu KAWASHIMA (Grad. Sch. Sci.& Eng., Aoyama Gakuin Univ.)
Noriyuki KIDA (Grad. Sch. Arts and Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Mijung KIM (Seoul National Univ., Korea)
Yoshihiro KUBOTA (Grad. Sch. Sci., Tohoku Univ.)
Sougo KUROIWA (Grad. Sch. Sci.& Eng.,
Gakuin Univ.)- 302Aoyama
Jun MATSUMOTO (Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
Hayato MOCHIZUKI (Grad. Sch. Sci. & Tech., Niigata Univ.)

Satoshi ITOH (Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Keishi KANADA (Grad. Sch. Sci. & Tech., Sophia Univ.)
Wakako KANEKO (Grad. Sch. Eng., Kyoto Univ.)
Hirokazu KAWASHIMA (Grad. Sch. Sci.& Eng., Aoyama Gakuin Univ.)
Noriyuki KIDA (Grad. Sch. Arts and Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Mijung KIM (Seoul National Univ., Korea)
Yoshihiro KUBOTA (Grad. Sch. Sci., Tohoku Univ.)
Sougo KUROIWA (Grad. Sch. Sci.& Eng., Aoyama Gakuin Univ.)
Jun MATSUMOTO (Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
Hayato MOCHIZUKI (Grad. Sch. Sci. & Tech., Niigata Univ.)
Yoshifumi NAGASAKI (Grad. Sch. Fac. Sci., Kanazawa Univ.)
Keisuke OMORI (Grad. Sch. Eng., Tohoku Univ.)
ROGER PINK (SUNY at Albany, USA)
Ayumi SAITO (Grad. Sch. Sci., Tokyo Metro Univ.)
Takehiro SAITO (Grad. Sch. Sci. & Tech., Sophia Univ.)
Katsunori TAKAHARA (Inter. Grad. Sch. of Sci.& Eng., Tokyo Tech.)
Yoichi TANABE (Grad. Sch. Eng., Tohoku Univ.)
Hideyuki TATSUNO (Grad. Sch. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Yoshitake TODA (Inter. Grad. Sch. of Sci.& Eng., Tokyo Tech.)
Yoko TOMITA (Grad. Sch. Sci. & Eng., Aoyama Gakuin Univ.)
Fumiko YAMADA (Grad. Sch. Sci. & Eng., Tokyo Tech.)Heejoong YIM (Seoul National Univ., Korea)
Masanorri MIYAZAKI (The Graduate Univ. for Advance Studies(SOKENDAI))Secretaries
Yoko FUJITA
Yuka TAKANO- 303 -

㪫㪿㪼㫆㫉㪼㫋㫀㪺㪸㫃㩷㪧㪿㫐㫊㫀㪺㫊㩷㪣㪸㪹㫆㫉㪸㫋㫆㫉㫐㩷
1. Abstract
The aim of this laboratory is to reveal the laws of nature ranging from elementary particles to the universe.
More precisely, the following three issues are pursued with their mutual relations emphasized:(1)Understanding the microscopic fundamental law of nature. In particular, trying to give a consistent definition ofsuperstring and derive all the fundamental laws from one principle. (2) Understanding many-body systems.
Both of the following two aspects are considered. One is the universal laws such as thermodynamics and theuniversality of spin systems, and the other is specific properties of individual systems such as hadrons,condensed matter, and the universe. (3) Computational science. Besides numerical analyses as an important tool
for the above mentioned (1) and (2), aspects of fundamental mathematics are also pursued.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Constructive Definition of String Theory as Fundamental law of Physics(2) Fundamental aspects of Quantum Field Theory and its applications(3) High precision inspection of experimental and observational data
3. Summary of Research Activity
The ability to understand nature at its most profound level is a basic human desire. Science is founded on
accumulated and tremendous efforts driven by that aspiration. The objective of our laboratory is to participate
in the endeavor to better understand nature by adding our contributions to theoretical physics. The present
seems to be a particularly exciting time for this as many developments appear to be about to converge andallow formation of the ultimate theory of everything.
We organize our research activities into three segments: the pursuit of the microscopic fundamental laws ofphysics, the study of many-body systems, and the science and technology of computation. These three aspects
have an inseparable interrelation and are investigated in an integrated manner throughout the research
conducted within this laboratory.
(1) Understanding the fundamental law of nature through string theory.
1) Non-perturbative effect for non-critical string
The analysis of the nonperturbative effect in the c=0 noncritical string theory defined by the one-matrix
model is extended to the case of two-matrix models which provide nonperturbative definitions of c<1
noncritical string theories. Then, universality of nonperturbative effects including their coefficients in a genericc<1 noncritical string theory is achieved in the sense that they are independent of details of potentials of thetwo-matrix models.
2) Matrix models and curved space-time
Incorporating curved space time into matrix models is pursued. In particular, a method in which larger
additional degrees of freedom is introduced to represent space-time symmetry, is proposed.
3) Domain Wall in string theory
We investigate a global structure of the moduli space of the BPS domain wall system. I particular, we areinterested in the case where the dimensions of the moduli space is greater than those expected from the index
theorem. We also study the T-duality between the vortices and domain walls from a string theoretical point ofview. We explicitly construct a vortex solution in the Higgs phase of supersymmetric gauge theory and find an
exact correspondence between the solution and D-brane configuration in the domain wall side.
4) Non BPS branes and supergravity
We investigate the correspondences between a class of classical solutions of Type II supergravity (thethree-parameter solution) and D-branes in the superstring theory. In addition to the mass, the RR-charge, the- 304 -

solution also carries the so-called dilaton charge, whose physical meaning was unclear. We find that theappearance of the dilaton charge is a consequence of deformations of the boundary condition from that of theboundary state for BPS D-branes. We also show that such deformed boundary states are realized as tachyonic
and/or massive excitations of the open strings on D-brane systems.
5) D-branes and instantons
We have investigated instantons of four-dimensional SUSY gauge theory from the view point of superstring
theory. A general prescription to construct the instanton solutions is known as the ADHM
(Atiyah-Drinfeld-Hitchin-Manin) construction. In terms of superstring theory, instanton is understood as abound state of D3-branes and D(-1)-branes. We consider a system of D3-branes and anti-D3-branes to construct
the bound state via a tachyon condensation. As a result, we found that the tachyon profile contains all
information on the instanton and the ADHM construction can be understood as an outcome of the gauge
equivalence of this system in the low energy limit. We also applied the same method to eight-dimensional
gauge theory and showed that some solitonic solution of the eight-dimensional theory can be constructed bythis method.
6) Application of string theory to cosmology
qCosmological scenarios alternative to inflation motivated by string theories are known. In cyclic scenario, or
ekpyrotic scenario, the universe is considered as branes sitting in higher dimensional space time. The universe
is assumed to start out from a static Minkowskian space-time and experience the big-bang as the collision ofpair of branes (bounce). From the observational point of view, it is of importance to study the time evolution ofcosmological fluctuation through the time of big bang. We studied the problem from the point of view of local
causality through the bounce. Assuming the local causality condition, we derived the most general matchingcondition for the fluctuation between before and after the bounce. Especially, we found it is impossible togenerate scale invariant spectrum without introducing non-local causality throughout the bounce. This work
made clear the physical problem to obtain the scale invariant spectrum in the bouncing cosmology. We havealso studied a toy model inspired by a low-energy effective action of non-commutative field theory andestimated the range of parameters to obtain scale invariant spectrum.
Another subject pursued was the possibility of obtaining inflation due to the modification of the dispersion
relation. When non-equilibrium dynamics is taken into account, we observed that the inflation can be easily
realized when the energy is a decreasing function of the momentum in high-energy regime. This result provides
alternative way of realizing inflation in the framework of unified theory.
(2) Quantum field theory and physics of many body systems
1) Lattice formulation of supersymmetric gauge theory
We proposed a lattice formulation of low dimensional supersymmetric gauge theories, aiming at practicalimplementation for numerical simulations.
2) Lattice formulation of fermions coupled to gravity
We formulated lattice Dirac operator of the overlap-type that describes the propagation of a Dirac fermion ina gravitational field. We also analyzed global gauge anomalies associated with Majorana fermions in 8k and8k+1 dimensions.
3) Mathematical aspects of 2-dimensional gauge theories and string.
We investigate a non-perturbative correction to the N=2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory from the discrete
matrix model point of view. We utilize the D-brane picture in superstring theory and localization theorem inorder to derive the discrete matrix model from 2-dimensional Yang-Mills theory on a compact 2-cycles in the
ALE space. We also find the relationship to the Dijkgraaf-Vafa theory in the continuum limit.
4) Logarithmic Confromal Field Theory
The following topics are investigated: Free field representation for LCFT with boundary; The relation- 305 -

between Minimal String theory and LCFT; The relation between statistical models and LCFT.
5) Quantum field theory over the deformed commutation relation
A quantum theory of free scalar field based on the deformed Heisenberg algebra which is the correction ofstringy physics is constructed.
6) Chern Simons Yang Mills Model
We have studied the Chern Simons Yang Mills Model. Non-commutative gauge theories on fuzzy spheres
were obtained in such models. Fuzzy spheres look like dbrane configuration. k coincident fuzzy spheres
generates the U(k) gauge group. In this direction, we are continuing effort to address some of the related issues.
(3) High precision calculation of field theory and computational science
1) High precision calculation of QED
We have announced the final result of our calculation of the electron anomalous magnetic moment. It
contains up to the eighth-order of the perturbation theory of QED. The very reliable result was obtained byusing high precision calculation on RIKEN’s supercomputer system (RSCC).We also succeeded in automating
the calculation of the tenth-order of the perturbation theory, particularly in constructing the ultra-violet
subtraction terms. This is an important step to accelerate our calculation of the entire tenth-order contribution.
The dominant contribution from the tenth order to the muon anomalous magnetic moment was also announced
by us. In contrast to the electron, some specific Feynman diagrams give rise to the large contributions to themuonanomaly. We explicitly evaluated about 2000 Feynman diagrams which are possible to give the leading andnext-to-leading contributions.
2) Improved perturbation method and its applications
We apply improved perturbation method which is one of the variational schemes to Ising model in
two-dimensions. It enables us to evaluate free energy and magnetization at strong coupling regions from weakcoupling expansion even in the presence of the phase transition.
We determine approximated transition point in this scheme. In the presence of external magnetic field we cansee not only stable physical states but metastable one. This reserach motivated by availability of this method to
IIB matrix model which is expected to show a phase transition from 10-dimensional universe to 4-dimensional
universe.

Head
Hikaru KAWAI
Members
Hiroshi SUZUKI
Koji HASHIMOTO
Tsukasa TADA
Postdoctoral Researchers
Issaku KANAMORI
Isao KISHIMOTO
Yuuichirou SHIBUSA
Contract Researchers
Makiko MATSUKAWA
Visiting Scientists
Hajime AOKI (Fac. of Sci. and Eng., Saga Univ.,)
Jiro ARAFUNE (National Inst. for Academic Degrees and Univ. Evaluation)- 306 Zyun F. EZAWA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Tohoku Univ.)
Kazuo FUJIKAWA (College of Sci. and Tech., Nihon Univ., )Contract Researchers
Makiko MATSUKAWA
Visiting Scientists
Hajime AOKI (Fac. of Sci. and Eng., Saga Univ.,)
Jiro ARAFUNE (National Inst. for Academic Degrees and Univ. Evaluation)
Zyun F. EZAWA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Tohoku Univ.)
Kazuo FUJIKAWA (College of Sci. and Tech., Nihon Univ., )Amihay HANANY (Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., USA)
Masashi HAYAKAWA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Nagoya Univ., )Takeo INAMI (Fac. of Sci. and Eng., Chuo Univ., )Nobuyuki ISHIBASI (Grad. Sch. of Pure and Applied Sci., Univ. of Tsukuba, )Satoshi ISO (High Energy Accelerator Res. Organization)
Hiroshi ITOYAMA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Osaka City Univ., )Toichiro KINOSHITA (Cornell Univ., USA)
Yoshihisa KITAZAWA (High Energy Accelerator Res. Organization)
Ivan KOSTOV (Service de Physique Theoreique, CNRS, FRANCE)
Jnanadeva MAHARANA (Inst. of Phys., INDIA)
Jun NISHIMURA (High Energy Accelerator Res. Organization)
Fumihiko SUGINO (Okayama Inst. for Quantum Phys.)Asato TSUCHIYA (Grad. Sch. of Sci., Osaka Univ., )Kensuke YOSHIDA (Univ. of Rome - La Sapienza, ITALY)
Tatsumi AOYAMA (KEK)
Alexei ZAMOLODCHIKOV (Universit'e Montpellier II, FRANCE)
Research Consultants
Keiji IGI
Hironari MIYAZAWA
Yoshio YAMAGUCHI
Junior Research Associate
Secretariy
Yumi KURAMITSU
Yoko SAGIYA- 307 -

㪩㪸㪻㫀㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪙㫀㫆㫃㫆㪾㫐㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷
1. Abstract
Radiation biology team studies various biological effects of fast heavy ions. It also develops new techniqueto breed plants by heavy-ion irradiations. Fast heavy ions can produce dense and localized ionizations inmatters along their tracks, in contrast to photons (X rays and gamma rays) which produce randomly distributed
isolated ionizations. These localized and dense ionization can cause double-strand breaks of DNA in cells
which are not easily repaired and result in mutation more effectively than single-strand breaks. A unique featureof our experimental facility at the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron (RRC) is that we can irradiate living bodies inatmosphere or in bottles since the delivered heavy-ion beams have energies high enough to penetrate deep inmatter. This team utilizes a dedicated beam line (E5B) of the RRC to irradiate cultivated cells, plants andanimals with beams ranging from carbon to iron. Its research subjects cover physiological study of DNA repair,genome analyses of mutation, and development of mutation breeding of plants by heavy-ion irradiation. Some
new cultivars have already been brought to the market. It also studies the physical processes of radiation effects
in solutions.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Study on the biological effects by heavy-ion irradiation(2) Studies on ion-beam breeding and genome analysis(3) New medical application of heavy-ion beams(4) Formation of nano-particles in solutions by heavy-ion irradiations
3. Summary of Research Activity
We study biological effects of fast heavy ions from the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron using 135 MeV/N C, N, Ne
ions, 95 MeV/N Ar ions and 90 MeV/N Fe ions. We also develop breeding technology of plants. Main subjectsare:(1)㩷 Study and application of heavy-ion induced plant mutation
In contrast to X rays and gamma rays, fast heavy ions are found to be useful for plant breeding since they
only cause localized damage on DNA and can induce mutations more effectively with lower dosage. Our teamutilizes beams of fast heavy ions from the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron to develop heavy-ion breeding techniques.
Genome analyses are performed to reveal the relation between genotype and phenotype.
(2)㩷 Study of heavy ion-induced damage of DNA and its repair processes
We study the double-strand break of DNA induced by heavy-ion irradiation and its repair processes. DNA
double strand break (DSB) is characteristic to heavy-ion irradiation and considered to be the characteristic
lesion responsible for its biological effects. Cells have two pathways to repair DSB, non-homologous
end-joining(NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), and it is unknown how the two pathways are involved inrepairing the damage caused by heavy-ion irradiation. To elucidate it, we irradiate higher vertebrate cells
lacking DNA repair proteins with C, Ar, or Fe ions and analyze them with colony formation assay andmolecular biology methods.

Team Leader
Tadashi KAMBARA
Members
Tomoko ABE
Masako IZUMIYusuke KAZAMA
Hinako TAKEHISA
Teruyo TSUKADA
Part-time Staff I- 308 -

Team Leader
Tadashi KAMBARA
Members
Tomoko ABE
Masako IZUMIYusuke KAZAMA
Hinako TAKEHISA
Teruyo TSUKADA
Part-time Staff I
Hideo TOKAIRIN
Part-time Staff II
Sumie OHBUTechnical Staff I
Yoriko HAYASHI
Visiting Scientists
Ryutaro AIDA (Natl. Inst. Floricult. Sci.)
Mari AMINO (Tokai University Hospital)
Chang-Hyu BAE (Sunchon Natl. Univ., Korea)
Yasuhiro CHIMI (JAEA)
Hiroyuki DAIMON (Osaka Pref. Univ.)
Makoto FUJIWARA (Grad. Sch., Col. Arts Sci., Univ. of Tokyo)
Eitaro FUKATSU (Forest tree beeding Cet.)
Koji FURUKAWA (Mukoyama Orchids Co., Ltd.)
Yoshiya FURUSAWA (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
Toshinari GODO (Botanic Gardens Toyama)
Misako HAMATANI (Hiroshima City Agric. Forest. Promot. Cen.)
Yasuhide HARA (Kanagawa Inst. Agric. Sci.)
Masanori HATASHITA (Wakasa Wan Energy Res. Cen.)
Atsushi HIGASHITANI (Grad. Sch. Life Sci., Tohoku Univ.)
Ryoichi HIRAYAMA (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
Akiko HOKURA (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Univ. of Sci.)
Ichiro HONDA (Natl. Agric. Res. Cen.)
Mitsugu HORITA (Hokuren Agri. Res. Inst.)
Yuji ITO (Natl. Agric. Res. Cen., Hokkaido Region)
Akihiro IWASE (Grad. Sch. Engin., Osaka Pref. Univ. )Hiroshi KAGAMI (Shizuoka Citrus Exp. Station)
Kensuke KAGEYAMA (Fac. Engin.,Saitama Univ.)
Takeshi KANAYA (Suntory Flowers, Ltd.)Si-Yong KANG (Dep. Rad. Plant Breed. Genet., KAERI, Korea)
Tomojirou KOIDE (Riken Vitamin Co., Ltd.)
Tsutomu KUBOYAMA (Ibaraki Univ.)
Yutaka MIYAZAWA (Grad. Sch. Life Sci., Tohoku Univ.)
Kazumitsu MIYOSHI (Fac. Bioresour. Sci., Akita Pref. Univ.)
Toshikazu MORISHITA (Inst. Rad. Breeding, Natl. Inst. Agric. Res.)
Koji MURAI (Fukui Pref. Univ.)
Daisuke NAKADA (Ela Medical Japan Co. Ltd.)
Ishikawa NORITO (JAEA)
Mio OHNUMA (Inst. Mol. Cell. Biosci., Univ. Tokyo)
Norihiro OHTSUBO (Natl. Inst. Floricult. Sci.)
Fumihisa ONO (Grad. Sch. Natural Sci. -&309
Tech.,Okayama Univ.)
Tomo OOMIYA (Hokkaido Ornamental Plants Veg. Res. Cen.)
Kenji OSAWA (Nagano Agric. Res. Cen.)Toshikazu MORISHITA (Inst. Rad. Breeding, Natl. Inst. Agric. Res.)
Koji MURAI (Fukui Pref. Univ.)
Daisuke NAKADA (Ela Medical Japan Co. Ltd.)
Ishikawa NORITO (JAEA)
Mio OHNUMA (Inst. Mol. Cell. Biosci., Univ. Tokyo)
Norihiro OHTSUBO (Natl. Inst. Floricult. Sci.)
Fumihisa ONO (Grad. Sch. Natural Sci. & Tech., Okayama Univ.)
Tomo OOMIYA (Hokkaido Ornamental Plants Veg. Res. Cen.)
Kenji OSAWA (Nagano Agric. Res. Cen.)
Kouichi SAKAMOTO (YUKIGUNI AGURI Co.,Ltd. )Tadashi SATO (Grad. Sch. Life Sci., Tohoku Univ.)
Hiroaki SERIZAWA (Nagano Veg. Ornamental Crops Exp. Station)
Takiko SHIMADA (Res. Inst. Agric. Resour., Ishikawa Agric. Coll.)
Fumio SUGAWARA (Tokyo Univ. of Sci. )Masao SUGIYAMA (Hokko Chem. Ind. Co., Ltd.)
Keita SUGIYAMA (Nat. Inst. Veg.Tea Sci.)
Kazunori SUZUKI (Plant Biotech. Inst. Ibaraki Agric. Cen.)
Masao SUZUKI (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
Kenichi SUZUKI (Suntory Flowers, Ltd.)
Teruhiko TERAKAWA (Hokko Chem. Ind. Co., Ltd.)Ken TOKUHARA (Dogashima Orchid Cen.)
Masanori TOMITA (CRIEPI)
Hisashi TSUJIMOTO (Fac. Agri., Tottori Univ.)
Kozo TSUKADA (Nippon Veterinary and Life Sci. Univ.)
Masao WATANABE (Fac. Agri., Tohoku Univ.)
Takuji YOSHIDA (Takii Seed Co., Ltd.)
Koichiro YOSHIOKA (Tokai University Hospital)
Research Fellows
Hideki ASAUMI (Ehime Agricultural Experiment Station)
Eikou OOYABU (Saga Pref. Agr. Res. Cen.)
Takenori SAITO (Shizuoka Tea Exp. Station)
Minoru SAITOH (Fukui Agr. Exp. Sta.)
Tsukasa SHIRAO (Kagoshima Biotechnology Inst.)
Kei-ichiro UENO (Kagoshima Biotechnology Inst.)
Students
Junior Research Associate
Hiroyuki ICHIDA (Grad. Sch. Sci. Tech.,Chiba Univ.)
Student trainees
Naoki FUKUDA (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Univ. of Sci.)
Takayuki INOUE (Dept. Phys. Rikkyo Univ.)
Teruhiko KASHIWABARA (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Univ. of Sci.)
Nobuhiro MAEDA (Grad. Sch. Eng., Osaka Pref. Univ.)
Yoshitaka MATSUMOTO (Grad. Sch. Medicine & Sch., Chiba Univ.)
Sakiko MITSUO (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Univ. of Sci.)
Kiyoshi NISHIHARA (Grad. Sch. Frontier Sci., Univ. of Tokyo )Tatsuya ONO (Nagahama Inst. Bio-Science and Technol.)Kazuhiro SASAKI (Grad. Sch. Life Sci., Tohoku Univ.)
Saori TAKADA (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Univ. of Sci.)
Yuka TANAKA (Nagahama Inst. Bio-Science and Technol.)Takashi YOKOYAMA (Dept. Phys. Rikkyo- 310 Univ.)-Sakiko MITSUO (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Univ. of Sci.)
Kiyoshi NISHIHARA (Grad. Sch. Frontier Sci., Univ. of Tokyo )Tatsuya ONO (Nagahama Inst. Bio-Science and Technol.)Kazuhiro SASAKI (Grad. Sch. Life Sci., Tohoku Univ.)
Saori TAKADA (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Univ. of Sci.)
Yuka TANAKA (Nagahama Inst. Bio-Science and Technol.)Takashi YOKOYAMA (Dept. Phys. Rikkyo Univ.)- 311 -

㪩㪠㩷㪘㫇㫇㫃㫀㪺㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㫊㩷㪫㪼㪸㫄㩷
1. Abstract
RI Applications Team performs following researches at the heavy ion accelerators of RIBF:(1) With proton
from the RIKEN AVF Cyclotron, we produce radioisotopes for research of chemistry, biology, medicine,
pharmaceutical and environmental sciences. The nuclides 65Zn and 109Cd are delivered to Japan Radioisotope
Association for charged distribution. (2) We develop new technology of mass spectrometry for the
trace-element analyses using accelerator technology to apply to the scientific research fields, such ascosmochemistry, environmental science, archaeology and so on.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Production of radioisotopes 65Zn and 109Cd for charged distribution,(2) Research and development for new RI production at AVF cyclotron,(3) The development of trace element analysis, using the accelerator techniques, and its application to geo
and environmental sciences
3. Summary of Research Activity
RI applications team utilizes RIBF heavy-ion accelerators for following research subjects:(1)㩷 Production of radioisotopes
With protons from the AVF Cyclotron, we produce radioisotopes which are used for in-house andcollaboration studies. Radioisotopes of Zn-65 and Cd-109 are distributed through Japan Radioisotope
Association to the general users all over Japan.
(2) 㩷 R/D for RI production
We work to improve production procedure of the present Zn-65 and Cd-109 for stable supply and better
quality. We also develop production techniques for other RI species which are demanded but lack supply
sources.
(3) 㩷 Trace element analyses with accelerator technologies
In order to achieve ultra-high sensitivities down to 10-15-10-17 in multiple trace-element analysis, we develop
technique of accelerator mass spectroscopy (AMS) at the RILAC, with a combination of an ECR ion source
and a linear accelerator. We also develop a compact mass spectrometer with a stand-alone ECR ion source.
There techniques are applied in fields of cosmochemistry, geochemistry, biochemistry, pharmaceutical andenvironmental sciences, archeology, analysis of bio-trace element and materials science.

Team Leader
Tadashi KAMBARA
Members
Shuichi ENOMOTO
Hiromitsu HABA
Kazuya TAKAHASHI
Postdoctoral Researcher
Shinji SHIGYO
Research Associate
Yousuke KANAYAMA
Part-time Staff
Takashi NYU
Temporary Staff
Ichirou SAKAMOTO
Atsushi ISHIZAWA
Yutaka EZAKI- 312 -

Research Associate
Yousuke KANAYAMA
Part-time Staff
Takashi NYU
Temporary Staff
Ichirou SAKAMOTO
Atsushi ISHIZAWA
Yutaka EZAKI
Senior Visiting Scientists
Shuichi KIMURA (Showa Women's Univ. )Visiting Scientists
Kazuhiko AKIYAMA (Tokyo Metropolitan Univ. )Ryohei AMANO (Fac. Med., Kanazawa Univ. )Wenjun DING (Colorado State Univ., USA)
Kazutoyo ENDO (Showa Pharm. Univ. )Kaori ENOMOTO (Univ. Human Arts & Sci. )Hiroshi HIDAKA (Fac. Sci., Hiroshima Univ. )Seiichiro HIMENO (Fac. Pharm. Sci., Tokushima Bunri Univ. )Takako IKEDA (Showa Women's Univ. )Hiroko INAGE (Internat. Life Sci. Inst. )Nobuyoshi ISHII (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci. )Toshiaki ISHII (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci. )Yuko ISHIKAWA (Kagawa Nutrition Univ. )Shigenao KAWAI (Fac. Agri., Iwate Univ. )Masuo KONDOH (Showa Pharm. Univ. )Kenichiro MATSUMOTO (Natl. Inst. Health, USA )Yoshitaka MINAI (Cen. Art. Sci., Musashi Univ.)
Takeshi MINAMI (Sch. Sci. Eng., Kinki Univ.)
Tomohiro NABEKURA (Fac. Pharm. Sci., Niigata Univ. Pharm. Appl. Life Sci. )Yuichiro NAGAME (JAEA, Tokai )Yukiko NAKANISHI (Grad. Sch. Hum. Life Sci.,Showa Women's Univ. )Van Chuyen NGUYEN (Jpn. Women's Univ. )Yasumitsu OGURA (Grad, Sch. Pharm. Sci., Chiba Univ. )Jun SAITO (Iwatsu Test Instrum. Corp. )Tomofumi SAKURAGI (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci. )Hiromu SAKURAI (Kyoto Pharm. Univ. )Hiroshi SHIMIZU (Fac. Sci., Hiroshima Univ. )Atsushi SHINOHARA (Grad Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
Hiroyuki SUZUKI (RI Res. Cen., Chiba Univ. )Toshihiro SUZUKI (Meiji Pharm. Univ. )Mikiko SUZUKI (Showa Women's Univ. )Kazuo SUZUKI (Grad, Sch. Pharm. Sci., Chiba Univ. )Keiko TAGAMI (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci. )Masaaki TAKAHASHI (Grad. Sci. Agric. Biol. Sci.,Osaka Pref. Univ. )Yoshio TAKAHASHI (Grad. Sch. Sci.,Hiroshima Univ. )Miho TAKAHASHI (Tokyo Univ. Marine Sci. and Tech.)Atsushi TAKEDA (Fac. Pharm. Sci., Univ. Shizuoka )Haruna TAMANO (Fac. Pharm. Sci., Univ. Shizuoka )Shinzo TANABE (Meiji Pharm. Univ. )Tadayasu TOGAWA (Meiji Pharm. Univ. )Takehiro TOMITANI (Chiba Univ.)
Atsushi TOYOSHIMA (JAEA)
Shigeo UCHIDA (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci. )Kohshin WASHIYAMA (Fac. Med., Kanazawa Univ. )Tokuko WATANABE (Aoyama Gakuin Women's Junior College )Mineo YAMASAKI (Nara Med. Univ. )Makoto YANAGA (Fac. Sci., Shizuoka Univ.
- 313 - )Hiroyuki YASUI (Kyoto Pharm. Univ )Akihiko YOKOYAMA (Fac. Sci., Kanazawa Univ. )Tadayasu TOGAWA (Meiji Pharm. Univ. )Takehiro TOMITANI (Chiba Univ.)
Atsushi TOYOSHIMA (JAEA)
Shigeo UCHIDA (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci. )Kohshin WASHIYAMA (Fac. Med., Kanazawa Univ. )Tokuko WATANABE (Aoyama Gakuin Women's Junior College )Mineo YAMASAKI (Nara Med. Univ. )Makoto YANAGA (Fac. Sci., Shizuoka Univ. )Hiroyuki YASUI (Kyoto Pharm. Univ )Akihiko YOKOYAMA (Fac. Sci., Kanazawa Univ. )Shigekazu YONEDA (Natl. Sci. Museum )Shozo YOSHIDA (Nara Med. Univ. )Takashi YOSHIMURA (Grad Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ. )Research Consultants
Yasuyuki GONO
Kuniko MAEDA
Students
Part-time Staffs
Midori SASAKI (Tokyo Univ. Fish. )Tatsuya URABE (Tokyo Univ. Fish. )Student Trainees
Yusuke ADACHI (Kyoto Pharm. Univ. )Tomoko ANDO (Showa Women's Univ. )Ai HOSODA (Internat. Christian Univ. )Terumi KATORI (Showa Women's Univ. )Takehiko KURIBAYASHI (Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ. )Yohei MITSUBORI (Fac. Sci. Tech., Tokyo Univ. of Sci. )Kazuhiro OOE (Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ. )Mizue OZAKI (Showa Women's Univ. )Nobuko SAJI (Showa Women's Univ. )Mayumi SHIBANUMA (Showa Women's Univ. )Tomomasa TAKABE (Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ. )Masaki TAKAHASHI (Meiji Pharm. Univ. )Yuki TASHIRO (Grad. Sch. Sci., Osaka Univ. )- 314 -

㪤㪼㫋㪸㫃㫃㫆㫄㫀㪺㫊㩷㪩㪼㫊㪼㪸㫉㪺㪿㩷㪬㫅㫀㫋㩷
1. Abstract
The aim of the Metallomics Research Unit is engaged in research on metals in biology. In order to achieve
the better understandings of roles, functions and regulation of metals in biological systems, we developed themultitracer technology and the multiple molecular imaging systems which is using by semiconductor Compton
telescope. The Metallomics Research Unit performs following researches: (1) developments of the multitracer
technology by using accelerator facilities, (2) application studies of the multitracer technology in the fields ofchemistry, biology, medicine, pharmacy, nutrition, environment, agriculture, etc., (3) developments of theGamma Ray Emission Imaging as a tool for the multi-molecular imaging apparatus, (4) investigation of drug
discovery for use the multi-molecular imaging and its application studies for metallobiological researches.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Developments and application studies on the multitracer technology(2) Developments of the Gamma Ray Emission Imaging as a tool for the multi-molecular imaging(3) Investigation of drug discovery for use the multi-molecular imaging and its application studies formetallobiological researches
3. Summary of Research Activity
The Metallomics Research Unit performs following research subjects:(1)㩷 Development and application of the multitracer technology
With high-energy heavy ions from the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron, we produces multitracers which are mixturesof various radioactive nuclides, and use them in research fields like chemistry, biology, medicine,
pharmaceutical, and environmental sciences.
(2) 㩷 Developments of the Gamma Ray Emission Imaging as a tool for the multi-molecular imaging
With the advent of molecular imaging technology, nuclear medical imaging modalities have been extended tovisualize biological functions and processes in living subjects by labeling a radioactive nuclide on themolecular probe. However, single molecular probe might not be able to characterize the targeted disease or
biological function, because biological processes in living subjects are quite complex. GREI (Gamma-Ray
Emission Imaging), which is a semiconductor Compton camera, is a promising J-ray imager being developed
for multiple molecular imaging. We have already been able to obtain quite encouraging results for multiple
molecular imaging by use of GREI. However, a higher spatial resolution, a shorter imaging time, andquantitativity would be required for practical use, especially for small animal imaging. We are pursuingresearch and development on the requirements, and they will be met in the not too distant future.
(3) Investigation of drug discovery for use the multi-molecular imaging and its application studies formetallobiological researches
Molecular imaging is a current technology to analyze the molecular dynamics in vivo, including thediagnosis for cancer, diabetes, and more diseases. We are looking for the molecular imaging probe that willdetect the pre-state of several disorders.
Biometals, such as zinc, copper, iron, and manganese are important cofactors for many proteins. Imbalanceof these metals is known to be involved in the development of several diseases (cancer, diabetes, andAlzheimer’s disease). We are focusing on the regulation of metal transporter(s) in these diseases and are also
investigating for general function of metal(s) in molecular and cell biology.

Head
Syuichi Enomoto
Research Scientist
Shinji SHIGYO
Yousuke KANAYAMA
Contract Researcher- 315 -

Head
Syuichi Enomoto
Research Scientist
Shinji SHIGYO
Yousuke KANAYAMA
Contract Researcher
Makoto HIROMURA
Tomonori FUKUCHI
Takashi ISHIDATechnical Staff 㸇
Hatsue OBATA
Temporary Staff
Daichi SAITO
Visiting Researcher
Kaori ENOMOTO(IGARASHI)
Senior Visiting Scientist
Shuichi KIMURA (Showa Women's Univ. )Visiting Scientists
Ryohei AMANO (Fac. Med., Kanazawa Univ. )Tomoko ANDO (Showa Women's Univ. )Yuko ISHIKAWA (Kagawa Nutrition Univ. )Takako IKEDA (Showa Women's Univ. )Hiroko INAGE (Internat. Life Sci. Inst. )Kazutoyo ENDO (Showa Pharm. Univ. )Yasumitsu OGURA (Grad, Sch. Pharm. Sci., Chiba Univ. )Mizue OZAKI (Showa Women's Univ. )Shigenao KAWAI (Fac. Agri., Iwate Univ. )Jun SAITO (Iwatsu Test Instrum. Corp. )Hiromu SAKURAI (Suzuka Univ. Med. Sci.)
Rie SATO (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency )Kazuo SUZUKI (Grad, Sch. Pharm. Sci., Chiba Univ. )Toshihiro SUZUKI (Meiji Pharm. Univ. )Hiroyuki SUZUKI (RI Res. Cen., Chiba Univ. )Mikiko SUZUKI (Showa Women's Univ. )Masaaki TAKAHASHI (Grad. Sci. Agric. Biol. Sci.,Osaka Pref. Univ. )Yoshio TAKAHASHI (Grad. Sch. Sci.,Hiroshima Univ. )Keiko TAGAMI (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci. )Atsushi TAKEDA (Fac. Pharm. Sci., Univ. Shizuoka )Tadayasu TOGAWA (Meiji Pharm. Univ. )Haruna TAMANO (Fac. Pharm. Sci., Univ. Shizuoka )Tomohiro NABEKURA (Fac. Pharm. Sci., Niigata Univ. Pharm. Appl. Life Sci. )Yukiko NAKANISHI (Grad. Sch. Hum. Life Sci.,Showa Women's Univ. )Seiichiro HIMENO (Fac. Pharm. Sci., Tokushima Bunri Univ. )Jun Furukawa (Tsukuba Univ.)
Yoshitaka MINAI (Cen. Art. Sci., Musashi Univ.)
Takeshi MINAMI (Sch. Sci. Eng., Kinki Univ.)
Makoto YANAGA (Fac. Sci., Shizuoka Univ. )Hiroyuki YASUI (Kyoto Pharm. Univ )Shozo YOSHIDA (Nara Med. Univ. )Masuo KONDOH (Showa Pharm. Univ. )Kenichiro MATSUMOTO (Natl. Inst. Health, USA )Shigeo UCHIDA (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.- )316 Kohshin WASHIYAMA (Fac. Med., Kanazawa Univ. )Shin WATANABE (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency )Hiroyuki YASUI (Kyoto Pharm. Univ )Shozo YOSHIDA (Nara Med. Univ. )Masuo KONDOH (Showa Pharm. Univ. )Kenichiro MATSUMOTO (Natl. Inst. Health, USA )Shigeo UCHIDA (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci. )Kohshin WASHIYAMA (Fac. Med., Kanazawa Univ. )Shin WATANABE (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency )Research Consultants
Yasuyuki GONO
Student Trainees
Hiroyuki AONO (Grad. Sch. Sci.,Tokyo Univ.)
Ayaka AZUMA (Internat. Chirstian Univ.)
Shin-nosuke ISHIKAWA (Grad. Sch. Sci.,Tokyo Univ.)
Sho OKUYAMA (Grad. Sch. Sci.,Tokyo Univ.)
Hirokazu ODAKA (Grad. Sch. Sci.,Tokyo Univ.)
Terumi KATORI (Showa Women's Univ. )Nobuko SAJI (Showa Women's Univ. )Mayumi SHIBANUMA (Showa Women's Univ. )Shinichiro TAKEDA (Grad. Sch. Sci.,Tokyo Univ.)
Secretary
Naoko HIROMURA- 317 -

㪪㪸㪽㪼㫋㫐㩷㪤㪸㫅㪸㪾㪼㫄㪼㫅㫋㩷㪞㫉㫆㫌㫇㩷
1. Abstract
The Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science possesses one of the biggest accelerator facilities in theworld which consists of a heavy-ion linear accelerator and 5 cyclotrons. Uranium ions are accelerated here onlyin Japan. Our function is to keep the radiation level in and around the facility below the allowable limit and tocontrol the exposure on the workers as low as reasonably achievable. We are also involved in the safety
management of the Radioisotope Center where many types of experiments are performed with sealed andunsealed radioisotopes.
2. Major Research Subjects(1)Safety management at radiation facilities of Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science(2)Safety management at Radioisotope Center(3)Radiation shielding design and development of accelerator safety systems
3. Summary of Research Activity
The Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science possesses one of the biggest accelerator facilities in theworld which consists of a heavy-ion linear accelerator and 5 cyclotrons. Uranium ions are accelerated here onlyin Japan. Our function is to keep the radiation level in and around the facility below the allowable limit and tocontrol the exposure on the workers as low as reasonably achievable. We are also involved in the safety
management of the Radioisotope Center where many types of experiments are performed with sealed andunsealed radioisotopes.

Head
Yoshitomo UWAMINO
Members
Shin FUJITA
Rieko HIGURASHI HIRUNUMA
Hisao SAKAMOTO
Technical Staff I
Atsuko HIRIGOME
Assistant
Tomomi OKAYASU
Contract Officer
Hiroki MUKAI
Contract Officer
Satoshi HASHIGUCHI
Visiting Scientists
Koji OHISHI
Secretary
Tsutomu YAMAKI
Kazushiro NAKANO
Kimie IGARASHI
Yoshiko SATOU
Tsukasa SUZUKI- 318 -

Hiroki MUKAI
Contract Officer
Satoshi HASHIGUCHI
Visiting Scientists
Koji OHISHI
Secretary
Tsutomu YAMAKI
Kazushiro NAKANO
Kimie IGARASHI
Yoshiko SATOU
Tsukasa SUZUKI- 319 -

㪩㪠㪢㪜㪥㪄㪙㪥㪣㩷㪩㪼㫊㪼㪸㫉㪺㪿㩷㪚㪼㫅㫋㪼㫉㩷 㩷㪜㫏㫇㪼㫉㫀㫄㪼㫅㫋㪸㫃㩷㪞㫉㫆㫌㫇㩷
1. Abstract
The RIKEN BNL Research Center (RBRC), Experiment Group studies the internal spin structure of the
proton, using the first polarized proton collider at Brookhaven, RHIC, which has been promoted with RIKEN'sleadership. The group leads and participates in three general areas: developing the world's highest energy
polarized proton beams, developing probes of the proton's spin content, and seeking a global understanding of
all proton spin data. For the proton beam, the group has developed two new methods to measuring the proton
beam polarization at high energy, one using proton-Carbon Coulomb Nuclear Interference and the other using
very forward neutron asymmetry discovered by our own. Recent data analysis has shown that the proton spin
carried by gluons is indeed small, which is a very striking finding beyond our expectations. With collaboration
with the BELLE experiment at High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), we have discoveredthat quark fragments can determine the spin direction of the mother quark. RHIC stands for Relativistic Heavy
Ion Collider, aiming also to create Quark Gluon Plasma, the state of Universe just after the Big Bang. Until now,
jet quenching effect and elliptic flows of produced particles are discovered, which have proven that the newstate of dense matter is indeed created. We are proceeding to understand the nature of this matter.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Experimental Studies of the Spin Structure of the Nucleon(2) Study of Quark-Gluon Plasma at RHIC
(3) Global QCD Analysis of the Spin Structure of the Nucleon
3. Summary of Research Activity
How is the spin of proton formed with 3 quarks and gluons? This is a very fundamental question in QCD,
Quantum Chromo dynamics. The RHIC Spin Project has been established as an international collaboration
between RIKEN and Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), to solve this problem by colliding two polarized
protons for the first time in history. This also extended the physics capability of RHIC, Relativistic Heavy Ion
Collider in BNL. At RHIC, Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) is to be created by colliding two gold nuclei, throughwhich we can study the state of the early Universe just after the Big Bang. In December 2001, polarized
protons were successfully accelerated to 100 GeV, and collisions of transversely polarized protons wereobserved. Since then the spin experiment is on going.
The RIKEN-BNL Research Center was established in 1997 to support the RIKEN activities at RHIC in BNL,
and also to promote theoretical studies related to RHIC, i.e. theories of strong interaction. The center’s first
director was T. D. Lee (Columbia University), and in October 2003, the former director of BNL, N.P. Samios,
succeeded to the post of director. The center consists of a theory group lead by L. Mclerran (BNL) and an
experimental group lead by H. En'yo, Chief scientist of RIKEN in Wako, who also is an associate director of
RBRC.㩷
(1) 㩷 Experimental study of spin structure of proton using RHIC polarized proton collider
The first goal of the study of spin structure of proton at RHIC is to elucidate a contribution of the gluon spinin the proton spin. So far we have presented double-helicity asymmetries of neutral pions, and shown that thegluon polarization in the proton is small and the sum of gluon-spin contribution and quark-spin contribution
cannot explain the total spin 1/2 of the proton spin. The remaining part must reside in the orbital-angularmomentum of quarks and gluons. To finalize the smallness of the gluon-spin contribution, we need to measure
the golden channel, direct-photon production, which is dominated by a single and the simplest process, gluon
Compton process, in the perturbative QCD. We have been accumulating longitudinally-polarized proton- 320 -

collision data to measure the double-helicity asymmetry of the direct-photon production. We have also
accumulating transversely-polarized proton collision data to measure single transverse-spin asymmetries ofprocesses which are predicted to be sensitive to the orbital-angular momentum of quarks and gluons.
In 2007 summer (June-July), the second data-analysis workshop of the PHENIX collaboration, so-called“Spin Fest”, was held at RIKEN. More than 30 people from 5 countries in the world (USA, Korea, China,
Holland and Japan) got together at RIKEN for active discussions and effective data analyses. Major outcomes
were the double-helicity asymmetries of the neutral pion productions at 200 GeV and 62.4 GeV center-of-massenergy collisions, and single transverse-spin asymmetry of forward neutral pions at 62.4 GeV, using the
2006-run data event-reconstructed at RIKEN CC-J. The preliminary results have been presented at international
conferences as the latest results of the PHENIX experiment.
Since the RHIC operation in 2008 was shortened by the DOE budget problem there was a polarized-proton
collisions for only about one-month long. The RHIC accelerator achieved 2.3x1031/cm2/s of the averageluminosity and 45% of the average beam polarization at the center-of-mass energy of 200 GeV. Achieved
luminosity was higher than that in 2006, but it was found that the higher luminosity made the polarization
lower than that achieved in 2006. This was an issue to be solved for higher luminosity and higher polarizationin the future. In 2008, we collected data with transversely-polarized proton collisions at 200 GeV to investigate
single transverse-spin asymmetries of pion pairs to be visible with the interference fragmentation function, andthe two-jet angular correlation. The PHENIX experiment recorded the data corresponding to 4.5 inverse
picobarn of the integrated luminosity in 2008 which was about twice larger than that in 2006, and the figure of
merit evaluated with the lower polarization was about comparable. All the physics data in the 2008 run weretransferred to RIKEN CC-J in almost real-time via the network between US and Japan. These data will bepromptly event-reconstructed and analyzed at RIKEN CC-J.
(2) 㩷 Experimental study of Quark-Gluon Plasma using RHIC heavy-ion collider
The goal of high energy heavy ion physics at RHIC is study of QCD in extreme conditions i.e. at very hightemperature and at very high energy density. Experimental results from RHIC have established that dense
partonic matter is formed in Au+Au collisions at RHIC. The focus of the research program is now moving
towards measurement of the properties of the matter.
From the fall of 2007 to the spring of 2008, RHIC had its 8th year RUN (RUN8). The first part of RUN8 was
deuteron + gold (d+Au) collision experiment. PHENIX recorded very high statistics d+Au data during RUN8,
about 30 times of the previous d+Au run in year 2003. From the d+Au data we can study the cold nuclear effect,in particular that on J/Psi production, a key probe of Quark Gluon plasma.
The main results of PHENIX that are published in 2007 are as follows.
1) Measurements of electron pairs in p+p and Au+Au.
Electron pairs are measured in p+p and Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=200 GeV by PHENIX experiment.
In p+p collisions, the measured mass distribution is well explained by the contribution of light meson decays
for the mass region less than 1 GeV. The mass spectrum above 1 GeV is dominated by correlated decay ofcharm and anit-charm mesons. From the yield of the electron pair continuum above 1 GeV, the total charm
production cross section is deduced. The obtained cross section is in good agreement with the measurementfrom single electrons. In Au+Au collisions, a strong enhancement of electron pair yield above the expectationfrom light hadron contribution is observed for mass below 1 GeV.
2) J/Psi measurements in d+Au and Cu+Cu
Cold nuclear effects in J/PSI production in d+Au collisions are studied. The d+Au data were re-analyzed andcompared with higher statistics p+p data. From the comparison, J/Psi break-up cross section in cold nuclear
matter is determined. The final results of J/Psi production in Cu+Cu collision from year 2005 run of RHIC has
been published.

- 321 -

3) High pT3)pi0
measurement
and constraints
on theory. on theory.
HighpT pi0 measurement
and constraints
PHENIX measured
pi0 production
at high pTatinhigh
Au+Au
200 GeV.
The GeV.
new measurement
has
PHENIX measured
pi0 production
pT incollision
Au+Auatcollisionat 200The new measurement
has
more than more
10 timesofstatistics
oftheprevious
publishedresults
andextendthemeasured
pT
range
to
20
GeV/c.
than 10 times of statistics of the previous published results and extend the measured pT range to 20 GeV/c.
The measurementsshows thatshows
the pi0that
production
is stronglyissuppressed,
by about aby
factorofafive,forofhigh
The measurements
the pi0 production
strongly suppressed,
about
factorfive,pT.
for high pT.
The suppression
is consistent
with that highandquarks
gluonsandlosegluons
significant
amount ofamounttheir of their
The suppression
is consistent
with pT
thatscatteredhigh pT quarks
scatteredlose significant
energies inenergies
the dense
matterformedinthecollision.
The
suppression
patterns
arecomparedwiththetheoryin the dense matter formed in the collision. The suppression patterns are compared with the theory
calculationsof parton ofenergyloss.
Formloss.
the Formcomparison,quantitative
constraintsconstraints
on the parametersof thecalculations
partonenergythe comparison,quantitativeon the parametersof thetheories aretheories
obtained.
are obtained.
(3) PHENIX
detector(3) PHENIXupgrade
detector upgrade
A silicon vertex
tracker(VTX)
is (VTX)
the firstisofthe
major
PHENIX.
The detector
be will be
A siliconvertextrackerfirst upgradeof majordetectors
upgrade fordetectors
for PHENIX.
Thewilldetector
jointly constructed
by RIKENby
andthe US/DOE.
VTX Theconsisted
two innerof pixel
jointly constructed
RIKEN
and the The
US/DOE.
VTX ofconsistedof layers
two inner
layersdetectorsof pixeland
detectors andtwo outer twolayersof
strip
detectors.
The
main
pointsofprogress
in
2007
are
as
follows:
1)
The
US
side
of
the
outer layers of strip detectors. The main points of progress in 2007 are as follows: 1) The US side of the
project hasproject
been approved
the construction
has startedhas
in started
2007.The
total budgetof budgetthe US ofsidehas been andapproved
and the construction
in 2007.The
total
theofUStheside of the
project is 4.7
MUS
dollars
over
four
years
(FY07
to
FY10)
2)
A
cosmic
ray
test
of
final
prototypeofthe pixelof the pixel
project is 4.7 M US dollars over four years (FY07 to FY10) 2) A cosmic ray test of final prototype
system was
performed.
Clear tracksof tracks
cosmicofrays
are observed
three layersof layers
pixel detectors.
3)
systemwas performed.
Clear
cosmicrays are byobserved
by threeof pixel detectors.
3)
ProductionProductionof all componentsof the pixelofsystem(thesystemsensor(themodules,
pixel buses,
SPIRO
read-outof all components
the pixel
sensor themodules,
the pixel
buses,SPIROboard)
read-out board)
has started.has4) started.
Fabricationand the test
thetestsecondprototypeof read-outofcardof thecard
stripofsystem,4) Fabrication
andoftheof thesecond prototype
read-out
the stripROC-2,
system, ROC-2,
were completed.
Thefabrication
and
the
test
of
the
third
and
final
prototype,ROC-3,
isunderway.
5)
were completed. The fabrication and the test of the third and final prototype, ROC-3, is underway.
5)
MechanicalMechanicaland engineering
work of thework
VTXofsystem
is underway.
The FEM analysis
the mechanicalsystem systemand engineering
the VTX
system is underway.
The FEMofanalysisof the mechanicalhas been completed
and the first
prototypemechanicalstave of thestave
pixelofsystemwassystem
fabricated.
has been completed
and
the first of
prototypeof mechanicalthe pixel
was fabricated.
Several otherdetector
upgradeprojectsof
PHENIXisunderway.
FVTX,
aforwardsiliconvertexdetector,
Several other detector upgrade projects of PHENIX is underway. FVTX, a forward
siliconvertex detector,
was proposed
DOE. After
two roundsof reviews,
project
hasproject
been approved
its construction
will
was toproposed
to DOE.
After tworounds ofFVTX
reviews,
FVTX
has been andapproved
and its construction
willstart soon.start
Another
project,
nose-cone
calorimeter
is
in
the
final
stage
of
the
review/
approval
process.
A
soon. Another project, nose-cone calorimeter is in the final stage of the review / approval process. A
trigger system
upgradeis underway.
RIKEN/RBRC
is participatingin the muon
project
andproject
also and also
triggersystemproject
upgradeproject is underway.
RIKEN/RBRC
is participatingin trigger
the muon
trigger
supports thenose cone
calorimeter
upgrade. Prototype
trigger
electronics
is tested atisPHENIX
2007. in 2007.
supports
the nosecone calorimeter
upgrade. muonPrototypemuon
trigger electronics
tested atin
PHENIXGroup Leader
Group Leader
Hideto EN'YO
Hideto EN'YO
Deputy Group
Leader
DeputyGroup Leader
Gerry M. BUNCE
Gerry M. BUNCE
Members Members
Yuji GOTO
Yuji GOTO
Takashi ICHIHARA
Takashi ICHIHARA
Atsushi TAKETANI
Atsushi TAKETANI
Yasushi WATANABE
Yasushi WATANABE
Yasuyuki AKIBA
Yasuyuki AKIBA
Itaru NAKAGAWA
Itaru NAKAGAWA
Abhay DESHPANDE*2
Abhay DESHPANDE*2
Douglas Edward
FIELDS*2
DouglasEdward FIELDS*2
Matthias GROSSMatthiasPERDEKAMP*2
GROSS PERDEKAMP*2
Kensuke OKADA*2
Kensuke OKADA*2
David KAWALL*2
David KAWALL*2
Wei XIE*2Wei XIE*2
Ralf-Christian SEIDL*2
Stefan BATHE*2
Patricia LIEBING*3
Nobuyuki KAMIHARA*4
Manabu TOGAWA*4
Kazuya Aoki (Kyoto-U)*5- 322 -

Ralf-Christian SEIDL*2
Stefan BATHE*2
Patricia LIEBING*3
Nobuyuki KAMIHARA*4
Manabu TOGAWA*4
Kazuya Aoki (Kyoto-U)*5
Kohei Syoji (Kyoto-U)*5
Ken'ichi Nakano (T.I.Tech)*5
Jun Tamura (T.I.Tech)*5
TadaAki Isobe (CNS-U-Tokyo)*5
Yorito Tamaguchi(CNS-U-Tokyo)*5
Misaki Ouchida (Hiroshima-U)*5
Kentaro Miki (Tsukuba-U)*5
Visiting Members
Naohito SAITO (KEK)
Zheng LEE (BNL)
Ralf-Christian SEIDLE(DESY)
Kiyoshi TANIDA (Kyoto Univ.)
Akio OGAWA (BNL)
Seiji Dairaku(Kyoto-U)*6
Kenichi Karatsu (Kyoto-U)*7
Koichi Sakashita (T.I.Tech)*7
Takashi Kanesue (Kyusyu-U)*7*1RIKEN BNL Fellow, *2 RHIC Physics Fellow,*3 Research Associate,*4 Special Postdoctoral Researcher, *5 Junior Research Associate, *6 JSPS Student, *7 Student trainee- 323 -

㪩㪠㪢㪜㪥㪄㪙㪥㪣㩷㪩㪼㫊㪼㪸㫉㪺㪿㩷㪚㪼㫅㫋㪼㫉㩷 㩷㪫㪿㪼㫆㫉㫐㩷㪞㫉㫆㫌㫇㩷
1. Abstract
The RIKEN BNL Research Center was established in April 1997 at Brookhaven National Laboratory in New
York, USA. The Center is dedicated to study of strong interactions, including hard QCD/spin physics, lattice
QCD and RHIC physics through nurturing of a new generation of young physicist. The theory group consists ofthree sub groups: numerical lattice QCD, perturbative QCD and phenomenological QCD. In JFY2004, thenumerical lattice QCD group built a 10 TFlops QCDOC parallel supercomputer dedicated for the first-principle
non-perturbative calculations of QCD. It pioneered the use of the domain-wall fermion method in QCD and weinvestigate various hadron physics including an important calculation of neutral Kaon CP-violations that isrelevant for checking the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa theory. The perturbative QCD group has developed
various new methods required for studying hadron structures, especially in spin physics research. The
phenomenological QCD group has pioneered the researches of color superconductivity, isospin density, andsmall-x phenomena in extreme hadronic matters.
2. Major Research Subjects(1) Perturbative QCD(2) Lattice QCD numerical research(3) Phenomenological QCD
3. Summary of Research Activity
The RIKEN-BNL Research Center was established in 1997 to support the RIKEN activities at RHIC in BNL,
and also to promote theoretical studies related to RHIC, i.e. theories of strong interaction. The center’s first
director was T. D. Lee (Columbia University), and in October 2003, the former director of BNL, N.P. Samios,
succeeded to the post of director. The center consists of a theory group lead by L. Mclerran (BNL) and an
experimental group lead by H. En'yo, Chief scientist of RIKEN in Wako, who also is an associate director of
RBRC.
Research in the RBRC theory group focuses on a wide variety of phenomena caused by the strong interaction,
one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. The strong interaction is described theoretically by Quantum
Chromodynamics (QCD), and the research projects in the RBRC theory group aim to elucidate various
phenomena brought about by the strong interaction from the principles of QCD. Major subjects of our research
include studies (a) based on lattice QCD, (b) on spin physics based on perturbative QCD, and (c) on QCD in
extreme conditions such as high temperature, high density or high energy. RBRC offers RHIC Physics
Fellowships, allowing joint appointments with universities. These Fellowships enable a talented researcher tomaintain a tenure track position at his/her university as well as a Fellow position at RBRC for a certain periodof time. This system was established in order to increase the research potential of RBRC and to disseminate its
research activities and results. At present, RBRC has cooperative agreements with BNL, Columbia University,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Texas A&M
University, Purdue University, Iowa State University, Kanazawa University, and University of Tsukuba.
(1) Lattice QCDQCDOC (QCD on chip), a second-generation lattice-QCD computer, was developed in the collaboration
amongst this group, Columbia University and IBM. Three units of such a machine with 10 TFlops computing
power are in operation since 2005; two in BNL (RBRC and DOE) and one in Edinburgh (UK-QCD), andformed a world-wide strong collaboration for the lattice QCD studies. Such computing power enables us toperform precise calculations with 3 quark flavors with proper handling on the chiral symmetry breaking.

- 324 -

Severalareprojects
are flavor
on going;
flavorfor B-meson,
Kaon and electro-magnetic
B-meson, electro-magnetic
Several projects
on going;
physics
forphysics
Kaon andproperties propertiesof hadrons,of hadrons,
protonnuclearforce,form
nucleonformwhichfactorswhich
to theprotonspin QCD
problem, QCD
proton decay,
thedecay,
nucleartheforce,
nucleonfactors
relates
to relates
the proton
spin
problem,thermodynamics
in finite temperature/density
as isinproduced
in RHIC collisions.
heavy-ion collisions.
thermodynamics
in finite temperature/density
systems as systems
is produced
RHIC heavy-ion(2) Perturbative
QCDphysics
and spin physics(2) Perturbative
QCD and spin
Theyears
first runningfew yearsof RHIC
spin experiment
have much
motivatedmuch theoreticaldevelopments
The first few
of running
RHIC spin
experiment
have motivatedtheoreticaldevelopments
in 2006. in 2006.
Forinexample,
order totheinterpretspin asymmetry
measurements
various atprocesses
at RHIC, theFor example,
order to ininterpret
double thespindouble
asymmetrymeasurementsfor variousforprocesses
RHIC, theglobalfrom
analysesfromseveralgroupslast theyyear, allandfoundthey theall foundthe largegluon
positive gluon
global analyses
severalgroupshavebeen havemadebeen
last madeyear, andlarge positive
polarizationis
disfavored
from
the
RHIC
results.
Meanwhile,
there
has
been
progressintransverse
spin physics.
polarization is disfavored from the RHIC results. Meanwhile, there has been progress in transverse spin physics.
A non-universality
property
for the transverse
parton distribution
in theA non-universality
property was
foundwasfor foundthe transverse
momentummomentum
dependent dependent
parton distribution
in thedijet-correlationin proton-protonof bothstate interactions
dijet-correlationin proton-proton
scattering, scattering,
because ofbecause
both initial
andinitial
final andstate final
interactions
effects. effects.
Azimuthal
asymmetric
distributionofhadrons
insideahighenergyjetathadroncollider
has
been
as a
Azimuthal asymmetric distribution of hadrons inside a high energy jet at hadron collider has been proposed asproposedaprobe
fortransversity
the quark transversity
distribution.
probe for thequark
distribution.
(3) Phenomenological
QCD
- QCD
under
extreme conditions(3) Phenomenological
QCD - QCD
under
extremeconditions
Toa establish
a microscopic
picture of relativistic
heavy ion collisions,areTo establish
microscopic
picture of relativistic
heavy ion collisions,
QCD-basedQCD-based
theoretical theoretical
approachesapproaches
areprogress. Especiallyidea glassof “colorglass condensation(CGC)”
can tobeunderstanda key to understandin progress.in Especiallythe idea ofthe“colorcondensation(CGC)” canbe a key
the initial the initialconditionof heavy
ion collision.
We adiscussed
possiblebetween
relationCGC
betweenand theelliptic
condition ofheavy ion
collision.
We discussed
possible arelation
and CGC
the elliptic
flow
of flow ofparticles
was discoveredat RHIC.
Other phenomenologicalare intoprogressto understandtheparticles which
was whichdiscoveredat RHIC. Other
phenomenologicalapproachesapproaches
are in progressunderstandthecharacteristics
strongly interacting
gluon
plasma (sQGP).
characteristics
of stronglyof
interacting
quark gluonquark
plasma(sQGP).

Group Leader
Group Leader
Larry McLERRAN
Larry McLERRAN
DeputyGroup Leader
Deputy Group
LeaderAnthony J.Anthony
BALTZ J. BALTZMembers Members
DAWSON*1
ChristopherChristopher
DAWSON*1
Yasumichi
AOKI*1
Yasumichi AOKI*1
Thomas BLUM*2
Thomas BLUM*2
Denes MOLNAR*2
Denes MOLNAR*2
Kirill TUCHIN*2
Kirill TUCHIN*2
Fries RAINER*2
Fries RAINER*2
Tomomi ISHIKAWA*3
Tomomi ISHIKAWA*3
Feng YUAN*2
Feng YUAN*2

Agnes MOCSY*3
Agnes MOCSY*3Marquet CYRILLE*3
Marquet CYRILLE*3
Lichtl ADAM*3
Lichtl ADAM*3
Kenji FUKUSHIMA*4
Kenji FUKUSHIMA*4HIDAKA*4
YoshimasaYoshimasa
HIDAKA*4
Peter PETRECZKY*1
Peter PETRECZKY*1
Taku IZUBUCHI*2
Taku IZUBUCHI*2
Shinya AOKI*2
Shinya AOKI*2
Derek TEANEY*2
Derek TEANEY*2
Visiting Members
Visiting Members
Miklos GYULASSY (Columbia Univ., USA)
Robert L. JAFFE (Massachusetts Inst. Technol., USA)
Robert MAWHINNEY (Columbia Univ., USA)
Edward SHURYAK (State Univ. New York,Brook, USA)- 325Stony
Shigemi OHTA (KEK)Yoshitaka HATTA (Kyoto University)Miklos GYULASSY (Columbia Univ., USA)
Robert L. JAFFE (Massachusetts Inst. Technol., USA)
Robert MAWHINNEY (Columbia Univ., USA)
Edward SHURYAK (State Univ. New York, Stony Brook, USA)
Shigemi OHTA (KEK)Yoshitaka HATTA (Kyoto University)
Kei IIDA(Kochi Univ.)
Tetsufumi HIRANO (Columbia University)
Lin HUEY-WEN 㧔Columbia University㧕
Masakiyo KITAZAWA (Osaka University) 
Administration
Pamela ESPOSITO (Secretary)
Doris RUEGER (Assistant)
Taeko ITO (Secretary)
Susan FOSTER (Secretary)
Administrative Manager
Yoshio OKUIZUMI, Hiroshi MIYAMOTO
Deputy Administrative Manager
Ryosuke MARUYAMA*1RIKEN BNL Fellow, *2 RHIC Physics Fellow,*3 Research Associate, *4 Special Postdoctoral Researcher,- 326 -

VI．LIST OF PUBLICATIONS & PRESENTATIONRNCDirector’s OfficePublications
Publications[][Journal](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Sugimoto T., Nakamura T., Fukuda N., Miura M.,
Kondo Y., Aoi N., Baba H., Bazin D., Gomi T.,
Hasegawa H., Hashimoto Y., Imai N., Kobayashi T.,
Kubo T., Motobayashi T., Ohara M., Saito A., Sakurai
H., Shimoura S., Attukalathil V. M., Watanabe K.,
Watanabe Y., Yakushiji T., Yanagisawa Y., Yoneda K.,
and Ishihara M.: “Invariant-mass spectroscopy of theneutron-drip line nucleus 14 Be”, J. Phys.: Con. Ser.
49, 43–44 (2006).
Asahi K., Uchida M., Shimada K., Nagae D., Kameda D.,
Ueno H., Yoshimi A., Takemura M., Arai T., Takase
K., Inoue T., Kawamura H., Murata J., Watanabe H.,
Haseyama T., Kobayashi Y., Umeya A., and Ishihara
M.: “Structure of unstable nuclei from nuclear moments
and decays”, J. Phys.: Con. Ser. 49, 79–84 (2006).
Kidera M., Takahashi K., Enomoto S., Mitsubori Y., GotoA., and Yano Y.: “Development of a novel mass spectrometer equipped with an electron cyclotron resonanceion source”, Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 13, 239–248(2007).
Kidera M., Takahashi K., Enomoto S., Goto A., and YanoY.: “New fragment ion production method using supercold electrons in electron cyclotron resonance plasma”,
Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 13, 355–358 (2007).
Motomura S., Enomoto S., Haba H., Igarashi K., Gono Y.,
and Yano Y.: “Gamma-Ray Compton Imaging of Multitracer in Biological Samples using Strip Germanium
Telescope”, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 54, No. 3, pp.
710–717 (2007).
Ryuto H., Hasebe H., Fukunishi N., Abe T., Goto A.,
Kase M., and Yano Y.: “Charge-stripping foil changer
with energy adjuster function”, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 581, No. 3, pp. 586–588 (2007).
Yano Y.: “The RIKEN RI Beam Factory Project:A status
report”, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 261,
1009–1013 (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Takemura M., Yoshimi
A., Haseyama T., Uchida M., Shimada K., Nagae D.,
Kijima G., Arai T., Takase K., Suda S., Inoue T.,
Murata J., Kawamura H., Kobayashi Y., Watanabe
H., and Ishihara M.: “Measurement of the electric
quadrupole moment of 32 Al”, Phys. Lett. B 647, 93–97(2007).
Shimoura S., Ota S., Demichi K., Aoi N., Baba H., Elekes
Z., Fukuchi T., Gomi T., Hasegawa K., Ideguchi E.,
Ishihara M., Iwasa N., Iwasaki H., Kanno S., Kubono S.,
Kurita K., Kurokawa M., Matsuyama Y., Michimasa S.,
Miller K. L., Minemura T., Motobayashi T., MurakamiT., Notani M., Odahara A., Saito A., Sakurai H.,
Takeshita E., Takeuchi S., Tamaki M., Teranishi T.,

Yamada K., Yanagisawa Y., and Hamamoto I.: “Life12
time of the isomeric 0+
Be”, Phys. Lett. B
2 state in654, 87–91 (2007).
Sugimoto T., Nakamura T., Kondo Y., Aoi N., Baba
H., Bazin D. P., Fukuda N., Gomi T., Hasegawa
H., Imai N., Ishihara M., Kobayashi T., Kubo T.,
Miura M., Motobayashi T., Otsu H., Saito A., Sakurai
H., Shimoura S., Vinodkumar A. M., Watanabe K.,
Watanabe Y., Yakushiji T., Yanagisawa Y., and Yoneda
K.: “The ﬁrst 2+ state of 14 Be”, Phys. Lett. B 654,
160–164 (2007).
Notani M., Sakurai H., Aoi N., Iwasaki H., Fukuda N., Liu
Z., Yoneda K., Ogawa H., Teranishi T., Nakamura T.,
Okuno H., Yoshida A., Watanabe Y., Momota S., Inabe
N., Kubo T., Ito S., Ozawa A., Suzuki T., Tanihata I.,
and Ishihara M.: “Projectile fragmentation reaction andproduction of nuclei near the neutron drip line”, Phys.
Rev. C 76, 044605-1–044605-15 (2007).
[Book•Proceedings][
Proc.](Original Papers)*Subject to Peer Review

Yano Y.: “Status of the riken RIB factory”, Proceedings of
22nd Biennial Particle Accelerator Conference (PAC07),
Albuquerque, USA, 2007–6, IEEE, Washington D.C, pp.
700–702 (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Takemura M., Nagae
D., Shimada K., Yoshimi A., Kobayashi Y., HaseyamaT., Uchida M., Takase K., Arai T., Inoue T., Suda S.,
Murata J., Kawamura H., Watanabe H., and Ishihara
M.: “Nuclear moment measurements of Neutron-rich
Aluminum Isotopes Using Spin-Polarized RI beams:
Determination of the Boundary of the ”Island of
Inversion””, Proceedings of the 17th International
Spin Physics Symposium (SPIN2006), Tokyo, 2006–10,
American Institute of Physics, New York, pp. 845–848(2007).
Stingelin L.,,,,:“Study of new ﬂat-top resonator for the RIKEN Ring
3
31
Cyclotron”,,, 2006–8,,, pp. 889–891 (2006).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
RIBF
”,
4
32
,
, 2007–8,
4
32,, pp. 194–196 (2007).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations()(International
Conference etc.)

Sugimoto T., Nakamura T., Fukuda N., Miura M.,
Kondo Y., Aoi N., Baba H., Bazin D., Gomi T.,
Hasegawa H., Hashimoto Y., Imai N., Kobayashi T.,
Kubo T., Motobayashi T., Ohara M., Saito A., Sakurai
H., Shimoura S., Attukalathil V. M., Watanabe K.,
Watanabe Y., Yakushiji T., Yanagisawa Y., Yoneda K.,

1- 327 -

and Ishihara M.: “Invariant-mass spectroscopy of theneutron-drip line nucleus 14 Be”, International Symposium on Structure of Exotic Nuclei and Nuclear Forces(SENUF06), (CNS and RIKEN), Tokyo, Mar. (2006).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Yoshimi A., HaseyamaT., Kobayashi Y., Ishihara M., Nagae D., Takemura M.,
Shimada K., Uchida M., Arai T., Takase K., Inoue T.,
Kijima G., Suda S., Murata J., Kawamura H., Narota
K., Toyoda T., and Watanabe H.: “Electric quadrupole
moments of neutron-rich nuclei 32 Al and 31 Al”, International Symposium & School on Frontiers and Perspectives of Nuclear and Hadron Physics (FPNH07), (Tokyo
Institute of Technology), Tokyo, June (2007).
Ryuto H., Hasebe H., Yokouchi S., Fukunishi N., Goto A.,
Kase M., and Yano Y.: “Charge strippers for acceleration of uranium beam at RIKEN RI-beam factory”, 18th
International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications (Cyclotrons 2007), (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare), Giardini Naxos, Italy, Sept.–Oct. (2007).
((Domestic) Conference)
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
32Al
–
20
–”,
2007
,
, 3 (2007).
,,,,, Bazin D.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, Attukalathil V. M.,
,
,
,
,
: “
14
Be
”,
,
, 4 (2007).
,,,, Attukalathil V. M.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, Bazin
,
,
,
,
,
D.,
,
,
: “
14
Be
”, SPring-8,(JASRI),, 7 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
RIBF
”,
4
32
,
, 8 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
: “Operational Status of the He Cooling System for
RIKEN SRC”,
432,, 8 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
RI
fRC
”,
4
32
,
, 8 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “

”,
32

4
,

,8

(2007).

2- 328 -

RNC
Accelerator
Development Group,

Publications
Publications

,

,
32

[
]
[Journal](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

,

,
”,

: “
4
,

,8

(2007).

Saito F., Nagashima Y., Goto A., Iwaki M., TakahashiN., Oka T., Inoue T., and Hyodo T.: “Electrochemicaltransfer of 18F from 18O water to aprotic polar solvent”,
Appl. Radiat. Isot. 65, 524–527 (2007).
Ohnishi J., Nakagawa T., Higurashi Y., Kidera M., Saito
H., and Goto A.: “Design of magnet system for RIKEN
superconducting ECR ion source”, High Energy Physics
And Nuclear Physcis 31, No. Suppl. 1, pp. 37–40(2007).
Ryuto H., Hasebe H., Fukunishi N., Abe T., Goto A.,
Kase M., and Yano Y.: “Charge-stripping foil changer
with energy adjuster function”, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 581, No. 3, pp. 586–588 (2007).
[Book•Proceedings][
Proc.](Original Papers)*Subject to Peer Review

Stingelin L.,,,,:“Study of new ﬂat-top resonator for the RIKEN Ring
3
31
Cyclotron”,,, 2006–8,,, pp. 889–891 (2006).
,,,,: “ECR”,
4
32,,, pp. 745–747 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
RIBF
”,
4
32
,
, 2007–8,
4
32,, pp. 194–196 (2007).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations()(International
Conference etc.)

Ryuto H., Hasebe H., Yokouchi S., Fukunishi N., Goto A.,
Kase M., and Yano Y.: “Charge strippers for acceleration of uranium beam at RIKEN RI-beam factory”, 18th
International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications (Cyclotrons 2007), (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare), Giardini Naxos, Italy, Sept.–Oct. (2007).
((Domestic) Conference)
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
RIBF
”,
4
32
,
, 8 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
RI
fRC
”,
4
32
,
, 8 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,

1

- 329 -

RNC
Accelerator Team,,,

Publications
Publications

,
,

,

,
,
, Pokhil G. P.,,: “[Journal][](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

,(

),

”,
48
, 11 (2007).

Ohnishi J., Nakagawa T., Higurashi Y., Kidera M., Saito
H., and Goto A.: “Design of magnet system for RIKEN
superconducting ECR ion source”, High Energy Physics
And Nuclear Physcis 31, No. Suppl. 1, pp. 37–40(2007).
Hayashi T., Koike S., Higami N., Hirabayashi K., Matsuba
H., Ogiwara K., and Yagi E.: “Lattice location of hydrogen in β 1 -V2 H (tetragonal)”, J. Alloys Compounds
446/447, 512–515 (2007).
Sekiguchi K., Sakai H., Sakamoto N., Kuboki H., Sasano
M., Takahashi Y., Yako K., Kawabata T., Maeda
Y., Sakaguchi S., Sasamoto Y., Suda K., Uesaka T.,
Okamura H., Itoh K., and Wakasa T.: “Study of Spin� Breakup Reactions
Parts of Three Nucleon Forces via dp
at Intermediate Energies”, Nucl. Phys. A 790, 450c–
453c (2007).
[
Proc.][Book•Proceedings](Original Papers)*Subject to Peer Review

Stingelin L.,,,,:“Study of new ﬂat-top resonator for the RIKEN Ring
3
31
Cyclotron”,,, 2006–8,,, pp. 889–891 (2006).
,,,,: “ECR”,
4
32,,, pp. 745–747 (2007).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations) Conference)((Domestic
,

,

,

,

,

,
,
, Pokhil G. P.,

”,

32

,

,

: “
,

,8
,

,
: “
4
,

”,

(2007).

,

,

,
32

,8
,

(2007).
,
,
,

,

,
,
,

32
(2007).
,
,
: “

,

,
,
”,

9

,

fRC

,
,

,

RI

,

,
,
,
”,

,
,
: “
4
,

,8

,
,
, Pokhil G. P.,

,

62

,

,

(2007).

1- 330 -RNC
Ion Source Team
Publications
Publications[][Journal](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Kidera M., Takahashi K., Enomoto S., Mitsubori Y., GotoA., and Yano Y.: “Development of a novel mass spectrometer equipped with an electron cyclotron resonanceion source”, Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 13, 239–248(2007).
Kidera M., Takahashi K., Enomoto S., Goto A., and YanoY.: “New fragment ion production method using supercold electrons in electron cyclotron resonance plasma”,
Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 13, 355–358 (2007).
Ohnishi J., Nakagawa T., Higurashi Y., Kidera M., Saito
H., and Goto A.: “Design of magnet system for RIKEN
superconducting ECR ion source”, High Energy Physics
And Nuclear Physcis 31, No. Suppl. 1, pp. 37–40(2007).
Proc.][[Book•Proceedings](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review
,

,

,

,
”,

,

: “ECR

4

32, pp. 745–747 (2007).

,

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations((Domestic) Conference)
,
,
,
: “

,

,
”,

,(
,

),
,

,

,

: “
”,
,9

,
68
,5

,

(2007).
,,(ECRIS)
56,(2007).

1- 331 -

RNC
Accelerator
Operation Group,

Publications
Publications

: “RI
”,

32

[Journal][](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review,,,

Ryuto H., Hasebe H., Fukunishi N., Abe T., Goto A.,
Kase M., and Yano Y.: “Charge-stripping foil changer
with energy adjuster function”, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 581, No. 3, pp. 586–588 (2007).
Shimoura S., Ota S., Demichi K., Aoi N., Baba H., Elekes
Z., Fukuchi T., Gomi T., Hasegawa K., Ideguchi E.,
Ishihara M., Iwasa N., Iwasaki H., Kanno S., Kubono S.,
Kurita K., Kurokawa M., Matsuyama Y., Michimasa S.,
Miller K. L., Minemura T., Motobayashi T., MurakamiT., Notani M., Odahara A., Saito A., Sakurai H.,
Takeshita E., Takeuchi S., Tamaki M., Teranishi T.,
Yamada K., Yanagisawa Y., and Hamamoto I.: “Life12
time of the isomeric 0+
Be”, Phys. Lett. B
2 state in654, 87–91 (2007).
[
Proc.][Book•Proceedings]

4
,

,

,
,

,8
,

,
,
,
32

,

(2007).
,
,
,
,
,
: “
”,
4
,
,8

(2007).

(Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review
,
: “

,
RIBF
”,
4

,

,

, 2007–8,

4

,
32

,
32
, pp. 194–196 (2007).
(Others)
,
,

,

,

,

,
”,

32
416–418 (2007).

: “

RI

,

, pp.

4

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations)((International
Conference etc.)

Ryuto H., Hasebe H., Yokouchi S., Fukunishi N., Goto A.,
Kase M., and Yano Y.: “Charge strippers for acceleration of uranium beam at RIKEN RI-beam factory”, 18th
International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications (Cyclotrons 2007), (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare), Giardini Naxos, Italy, Sept.–Oct. (2007).
) Conference)((Domestic
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
RIBF
”,
4
32
,
, 8 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
: “Operational Status of the He Cooling System for
RIKEN SRC”,
432,, 8 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
RI
fRC
”,
4
32
,
, 8 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,

1

- 332 -

RNC
RILAC Team
Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations(Domestic() Conference)
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “RI
”,
4
32
,
, 8 (2007).

,

1- 333 -

RNC
Cyclotron Team
Publications
Publications[
Proc.][Book•Proceedings](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review
,
: “

,
RIBF
”,
4

,

,

, 2007–8,

4

,
32

,
32
, pp. 194–196 (2007).
(Others)
,
,

,

,

,

,
”,

32
416–418 (2007).

: “

RI

,

, pp.

4

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations(International
Conference etc.))(

Ryuto H., Hasebe H., Yokouchi S., Fukunishi N., Goto A.,
Kase M., and Yano Y.: “Charge strippers for acceleration of uranium beam at RIKEN RI-beam factory”, 18th
International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications (Cyclotrons 2007), (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare), Giardini Naxos, Italy, Sept.–Oct. (2007).
)Conference)((Domestic
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
”,
3
31
,(
),
,8
(2006).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
RIBF
”,
4
32
,
, 8 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
: “Operational Status of the He Cooling System for
RIKEN SRC”,
432,, 8 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
RI
fRC
”,
4
32
,
, 8 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
”,
4
32
,
,8
(2007).

1- 334 -RNC
BeamTechnology Team
Publications
Publications[][Journal](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Kazama Y., Saito H., Fujiwara M., Matsuyama T.,
Hayashi Y., Ryuto H., Fukunishi N., and Abe T.: “Aneﬀective method for detection and analysis of DNA damage induced by heavy-ion beams”, Biosci. Biotechnol.
Biochem. 71, No. 11, pp. 2864–2869 (2007).
Godo T., Okuno H., Saito H., Miyazawa Y., Ryuto
H., Fukunishi N., and Abe T.: “Eﬀects of ion beamirradiation on survival and mutation induction of
triploid Senno (Lychnis senno Siebold et Zucc.)”,Bull.Bot.Gard.Toyama, No. 12, pp. 41–46 (2007).
Shitsukawa N., Ikai C., Shimada S., Kitagawa S.,
Sakamoto K., Saito H., Ryuto H., Fukunishi N., Abe
T., Takumi S., Nasuda S., and Murai K.: “The einkorn
wheat (Triticum monococcum) mutant, maintained vegetative phase, is caused by a deletion in the VRN1 gene”,
Genes Genet. Syst. 82, 167–170 (2007).
Ryuto H., Hasebe H., Fukunishi N., Abe T., Goto A.,
Kase M., and Yano Y.: “Charge-stripping foil changer
with energy adjuster function”, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 581, No. 3, pp. 586–588 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
DNA
”, DNA
15, 118–121 (2007).
[
Proc.][Book•Proceedings](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Kanaya T., Miyazaki K., Suzuki K., Iwaki K., Ichida H.,
Hayashi Y., Saito H., Ryuto H., Fukunishi N., and Abe
T.: “New cultivar produced by heavy-ion beam irradiation”, Proceedings of the 25th Symposium on Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Ion
Beam Technology, Hosei University, Japan, 2006–11, Research Center of Ion Beam Technology, Hosei University,
Tokyo, pp. 1–6 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
RIBF
”,
4
32
,
, 2007–8,
4
32,, pp. 194–196 (2007).
(Others)
,
,
,
,
: “
RI
”,
4
32
,
, pp.
416–418 (2007).

tions, (FERMI), Trieste, Italy, Sept. (2007).
Ryuto H., Hasebe H., Yokouchi S., Fukunishi N., Goto A.,
Kase M., and Yano Y.: “Charge strippers for acceleration of uranium beam at RIKEN RI-beam factory”, 18th
International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications (Cyclotrons 2007), (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare), Giardini Naxos, Italy, Sept.–Oct. (2007).
Kazama Y., Saito H., Yamamoto Y. Y., Hayashi Y., Ichida
H., Ohbu S., Ryuto H., Fukunishi N., and Abe T.: “Effects of Heavy-ion beam irradiation on mutation induction in Arabidopsis thaliana”, 18th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications (Cyclotrons2007), Giardini Naxos, Italy, Oct. (2007).
Hayashi Y., Takehisa H., Kazama Y., Ichida H., Ryuto H.,
Fukunishi N., Abe T., Kamba C., and Sato T.: “Eﬀects
of ion beam irradiation on mutation induction in rice”,
18th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their
Applications (Cyclotrons 2007), Giardini Naxos, Italy,
Oct. (2007).
Abe T., Kazama Y., Ichida H., Hayashi Y., Ryuto H.,
and Fukunishi N.: “Plant Breeding using the ion beamirradiation in RIKEN”, 18th International Conference
on Cyclotrons and their Applications (Cyclotrons 2007),
Giardini Naxos, Italy, Oct. (2007).
(Domestic) Conference)
(
,
,
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Fujinawa T.: “Desigen, installation, operation and maintenance of electrical power supply for RI beam factory”, 6th International Workshop Accelerator Opera-

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Oral Presentations
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2- 336 -

RNC Technology Team
Cryogenic
Publications
Publications[Journal][](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Ryuto H., Hasebe H., Fukunishi N., Abe T., Goto A.,
Kase M., and Yano Y.: “Charge-stripping foil changer
with energy adjuster function”, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 581, No. 3, pp. 586–588 (2007).
[Book•Proceedings][
Proc.](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review
,
: “

,
RIBF
”,
4

,

,

,

, 2007–8,

4

,
32

,
32
, pp. 194–196 (2007).

,

Oral Presentations

Oral Presentations(International
Conference etc.)()

Ryuto H., Hasebe H., Yokouchi S., Fukunishi N., Goto A.,
Kase M., and Yano Y.: “Charge strippers for acceleration of uranium beam at RIKEN RI-beam factory”, 18th
International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications (Cyclotrons 2007), (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica
Nucleare), Giardini Naxos, Italy, Sept.–Oct. (2007).
) Conference)((Domestic
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
RIBF
”,
4
32
,
, 8 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
: “Operational Status of the He Cooling System for
RIKEN SRC”,
432,, 8 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
”,
4
32
,
,8
(2007).

1- 337 -

Heavy RNC
Ion Nuclear Physics Laboratory
Publications
Publications[][Journal](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Sugimoto T., Nakamura T., Fukuda N., Miura M.,
Kondo Y., Aoi N., Baba H., Bazin D., Gomi T.,
Hasegawa H., Hashimoto Y., Imai N., Kobayashi T.,
Kubo T., Motobayashi T., Ohara M., Saito A., Sakurai
H., Shimoura S., Attukalathil V. M., Watanabe K.,
Watanabe Y., Yakushiji T., Yanagisawa Y., Yoneda K.,
and Ishihara M.: “Invariant-mass spectroscopy of theneutron-drip line nucleus 14 Be”, J. Phys.: Con. Ser.
49, 43–44 (2006).
Cole A., Akimunne H., Austin S., Bazin D.,
vanden Berg A., Berg G., Brown J., Daito
I., Fujita Y., Fujiwara M., Gupta S., Hara K., Harakeh
M., Janecke J., Kawabata T., Nakamura T., RobertD., Sherril B., Steiner M., Ueno H., and Zegers R.:“Measurement of the Gamow-Teller Strength Distribution in 58Co via the 58Ni(t, 3He) reaction at 115
MeV/nucleon”, nucl-ex 0603019, 1–14 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Jet structure from di√hadron correlations in d+Au collisions at sNN = 200
GeV”, Phys. Rev. C 73, 054903-1–054903-27 (2006).
Zegers R., Akimune H., Austin S., Bazin D., van den Berg
A., Berg G., Brown J., Cole A., Daito I., Fujita Y.,
Fujiwara M., Gales S., Harakeh M., Hashimoto H.,
Hayami R., Hitt G., Howard M., Itoh M., JaneckeJ., Kawabata T., Kawase K., Kinoshita M., Nakamura
T., Nakanishi K., Nakayama S., Okumura S., RichterW., Roberts D., Sherrill B., Shimbara Y., Steiner M.,
Uchida M., Ueno H., Yamagata T., and Yosoi M.: “The(t,3He) and (3He,t) reactions as probes of GamowTeller strength”, Phys. Rev. C 74, 024309-1–024309-15(2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata
T., Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii
H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Nuclear eﬀects on√
hadron production in d+Au collisions at sNN = 200
GeV revealed by comparison with p+p data”, Phys.

Rev. C 74, 024904-1–024904 -13 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G.
M., Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K.,
Heuser J., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara
M., Jinnouchi O., Kajihara F., Kamihara N., Kaneta M.,
Kiyomichi A., Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata
J., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N.,
Sato H., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani A.,
Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y.,
Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.:“Improved measurement of double helicity asymmetry ininclulsive midrapidity π 0 production for polarized p+p√
collisions at s = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. D 73, 0911021–091102-5 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Jet properties from di√hadron correlations in p+p collisions at s = 200 GeV”,
Phys. Rev. D 74, 072002-1–072002-26 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata
T., Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii
H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “J/ψ Production
and Nuclear Eﬀects for d+Au and p+p Collisions at√
sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 012304-1–
012304-6 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto
Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai
K., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi
H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada
K., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida
K., Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.:“ Single Electrons from Heavy-Flavor Decays in p+p√
Collisions at s = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96,
032001-1–032001-6 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto Y.,
Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai K.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi H.,
Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada K.,
Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Nu-1

- 338 -

clear Modiﬁcation of Electron Spectra and Implicationsfor Heavy Quark Energy Loss in Au+Au Collisions at√
sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 032301-1–
032301-6 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto
Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai
K., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta
M., Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J.,
Onishi H., Okada K., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y.,
and Yokkaichi S.: “Measurement of Identiﬁed π 0 and Inclusive Photon Second-Harmonic Parameter v2 and Im√
plications for Direct Photon Production in sNN = 200
GeV Au + Au”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 032302-1–0323026 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto
Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai
K., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi
H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada
K., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida
K., Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.:“Common Suppression Pattern of eta and π 0 Mesons
at High Transverse Momentum in Au+Au Collisions at√
sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 202301-1–
202301-6 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Azimuthal Angle Correlations for Rapidity Separated Hadron Pairs in d+Au√
Collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96,
222301-1–222301-6 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto
Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai
K., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi
H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada
K., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida
K., Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.:“Dense-Medium Modiﬁcations to Jet-Induced Hadron√
Pair Distributions in Au+Au Collisions at sNN = 200
GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 052301-1–052301-6 (2006).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K.,
Fukao Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Horaguchi T.,
Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi
O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kano H., Kanoh H.,

Kawall D., Kiyomichi A., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J.,
Nakagawa I., Nakano K., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada
K., Rykov V., Saito N., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi
S.: “ Measurement of High-pT Single Electrons from√
Heavy-Flavor Decays in p+p Collisions at s = 200
GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 252002-1–252002-6 (2006).
Kobayashi T., Kato T., Matsuo Y., Kurata-Nishimura M.,
Hayashizaki Y., and Kawai J.: “Wavelength-dependent
fragmentation and clustering observed after Femtosecond Laser Ablation of solid C60”, J. Chem. Phys. 127,
No. 11, pp. 111101-01–111101-03 (2007).
Kurata-Nishimura M., Kato T., Matsuo Y., Kobayashi
T., Oyama R., Oho Y., Kawai J., and Hayashizaki Y.:“Dependence of Femtosecond Laser Ablation for organic
molecules on chosen substrate”, J. Phys.: Con. Ser. 59,
360–363 (2007).
Kobayashi T., Kato T., Kurata-Nishimura M., Matsuo Y.,
Kawai J., Motobayashi T., and Hayashizaki Y.: “Kinetic
energy of ions produced with ﬁrst-, second-, and multishot Femtosecond Laser Ablation on a solid surface”, J.
Phys.: Con. Ser. 59, 364–367 (2007).
Kato T., Kobayashi T., Matsuo Y., Kurata-Nishimura M.,
Oyama R., Matsumura Y., Yamamoto H., Kawai J.,
and Hayashizaki Y.: “Comparison between femtosecondand nanosecond Laser Ablation of solution samples applied on a substrate”, J. Phys.: Con. Ser. 59, 372–375(2007).
Matsuo Y., Kobayashi T., Kurata-Nishimura M., Kato T.,
Motobayashi T., Kawai J., and Hayashizaki Y.: “LIF
observation of neutral atoms and ions produced by Femtosecond Laser Ablation of Sm on a substrate”, J. Phys.:Con. Ser. 59, 555–558 (2007).
Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Katori K., Koura H., Kudo H.,
Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Suda T., Sueki K., Tokanai F.,
Yamaguchi T., Yoneda A., and Yoshida A.: “Experiment on synthesis of an isotope 277112 by 208Pb + 70Zn
reaction”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 4, pp. 043201-1–
043201-5 (2007).
Iida K., Kohama A., and Oyamatsu K.: “Formula for
proton-nucleus reaction cross section at intermediate energies and its application”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No.
4, pp. 044201-1–044201-6 (2007).
Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Katori K., Koura H., Kikunaga
H., Kudo H., Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Sato N., Suda
T., Sueki K., Tokanai F., Yamaguchi T., Yoneda A.,
and Yoshida A.: “Observation of second decay chain
from 278113”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 4, pp.
045001-1–045001-2 (2007).
Sonoda T., Fujita M., Yamazaki A., Endo T., ShinozukaT., Miyashita Y., Sato N., Goto A., Takano E., Suzuki

2- 339 -

T., Miyake T., Tanigaki M., and Wada M.: “Development of the RF-IGISOL at CYRIC”, Nucl. Instrum.
Methods Phys. Res. B 254, 295–299 (2007).
Sekiguchi K., Sakai H., Sakamoto N., Kuboki H., Sasano
M., Takahashi Y., Yako K., Kawabata T., Maeda
Y., Sakaguchi S., Sasamoto Y., Suda K., Uesaka T.,
Okamura H., Itoh K., and Wakasa T.: “Study of Spin� Breakup Reactions
Parts of Three Nucleon Forces via dp
at Intermediate Energies”, Nucl. Phys. A 790, 450c–
453c (2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K.,
Heuser J., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kajihara F., Kamihara N.,
Kaneta M., Kanoh H., Kawall D., Kiyomichi A., Kurita
K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa I., Nakano K., Onishi
H., Okada H., Okada K., Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y.,
Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.: “Correlated production of p√
and p̄ in Au+Au collisions at sN N = 200 GeV”, Phys.
Lett. B 649, 359–369 (2007).
Shimoura S., Ota S., Demichi K., Aoi N., Baba H., Elekes
Z., Fukuchi T., Gomi T., Hasegawa K., Ideguchi E.,
Ishihara M., Iwasa N., Iwasaki H., Kanno S., Kubono S.,
Kurita K., Kurokawa M., Matsuyama Y., Michimasa S.,
Miller K. L., Minemura T., Motobayashi T., MurakamiT., Notani M., Odahara A., Saito A., Sakurai H.,
Takeshita E., Takeuchi S., Tamaki M., Teranishi T.,
Yamada K., Yanagisawa Y., and Hamamoto I.: “Life12
Be”, Phys. Lett. B
time of the isomeric 0+
2 state in654, 87–91 (2007).
Sugimoto T., Nakamura T., Kondo Y., Aoi N., Baba
H., Bazin D. P., Fukuda N., Gomi T., Hasegawa
H., Imai N., Ishihara M., Kobayashi T., Kubo T.,
Miura M., Motobayashi T., Otsu H., Saito A., Sakurai
H., Shimoura S., Vinodkumar A. M., Watanabe K.,
Watanabe Y., Yakushiji T., Yanagisawa Y., and Yoneda
K.: “The ﬁrst 2+ state of 14 Be”, Phys. Lett. B 654,
160–164 (2007).
Fukuyama Y., Moriwaki Y., and Matsuo Y.: “Formationand dissociation of Ba+∗ - He exciplexes at 3-25 K”,
Phys. Rev. A 75, 032725-1–032725-8 (2007).
Horiuchi W., Suzuki Y., Sarhan B. A., and Kohama A.:“Systematic analysis of reaction cross sections of carbon
isotopes”, Phys. Rev. C 75, No. 4, pp. 044607-1–
044607-14 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., Hayashi N.,
Heuser J., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara
M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., KiyomichiA., Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi
H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H.,
Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J.,
Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “High trans-verse momentum η meson production in p+p,d+Au, and√
Au+Au collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. C
75, 024909-1–024909-36 (2007).
Fujita H., Fujita Y., Adachi T., Bacher A. D., Berg G.
P., Black T. C., Caurier E., Foster ., Fujimura H., Hara
K., Harada K., Hatanaka K., Janecke J., Kamiya J.,
Kanzaki Y., Katori K., Kawabata T., Langanke K.,
Martinez-Pinedo G., Noro T., Robers D. A., Sakaguchi
H., Shimbara Y., Shinada T., Stephenson E. J., Ueno
H., Yamanaka T., Yoshifuku M., and Yosoi M.: “Isospin
structure of J π = 1+ states in 58 Ni and 58 Cu studied by
58
Ni(p, p� ) and 58 Ni(3 He,t)58 Cu measurements”, Phys.
Rev. C 75, 034310-1–034310-15 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata
T., Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii
H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Production of ω
mesons at large transverse momenta in p+p and d+Au√
collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. C 75,
051902-1–051902-6 (2007).
Gibelin J. D., Beaumel D., Motobayashi T., Aoi N., Baba
H., Blumenfeld Y., Dombradi Z., Elekes Z., Fortier S.,
Frascaria N., Fukuda N., Gomi T., Ishikawa K., Kondo
Y., Kubo T., Lima V., Nakamura T., Saito A., SatoY., Takeshita E., Takeuchi S., Teranishi T., Togano Y.,
Vinodkumar A. M., Yanagisawa Y., and Yoshida A.:+“Measurement of the B(E2, 0+
1 → 21 ) in the N = 16
26
nucleus Ne”, Phys. Rev. C 75, 057301-1–057391-4(2007).
Ichikawa T., Hagino K., and Iwamoto A.: “Existence ofa one-body barrier revealed in deep subbarrier fusion”,
Phys. Rev. C 75, 057603-1–057603-4 (2007).
Ichikawa T., Hagino K., and Iwamoto A.: “Systematics ofthreshold incident energy for deep sub-barrier fusion hindrance”, Phys. Rev. C 75, 064612-1–064612-4 (2007).
Nguyen H. Q. and Dang N. D.: “Self-consistent quasiparticle RPA for multi-level pairing model”, Phys. Rev. C
76, No. 5, pp. 054302-1–054302-12 (2007).
Dang N. D.: “Particle-number-projected thermal pairing”,
Phys. Rev. C 76, No. 6, pp. 064320-1–064320-13(2007).
Mocko M., Tsang M., Sun Z., Aoi N., Cook J. M.,
Delaunay F., Famiano M., Hui H., Imai N., Iwasaki
H., Lynch W., Motobayashi T., Niikura M., Onishi T.,
Rogers A. M., Sakurai H., Stolz A., Suzuki H., TakeshitaE., Takeuchi S., and Wallace M.: “Projectile fragmentation of 86Kr at 64 MeV/nucleon”, Phys. Rev. C 76,
014609-1–014609-10 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,

3- 340 -Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto
Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai
K., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi
H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada
K., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida
K., Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.:“Measurement of density correlations in pseudorapidity
via charged particle multiplicity ﬂuctuations in Au+Au√
collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. C 76,
034903-1–034903-33 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto Y.,
Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai K.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi H.,
Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada K.,
Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Detailed study of high-pT neutral pion suppression and az√
imuthal anisotropy in Au+Au collisions at sNN = 200
GeV”, Phys. Rev. C 76, 034904-1–034904-26 (2007).
Notani M., Sakurai H., Aoi N., Iwasaki H., Fukuda N., Liu
Z., Yoneda K., Ogawa H., Teranishi T., Nakamura T.,
Okuno H., Yoshida A., Watanabe Y., Momota S., Inabe
N., Kubo T., Ito S., Ozawa A., Suzuki T., Tanihata I.,
and Ishihara M.: “Projectile fragmentation reaction andproduction of nuclei near the neutron drip line”, Phys.
Rev. C 76, 044605-1–044605-15 (2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K.,
Fukao Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Horaguchi T.,
Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi
O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kanoh H., Kawall D.,
Kiyomichi A., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa
I., Nakano K., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov
V., Saito N., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani
A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Wagner
M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.: “Inclusive cross section and double helicity asymmetry for π 0√
production in p + p collisions at s = 200 GeV: Implications for the polarized gluon distribution in the proton”,
Phys. Rev. D 76, 051106-1–051106-7 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto Y.,
Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai K.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi H.,
Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada K.,
Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Measurement of single muons at forward rapidity in p+p col√lisions at s = 200 GeV and implications for charm production”, Phys. Rev. D 76, 092002-1–092002-24 (2007).
Elekes Z., Dombradi Z., Aoi N., Bishop S., Fulop Z.,
Gibelin J. D., Gomi T., Hashimoto Y., Imai N., Iwasa
N., Iwasaki H., Kalinka G., Kondo Y., Korsheninnikov

A. A., Kurita K., Kurokawa M., Matsui N., Motobayashi
T., Nakamura T., Nakao T., Nikolski E. Y., Onishi T.,
Okumura T., Ota S., Perera P., Saito A., Sakurai H.,
Sato Y., Sohler D., Sumikama T., Suzuki D., Suzuki M.,
Takeda H., Takeuchi S., Togano Y., and Yanagisawa Y.:“Spectroscopic study of neutron shell closures via nucleon transfer in the near-dripline nucleus 23 O”, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 98, No. 10, pp. 102502-1–102502-4 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Measurement of Di√
rect Photon Production in p+p Collisions at s = 200
GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 012002-1–012002-6 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto Y.,
Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai K.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi H.,
Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada K.,
Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Evidence for a long-range component in the pion emission√
source in Au+Au Collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 98, 132301-1–132301-6 (2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K.,
Heuser J., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kajihara F., Kamihara N.,
Kaneta M., Kano H., Kanoh H., Kawall D., KiyomichiA., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa I., Nakano
K., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N.,
Sato H., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani A.,
Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y.,
Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.:“Scaling properties of azimuthal anisotropy in Au+Au√
and Cu+Cu collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 98, 162301-1–162301-6 (2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K.,
Heuser J., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kajihara F., Kamihara N.,
Kaneta M., Kano H., Kanoh H., Kawall D., KiyomichiA., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa I., Nakano
K., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N.,
Sato H., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani A.,
Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y.,

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Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.:“Energy loss and ﬂow of heavy quarks in Au+Au col√lisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98,
172301-1–172301-6 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Centrality dependenceof π 0 and η production at large transverse momentum in√
sNN = 200 GeV d + Au Collisions”, Phys. Rev. Lett.
98, 172302-1–172302-7 (2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K.,
Fukao Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Horaguchi T.,
Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi
O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kanoh H., Kawall D.,
Kiyomichi A., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa
I., Nakano K., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov
V., Saito N., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani
A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Wagner
M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.: “J/Ψproduction versus transverse momentum and rapidity in√
p+p collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett.
98, 232002-1–232002-6 (2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K.,
Heuser J., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kajihara F., Kamihara N.,
Kaneta M., Kanoh H., Kawall D., Kiyomichi A., Kurita
K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa I., Nakano K., Onishi
H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H.,
Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y., Wagner
M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.: “J/Ψproduction versus centrality, transverse momentum, and√rapidity in Au+Au Collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 232301-1–232301-6 (2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bazilevsky A. V.,
Bunce G. M., Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E.,
Fox B., Fujiwara K., Fukao Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M.
G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K., Heuser J., Horaguchi T.,
Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi
O., Kajihara F., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kanoh H.,
Kawall D., Kiyomichi A., Kobayashi H., Kurita K.,
Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa I., Nakano K., Onishi
H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H.,
Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y., Wagner
M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.: “Sys-tem size and energy dependence of jet-induced hadronpair correlation shapes in Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions√
at sNN = 200 GeV and 62.4 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett.
98, 232302-1–232302-7 (2007).
Afanasiev S., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Bunce G. M., DeshpandeA., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fukao Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp
M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K., Heuser J., Horaguchi
T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O.,
Kajihara F., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kurita K., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada
K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Shoji K.,
Tabaru T., Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J.,
Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y., Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y.,
Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.: “Elliptic ﬂow for φ Mesons√
and (Anti)deuterons in Au+Au collisions at sNN =200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 052301-1–052301-6(2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K.,
Heuser J., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue
Y., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kajihara F., KamiharaN., Kaneta M., Kanoh H., Kawall D., Kiyomichi A.,
Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa I., Nakano K.,
Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N.,
Sato H., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani A.,
Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y.,
Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.:“Transverse momentum and centrality dependence of di√hadron correlations in Au+Au collisions at sNN = 200
GeV: Jet quenching and the response of partonic matter”, Phys. Rev. C 77, 011901-1–011901-6 (2008).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Centrality dependenceof charged hadron production in deuteron+gold and nu√
cleon+gold collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev.
C 77, 014905-1–014905-13 (2008).

(Review)

,

,

: “

”,
4, No. 5, pp. 3–14 (2007).

[
Proc.][Book•Proceedings](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Dang N. D.: “Superﬂuid-normal phase transition in ﬁnite systems and its eﬀect on damping of hot giant
resonances”, Proceedings of Predeal Summer School in
Nuclear Physics: Collective Motion and Phase Transitions in Nuclear Systems, Predeal, Romania, 2006–8

5- 342 -

9, World Scientiﬁc, Singapore, pp. 253–270 (2007).

(Review)

Dang N. D.: “Giant resonances under extrem conditions”, Proceedings of International Conference on Current problems in nuclear physics and atomice energy(NPAE-Kyiv2006), Kiev, Ukraine, 2006–5 6, Kiev Institute for Nuclear Research of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, pp. 70 –79 (2007).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations()(International
Conference etc.)

Sugimoto T., Nakamura T., Fukuda N., Miura M.,
Kondo Y., Aoi N., Baba H., Bazin D., Gomi T.,
Hasegawa H., Hashimoto Y., Imai N., Kobayashi T.,
Kubo T., Motobayashi T., Ohara M., Saito A., Sakurai
H., Shimoura S., Attukalathil V. M., Watanabe K.,
Watanabe Y., Yakushiji T., Yanagisawa Y., Yoneda K.,
and Ishihara M.: “Invariant-mass spectroscopy of theneutron-drip line nucleus 14 Be”, International Symposium on Structure of Exotic Nuclei and Nuclear Forces(SENUF06), (CNS and RIKEN), Tokyo, Mar. (2006).
Nagatomo T., Minamisono K., Matsuta K., Levy C. D.,
Sumikama T., Ozawa A., Tagisi Y., Mihara M., Ogura
M., Matsumiya R., Fukuda M., Yamaguchi M., Behr J.
A., Jackson K. P., Fujiwara H., Ohta H., Yasuno T.,
Hashizume Y., and Minamisono T.: “Alignment Correlation Terms In β-Ray Angular Distributions From
Spin Aligned 20 F And 20 Na”, 17th International Spin
Physics Symposium (SPIN2006), (Kyoto University),
Kyoto, Oct. (2006).
Shimada K., Nagae D., Asahi K., Arai T., Takemura
M., Inoue T., Takase K., Kagami S., HatakeyamaN., Kobayashi Y., Ueno H., Yoshimi A., Kameda D.,
Nagatomo T., Sugimoto T., Kubono S., Yamaguchi H.,
Wakabayashi Y., Amadio G., Hayakawa S., Murata J.,
and Kawamura H.: “Production of Polarized Radioactive Beams via The Inverse-kinematics Reactions andTheir Applications”, 17th International Spin Physics
Symposium (SPIN2006), (Kyoto University), Kyoto,
Oct. (2006).
Dang N. D.: “Thermal pairing in nuclei”, 9th International
Spring Seminar on Nuclear Physics, Challenges Facets of
Nuclear Structure, (University of Naples), Neapel, Italy,
May–May (2007).
Sarhan B. A., Horiuchi W., Kohama A., and Suzuki Y.:“Reaction cross sections of carbon isotopes incident on
proton and 12 C target”, 5th International Workshop on
Direct Reaction with Exotic Beams (DREB2007), Wako,
May–June (2007).
Shimada K., Nagae D., Asahi K., Arai T., Takemura
M., Inoue T., Takase K., Kagami S., HatakeyamaN., Kobayashi Y., Ueno H., Yoshimi A., Kameda D.,
Nagatomo T., Sugimoto T., Kubono S., Yamaguchi
H., Wakabayashi Y., Amadio G., Hayakawa S., MurataJ., and Kawamura H.: “Production of low-energy spin-polarized 17 N beam with CRIB”, 15th International
Conference on Electromagnetic Isotope Separators andTechniques Related to their Applications (EMIS2007),(GANIL, IN2P3/CNRS and DSM/CEA), Deauville,
France, June (2007).
Shimada K., Nagae D., Asahi K., Takemura M., Arai
T., Inoue T., Takase K., Kagami S., HatakeyamaN., Kobayashi Y., Ueno H., Yoshimi A., Kameda D.,
Nagatomo T., Sugimoto T., Kubono S., Yamaguchi H.,
Wakabayashi Y., Amadio G., Hayakawa S., Murata J.,
and Kawamura H.: “First production of spin-polarizedradioactive nuclear beam with CRIB”, International
Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2007), Tokyo, June(2007).
Dang N. D.: “Giant resonances under extreme conditions”,
International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2007),(Science Council of Japan, RIKEN and others), Tokyo,
June (2007).
Kohama A., Iida K., and Oyamatsu K.: “Reaction crosssection and nuclear radius in the black-sphere picture”,
International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2007),(Science Council of Japan, RIKEN and others), Tokyo,
June (2007).
Sarhan B. A., Horiuchi W., Kohama A., and Suzuki Y.:“Reaction cross sections of carbon isotopes incident on
proton and 12 C target”, International Nuclear Physics
Conference (INPC2007), (Science Council of Japan,
RIKEN and others), Tokyo, June (2007).
Furukawa T., Matsuo Y., Hatakeyama A., Ito T., Fujikake
K., Kobayashi T., and Shimoda T.: “High Precision
Laser Spectroscopy of Rb and Cs Atoms in Superﬂuid helium”, 25th International Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions (ICPEAC 2007),
Freiburg, Germany, July (2007).
Fukuyama Y., Moriwaki Y., and Matsuo Y.: “Temperature Dependences of Formation Rate Constant and Dissociation Cross Section of Ba+∗ - He Exciplexes at 3 25 K”, 25th International Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions (ICPEAC 2007), Freiburg,
Germany, July (2007).
Shimada K., Nagae D., Asahi K., Inoue T., Takase K.,
Kagami S., Hatakeyama N., Kobayashi Y., Ueno H.,
Yoshimi A., Kameda D., Nagatomo T., Sugimoto T.,
Kubono S., Yamaguchi H., Wakabayashi Y., Amadio G.,
Hayakawa S., Murata J., and Kawamura H.: “Production of spin-polarized 17 N beam using inverse-kinematics
low-energy transfer reactions”, 14th International Conference on Hyperﬁne Interactions and 18th International
Symposium on Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions, Foz deIguazu, Brazil, Aug. (2007).
Matsuo Y., Kobayashi T., and Nakajima T.: “Experimental observation and control of ultrafast spin-polarization
using fs laser pulses”, 16th International Laser Physics
Workshop (LPHYS’07), Leon, Mexico, Aug. (2007).
Sekiguchi K.: “Three Nucleon Scattering Experiments

6- 343 -

from RIKEN”, 11th International Conference on MesonNucleon Physics and the Structure of the Nucleon(MENU2007), (IKP, ForschungZentrum of Juelich),
Juelich, Germanry, Sept. (2007).
Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Kanungo R., Katori K., Kikunaga
H., Koura H., Kudo H., Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Sato N.,
Suda T., Sueki K., Tokanai F., Xu H., Yamaguchi T.,
Yoneda A., Yoshida A., and YuLiang Z.: “Experimenton searching for the heaviest elements at RIKEN”, 3rdInternational Conference on the Chemistry and Physics
of the Transactinide Elements (TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer
Institut and Bern University), Davos, Switzerland, Sept.
(2007).
Kobayashi T., Kashihata A., Bonet C., Tear S. P.,
and Baba H.: “Structural analysis of rare-earth silicide nanostructures on Si(001) using three-dimensional
medium-energy ion scattering”, 9th European Conference on Accelerators in Applied Research and Technology, (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Florence,
Italy, Sept. (2007).
Kato T., Nishimura M., Oho Y., Sano T., Hayashizaki
Y., Kawai J., Kobayashi T., and Matsuo Y.: “Ion extraction from Ablation Plasma produced with an intense
Femtosecond Laser Pulse”, 9th International Conferenceon Laser Ablation (COLA2007), Tenerife, Spain, Sept.
(2007).
Kobayashi T., Matsuo Y., Kato T., Nishimura M.,
Hayashizaki Y., and Kawai J.: “Observation of chargetransfer among atoms and ions in Laser Ablation
Plasma”, 9th International Conference on Laser Ablation (COLA2007), Tenerife, Spain, Sept. (2007).
Kurata-Nishimura M., Kato T., Oho Y., Sano T.,
Hayashizaki Y., Kawai J., Matsuo Y., and Kobayashi
T.: “Study of Femtosecond Ablation Mechanism by observing Plume expansion”, 9th International Conferenceon Laser Ablation (COLA2007), Tenerife, Spain, Sept.
(2007).
Matsuo Y., Kurata-Nishimura M., Kato T., Oho Y.,
Sano T., Hayashizaki Y., Kawai J., and Kobayashi T.:“Substrate Dependence of Ion Motion in Femtosecond
Laser Ablation Plume observed by Planer Laser-induced
Flourescence”, 9th International Conference on Laser
Ablation (COLA2007), Tenerife, Spain, Sept. (2007).
Kobayashi T., Matsuo Y., Kato T., Nishimura M.,
Hayashizaki Y., and Kawai J.: “Wavelength dependenceof production species obtained by Femtosecond Laser
Ablation of C60 ”, 9th International Conference on Laser
Ablation (COLA2007), Tenerife, Spain, Sept. (2007).
Kobayashi T., Kashihata A., Imai M., Miyamura Y.,
and Baba H.: “Strain analysis of a SiGe layer on aSi(001)substrate using threedimensional medium-energy
ion scattering”, 18th International Conference on Ion
Beam Analysis, (University of Hyderabad), Hyderabad,
India, Sept.–Sept. (2007).

Sekiguchi K.: “Scattering at Intermediate Energies: n
Epoch-making Experimental Study of the Three Nucleon Force”, International Symposium on New Facet ofThree Nucleon Force: 50 years of Fujita-Miyazawa Three
Nucleon Force (FM50), (University of Tokyo), Tokyo,
Oct. (2007).
() Conference)(Domestic
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,
: “
”,
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:
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:
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6He, 6Li”,
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7- 344 -

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(2007).
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(2007).
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method of RI atoms in superﬂuid helium -”, Workshop
on Advance in Physics with ISOL-based/Fragmentationbased RI Beams, (),, 2 (2008).
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “Development of a polarization holding stopper
for a T-Violation experiment”,
63,, 3 (2008).
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,
,
,
,
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,
: “
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63
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: “
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,
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8

- 345 -

RNC
Radioactive
Isotope Physics Laboratory
Publications
Publications[][Journal](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Kambara T., Kanai Y., Kojima T., Nakai Y., Yoneda A.,
Yamazaki Y., and Kageyama K.: “Elastic waves fromfast heavy-ion irradiation on solids”, J.Acoust.Emiss.
24, 97–103 (2006).
Sugimoto T., Nakamura T., Fukuda N., Miura M.,
Kondo Y., Aoi N., Baba H., Bazin D., Gomi T.,
Hasegawa H., Hashimoto Y., Imai N., Kobayashi T.,
Kubo T., Motobayashi T., Ohara M., Saito A., Sakurai
H., Shimoura S., Attukalathil V. M., Watanabe K.,
Watanabe Y., Yakushiji T., Yanagisawa Y., Yoneda K.,
and Ishihara M.: “Invariant-mass spectroscopy of theneutron-drip line nucleus 14 Be”, J. Phys.: Con. Ser.
49, 43–44 (2006).
Ueno H., Kameda D., Nagae D., Takemura M., Asahi
K., Takase K., Yoshimi A., Sugimoto T., Nagatomo T.,
Shimada K., Uchida M., Arai T., Inoue T., Murata J.,
Kawamura H., and Narota K.: “Nuclear-moment measurements at RIKEN and perspectives in RIBF”, AIP
Conf. Proc. 915, 841–844 (2007).
Ueno H., Kameda D., Nagae D., Takemura M., Asahi
K., Arai T., Shimada K., Takase K., Sugimoto T.,
Nagatomo T., Uchida M., Inoue T., Yoshimi A.,
Kawamura H., and Narota K.: “Nuclear moments ofneutron-rich aluminum isotopes”, Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 150, 185–186 (2007).
Mizuno T., Majima T., Tsuchida H., Nakai Y., and ItohA.: “Molecular orientation eﬀects in CO fragmentationinduced by charge-changing collisions of 6 MeV O4+ions”, J. Phys.: Con. Ser. 58, 173–176 (2007).
Kanai Y., Nakai Y., Iwai Y., Nishio K., Masuda H.,
and Yamazaki Y.: “Auger electrons emitted from nitrogen ions passing through a metallic microcapillary”, J.
Phys.: Con. Ser. 58, 335–338 (2007).
Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Katori K., Koura H., Kudo H.,
Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Suda T., Sueki K., Tokanai F.,
Yamaguchi T., Yoneda A., and Yoshida A.: “Experiment on synthesis of an isotope 277112 by 208Pb + 70Zn
reaction”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 4, pp. 043201-1–
043201-5 (2007).
Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Katori K., Koura H., Kikunaga
H., Kudo H., Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Sato N., Suda
T., Sueki K., Tokanai F., Yamaguchi T., Yoneda A.,
and Yoshida A.: “Observation of second decay chain
from 278113”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 4, pp.
045001-1–045001-2 (2007).
Sato W., Ueno H., Taniguchi A., Itsuki Y., Kasamatu
Y., Shinohara A., Asahi K., and Ohkubo Y.: “Timedependent quadrupole interactions for 140 Ce ions im-planted in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 272, 665–668 (2007).
Kageyama K., Kambara T., and Nakai Y.: “Detection of
weak ultrasound generated by nano- and femtosecond
laser irradiation using piezoelectric sensors”, J. Solid
Mech. Mater. Eng. 1, No. 9, pp. 1128–1135 (2007).
Mizuno T., Majima T., Nakai Y., Tsuchida H., and ItohA.: “Electronic stopping and velocity eﬀect on multiple
ionization and fragmentation of C60 in swift heavy ion
impacts”, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 256,
101–104 (2007).
Kondo C., Masugi S., Muranaka T., Ishikawa A., Nakano
Y., Azuma T., Hatakeyama A., Komaki K., Nakai Y.,
Yamazaki Y., Takada E., and Murakami T.: “Trajectory dependent resonant coherent excitation of planarchanneled ions in a thin Si crystal”, Nucl. Instrum.
Methods Phys. Res. B 256, 157–161 (2007).
Shimoura S., Ota S., Demichi K., Aoi N., Baba H., Elekes
Z., Fukuchi T., Gomi T., Hasegawa K., Ideguchi E.,
Ishihara M., Iwasa N., Iwasaki H., Kanno S., Kubono S.,
Kurita K., Kurokawa M., Matsuyama Y., Michimasa S.,
Miller K. L., Minemura T., Motobayashi T., MurakamiT., Notani M., Odahara A., Saito A., Sakurai H.,
Takeshita E., Takeuchi S., Tamaki M., Teranishi T.,
Yamada K., Yanagisawa Y., and Hamamoto I.: “Life12
time of the isomeric 0+
Be”, Phys. Lett. B
2 state in654, 87–91 (2007).
Sugimoto T., Nakamura T., Kondo Y., Aoi N., Baba
H., Bazin D. P., Fukuda N., Gomi T., Hasegawa
H., Imai N., Ishihara M., Kobayashi T., Kubo T.,
Miura M., Motobayashi T., Otsu H., Saito A., Sakurai
H., Shimoura S., Vinodkumar A. M., Watanabe K.,
Watanabe Y., Yakushiji T., Yanagisawa Y., and Yoneda
K.: “The ﬁrst 2+ state of 14 Be”, Phys. Lett. B 654,
160–164 (2007).
Mizuno T., Okamoto D., Majima T., Nakai Y., TsuchidaH., and Itoh A.: “Impact-parameter-dependent multifragmentation of C60 in charge-changing collisions with
2-MeV C+ ions”, Phys. Rev. A 75, 063203-1–063203-5(2007).
Fujita H., Fujita Y., Adachi T., Bacher A. D., Berg G.
P., Black T. C., Caurier E., Foster ., Fujimura H., Hara
K., Harada K., Hatanaka K., Janecke J., Kamiya J.,
Kanzaki Y., Katori K., Kawabata T., Langanke K.,
Martinez-Pinedo G., Noro T., Robers D. A., Sakaguchi
H., Shimbara Y., Shinada T., Stephenson E. J., Ueno
H., Yamanaka T., Yoshifuku M., and Yosoi M.: “Isospin
structure of J π = 1+ states in 58 Ni and 58 Cu studied by
58
Ni(p, p� ) and 58 Ni(3 He,t)58 Cu measurements”, Phys.
Rev. C 75, 034310-1–034310-15 (2007).
Gibelin J. D., Beaumel D., Motobayashi T., Aoi N., Baba
H., Blumenfeld Y., Dombradi Z., Elekes Z., Fortier S.,
Frascaria N., Fukuda N., Gomi T., Ishikawa K., Kondo
Y., Kubo T., Lima V., Nakamura T., Saito A., Sato1

- 346 -

Y., Takeshita E., Takeuchi S., Teranishi T., Togano Y.,
Vinodkumar A. M., Yanagisawa Y., and Yoshida A.:+“Measurement of the B(E2, 0+
1 → 21 ) in the N = 16
26
nucleus Ne”, Phys. Rev. C 75, 057301-1–057391-4(2007).
Mocko M., Tsang M., Sun Z., Aoi N., Cook J. M.,
Delaunay F., Famiano M., Hui H., Imai N., Iwasaki
H., Lynch W., Motobayashi T., Niikura M., Onishi T.,
Rogers A. M., Sakurai H., Stolz A., Suzuki H., TakeshitaE., Takeuchi S., and Wallace M.: “Projectile fragmentation of 86Kr at 64 MeV/nucleon”, Phys. Rev. C 76,
014609-1–014609-10 (2007).
Notani M., Sakurai H., Aoi N., Iwasaki H., Fukuda N., Liu
Z., Yoneda K., Ogawa H., Teranishi T., Nakamura T.,
Okuno H., Yoshida A., Watanabe Y., Momota S., Inabe
N., Kubo T., Ito S., Ozawa A., Suzuki T., Tanihata I.,
and Ishihara M.: “Projectile fragmentation reaction andproduction of nuclei near the neutron drip line”, Phys.
Rev. C 76, 044605-1–044605-15 (2007).
Elekes Z., Dombradi Z., Aoi N., Bishop S., Fulop Z.,
Gibelin J. D., Gomi T., Hashimoto Y., Imai N., Iwasa
N., Iwasaki H., Kalinka G., Kondo Y., Korsheninnikov
A. A., Kurita K., Kurokawa M., Matsui N., Motobayashi
T., Nakamura T., Nakao T., Nikolski E. Y., Onishi T.,
Okumura T., Ota S., Perera P., Saito A., Sakurai H.,
Sato Y., Sohler D., Sumikama T., Suzuki D., Suzuki M.,
Takeda H., Takeuchi S., Togano Y., and Yanagisawa Y.:“Spectroscopic study of neutron shell closures via nucleon transfer in the near-dripline nucleus 23 O”, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 98, No. 10, pp. 102502-1–102502-4 (2007).
Sato W., Ueno H., Watanabe H., Miyoshi H., Yoshimi A.,
Kameda D., Ito T., Shimada K., Kaihara J., Suda S.,
Kobayashi Y., Shinohara A., Ohkubo Y., and Asahi K.:“Online time-diﬀerential perturbed angular correlation
study with an 19 O beam Residence sites of oxygen atoms
in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite”, Nucl. Instrum.
Methods Phys. Res. B 266, 316–322 (2008).
[Book•Proceedings][
Proc.](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Ueno H., Kameda D., Yoshimi A., Haseyama T., Asahi
K., Takemura M., Kijima G., Shimada K., Nagae D.,
Uchida M., Arai T., Suda S., Takase K., Inoue T.,
and Kawamura H.: “Production of spin-oriented unstable nuclei via the projectile-fragmentation reaction”,
Polarized-Sources and Targets: Proceedings of the 11th
International Workshop, Tokyo, 2005–11, World Scientiﬁc, Singapore, pp. 178–183 (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Yoshimi A., HaseyamaT., Kobayashi Y., Uchida M., Miyoshi H., Kijima G.,
Takemura M., Nagae D., Kato G., Emori S., Oshima S.,
Arai T., and Tsukui M.: “Production of spin-polarized
RI beams via projectile fragmentation and the application to nuclear moment measurements”, PolarizedSources and Targets: Proceedings of the 11th Interna-

tional Workshop, Tokyo, 2005–11, World Scientiﬁc Publishing , Toh Tuck Link, pp. 211–212 (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Takemura M., Nagae
D., Shimada K., Yoshimi A., Kobayashi Y., HaseyamaT., Uchida M., Takase K., Arai T., Inoue T., Suda S.,
Murata J., Kawamura H., Watanabe H., and Ishihara
M.: “Nuclear moment measurements of Neutron-rich
Aluminum Isotopes Using Spin-Polarized RI beams:
Determination of the Boundary of the ”Island of
Inversion””, Proceedings of the 17th International
Spin Physics Symposium (SPIN2006), Tokyo, 2006–10,
American Institute of Physics, New York, pp. 845–848(2007).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations)((International
Conference etc.)

Sugimoto T., Nakamura T., Fukuda N., Miura M.,
Kondo Y., Aoi N., Baba H., Bazin D., Gomi T.,
Hasegawa H., Hashimoto Y., Imai N., Kobayashi T.,
Kubo T., Motobayashi T., Ohara M., Saito A., Sakurai
H., Shimoura S., Attukalathil V. M., Watanabe K.,
Watanabe Y., Yakushiji T., Yanagisawa Y., Yoneda K.,
and Ishihara M.: “Invariant-mass spectroscopy of theneutron-drip line nucleus 14 Be”, International Symposium on Structure of Exotic Nuclei and Nuclear Forces(SENUF06), (CNS and RIKEN), Tokyo, Mar. (2006).
Mizuno T., Majima T., Nakai Y., Tsuchida H., and ItohA.: “Electronic stopping and velocity eﬀect of multiple
ionization and fragmentation of C60 in swift heavy ion
impacts”, 22nd International Conference on Atomic Collisions in Solids (ICACS 2006), (Hahn-Meitner-Institut
Berlin), Berlin, Germany, July (2006).
Mizuno T., Majima T., Tsuchida H., Nakai Y., and ItohA.: “Molecular orientation eﬀects on ionization of CO incharge-changing collisions of 6 MeV O4+ ion”, 13th International Conference on the Physics of Highly Charged
Ions (HCI 2006), Belfast, UK, Aug.–Sept. (2006).
Nagatomo T., Minamisono K., Matsuta K., Levy C. D.,
Sumikama T., Ozawa A., Tagisi Y., Mihara M., Ogura
M., Matsumiya R., Fukuda M., Yamaguchi M., Behr J.
A., Jackson K. P., Fujiwara H., Ohta H., Yasuno T.,
Hashizume Y., and Minamisono T.: “Alignment Correlation Terms In β-Ray Angular Distributions From
Spin Aligned 20 F And 20 Na”, 17th International Spin
Physics Symposium (SPIN2006), (Kyoto University),
Kyoto, Oct. (2006).
Ueno H., Nagae D., Kameda D., Takemura M., Asahi
K., Takase K., Yoshimi A., Sugimoto T., Shimada K.,
Nagatomo T., Uchida M., Arai T., Inoue T., Murata
J., Kawamura H., and Narota K.: “Electric quadrupole
moment of 31 Al”, International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2007), (Science Council of Japan, RIKEN
and others), Tokyo, June (2007).
Murata J., Asahi K., Hirayama Y., Kameda D., Kawamura
H., Nagae D., Narota K., Shimada K., Toyoda T.,2- 347 -

Uchida M., Ueno H., and Yoshimi A.: “T-Violatingtransverse electron polarization in polarized nuclear
beta decay”, International Nuclear Physics Conference(INPC2007), Tokyo, June (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Yoshimi A., HaseyamaT., Kobayashi Y., Ishihara M., Nagae D., Takemura M.,
Shimada K., Uchida M., Arai T., Takase K., Inoue T.,
Kijima G., Suda S., Murata J., Kawamura H., Narota
K., Toyoda T., and Watanabe H.: “Electric quadrupole
moments of neutron-rich nuclei 32 Al and 31 Al”, International Symposium & School on Frontiers and Perspectives of Nuclear and Hadron Physics (FPNH07), (Tokyo
Institute of Technology), Tokyo, June (2007).
Kanai Y., Nakai Y., Lamsadze R., Iwai Y., Nishio K.,
Masuda H., and Yamazaki Y.: “Auger electrons fromexcited states of ions after passing through a metallic
microcapillary”, 25th International Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions (ICPEAC 2007),
Freiburg, Germany, July (2007).
Mizuno T., Yamada T., Nakai Y., Tsuchida H., and ItohA.: “Ionization and fragmentation of N2 following electron capture and loss of 2MeV C+ ions”, 25th International Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic
Collisions (ICPEAC 2007), (Max-Planck-Institut fuer
Kernphysik), Freiburg, Germany, July (2007).
Sugimoto T., Asahi K., Kawamura H., Murata J., Nagae
D., Shimada K., Ueno H., and Yoshimi A.: “Development of atomic-beam resonance method to measure thenuclear moments of unstable nuclei”, 14th International
Conference on Hyperﬁne Interactions and 18th International Symposium on Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions,(A Joint Argentina-Brazil organization), Foz do Iguacu,
Brazil, Aug. (2007).
Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Kanungo R., Katori K., Kikunaga
H., Koura H., Kudo H., Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Sato N.,
Suda T., Sueki K., Tokanai F., Xu H., Yamaguchi T.,
Yoneda A., Yoshida A., and YuLiang Z.: “Experimenton searching for the heaviest elements at RIKEN”, 3rdInternational Conference on the Chemistry and Physics
of the Transactinide Elements (TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer
Institut and Bern University), Davos, Switzerland, Sept.
(2007).
) Conference)((Domestic
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- 348 -

Superheavy
RNC Element Laboratory
Publications
Publications[Journal][](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Kambara T., Kanai Y., Kojima T., Nakai Y., Yoneda A.,
Yamazaki Y., and Kageyama K.: “Elastic waves fromfast heavy-ion irradiation on solids”, J.Acoust.Emiss.
24, 97–103 (2006).
Haba H., Akiyama T., Kaji D., Kikunaga H., KuribayashiT., Morimoto K., Morita K., Ooe K., Sato N., ShinoharaA., Takabe T., Tashiro T., Toyoshima A., Yoneda A.,
and Yoshimura T.: “Startup of superheavy element
chemistry at RIKEN”, Eur. Phys. J. D 45, 81–86(2007).
Yamashita Y., Takahashi Y., Haba H., Enomoto S.,
and Shimizu H.: “Comparison of reductive accumulation of Re and Os in seawater - sediment systems”,
Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 71, No. 14, pp. 3458–
3475 (2007).
Haba H., Kaji D., Kikunaga H., Akiyama T., SatoN., Morimoto K., Yoneda A., Morita K., Takabe T.,
and Shinohara A.: “Development of gas-jet transportsystem coupled to the RIKEN Gas-ﬁlled Recoil Ion Separator GARIS for superheavy element chemistry”, J.
Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 8, No. 2, pp. 55–58 (2007).
Kasamatu Y., Toyoshima A., Toume H., Tsukada K., Haba
H., and Nagame Y.: “Anion-exchange behavior of Nb,
Ta, and Pa as homologues of Db in HF/HNO3 solutions”, J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 8, No. 2, pp. 69–72(2007).
Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Katori K., Koura H., Kudo H.,
Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Suda T., Sueki K., Tokanai F.,
Yamaguchi T., Yoneda A., and Yoshida A.: “Experiment on synthesis of an isotope 277112 by 208Pb + 70Zn
reaction”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 4, pp. 043201-1–
043201-5 (2007).
Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Katori K., Koura H., Kikunaga
H., Kudo H., Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Sato N., Suda
T., Sueki K., Tokanai F., Yamaguchi T., Yoneda A.,
and Yoshida A.: “Observation of second decay chain
from 278113”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 4, pp.
045001-1–045001-2 (2007).
Sato W., Ueno H., Taniguchi A., Itsuki Y., Kasamatu
Y., Shinohara A., Asahi K., and Ohkubo Y.: “Timedependent quadrupole interactions for 140 Ce ions implanted in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 272, 665–668 (2007).
Sonoda T., Fujita M., Yamazaki A., Endo T., ShinozukaT., Miyashita Y., Sato N., Goto A., Takano E., SuzukiT., Miyake T., Tanigaki M., and Wada M.: “Development of the RF-IGISOL at CYRIC”, Nucl. Instrum.

Methods Phys. Res. B 254, 295–299 (2007).
Fujita H., Fujita Y., Adachi T., Bacher A. D., Berg G.
P., Black T. C., Caurier E., Foster ., Fujimura H., Hara
K., Harada K., Hatanaka K., Janecke J., Kamiya J.,
Kanzaki Y., Katori K., Kawabata T., Langanke K.,
Martinez-Pinedo G., Noro T., Robers D. A., Sakaguchi
H., Shimbara Y., Shinada T., Stephenson E. J., Ueno
H., Yamanaka T., Yoshifuku M., and Yosoi M.: “Isospin
structure of J π = 1+ states in 58 Ni and 58 Cu studied by
58
Ni(p, p� ) and 58 Ni(3 He,t)58 Cu measurements”, Phys.
Rev. C 75, 034310-1–034310-15 (2007).
Ichikawa T., Hagino K., and Iwamoto A.: “Existence ofa one-body barrier revealed in deep subbarrier fusion”,
Phys. Rev. C 75, 057603-1–057603-4 (2007).
Ichikawa T., Hagino K., and Iwamoto A.: “Systematics ofthreshold incident energy for deep sub-barrier fusion hindrance”, Phys. Rev. C 75, 064612-1–064612-4 (2007).
Sakuma F., chiba j., Enyo H., Fukao Y., Funahashi H.,
Hamagaki H., ieiri m., ishino m., handa h., Kitaguchi M.,
mihara s., Miwa K., miyashita t., Murakami T., muto r.,
nakura t., Naruki M., Ozawa K., sasaki o., Sekimoto M.,
Tabaru T., tanaka k., Togawa M., yamada s., YokkaichiS., and yoshimura y.: “Nuclear-matter modiﬁcation of
decay widths in the φ → e+ e− and φ → K + K − channels”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 152302-1–152302-5 (2007).
Sato W., Ueno H., Watanabe H., Miyoshi H., Yoshimi A.,
Kameda D., Ito T., Shimada K., Kaihara J., Suda S.,
Kobayashi Y., Shinohara A., Ohkubo Y., and Asahi K.:“Online time-diﬀerential perturbed angular correlation
study with an 19 O beam Residence sites of oxygen atoms
in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite”, Nucl. Instrum.
Methods Phys. Res. B 266, 316–322 (2008).

Oral Presentations

Oral Presentations(International
Conference etc.))(

Asai M., Tsukada K., Sakama M., Ishii Y., Toyoshima A.,
Ishii T., Nishinaka I., Nagame Y., Kasamatsu Y., Haba
H., Kojima Y., Shibata M., Hayashi H., and Sueki K.:“Alpha-gamma spectroscopy of N = 155 and 157 nuclei
using a gas-jet transport technique”, 3rd International
Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements (TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer Institut andBern University), Davos, Switzerland, Sept. (2007).
Kasamatsu Y., Toyoshima A., Asai M., Tsukada K., Haba
H., Ishii Y., Toume H., Nishinaka I., Akiyama K.,
Kikunaga H., Goto S., Ishikawa T., Kudo H., Sato W.,
Ooe K., Kuribayashi T., Shinohara A., Kinoshita N.,
Arai M., Yokoyama A., Sakama M., Sato T., Qin Z.,
Duellmann C. E., and Nagame Y.: “Anion-exchange behavior of element 105, Db, in HF/HNO3 media”, 3rdInternational Conference on the Chemistry and Physics
of the Transactinide Elements (TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer
Institut and Bern University), Davos, Switzerland, Sept.

1- 349 -

(2007).
Toyoshima A., Kasamatsu Y., Tsukada K., Kitatsuji A.,
Haba H., Ishii Y., Toume H., Asai M., Akiyama K.,
Ooe K., Sato W., Shinohara A., and Nagame Y.: “Electrochemical oxidation of nobelium”, 3rd International
Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements (TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer Institut andBern University), Davos, Switzerland, Sept. (2007).
Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Kanungo R., Katori K., Kikunaga
H., Koura H., Kudo H., Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Sato N.,
Suda T., Sueki K., Tokanai F., Xu H., Yamaguchi T.,
Yoneda A., Yoshida A., and YuLiang Z.: “Experimenton searching for the heaviest elements at RIKEN”, 3rdInternational Conference on the Chemistry and Physics
of the Transactinide Elements (TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer
Institut and Bern University), Davos, Switzerland, Sept.
(2007).
Nagame Y., Toyoshima A., Ishii Y., Tsukada K., Asai M.,
Toume H., Kasamatsu Y., Nishinaka I., Sato T., Haba
H., Kikunaga H., Akiyama K., Oura Y., Nakahara H.,
Sato W., Shinohara A., Goto S., Kudo H., YokoyamaA., Sakama M., Sueki K., Schaedel M., Bruechle W.,
and Kratz J. V.: “Fluoride complex formation of element 104, Rutherfordium”, 3rd International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide
Elements (TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer Institut and Bern
University), Davos, Switzerland, Sept. (2007).
Kaji D., Haba H., Kikunaga H., Morimoto K., AkiyamaT., Kudo H., Ooe K., Nanri T., Sato N., Shinohara
A., Suzuki D., Takabe T., Yamazaki I., Yokoyama A.,
Yoneda A., and Morita K.: “Performance of a gas-ﬁlled
recoil separator GARIS for hot fusion study”, 3rd International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics
of the Transactinide Elements (TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer
Institut and Bern University), Davos, Switzerland, Sept.
(2007).
Haba H., Akiyama T., Kaji D., Kikunaga H., KuribayashiT., Morimoto K., Morita K., Nanri T., Ooe K., Sato N.,
Shinohara A., Suzuki D., Toyoshima A., Yamazaki I.,
Yokoyama A., Yoneda A., and Yoshimura T.: “Present
status and perspectives of superheavy element chemistry at RIKEN”, 3rd International Conference on theChemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements(TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer Institut and Bern University),
Davos, Switzerland, Sept. (2007).
Morita K.: “Future plan of the experimental programon synthesizing the heaviest elements at RIKEN”, 6thWorkshop on Recoil Separator for Superheavy Element
Chemistry (TASCA 07), (GSI, TUM, and PSI), Davos,
Switzerland, Sept. (2007).
Haba H.: “Perspectives of the superheavy element chemistry at RIKEN GARIS”, 6th Workshop on Recoil Separator for Superheavy Element Chemistry (TASCA 07),
(GSI, TUM, and PSI), Davos, Switzerland, Sept. (2007).

Motomura S., Kanayama Y., Haba H., Watanabe Y.,
and Enomoto S.: “Multiple Nuclide Imaging in Live
Mouse Using Semiconductor Compton Camera for Multiple Molecular Imaging”, 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science
Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, Honolulu,
USA, Oct.–Nov. (2007).
Motomura S., Kanayama Y., Haba H., Igarashi K.,
Hiromura M., Watanabe Y., and Enomoto S.: “Compton Camera for Multiple Molecular Imaging”, International Symposium on Metallomics 2007 (ISM 2007),(The Chemical Society of Japan), Nagoya, Nov.–Dec.
(2007).
Furukawa J., Haba H., Enomoto S., and Satoh S.: “Heavy
Metal Accumulation in Lotus japonicas”, International
Symposium on Metallomics 2007 (ISM 2007), (The
Chemical Society of Japan), Nagoya, Nov.–Dec. (2007).
Kanayama Y., Motomura S., Haba H., Enomoto K. (.,Watanabe Y., and Enomoto S.: “Preliminary study
for multiple molecular imaging: simultaneous imaging
of 18 F-FDG, 54 Mn-MnCl2 , and 65 Zn-ZnCl2 in normal
and tumor-bearing mouse”, International Symposium on
Metallomics 2007 (ISM 2007), (The Chemical Society ofJapan), Nagoya, Nov.–Dec. (2007).
(Domestic)Conference)
(
,
,
: “
”,
2006
,
, 9 (2006).
,
,
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,
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,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
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,
,
,
,
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,
: “X
Polaris
”,
2007
,
,3
(2007).
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,
,
,
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: “
”,
2007
,
, 3 (2007).
,
,
,
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,
,
,
,
,
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,
,
: “ X
PHENEX
:2006
”,
2007
,
,3
(2007).
,,,,,: “105(Db)
Nb,Ta,PaHF/HNO3”,87,,3(2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “HF/HNO3
Nb,Ta
105
Db
”,
87
,
, 3 (2007).
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,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
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2

- 350 -

: “

/
87
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,

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,

,
,
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(2007).
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,

,
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(2007).
,
,
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87

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: “
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87

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(2007).
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248
22
265
: “RIKEN
Cm( Ne,5n) Sg(1)”,,, 3 (2007).
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,

,
,
87
,
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,(
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,
,
,
,
,
,
, Qin Z., Duellmann C. E.: “105Db
HF/HNO3”, 200751,(),,9(2007).
,
,
,
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,
:
90m
Nb
“
”, 200751,, 9 (2007).
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,
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,
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,(
),
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,,,,: “Simultaneous imaging of 65 Zn, 85 Sr, and 131 I in living mouseusing gamma-ray emission imaging system”,
17
,(
),
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(2007).
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,
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),
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(2007).
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: “
”, 200751,(),,9(2007).
,,: “Systematics of thresholdincident energies for deep sub-barrier fusion hindrance
62
in medium-heavy mass region”,,, 9 (2007).
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,
,
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:
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2008
,(
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131

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(2007).
,: “3- 351 -

RNC
Theoretical
Nuclear Physics Laboratory

Oral Presentations

Oral Presentations(Domestic() Conference)
: “
,
”,

: “
,(

),

,5

,8

(2007).

,,9”, RIBF(2007).

: “
”,

62
: “
,
: “

(2007).
”,, 11(2007).
”,

4,,(2007).
: “Isovector density dependence of pairing eﬀective interaction and the inﬂuence on rotational excitations”, RIBF
2,
, 12 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
:
“
”,
,(
),
, 12
(2007).
: “
”,
,(
),
, 12
(2007).
121- 352 -

RNC
Experimental
Installations Development Group
Publications
Publications[Journal][](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Ueno H., Kameda D., Nagae D., Takemura M., Asahi
K., Takase K., Yoshimi A., Sugimoto T., Nagatomo T.,
Shimada K., Uchida M., Arai T., Inoue T., Murata J.,
Kawamura H., and Narota K.: “Nuclear-moment measurements at RIKEN and perspectives in RIBF”, AIP
Conf. Proc. 915, 841–844 (2007).
Ueno H., Kameda D., Nagae D., Takemura M., Asahi
K., Arai T., Shimada K., Takase K., Sugimoto T.,
Nagatomo T., Uchida M., Inoue T., Yoshimi A.,
Kawamura H., and Narota K.: “Nuclear moments ofneutron-rich aluminum isotopes”, Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 150, 185–186 (2007).
Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Katori K., Koura H., Kudo H.,
Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Suda T., Sueki K., Tokanai F.,
Yamaguchi T., Yoneda A., and Yoshida A.: “Experiment on synthesis of an isotope 277112 by 208Pb + 70Zn
reaction”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 4, pp. 043201-1–
043201-5 (2007).
Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Katori K., Koura H., Kikunaga
H., Kudo H., Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Sato N., Suda
T., Sueki K., Tokanai F., Yamaguchi T., Yoneda A.,
and Yoshida A.: “Observation of second decay chain
from 278113”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 4, pp.
045001-1–045001-2 (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Takemura M., Yoshimi
A., Haseyama T., Uchida M., Shimada K., Nagae D.,
Kijima G., Arai T., Takase K., Suda S., Inoue T.,
Murata J., Kawamura H., Kobayashi Y., Watanabe
H., and Ishihara M.: “Measurement of the electric
quadrupole moment of 32 Al”, Phys. Lett. B 647, 93–97(2007).
Sugimoto T., Nakamura T., Kondo Y., Aoi N., Baba
H., Bazin D. P., Fukuda N., Gomi T., Hasegawa
H., Imai N., Ishihara M., Kobayashi T., Kubo T.,
Miura M., Motobayashi T., Otsu H., Saito A., Sakurai
H., Shimoura S., Vinodkumar A. M., Watanabe K.,
Watanabe Y., Yakushiji T., Yanagisawa Y., and Yoneda
K.: “The ﬁrst 2+ state of 14 Be”, Phys. Lett. B 654,
160–164 (2007).
Sato W., Ueno H., Watanabe H., Miyoshi H., Yoshimi A.,
Kameda D., Ito T., Shimada K., Kaihara J., Suda S.,
Kobayashi Y., Shinohara A., Ohkubo Y., and Asahi K.:“Online time-diﬀerential perturbed angular correlation
study with an 19 O beam Residence sites of oxygen atoms
in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite”, Nucl. Instrum.
Methods Phys. Res. B 266, 316–322 (2008).
[
Proc.][Book•Proceedings](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Ueno H., Kameda D., Yoshimi A., Haseyama T., Asahi
K., Takemura M., Kijima G., Shimada K., Nagae D.,
Uchida M., Arai T., Suda S., Takase K., Inoue T.,
and Kawamura H.: “Production of spin-oriented unstable nuclei via the projectile-fragmentation reaction”,
Polarized-Sources and Targets: Proceedings of the 11th
International Workshop, Tokyo, 2005–11, World Scientiﬁc, Singapore, pp. 178–183 (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Yoshimi A., HaseyamaT., Kobayashi Y., Uchida M., Miyoshi H., Kijima G.,
Takemura M., Nagae D., Kato G., Emori S., Oshima S.,
Arai T., and Tsukui M.: “Production of spin-polarized
RI beams via projectile fragmentation and the application to nuclear moment measurements”, PolarizedSources and Targets: Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop, Tokyo, 2005–11, World Scientiﬁc Publishing , Toh Tuck Link, pp. 211–212 (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Takemura M., Nagae
D., Shimada K., Yoshimi A., Kobayashi Y., HaseyamaT., Uchida M., Takase K., Arai T., Inoue T., Suda S.,
Murata J., Kawamura H., Watanabe H., and Ishihara
M.: “Nuclear moment measurements of Neutron-rich
Aluminum Isotopes Using Spin-Polarized RI beams:
Determination of the Boundary of the ”Island of
Inversion””, Proceedings of the 17th International
Spin Physics Symposium (SPIN2006), Tokyo, 2006–10,
American Institute of Physics, New York, pp. 845–848(2007).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations()(International
Conference etc.)

Kawamura H., Hirayama Y., Kameda D., Murata J.,
Narota K., Shimoyama T., Suehiro T., Toyoda T.,
and Uchida M.: “A New Drift Chamber based Mott
Polarimeter for T-violation experiment”, International
Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2007), Tokyo, June(2007).
Ueno H., Nagae D., Kameda D., Takemura M., Asahi
K., Takase K., Yoshimi A., Sugimoto T., Shimada K.,
Nagatomo T., Uchida M., Arai T., Inoue T., Murata
J., Kawamura H., and Narota K.: “Electric quadrupole
moment of 31 Al”, International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2007), (Science Council of Japan, RIKEN
and others), Tokyo, June (2007).
Murata J., Asahi K., Hirayama Y., Kameda D., Kawamura
H., Nagae D., Narota K., Shimada K., Toyoda T.,
Uchida M., Ueno H., and Yoshimi A.: “T-Violatingtransverse electron polarization in polarized nuclear
beta decay”, International Nuclear Physics Conference(INPC2007), Tokyo, June (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Yoshimi A., HaseyamaT., Kobayashi Y., Ishihara M., Nagae D., Takemura M.,
Shimada K., Uchida M., Arai T., Takase K., Inoue T.,
Kijima G., Suda S., Murata J., Kawamura H., Narota
K., Toyoda T., and Watanabe H.: “Electric quadrupole

1- 353 -

moments of neutron-rich nuclei 32 Al and 31 Al”, International Symposium & School on Frontiers and Perspectives of Nuclear and Hadron Physics (FPNH07), (Tokyo
Institute of Technology), Tokyo, June (2007).
Sugimoto T., Asahi K., Kawamura H., Murata J., Nagae
D., Shimada K., Ueno H., and Yoshimi A.: “Development of atomic-beam resonance method to measure thenuclear moments of unstable nuclei”, 14th International
Conference on Hyperﬁne Interactions and 18th International Symposium on Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions,(A Joint Argentina-Brazil organization), Foz do Iguacu,
Brazil, Aug. (2007).
) Conference)((Domestic: “”, RCNP
RCNP,, 2 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
32Al
–
20
–”,
2007
,
, 3 (2007).
,,,,, Bazin D.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, Attukalathil V. M.,
,
,
,
,
: “
14
Be
”,
,
, 4 (2007).
,,,, Attukalathil V. M.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, Bazin
D.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
14
Be
”, SPring-8,(JASRI),, 7 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
8
Li
T1
”,
19
(III) ,,

, 11,(2007).
,

,

,

,

,
,
,
,
,
: “Development of a polarization holding stopper
63
for a T-Violation experiment”,,, 3 (2008).

2- 354 -RNC

SLOWRI Team
Publications
Publications[][Journal](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Wada M., Ishida Y., Nakamura T., Kanai Y., KojimaT., Takamine A., Yamazaki Y., Okada K., Yoshida A.,
Kubo T., Katayama I., Ohtani S., Varentsov V., Wollnik
H., Lioubimov V., and Schuessler H. A.: “Laser spectroscopy of trapped 7 Be and 10 Be at a prototype slow
RI-beam facility of RIKEN”, Hyperﬁne Interact. 173,
153–163 (2006).
Sonoda T., Fujita M., Yamazaki A., Endo T., ShinozukaT., Miyashita Y., Sato N., Goto A., Takano E., SuzukiT., Miyake T., Tanigaki M., and Wada M.: “Development of the RF-IGISOL at CYRIC”, Nucl. Instrum.
Methods Phys. Res. B 254, 295–299 (2007).
Okada K., Yasuda K., Takayanagi T., Wada M., Schuessler
H. A., and Ohtani S.: “Crystallization of Ca+ ions in a
linear rf octupole ion trap”, Phys. Rev. A 75, No. 3,
pp. 033409-1–033409-10 (2007).

1- 355 -

Polarized RI Beam Team
RNC
Publications
Publications[Journal][](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Ueno H., Kameda D., Nagae D., Takemura M., Asahi
K., Takase K., Yoshimi A., Sugimoto T., Nagatomo T.,
Arai T., Uchida M., Shimada K., Inoue T., Murata J.,
Kawamura H., and Narota K.: “Measurement of nuclear
moments at RIKEN”, AIP Conf. Proc. 891, 113–121(2007).
Ueno H., Kameda D., Nagae D., Takemura M., Asahi
K., Takase K., Yoshimi A., Sugimoto T., Nagatomo T.,
Shimada K., Uchida M., Arai T., Inoue T., Murata J.,
Kawamura H., and Narota K.: “Nuclear-moment measurements at RIKEN and perspectives in RIBF”, AIP
Conf. Proc. 915, 841–844 (2007).
Ueno H., Kameda D., Nagae D., Takemura M., Asahi
K., Arai T., Shimada K., Takase K., Sugimoto T.,
Nagatomo T., Uchida M., Inoue T., Yoshimi A.,
Kawamura H., and Narota K.: “Nuclear moments ofneutron-rich aluminum isotopes”, Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 150, 185–186 (2007).
Sato W., Ueno H., Taniguchi A., Itsuki Y., Kasamatu
Y., Shinohara A., Asahi K., and Ohkubo Y.: “Timedependent quadrupole interactions for 140 Ce ions implanted in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite”, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 272, 665–668 (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Takemura M., Yoshimi
A., Haseyama T., Uchida M., Shimada K., Nagae D.,
Kijima G., Arai T., Takase K., Suda S., Inoue T.,
Murata J., Kawamura H., Kobayashi Y., Watanabe
H., and Ishihara M.: “Measurement of the electric
quadrupole moment of 32 Al”, Phys. Lett. B 647, 93–97(2007).
Sugimoto T., Nakamura T., Kondo Y., Aoi N., Baba
H., Bazin D. P., Fukuda N., Gomi T., Hasegawa
H., Imai N., Ishihara M., Kobayashi T., Kubo T.,
Miura M., Motobayashi T., Otsu H., Saito A., Sakurai
H., Shimoura S., Vinodkumar A. M., Watanabe K.,
Watanabe Y., Yakushiji T., Yanagisawa Y., and Yoneda
K.: “The ﬁrst 2+ state of 14 Be”, Phys. Lett. B 654,
160–164 (2007).
Fujita H., Fujita Y., Adachi T., Bacher A. D., Berg G.
P., Black T. C., Caurier E., Foster ., Fujimura H., Hara
K., Harada K., Hatanaka K., Janecke J., Kamiya J.,
Kanzaki Y., Katori K., Kawabata T., Langanke K.,
Martinez-Pinedo G., Noro T., Robers D. A., Sakaguchi
H., Shimbara Y., Shinada T., Stephenson E. J., Ueno
H., Yamanaka T., Yoshifuku M., and Yosoi M.: “Isospin
structure of J π = 1+ states in 58 Ni and 58 Cu studied by
58
Ni(p, p� ) and 58 Ni(3 He,t)58 Cu measurements”, Phys.
Rev. C 75, 034310-1–034310-15 (2007).
Notani M., Sakurai H., Aoi N., Iwasaki H., Fukuda N., Liu
Z., Yoneda K., Ogawa H., Teranishi T., Nakamura T.,

Okuno H., Yoshida A., Watanabe Y., Momota S., Inabe
N., Kubo T., Ito S., Ozawa A., Suzuki T., Tanihata I.,
and Ishihara M.: “Projectile fragmentation reaction andproduction of nuclei near the neutron drip line”, Phys.
Rev. C 76, 044605-1–044605-15 (2007).
Sato W., Ueno H., Watanabe H., Miyoshi H., Yoshimi A.,
Kameda D., Ito T., Shimada K., Kaihara J., Suda S.,
Kobayashi Y., Shinohara A., Ohkubo Y., and Asahi K.:“Online time-diﬀerential perturbed angular correlation
study with an 19 O beam Residence sites of oxygen atoms
in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite”, Nucl. Instrum.
Methods Phys. Res. B 266, 316–322 (2008).
[Book•Proceedings][
Proc.](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Ueno H., Kameda D., Yoshimi A., Haseyama T., Asahi
K., Takemura M., Kijima G., Shimada K., Nagae D.,
Uchida M., Arai T., Suda S., Takase K., Inoue T.,
and Kawamura H.: “Production of spin-oriented unstable nuclei via the projectile-fragmentation reaction”,
Polarized-Sources and Targets: Proceedings of the 11th
International Workshop, Tokyo, 2005–11, World Scientiﬁc, Singapore, pp. 178–183 (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Yoshimi A., HaseyamaT., Kobayashi Y., Uchida M., Miyoshi H., Kijima G.,
Takemura M., Nagae D., Kato G., Emori S., Oshima S.,
Arai T., and Tsukui M.: “Production of spin-polarized
RI beams via projectile fragmentation and the application to nuclear moment measurements”, PolarizedSources and Targets: Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop, Tokyo, 2005–11, World Scientiﬁc Publishing , Toh Tuck Link, pp. 211–212 (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Takemura M., Nagae
D., Shimada K., Yoshimi A., Kobayashi Y., HaseyamaT., Uchida M., Takase K., Arai T., Inoue T., Suda S.,
Murata J., Kawamura H., Watanabe H., and Ishihara
M.: “Nuclear moment measurements of Neutron-rich
Aluminum Isotopes Using Spin-Polarized RI beams:
Determination of the Boundary of the ”Island of
Inversion””, Proceedings of the 17th International
Spin Physics Symposium (SPIN2006), Tokyo, 2006–10,
American Institute of Physics, New York, pp. 845–848(2007).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations()(International
Conference etc.)

Ueno H.: “Status of RI Beam Factory Project at RIKEN”,
9th International Spring Seminar on Nuclear Physics,
Challenges Facets of Nuclear Structure, Vico Equense,
Italy, May (2007).
Kawamura H., Hirayama Y., Kameda D., Murata J.,
Narota K., Shimoyama T., Suehiro T., Toyoda T.,
and Uchida M.: “A New Drift Chamber based Mott
Polarimeter for T-violation experiment”, International
Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2007), Tokyo, June(2007).

1- 356 -

Ueno H., Nagae D., Kameda D., Takemura M., Asahi
K., Takase K., Yoshimi A., Sugimoto T., Shimada K.,
Nagatomo T., Uchida M., Arai T., Inoue T., Murata
J., Kawamura H., and Narota K.: “Electric quadrupole
moment of 31 Al”, International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2007), (Science Council of Japan, RIKEN
and others), Tokyo, June (2007).
Shimada K., Nagae D., Asahi K., Takemura M., Arai
T., Inoue T., Takase K., Kagami S., HatakeyamaN., Kobayashi Y., Ueno H., Yoshimi A., Kameda D.,
Nagatomo T., Sugimoto T., Kubono S., Yamaguchi H.,
Wakabayashi Y., Amadio G., Hayakawa S., Murata J.,
and Kawamura H.: “First production of spin-polarizedradioactive nuclear beam with CRIB”, International
Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2007), Tokyo, June(2007).
Murata J., Asahi K., Hirayama Y., Kameda D., Kawamura
H., Nagae D., Narota K., Shimada K., Toyoda T.,
Uchida M., Ueno H., and Yoshimi A.: “T-Violatingtransverse electron polarization in polarized nuclear
beta decay”, International Nuclear Physics Conference(INPC2007), Tokyo, June (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Yoshimi A., HaseyamaT., Kobayashi Y., Ishihara M., Nagae D., Takemura M.,
Shimada K., Uchida M., Arai T., Takase K., Inoue T.,
Kijima G., Suda S., Murata J., Kawamura H., Narota
K., Toyoda T., and Watanabe H.: “Electric quadrupole
moments of neutron-rich nuclei 32 Al and 31 Al”, International Symposium & School on Frontiers and Perspectives of Nuclear and Hadron Physics (FPNH07), (Tokyo
Institute of Technology), Tokyo, June (2007).
Ueno H.:“Nuclear-moment measurements of lightneutron-rich nuclei utilizing fragment-induced spinpolarization and its applications”, International Workshop on Nuclear Structure: New Pictures in the Extended Isospin Space (NS07), Kyoto, June (2007).
Ueno H.: “RI Beam Factory Project at RIKEN andPhysics Programme on this Facility”, Advanced Studies Institute: Symmetries and Spin (SPIN-Praha-2007),
Prague, Czech, July (2007).
Sugimoto T., Asahi K., Kawamura H., Murata J., Nagae
D., Shimada K., Ueno H., and Yoshimi A.: “Development of atomic-beam resonance method to measure thenuclear moments of unstable nuclei”, 14th International
Conference on Hyperﬁne Interactions and 18th International Symposium on Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions,(A Joint Argentina-Brazil organization), Foz do Iguacu,
Brazil, Aug. (2007).
Ueno H.: “Radioactive-Isotope Beam Factory Project at
RIKEN”, 2007 Korean Physical Society Meeting, Jeju,
Korea, Oct. (2007).
) Conference)((Domestic
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,

,

: “

32Al

–

20

–”,

2007

,
,

,

,3

,
Rb,Cs
(AMO)

,

4

,
,

,

D.,

”,
,6
(2007).
, Attukalathil V. M.,,,,,, Bazin
,
,
,

,
,

,
,

,
,
,

,
,

: “
”, SPring-8,7,(2007).
,

,

,
II
62

,
,

,

: “

,

,
14
Be
(JASRI),,,(2007).
,

,

: “
Rb
,
,
: “

,
,

,

,
”,

,9

(2007).
,

,
RI
”,

62

,
,

,9

(2007).
,
,
8
Li
19

,
,

,
”,

(III) ,

, 11,(2007).
,

,
,

,

,

,

,
T1

: “
-

,

,

,
In

: “
”,
,

4
, 12
,

(2007).
,: “OROCHI

4
, 12
,

,

,

,

,
”,
,

(2007).
,

,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “Development of a polarization holding stopper
for a T-Violation experiment”,
63,, 3 (2008).

2- 357 -

RNC
Experimental
Installations Operation Group
Publications
Publications[Journal][](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Wada M., Ishida Y., Nakamura T., Kanai Y., KojimaT., Takamine A., Yamazaki Y., Okada K., Yoshida A.,
Kubo T., Katayama I., Ohtani S., Varentsov V., Wollnik
H., Lioubimov V., and Schuessler H. A.: “Laser spectroscopy of trapped 7 Be and 10 Be at a prototype slow
RI-beam facility of RIKEN”, Hyperﬁne Interact. 173,
153–163 (2006).
Sekiguchi K., Sakai H., Sakamoto N., Kuboki H., Sasano
M., Takahashi Y., Yako K., Kawabata T., Maeda
Y., Sakaguchi S., Sasamoto Y., Suda K., Uesaka T.,
Okamura H., Itoh K., and Wakasa T.: “Study of Spin� Breakup Reactions
Parts of Three Nucleon Forces via dp
at Intermediate Energies”, Nucl. Phys. A 790, 450c–
453c (2007).
Gibelin J. D., Beaumel D., Motobayashi T., Aoi N., Baba
H., Blumenfeld Y., Dombradi Z., Elekes Z., Fortier S.,
Frascaria N., Fukuda N., Gomi T., Ishikawa K., Kondo
Y., Kubo T., Lima V., Nakamura T., Saito A., SatoY., Takeshita E., Takeuchi S., Teranishi T., Togano Y.,
Vinodkumar A. M., Yanagisawa Y., and Yoshida A.:+“Measurement of the B(E2, 0+
1 → 21 ) in the N = 16
26
nucleus Ne”, Phys. Rev. C 75, 057301-1–057391-4(2007).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations() Conference)(Domestic,,,,, Bazin D.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, Attukalathil V. M.,
,
,
,
,
: “
14
Be
”,
,
, 4 (2007).
,,,, Attukalathil V. M.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, Bazin
,
,
,
,
,
D.,
,
,
: “
14
Be
”, SPring-8,(JASRI),, 7 (2007).

1- 358 -

RNC

BigRIPS Team
Publications
Publications[Journal][](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Wada M., Ishida Y., Nakamura T., Kanai Y., KojimaT., Takamine A., Yamazaki Y., Okada K., Yoshida A.,
Kubo T., Katayama I., Ohtani S., Varentsov V., Wollnik
H., Lioubimov V., and Schuessler H. A.: “Laser spectroscopy of trapped 7 Be and 10 Be at a prototype slow
RI-beam facility of RIKEN”, Hyperﬁne Interact. 173,
153–163 (2006).
Sugimoto T., Nakamura T., Fukuda N., Miura M.,
Kondo Y., Aoi N., Baba H., Bazin D., Gomi T.,
Hasegawa H., Hashimoto Y., Imai N., Kobayashi T.,
Kubo T., Motobayashi T., Ohara M., Saito A., Sakurai
H., Shimoura S., Attukalathil V. M., Watanabe K.,
Watanabe Y., Yakushiji T., Yanagisawa Y., Yoneda K.,
and Ishihara M.: “Invariant-mass spectroscopy of theneutron-drip line nucleus 14 Be”, J. Phys.: Con. Ser.
49, 43–44 (2006).
Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Katori K., Koura H., Kudo H.,
Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Suda T., Sueki K., Tokanai F.,
Yamaguchi T., Yoneda A., and Yoshida A.: “Experiment on synthesis of an isotope 277112 by 208Pb + 70Zn
reaction”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 4, pp. 043201-1–
043201-5 (2007).
Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Katori K., Koura H., Kikunaga
H., Kudo H., Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Sato N., Suda
T., Sueki K., Tokanai F., Yamaguchi T., Yoneda A.,
and Yoshida A.: “Observation of second decay chain
from 278113”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 4, pp.
045001-1–045001-2 (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Takemura M., Yoshimi
A., Haseyama T., Uchida M., Shimada K., Nagae D.,
Kijima G., Arai T., Takase K., Suda S., Inoue T.,
Murata J., Kawamura H., Kobayashi Y., Watanabe
H., and Ishihara M.: “Measurement of the electric
quadrupole moment of 32 Al”, Phys. Lett. B 647, 93–97(2007).
Sugimoto T., Nakamura T., Kondo Y., Aoi N., Baba
H., Bazin D. P., Fukuda N., Gomi T., Hasegawa
H., Imai N., Ishihara M., Kobayashi T., Kubo T.,
Miura M., Motobayashi T., Otsu H., Saito A., Sakurai
H., Shimoura S., Vinodkumar A. M., Watanabe K.,
Watanabe Y., Yakushiji T., Yanagisawa Y., and Yoneda
K.: “The ﬁrst 2+ state of 14 Be”, Phys. Lett. B 654,
160–164 (2007).
Gibelin J. D., Beaumel D., Motobayashi T., Aoi N., Baba
H., Blumenfeld Y., Dombradi Z., Elekes Z., Fortier S.,
Frascaria N., Fukuda N., Gomi T., Ishikawa K., Kondo
Y., Kubo T., Lima V., Nakamura T., Saito A., SatoY., Takeshita E., Takeuchi S., Teranishi T., Togano Y.,

Vinodkumar A. M., Yanagisawa Y., and Yoshida A.:+“Measurement of the B(E2, 0+
1 → 21 ) in the N = 16
26
nucleus Ne”, Phys. Rev. C 75, 057301-1–057391-4(2007).
Notani M., Sakurai H., Aoi N., Iwasaki H., Fukuda N., Liu
Z., Yoneda K., Ogawa H., Teranishi T., Nakamura T.,
Okuno H., Yoshida A., Watanabe Y., Momota S., Inabe
N., Kubo T., Ito S., Ozawa A., Suzuki T., Tanihata I.,
and Ishihara M.: “Projectile fragmentation reaction andproduction of nuclei near the neutron drip line”, Phys.
Rev. C 76, 044605-1–044605-15 (2007).
[Book•Proceedings][
Proc.](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Ueno H., Kameda D., Yoshimi A., Haseyama T., Asahi
K., Takemura M., Kijima G., Shimada K., Nagae D.,
Uchida M., Arai T., Suda S., Takase K., Inoue T.,
and Kawamura H.: “Production of spin-oriented unstable nuclei via the projectile-fragmentation reaction”,
Polarized-Sources and Targets: Proceedings of the 11th
International Workshop, Tokyo, 2005–11, World Scientiﬁc, Singapore, pp. 178–183 (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Yoshimi A., HaseyamaT., Kobayashi Y., Uchida M., Miyoshi H., Kijima G.,
Takemura M., Nagae D., Kato G., Emori S., Oshima S.,
Arai T., and Tsukui M.: “Production of spin-polarized
RI beams via projectile fragmentation and the application to nuclear moment measurements”, PolarizedSources and Targets: Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop, Tokyo, 2005–11, World Scientiﬁc Publishing , Toh Tuck Link, pp. 211–212 (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Takemura M., Nagae
D., Shimada K., Yoshimi A., Kobayashi Y., HaseyamaT., Uchida M., Takase K., Arai T., Inoue T., Suda S.,
Murata J., Kawamura H., Watanabe H., and Ishihara
M.: “Nuclear moment measurements of Neutron-rich
Aluminum Isotopes Using Spin-Polarized RI beams:
Determination of the Boundary of the ”Island of
Inversion””, Proceedings of the 17th International
Spin Physics Symposium (SPIN2006), Tokyo, 2006–10,
American Institute of Physics, New York, pp. 845–848(2007).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations(International
Conference etc.))(

Sugimoto T., Nakamura T., Fukuda N., Miura M.,
Kondo Y., Aoi N., Baba H., Bazin D., Gomi T.,
Hasegawa H., Hashimoto Y., Imai N., Kobayashi T.,
Kubo T., Motobayashi T., Ohara M., Saito A., Sakurai
H., Shimoura S., Attukalathil V. M., Watanabe K.,
Watanabe Y., Yakushiji T., Yanagisawa Y., Yoneda K.,
and Ishihara M.: “Invariant-mass spectroscopy of theneutron-drip line nucleus 14 Be”, International Symposium on Structure of Exotic Nuclei and Nuclear Forces(SENUF06), (CNS and RIKEN), Tokyo, Mar. (2006).
Yoshida A., Suda T., Ohtsuki T., Yuki H., and Kubo T.:1- 359 -

“Status and overview of production target for BigRIPS
separator at RIKEN”, 23rd World Conference of the
INTDS, (KEK), Tsukuba, Oct. (2006).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Yoshimi A., HaseyamaT., Kobayashi Y., Ishihara M., Nagae D., Takemura M.,
Shimada K., Uchida M., Arai T., Takase K., Inoue T.,
Kijima G., Suda S., Murata J., Kawamura H., Narota
K., Toyoda T., and Watanabe H.: “Electric quadrupole
moments of neutron-rich nuclei 32 Al and 31 Al”, International Symposium & School on Frontiers and Perspectives of Nuclear and Hadron Physics (FPNH07), (Tokyo
Institute of Technology), Tokyo, June (2007).
Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Kanungo R., Katori K., Kikunaga
H., Koura H., Kudo H., Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Sato N.,
Suda T., Sueki K., Tokanai F., Xu H., Yamaguchi T.,
Yoneda A., Yoshida A., and YuLiang Z.: “Experimenton searching for the heaviest elements at RIKEN”, 3rdInternational Conference on the Chemistry and Physics
of the Transactinide Elements (TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer
Institut and Bern University), Davos, Switzerland, Sept.
(2007).
) Conference)((Domestic
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
32Al
–
20
–”,
2007
,
, 3 (2007).
,,,,, Bazin D.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, Attukalathil V. M.,
,
,
,
,
: “
14
Be
”,
,
, 4 (2007).
,,,, Attukalathil V. M.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, Bazin
D.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
14
Be
”, SPring-8,(JASRI),, 7 (2007).

2- 360 -

RNC
Detector Team
Publications
Publications[Journal][](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review,, Dobroiu A.,
,
,
,
,
:“
”,
, No. ED2006-194(2006-12),
pp. 59–63 (2006).

1- 361 -

RNC
User Liaisonand Support Group
Publications
Publications[][Journal](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Katori K., Koura H., Kudo H.,
Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Suda T., Sueki K., Tokanai F.,
Yamaguchi T., Yoneda A., and Yoshida A.: “Experiment on synthesis of an isotope 277112 by 208Pb + 70Zn
reaction”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 4, pp. 043201-1–
043201-5 (2007).
Morita K., Morimoto K., Kaji D., Akiyama T., Goto S.,
Haba H., Ideguchi E., Katori K., Koura H., Kikunaga
H., Kudo H., Ohnishi T., Ozawa A., Sato N., Suda
T., Sueki K., Tokanai F., Yamaguchi T., Yoneda A.,
and Yoshida A.: “Observation of second decay chain
from 278113”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 4, pp.
045001-1–045001-2 (2007).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations()(International
Conference etc.)

Yoshida A., Suda T., Ohtsuki T., Yuki H., and Kubo T.:“Status and overview of production target for BigRIPS
separator at RIKEN”, 23rd World Conference of the
INTDS, (KEK), Tsukuba, Oct. (2006).

1- 362 -

RNC
Experiment
Support Team

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations(Domestic() Conference)
,
,
,
,
(ssw)
(2007).
,
,
,

,

,

,

,

,9

,

,
,

,
,

: “
”,

,

: “

112

,

,

,

”,

,

,

,

,9
,
,
6-99L

224

(2007).

1- 363 -

RNCCooperation Team
Industrial
Publications
Publications[][Journal](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Takeichi H., Koyama S., Matani A., and Cichocki A.:“Speech comprehension assessed by electroencephalography: a new method using m-sequence modulation”,
Neurosci. Res. 57, No. 2, pp. 314–318 (2007).

(Others)

Takeichi H., Koyama S., Matani A., and Cichocki A.:“Speech comprehension assessed by electroencephalography with m-sequence technique”, Int. Congr. Ser.
1301, 83–86 (2007).
: “”,
14, No. 3,
pp. 245–247 (2007).
: “
2
”,
14,
No. 4, pp. 326–327 (2007).
,,, Cichocki A.: “”,
87, No. 4,
pp. 608–610 (2007).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations)((International
Conference etc.)

Takeichi H. and Koyama S.: “A study of scene perception and perceptual interaction by multiple bistability:
shading-lighting”, Cognitive Neuroscience Society 2006
Annual Meeting, San Francisco, USA, Apr. (2006).
Koyama S., Toyomaki A., Matsumoto H., Matsui M. F.,
Takeichi H., and Morotomi T.: “Auditory event-related
brain potentials elicited by short gaps embedded in acontinuous sound and by brief tones: a developmental study”, Cognitive Neuroscience Society 2006 Annual
Meeting, San Francisco, USA, Apr. (2006).
Takeichi H.: “On the computational elements of visual surface perception”, The Vision Sciences Society Meeting,(Vision Sciences Society), Sarasota, USA, May (2006).
Takeichi H., Koyama S., Kimura M., Matsumoto H., InoueY., and Morotomi T.: “Visually evoked brain potentials associated with volumetric completion”, 36th Annual Meeting of Society for Neuroscience (Neuroscience2006), Atlanta, USA, Oct. (2006).
Takeichi H., Koyama S., Matsumoto H., Morotomi T.,
and Cichocki A.: “Assessment of Speech Comprehension: Applications of M-Sequence Modulation and Independent Component Analysis to Electroencephalography”, 10th Tamagawa-RIKEN Dynamic Brain Forum(DBF ’07), Hakuba, Mar. (2007).
Takeichi H., Koyama S., and Cichocki A.: “Measuring
sentence processing by electroencephalography (EEG):
new technique using m-sequence modulation”, 2007
IEEE/ICME International Conference on Complex
Medical Engineering, (Institute of Complex Medical En-

gineering), Beijing, China, May (2007).
Takeichi H., Koyama S., and Cichocki A.: “A frequency
analysis of EEG response to speech modulated by msequence”, Cognitive Neuroscience Society (CNS) 2007
Annual Meeting, New York, USA, May (2007).
Takeichi H., Takeuchi F., Terao A., Toyosawa Y.,
and Koyama S.: “Brain areas responsible for theintelligibility-dependent signal with 400ms latency in them-sequence EEG technique as identiﬁed with fMRI”,
7th IBRO World Congress of Neuroscience (IBRO 2007),
Melbourne, Australia, July (2007).
Takeichi H. and Koyama S.: “A coherence analysis of
EEG responses to spoken sentences with and without
m-sequence modulation”, 37th Annual Meeting of Society for Neuroscience (Neuroscience 2007), San Diego,
USA, Nov. (2007).
Takeichi H. and Koyama S.: “Assessment of speech comprehension by a random probing technique”, Kyushu
University 21st Century COE Program 2nd International Symposium on Design of Artiﬁcial Environments,(Kyushu University), Fukuoka, Nov.–Dec. (2007).
Koyama S., Matsumoto H., Arai K., Toyomaki A.,
Morotomi T., and Takeichi H.: “Auditory event-related
brain potentials to short temporal gaps: A developmental study”, Kyushu University 21st Century COE
Program 2nd International Symposium on Design of
Artiﬁcial Environments, (Kyushu University), Fukuoka,
Nov.–Dec. (2007).
) Conference)((Domestic
,
,
,
,
: “
fMRI
”,
12
,
,7
(2007).
,, Cichocki A., Foster B. L., Liley D.:“An EEG-coherence analysis of fMRI data on speech
19comprehension”,
/
8
,(
C
BSI
),
, 8–8
(2007).
,, Cichocki A.: “Correlation analysis ofscalp EEG responses to spoken sentences modulated by
50
M-sequence”, 30
17(Neuro2007),,9(2007).
,
,
,
,
: “
”,
(2007).
,

71

,

,

,

,9

: “
”,

71
,

,
“
”,

87

,

,9
,

(2007).
,

,

:
fMRI
46

1

- 364 -

,

,9

(2007).

: “

”,

37
,
,

,

44
(2007).
: “

, 11
,

,

(2)”,
37
,
,

: “

,
2
(2008).
,

44(2007).

, 11–11”,19

Social Brain ,
,
,
fMRI
,(

,1

,

,
”, IIP2008
IIP

8(2008).
: “

,
2 ”,

),
,
,

,1

: “
,3

(2008).

2- 365 -

RNC
Sub Nuclear
System Research Division3

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations()(International
Conference etc.)(2007),, 11(2007).

Iio M., Ajimura S., Beer G., Bhang H., Buehler P., Busso
L., Cargnelli M., Chiba J., Choi S., Curceanu C., Faso
D., Fujioka H., Fukuda T., Fukuda Y., Guaraldo C.,
Hanaki T., Hayano R. S., Hirtl A., Iliescu M., Ishikawa
T., Ishimoto S., Ishiwatari T., Itahashi K., Iwasaki M.,
Kienle P., Marton J., Matsuda Y., Mizoi Y., Morra O.,
Nagae T., Onishi H., Okada S., Outa H., Pietreanu
D., Sakaguchi A., Sakuma F., Sato M., Sekimoto M.,
Sirghi D., Sirghi F., Suzuki S., Suzuki T., Tatsuno H.,
Tomono D., Toyoda A., Widmann E., Yamazaki T., Yim
H., and Zmeskal J.: “A general-purpose liquid target
system for hadron experiments at J-PARC”, International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2007), (International Union for Pure and Applied Physics), Tokyo,
June (2007).
Iio M., Beer G., Bhang H., Buehler P., Cargnelli M.,
Chiba J., Choi S., Curceanu C., Fukuda Y., Guaraldo C.,
Hanaki T., Hayano R. S., Hirtl A., Iliescu M., Ishikawa
T., Ishimoto S., Ishiwatari T., Itahashi K., Iwai M.,
Iwasaki M., Juhasz B., Kienle P., Marton J., Matsuda
Y., Onishi H., Okada S., Outa H., Pietreanu D., Sakuma
F., Sato M., Schmid P., Sirghi D., Sirghi F., Suzuki
S., Suzuki T., Tatsuno H., Tomono D., Widmann E.,
Yamazaki T., Yim H., and Zmeskal J.: “Precise measurement of kaonic helium atoms X-rays”, 12th International Conference on Hadron Spectroscopy, (INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati), Rome, Italy, Oct. (2007).
) Conference)((Domestic
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, Beer G., Bhang H., Choi S., Yim H.,,
Buehler P., Cargnelli M., Hirtl A., Kienle P., Marton
J., Widmann E., Zmeskal J., Curceanu C., Guaraldo C.,
Iliescu M., Pietreanu D., Sirghi D., Sirghi F., Faso D.,
Busso L., Morra O.: “K
II”,
62
,
, 9 (2007).
,, Beer G., Bhang H., Buehler P., Busso, Choi S., Curceanu C., Faso
L., Cargnelli M.,
D.,,,, Guaraldo C.,,, Hirtl A., Iliescu M.,
,
,
,
,
,
, Kienle P., Marton J.,,, Morra O.,,,,, Pietreanu D.,,,,, Sirghi D., Sirghi F.,,,,,, Widmann E.,, Yim H.,
Zmeskal J.: “K3”,

1- 366 -

RNC
Radiation
Laboratory
Publications
Publications[Journal][](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Stave S., Nakagawa I., and A1
Collaboration .:2∗“Lowest-Q measurement of the γ p → ∆ reaction:
Probing the pionic contribution”, Eur. Phys. J. A 30,
471–476 (2006).
Takano J., Ahrens L. A., Alforque R., Bai M., Brown K.,
Courant E. D., Ganetis G., Gardner C. J., Glenn J. W.,
Hattori T., Huang H., Jain A., Luccio A. U., MacKay
W. W., Okamura M., Roser T., Tsoupas N., Tepikian S.,
Tuozzolo J., Wood J., Zelenski A., and Zeno K.: “Helical
dipole partial Siberian snake for the AGS”, J. Instrum
1, No. P11, pp. P11002-0–P11002-22 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Jet structure from di√hadron correlations in d+Au collisions at sNN = 200
GeV”, Phys. Rev. C 73, 054903-1–054903-27 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata
T., Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii
H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Nuclear eﬀects on√
hadron production in d+Au collisions at sNN = 200
GeV revealed by comparison with p+p data”, Phys.
Rev. C 74, 024904-1–024904 -13 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G.
M., Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K.,
Heuser J., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara
M., Jinnouchi O., Kajihara F., Kamihara N., Kaneta M.,
Kiyomichi A., Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata
J., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N.,
Sato H., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani A.,
Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y.,
Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.:“Improved measurement of double helicity asymmetry ininclulsive midrapidity π 0 production for polarized p+p√
collisions at s = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. D 73, 0911021–091102-5 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao

Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Jet properties from di√hadron correlations in p+p collisions at s = 200 GeV”,
Phys. Rev. D 74, 072002-1–072002-26 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata
T., Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii
H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “J/ψ Production
and Nuclear Eﬀects for d+Au and p+p Collisions at√
sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 012304-1–
012304-6 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto
Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai
K., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi
H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada
K., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida
K., Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.:“ Single Electrons from Heavy-Flavor Decays in p+p√
Collisions at s = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96,
032001-1–032001-6 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto Y.,
Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai K.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi H.,
Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada K.,
Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Nuclear Modiﬁcation of Electron Spectra and Implicationsfor Heavy Quark Energy Loss in Au+Au Collisions at√
sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 032301-1–
032301-6 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto
Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai
K., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta
M., Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J.,
Onishi H., Okada K., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y.,
and Yokkaichi S.: “Measurement of Identiﬁed π 0 and Inclusive Photon Second-Harmonic Parameter v2 and Im√
plications for Direct Photon Production in sNN = 200
GeV Au + Au”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 032302-1–0323026 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,

1- 367 -Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto
Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai
K., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi
H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada
K., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida
K., Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.:“Common Suppression Pattern of eta and π 0 Mesons
at High Transverse Momentum in Au+Au Collisions at√
sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 202301-1–
202301-6 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Azimuthal Angle Correlations for Rapidity Separated Hadron Pairs in d+Au√
Collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96,
222301-1–222301-6 (2006).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto
Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai
K., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi
H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada
K., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida
K., Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.:“Dense-Medium Modiﬁcations to Jet-Induced Hadron√
Pair Distributions in Au+Au Collisions at sNN = 200
GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 052301-1–052301-6 (2006).
Bourgeois P., Nakagawa I., and OOPS
Collaboration.: “Measurement of the Generalized Electric and Magnetic Polarizabilities of the Proton at Low Q2 Using
the Virtual-Compton-Scattering Reaction”, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 97, 212001-1–212001-4 (2006).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K.,
Fukao Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Horaguchi T.,
Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi
O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kano H., Kanoh H.,
Kawall D., Kiyomichi A., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J.,
Nakagawa I., Nakano K., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada
K., Rykov V., Saito N., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi
S.: “ Measurement of High-pT Single Electrons from√
Heavy-Flavor Decays in p+p Collisions at s = 200
GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 252002-1–252002-6 (2006).
Mori Y., Okaniwa T., Nakahashi M., Ariyoshi S., Otani
C., Sato H., and Matsuo H.: “Development of superconductive imaging submillimeter-wave camera with nine

detector elements (SISCAM-9)”, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc.
Opt. Eng. 6275, 627523-1–627523-12 (2006).
Seki Y., Kitaguchi M., Funahasi H., Taketani K., Hino
M., Otake Y., and Shimiuzu H. M.: “Development of
Neutron Interferometer with Wide-Gapped “BSE”s for
Precision Measurements”, AIP Conf. Proc. 915, 202–
205 (2007).
Ohno M., Sato H., Mishima K., Ikeda T., and Shimizu H.:“Low energy particle detector using a superconducting
transition edge sensor”, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
17, No. 2, pp. 328–331 (2007).
Yokkaichi S., Chiba J., Enyo H., Fukao Y., Funahashi H.,
Hamagaki H., Ieiri M., Ishino M., Kanda H., KitaguchiM., Mihara S., Miwa K., Miyashita T., Murakami T.,
Mutou R., Nakura T., Naruki M., Ozawa K., Sakuma
F., Sasaki O., Sekimoto M., Tabaru T., Tanaka K.,
Togawa M., Yamada S., and Yoshimura Y.: “Study of
in-medium meson modiﬁcation in 12 GeV p+A reactions”, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 22, No. 2/3, pp. 397–405(2007).
Taketani K., Seki Y., Funahasi H., Hino M., Kitaguchi
M., Otake Y., and Shimiuzu H. M.: “Moiré Fringes in a
Nuetron Spin interferometer”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76,
No. 6, pp. 064008-1–064008-7 (2007).
Stepanyan S., Boyarinov S., Egiyan H., Guo L., Dale D.,
Gabrielyan M., Gan L., Gasparian A., Glamazdin A.,
Mecking B., Nakagawa I., Teymurazyan A., and Wood
M. H.: “Energy Calibration of the JLab Bremsstrahlung
Tagging System”, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res.
A 572, 654–661 (2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K.,
Heuser J., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kajihara F., Kamihara N.,
Kaneta M., Kanoh H., Kawall D., Kiyomichi A., Kurita
K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa I., Nakano K., Onishi
H., Okada H., Okada K., Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y.,
Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.: “Correlated production of p√
and p̄ in Au+Au collisions at sN N = 200 GeV”, Phys.
Lett. B 649, 359–369 (2007).
Sparveis N. F., Nakagawa I., and A1 Collaboration .:“Determination of Quadrupole Strengths in the γ ∗ p →∆(1232) transition at Q2 = 0.20(GeV/c)2 ”, Phys. Lett.
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Sugimoto T., Nakamura T., Kondo Y., Aoi N., Baba
H., Bazin D. P., Fukuda N., Gomi T., Hasegawa
H., Imai N., Ishihara M., Kobayashi T., Kubo T.,
Miura M., Motobayashi T., Otsu H., Saito A., Sakurai
H., Shimoura S., Vinodkumar A. M., Watanabe K.,
Watanabe Y., Yakushiji T., Yanagisawa Y., and Yoneda
K.: “The ﬁrst 2+ state of 14 Be”, Phys. Lett. B 654,
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Mishima K., Utsuro M., Nagai Y., Tanaka M., Toshiro K.,
Fukuda Y., Kiyanagi Y., and Ooi M.: “Time-diﬀerential

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observation of the ortho-para conversion of liquid D2
under irradiation”, Phys. Rev. B 75, 014112-1–01411212 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., Hayashi N.,
Heuser J., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara
M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., KiyomichiA., Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi
H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H.,
Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J.,
Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “High transverse momentum η meson production in p+p,d+Au, and√
Au+Au collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. C
75, 024909-1–024909-36 (2007).
Fujita H., Fujita Y., Adachi T., Bacher A. D., Berg G.
P., Black T. C., Caurier E., Foster ., Fujimura H., Hara
K., Harada K., Hatanaka K., Janecke J., Kamiya J.,
Kanzaki Y., Katori K., Kawabata T., Langanke K.,
Martinez-Pinedo G., Noro T., Robers D. A., Sakaguchi
H., Shimbara Y., Shinada T., Stephenson E. J., Ueno
H., Yamanaka T., Yoshifuku M., and Yosoi M.: “Isospin
structure of J π = 1+ states in 58 Ni and 58 Cu studied by
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Ni(p, p� ) and 58 Ni(3 He,t)58 Cu measurements”, Phys.
Rev. C 75, 034310-1–034310-15 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata
T., Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii
H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Production of ω
mesons at large transverse momenta in p+p and d+Au√
collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. C 75,
051902-1–051902-6 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto
Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai
K., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi
H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada
K., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida
K., Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.:“Measurement of density correlations in pseudorapidity
via charged particle multiplicity ﬂuctuations in Au+Au√
collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. C 76,
034903-1–034903-33 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto Y.,
Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai K.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi H.,
Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada K.,
Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “De-tailed study of high-pT neutral pion suppression and az√
imuthal anisotropy in Au+Au collisions at sNN = 200
GeV”, Phys. Rev. C 76, 034904-1–034904-26 (2007).
Notani M., Sakurai H., Aoi N., Iwasaki H., Fukuda N., Liu
Z., Yoneda K., Ogawa H., Teranishi T., Nakamura T.,
Okuno H., Yoshida A., Watanabe Y., Momota S., Inabe
N., Kubo T., Ito S., Ozawa A., Suzuki T., Tanihata I.,
and Ishihara M.: “Projectile fragmentation reaction andproduction of nuclei near the neutron drip line”, Phys.
Rev. C 76, 044605-1–044605-15 (2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K.,
Fukao Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Horaguchi T.,
Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi
O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kanoh H., Kawall D.,
Kiyomichi A., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa
I., Nakano K., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov
V., Saito N., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani
A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Wagner
M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.: “Inclusive cross section and double helicity asymmetry for π 0√
production in p + p collisions at s = 200 GeV: Implications for the polarized gluon distribution in the proton”,
Phys. Rev. D 76, 051106-1–051106-7 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto Y.,
Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai K.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi H.,
Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada K.,
Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Measurement of single muons at forward rapidity in p+p col√lisions at s = 200 GeV and implications for charm production”, Phys. Rev. D 76, 092002-1–092002-24 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Measurement of Di√
rect Photon Production in p+p Collisions at s = 200
GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 012002-1–012002-6 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto Y.,
Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai K.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi H.,
Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada K.,
Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Evidence for a long-range component in the pion emission

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√source in Au+Au Collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 98, 132301-1–132301-6 (2007).
Sakuma F., chiba j., Enyo H., Fukao Y., Funahashi H.,
Hamagaki H., ieiri m., ishino m., handa h., Kitaguchi M.,
mihara s., Miwa K., miyashita t., Murakami T., muto r.,
nakura t., Naruki M., Ozawa K., sasaki o., Sekimoto M.,
Tabaru T., tanaka k., Togawa M., yamada s., YokkaichiS., and yoshimura y.: “Nuclear-matter modiﬁcation of
decay widths in the φ → e+ e− and φ → K + K − channels”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 152302-1–152302-5 (2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K.,
Heuser J., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kajihara F., Kamihara N.,
Kaneta M., Kano H., Kanoh H., Kawall D., KiyomichiA., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa I., Nakano
K., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N.,
Sato H., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani A.,
Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y.,
Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.:“Scaling properties of azimuthal anisotropy in Au+Au√
and Cu+Cu collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 98, 162301-1–162301-6 (2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K.,
Heuser J., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kajihara F., Kamihara N.,
Kaneta M., Kano H., Kanoh H., Kawall D., KiyomichiA., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa I., Nakano
K., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N.,
Sato H., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani A.,
Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y.,
Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.:“Energy loss and ﬂow of heavy quarks in Au+Au col√lisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98,
172301-1–172301-6 (2007).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Centrality dependenceof π 0 and η production at large transverse momentum in√
sNN = 200 GeV d + Au Collisions”, Phys. Rev. Lett.
98, 172302-1–172302-7 (2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K.,
Fukao Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Horaguchi T.,
Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi

O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kanoh H., Kawall D.,
Kiyomichi A., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa
I., Nakano K., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov
V., Saito N., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani
A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Wagner
M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.: “J/Ψproduction versus transverse momentum and rapidity in√
p+p collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett.
98, 232002-1–232002-6 (2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K.,
Heuser J., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kajihara F., Kamihara N.,
Kaneta M., Kanoh H., Kawall D., Kiyomichi A., Kurita
K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa I., Nakano K., Onishi
H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H.,
Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y., Wagner
M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.: “J/Ψproduction versus centrality, transverse momentum, and√rapidity in Au+Au Collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 232301-1–232301-6 (2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bazilevsky A. V.,
Bunce G. M., Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E.,
Fox B., Fujiwara K., Fukao Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M.
G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K., Heuser J., Horaguchi T.,
Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi
O., Kajihara F., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kanoh H.,
Kawall D., Kiyomichi A., Kobayashi H., Kurita K.,
Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa I., Nakano K., Onishi
H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H.,
Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y., Wagner
M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.: “System size and energy dependence of jet-induced hadronpair correlation shapes in Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions√
at sNN = 200 GeV and 62.4 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett.
98, 232302-1–232302-7 (2007).
Afanasiev S., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Bunce G. M., DeshpandeA., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fukao Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp
M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K., Heuser J., Horaguchi
T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O.,
Kajihara F., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kurita K., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada
K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Shoji K.,
Tabaru T., Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J.,
Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y., Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y.,
Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.: “Elliptic ﬂow for φ Mesons√
and (Anti)deuterons in Au+Au collisions at sNN =200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 052301-1–052301-6(2007).
Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fujiwara K., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K.,

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Heuser J., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue
Y., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kajihara F., KamiharaN., Kaneta M., Kanoh H., Kawall D., Kiyomichi A.,
Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa I., Nakano K.,
Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N.,
Sato H., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani A.,
Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y.,
Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.:“Transverse momentum and centrality dependence of di√hadron correlations in Au+Au collisions at sNN = 200
GeV: Jet quenching and the response of partonic matter”, Phys. Rev. C 77, 011901-1–011901-6 (2008).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Centrality dependenceof charged hadron production in deuteron+gold and nu√
cleon+gold collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev.
C 77, 014905-1–014905-13 (2008).
,, Dobroiu A.,
,
,
,
,
:“
”,
, No. ED2006-194(2006-12),
pp. 59–63 (2006).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations()(International
Conference etc.)

Nakagawa I.: “Polarization measurements of RHIC-pp
Run05 using CNI pC-Polarimeter”, 17th International
Spin Physics Symposium (SPIN2006), Kyoto, Oct.
(2006).
Mishima K., Sato H., Shinohara T., Oku T., Yamada
S., Shimizu H. M., and Morishima T.: “High polarized
beam line with magnetic lens at J-PARC”, European
Workshop on Neutron Optics (NOP ’07), (Paul Scherrer Institute), Villigen, Switzerland, Mar. (2007).
Yokkaichi S.: “Low mass dielectron measurement at
J-PARC”, International Nuclear Physics Conference(INPC2007), (Science Council of Japan, RIKEN andothers), Tokyo, June (2007).
Nakagawa I.: “Measurement of beam polarization in CNI
region through proton-carbon elastic reaction at RHIC”,
International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2007),(Science Council of Japan and others), Tokyo, June(2007).
Nakagawa I.: “Pion and kaon polarizability measurements
at J-PARC”, Nuclear Physics at J-PARC: Pre-Symp. of
INPC 2007, Tokai-mura, Ibaraki Pref., June (2007).
Yokkaichi S.: “Low mass dielectron measurement at JPARC: J-PARC E16 experiment”, Nuclear Physics at JPARC: Pre-symposium of INPC 2007, Tokaimura, June(2007).
Nakagawa I.: “Polarization Measurement of Run05 proton
beam at RHIC”, Advanced Studies Institute - Symmetries and Spin (SPIN-Praha-2007), (Charles University),
Prague, Czech, July (2007).
Nakagawa I.: “PHENIX detector upgrades for spin
physics”, 6th Circum-Pan-Paciﬁc Symp.
on High
Energy Spin Physics (Paciﬁc-SPIN07), (University of
British Columbia), Vancouver, Canada, July–Aug.
(2007).
Nakagawa I.: “p-Carbon Polarimetry at RHIC”, 12th Int.
Workshop on Polarized Sources, Targets & Polarimetry,(BNL), Upton, USA, Sept. (2007).
Yokkaichi S.: “In-medium modiﬁcation of vector mesons
measured at KEK-PS”, Hadron Physics at RHIC, (Asia
Paciﬁc Center of Theoretical Physics (APCTP)), Pohang, Korea, Dec. (2007).
Mishima K., Ino T., Sakai K., Shinohara T., Hirota K.,
Ikeda K., Sato H., Otake Y., Ohmori H., Muto S.,
Higashi N., Morishima T., Kitaguchi M., Hino M.,
Funahasi H., Shima T., Suzuki J., Niita K., Taketani
K., Seki Y., and Shimiuzu H. M.: “A Design of Neutron
Optics and Physics Beam Line at J-PARC BL05”, 1st JPARC International Symposium on Pulsed Neutron andMuon Sciences (IPS 08), Mito, Mar. (2008).
Mishima K., Ino T., Sakai K., Shinohara T., Hirota K.,
Ikeda K., Sato H., Otake Y., Ohmori H., Muto S.,
Higashi N., Morishima T., Kitaguchi M., Hino M.,
Funahasi H., Shima T., Niita K., Taketani K., Seki Y.,
and Shimiuzu H. M.: “The Optics of the J-PARC BL05
and Measurement of Neutron Decay”, 4th International
Workshop on Nuclear and Particle Physics at J-PARC(NP08), Mito, Mar. (2008).
) Conference)((Domestic: “KEK 12GeV PS
ρ/ω/φ
”,
2007
,
,3
(2007).
: “
”,
1
NOP
,(
),
,9
(2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “ﬁne-pitch and2
thick-foil GEM”,
62,, 9 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “Al-STJ
”,
68
,(
),
, 9 (2007).
,
,
,
,
: “
STJ
”,
68
,
, 9 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
STJ
THz
”,
68

5

- 371 -

,
, 9 (2007).
, Damayanthi R. M.,
: “

,

,

,

”,
2007
,
(JSNS2007), (
: “
RCNP

,
,

,9
,
”,

(2007).
,: “7(2007).

),
, 11
(E16)
J-PARC,, 11 (2007).

”,

6- 372 -

RNC
Advanced
Meson Science Laboratory
Publications
Publications[][Journal](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Ohira-Kawamura S., Shimizu Y., Kanoda K., and Saito
G.: “Spin liquid state in κ-(BEDT-TTF)2 Cu2 (CN)3
studied by muon spin relaxation method”, J. Low Temp.
Phys. 142, 153–158 (2006).
Hachitani K., Amanuma H., Fukazawa H., Kohori Y.,
Watanabe I., Kumagai K., Sekine C., and Shirotani I.:“31 P-NMR and µSR studies of ﬁlled skutterudite compound SmRu4 P12 ”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 75, No. Suppl.,
pp. 164–166 (2006).
Ohira-Kawamura S., Tamura M., Kato R., and Iwasaki
M.: “Magnetic order and charge separation in 2D
distorted triangular lattice systems β � -X[Pd(dmit)2 ]2 ”,
Physica B 374/375, 122–125 (2006).
Hachitani K., Amanuma H., Fukazawa H., Kohori Y.,
Watanabe I., Kumagai K., Sekine C., and Shirotani I.:“31 P-NMR and µSR studies of ﬁlled skutterudite compounds RRu4 P12 (R: Sm, Gd)”, Physica B 378/380,
228–229 (2006).
Hachitani K., Fukazawa H., Kohori Y., Watanabe I.,
Kumagai K., Sekine C., and Shirotani I.: “31 P-NMR
and µSR studies of ﬁlled skutterudite compounds
SmT4 P12 (T: Fe,Os)”, Physica B 378/380, 230–231(2006).
Hayashi T., Koike S., Higami N., Hirabayashi K., Matsuba
H., Ogiwara K., and Yagi E.: “Lattice location of hydrogen in β 1 -V2 H (tetragonal)”, J. Alloys Compounds
446/447, 512–515 (2007).
Kanada K., Saito T., Osawa A., Goto T., SuzukiT., and Manaka H.:“Impurity-induced magnetic
order in the mixture of two spin gap systems(CH3 )2 CHNH3 CuCl3 and (CH3 )2 CHNH3 CuBr3 ”, J.
Phys. Chem. Solids 68, 2191–2194 (2007).
Kanada K., Saito T., Osawa A., Goto T., and Suzuki T.:“1 H-NMR Study on the Magnetic Order in the Mixture of Two Spin Gap Systems (CH3 )2 CHNH3 CuCl3 and(CH3 )2 CHNH3 CuBr3 ”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 6,
pp. 064706-1–064706-3 (2007).
Suzuki T., Yamada F., Watanabe I., Goto T., Osawa A.,
and Tanaka H.: “The eﬀect of randomness on the quantum spin system Tl1−x Kx CuCl3 with x = 0.44 studied by the Zero-ﬁeld Muon-Spin-Relaxation (ZF-µSR)
method”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 7, pp. 074704-1–
074704-5 (2007).
Saito T., Sasaki T., Suzuki T., Osawa A., Goto T.,
Awaji S., Watanabe K., and Kobayashi N.: “High-ﬁeld
magnetic torque measurement in the spin gap system(CH3 )2 CHNH3 CuCl3 ”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 8,
pp. 084708-1–084708-7 (2007).
Kojima T., Tomono D., Ikeda T., Ishida K., Iwai Y.,
Iwasaki M., Matsuda Y., Matsuzaki T., and Yamazaki

Y.: “Density enhancement of muon beams with tapered
glass tubes”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 76, No. 9, pp. 0935011–093501-3 (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Takemura M., Yoshimi
A., Haseyama T., Uchida M., Shimada K., Nagae D.,
Kijima G., Arai T., Takase K., Suda S., Inoue T.,
Murata J., Kawamura H., Kobayashi Y., Watanabe
H., and Ishihara M.: “Measurement of the electric
quadrupole moment of 32 Al”, Phys. Lett. B 647, 93–97(2007).
Koike T. and Harada T.: “Calculation of the 3 He(in-ﬂight
K − , n) reaction for searching the deeply-bound K − ppstate”, Phys. Lett. B 652, 262–268 (2007).
Katzgraber H. G., Herisson D., Osth M., Nordblad P.,
Ito A., and Aruga-Katori H.: “Finite versus zerotemperature hysteretic behavior of spin glasses: Experiment and theory”, Phys. Rev. B 76, No. 9, pp. 0924081–092408-4 (2007).
Urano M., Tonishi F., Inoue H., Saito T., Fujiwara T.,
Chiku H., Osawa A., Goto T., Suzuki T., Sasaki T.,
Kobayashi N., Awaji S., and Watanabe K.: “NMR
study of the vortex slush phase in organic superconductor κ-(BEDT-TTF)2 Cu(NCS)2 ”, Phys. Rev. B 76,
024505-1–024505-4 (2007).
Sato W., Ueno H., Watanabe H., Miyoshi H., Yoshimi A.,
Kameda D., Ito T., Shimada K., Kaihara J., Suda S.,
Kobayashi Y., Shinohara A., Ohkubo Y., and Asahi K.:“Online time-diﬀerential perturbed angular correlation
study with an 19 O beam Residence sites of oxygen atoms
in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite”, Nucl. Instrum.
Methods Phys. Res. B 266, 316–322 (2008).
[
Proc.][Book•Proceedings](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Koike T.: “Electron population during the cascade ofkaonic nitrogen atoms”, Proceedings of International
Conference on Exotic Atoms and Related Topics (EXA05), Vienna, Austria, 2005–2, Austrian Academy of Science Press, Vienna, pp. 215–219 (2005).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Yoshimi A., HaseyamaT., Kobayashi Y., Uchida M., Miyoshi H., Kijima G.,
Takemura M., Nagae D., Kato G., Emori S., Oshima S.,
Arai T., and Tsukui M.: “Production of spin-polarized
RI beams via projectile fragmentation and the application to nuclear moment measurements”, PolarizedSources and Targets: Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop, Tokyo, 2005–11, World Scientiﬁc Publishing , Toh Tuck Link, pp. 211–212 (2007).
Koike T.: “Cascade calculation of kaonic nitrogen atoms
involving the electron reﬁlling process”, Proc. 3rd
Asia-Paciﬁc Conf. on Few-Body Problems in Physics(APFB05), Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, 2005–7,
World Scientiﬁc Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Toh Tuck
Link, pp. 171–174 (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Takemura M., Nagae
D., Shimada K., Yoshimi A., Kobayashi Y., Haseyama1- 373 -

T., Uchida M., Takase K., Arai T., Inoue T., Suda S.,
Murata J., Kawamura H., Watanabe H., and Ishihara
M.: “Nuclear moment measurements of Neutron-rich
Aluminum Isotopes Using Spin-Polarized RI beams:
Determination of the Boundary of the ”Island of
Inversion””, Proceedings of the 17th International
Spin Physics Symposium (SPIN2006), Tokyo, 2006–10,
American Institute of Physics, New York, pp. 845–848(2007).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations)((International
Conference etc.)

Hachitani K. and Watanabe I.: “31 P-NMR and µSR
studies of ﬁlled skutterudite compounds SmT4 P12 (T:Fe,Os)”, International Conferenve on Strongly Correlated Electron Systems (SCES’05), (Vienna Universityof Technology), Vienna, Austria, July (2005).
Hachitani K. and Watanabe I.: “31 P-NMR and µSR
studies of ﬁlled skutterudite compounds RRu4 P12 (R:Sm,Gd)”, International Conferenve on Strongly Correlated Electron Systems (SCES’05), (Vienna Universityof Technology), Vienna, Austria, July (2005).
Hachitani K.: “31 P-NMR and µSR studies of ﬁlled skutterudite compound SmRu4 P12 ”, 5th International Symposium on Advanced Science Research in celebrationof the World Year of Physics 2005 (ASR-WYP-2005): Advances in the Physics and Chemistry of Actinide
Compounds, (JAERI), Tokai-mura, Ibaraki Pref., Sept.
(2005).
Hachitani K.: “Spontaneous time reversal symmetry
breakdown associated with metal-insulator transition in
SmRu4 P12 probed by µSR”, Joint Workshop on NQPskutterudites and NPM in multi-approarch, (Tokyo
Metropolitan University), Hachioji, Nov. (2005).
Ohira-Kawamura S., Saito A., and Miyasaka H.: “Muonspin relaxation studies on MnIII 2 -NiII single-chain magnet and single-molecule magnet”, 10th International
Conference on Molecule-based Magnets (ICMM2006),
Victoria BC, Canada, Aug. (2006).
Hachitani K.: “Possible octupolar order in ﬁlled skutterudite SmRu4 P12 probed by 31 P-NMR and µSR”,
1st International Symposium of Quantum Beam Science
Directorate of JAEA (ICM2006 Satellite Conference),
Tokai-mura, Ibaraki Pref., Aug. (2006).
Ishida K., Matsuzaki T., Imao H., Matsuda Y., Iwasaki
M., Nagamine K., Kawamura N., Kato M., Sugai H.,
Uritani A., Harano H., Matsumoto T., and Eaton G.
H.: “Muon catalyzed d-t fusion in non-equilibrated mixtures of T2 with normal, ortho and para-rich D2 ”, International Conference on Muon Catalyzed Fusion and
Related Topics (MCF-07), Dubna, Russia, June (2007).
Koike T. and Harada T.: “The formation of the deeplybound K− pp state in 3 He (in-ﬂight K− , n) reaction spectrum”, International Conference on Muon Catalyzed Fusion and Related Topics (MCF-07), (Joint Institute for

Nuclear Research), Dubna, Russia, June (2007).
Iio M., Ajimura S., Beer G., Bhang H., Buehler P., Busso
L., Cargnelli M., Chiba J., Choi S., Curceanu C., Faso
D., Fujioka H., Fukuda T., Fukuda Y., Guaraldo C.,
Hanaki T., Hayano R. S., Hirtl A., Iliescu M., Ishikawa
T., Ishimoto S., Ishiwatari T., Itahashi K., Iwasaki M.,
Kienle P., Marton J., Matsuda Y., Mizoi Y., Morra O.,
Nagae T., Onishi H., Okada S., Outa H., Pietreanu
D., Sakaguchi A., Sakuma F., Sato M., Sekimoto M.,
Sirghi D., Sirghi F., Suzuki S., Suzuki T., Tatsuno H.,
Tomono D., Toyoda A., Widmann E., Yamazaki T., Yim
H., and Zmeskal J.: “A general-purpose liquid target
system for hadron experiments at J-PARC”, International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2007), (International Union for Pure and Applied Physics), Tokyo,
June (2007).
Koike T. and Harada T.:“DWIA calculation of
3
He(K − ,n) reaction for searching K − pp bound state”,
International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC2007),(Science Council of Japan, RIKEN and others), Tokyo,
June (2007).
Kameda D., Ueno H., Asahi K., Yoshimi A., HaseyamaT., Kobayashi Y., Ishihara M., Nagae D., Takemura M.,
Shimada K., Uchida M., Arai T., Takase K., Inoue T.,
Kijima G., Suda S., Murata J., Kawamura H., Narota
K., Toyoda T., and Watanabe H.: “Electric quadrupole
moments of neutron-rich nuclei 32 Al and 31 Al”, International Symposium & School on Frontiers and Perspectives of Nuclear and Hadron Physics (FPNH07), (Tokyo
Institute of Technology), Tokyo, June (2007).
Koike T. and Harada T.: “The 3He(in-ﬂight K− ,n) reaction spectrum form the deeply-bound K− pp state”, Nuclear Physics at J-PARC: Pre-symposium of INPC 2007,(KEK), Tokai village, June (2007).
Ishida K.: “Muon beam and applications - muon at
RIKEN-RAL”, 9th International Workshop on Neutrino
Factories and Superbeams (NuFact 07), Okayama, Aug.
(2007).
Iio M., Beer G., Bhang H., Buehler P., Cargnelli M.,
Chiba J., Choi S., Curceanu C., Fukuda Y., Guaraldo C.,
Hanaki T., Hayano R. S., Hirtl A., Iliescu M., Ishikawa
T., Ishimoto S., Ishiwatari T., Itahashi K., Iwai M.,
Iwasaki M., Juhasz B., Kienle P., Marton J., Matsuda
Y., Onishi H., Okada S., Outa H., Pietreanu D., Sakuma
F., Sato M., Schmid P., Sirghi D., Sirghi F., Suzuki
S., Suzuki T., Tatsuno H., Tomono D., Widmann E.,
Yamazaki T., Yim H., and Zmeskal J.: “Precise measurement of kaonic helium atoms X-rays”, 12th International Conference on Hadron Spectroscopy, (INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati), Rome, Italy, Oct. (2007).
Koike T. and Harada T.: “Formation of the deeply-boundK − pp state in the 3 He(in-ﬂight K − , n) spectrum”, International Conference on Chiral Symmetry in Hadronand Nuclear Physics (CHIRAL07), (Research Center for
Nuclear Physics (RCNP), Osaka University), Suita, Nov.

2

- 374 -

(2007).
() Conference)(Domestic
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
32Al
–
20
–”,
2007
,
, 3 (2007).
, Bhang H.,, Choi S.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, Kienle P., Kim J. H.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
Widmann E.,,: “4 He(stopped K − , N )”,2007,, 6 (2007).
, Bhang H.,, Choi S.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, Kienle P., Kim J. H.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
Widmann E.,,: “4 He
K−
”,
62
,
,9
(2007).
,
,
,
,
,
:
“
6He, 6Li”,
62,, 9 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
D2 /T2”,62,, 9 (2007).
: “J-PARC
K(J-PARC E15)”,62,, 9 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, Beer G., Bhang H., Choi S., Yim H.,,
Buehler P., Cargnelli M., Hirtl A., Kienle P., Marton
J., Widmann E., Zmeskal J., Curceanu C., Guaraldo C.,
Iliescu M., Pietreanu D., Sirghi D., Sirghi F., Faso D.,
Busso L., Morra O.: “K
II”,
62
,
, 9 (2007).
,: “(K − , N )
DWIA
”,
62
,
, 9 (2007).
: “
”,
,(
),
, 10
(2007).
, Bhang H.,, Choi S.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, Kienle P., Kim J. H.,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,

Widmann E.,,: “Λ”,

3(2007),,(2007).
,, Beer G., Bhang H., Buehler P., Busso, Choi S., Curceanu C., Faso
L., Cargnelli M.,
D.,,,, Guaraldo C.,,, Hirtl A., Iliescu M.,
,
,
,
,
,
, Kienle P., Marton J.,,, Morra O.,,,,, Pietreanu D.,,,,, Sirghi D., Sirghi F.,,,,,, Widmann E.,, Yim H.,
Zmeskal J.: “K
3
”,
11

3
(2007),, 11(2007).
Strasser P.: “Radioactive muonic atom studies with4
stopped RI beams”,
,(
),
, 12
(2007).
: “”,,(Strasser P.: “

),

, 12

(2007).
”,,,1,(2008).
: “(K − , N )
Σ-π
”,
63
,
,3
(2008).
,,, Schoenhart M., Groessinger
R., Kozlova N., Doerr K.: “Fex Mn1−x TiO3”,63,
, 3 (2008).

3- 375 -

RNC
Theoretical
Physics Laboratory”,: “
02, pp. 6–13 (2007).

Publications
Publications

61, No. 8, pp. 565–572 (2006).
α”,22, No.

(Others)[Journal][](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review: “Kinoshita T. and Nio M.: “Tenth-order QED contribution
to the lepton g − 2: evaluation of dominant α5 terms ofmuon g − 2.”, Phys. Rev. D 73, 053007-1–053007-21(2006).
Gabrielse G., Hanneke D., Kinoshita T., Nio M.,
and Odom B.: “New determination of the ﬁne structure
constant from the electron g value and QED”, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 97, 030802-1–030802-4 (2006).
Kawai H., Habara Y., and Ninomiya M.: “Cyclic universea la string theory”, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 164,
7–16 (2006).
Suzuki H.: “Two-dimensional N=(2,2) super Yang-Mills
theory on computer”, J. High Energy Phys. 0709, 0521–052-23 (2007).
Kikukawa Y. and Suzuki H.: “Four-dimensional latticechiral gauge theories with anomalous fermion content”,
J. High Energy Phys. 0710, 018-1–018-17 (2007).
Kinoshita T., Aoyama T., Hayakawa M., and Nio M.:“Automated evaluation of the α5 term of lepton g − 2:progress report”, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 160,
235–239 (2007).
Nio M., Aoyama T., Hayakawa M., and Kinoshita T.:“QED contributions to muon g-2: tenth-order graphs”,
Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 169, 238–243 (2007).
Fukaya H., Aoki S., Chiu T., Hashimoto S., KanekoT., Matsufuru H., Noaki J., Ogawa K., Onogi T.,
and Yamada N.: “Two-ﬂavor lattice QCD in the epsilonregime and chiral Random Matrix Theory”, Phys. Rev.
D 76, 054503-1–054503-12 (2007).
Aoki S., Fukaya H., Hashimoto S., and Onogi T.: “Finite
volume QCD at ﬁxed topological charge”, Phys. Rev.
D 76, 054508-1–054508-11 (2007).
Fukaya H., Aoki S., Chiu T., Hashimoto S., Hashimoto S.,
Kaneko T., Matsufuru H., Noaki J., Ogawa K., Okamoto
M., Onogi T., and Yamada N.: “The two-ﬂavor lattice
QCD simulation in the epsilon-regime with exact chiralsymmetry”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 172001-1–172001-4(2007).
So H., Hayakawa M., and Suzuki H.: “Overlap fermion
in external gravity”, Proceedings of Science LAT2006,
047-1–047-7 (2007).
Fukaya H., Kanamori I., Suzuki H., and Takimi T.: “Numerical results of two-dimensional N = (2,2) super YangMills theory”, Proceedings of Science LAT2007, 264-1–
264-7 (2007).
Kishimoto I. and Michishita Y.: “Comments on solutions
for nonsingular currents in open string ﬁeld theories”,
Prog. Theor. Phys. 118, No. 2, pp. 347–369 (2007).

”,-- 2006, 34–39 (2006).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations() Conference)(Domestic,: “Comments on solutions for nonsingularcurrents in open string ﬁeld theories”,
,
: “

,8

62
: “Schnabl(2007).
”,,,9(2007).
,”,, 12(2007).

(Review)

,

: “

1

- 376 -

RNC
Accelerator
Applications Research Group
Publications
Publications[][Journal](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Kambara T., Kanai Y., Kojima T., Nakai Y., Yoneda A.,
Yamazaki Y., and Kageyama K.: “Elastic waves fromfast heavy-ion irradiation on solids”, J.Acoust.Emiss.
24, 97–103 (2006).
Kanai Y., Hoshino M., Kambara T., Ikeda T., Hellhammer
R., Stolterfoht N., and Yamazaki Y.: “Two-dimensional
images of transmitted slow neon ions guided by nanocapillaries in polymer foils”, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys.
Res. B 258, 155–158 (2006).
Ichida H., Maeda K., Ichise H., Matsuyama T., Abe T.,
Yoneyama K., and Koba T.: “In silico restriction landmark genome scanning analysis of Xanthomonas oryzae
pathovar oryzae MAFF 311018”, Biochem. Biophys.
Res. Commun. 363, 852–856 (2007).
Kageyama K., Kambara T., and Nakai Y.: “Detection of
weak ultrasound generated by nano- and femtosecond
laser irradiation using piezoelectric sensors”, J. Solid
Mech. Mater. Eng. 1, No. 9, pp. 1128–1135 (2007).
Hoshino M., Kambara T., Kanai Y., Schuch R.,
and Yamazaki Y.: “Multielectron processes in close collisions of slow Neq+ (q=1-9) ions with Ar atoms”, Phys.
Rev. A 75, 032722-1–032722-7 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
DNA
”, DNA
15, 118–121 (2007).

(Others): “
RI”, Isotope News, No. 646, pp. 17–20 (2008).

RI

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations)((International
Conference etc.)

Ichida H., Matsuyama T., Abe T., and Koba T.: “Bacterial DNA adenine methylation changes dramatically before and after establishing symbiosis”, 13rd International
Congress on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Sorrento, Italy, July (2007).
Kanai Y., Hoshino M., Ikeda T., Kambara T., Hellhammer
R., Stolterfoht N., and Yamazaki Y.: “Dynamic features of a beam guiding by insulator capillaries”, 25th
International Conference on Photonic, Electronic andAtomic Collisions (ICPEAC 2007), Freiburg, Germany,
July (2007).
Kazama Y., Saito H., Yamamoto Y. Y., Hayashi Y., Ichida
H., Ohbu S., Ryuto H., Fukunishi N., and Abe T.: “Effects of Heavy-ion beam irradiation on mutation induction in Arabidopsis thaliana”, 18th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications (Cyclotrons2007), Giardini Naxos, Italy, Oct. (2007).
Hayashi Y., Takehisa H., Kazama Y., Ichida H., Ryuto H.,

Fukunishi N., Abe T., Kamba C., and Sato T.: “Eﬀects
of ion beam irradiation on mutation induction in rice”,
18th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their
Applications (Cyclotrons 2007), Giardini Naxos, Italy,
Oct. (2007).
Abe T., Kazama Y., Ichida H., Hayashi Y., Ryuto H.,
and Fukunishi N.: “Plant Breeding using the ion beamirradiation in RIKEN”, 18th International Conference
on Cyclotrons and their Applications (Cyclotrons 2007),
Giardini Naxos, Italy, Oct. (2007).
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2007
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2007
,
, 3 (2007).
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1- 377 -

RNC Biology Team
Radiation
Publications
Publications[][Journal](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Otani M., Saito H., Abe T., and Shimada T.: “Inductionof mutations in sweetpotato plants by heavy-ion beamirradiation”, Acta Hort. 703, 171–173 (2006).
Kambara T., Kanai Y., Kojima T., Nakai Y., Yoneda A.,
Yamazaki Y., and Kageyama K.: “Elastic waves fromfast heavy-ion irradiation on solids”, J.Acoust.Emiss.
24, 97–103 (2006).
Imanishi S., Noguchi A., Nagata M., Abe T., and Honda I.:“Construction of libraries of ‘Micro-Tom’ tomato mutations induced by heavy-ion bombardment”, Acta Hort.
745, 485–489 (2007).
Ichida H., Maeda K., Ichise H., Matsuyama T., Abe T.,
Yoneyama K., and Koba T.: “In silico restriction landmark genome scanning analysis of Xanthomonas oryzae
pathovar oryzae MAFF 311018”, Biochem. Biophys.
Res. Commun. 363, 852–856 (2007).
Kazama Y., Saito H., Fujiwara M., Matsuyama T.,
Hayashi Y., Ryuto H., Fukunishi N., and Abe T.: “Aneﬀective method for detection and analysis of DNA damage induced by heavy-ion beams”, Biosci. Biotechnol.
Biochem. 71, No. 11, pp. 2864–2869 (2007).
Godo T., Okuno H., Saito H., Miyazawa Y., Ryuto
H., Fukunishi N., and Abe T.: “Eﬀects of ion beamirradiation on survival and mutation induction of
triploid Senno (Lychnis senno Siebold et Zucc.)”,Bull.Bot.Gard.Toyama, No. 12, pp. 41–46 (2007).
Shitsukawa N., Ikai C., Shimada S., Kitagawa S.,
Sakamoto K., Saito H., Ryuto H., Fukunishi N., Abe
T., Takumi S., Nasuda S., and Murai K.: “The einkorn
wheat (Triticum monococcum) mutant, maintained vegetative phase, is caused by a deletion in the VRN1 gene”,
Genes Genet. Syst. 82, 167–170 (2007).
Ikeda T., Kojima T., Iwai Y., Kanai Y., Kambara T.,
Nebiki T., Narusawa T., and Yamazaki Y.: “Productionof a nm sized slow HCI beam with a guiding eﬀect”, J.
Phys.: Con. Ser. 58, 68–73 (2007).
Kageyama K., Kambara T., and Nakai Y.: “Detection of
weak ultrasound generated by nano- and femtosecond
laser irradiation using piezoelectric sensors”, J. Solid
Mech. Mater. Eng. 1, No. 9, pp. 1128–1135 (2007).
Ryuto H., Hasebe H., Fukunishi N., Abe T., Goto A.,
Kase M., and Yano Y.: “Charge-stripping foil changer
with energy adjuster function”, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A 581, No. 3, pp. 586–588 (2007).
Koizumi A., Amanai Y., Ishii K., Nishihara K., Kazama
Y., Uchida W., and Kawano S.: “Floral developmentof an asexual and female-like mutant carrying two deletions in gynoecium-suppressing and stamen-promoting
functional regions on the Y chromosome of the dioecious

plant Silene latifolia”, Plant Cell Physiol. 48, No. 10,
pp. 1450–1461 (2007).
Kazama Y., Ishii C., Schroeder A. L., Shimada H.,
Wakabayashi M., and Inoue H.: “The Neurospora
crassa UVS-3 epistasis group encodes homologues of the
ATR/ATRIP checkpoint control system”, DNA Repair
7, No. 2, pp. 213–229 (2008).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
DNA
”, DNA
15, 118–121 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
”,
, No. 6, pp. 75–84(2007).

(Review)

Takehisa H. and Sato T.: “Stress, physiological and genetic factors of rice leaf bronzing in paddy ﬁelds”,
Japanese J. Plant Sci. 1, No. 2, pp. 63–68 (2007).
: “”,
eye 53, No. 5, pp. 25–27 (2007).
Proc.][[Book•Proceedings](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Kanaya T., Miyazaki K., Suzuki K., Iwaki K., Ichida H.,
Hayashi Y., Saito H., Ryuto H., Fukunishi N., and Abe
T.: “New cultivar produced by heavy-ion beam irradiation”, Proceedings of the 25th Symposium on Materials Science and Engineering, Research Center of Ion
Beam Technology, Hosei University, Japan, 2006–11, Research Center of Ion Beam Technology, Hosei University,
Tokyo, pp. 1–6 (2007).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations()(International
Conference etc.)

Kambara T.: “Interdisciplinary research activities at the
RIBF in RIKEN”, 3rd SPARC Topical Workshop, (Organizing Committee), Paris, Feb. (2007).
Ichida H., Matsuyama T., Abe T., and Koba T.: “Bacterial DNA adenine methylation changes dramatically before and after establishing symbiosis”, 13rd International
Congress on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Sorrento, Italy, July (2007).
Aoyama T., Morita R., Hayashi Y., Kazama Y., Abe T.,
Kurata T., Nishiyama T., Tanahashi T., and Hasabe M.:“Establishment of a forward genetic approach using agenome tilling array in the moss Physcomitrella patens”,
The Annual International Conference for Moss Experimental Research (Moss 2007), (Korea University), Seoul,
Korea, Aug. (2007).
Kazama Y., Saito H., Yamamoto Y. Y., Hayashi Y., Ichida
H., Ohbu S., Ryuto H., Fukunishi N., and Abe T.: “Effects of Heavy-ion beam irradiation on mutation induction in Arabidopsis thaliana”, 18th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their Applications (Cyclotrons2007), Giardini Naxos, Italy, Oct. (2007).
Hayashi Y., Takehisa H., Kazama Y., Ichida H., Ryuto H.,1- 378 -

Fukunishi N., Abe T., Kamba C., and Sato T.: “Eﬀects
of ion beam irradiation on mutation induction in rice”,
18th International Conference on Cyclotrons and their
Applications (Cyclotrons 2007), Giardini Naxos, Italy,
Oct. (2007).
Abe T., Kazama Y., Ichida H., Hayashi Y., Ryuto H.,
and Fukunishi N.: “Plant Breeding using the ion beamirradiation in RIKEN”, 18th International Conference
on Cyclotrons and their Applications (Cyclotrons 2007),
Giardini Naxos, Italy, Oct. (2007).
) Conference)((Domestic,,,,: “FtsZ1
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, 7 (2005).
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,
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(2006).
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2- 379 -

,,,,, Orourke B. E.,
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3- 380 -RNC
RI
Applications Team

tiple Molecular Imaging”, 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science
Symposium Conference Record, Honolulu, USA, 2007–
10 11, IEEE, Piscataway, pp. 3741–3742 (2007).

Publications
Publications[][Journal](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations

Sato W., Ueno H., Taniguchi A., Itsuki Y., KasamatsuY., Shinohara A., Asahi K., Asai K., and Ohkubo Y.:“Nuclear quadrupole relaxation of 140 Ce implanted inhighly oriented pyrolytic graphite”, Phys. Rev. B 74,
No. 21, pp. 214302-1–214302-7 (2006).
Kidera M., Takahashi K., Enomoto S., Mitsubori Y., GotoA., and Yano Y.: “Development of a novel mass spectrometer equipped with an electron cyclotron resonanceion source”, Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 13, 239–248(2007).
Kidera M., Takahashi K., Enomoto S., Goto A., and YanoY.: “New fragment ion production method using supercold electrons in electron cyclotron resonance plasma”,
Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 13, 355–358 (2007).
Haba H., Akiyama T., Kaji D., Kikunaga H., KuribayashiT., Morimoto K., Morita K., Ooe K., Sato N., ShinoharaA., Takabe T., Tashiro T., Toyoshima A., Yoneda A.,
and Yoshimura T.: “Startup of superheavy element
chemistry at RIKEN”, Eur. Phys. J. D 45, 81–86(2007).
Yamashita Y., Takahashi Y., Haba H., Enomoto S.,
and Shimizu H.: “Comparison of reductive accumulation of Re and Os in seawater - sediment systems”,
Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 71, No. 14, pp. 3458–
3475 (2007).
Motomura S., Enomoto S., Haba H., Igarashi K., Gono Y.,
and Yano Y.: “Gamma-Ray Compton Imaging of Multitracer in Biological Samples using Strip Germanium
Telescope”, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 54, No. 3, pp.
710–717 (2007).
Haba H., Kaji D., Kikunaga H., Akiyama T., SatoN., Morimoto K., Yoneda A., Morita K., Takabe T.,
and Shinohara A.: “Development of gas-jet transportsystem coupled to the RIKEN Gas-ﬁlled Recoil Ion Separator GARIS for superheavy element chemistry”, J.
Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 8, No. 2, pp. 55–58 (2007).
Kasamatu Y., Toyoshima A., Toume H., Tsukada K., Haba
H., and Nagame Y.: “Anion-exchange behavior of Nb,
Ta, and Pa as homologues of Db in HF/HNO3 solutions”, J. Nucl. Radiochem. Sci. 8, No. 2, pp. 69–72(2007).
Takahashi M.: “The Chemical behavior of silica in waterin saline area; comparison for region and evaporation
process”, Spectrochim. Acta Pt. A 68, 21–28 (2007).
[
Proc.][Book•Proceedings](Others)

Motomura S., Kanayama Y., Haba H., Watanabe Y.,
and Enomoto S.: “Multiple Nuclide Imaging in Live
Mouse Using Semiconductor Compton Camera for Mul-()
(International
Conference etc.)

Asai M., Tsukada K., Sakama M., Ishii Y., Toyoshima A.,
Ishii T., Nishinaka I., Nagame Y., Kasamatsu Y., Haba
H., Kojima Y., Shibata M., Hayashi H., and Sueki K.:“Alpha-gamma spectroscopy of N = 155 and 157 nuclei
using a gas-jet transport technique”, 3rd International
Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements (TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer Institut andBern University), Davos, Switzerland, Sept. (2007).
Kasamatsu Y., Toyoshima A., Asai M., Tsukada K., Haba
H., Ishii Y., Toume H., Nishinaka I., Akiyama K.,
Kikunaga H., Goto S., Ishikawa T., Kudo H., Sato W.,
Ooe K., Kuribayashi T., Shinohara A., Kinoshita N.,
Arai M., Yokoyama A., Sakama M., Sato T., Qin Z.,
Duellmann C. E., and Nagame Y.: “Anion-exchange behavior of element 105, Db, in HF/HNO3 media”, 3rdInternational Conference on the Chemistry and Physics
of the Transactinide Elements (TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer
Institut and Bern University), Davos, Switzerland, Sept.
(2007).
Toyoshima A., Kasamatsu Y., Tsukada K., Kitatsuji A.,
Haba H., Ishii Y., Toume H., Asai M., Akiyama K.,
Ooe K., Sato W., Shinohara A., and Nagame Y.: “Electrochemical oxidation of nobelium”, 3rd International
Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements (TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer Institut andBern University), Davos, Switzerland, Sept. (2007).
Nagame Y., Toyoshima A., Ishii Y., Tsukada K., Asai M.,
Toume H., Kasamatsu Y., Nishinaka I., Sato T., Haba
H., Kikunaga H., Akiyama K., Oura Y., Nakahara H.,
Sato W., Shinohara A., Goto S., Kudo H., YokoyamaA., Sakama M., Sueki K., Schaedel M., Bruechle W.,
and Kratz J. V.: “Fluoride complex formation of element 104, Rutherfordium”, 3rd International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide
Elements (TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer Institut and Bern
University), Davos, Switzerland, Sept. (2007).
Kaji D., Haba H., Kikunaga H., Morimoto K., AkiyamaT., Kudo H., Ooe K., Nanri T., Sato N., Shinohara
A., Suzuki D., Takabe T., Yamazaki I., Yokoyama A.,
Yoneda A., and Morita K.: “Performance of a gas-ﬁlled
recoil separator GARIS for hot fusion study”, 3rd International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics
of the Transactinide Elements (TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer
Institut and Bern University), Davos, Switzerland, Sept.
(2007).
Haba H., Akiyama T., Kaji D., Kikunaga H., KuribayashiT., Morimoto K., Morita K., Nanri T., Ooe K., Sato N.,
Shinohara A., Suzuki D., Toyoshima A., Yamazaki I.,
Yokoyama A., Yoneda A., and Yoshimura T.: “Present

1- 381 -

status and perspectives of superheavy element chemistry at RIKEN”, 3rd International Conference on theChemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements(TAN 07), (Paul Scherrer Institut and Bern University),
Davos, Switzerland, Sept. (2007).
) Conference)((Domestic
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
”,
,
,3
(2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
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”,
74
,(
),
, 3 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
: “105(Db)
Nb,Ta,PaHF/HNO3”,87,, 3 (2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “HF/HNO3
Nb,Ta
105
Db
”,
87
,
, 3 (2007).
,
,
,
,
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87
,
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(ECRIS)
56,(2007).

2- 382 -

RNC
Metallomics
Reserch Unit
Publications
Publications[][Journal](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Kidera M., Takahashi K., Enomoto S., Mitsubori Y., GotoA., and Yano Y.: “Development of a novel mass spectrometer equipped with an electron cyclotron resonanceion source”, Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 13, 239–248(2007).
Kidera M., Takahashi K., Enomoto S., Goto A., and YanoY.: “New fragment ion production method using supercold electrons in electron cyclotron resonance plasma”,
Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 13, 355–358 (2007).
Yamashita Y., Takahashi Y., Haba H., Enomoto S.,
and Shimizu H.: “Comparison of reductive accumulation of Re and Os in seawater - sediment systems”,
Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 71, No. 14, pp. 3458–
3475 (2007).
[
Proc.][Book•Proceedings]

and tumor-bearing mouse”, International Symposium on
Metallomics 2007 (ISM 2007), (The Chemical Society ofJapan), Nagoya, Nov.–Dec. (2007).
() Conference)(Domestic: “”,2007 RI,(),, 1 (2007).
(
)
,
,
: “
”,
61
,
,5
(2007).
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
: “
”,
68
,(
),
, 5 (2007).
,
,
,
,
: “

(Others)

Motomura S., Kanayama Y., Haba H., Watanabe Y.,
and Enomoto S.: “Multiple Nuclide Imaging in Live
Mouse Using Semiconductor Compton Camera for Multiple Molecular Imaging”, 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science
Symposium Conference Record, Honolulu, USA, 2007–
10 11, IEEE, Piscataway, pp. 3741–3742 (2007).

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations)((International
Conference etc.)

Motomura S., Kanayama Y., Haba H., Watanabe Y.,
and Enomoto S.: “Multiple Nuclide Imaging in Live
Mouse Using Semiconductor Compton Camera for Multiple Molecular Imaging”, 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science
Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, Honolulu,
USA, Oct.–Nov. (2007).
Motomura S., Kanayama Y., Haba H., Igarashi K.,
Hiromura M., Watanabe Y., and Enomoto S.: “Compton Camera for Multiple Molecular Imaging”, International Symposium on Metallomics 2007 (ISM 2007),(The Chemical Society of Japan), Nagoya, Nov.–Dec.
(2007).
Enomoto S.: “Development of Multi-Elemental Molecular
Imaging on Semiconductor Compton Telescope”, International Symposium on Metallomics 2007 (ISM 2007),(The Chemical Society of Japan), Nagoya, Nov.–Dec.
(2007).
Furukawa J., Haba H., Enomoto S., and Satoh S.: “Heavy
Metal Accumulation in Lotus japonicas”, International
Symposium on Metallomics 2007 (ISM 2007), (The
Chemical Society of Japan), Nagoya, Nov.–Dec. (2007).
Kanayama Y., Motomura S., Haba H., Enomoto K. (.,Watanabe Y., and Enomoto S.: “Preliminary study
for multiple molecular imaging: simultaneous imaging
of 18 F-FDG, 54 Mn-MnCl2 , and 65 Zn-ZnCl2 in normal

”,
68
,(
),
, 5 (2007).
,,,,: “Simultaneous imaging of 65 Zn, 85 Sr, and 131 I in living mouse17
using gamma-ray emission imaging system”,,(),, 6 (2007).
(
)
,
,
,
,
: “
”,
24
,
, 6 (2007).
,
,
,
,
: “

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(2007).
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,

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- 383 -

2008
,(
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,1

(2008).

2- 384 -

RNC
SafetyManagement Group[][Journal](Review)

Publications
Publications,: “
4, No. 3, pp. 184–187 (2007).

”,

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations)((International
Conference etc.)

Uwamino Y., Fujita S., Sakamoto H., Mukai H.,
and Horigome A.: “RIKEN Radioisotope Beam Factory(RIBF) and its radiation safety aspects”, 17th National
Symposium on Radiation Physics (NSRP-17), (IndianSociety for Radiation Physics), Kolkata, India, Nov.
(2007).
Uwamino Y.: “An accuracy study on the shielding calculation for RIBF”, BRNS Theme meeting on: Status of Nuclear Data Related to Accelerator Driven Systems, (Variable Energy Cyclotron Center), Kolkata, India, Nov. (2007).
) Conference)((Domestic
: “
”,
7
,(
),
, 11 (2007).

1- 385 -

BNL BNL Research Center
RIKEN
Publications
Publications[Journal][](Original Papers) *Subject to Peer Review

Aoki S.: “QCD Phases in Lattice QCD”, Int. J. Mod.
Phys. A 21, No. 4, pp. 682–687 (2006).
Fukushima K.: “Gauge invariant source terms in QCD”,
Nucl. Phys. A 770, 71–83 (2006).
Fukushima K.: “Deriving the Jalilian-Marian-IancuMcLerran-Weigert-Leonidov-Kovner equation with classical and quantum source terms”, Nucl. Phys. A 775,
69–88 (2006).
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Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
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Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
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Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
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Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai
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H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada
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Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
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Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi H.,
Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada K.,
Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
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Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
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Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai
K., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta
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1- 386 -

Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Goto
Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai
K., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi
H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada
K., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida
K., Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.:“Common Suppression Pattern of eta and π 0 Mesons
at High Transverse Momentum in Au+Au Collisions at√
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Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
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Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
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Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
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H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada
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Adare A., Akiba Y., Aoki K., Asai J., Bunce G. M.,
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Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K.,
Heuser J., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y.,
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Kaneta M., Kanoh H., Kawall D., Kiyomichi A., Kurita
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Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
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Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
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Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai
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Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
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Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai K.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi H.,
Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada K.,
Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
Tojo J., Torii H., Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “De-2

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tailed study of high-pT neutral pion suppression and az√
imuthal anisotropy in Au+Au collisions at sNN = 200
GeV”, Phys. Rev. C 76, 034904-1–034904-26 (2007).
Fukushima K. and Hidaka Y.: “Model study of the sign
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Fukao Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Horaguchi T.,
Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi
O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kanoh H., Kawall D.,
Kiyomichi A., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa
I., Nakano K., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov
V., Saito N., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani
A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Wagner
M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.: “Inclusive cross section and double helicity asymmetry for π 0√
production in p + p collisions at s = 200 GeV: Implications for the polarized gluon distribution in the proton”,
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Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
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Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai K.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi H.,
Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada K.,
Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
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Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
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Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
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Perdekamp M. G., Hayashi N., Ichihara T., Imai K.,
Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kobayashi H.,
Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Onishi H., Okada K.,
Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T., Taketani A., Tanida K.,
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Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K.,
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K., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N.,
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Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kajihara F., Kamihara N.,
Kaneta M., Kano H., Kanoh H., Kawall D., KiyomichiA., Kurita K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa I., Nakano
K., Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N.,
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Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y.,
Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.:“Energy loss and ﬂow of heavy quarks in Au+Au col√lisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98,
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Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
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Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
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Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
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Fukao Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Horaguchi T.,
Ichihara T., Imai K., Inoue Y., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi
O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kanoh H., Kawall D.,
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A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Wagner
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K., Mao Y., Murata J., Nakagawa I., Nakano K., Onishi
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M. G., Hachiya T., Hasuko K., Heuser J., Horaguchi
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Y., Ishihara M., Jinnouchi O., Kajihara F., KamiharaN., Kaneta M., Kanoh H., Kawall D., Kiyomichi A.,
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Onishi H., Okada H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N.,
Sato H., Shibata T., Shoji K., Tabaru T., Taketani A.,
Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H., Tsuchimoto Y.,
Wagner M. M., Watanabe Y., Xie W., and Yokkaichi S.:“Transverse momentum and centrality dependence of di√hadron correlations in Au+Au collisions at sNN = 200
GeV: Jet quenching and the response of partonic matter”, Phys. Rev. C 77, 011901-1–011901-6 (2008).
Adler S. S., Akiba Y., Bazilevsky A. V., Bunce G. M.,
Deshpande A., Enyo H., Fields D. E., Fox B., Fukao
Y., Goto Y., Perdekamp M. G., Hasuko K., HeuserJ., Horaguchi T., Ichihara T., Imai K., Ishihara M.,
Jinnouchi O., Kamihara N., Kaneta M., Kiyomichi A.,
Kobayashi H., Kurita K., Mao Y., Onishi H., Okada
H., Okada K., Rykov V., Saito N., Sato H., Shibata T.,
Taketani A., Tanida K., Togawa M., Tojo J., Torii H.,
Watanabe Y., and Yokkaichi S.: “Centrality dependenceof charged hadron production in deuteron+gold and nu√
cleon+gold collisions at sNN = 200 GeV”, Phys. Rev.
C 77, 014905-1–014905-13 (2008).

4- 389 -

RNC
RIKEN Facility
Office at RAL

Oral Presentations
Oral Presentations() Conference)(Domestic: “Anomalous temperature dependence of muontransfer rate in solid tritium studied by muon catalyzed-RAL
t-t fusion”,
2007 ,, 7 (2007).

1- 390 -

VII．LIST OF PREPRINTSRIKEN- NC- NP（2007 Jan. ～ 2008 Mar.）
1

W. Horiuchi, Y. Suzuki, B. Abu-Ibrahim, and A. Kohama: “Sysematic analysis of reaction cross sections ofcarbon isotopes”

2

K. Morita, K. Morimoto, D. Kaji, T. Akiyama, S. Goto, H. Haba, E. Ideguchi, K. Katori, H. Koura, H. Kudo, T.
Onishi, A. Ozawa. T. Suda, K. Sueki, F. Tokanai, T. Yamaguchi, A. Yoneda, and A. Yoshida: “Experiments on
Synthesis of an Isotope 277112 by 208Pb + 70Zn Reaction”

3

K. Morita, K. Morimoto, D. Kaji, T. Akiyama, S. Goto, H. Haba, E. Ideguchi, K. Katori, H. Koura, H. Kudo,
T. Onishi, A. Ozawa. N. Sato, T. Suda, K. Sueki, F. Tokanai, T. Yamaguchi, A. Yoneda, and A. Yoshida:“Observation of Second Decay Chain from 273113”

4 Z. Elekes, Zs. Dombradi, N. Aoi, S. Bishop, Zs. Fulop, J. Gibelin, T. Gomi, Y. Hashimoto, N. Imai, N. Iwasa, H.
Iwasaki, G. Kalinka, Y. Kondo, A. A. Korsheninnikov. K. Kurita, M. Kurokawa, N. Matsui, T. Motobayashi, T.
Nakamura, T. Nakao, E. Yu. Nikolskii, T. K. Ohnishi, T. Okumura, S. Ota, A. Perera, A. Saito, H. Sakurai, Y.
Satou, D. Sohler, T. Sumikama, D. Suzuki, M. Suzuki, H. Takeda, S. Takeuchi, Y. Togano, and Y. Yanagisawa:“Spectroscopic stucy of neutron shell closures via nucleon transfer in the near-dripline nucleus 23O”
5

J. Gibelin, D. Bernnel, T. Motobayashi, N. Aoi, H. Baba, Y. Blumenfeld, Zs. Dombradi, Z. Elekes, S. Fortier,N. Fracaria, N. Fukuda, T. Gomi, K. Ishikawa, Y. Kondo, T. Kubo, V. Lima, T. Nakamura, A. Saito, Y. Satou,
E. Takeshita, S. Takeuchi, T. Teranishi, Y. Togano, A. M. Vinodkumar, Y. Yanagisawa, and K. Yoshida:“Measurement of the B（E2,0+1->2+1）in the N=16 nucleus 26Ne”

6 D. Kameda, H. Ueno, K. Asahi, M. Takemura, A. Yoshimi, T. Haseyama, M. Uchida, K. Shimada, D. Nagae, G.
Kijima, T. Arai, K. Takase, S. Suda, T. Inoue, J. Murata, H. Kawamura, Y. Kobayashi, H. Watanabe, and M.
Ishihara: “Measurement of the electric quadrupole moment of 23AL”
7

S. Shimoura, S. Ota, K. Demichi, N. Aoi, H. Baba, Z. Elekes, T. Fukuchi, T. Gomi, K. Hasegawa, E. Ideguchi,
M. Ishihara, N. Iwasa, H. Iwasaki, S. Kanno, S. Kubono, K. Kurita, M. Kurokawa, Y. U. Matsuyama, S.
Michimasa, K. Miller, T. Minemura, T. Motobayashi, T. Murakami, M. Notani, A. Odahara, A. Saito, H.
Sakurai, E. Takeshita, S. Takeuchi, M. Tamaki, T. Teranishi, K. Yamada, Y. Yanagisawa, I. Hamamoto:“Lifetime of the Isomeric 0 + 2 State in 12Be”

8

T. Ichikawa, K. Hagino, and A. Iwamoto: “Existence of One-Body Barrier Revealed in Deep Sub-Barrier
Fusion”

9

T. Ichikawa, K. Hagino, and A. Iwamoto: “Systematics of threshold incident energy for deep sub-barrier
fusion hindrance”

10 M. Mocko, M. B. Tsang, Z. Y. Sun, N. Aoi, J. Cok, F. Delaunay, M. A. Famiano, H. Hui, N. Imai, H. Iwasaki, W.
G. Lynch, T. Motobayashi, M. Niikura, T. Onishi, A. M. Rogers, H. Sakurai, A. Stolz, H. Suzuki, E. Takeshita,
S. takeuchi, and M. S. Wallace: “Projectile Fragmentation of 86Kr at 64 MeV/nucleon”
11

M. B. Tsang, W. G. Lynch, W. A. Friendman, M. Mocko, Z. Y. Sun, N. Aoi, J. M. Cook, F. Delaunay, M. A.
Famiano, H. Hui, N. Imai, H. Iwasaki, T. Motobayashi, M. Niikura, T. Onishi, A. M. Rogers, H. Sakurai, H.
Suzuki, E. Takeshita, S. Takeuchi, and M. S. Wallace: “Gragmentation cross-sections and binding energies ofneutron-rich nuclei”

12

T. Sugimoto, T. Nakamura, Y. Kondo, N. Aoi, H. Baba, D. Bazin, N. Fukuda, T. Gomi, H. Hasegawa, N. Imai,
M. Ishihara, T. Kobayashi, T. Kubo, M. Miura, T. Motobayashi, H. Otsu, A. Saito, H. Sakurai, S. Shimoura, A.
M. Vinodkumar, K. Watanabe,, Y. X. Watanabe, T. Yakushiji, Y. Yanagisawa, and Yoneda: “The first 2+ stateof 14Be”

13

M. Notani, H. Sakurai, N. Aoi, H. Iwasaki, N. Fukuda, Z. Liu, K. Yoneda, H. Ogawa, T. Teranishi, T.
Nakamura, H. Okuno, A. Yoshida, Y. X. Watanabe, S. Momota, N. Inabe, T. Kubo, S. Ito, A. Ozawa, T. Suzuki, I.
Tanihata, and M. Ishihara: “Projectile fragmentation reactions and production of nuclei near the neutron- 391 -

drip-line”
14

T. Gomi, K. Yoneda, Y. Ando, N. Aoi, H. Baba, K. Demichi, Z. Elekes, N. Fukuda, Zs. Fülöp, U. Futakami, Y.
Higurashi, K. Ieki, N. Imai, M. Ishihara, K. Ishikawa, N. Iwasa, H. Iwasaki, S. Kanno, Y. Kondo, T. Kubo,
S. Kubono, M. Kunibu, K. Kurita, Y. U. Matsuyama, S. Michimasa, T. Minemura, M. Miura, H. Murakami,
T. Nakamura, M. Notani, S. Ota, A. Saito, H. Sakurai, M. Serata, S. Shimoura, T. Sugimoto, E. Takeshita,
S. Takeuchi, Y. Togano, K. Ue, K. Yamada, Y. Yanagisawa, A. Yoshida, and T. Motobayashi: “Resonant proton
capture on 22Mg studied by the Coulomb dessociation method”

15

B. Abu-Ibrahim, W. Horiuchi, A. Kohama, and Y. Suzuki: “Reaction cross sections of carbon isotopes incident
on a proton”

16

H. Ong, N. Imai, D. Suzuki, H. Iwasaki, H. Sakurai, T. K. Onishi, M. K. Suzuki, S. Ota, S. Takeuchi, T.
Nakao, Y. Togano, Y. Kondo, N. Aoi, H. Baba, S. Bishop, Y. Ichikawa, M. Ishihara, T. Kubo, K. Kurita, T.
Motobayashi, T. Nakamura, T. Okumura, and Y. Yanagisawa: “Lifetime measurements of first excited statesin 16,18C”

17

H. Scheit, A. Gade, T. Glasmacher, and T. Motobayashi: “On the Analysis of Internediate-Energy Coulomb
Excitation Experiments”

18

Y. Satou, T. Nakamura, N. Fukuda, T. Sugimoto, Y. Kondo, N. Matsui, Y. Hashimoto, T. Nakabayashi, T.
Okumura, M. Shinohara, T. Motobayashi, Y. Yanagisawa, N. Aoi, S. Takeuchi, T. Gomi, Y. Togano, S. Kawai,
H. Sakurai, H. J. Ong, T. K. Onishi, S. Shimoura, M. Tamaki, T. Kobayashi, H. Otsu, Y. Matsuda, N. Endo, M.
Kitayama, and M. Ishihara: “Unbound excited states in 19,17C”

19

M. Yamagami, and Y. R. Shimizu: “Spatial structure of neutron Cooper pairs in deformed neutron-richnuclei”

20

A. Kohama, K. Iida, and K. Oyamatsu: “Difference between interaction cross sections and reaction crosssections”- 392 -

VIII．LIST OF SYMPOSIA

（2007 Jan. ～ 2008 Mar.）1

In-beam gamma spectroscopy of the doubly magic nucleus 78Ni and its vicinity 6 Feb., User Liaison andSupport Group, RIKEN

2 Large-Scale Self-Consistent Nuclear Mass Calculations 23-24 Feb., User Liaison and Support Group, RIKEN
3

Analysis of 8B elastic scattering experiments 2 Mar., User Liaison and Support Group, RIKEN

4International Workshop: Joint JUSTIPEN-LACM Meeting 5-8 Mar., Nuclear Physics Research Div., Oak
Ridge
（USA）

5

Channelling of hydrogen by using nuclear reactions 15 Mar., User Liaison and Support Group, RIKEN

6

Domain Wall Fermions at en Years 15-17 Mar., RIKEN BNL Research Center, USA

7

Resent development and future prospect of the GEM based tracking detector 23 Mar., Advanced Meson
Science Laboratory/Cosmic Radiation Laboratory, RIKEN

8The Fifth International Workshop on DIRECT REACTIONS WITH EXOTIC BEAMS（DREB 2007）30 May2 June, Wako, RIKEN, Kyushu Univ., Univ. of Tokyo

9

Itally and Japan at the Frontiers off Nuclear, Particle and Astroparticle Physics 9 June Tokyo, Embassy of
Italy in Tokyo, INFN, Japan Science Foundation, KEK and RIKEN

10

Nuclear Structure: New Pictures in the Extended Isospin Space（NS07）11-14 June, Kyoto, Kyoto Univ.,
Yukawa Inst. for Theoretical Phys. and RIKEN

11

The International Symposium on Physics of Unstable Nuclei（ISPUN07）3-7 July, Vietnam, INST. I PE,GANIL, CEA Saclay, GSI, EU Asia-Link network and RIKEN

12

Muon Science Researches at the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility 2007, 23-24 July, Wako, Advanced Meson
Science Lab., RIKEN

13String Field Theory 07 6-7 Oct. WakoTheoretical Phyics Lab., RIKEN

14The International Symposium on New Facets of the Three Nucleon Force-50 Years of the Fujita-Miyazawa
Three Nucleon Force 29-31 Oct., Tokyo, Univ. of Tokyo, RCNP and RIKEN

15

The 10th International Symposium on Origin of Matter and Evolution of Galaxies（OMEG07）- From theDawn of Universe to the Formation of Solar System - 4-7 Dec., Hokkaido Hokkaido Univ., NAOJ, CNS,
RCNP, KEK, Univ. of Tokyo and RIKEN

16

Quantum Field Theory and Symmetry, 22-23 Dec. Wako Theoretical Phyics Lab., RIKEN

17 International Joint Workshop, LACM-EFES-JUSTIPEN Meeting 23-25 Jun., Oak Ridge, USA
18

Progress of plant biology using heavy-ion accelerators, 24-25 Jun., Wako Radiation Biology Team &Industrial Cooperation Team, RIKEN- 393 -

IX．LIST OF SEMINAR

（2007 Jan. ～ 2008 Mar.）
Accelerator Division
1Peter A. Zavodszky（MSU）23 Aug. ’07 “RIBF Accel. Seminar「ECRIS development at NSCL/MSU」”

2

Jeffry W Stetson（NSCL, Michigan State University）12 Dec. ’07 “RIBF Accel. Seminar「Inhomogeneities
in Beams Extracted from ECR Ion Sources and Resulting Considerations」”

3

Jeffry W Stetson（NSCL, Michigan State University）14 Dec. ’07 “RIBF Accel. Seminar「Design andOperational Overview of the High-energy beam lines and Particle Separator at the NSCL」”

4

Peter Speadtke（GSI）10 Jan. ’08 “RIBF Accel. Seminar「Extraction from ECR Ion Sources」”

5

Xia Jiawen（Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, China）19 Mar. ’08 “RIBF Accel. Seminar「HIRFL-CSR
Facility」”

6

A. Goto et al.（Accelerator Development Group）3 Mar. ’08 “CNS-RIKEN Workshop on Upgrade of AVF
Cyclotron”

Nuclear Physics Research Division
1

H. Aihara（Univ. of Tokyo）17 Apr. ’07 “Monthly Colloquium「Recent Results From Belle Experiment」”

2

ZHAO Yu-min（Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ.）24 Apr. ’07 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar「Systematic studiesof low-lying structure for nuclei in A=130-150 region」”

3

E. Hiyama（Nara Women’s Univ.）26 Apr. ’07 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar「Recent status of
hypernuclear physics」”

4

M. Wakasugi（Nishina center, RIKEN）22 May. ’07 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar「New technique
SCRIT - for RI-electron scattering experiment」”

5

O. Hashimoto（.Tohoku Univ.）28 May. ’07 “Monthly Colloquium「Reaction spectroscopy of Lambda
Hypernuclei by the（e, e’K+）reaction」”

6

Y. Yamaguchi（Theoretical Physics Lab., RIKEN）19 Jun. ’07 “Monthly Colloquium「Dawn of Nuclear
Physics」”

7

T.F. Papenbrock（Oak Ridge）20 Jun. ’07 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar「Ab-initio nuclear structure
calculations with three-nucleon forces」”

8

T. Rotureau（Oak Ridge）20 Jun. ’07 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar「Shell Model Approach for nuclei
around and beyond drip-lines」”

9

K. Matsuyanagi（Kyoto Univ.）27 Jun. ’07 “Lecture Series Ⅱ-4「The minimum of modern theory of nuclear
structure（4th）”」10

M. Ebihara（Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.）28 Jun. ’07 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar「Element abundancein the solar system and the evaluation」”

11

K. Hatanaka（Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka Univ.）17 Jul. ’07 “Monthly Colloquium「Physics
at the RCNP cyclotron facility」”

12

S. Shimoura（CNS, Univ. of Tokyo）31 Jul. ’07 “Lecture Series IV-1「Practical nuclear reaction theory forexperimentalists（1st）”」13

I. Hamamoto（Lund Univ.）18 Sep. ’07 “Lecture Series V-1「One-particle motion in nuclear many-bodyproblem」”

14

H. Baba（Heavy Ion Nuclear Physics Lab., RIKEN）3 Sep. ’07 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar”「Isoscalarexcitation in unstable nucleus 14O」

15

R.. Hayano（Univ. of Tokyo）16 Oct. ’07 “Monthly Colloquium「Weighing the antiproton」”

16

H. Miyatake（KEK）23 Oct. ’07 “Monthly Colloquium「Accelerated RNB facility, TRIAC and its physics」”- 395 -

17

Valery Zagrebaev（Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reaction, JINR, Dubna, Russia）26 Oct. ’07 “RIBF Nuclear
Physics Seminar「Synthesis of superheavies. State of affair and outlook.」”18

H. Watanabe（RI Physics Lab., RIKEN）4 Oct. ’07 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar「Nature of transitional
nuclei scrutinized with isomer spectroscopy」”

19

K. Nishijima（Chuo Univ. / Univ. of Tokyo / Kyoto Univ.）20 Nov. ’07 “Monthly Colloquium「Emergence of
the Second Generation in Particle Physics」”

20

N. Aoi（Heavy Ion Nuclear Physics Lab., RIKEN）27 Nov. ’07 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar「Shapetransition in neutron-rich Cr isotopes」”

21

S. Shimoura（CNS, Univ. of Tokyo）11 Dec ’07. “Lecture SeriesIV-2「Practical nuclear reaction theory forexperimentalists（2nd）”」22

T. Kishimoto（Osaka Univ.）12 Dec. ’07 “Monthly Colloquium「Study of double beta decay : A quest to
answer why our universe is matter dominated」”

23

J. Gibelin（Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.）25 Dec. ’07 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar「Recent
experiments at the Berkeley 88" Cyclotron」”

24

T. Saito（GSI）3 Dec. ’07 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar「Hypernuclear spectroscopy with stable heavy
ion beams and rare isotope beams: The HypHI project at GSI and FAIR in Germany」”

25

Nigel Orr（LPC-Caen）4 Dec. ’07 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar「Exploring the structure of light
unbound neutron-rich nuclei」”

26

Y. Kondo（Heavy Ion Nuclear Physics Lab., RIKEN）22 Jan. ’08 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar”「Invariant-mass spectroscopy of the neutron drip line nuclei 13,14 Be」

27

K. Ikeda（Heavy Ion Nuclear Physics Lab., RIKEN）12 Feb. ’08 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar「Halostructure of 11Li generated by the tensor and pair correlations」”

28

Juha Aysto（Univ. of Jyvaskyla, FINLAND）20 Feb. ’08 “Lecture Series VI「Physics with Slow- / TrappedRI Beams--Methods，Current Researches，and Perspectives--」”29

I. Hamamoto（Lund Univ.）27 Feb. ’08 “Lecture Series V-2「One-particle motion in nuclear many-bodyproblem」”

30

M. Taiji（Genomic Sciences Center, RIKEN）29 Jan. ’08 “Monthly Colloquium 「Next-Generation
Supercomputer and Future High-Performance Computing」”

31

K. Ogawa（Heavy Ion Nuclear Physics Lab., RIKEN）11 Mar. ’08 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar「Theproton-neutron interaction and high spin isomers」”

32

I. Watanabe（Advanced Meson Science Lab.）18 Mar. ’08 “Monthly Colloquium「Magnetism of the High-T_
C Oxides Viewed by the Muon」”

33

Jean-Michel Daugas（CEA/DIF/DPTA / SPN）4 Mar. ’08 “RIBF Nuclear Physics Seminar「Magnetic
moments of μ-second isomeric fragments」”

34

T. Suda（User Liaison and Support Group, RIKEN）et al. 28 Jul. ’07 “Mini Workshop「Study of two neutron
correlation in 6He via nucleon-exchnge reation」”

35

H. Sakaguchi（Univ. of Miyazaki）, et al. 13 Dec. ’07 “Mini Workshop「Study of nucleon density distribution
using G-matrix method.」”

Superheavy Element Laboratory
1

T. Ichikawa（Superheavy Element Lab., RIKEN）23 Jul. ’07 “Mini Workshop「Challenges to superheavy
elements」”- 396 -

Theoretical Physics Laboratory
1

T. Abe（Tokyo Inst. of Tech.）17 Oct. ’07 “The 1st TNP Lab. Seminar「Lattice Calculation of Thermal
Properties of Neutron Matter with NN Effective Field Theory」”

2

R. Seki（California State Univ.）17 Dec. ’07 “The 2nd TNP Lab. Seminar「Nuclear Effective Field Theory; A
Short Introduction」”

3

K. Hagino.（Tohoku Univ.）, et al25 Dec. ’07 “Mini Workshop「Two-nucleon correlations and unstable
nuclei」”

4

K. Muto（Tokyo Inst. of Tech.）16 Jan. ’08 “The 3rd TNP Lab. Seminar「Monopole interaction in nuclei」”

5

N.Michel（Kyoto Univ.）13 Feb. ’08 “The 4th TNP Lab. Seminar「Gamow and PTG bases expansion
methods for Skyrme-HFB calculations」”

6

H.Masui（Kitami Institute of Technology）13 Feb. ’08 “The 5th TNP Lab. Seminar「M-scheme clusterorbital shell model approach for oxygen isotopes」”

7

Bertrand Giraud（Saclay, France）28 Feb. ’08 “The 6th TNP Lab. Seminar「A few rigorous results for the
nuclear density functional theory」”

8

M. Ito, et al. 19 Mar. ’08“Mini Workshop「Exotic structures and reaction dynamics of highly-excitedmolecular resonances in light neutron-rich systems」”

Radiation Laboratory
1

M. Stratmann（RIKEN）, Jianwei Qiu（Iowa State Univ. / ANL）
, S. Kumano（KEK）25 Jun. ’07 “PHENIX
Spinfest at RIKEN 2007”

Advanced Meson Science Laboratory
1

F. Sakuma（Advanced Meson Science Lab., RIKEN）25 Apr. ’07 “Lab. Seminar「Evidence for massmodification of vector mesons at KEK-PS E325」”

2

K. Itabashi（Advanced Meson Science Lab., RIKEN）et al. 14 Jun. ’07 “Mini Workshop「Workshop on
Meson Bound System」”

3

Y. Kobayashi（Advanced Meson Science Lab., RIKEN）20 Jun. ’07 “Lab. Seminar「Development and status
of in-beam Mossbauer spectroscopy by using the neutron capture reaction」”

4

H. Nemura（Advanced Meson Science Lab., RIKEN）, et al. 17 Jul. ’07 “Mini Workshop「Joint workshop on
unstable and strange nuclei ---structural aspects of light exotic systems---」”5

E. Yagi（Advanced Meson Science Lab., RIKEN）18 Jul. ’07 “Lab. Seminar「The state of hydrogen in metals
as observed by the channelling method」”

6

A. Ichikawa（Kyoto Univ.）18 Sep. ’07 “Lab. Seminar「Current status of the neutrino oscillation
phenomenon and future prospect」”

7

T. Azuma（Tokyo Metoropolitan Univ.）25 Oct. ’07 “Lab. Seminar「New trends in atomic collision physics
with two ion storage rings. --heavy ion medical accelerator and electrostatic ion storage ring--」”

8

T. Goto（Sophia Univ.）7 Nov. ’07 “Lab. Seminar「NMR study on the local structure in high-Tc cuprates」”

9

M. Aoki（Osaka Univ.）20 Dec. ’07 “Lab. Seminar「An Experiment Searching for mu-e Conversion at
J-PARC」”

10

K. Suzuki（SMI）9 Jan. ’08 “Lab. Seminar「Search for the kaonic nuclear cluster $K^-pp$ in the $p+p
¥rightarrow K^+ + K^-pp$ reaction with FOPI」”

11

S. Ohira-Kawamura（Ocyanomizu Univ.）13 Feb. ’08 “Lab. Seminar「Magnetism and superconductivity innovel superconductor CeCoIn5」”- 397 -

Accelerator Applications Research Division
1

R. Ito（Univ. of The Ryukyus）11 Dec. ’07 「“ The role for AtMinE1 in division site determination ofchloroplasts」”

2

M. Fujiwara（Univ. of Tokyo）11 Dec. ’07 「Replication“of non-green plastids in Arabidopsis」”

3

T. Abe, N. Fukunishi（Nishina Center, RIKEN）, et al. 24 Jan. ’08 “Progress of plant biology using heavy-ion
accelerators”

Metallomics Research Unit
1

Y. Nose（Duke University, Medical Center）4 Dec. ’07 「Physiological“roles of copper-transporter Ctr1 inmice」”

2

Y. Yoshikawa（Kyoto Pharmaceutical Univ.）4 Dec. ’07 「Development“
of Zn（II）complexes to treat type 2
diabetes mellitus」”

3

S. Kabuki（Kyoto Univ.）15 Jan. ’08 「Development“of an Electron Tracking Compton Gamma-Ray Camera
for Nuclear Medicine 」”

4

Y. Wada（Molecular Probe Dynamics Lab. Molecular Imaging Research Program, RIKEN）8 Feb. ’08“「Positron Emission Tomography（PET）」”

5

T. Ikeda（Atomic Physics Lab., RIKEN）17 Mar. ’08 「Production“of nanometer-sized focused ion beams witha glass capillary and selective irradiation of organelle in a living cell」”

RIKEN BNL Research Center
1

S. Arnold（BNL）, et al. 26 Apr. ’07 “Parity Violating Spin Asymmetries at RHIC-BNL”

2

Haixin Huang（BNL）, et al. 30 Aug. ’07 “RHIC Spin Collaboration Meeting”

3

Daniel de Florian, Lara De Nardo, et al. 8 Oct. ’07 “Global Analysis of Polarized Parton Distributions in the
RHIC Era”

4

K. Boyle（SBU）, et al. 15 Nov. ’07 “RHIC Spin Collaboration Meeting”

5

S. Bazilevsky（BNL）, et al. 30 Nov. ’07 “RHIC Spin Collaboration Meeting”- 398 -AUTHOR INDEXABE Tomoko

阿部知子

ABU-IBRAHIM Badawy
ADACHI Tadashiv, 93, 192, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226,

BOWEN Matt

12

227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233,

BOYLE Kieran

56, 157

234, 235

BRAVAR Alessandro

30

BRITTON Charles

足立匡

AIBA Takeshi

相場健

AIDA Ryutaro

間竜太郎

AIHARA Toshimitsu
AKIBA Yasuyuki

208, 209

BUNCE Gerry

16
227, 228

藍原利光

秋葉康之

AKIMITSU Jun

秋光純

AKITA Tomoki

秋田知樹

85, 91, 237

56, 157

179

56, 157

CAMACHO Carlos

54, 56, 157

CAMPBELL Chris

12

CASSANO Nicole

162

45, 161, 162, 163, 165, 167,

CHIU Mickey

169, 171, 173, 175, 179

CHOLLET Simon

161, 162, 171, 179

CHVALA Ondrej

63

202
192

趙國泰

CIANCIOLO Vince

60

161, 179

AKIYAMA Takahiro

秋山隆宏

xii

CLONTS Ian

AKIYAMA Takenobu

秋山岳伸

21, 178

CLONTS Lloyd

179

COOK Jhonathan

12

11

DAHMS Torsten

45

23, 142DAIRAKU Seishi

大樂誠司

ALEKSEEV Igor

56, 157

ALEXEY Korsheninnikov
AMADIO Guilherme
AMINO Mari

網野真理

ANDO Yoshiaki

安藤嘉章

ANDREICA Daniel
青井考

AOKI Kazuya
AOKI Sinya

3

DE FLORIAN Daniel
DEMICHI Kimihiko

出道仁彦

DESHPANDE Abhay

161, 17957
70
69, 71

青山龍美

新井 崇雅

ASAHI Koichiro

DINCA Dan

xv

DION Alan

23

40

旭耕一郎

17, 23, 150, 191

11

DRAPIER Oliver

161, 162

DRAPIER Olivier

171, 179

浅井淳吉

161, 162, 165, 173, 175

DRESS Axel

浅井圭介

186

EBESU Shoichiro

171, 179
畔柳竜生

BABA Hidetada

馬場秀忠

BAKULE Pavel

200

BAUER Eric207

BAZIN Danieliii, 3, 12

72

xvi, 7, 10, 14, 15, 16, 155

36, 37, 38

DOMBR'ADI Zsolt

ASAI Keisuke

AZEYANAGI Tatsuo

56, 157

56, 157

ASAI Junkichi

ATOMSSA Ermias

7

12

DINH DANG Nguyen

137, 141

有馬朗人

161, 162, 173

DHAWAN Satish

青木保道

109

65

117, 123

新井一郎

ARIMA Akito

段塚知志

58, 61DEEPACK Bista

青木慎也

ARAI Takamasa

DANTSUKA Tomoyuki

iii, xvi, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 22,

AOYAMA Tatsumi
ARAI Ichiro

7

50

25, 142DATTA Amaresh

青木和也

AOKI Yasumichi

DAM Binh

209

ANTHONY Nettleton
AOI Nori

222

66

161, 162
胡子昇一朗

ELEKES Zoltan

7, 9, 11

EMOTO Takashi

江本隆

ENDO Natsumi

遠藤奈津美

ENOMOTO Shuichi
EN'YO Hideto

21, 178i, 5, 135, 136
8

榎本秀一

延與秀人

213

159, 161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 171,173, 175

BENNETT Robert

55

EYSER Kjeld

BENTZ Wolfgang

66, 67

FIJINAWA Tadashi

藤縄雅79, 81, 91, 133, 137

FIJISAWA Hiroshi

藤澤博

91

BERG Georg

129

BERTSCH George

56, 157

185

FIJIWARA Hiroki

藤原裕樹

18

10, 11, 149

FIJIWARA Kohei

藤原康平

161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169,

BLUM Thomas

69

FIJIWARA Makoto

藤原誠

BOBREK Miljko

179

FINGER Miroslav

BISHOP Shawn
BISTA D.

179

171, 173, 175, 179

-i-

162

225

FOMICHEV Andrey

14, 15

FUJIBAYASHI Daisuke

HANADA Masanori

藤林大輔

222

HARA Kaoru

花田政範

原かおる

72

141

FUJIKAKE Kotaro

藤掛浩太郎

153, 190

HARA Mitsuo

FUJIKAWA Hisashi

藤川尚志

142

HARA Yuta

FUJIMAKI Masaki

藤巻正樹

xvii, 79, 81, 94, 96, 99, 237,

HASAMA Yuka

挾間優佳

17, 23240, 242

HASEBE Hiroo

長谷部裕雄

ix, 79, 81, 93

FUJITA Masaki
FUJITA Shin

藤田全基

藤田新

210

248

原光雄

6

原祐太

21, 178

HASEGAWA Hirokazu

長谷川浩一

7

HASEYAMA Tomohito

長谷山智仁

125

FUKAO Yoshinori

深尾祥紀

181

HASHIMOTO Koichi

FUKUDA Hiroyuki

福田弘幸

112

HASHIMOTO Yoshiko

FUKUDA Mitsunori

福田光順

16, 18, 177

HASHIMOTO Yukio

橋本幸男

42

iii, 3, 7, 8, 115, 117, 119, 123,HASHIZUME Yuhei

橋爪祐平

16, 18, 141

127, 244, 246

HATAKEYAMA Atsushi

畠山温153, 190

xvi

17, 23FUKUDA Naoki

福田直樹

FUKUI Toshiaki

福井利晃

FUKUNISHI Nobuhisa

FUKUTA Yoshimichi
FUKUZAWA Seiji
FULOP Zsolt

福西暢尚

福田善通

福澤聖児

橋本耕一
橋本佳子

HATAKEYAMA Naoto

畠山直人

HATAKEYAMA Shin

畠山晋99, 101, 103, 106, 137,

HAYAKAWA Masashi

224, 225, 227, 228, 229,

HAYAKAWA Seiya

230, 231, 232, 233, 234,

HAYASHI Tatuya

林達也

193

237, 239, 240

HAYASHI Yoriko

林依子

v, 223, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230,

223

早川雅司

早川勢也

235

231, 232, 234

103, 239, 240

HE Jianjun

142
207

古川武

HELLHAMMER R.

187

古川幸弘

i

HERMANN Wollnik

20

FURUSAWA Yoshiya

古澤佳也

222

HIDAKA Yoshimasa

日高義将

12, 13GASTALDI Franck

153, 190

何建軍

HEFFNER Robert

FURUKAWA Yukihiro

GADE Alexandra

7

HIGAMI Naota

樋上直太

HIGASHIJIMA Hiroyuki

161, 162, 171, 179

髭本亘iii, 3

HIGEMOTO Wataru

11

HIGURASHI Rieko

56, 157

GOMI Tomoko
GOTO Akira

GOTO Yuji

和弘

平賀智子

231

HIRATA Kazuto

平田和人

201

xiv, 204, 205

HIRATA Tomoyoshi

159

HAEBERLI Willy56, 157

HAGINO Kouichi

萩野浩一
羽木洋介

平田朋義

HIRAYAMA Yoshikazu
161, 162, 171, 179

52, 62

45

羽場宏光

平山雄三

195

HIROSE Toshikazu

広瀬敏和

212

HOFFMAN Alanxii, 6, 85, 213, 214, 215

HONDA Ichiro
HONDA Zentaro

43

HONMA Michio

本多一郎

206

本間正充

本間道雄

浜垣秀樹

45, 159

HORAGUCHI Takuma

濱仲誠239, 240

HORI Fuminobu

堀

HORIBATA Takatoshi- ii -

231

本多善太郎

HAMANAKA Makoto
51

177

56, 157

HONMA Masamitsu

21, 178

72

平山賀一

HIRAYAMA Yuzo

HAMAGAKI Hideki
HAN Ran

39

平林

HIRAGA Tomoko

HABA Hiromitsu

HAKI Yousuke

日野原伸生

HIRABAYASHI Kazuhiro

101, 106, 108, 137, 237, 239, 240

GROSSE-PERDEKAMP Matthias
郡司卓xvii, 7, 79, 81, 83, 85, 86,

210ix, 79, 81, 83, 85, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93,

GRANIER DE CASSAGNAC Raphael
GUNJI Taku

日野綾

HINOHARA Nobuoiii, 3, 25, 123

後藤貴行

後藤 雄二

HINO Aya

7, 8, 11

郷農靖之

GOTO Takayuki

日暮祥英

248

88, 237, 239, 240

14, 15

後藤彰

201, 20712, 13

五味朋子

GONO Yasuyuki

8341

日暮（蛭沼）利江子

HIGURASHI Yoshihide

GOLOVKOV Mikhail

東島啓之

東山幸司

GIBELIN Julien

GLASMACHER Thomas

68

193

HIGASHIYAMA Koji

GEISSEL Hans
GILL Ronald

xv

23, 24, 25, 142

FURUKAWA Takeshi

二上宇内xvi, 8, 11v, ix, xvii, 79, 81, 93, 94,

7, 9, 11FUTAKAMI Udai

70

221

31, 32

洞口琢磨
史説

55

192

堀端孝俊

42

193

HORIGOME Atsuko

堀米敦子

HORIUCHI Wataru

堀内渉

HOSHINO Masamitsu
HUANG Haixin

248

30

星野正光

187, 188

ITO Takashi

伊藤孝

ITO Takuya

伊藤拓也

ITO Tatushiro

56, 157

191, 201, 207
67

伊藤龍浩

IWAI Yoshio

153

岩井良夫

188, 197, 217

ICHIDA Hiroyuki

市田裕之

v, 223, 224

IWAMOTO Akira

岩本昭

ICHIHRA Takashi

市原卓

154, 155, 159

IWASA Naohito

岩佐直仁

ICHIKAWA Takatoshi
ICHIKAWA Yuichi
ICHIMIYA Ryo
IEKI Kazuo

市川隆敏

市川雄一

一宮亮

家城和夫

43

IWASAKI Hironori

岩崎弘典

xvi, 7, 10, 11, 12

IWASAKI Masahiko

岩崎雅彦

195, 196, 197, 198, 199,

161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171,173, 175, 179

IWASE Akihiro

岩瀬彰宏

192

IWATA Jun-Ichi

岩田潤一

185

五十嵐 きみ江五十嵐智

IIDA Kei

33

IIO Masami

飯村秀紀

飯尾雅実

IJICHI Sanetoshi

200, 203

xvi, 7, 21, 149, 178

IGARASHI Satoshi
飯田圭

248

IZUBUCHI Taku

137

189

出渕卓
和泉真

200

IZUMI Masako

泉雅子

219, 220, 222

IZUMIKAWA Takuji

195

KADONO Ryosuke

伊地知実利

230

KAGAMI Souta

泉川卓司
門野良典

各務惣太

五十里千尋

233

KAGEYAMA Tadashi

IKEDA Kiyomi

池田清美

xiii, 27, 28

KAIHARA Jou

IKEDA Tokihiro

池田時浩

187, 188, 197, 217

KAJI Daiya

池田友樹

IKEGAMI Kumio

21, 178

池上九三男

79, 81, 101, 109, 111, 112

梶原福太郎

45

角谷暢一

244, 246

79, 81, 91, 103, 237, 240

KALINKA Gaborxvi, 7, 10, 11

KAMBA Chiaki

217
231

xii, 214

KAKUTANI Nobukazu

池沢英二

今西俊介

79, 81, 237, 239, 240

191

KAJIHARA Fukutaro

今井伸明

今本尚子

196, 202, 212

影山正

加治大哉

IMAI Nobuaki

IMANISHI Shunsuke

16

17, 23

貝原星宇

IKEZAWA Eiji

IMAMOTO Naoko

70

IZUMI Makoto

IKARI Chihiro

IKEDA Yuki

7, 9, 11, 16

9, 10, 22

IGARASHI Kimie

IIMURA Hideki

43

11
神波千秋

234

KAMBARA Tadashi

神原正

KAMEDA Daisuke

亀田大輔

v, 187, 192, 222iii, 3, 17, 23, 123, 177, 191

IMAO Hiroshi

今尾浩士

198

KAMETANI Soichiro

亀谷 聡一郎159

INABE Naohito

稲辺尚人

79, 81, 101

KAMIGAITO Osamu

上垣外修一

79, 81, 90, 91, 105, 108,

INAFUKU Kiyohiko

稲福清彦

9, 16

INAKURA Tsunenori

稲倉恒法

35

INAMURA Takashi

237, 239, 240
KANADA Keishi

金田圭史

稲村卓

6

KANADA-EN'YO Yoshiko

INOUE Hirokazu

井上弘一

223

KANAI Yasuyuki

INOUE Takeshi

井上壮志

17, 23

KANAMORI Issaku

ISHI Naoko

石尚子

ISHIDA Katsuhiko

226
石田勝彦

ISHIHARA Masayasu

195, 197, 198, 199

石原正泰

7, 8, 10

xiv
延與佳子

金井保之

19, 20, 187, 188

金森逸作

xi

KANAYA Junpei

金谷淳平

161, 162, 173, 179

KANAZAWA Yuu

金澤悠

188

KANESUE Takeshi

金末猛113, 146ISHII Kenʼichi

石井建一

i, 5, 135, 136

KANNO Shouko

菅野祥子

xvi, 7, 12

ISHII Kotaro

石井公太郎

226

KASAGI Jirota

笠木治郎太

195

209, 211, 212

KASAI Miki

ISHII Yasuyuki

石井康之

ISHIKAWA Kazuhiro

石川和宏

ISHIKAWA Shigeru

石川盛

29

河西実希

7

161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 173, 175,
179

239, 240KASAMATSU Yoshitaka

72

笠松良崇

6, 215ISHIKAWA Tomomi

石川智己

ISHIMOTO Shigeru

石元茂

144

97, 99, 101, 103, 106, 108, 109,ITAGAKI Naoyuki

板垣直之

28

111, 112, 186, 237, 239, 240,

KASE Masayuki

加瀬昌之

ix, xvii, 79, 81, 91, 93, 94, 96,

ITO Hiromasa

伊藤寛昌

244, 246

ITO Keisuke

伊藤圭介

22

KATAYAMA Ichiro

ITO Makoto

伊藤28

KATO Kiyoshi

加藤幾芳

xiii, 27

KATO Mineo

加藤岑生

198

KATO Reizo

加藤礼三

203

ITO Masatoshi
ITO Sachiko

誠

伊藤正俊

伊藤祥子

242

22

i, 5, 135, 136- iii -

片山一郎

19, 20KATSUMATA Koichi

勝又紘一

206

KOHAMA Akihisa

小濱洋央

30, 33KAWABATA Takahiro

川畑貴裕

22, 129

KOHARA Shigeo

小原重夫

79, 81, 237, 239, 240

KAWAHARA Tomomi

河原朋美

22, 147

KOIKE Shigetoshi

小池茂年

193

KAWAI Shoko

河合祥子

KAWALL David58, 618

KOIKE Yoji

小池洋二

208, 209

KOIZUMI Ayako

小泉綾子

226

KAWAMATA Takayuki

川股隆行

209, 211

KOJIMA Takao

小島隆夫

19, 20, 188, 197, 217

KAWAMURA Hirokazu

川村広和

17, 21, 23, 150, 177,

KOMURASAKI Junji

178

KOMURO Mari

小室麻里

16

KONDO Yosuke

近藤洋介

iii, xvi, 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16,

KAWAMURA Hiroyuki

川村浩之

73

KAWAMURA Naritoshi

河村成肇

196, 198

KAWANO Shigeyuki

河野重行

226

KAWASAKI Takeo

川崎健夫

161, 162, 163

小紫順治

177, 212

22, 123
KORSHENINNIKOV Alexey
KOSEKI Tadashi

小関忠

KAWASHIMA Hirokazu

川嶋浩和

202

KOSHIMIZU Masanori

KAWASHIMA Motohiro

川嶋基敬

161, 162, 163, 165, 167,

KOSTER John

169, 173, 175, 179

KOTAKA Yasuteru

11, 14, 15

i

越水正典

186

62
小高康照

96, 99, 239, 240

KAZAMA Yusuke

風間裕介

v, 223, 225, 226, 230, 234

KOYAMA Ryo

小山亮

KIDERA Masanori

木寺正憲

79, 81, 83, 85, 88, 237, 239,

KRUPKO Sergei

14, 15240

KUBO Toshiyuki

久保敏幸

KIKKAWA Akiko

吉川明子

206

20, 115, 117, 119, 123, 125,KIKUCHI Takashi

菊池崇志

137

127, 129, 131, 133, 244, 246

KIKUCHI Yuma

菊地右馬

KIKUKAWA Yoshio
KIKUNAGA Hidetoshi
KIM Aram

xiii

菊川芳夫

KUBOKI Hironori
74

菊永英寿

xii, 6, 214iii, vii, xvi, 3, 7, 10, 12, 16, 19,

久保木浩功

KUBOKI Takamasa

久保野茂

KUMAGAI Hidekazu

木村仁美iii, 3

KUMAGAI Keiko

熊谷桂子

KIMURA Kazuie

木村一宇

186

KUNIBU Makoto

国分誠

KIMURA Kikuo

木村喜久雄

123

KISHIMOTO Isao

岸本功

KITAGAWA Satoshi

北川哲

KOBA Takato

木庭卓人

KOBAYASHI Kei

栗田和好

i, xvi, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12,233

169, 179
8

KUROIWA Sogo

黒岩壮吾

202

KUROKAWA Meiko

黒川明子

9, 11, 14, 15, 16

KUROSAWA Maki

黒澤真城

161, 162, 165, 167, 169, 171,16

173, 175, 179

KOBAYASHI Kiyoshi

小林清志

KOBAYASHI Tohru

小林徹

KOBAYASHI Tomohiro

213

23, 24, 25
135, 136, 161, 162, 165, 167,

224

小林圭

栗林隆宏

21, 178

來山益久

195

121, 123

79, 81, 103, 105

栗原佑蔵

KURITA Kazuyoshi

北畑安也美

KLEIN Renaud

KURIHARA Yuzo

76

KITABATA Ayami

KITAYAMA Mitsuhisa

xv

7, 23, 24, 25, 92, 142

7

KURIBAYASHI Takahiro

木下東一郎

iii, 3

熊谷秀和

KIMURA Hitomi

KINOSHITA Toichiro

22

久保木隆正

KUBONO Shigeru

24, 14299, 237, 239, 240

239, 240

KUSAKA Kensuke

日下健祐

153, 190

小林知洋

125, 127, 244, 246

90, 217, 241

KOBAYASHI Toshio

小林俊雄

8

KOBAYASHI Yoshio

小林義男

23, 191

KOBAYASHI-KOMIYAMA Misaki 小林−込山美咲

iii, 3, 86, 115, 117, 119, 123,KUWAJIMA Atsuhiro
KUZMIN Evgueni
LE Khiem

i, 5, 135, 136

24

79,

LEBEDEV Alexander81,

LIN Huey-Wen

97,

LIN Meifeng

237,

LIOUBIMOV Vladimir239,

LIU Han240,

LIU Mingxiong

242

Ma LiQiu

161

69

69

勇涵

19, 189

53, 54, 56, 157
柳明雄

馬立秋

53, 54, 56, 157

223

KODA Akihiro

幸田章宏

196

MACHIDA Tomohiro

KODAIRA Jiro

小平治郎

73

MAEDA Nobuhiro- iv -

桑島淳宏

14, 15

町田智大

前田修大

9

192

MAESHIMA Kazuhiro
MAIE Takeshi

前島一博

真家武士

MAKDISI Yousef

56, 157

MANAKA Hirotaka
MANNEL Eric

217

79, 81, 106, 112, 239, 240
xiv

i

森本幸司

xii

MORITA Kosuke

14, 15MASUDA Kunikazu

益田邦和

MASUDA Tetsuya

増田鉄也

i

MATSUBA Hiroshi

松葉博

193

MATSUDA Yasuyuki

森川斉

MORIMOTO Kouji

MORISHITA Toshikazu

真中浩貴

161, 162, 171, 179

MARTEL Ismael

MORIKAWA Hitoshi

239, 240

森下敏和

森田浩介

MORREALE Astrid

48

MORRISSEY Davidiii, 3

MOTOBAYASHI Tohru

232xii, 214

本林透iii, xvi, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 115

MUELLER F.

松田恭幸

12

195, 196, 197, 198, 199,

MUKAI Hiroki

200

MURAI Koji

向井弘樹

村井耕二

248

233

MATSUDA Yohei

松田洋平

8, 144

MURAKAMI Hiroyuki

村上浩之

7

MATSUI Nobuyuki

松井信行

8, 11

MURAKAMI Tetsuya

村上哲也

21, 178

村上洋一

200

MATSUMIYA Ryouhei

松宮亮平

18

MURAKAMI Youichi

MATSUMOTO Hideki

松本英樹

221

MURATA Jiro

MATSUO Masayuki
MATSUO Yukari

松尾正之

松尾由賀利

MATSUSHITA Masafumi
MATSUTA Kensaku

17, 21, 23, 150, 177, 178

39

MUTO Ryotaro

武藤亮太郎

153, 190

MYO Takayuki

明孝之

iii, 3, 21, 117, 149,

NAGAE Daisuke

長江大輔

178

NAGAME Yuichiro

松下昌史

松多健策

MATSUYAMA Takafumi

村田次郎

18, 177

松山貴史

NAGASE Makoto

17, 23, 150

永目諭一郎

NAGAMINE Kanetada

16

162, 173xiii, 27

永嶺謙忠

長瀬誠

松山知樹

224, 225

NAGATA Masayasu

永田雅靖

MATSUYAMA Yuuichi

松山裕一

7

NAGATOMO Takashi

長友傑

MATSUZAKI Teiichiro

松崎禎市郎

MICHIMASA Shin'ichiro
MICHISHITA Yoji

NAITO Katsuko

195, 196, 197, 198,

NAKABAYASHI Takumi

199, 200, 206, 211

NAKAGAWA Itaru

7, 9, 16

NAKAGAWA Takahide

17, 18, 23, 177
222

中林彩

中川格

xvi, 8, 9, 16

56, 157

中川孝秀

79, 81, 83, 85, 86, 88,237, 239, 240

18, 177, 212

NAKAI Yoichi

47

南園啓

内藤佳津子

231

76

三原基嗣

三木健太朗

MINAMISONO Kei

39

道正新一郎

道下洋二

MIHARA Mototsugu
MIKI Kentaro

松柳研一

198, 199, 208

79, 81, 103, 237, 239, 240

MATSUYAMA Tomoki
MATSUYANAGI Kenichi

215

18

中井陽一

21, 178

NAKAJIMA Shinpei

中島真平

16

NAKAJIMA Tsukasa

中島司

141

MINAMISONO Tadanori

南園忠則

18

NAKAMURA Katsuro

中村克朗

183

MINEMURA Toshiyuki

峯村俊行

xvi, 7

NAKAMURA Masato

中村仁音i, 111, 112

NAKAMURA Satoshi

中村哲

NAKAMURA Takashi

中村貴志

19, 20, 139, 189

NAKAMURA Takashi

中村隆司

iii, xvi, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,

MITSUGASHIRA Toshiaki
MITSUMOTO Toshinori
MITTIG Wolfgang

三頭聰明

密本俊典

3, 14, 15, iii

MIURA Motooki

三浦元隆

7

MIYAKE Kazuo

三宅和生

239, 240

12, 14, 15, 16, 22
NAKAMURA Takeshi

仲村武志

239, 240, 242

NAKAMURA Tomoaki

中村智昭

159

宮野健次郎

200

NAKAMURA Yoshifumi

宮瀬敏浩

246

NAKANISHI Kohsuke

中西康介

宮沢豊

232

NAKANISHI Takashi

中西孝

三好永哲

191

NAKANO Chie

三宅康博

MIYANO Kenjiro
MIYASE Toshihiro

MIYAZAWA Yutaka
MIYOSHI Hisanori

溝井浩iii, 3, 119, 123, 125

中野智恵

212

NAKANO Takehito

211

NAKAO Taro

MOCHIZUKI Hayato

望月隼人

199

NAKASHITA Hideo

中尾太郎

iii, 3, 10, 11, 22, 123

仲下英雄

NAKATSUKASA Takashi
iii, 3, 141

NAKAYAMA Yoshiaki-v-

17, 23中野岳仁

31, 32

持田智行

森口哲朗

6
248

水崎高浩

MORIGUCHI Tetsuaki

70
131

中野和城

MOCHIDA Tomoyuki
xix

中村宜文

NAKANO Kazushiro

MIZUSAKI Takahiro

MOCSY Agnes

195

200

MIYAKE Yasuhiro

MIZOI Yutaka

6

92

235

中務孝

中山佳晃

35, 39, 185iii, 3, 22

NANNICHI Takashi
NANRI Tomohiro
NARITA Keigo

南日卓iii, 3

OHTA Shigemi

南里朋洋

xii

OHTAKE Masao

成田圭吾

NARUMI Takako

69

大竹政雄

iii, 3, 115, 119, 123, 127, 244,

17, 21, 177, 178

鳴海貴子

NARUSAWA Tadashi

太田滋生

246

227, 228

OHTANI Shunsuke

大谷俊介

19, 20

成沢忠

217

OHTSUBO Norihiro

大坪憲弘

NASUDA Shuhei

那須田周平

233

OHTSUBO Takashi

大坪隆

16, 137

NEBIKI Takuya

根引拓也

OHTSUKI Tsutomu

大槻勤

6

NETTLETON AnthonyNIIKURA Megumi
NIKI Tomoya

新倉潤

仁木智哉

NIKOLSKII Evgenii
NIKOLSKII Yuri

14, 15228

14, 15

11
二宮一史

仁尾真紀子

NISHIDA Minoru

OHYA Susumu

大矢進

OKADA Hiromi

岡田裕美

21, 178

岡田謙介

55, 59岡田邦宏

19, 20, 189

OKUMURA Masaki

岡村昌宏
奥村真樹

OKUMURA Toshifumi

101, 239, 240

OKUNO Hiroki

NISHIDA Nobuhiko

西田信彦

201

NISHIHARA Kiyoshi

西原潔

v, 226112, 237, 239, 240
奥山利久
8, 9, 10

西島隆明

228

ONG Hooi Jin

王惠仁

西村大樹

177, 212

ONISHI Takeo

大西健夫

NISHIMURA Mizuki

西村美月

149

NISHIMURA Shunji

西村俊二

14, 15, 21, 25, 149, 151, 178

NISHIYAMA Kusuo

西山樟生

212

新田稔

ONUKI Yoshiyuki

244

大江一弘

xii, 213OOISHI Hikaru

大石光21, 178OOSAWA Akira

大沢明

xiv, 204, 205

大田晋輔

野田章

i, 135OTA Shinsuke

野田耕司

19, 20OTOBE Tomohito

野口有里紗

野地俊平

NOLEN Jerryiii, 3
野谷将広

NOUICER Rachid

161, 179ODASHIMA Hitoshi
OGAWA Megumi
OGILVIE Craig

231

OTSU Hideaki

22

NOTANI Masahiro

7, 9

小田島仁司

小河愛美

190

189

161

OGIWARA Kiyoshi

荻原清

OGLOBLIN Alexey

14, 15OHBU Sumie

澄江

大部

193, 241

大津秀暁

201, 202, 203

OUCHIDA Misaki

大内田美沙紀OUTA Haruhiko

應田治彦

OYAMA Masaru

大山勝

211

小山田和幸

91, 237

親松和浩

33

OZAWA Akira

iii, 3, 16, 18, 123, 137, 141

小沢顕

大関和貴

144

161, 165PANCAKE Charles

161, 162, 171, 175

PANCAKE Chuck

179

PEI Hua

OHKI Tomonori

大木智則

91, 237

PEREPELKIN Evgeny

OHKOSHI Kazuo

大越一雄

234

PERERA Aloy

179
92

11

PETRECZKY Peter

xix

OHNISHI Hiroaki

大西宏明

161, 162, 165, 171, 195

POKHIL Grigory

OHNISHI Jun-ichi

大西純一

79, 81, 86, 101, 105, 106

QUANG HUNG Nguyen

OHNISHI Tetsuya

大西哲哉

i, iii, 3, 11, 115, 117, 119, 121,REIDLER Petra

161, 162, 173, 179

123, 127, 137, 155, 244, 246

RIEDL Johann

77

OHSHIRO Yukimitsu

大城幸光

239, 240

46

195

OYAMATSU Kazuhiro

202, 207

191

31, 32OYAMADA Kazuyuki

大石一城

大久保嘉高

iii, 3, 8, 9, 14, 15, 123

大塚孝治

OHISHI Kazuki

OHKUBO Yoshitaka

185

OTSUKA Takaharu

PAK Robert
河村聖子

xvi, 7, 10, 11, 155

乙部智仁

OZEKI Kazutaka

234

OHIRA-KAWAMURA Seiko

161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169,

OOE Kazuhiro

NODA Koji

NOJI Shunpei

xvi, 8, 9, 10

小貫良行

NODA Akira

NOGUCHI Arisa

119

171, 173, 175

21, 178

信時実

xvi, 8, 10, 11

79, 81, 86, 101, 106, 108, 109,OKUYAMA Toshihisa

NISHIMURA Daiki

NOBUTOKI Minoru

113, 146
162, 173

奥村俊文

奥野広樹

NISHIJIMA Takaaki

NITTA Minori

56, 157

OKADA Kunihiro

xv

西田稔

199

OKADA Kensuke

OKAMURA Masahiro

NINOMIYA Kazufumi
NIO Makiko

217

iii

227, 228

217

ROBERT Pisarski

37, 3868

OHTA Hirofumi

太田寛史

18

ROUSSEL-CHOMAZ Patricia

14, 15OHTA Ryuichi

太田隆一

239, 240

RYUTO Hiromichiv, ix, 79, 81, 93, 96, 186, 192,- vi -

龍頭啓充

SAITO Akito

齋藤明登

224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230,

SHIMIZU Youhei

231, 232, 233, 234, 237, 239,

SHIMODA Tadashi

240

SHIMOMURA Koichiro

7, 11

清水陽平

SHIMOURA Susumu

斉藤宏之

225, 232, 233

SHINODA Ryouko

SAITO Takehiro

齋藤健浩

xiv

SHINOHARA Atsushi

SAKAGUCHI Satoshi

坂口治隆
坂口聡志

下村浩一郎
16

篠原厚

xii, 6, 191, 213

144

SHINOHARA Mayuko

篠原摩有子

22, 147

SHINOZAKI Yoshiro

篠崎芳郎

酒井英行

22, 129, 131

SHIRAI Toshiyuki

SAKAI Masaya

酒井雅也

222

SHITSUKAWA Naoki

SAKAMOTO Hisao

坂本久雄

248

SAKAMOTO Koichi

阪本浩一

233

白井敏之

SIDORCHUK Sergei

坂本成彦

SOHLER Dora

212

xvi, 7, 8, 129, 155

篠田遼子

SAKAI Hideyuki

SAKAMOTO Naruhiko

153, 190

下浦享

SAITO Hiroyuki

SAKAGUCHI Harutaka

22

下田正

8, 9, 16

222

i, 135漆川直希

233

14, 15

11

xvii, 79, 81, 91, 105,

SONDHEIM Walter

106, 108, 237, 239, 240

STEPHENSON Edward

161, 162, 165
56, 157

SAKASHITA Kouichi

坂下耕一

56, 157

STOLTERFOHT N.

187

SAKURAI Hiroyoshi

櫻井博儀iii, xvi, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,

STRASSER Patrick

199

16, 21, 28, 115, 137, 149,

STRATMANN Marco65, 77178

SUDA Shinichi

須田紳一

191

SANCHEZ-BENITEZ Angel

14, 15SUDA Toshimi

須田利美

i, 5, 14, 15, 123, 135, 136

SASAKI Ayako

190

SUGAI Hiroyuki

須貝宏行

198

佐々木彩子

SASAKI Katsutomo
SASAKI Shoichi

佐々木克友

佐々木勝一

SASAMOTO Yoshiko
SASANO Masaki

笹本良子

笹野匡紀

SASSOT Rodolfo

65

SATO Kiyokazu

佐藤潔和
佐藤望

SATO Tadashi

佐藤雅志

244, 246
234, 235

佐藤渉

191

SATO Yoichi

佐藤洋一

88

SATOH Kohki

佐藤宏樹

196

佐藤佳子

SATOU Yoshiteru

佐藤義輝

SCHAFER Andreas

77

iii, 3, 13

8, 11, 14, 15

70
19, 20, 189

杉野文彦

xi

SUGIYAMA Masao

杉山正夫

229

関戸暢

須合亮平

70

関口仁子

SEKIMOTO Michiko

22

鈴木大介

SUZUKI Hiroshi

鈴木宏iii, xvi, 3, 12, 14, 15, 16, 117, 123,SUZUKI Hiroshi

鈴木博

xi, 74, 75

xii, xvi, 10, 11

鈴木都文

関本美知子

161, 162, 167, 169

世良田真来

鈴木賢

xvi, 10, 11

SUZUKI Shigeru

鈴木滋

133

SUZUKI Shoji

鈴木祥二

144

SUZUKI Soh

鈴木聡

196

鈴木栄男

xiv, 201, 204, 205, 206, 207, 211,SUZUKI Takeshi

鈴木健

SUZUKI Yasuyuki

鈴木宜之

SHAFTO Eugene

161, 161, 162, 171, 175, 179

TAKADA Eiichi
TAKAGI Toshiaki

高木俊彰

17, 23, 150, 191

TAKAHASHI Naruto

SHIMADA Sanae

嶋田早苗

233

TAKAI Shigeomi
TAKAI Wataru

34

高井茂臣

- vii -

xii

21, 178
210

高橋成人

高井渉

TAKAMINE Aiko

18

高部智正

高田栄一

島田健司

iii, 3, 22

6

田岸義宏

SHIMADA Kenji

島村智之

30

鈴木吉光

TAKABE Tomomasa

iii, 3iii, 3, 16, 123, 137

56, 157TAGISHI Yoshihiro

7

清水良文

17, 23SUZUKI Masaru

SVIRIDA Dmitry

SERATA Masaki

SHIMIZU Yoshifumi

9, 11, 18

SUZUKI Daisuke

SUZUKI Yoshimitsu

SEKIGUCHI Kimiko

SHIMAMURA Tomoyuki

xvi
炭竃聡之

212

19, 20, 139, 189

SHERRILL Bradley

SUGINO Fumihiko

SUZUKI Takao

52

SEKIDO Toru

iii, 3, 7, 8, 23, 150

SUZUKI Kunifumi

248

SCHUESSLER Hans
SEIDL Ralf

211

杉本崇

125

SCHIERHOLZ Gerrit
SCHURY Peter菅原正

SUGIMOTO Takashi

SUMIKAMA Toshiyuki

xii

SATO Wataru

SCHEIT Heiko22, 13122

SUGAWARA Tadashi

SUGO Ryohei

SATO Nozomi

SATOU Yoshiko

227, 228

69

213

212

83

高峰愛子

19, 20, 139, 189

TAKAMIYA Koichi

高宮幸一

6

TSUKADA Teruyo

塚田晃代

219, 220, 222

TAKANO Kunihiko

高野邦彦

163

TSUKIORI Noritoshi

月居憲俊239, 240

TAKASE Kenichi

高瀬研以智

17, 23TWEEDIE Robert

69

UCHIDA Makoto

内田誠

TAKASHINA Masaaki
TAKECHI Maya

高階正彰

武智麻耶

29

17, 177

16

UCHIDA Tomohisa

内田智久

196

TAKEDA Hiroyuki 竹田浩之 i, iii, 3, 11, 115, 117, 123, 144

UCHIYAMA Akito

内山暁仁

91, 97, 103, 237, 242

TAKEHISA Hinako

竹久妃奈子

UE Koji

TAKEMURA Makoto

竹村真

植松暢矢

151

TAKESHITA Eri

234, 235

23

竹下英里

上浩二

7

UEMATSU Nobuya

xvi, 7, 16

UENO Hideki

上野秀樹

TAKESHITA Soshi

竹下聡史

196

UESAKA Tomohiro

TAKETANI Atsushi

竹谷篤

161, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169,

UTSUNO Yutaka

171, 173, 175, 179

UWAMINO Yoshitomo

TAKEUCHI Satoshi

武内聡iii, xvi, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,

VARENTSOV Victor

14, 15, 16, 155

VEICHT Aaron

TAKEYA Hiroyuki

竹屋浩幸

201

17, 23, 150, 177, 191

上坂友洋

宇都野穣

上蓑義朋

62

VOROZHTSOV Alexey

92
92

宅見薫雄

233

VOROZHTSOV Sergey

TAMAE Tadaaki

玉江忠明

i, 5, 135, 136

WADA Michiharu

TAMAKI Mitsuru

玉城充xvi, 8WAKABAYASHI Yasuo

田村潤

TAMURA Masafumi

113, 146

和田道治

WAKASUGI Masanori

田村雅史

若林泰生

若杉昌徳

田村匡史

85, 91, 103, 237

WAKITA Naotsugu

田邉晃久

222

WAKUI Takashi

TANAKA Hidekazu

田中秀数

204, 205

WANG Shuo

TANAKA Kanenobu

田中鐘信vii, xvi, 9, 14, 15, 16, 144

WANG Xiaorong

脇田直次

涌井崇志

王碩

i, 5, 135, 136

王晓䕯

53

田中和廣

73

WATANABE Hiroshi

TANAKA Manobu

田中真伸

196

WATANABE Isao

渡邊功雄

WATANABE Shin

渡部信

渡邉寛

17, 191
xiv, 200, 204, 205, 206, 208,

222

谷口秋洋

230

22, 147TANAKA Kazuhiro

田中幸恵

23, 24, 25, 142i, xvii, 5, 79, 81, 135, 136,
137, 237, 239, 240

TANABE Teruhisa

TANIGUCHI Akihiro

19, 20, 139, 189

203

TAMURA Masashi

TANAKA Sachie

248

20

TAKUMI Shigeo

TAMURA Jun

22, 129, 131, 147

31

209, 211, 212
199

6

TARASOV Oleg

iii

WATANABE Shin-ichi

TARASOV Oreg

3

WATANABE Shizui

渡辺静意

WATANABE Tamaki

渡邉環xvii, 79, 81, 94, 99, 237

WATANABE Yasushi

渡邊康154, 155, 159

TERAKAWA Teruhiko

寺川輝彦

TER-AKOPIAN Gurgen

14, 15TERASHIMA Satoru
TERRY James

寺嶋知

144

12

THOMAS Anthony

66, 67栂野泰宏

TOGAWA Manabu

外川学

TOIA Alberica

xvi, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16

土岐博

56, 157

xiii

56, 157

220

195, 197

頓宮拓i, 135TOUME Hayato

當銘勇人

215

豊田健司

TOYOSHIMA Atsushi

矢花一浩

35, 185

矢冨一慎

103, 239, 240

TSUKADA Kazuaki

塚田晃三

矢入聡

193
208

YAMADA Fumiko

山田文子

204, 205

YAMADA Kazunari山田一成

xvi, 7, 9, 14, 15, 16, 79, 81,
240

17, 21, 23, 177, 178

YAMADA Kazuyoshi

215

土橋隆博

塚田和明

栄一

94, 101, 106, 109, 237, 239,

豊嶋厚史

TSUCHIHASHI Takahiro

八木

YAIRI Satoshi

冨田雅典

友野大

TOYODA Takeshi

YAGI Eiichi

92

161, 162, 163, 179

19, 139YABANA Kazuhiro

234

TONGU Hiromu

TSUKADA Kouzo

WISE Thomas

YADOMI Kazuyoshi
東海林英夫

TOMITA Masanori
TOMONO Dai

iii, 3

WOOD Jeﬀ

162, 16545

TOKAIRIN Hideo

WEICK Helmut

WOLLNIK Hermann

TOGANO Yasuhiro

TOKI Hiroshi

229

渡辺伸一

山田和芳

YAMAGAMI Masayuki

244, 246

YAMAGIWA Mitsuru

215
222

- viii -

210

山上雅之
山極満

34

185

YAMAGUCHI Hidetoshi

山口英斉

23, 24, 25, 142

YAMAGUCHI Hiroyasu

山口博康

227, 228

YAMAGUCHI Kanako

137

YOSHINO Ryo

YAMAGUCHI Mitsutaka

山口香菜子
山口充孝

9, 14, 15, 18

YOSHINO Yuichi

YAMAGUCHI Takayuki

山口貴之

iii, 3, 16, 123, 137

YOSHIOKA Koichiro

吉岡公一郎

222

YOSHITAKE Michiori

吉竹利織

16

YAMAGUCHI Yorito

山口頼人

YAMAGUCHI Yoshitaka

45

山口由高

YAMAKI Tsutomu

八巻務

YAMAKOSHI Kota

山越幸太iii, vii, 3, 137, 141

吉野亮

YUKAWA Noriko

248

YUKI Hideyuki

162, 163, 167, 179

131

吉野裕一

湯川憲子

結城秀行

ZANOTTIE James

69

YAMAMOTO Katsuyoshi

山元勝吉

230

ZELENSKI Anatoli

56, 157

YAMAMOTO Yoshihiro

山本純大

165, 167, 179

ZENIHIRO Juzo

YAMANAKA Kahori

山中香

YAMAUCHI Hiromoto

山内啓資

226
91, 103, 237

YAMAZAKI Hirohito

山崎寛仁

195

山崎逸郎

YAMAZAKI Norio

山崎則夫

131

YAMAZAKI Satoshi

山崎聡

222

YAMAZAKI Takeshi

山崎剛

69

YAMAZAKI Yasunori

山崎康則

139

YAMAZAKI Yasunori

山崎泰規

19, 20, 187, 188, 189, 197,

xii

217
YANAGI Yutaka

柳寛

119

YANAGISAWA Yoshiyuki

柳澤善行

iii, vii, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 115, 117, 119,
123, 125, 127, 244,
246

YANG Ruizhe楊銳喆YANO Yasushige

52

矢野安重

i, iii, ix, 1, 3, 5, 79, 81, 85, 91,
93, 94, 99, 101, 106, 108, 115,
123, 125, 133, 135, 136, 137,
237, 239, 240, 244, 246

YASU Yoshiji

安芳次

196

YASUDA Michiko

安田美智子

YASUDA Yusuke

安田祐介

iii, 3, 137, 141

YASUNO Takuma

安野琢磨

16, 18YATAGAI Fumio

谷田貝文夫

221

YAZAKI Koichi

矢崎紘一

235

67

YOKKAICHI Satoshi

四日市 悟

YOKOUCHI Shigeru

横内茂

159

79, 81, 91, 101, 106, 237, 239,
240

YOKOYAMA Akihiko
YONEDA Akira

横山明彦

米田晃

YONEDA Ken-ichiro
YOSHIDA Atsushi

xii, 6

xii

米田健一郎
吉田敦

iii, 3, 7, 9, 12, 14, 15

iii, vii, 3, 7, 19, 20, 94, 115, 119,
123, 127, 154, 244, 246

YOSHIDA Koichi

吉田光一

iii, 3, 115, 117, 119, 123, 127,
154, 155, 244, 246

YOSHIDA TATSUHIKOYOSHIMI Akihiro

吉田辰彦

吉見彰洋

112

17, 23, 150, 177, 191

YOSHIMURA Takashi

吉村崇

YOSHINAGA Naotaka

吉永尚孝

銭廣十三

ZWAHLEN Heather

YAMAZAKI Itsuro

213
40, 41- ix -

234

12

248

6

144

RIKEN Accelerator Progress Report Vol. 41
独立行政法人理化学研究所加速器年次報告
印
発

刷
行

第41巻（2008）

平成20年（2008）9 月25日
平成20年（2008）9 月25日
発行者

独立行政法人理化学研究所 仁科加速器研究センター
代表者

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