ISSN 0289-842X

RIKEN
Accelerator
Progress Report
vol.

24

理化学研究所the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research

RIKEN Accelerator Progress Report 'iI {Q){Q)'D

January-December U'1/ '// Y!~ it. ~m ~ jiJi

the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research
Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0 I JAPANEditors
S. AmbeY. GonoM. HaraA. Hashizume

T. Kambara

Y. Miyazawa

N. Sakai

1. Shimamura

1. Tanihata

E. Vagi

S. Yamaji

Y. YanoF. Yatagai

All rights reserved. This report or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form (including
photostatic or microfilm form) without written permission from the publisher.
All reports are written on authors' responsibility and thus the editors are not liable for thecontents of the report.

CONTENTS
Page
I.

INTRODUCTION······························································································II.

OPERATION OF ACCELERATORS11.

RRC Operation .......................................................................................

3

2.

RILAC Operation ....................................................................................

5

3.

AVF Cyclotron Operation ..........................................................................

6

4.

Cyclotron Operation .".. ..... .. . .. . ... .. . . . .. ... .. . .. .... . .. .. . .. ... ... . .. ... .. . ... . ... ... .. . .. . ... ..

7

5.

Tandetron Operation ................................................................................

8

III.

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

1.

Nuclear Physics
1.

Measurement of Total Interaction Cross Section for 11 Li + 12C at

45 MeV/u .............................................................................................

92.

Three ex Disintegration of 12C in the Field of 208Pb Nucleus at 35 MeV/u ...............

11

3.

Coulomb Breakup Reaction of 90 MeVlu 140 ..................................................

12

4.

Tensor Analyzing Powers of IH(d,2He)n Reaction at 200 MeV····························

13

5.

Polarization Measurement of 12B and 13B in the Reaction 15N+ 197Au at 112 Me Vlu .............................................................................

14

6.

Negative Pion Production in Subthreshold Nuclear Collisions ................ ..............

15

7.

Target Dependence of Surface Muon Yields in Heavy Ion Reactions ........ .............

16

8.

Identification of Z near 30 Nuclei ... ........ ............... .... ................. ............ ... ...

17

9.

First Observation of a Proton-Rich Isotope 65As ..............................................

18

10.

Coulomb Excitation of Unstable Nucleus 76Kr .................................................

19

11.

Isomer Decay of 136Ce Studied by GARIS .... ................ .................................

20

12.

y Vibrational States in 164Dy ....................................................................

21

13.

Study of the Decay Property of 2~ a
- Onset Mechanism of the Rapid-Proton Process - .........................................

22

14.

Nuclear Polarization of 33Si with Optical Pumping in Solids ...... ......... ....... ...........

23

15.

Cross Sections of 209Bi(40Ar, cxxn)245- X Es Reactions ..........................................

25

16.

A Measurement of Pion Absorption at 1 GeV Ic on a Few-Nucleon
System .................................................................................................

26

Yields of Long-Lived Isotopes around A= 169 Produced in the
14N+181Ta Reaction at E N=35 MeV/u ........................................................

27

18.

Dynamical Collective Properties of Nuclei at Finite Temperature .........................

28

19.

Dissociation Cross Sections of 11Li .. ;...........................................................

29

17.

14

Page
20.

Induced Fission Studied with a Multi-Dimensional Langevin Equation ....................

30

21.

Approximate Ground State of the Lipkin Model Hamiltonian in
Density-Matrix Fonnalism ..........................................................................

31

Energy and Baryon Number Densities in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion
Collisions ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

22.

2.

Atomic and Solid-State Physics
1.

Ionization of Helium Atoms by Proton Impact

33

2.

Atomic Effects on Nuclear Beta Decay ................ ·........................................

34

3.

Electron Screening in the dtJLe Molecule .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

4.

Calculation for (IL + JL -) Fonnation by Collision of JL - on (JL + e) ...... ......................

36

5.

Cross Sections for Positronium Formation from He and Ar,
Calculated by the Eikonal Method····························································

37

6.

Calculation of the Correlation Diagram of the Ne7+-Ne System .....................

38

7.

Theoretical Study of High-Energy Ion-Atom Collisions ......................................

39

8.

Investigation of a HD+ Energy Level in Hyper-Radial Adiabatic
Approximation .......................................................................................

40

Charge State Distribution Measurements of 77 MeV/u Ar Ions Which
Have Passed through a Carbon Foil .............................................................

41

Ratio of the Radiative to the Total Electron Capture Cross Section of
77 MeV/u Ar18 + Ions on a Carbon Target ......................................................

42

11.

Multiple Inner-Shell Ionization of Target Atoms by 92 MeV/u Ar-Ion
Impact .................................................................................................

43

12.

A Trial of Doppler Beam-Foil Spectroscopy Using Relativistic Heavy(95 MeV/u Ar17 +) Ion Beams .....................................................................

45

13.

Angular Correlation between K-X Rays and Scattered Particles in 10
and 20 MeV Ne 7 + -Ne Collisions ....... ...... ..... .... ......... .......... ............ .............

46

Angular Distribution Measurement of K-X Rays Emitted from an Ar
Beam Passing through C Foil .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47

15.

High Resolution L X-Ray Angular Distribution Measurement on
Terbium ...............................................................................................

48

16.

Atomic Bremsstrahlung in the MO Process ....................................................

49

17.

Nickel La X-Ray Emission Spectra of Nickel Compounds ...................................

50

18.

Two-Photon Decay of a He-Like Ge 30 + Excited State Produced by
Resonant Transfer and Excitation (RTE) .......................................................

51

Multiply Charged Ions and Cluster Ions Produced from Frozen Targets
under Energetic Heavy Ion Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53

20.

Search for Relativistic Electron Emission in Relativistic Heavy Ion
Atom Collisions .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

21.

Convoy Electron Excitation by Glancing Angle Incident Heavy Ion
Impact on Thick Metal Targets ...................................................................

55

9.
10.

14.

19.

Page

3.

22.

Electron Spectra from Doubly Excited Boron Ions Produced by Double
Electron Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

23.

Beam-Foil Lifetime Measurements of the 2p53p and 2p53d Levels in
Ti XIII····· ...... ....... ... ..... ... .... ... ...... ....... ..... ... ......... .... ..... ... .... ... ..... ... .... 57

24.

Neutral Atomic Beam Source with a Pulsed Heater .......................................... 58

25.

Magnetic Property of BiPbSr2Fe06 .............................................................. 60

26.

Behavior of Kr Atoms Implanted into Aluminum .............................................. 61

27.

RBS Investigation of Ar implanted AlNx Thin Films on Glassy Carbon ...................

28.

Development of Nuclear Track Microfilters .................................................... 63

29.

Temperature Measurement of Solid Surface during 50 MeV Ar4+
Beam Bombardment ................................................................................ 64

62

Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry1.

Mossbauer Emission Spectroscopy of 57Fe Arising from 57Mn in
Chromium Metal and its Oxides ... ................................................. .............. 65

2.

99Ru Mossbauer Spectroscopy on Adducts of Ruthenocene with
Halogens ... .. .. .... . .. . .. ... .. ... .. . .. . .. . ..... . . . . . .. . ... ... ... .. ... . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . ... . .. . ... . . ... . . . 66

3.

Measurements of Time-Differential y-Ray Perturbed Angular Correlation (TDPAC) and Emission Mossbauer (EM) Effects for 99Ru in (t'Fe203 Using 99Rh as a Source Nuclide .......................................................... 67

4.

Time-Differential y-Ray Perturbed Angular Correlation (TDPAC) andEmission Mossbauer (EM) Spectroscopy of 99Ru in Fe304 Using 99Rh
as a Source Nuclide .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

5.

Angular-Momentum Effect in Heavy Ion-Induced Fusion Reactions ...................... · 69

6.

Heavy-Ion Reactions of Copper with 14N and 4°Ar Ions of Intermediate Energies ...... .............. ...... .......................................................... 70

7.

Yields of Nuclear Reaction Products Induced by 95 MeV/u- 4°Ar Ions .................... 71

8.

Dry Separation of Radioactive Nuclides from a Gold Target Irradiatedwith 135 MeVlu 14N Ions ...................................... .................................... 72

9.

Preparation of a Radioactive Multitracer Solution from Gold Foil
Irradiated with 135 Me VInucleon 14N Ions ........... ............ .. .... .. ...... ...... ... .... ..

73

10.

A Multitracer Study of the Adsorption of Metal Elements on Hydrated
Ferric Oxide .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

11.

A Multitracer Study of Adsorption of Metal Elements on Clay Minerals
and Marine Sediments .............................................................................. 75

12.

Preparation of No-Carrier-Added 105Ag and 106mAg and Their Chemical Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

13.

Proton Irradiation-Induced Defects in LEC-GaAs Studied by Positron
Annihilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

14.

Generation of Slow Positron Beam from natB(p,xn)llC Reaction ..........................

78

15.

Positron Annihilation Study on Defects in LEC-GaAs Grown fromGa-rich Melt··························································································

79

Page

4.

16.

Development of an Ion Beam Sputtering Method to Prepare LongLived Carbon Stripper Foils ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

80

17.

Hydrogen Desorption from Diamond-Like Carbon Film during Ion
Beam Irradiation························ ... ......... ...... ... ... ..................... ........ ........

81

18.

Elastic Recoil Detection and the Forward Scattering Analysis of Nitride
Films ...................................................................................................

82

19.

Analysis of Contamination Processes during Vacuum Deposition ofThin TiN x Films ......................................................................................

84

20.

Depth Profile of Hydrogen in the Volcanic Glass Studied by Heavy-Ion
Rutherford Scattering ...............................................................................

85

21.

Side Determination of Weathered Egg Shell by Heavy-Ion Rutherford
Scattering ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

86

22.

Heavy Ion Probe Rutherford Scattering Applied to Pathological
Samples ................................................................................................

87

Radiation Chemistry and Radiation Biology

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

High-Density Excitation by Heavy Ions: Track-Depth Resolved Luminescence of N-Ions Injected-Helium Gas and Liquid .........................................

88

Analytical Formula for the Dose around the Path of an Ion and Its
Application···························································································

89

Chromosome Fragmentation in Syrian Golden Hamster Embryo Cells
Irradiated with Heavy Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

90Studies on Induced Mutations by Ion Beams in Plants ......... ~.............................

91

Instrumentation

1.

Design of a Microbeamline for a Compact Cyclotron ...................................

92

2.

Design of a Decay Muon Channel Using an Axially Symmetric Magnetic
Field for a Pion Injector .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

3.

Development of an Induction Accelerator for the Heidelberg Test
Storage Ring .................................... ......................................................

95

4.

Status of the Radioactive Beam Facility RIPS . .. .... ... ... .. . .. .. .. ... .. . .. . ... .. . .. . .. ... . .. .

96

5.

Characteristics of Magnetic Elements in RIPS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

98

6.

Control System of RIPS ............................................................................ 100

7.

Yield Study of Radioactive Beams of RIPS ..................................................... 101

8.

Performance of Isotopic Separation in RIPS ................................................... 102

9.

Test Experiment of the GARISIIGISOL ........................................................ 103

10.

Velocity Distribution of IGISOL Ion Beams .................................................... 105

11.

Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy with IGISOL ............................................. 107

12.

Status Report of the RIKEN Swinger-Magnetic Analyzer with
Rotators and Twisters (SMART) ................................................................ 108

13.

Field Measurements of the SMART Magnets ................................................. 109

Page

6.

IV.

14.

Test for Dispersive-Mode Beam Transport to the SMART Spectrograph ................................................................................................... 110

15.

Detector System for Secondary Reactions of Unstable Nuclei ····························· , 112

16.

Identification of Intermediate-Mass Fragments with Counter Telescopes ................................................................................................. 113

17.

Improvement of Position Determination for Two-Dimensional PositionSensitive Silicon Detector ............................. ............................................. 114

18.

Energy Loss Straggling of High Energy Heavy Ions in a Silicon
Detector .............................................................................................. 115

19.

Responses of Large Position-Sensitive Detectors to Heavy Ion Beams .. ................ 116

20.

Test of Si Photodiodes for Scintillation of Liquid Xe by Heavy Ions ....................... 118

21.

Response of a CsI(Tl) Scintillator to Charged Particles of Energies
around 80 MeV/u .................................................................................... 119

22.

Identification of Charged Particles using Phoswich Detector ............................... 120

23.

A Test for SMART Neutron Detectors ......................................................... 121

24.

Data Acquisition System at the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron .................................. 123

25.

High Speed Serial Data Link for PC-9801

Material Analysis

1.

Measurement of the Surface Angle of a Non-Flat Target from the L/K
X-ray Yield Ratio for Quantitative PIXE Analysis ............................................. 126

2.

PIXE Analysis under Non-Vacuum Operation .............................................. .. . 127

NUCLEAR DATA
128

1.

Status Report of the Nuclear Data Group

2.

Cross Section Data for 68Ge Production ........................................................ 129

3.

On the Production Cross Sections of 82Sr ...................................................... 130

4.

Nuclear Reaction Data for the Production of lllIn ............................................ 131

5.

Cross Sections Calculated by an ALICE Code in the A=50-60 Region .................. 132

V.

DEVELOPMENT OF ACCELERATOR FACILITIES

1.

Ion Accelerator Development

2.

125

1.

Test-Bench Performance of ECR Ion Source (NEOMAFIOS) ............................. 133

2.

Improvements of the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron 'Control System····························· 135

3.

Development of a LNA Laser for Polarized 3He Ion Source of Injector
AVF Cyclotron ....................................................................................... 136

4.

RIKEN Oapan) - RAL (U.K.) Collaboration on Muon Science
Research ....................................... ....................................................... 138

Synchrotron Radiation Source Development

139

1.

Status of the Synchrotron Radiation Project2.

Design Modification of the Lattice of the SPring-8 Storage Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Page
3.

Study of Linear Coupling Compensation for the Storage Ring ofSPring-S (2) ...................... ... .. ..................... ............ ..... ........ .................. 143

4.

Lattice Parameter Distortions at Insertion Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

5.

Study of Multipole Field Effects due to Correctors on the Beam
Dynamics .. .... ... .......................... ... .................................................. ... .. 147

6.

Calculated Spectral Distributions of On-axis Brilliance from Insertion
Devices in the SPring-S ......................... .. .............................. ................... 149

7.

Progress in Magnet System for the SPring-S Storage Ring .. ............ ......... ....... ... 151

S.

Magnetic Field Magnetic Field Measurements of a Prototype
Quadrupole Magnet for the SPring-S Storage Ring .................................. ..... 153

9.

Magnetic Field Measurements of a Prototype Dipole Magnet for the
SPring-S Storage Ring .......................... .. .. ..... ............... ... ......................... 155

10.

Design of a Power Supply System for SPring-8 Storage Ring
Magnets .............. ..... .... ............... ................... .. .... ...................... ... ... ..: .... 156

11.

Bum_p Magnet of SPring-8 ................... ....... .... .................. ....................... 158

12.

Measurement of a 50S MHz Model Coupler for the SPring-S
Storage Ring ................ ... ...... .............................. ................................ 160

13.

Measurement of a 50S MHz Model Cavity for the SPring-S Storage
Ring ................................ ... ... ............................................ ... ... ... ......... 162

14.

Design of the Prototype Cavity for the SPring-S Storage Ring ........ ..... .... ............ 164

15.

Test stand of a Klystron fo-r the SPring-8 Storage Ring .... .. ... .. ................... 166

16.

All-Metal Gate Valve with an RF Contact ...................................................... 168

17.

Pumping Speed of NEG Strips Distributed in a 4 m-Long Vacuum
Chamber .......... ........................ ............... ..... ......................................... 169

IS.

Experimental Device for Measurement of Photon Induced Gas
Desorption ·· . .... ... ... . .. .. . .. .. . ... ... . .. . . . ... . .. . ..... ... ... .. ... . .. . ... ... .. ... . .. . .. .. .. .. ... . .. 171

19.

Vacuum Characteristics of a NEG Wafer Module ........................ .. ............ 172

20.

Performance Test of Lumped NEG Pump ...................................................... 174

21.

Alteration of the Cracking Pattern of CO 2 with CO Generated on the
Hot Filaments of the Pressure Gauges ...... ... ................................................. 176

22.

Estimation of the Photo-Desorption Yield of OFHC Absorber ................ ............. 178

23.

Equilibrium Characteristics of NEG in LNP .................................................. 179

24.

Monte Carlo Simulation in the LNP Structure ................................................. 180

25.

Thermal Load Test of the Absorber for the Crotch with an Electron
Beam ...... ..... ............................. ...... .............................. .... ................... 181

26.

Thermal Analysis of a Crotch for the SPring-S Storage Ring .................... ........... 183

27.

Heated Water Bakeout System .............. ... ... ............................................... 185

Page

VI.

28.

Sensitivity Calibration of Nude Ionization Gauges for Several Gases
Using a Spinning Rotor Gauge .................................................................... 187

29.

Vacuum Characteristics of a Mixed Pumping System ........................................ 189

30.

Manufacture of a Complicated Ceramic Chamber and Its Joining
Methods to an Aluminum-alloy Chamber ................................................... 191

31.

Mounting of a Straight Section Vacuum Chamber with Slide Guides ...................... 193

32.

Bellows Assembly with RF Sliding Finger Shielding .......................................... 195

33.

Problems for Improvement of Existing Aluminum-Alloy Flange ............................ 197

34.

Bending Fabrication of a Vacuum Chamber .................................................... 199

35.

Mounts of the Straight Section Vacuum Chamber with Leaf Springs ..................... 201

36.

Design of the Control System for the SPring-8 ................................................ 202

37.

Design of the Beam Diagnostic System for the SPring-8 Storage Ring ................... 204

RADIATION MONITORING
1.

Neutron Dose Around an Iron Beam Stopper . ... .. . .. . .. . .. .... .. ... .. . ... ... . .. ... ... ... .... 206

2.

Residual-Activities in the Ring Cyclotron Facility ............ · .. · ............................. 207

3.

Leakage Radiation Measurements in the Ring Cyclotron Facility .......................... 209

4.

Routine Monitoring of the Cyclotron, RILAC, T ANDETRON,
and the Personal Monitoring of RIKEN Accelerator Workers .. ··· .. ···· .. ··· .. ·· .. ·211

5.

Leakage-Radiation Measurements in the Cyclotron Building ............................... 212

VII.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS .................................................................................. 215

VIII.

LIST OF PREPRINTS ............. ............................................................................ 219

IX.

PAPERS PRESENTED AT MEETINGS ................................................................ 223

X.

SUBJECTS UNDER CONTRACT ....................................................................... 233

XI.

LIST OF SEMINARS ......................................................................................... 234

XII.

LIST OF PERSONNEL ...................................................................................... 236
AUTHOR INDEX '

1

I.

INTRODUCTION
M. Ishihara

This annual report covers the activities of the
RIKEN Accelerator Facility for the year of
1990. The Facility possesses an intermediateenergy heavy-ion accelerator complex composedof a central booster accelerator, RIKEN Ring
Cyclotron (RRC), and two injectors, a heavy-ion
linear accelerator (RILAC) and an AVF cyclotron (A VF). The accelerators were constructedunder a longterm project starting in 1974: The
RILAC brought out the first beam in 1980, theRRC in December 1986, and the AVF in April
1989. The two injectors may also be used instand-alone modes. In addition, a I-MeV Tandetron is in operation. The heavy ions so far
accelerated are ranged from deuterons to xenon,
with beam energies up to 135 MeV lu. They havebeen served for research work of a variety of
disciplines including nuclear physics, atomic
physics, nuclear and radiation chemistry, condensed matter physics, and radiation biology. The
users range over 11 laboratories of 50 in thewhole RIKEN. There is also a large involvementof outside users. For the period 198 staff
researchers and 68 graduate students from otherdomestic and foreign institutions contributed tothe activities at the Facility.
The report also covers activities associatedwith two major projects which have newly started. One is the joint project between RIKEN andJapan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI)
to build an 8-GeV synchrotron radiation source(SPring-8) at the site of Harima Science Garden
City, Hyougo Prefecture. The Construction has
started in April 1990 and will be completed inseveral years. The other is an international project between RIKEN and RAL (U. K.) on muonscience research. An intense pulsed muon beam isto be facilitated at RAL in combination with thesynchrotron. The construction work was initiated, recently.
With respect to the RRC complex, this annual
period may be marked as the first full year inwhich the AVF was employed for routine operation. The entry of AVF as an injector brought asignificant increase in the capability of the RRC
complex. The maximum energies of lighter ionsreached goal values; 35 new beams were added to
the list of accomplishment in the past year. A
dual injector system also contributes to elongation of beam hours. The RRC was operated for
178 days during December 2, 1989, to November
10, 1990. This number will be further increased

in coming years. Among other developments in
the RRC complex, the installation of a
Neomafios ECR ion source in place of a PIG
source at RILAC started in September 1990. The
new source will become available in the early
1991 and contribute to grade up the energies of
RILAC-injected beams. Another effort was directed to lower energy bounds. Operation of RRC
at 7 MeV lu was established beyond the original
limit. This was to enhance the access to studies
using fusion-like reactions. The fabrication of apolarized ion source of hydrogen for A VF has
started and the completion is scheduled in thenext summer. The device aims at gaining abroader prospect for the beams of 210-MeV
protons and 270-Me V deuterons.
There were also remarkable efforts to develop
the experimental apparatus at RRC beam channels. In particular a projectile-fragment separator called RIPS started its full operation providing high-energy beams of radioisotopes. The
apparatus yields intense beams, which are about
two orders of magnitudes stronger than the otherexisting analogues. This encourages the studies
on nuclear reactions with unstable nuclei. In thisconnection a large acceptance magnetic
spectrometer for the secondary reactions is inpreparation to be located downstream of RIPS.
An on-line mass separator of the GARIS-IGISOL
type has also become employed for experiments.
It is primarily used to study heavy unstable
nuclei including possible super-heavy elements(SHE). We have another magnetic spectrometer
called SMART, which is a tandem-type highprecision charged-particle analyzer with broad
angular and momentum acceptances. It has anaccess to neutron spectroscopy as well. It is
under the process of debugging and tuning and isscheduled to be completed in the early summer of1991.
During the past year, heavy ion beams fromthe RIKEN accelerators have been serving forvarious studies. RRC has run for 116 days forexperiments among which about 70 % went tonuclear physics and the rest to the other research
fields by covering 17 subjects for the former and
20 subjects for the latter. RILAC has run for 89
days by itself for its own users. They were primarily used for studies on atomic physics andother fields of science.
Studies on and with unstable nuclei wereextensively pursued. Experiments with RIPS are2directed to three major categories. Studies on
anomalous properties of extremely neutron-richnuclei by observing the secondary reactions were
upgraded; High-energy Coulomb dissociation
mechanism among other processes were exploited to measure unstable-nucleus reaction crosssections of astrophysical interests; Attempts to
produce spin-polarized unstable nuclei were pursued through dynamical and optical methods. It
has been shown that the projectile fragmentation
reaction by itself offers a useful means to produce polarized isotopes. The setups for laser
spectroscopy have been developed, and an optical pumping method for polarization was tested
for isotopes in semi -conductors.
A challenging program to search for SHE
isotopes has started using GARIS-IGISOL. A
possible new scheme based on a particular typeof reaction process is to be used to enhance theproduction and survival probabilities. A preliminary experiment indicated a promising result.
The group of nuclear theorists was strengthened this year by inviting three visiting professors and five post doctoral fellows. The activity
now covers nuclear phenomena from low torela ti vistic energies.
Experiments on atomic physics were made byusing RRC, RILAC, and a section of the A VF
ECR ion source. Electron capture and loss crosssections and a-ray emission processes in highenergy atomic collisions were investigated with
RRC. A detailed study of collision mechanism
was performed through observation of spin alignment effects at RILAC. Beam foil spectroscopy
steadily continued with RILAC Ti beams. Twoelectron capture processes at low energies werestudied with ECR.

Muon beam channels at RRC was completed
and an effort was extended to a new beam channel at RAL. Meanwhile the target dependence ofa surface muon yield was studied.
Studies of nuclear and radiation chemistry
have continued with various methodologies.
Mos's bauer and perturbed angular correlation
techniques were used to study the properties ofmagnetic and high-Tc superconducting materials. Rutherford scattering and PIXE techniques
were applied to the analysis of impurities
contained in high-purity industrial materials andin the compositions of medical environmental
and geological samples. Positron annihilation
analysis proved the dislocation in semiconductors. A systematic study on the production crosssections in high-energy heavy-ion reactions
continued by using various ions. On this basis amulti-tracer technique is being developed to be
applied, e.g., to oceanography problems.
Studies of radiation biology were performed in
two aspects, space biology and radiotherapy.
Effects of irradiation of high-energy heavy ionswere studied on biological samples such as
spores, beans, and shrimp eggs to simulate theeffects of cosmic rays. Basic studies on heavy-ion
cancer therapy were carried out by irradiating
mice and mammal culture cells with RRC.
While new developments continued, one accelerator has ceased operation. The 160-cm cyclotron was shut down in April 1990 after a successful service for more than 25 years. A special
volume entitled the 160-cm Cyclotron was issued
as a supplement of this Report to summarize andmemorize the research accomplishments
obtained with the accelerator.

3
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

II.

OPERATION OF ACCELERATORS1.

RRC Operation

Y. Yano, A. Goto, M. Kase, T. Kageyama, T. Nakagawa, H. Isshiki,· R. Abe,·S. Otsuka,· H. Akagi,· T. Ishikawa,· R. Ichikawa,· and T. Maie·
For nearly one year December 2, 1989, throughNovember 10, 1990, the RRC machine timescheduled for user's experiments totaled 178 days,
which excludes the periods spent in carrying out
long and short term regular machine overhauls andin developing and improving the machine. Among
178 days, relatively large part of 48 days (27%)
were spent in preparing beams, because almost halfof the beams demanded by the users were new
ones. The shut-down time due to machine trouble
amounted to 14.5 days (8%). Eventually 115.5 days
(65%) were devoted to proceed nuclear (70% in
portion) and non-nuclear (30% in portion) experiments. The AVF cyclotron-injected beam timeexceeded the linac-injected beam time in a ratio of
7 to 3. Regular long-term overhauls were carriedout for 3 weeks in the winter and for 8 weeks inthe summer.
Table l.
Particle

An extensive improvement were made foralmost the whole parts of the machine during thesummer overhaul; the improvement was very effective in quick starting up, stable operation, and easy
maintenance of the machine.
In Fig. 1 the new beams were shown in thespace of the acceleration energy per nucleon versus
the atomic mass number of ion, together with thebeams accelerated so far. Almost the whole regionof beams, except for 210 MeV protons and 185
MeVlu 3He particles obtainable by AVF injection,
have been covered this year. Since the summer
overhaul the linac was shut down for replacing theold PIG ion source with an ECR ion source. The
new source will grade up the linac performance
greatly, and thereby the energies of the linacinjected beams will be pushed up to the maximum
design values. This is scheduled at the beginning

RRC beams during April 1987 - November 1990.

RFF

Charge

(MHz)

h

1
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
5
6
6
7
7
5
8
7
8
9
8
11
13

24.6
35
32.6
35
28
35
32
35
26
32.6
20.187
35
35
24.6

5
9
5
9
9
10
9
9
5
5
10

11

12
13
16
17
14
20
18
18
24
21
• Sumijyu Accelerator Service, Ltd.

30.5

25
32.6
35
29
33
28
29
29
20
28
28
26
28.1
28
25
25
20
20
18

10

9
5
5
9
5
9
5
9
10

5
5
10
10

9
5
5
9
9
10
10
11
11

Energy(MeV/u)Intensity70

50 (*)

42
135
42
26
34
35
42
80

135
10.65
34
42
70

115
20.6
135
42

(nA)

200
350 (*)

50200
200
300 (*)
200

700 (*)
500

100
50
50
1,100 (*)
200(*)
500 (*)

20

100

600

37
21

150
40

100
100

30 (*)
60 (*)

10.3
21
26

80

95
26
20.6
17
10.3
8.5
7

1,500
200
600
40 (*)
40 (*)

10
10
10
70
-

(*)

50 (*)

Y. Yano et al.

200

s-

o

Accelerated Ion(April 1987 • November 1990)•

New Beam(December 1989 • November 1990)•

Attainable Maximum Energy

150

>CD

~

>
CJ
a::
w

Z

100

AVF Injecllon

W

50

.0o

o

0
r:P 0

10

0
..0 ....0.... .. .........
. • .... ... ....... .,N"1lcaCu

H COM,;aAr

Zn

Kr

Xe

BI

U

Atomic Mass

Fig. 1. RRC beams during April 1987-November 1990.

of next year. We successfully operated the RRC rf
system at 18 MHz which is lowered from the nominal value of 20 MHz; thus the lowest beam energyof 7 Me Vlu in the linac injection has been available
in the acceleration harmonics of 11. This acceleration mode was applied to a xenon beam. Table 1
lists the acceleration parameters and the maximum
intensities used during each experiment run for thebeams accelerated so far. New beams are denotedby asterisks.

5
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

11-2.

RILAC Operation

Y. Chiba, M. Hemmi, M. Yanokura, M. Kase, E. Ikezawa, T. Aihara, *T. Ohki, * H. Hasebe, * T. Chiba, and Y. Miyazawa
This year, the PIG ion source, which had beenused for many years, of RILAC was replaced witha new ECR ion source. For the replacement, regular RILAC operation was discontinued by the endof July. The remaining period of the year was
devoted to the modification of the injector highvoltage station and the installation of the ECR ion
source on it. Tables 1 to 3 show the operation
statistics for the calendar year 1990. The "overhaul
and improvement" in Table 1 includes the ion
source renewal. During regular operation, there
arose no serious trouble except carelesslv mistaking 66Zn5+ ions for 64Zn5+ ions gave a loss in beamtime to RIKEN Ring Cyclotron.
Table 1.
1990.

Statistics of the operation for Jan. 1 - Dec. 31,

Day

%

123

33.7

Frequency change

6

1.6Overhaul and improvement

95

26.0

Periodic inspection and repair

21

5.8

Machine trouble00.0

Beam time

Scheduled shut down
Total

Table 2.

120

32.9

365

100

Beam time for individual research groups.

Day%

Atomic physics

33

26.8

Solid-state physics

21

17.1

Nuclear chemistry

24

19.5

Radiation chemistry7

5.7

Accelerator research

4

3.3

Beam transportation to RRC

34

27.6

123

100

Total

Table 3.

List of ions used in this year.

Ion

Mass

Charge state

Day

N

14

2

3

Ne

20

2

7

Al

27

3

4

Si

28

3

5

Ar

40

3

19

Ar

40

4

45
8

Ti

48

3

Cr

52

5

2

Cu

63

4

9

Zn

64

3

Zn

64

5

6

Kr

84

5

5

Kr

84

8

2

Xe

132

6

5

Xe

132

9

2

The newly installed ECR ion source, called
NEOMAFIOS, developed and manufactured by
C.E.N.-G., France, arrived at our facilities in February 1990. Performance tests!) and operation
training for the new ion source were repeated ona test bench until the end of July. August throughthe middle of November, we successively carriedout the removal of the old PIG ion source systemfrom the injector high voltage station, the installation of the ECR ion source system, and the preparation of peripheral equipments. Most of the instruments on the station were replaced with new ones
designed for the ECR ion source system.
Adjustment of the ECR ion source combinedwith beam transport in the injector system wasstarted in the middle of November and acceleration
test of RILAC using an 40Ar8 + beam in the end.
Beam acceleration will be reopened for users in
the middle of January 1991.
References
1) E. Ikezawa et al.: This Report, p. 133.

* Sumijyu Accelerator Service, Ltd.

6
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

11·3.

AVF Cyclotron Operation

A. Goto, M. Kase, Y. Yano, T. Kageyama, S. Kohara, M. Nagase, K. Hatanaka, *H. Isshiki, ** R. Abe, ** S. Otsuka, ** H. Akagi, ** T. Ishikawa, **R. Ichikawa, * * and T. Maie * *We have routinely operated the AVF cyclotron
since we began beam service for users last
October. The cyclotron has been exclusively used
as an injector for RIKEN Ring Cyclotron (RRC).
We accelerated various ions from deuteron to argon
in a total of sixteen cases as shown in Table 1. The
designed maximum energies from RRC have beenachieved for these ions except for deuteron.

Table l. AVF beams accelerated in September 1989 November 1990.
RF
Frequency

Energy.

(MHz)(McVIu)

d

12.3

d

13.8

12(;4+
14N4+
14N4+

ExICnUll
CUITent(enA)

Main coilcurrent(A)

Avengefield('I)

4.0 ( 70)

303

0.80

SOO

5.0 (-- ) ••

343

0.90

1000

16.3

7.0 (135)

810

1.60

12.0

3.8 ( 67)

578

1.37

12.3

4.0 ( 70)

604

1.41

800

14N4+

13.0

4.4 ( 80)

680

1.49

2500

14N5+

16.3

7.0 (135)

685

1.50

5000

15N4+

12.3

4.0 ( 70)

699

1.51

2000

.15N5+

15.25

6.1 (115)

690

1.50

1300

16Q6+

16.3

7.0 (135)

616

1.43

2500

18()6+

14.5

5.5 (102)

615

1.42

1700

18()6+

14.85

5.8 (-).

646

1.46

300

24Mg7+

14.5

5.5 (102)

856

1.63

Ion

1000

200

27A18+

14.5

5.5 (102)

824

1.60

4OArl1+13.0

4.4 ( 80)

747

1.55

300

4OArl1+14.05

5.2 ( 95)

935

1.67

700

• The values in the parentheses show the energies obtained by the coupled operation withRRC.
•• "These ions were accelerated only with the A VF cyclotron.

• Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University.

* * Sumijyu Accelerator Service, Ltd.

The vacuum chamber of the cyclotron was
opened three times for repairs of a phase defining
slit and a joint of a cooling pipe on a dummy dee
and for a scheduled overhaul in summer. At theoverhaul time we checked rf contacts, driving
mechanism systems and others, and found no problems on them. We also replaced the septum of thedeflector and the electrodes of the inflector withnew ones. These new ones are in an essential
sense spairs for these elements, though some modifications were made to the original ones: the vertical clearance of the septum in the region wherelast few revolutions pass through was widened from
12 mm to 14 mm, and the gap of the infector was
also widened from 5 mm to 8 mm.
The performance of the cyclotron has been goodas a whole, but there are still some problems withrespect to beam transmission, which have not been
resolved. At the moment the beam transmission
through the cyclotron is around 10 % for beams of
up to several tens of eJLA. A beam loss in the injection beam transport line is among the losses, whena beam intensity is very high. The problem of abeam loss near and during extraction is rather serious: at a high beam intensity, more than half of thebeam is lost in the outermost region just before
extraction (20 or 30 mm in radial width).
Because a high intensity beam of deuterons isplanned to be used for isotope production in thenear future, the radiation shield effect of the cyclotron vault was checked by accelerating deuterons
at 5 MeVlu. The result suggests that we should
strengthen the shield of the hole in the ceilingwhich is just above the cyclotron and through which
the injection beam line passes.

7
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

11·4.

Cyclotron Operation

K. Ogiwara, T. Kageyama, S. Kohara, and I. Kohno
The 160 cm cyclotron was operated on a 24 h-aday basis during the period XXV from Jan. 1 toApr. 30, 1990. The statistics of the machine operaton time is shown in Table 1.
Table 1.

Cyclotron operation in the period XXV.
Oscillator

Reading of the time
meter onJan. 06 1990 (h)Reading of the time
meter on
Apr. 30 1990 (h)Difference (h)Ion source

Beam99,107.6 105,423.5 61,453.9

99,753.5 106,148.4 61,909.9
645.9

724.9

Schedule in this period:
Beam-time
Overhaul and installation
Periodical inspection and repair
Schedule shutdown
Machine trouble

57 d
12
5
31
3

456

Table 2 shows the beam-time allotment to various activities during this period. Table 3 shows the
distribution of the scheduled beam time among various particles.
The cyclotron was shut down on Apr. 30, 1990.
The overall net operation time of the oscillator andthe ion source over past 23 years attained to99, 753. 5 and 106, 148.4 hours, respectively. Over
all net beam time attained to 61,909.9 hours since
1973.

Table 2. Scheduled beam-time and research subjects inperiod XXV.
Subject
RI production for nuclear
and solid physics
Nuclear chemistry
Radiation biology
Radiation chemistry
Radiation damageof polymer
Radiation damageof semiconductor
Test of radiation detector

Heavy ionLight ion

Total

8h
0
24
120

64 h
368
24
24

72 h
368
48
144

0

16

16

0
0

24
16

24
16

0

96

96

0
24

16
0

16
24

0

80

80

176 h
19.5%

728 h
80.5%

904 h
100%

Outside users
Radiochemical analyses
Radiation damageof device for sattelite
Test of single even upset
Proton irradiationon thyristor
Total
Percentage in total

Table 3. Distribution of the beam-time among particles
accerated.
Particle

(h) .

(%)

p
3He2+
4He 2+
12C4+
14N4+.5+

296
96
336
8
168

32.7
10.6
37.2
0.9
18.6

Total

904

100.0

8
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

11-5.

Tandetron Operation

T. Kobayashi, H. Sakairi, E. Yagi, and T. UraiThe Tandetron was operated for 106 days for
11 months from Nov. 1, 1989 to Sep. 31, 1990,
during which IH, 'He, and 11B were accelerated.
The machine was shut down a few times byfollowing causes; leakage of air through a metalinsulator bond of the duoplasmatron housing,leakage of SF 6 (insulating) gas at the high voltage terminal, and burn of a variable transformer
for the electric power supply to an einzel lens.
The Tandetron was used for the experimental
studies on the following subjects.
(1) Rutherford backscattering spectroscopya) Analysis of the Tb distribution and damage
in Tb-implanted CaF z (Semiconductor Lab.
and Surface Characterization Center)b) Ion irradiation effect on Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O
system, MoS z, and SrTi0 3 (Surface Characterization Center and Surface and Interface
Lab.)c) Characterization of AINx (Surface Characterization Center)d) RBS analysis of aluminum-titanium

nitrides and tantalum oxides. (Metal Physics
Lab.)e) Behavior of Kr atoms implanted into
aluminum by a channeling method. (Metal
Physics Lab.)(2) Nuclear reaction analysisa) Lattice location of hydrogen in niobium
alloys by a channeling method. (Metal
Physics Lab.)(3) Particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE)a) Application of PIXE to medical, environmental, archaeological, and materials science (Inorganic Chemical Physics Lab.)(4) Sputtered neutral mass spectrometry(SNMS)a) Development of a new type of SNMS for
ultra-high sensitive detection (Plasma
Physics Lab. and Surface Characterization
Center)b) Development of a multi-use high current
ion source for accelerators (Plasma Physics
Lab. and Surface Characterization Center)

9

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

III.

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

1.

Nuclear Physics
1.

Measurement of Total Interaction Cross Section
for llLi + 12C at 45 MeV/u

N. Inabe, S. Shimoura, T. Nakamura, H. Okuno, H. Okamura,
H. Sakai, T. Kubo, T. Nakagawa, H. Kumagai,

I. Tanihata, and M. Ishihara
Nuclear density distribution, secondary nuclear reaction, )( heavy ion-collision, neutron halo.
In the past several years, total interaction
cross sections (0""1) of various nuclei have beenmeasured in 0.8 GeV lu region and found for
extremely neutron rich nuclei such as 11Li or 14Be
to have very large radii by fitting 0""1 with a
Glauber type calculation l - 3l • Figure 1 shows theenergy dependence of 0""1 obtained by the Glaubertype calculation in three cases of matter distribution of 11Li. These results suggest that the measurement of 0""1 of 11 Li is important in an energy
region of tens of million electronvolts per nucleon, where 0""1 is particularly sensitive to neutron halo.

primary beam and 9Be (2.22 g/ cm2 ) as a produc·tion target for llLi. llLi beams were separated
from other fragments with an achromatic degrader, and identified by measuring an energy
loss in SSD (F3SSD) and the time-of-flight(TOF) between scintillators at F2 (f2pI) and at
F3 (f3pI). The purity of 11 Li as a secondary beam
was about 98%. The image of the llLi beams was
defined by using a position sensitive SSD

1800

160Q

Radioactive beam line (RIPS)
1400

'.D

5

c)

1200

1000

Enlarged figure after F3
800

50

100
500
Incident Energy (MeV/nucleon)

1000

Fig. 1. Energy dependence of 0"[ for llLi + 12C by GlauberType calculation. Curve a, llLi with two neutron halo;c, 11 Li with no halo; b, intermediate of a and c. Insets
illustrate the density distributions for each line; innercurves show a proton distribution and an outer curves amatter distribution of 11 Li.

1
1
°l 11
mI
·~·

o.3;mm f3pl
F3SSD

1IL1'

~

tar~et

mm

°lmm

:~

3mm
3mm

O.5mm

~ PSSD

50mm X 50mm
I:::::::::::::::·:·:·:·:·::::::d plastic scintillator 20mm X 20mm

counters
andsecondary target

ImJlIIIIIIlIIII plastic scintillator 50mm X 50mm
~ SSDs 50mm X 50mm

We thus measured 0"1 of 11Li at 45 MeV lu by atransmission method in the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron radioactive beam line RIPS4) with the setup
shown in Fig. 2. We used 180 (102 MeV lu) as af"l1;&w·«':~4" Target C (453mg/ cm 2)

Fig. 2. Experimental setup. Because all II Li nuclei arestopped in the last plastic scintillator, their ranges canbe analyzed.

10

N. Inabe et at.

(F3SSD). Setting a counter telescope composedof SSD's and plastic scintillators downstream ofa secondary target (12C 453 mgl cm 2), we madeparticle identification after secondary reactions
by range and if E -E analysis.
0'1 is deduced from
0'1 = (II NJ log (Routl R1n )where Rout and R1n are the ratios of the counts ofincident nuclides after and before entering thecounter telescope. The suffix "in" stands fortarget-in-run and "out", target-out-run, and 'Nt is
the number of a secondary target per unit area.
A preliminary value of 0'1 (in Fig. 1) is 1740 ±30 mb, which suggests that 11 Li has neutron halo.
References
1) I. Tanihata et at.: Phys. Lett. B, 206, 592 (1988).
2) I. Tanihata et at.: ibid., 160, 380 (1985).
3) I. Tanihata et at.: Phys. Rev. Lett., 55, 2676 (1985).
4) T. Kubo et at.: This Report, p. 96.

11
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-1-2. Three a Disintegration of 12C in the Field of
208Pb Nucleus at 35 MeV/u
T. Motobayashi, S. Kox, C. Perrin, F. Merchez, D. Rebreyend,
S. Kubono, T. Ichihara, and M. Ishihara
NUCLEAR REACTIONS 208Pb( 12C, 3 ex) 208Pb , E = 35 MeV/u; measured 0(8).][ CsI(Tl) scintillator array, MWPC.
A projectile breakup process was studied for a
12C + 208Pb reaction by measuring outgoing three exparticles in coincidence. A 35 Me Vlu carbon beam
was provided by the separate sector cyclotron of
SARA facility at ISN Grenoble. Complete kinematical conditions of four body final state (3ex and
208Pb) were determined from the energies andscattering angles of the three ex particles obtainedby a multi-detector system consisting of 3 planesof MWPC and 24 CsI(T1) scintillators based on the
EM RIC device developed at ISN .Grenoble. 1)
Figure 1 shows a spectrum for the relative
energy of the three outgoing ex particles (or theexcitation energy measured from the 3-ex thresholdof 12C). The prominent peak corresponds to thesecond 0+ state of 12C at Eex = 7.65 MeV. The
3-state at 9.68 MeV is weakly excited. No evidence is seen for possible excitation of the 10.3
MeV state, where the spin assignment is still
uncertain and strong effects on the elastic scattering channel is predicted by CDCC calculations. 2)o·808pb(I.C.SCX)8O&pb

40000

8.=35 )(eV/u~ 30000
o

~

20000

500 ...-..--...---r-..,---r--r--.--...,---r---, • 4-00

808pb( 18C.Scx)8O&pb
4.00

8",=35 MeV/u
O· (7 .6~ MeV)

~300

• 860
· 300
• 250

200
150

100

::!.

r:

50
200

100

00

100

200

300

.00

500

E,~ (keV)

Fig. 2. Dalitz plot for three ex particles decaying from thesecond 0+ state of 12C. The events are concentrated on
three lines showing that two ex particles out of three arein the BBe ground state with E rei = 92 ke V.

Figure 2 shows a Dalitz plot for the decay of the0+ state. The state decays with almost 100% probability to the 8Be(0+)+ex channel and few counts
are seen for the decay to the 3-ex continuum. This
indicates that the decay width of the second 0+
state of 12C is dominated by the 8Be(0+)+ex channel. That is consistent with the present understanding of the helium burning process in stars, where
the process 8Be(0+)+ex ~ 12C(0+; 7.65 MeV) ~12C(0+;0.0 MeV) is assumed to playa dominantrole in producing 12C nucleus. 3)

10000

.

oj\.
o

23"-

E.,.., (MeV)

Fig. 1. Relative energy spectrum for outgoing three ex particles. The horizontal axis represents the excitationenergy from the three ex threshold at 7.27 MeV above
the ground state of 12c. Two peaks correspond to thesecond 0+ state at Eex = 7.65 MeV and the 3- state at
9.64 MeV.

References
1) F. Merchez, S. Kox, C. Perrin, J. Mistretta, J.C. Gondrand, L.N. Imouk, P. Gretillat, and E. Schwarz: Nucl.
Instrum. Methods, A275, 133 (1989).
2) Y. Sakuragi, M. Kamimura, M. Yahiro, and Y.
Fukushima: ]. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 54, Suppl. II, p.88
(1985).
3) C. Rolf and H.P. Trautvetter: Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part.
Sci., 28, 115 (1978).

12
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-1-3.

Cou lomb Breaku p Reaction of 90 MeV/u 140

T. Takei, T. Motobayashi, K. Ieki, H. Murakami, Y. Ando, N. Iwasa,
M. Kurokawa, C. Perrin, F. Merchez, S. Kox, D. Rebreyend,
S. Kubono, M. Ishihara, S. Shimoura, T. Kubo, and N. Inabe
NUCLEAR REACTIONS, 208Pbct 4 0, 13Np), Ect 4 0)/A = 91 MeV/u;
measured correlation between proton and 13N, CsI(Tl) scintillator[
array, position sensitive Si detectors, plastic hodoscopes.
The Coulomb breakup process, 140 ---,) 13N +p,in the field of 208Pb nucleus was studied at 91 MeV/
u. It can be related to the inverse reaction
13N(p, y) 14 0, which is of great astrophysicalinterest, because it is a key reaction for the hot
CNO cycle. The process via the 1- state of 140(E ex = 5.14 MeV) is important, and our purpose isto determine the transition probability between the
ground 0+ and 1- states or the radiative width ryof the 1- state.
Unstable 14 0 ions of 91 MeV/u were provided by
the RIPS facility at RIKEN. Outgoing proton and
13N were detected in coincidence with the EMRIC
device. 1) It consisted of plastic hodoscopes forangle measurement of protons, 24 two-dimensional
position-sensitive silicon detectors for the angle
determination and particle identification of heavyions, and 24 CsI(Tl) crystals coupled with PMTs
for the identification of protons and total energy
measurement (Fig. 1).

----

Fig. 1.

Figure 2 shows a two dimensional plot of theenergies of the proton and 13N in coincidence.
Events are concentrated on the line of Qr=O,
where Q r denotes the excitation energy of theresidual nucleus 208Pb. About 4x 104 events werecollected and they are to be used to deduce r y after
correcting for an experimental back ground.
110

96
83

~

69
55
41
28
14

E=90 MeV/u

50100
Ep (CHANNEL)

150

Fig. 2.

Correlation between the energies of proton and
The kinematical locus of Qr = 0 is shown by thesolid line.

EMRIC

T4a beam

1

13N.

plastic
scintillator
hodoscope(Y,X)

PSOtCsl(T[)

Schematic view of the experimental setup.

References

1) F. Merchez, S. Kox, C. Perrin, ]. Mistretta, ]. c.
Gondrand, L. N. Imouk, P. Gretillat, and E. Schwarz:
Nucl. Instrum. Methods, A275, 133 (1989).

13
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·1·4.

Tensor Analyzing Powers of IH(d,2He)n Reaction at 200 MeV

T. Motobayashi, C. Perrin, ]. Carbonell, U C. Wilkin, *2 s. Kox, F. Merchez,
Nguyen van Sen, *1 D. Rebreyend, G. Guillaume, *3 ]. Arvieux, *4 ]. Yonnet, U
B. Bonin, *5 A. Boudard, *5 M. Garcon, *5 J. Guillot, *6 and G. Gaillard *7(NUCLEAR REACTION IH(d,2p), E = 200 MeV; measured AxxC8), Ayy(8).)
Tensor analyzing powers Axx and Ayy have beenobtained for the IH(d,2He)n reaction at 200 MeV
in the region of momentum transfer q= 0-500
MeV/c and excitation energy of the final two proton
sy~!em_ Eex=0-8 MeV. The experiment was perIH(d,2He)n
E ct =200 MeV

II
II

0.5

IH(d,2He)n
E ct =200 MeV,

MeV
• E.%=O-l
E 1%=1-4 MeV•• ~ ~ ~t ~~ H~

E 1%=4-8 Me V

C>.

II
II

"<11
0
•

-0.5

0

•

A

• ~ {> ~ ¢ ?
0.0

8qk =63°-90°
8 qk =51 °_63°
8 qk =26 0 -39 0

A

~

•

'\

-0.5

o 0
• • 0

•

-

!I

0

~?

••

-LOr1.0

1.0

s: 0.5~et"<11-0.5 r-•o.,. ·f •

0.5

A

-1.0

0.0 ~

E e.:r=1-4 MeV

1.0

0

J:,

0.0

r-

-

1.0

"<11

formed by using the synchrotron Satume II at
Saclay. A part of the results has been reported, 1)
where the excitation energy was limited to 0-1
MeV and the data ofA xx at high momentum transfers were missing.

1fe i e• i~ ,~•g-1.0 0~-.l...---l-'-0---'----L20----'-----'30+

s: 0.5

~

0.0

~~~

-0.5
-1.° 0:---~~t~.~i

c1

f~r¢

-

.l...---:-'::-O---'----.l.20----'-----l
30
1
BLab

W

M

Fig. 1. Tensor analyzing powers Axx and Ayy for different Eex (a) and 8 qk (b).
The analyzing powers in (a) are averaged over the direction of the relative momentum k.

Examples of the results are shown in Fig. l.
Only the tensor analyzing powers Axx at around
8 Iab =9° (corresponding to q=120 MeV/c) dependon both E ex and 8qk , where 8qk is the angle between q and k, relative momentum of the two pro-*1 Institute des Sciences Nucleaires,

38026 Grenoble
Cedex, France.
*2 University College London, London WC1E 6BT, u.K.
*3 Centre de Recherches Nucleaires, 67037 Strasbourg
Cedex, France.
*4 Laboratoire National Saturne,
91191 Gif-sur-Yvette
Cedex, France.
*5 DPhNIME-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
*6 Institute de Physique Nucleaire, 91406 Or say Cedex,
France.
*7 DPNC Universite de Geneve, 1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland.

tons. A plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA)
calculation2) predicts larger admixture of P-wave
into the dominant ISO state at higher excitationenergies E ex' The P-wave contamination results
the reduction ofAxx values at around q=200 MeV/cdepending on 8qk by the form, Axx=a-bcos2 8qk ,where a is a constant independent of E ex, whereasb increases with E ex' These features are consistent
with our observations.
References
1) T. Motobayashi, C. PeITin, J. Carbonell, C. Wilkin, S.
Kox, F. Merchez, Nguyen Van Sen, D. Rebreyend, G.
Guillaume, J. Arvieux, J. Yonnet, B. Bonin, A.
Boudard, M. Gar~on, J. Guillot, and G. Gaillard: Phys.
Lett., B233, 69 (1989); RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 23,
8 (1989).
2) j. Carbonell and C. Wilkin: in preparation.

14
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·1·5.

Polarization Measurement of 12 8 and 13 8 in the Reaction
15N+197Au at 112MeV/u

H. Okuno, K. Asahi, T. Nakamura, M. Adachi, H. Miyatake,T. Shimoda, N. Takahashi, T. Ichihara, N. Inabe, T. Kubo, A. Yoshida,
D. Mikolas, * D. Morrisey, * D. Beaumel, * * and M. Ishihara
NUCLEAR REACTION 197Au+ 15 N, E=112MeV /necleon; Jmeasured f3-ray asymmetry of 12B and 13B nuclei; deduced[
spin polarization 12B and 13B.
Spin polarization of 12B and 13B were measured
in the reaction 15N + 197Au (target thickness 200,urn) at 112MeV lu by using a radioactive beamline RIPS.l) The beam swinger of RIPS was used
to collect fragments at 2, 4, and 6 degrees. 12B and
13B were seperated from other fragments with
RIPS, and implanted into a Pt stopper placed at

Polarization of 12B/ .... --0.,

P
/

10.0
I

/
/

/f

/

"\

\

\

\

~
\2 deg.
\

/

J:1
~ 5.0

p

/

\

/

2.5
AI abs~IZZZZ2ZZI~ Plastic
Scintilator

<I

\

/

\

\

~,

' .....

--. 0 ~Pt

Stopper and
Rf CoilRadioactive

Beam

EZZZZZZl~- 2

Constant
Field~

Fig. 1. Setup at the final focus of RIPS.

the final focus of RIPS (Fig. 1). Spin polarization
was deduced from the observed upl down asymmetry in the beta decay of 12B (T1/2 = 20.2 ms)
and 13B (T1IZ=17 . 4 ms) .
Experimental results are presented in Fig. 2.
The momentum distribution of 12B shown in theupper part exhibits a single broad peak with amaximum located closed to the momentum corresponding to the incident beam velocity. The spinpolarization observed is shown in the lower partof Fig. 2, as a function of the momentum. The
size of polarization takes a maximum value near
the peak of the momentum distribution while thesign stays negative in the whole range of momentum. The result for 13B is similar to that for 12B.
This momentum dependence of the polarization
is different from that ·obtained. 14N + 197Au at
40MeV /u. 2) Up to now we have not yet attained
a full understanding of the observed behaviors of* NSCL, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
48824, U.S.A.

* * Institut de Physique Nucleaire, B.P. 1, 91406 Orsay,
France.

Momentum (MeV/c)

Fig. 2. Experimental result. The spin polarization(lower part) and the yield (upper part) 12B are shown
as a function of outgoing momentum.

polarization. Clearly, futher extent ion of measurement at, e.g., different reaction channels andenergies is necessary. Recently, we measured
spin polarization of 12B and 13B in 15N + X reactions (X,=AI, Nb, Tb, Au) at 70 MeV lu. Data
Analysis is now in progress.
References
1) T. Kubo et at.: This Report, p. 96.
2) K. Asahi et at.: RIKEN Accet. Prog. Rep., 23, 18(1989) .

15
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·1·6.

Negative Pion Production in Subthreshold Nuclear Collisions
T. Suzuki, N. Inabe, T. Nakagawa, K. Yoshida, and I. Tanihata(NUCLEAR REACTION, 14N(C,Jt-)X, measured on-(E); deduced slope factor.)
Inclusive Jt - spectra have been measured for
14N+C collisions at 67A, 80A and l35A MeV.
Experimental details can be found in Ref. 1.
Lorentz-invariant cross sections, (liP )d2 o/dfldE,
depend exponentially upon the pion energy in the
nucleon-nucleon c.m. frame with a inverse slope To
as indicated in Fig. 1. In Fig. 2 we plot the slope
factors To, for Jt- produced at (Jc.m. =90°, over awide range of the mass and beam energy.3) The
slope factor To decreases monotonously as thebeam energy decreases down to around 100A
Me V. However, the behavior seems to change
below 100A MeV, where To appears to flatten out
down to 25A Me V. Although a slight decrease in
the slope factor with beam energy is indeed
observed within a error bar, energy distributions
below 100A MeV are less steep than expectedfrom the monotonous decrease in the slope factor
down to 100A MeV. A recent BUU calculation
which includes both the ~~NJt channel and the tailportion of the momentum distribution originatingfrom short range correlations reproduces above
behavior. 4)

60•

present studyo C + C
XLa+La

-.
~ 40

<>

Ne + NaF>:<

O+Al -+ 7ft + X

f

::a

'-"
0

~

,

tI

20

!

i

!~

!
50

100

500

1000

beam energy (MeVlu)
10 1..........

0>>
<L>

es..

100

To" 15.6 MeV
135MeV/u

10- 1

rn

...........

.a

$

10- 2

ril

'0
C
'0

...........

Fig. 2. Slope factor, To, for n- spectra at Oc.m. = 90°,
plotted as a function of beam energy for a variety oftargets and projectiles, at beam energies between 41 and800A MeV. For comparison, the apparent temperature
deduced from nO transverse momentum spectrum, (doldp .L), assuming the isotropic emission with d3 0/dp3 oc
exp( - TJrIT0) in the frame where the pion source is at
rest, are also plotted. The n- data are from Refs. 1,2,
and the present study. The nO data are taken from Ref. 2.

10-3

.P

'0

..........

Po-...........

References

10-4

.-i

10- 5

0

50

100

150

T1fc.m·(MeV)
Fig. 1. Lorentz-invariant cross sections, (liP )d 2 o/dlldE,
for inclusive n- production in 14N + C collision, at energies indicated. Only statistical errors are shown in theplot. To is the slope factor when the cross sections areparameterized by exp( - T ,iTo).

1) T. Suzuki et at.: Phys. Lett. B, (1991), in press.
2) G.R. Young et at.: Phys. Rev., C33, 742 (1986); J.
Stachel et al.: ibid., p.1420.
3) I. Tanihata et ai.: Phys. Lett., 87B, 349 (1979); S.
Nagamiya et at.: Phys. Rev., 24, 971 (1981); Phys. Rev.
Lett., 48, 1780 (1982); T. Johansson et at.: ibid., 48,
732 (1982); V. Bernard et at.: Nucl. Phys., A422, 511(1984); J. Miller et at.: Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 2408
(1987); ibid., 59, 519 (1987).
4) K. Niita et ai.: Nucl. Phys., (1991), in press.

16
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·1·7.

Target Dependence of Surface Muon Yields in Heavy Ion Reactions
K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, K. N agamine, R. Kadono, A. Matsushita,
H. Kitazawa, Y. Miyake, and E. Torikai
NUCLEAR REACTION, pion production, measured sur-)( face muon yield.

Muon is an elementary particle that has many
applied fields such as ,uSR and ,uCF. We started
to investigate the production of surface muons invarious targets using a 14N beam of 135 MeV lu
from RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. Since surface
muons are produced from decay of positive pions
produced in nuclear reactions and stopped near
the surface skin of a production target, lowenergy pions (below 10 Me V) mostly contributeto the surface muon production. Thus surface
muon is a sensitive probe for the investigation of
low-energy pion production.
In this experiment, muons were transported
through a "Large (2," beam course and wereidentified by a counter system reported in Ref. 1.
Experimental muon yield divided by the numberof target nuclei is expected to give a value whichis almost proportional to the cross section of
low-energy « 10 MeV) pion production. The
result is shown in Fig. 1.
In order to understand the target mass dependence of the muon yield, we carried out a MonteCarlo calculation on the yield of surface muons
500

,, "

5

10

50

100

Target Mass Number

Fig. 1. Number of detected muons normalized by the
number of nuclei in a target. The three lines show
calculated results for three values of inverse slope
constant To of 15 MeV (dashed line), 25 MeV (solid line),and 35 Me V (dashed dotted line) with an arbitrarily
chosen value of S1l: =9,ub.

on the basis of the following model of pion
production. 1 - 4)(1) The total pion-production cross section
depends on the projectile mass number and thetarget mass number, S7l'(A p A T ) 2/3, where S7l' is anormalized cross section.
(2) Pion is emitted from a hot nucleus
produced as a result of projectile-target collision,
where the number of participating nucleons canbe obtained from the values listed in Table 1 ofRef. 2. A pion emission angle is isotropic in theframe moving with a pion source (PS frame).
(3) Pion kinetic energy distribution is anexponentially decreasing function with aninverse slope constant To in the PS frame. 3)
Three different values of To (15, 25, and 35
MeV) were used to cover the uncertainty of thisvalue. The Coulomb interaction of positive pion
with the pion source was included as a final pionenergy shift. 4)
Result of the calculation is shown in Fig. 1.
The scale of the lines calculated relative to theexperimental data was chosen arbitrarily with
S 7l' = 9 ,u b. We found that the conversion efficiency of the produced pions into surface muonsis almost independent of the target mass number,as far as To is taken independent of the target,
and, thus, the surface muon yield calculated isalmost proportional to the pion production crosssection. The measured muon yield is flattened forheavier targets, while it seems consistent with
AT213 dependence for lighter targets. Although
this tendency is in qualitative agreement with 7t 0
and 7t+ data obtained at lower projectile
energies,3.4) the descrepancies from AT2/3 seems to
be more pronounced in our case. This might
indicate the effects characteristic of low energy
pion emission such as pion reabsorption.
References
1) K. Ishida et at.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 23. 26(1989) .
2) M. Prakash et at.: Phys. Rev., C33, 937 (1986).
3) ]. Stachel et at.: ibid., p. 1420.
4) V. Bernard et at.: Nucl. Phys., A423. 511 (1984).

17
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·1·8.

Identification of Z near 30 Nuclei

M. Yanokura, H. xu, C. Alok, X. Bai, M. Fujimaki,
N. Inabe, K, Kimura, T. Kubo, H. Kwnagai,
T. Nakagawa, T. Suzuki, M. Tapan, and I. Tanihata(NUCLEAR REACTIONS 20 A MeV 64Zn + Be, particle identification.]
A Be target of 17.2 mg/cm2 was bombarded witha beam of 20.11A MeV and 20 enA 64Zn20+ provided by RRC with' RILAC as an injector. The purpose of the experiment is to observe .T z = - 112
exotic nuclei such as 6lGa, 63Ge, and 65As. In thisZ region, it is difficult to get good particle identification. Our detecting system and the identification
abilities of the system are briefly presented as follows.
To determine the charge state, atomic numbers,
and masses of the reaction products, we used a
detector telescope with RIPS l ) at the RRC facility.
The detector telescope, consisting of a PPAC, aMUSIC,2) and a Position Sensitive Silicon Detector(PSSD) was positioned behind the F3 plane of
RIPS. The Time-of-Flight (TOF) was measured byusing the RF signal of the cyclotron and PPAC. The
flight path was 2,779.6 cm. A .1E detector is a
MUSIC operated in an ionization chamber mode.
The chamber was 50 em in sensitive length and wasfilled with 76 Torr PIO gas. Remaining energy wasmeasured with a PSSD of 45 mm x 45 mm x 300/Lm after MUSIC.
The identification abilities of this detecting system were shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
180~-----------------------,

180~-----------------------,

60

120

180

240

b. E (CHANNEL)

Fig. 2. TOF VS. .1E contour plot. It shows the resolutionof atomic numbers. The scales are similar to Fig. 1. BothA - 2q line and Z line are indicated on the plot.

Figure 1 refers to the contour plot of TOF VS. E(total). Here a slight conversion of plot was madeso that all the events for each q or Z appear almost
on a vertical line. A similar treatment was also
made in Fig. 2, which shows a TOF vs . .1E contour plot which stands for Z distribution. The calibration points of q, Z, and A on the contour plots
were obtained from a wedge shaped AI target run
using the primary beam. Under the conditions mentioned above, an atomic number resolution of az =O.24e at Z = 30 and a charge state resolution of
a q = 0.26e at q = 30 were obtained. The resultant
A resolution in conbination with RIPS was about aA--- 0.26.
In conclusion, the identification has been carriedout successfull for the nuclei of Z near 30.
References

60

120

180

240

E (total) (CHANNEL)

Fig. 1. TOF VS. E (total) contour plot. It shows the resolution of charge states. From outside to inside, the counts
are 2, 4, 10, 50, and 360 respectively. Both A-2q line
and q line are indicated on the plot.

1) T. Kubo, M. Ishihara, et ai.: Proc. 1st Int. Conf. onRadioactive Nucl. Beams, Univ. California at Berkeley
and Lawrence Lab., Berkeley, California, Oct., p. 563(1989).
2) K. Kimura et ai.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 23, 97(1989).

18

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-1-9.

First Observation of a Proton-Rich Isotope 65As

H. Xu, M. Yanokura, C. Alok, X. Bai, M. Fujimaki,
N. Inabe, K. Kimura, T. Kubo, H. Kumagai,
T. Nakagawa, T. Suzuki, M. Tapan, and I. Tanihata
NUCLEAR REACTIONS 20A MeV 64Zn + Be, particle 1[ identification; search for proton-rich isotope 65As.
Establishing the limits of the particle stability for
nuclei has been a goal of experimentalists for many
years. Theoretical estimates predicated that up to
8,000 nuclides might lie within the boundaries ofthe particle stability of nuclei. Among them, only
about 2,000 nuclides have been identified. This fieldstill receives an increasing amount of attention.
A number of exotic nuclei were observed withthe advent of the intermediate and high energy
heavy ion accelerators. 1-4) Most of them were produced by projectile fragmentation. However, it is
now widely recognized that in the energy domainof tens to a hundred MeV per nucleon, the clean
picture of high energy fragmentation can not yet beapplied. Mean field effcts are still important and aso-called fragmentation peak originates in fact fromthe superposition of various processes: transfer
reactions, direct breakup, sequential breakup, andmixtures of these mechanisms. As for the nuclei of
30 < Z < 34, moreover, there seem no suitablestable nuclei for the projectiles to produce theirunobserved isotopes in a proton-rich side via projectile fragmentation. This is because the isotopes
to be searched lie far from the stability line. In thepresent work, the relatively proton-rich stable nucleus 64Zn was chosen as a projectile to produce
unobserved proton-rich isotopes in this Z region by
few-nucleon transfer reactions.
The experiment was carried out on RIPS. 5) A Be
target of 17.2 mg/cm2 was bombarded with a beamof 20.11A MeV 64Zn20+ provided by RRC withRILAC as an injector. Under these conditions, anatomic number resolution of Oz = 0.24 at Z = 30
and a mass resolution of OA = 0.26 at A = 60 wereobtained. Data were accumulated in a 4-h period,
during which a primary beam intensity was ~ 6 x
109 particle/so
By taking the data corresponding to Z = 33 andA - 2q = 1, we have a histogram of E (total) as
displayed in Fig. 1. There "appear only two peaks
which are 65AS 32 + and 67AS 33 +, respectively. Thisis the first observation of a proton-rich isotope

A - 2q = 1

8

2=33

j
A = 65 67

~50

165

180

195

210

225

E (total) (CHANNEL)

Fig. 1. Histogram of the data from only A - 2q = 1 line
and Z = 33 corresponding to TOF vs. E (total) contour
plot. Only two peaks appear due to the ± 5% rigidity
acceptance. They are 65As32 + and 67As33 +. Isotope 65As
are observed first time (as indicated by the arrow).

65As.
For clarifying the faithfulness of the ovservationconsideration should be given to a possible con~taminant arising from the neighboring peak of Z =32. If a Gaussian distribution is assumed to hold foreach Z, the contamination infiltrated into the peakof Z = 33 accounts for 2.7% of the peak of Z =32 according to the Z resolution. It is much lessthan the events of Z = 33.
References
1) V. V. Volkov: Treatise of Heavy-Ion Science, 8, 101(1989).
2) A. C. Muller et al.: Nucl. Phys. A, 455, 149 (1986).
3) J.A. Musser and J.D. Stevenson: Phys. Rev. Lett., 53,
2544 (1984).
4) F. Pougheon et al.: Z. Phys. A, 327, 17, (1987).
5) T. Kubo, M. Ishihara et al.: Proc. 1st Int. Conf.
on Radioactive Nucl. Beam, Univ. of California at
Berkeley and Lawrence Lab. Berkeley, California,
16-18 Oct., p. 563 (1989).

19
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-1-10.

Coulomb Excitation of Unstable Nucleus 76Kr

Y. Gono, M. Oshima, H. Kusakari, T. Murakami, and M. Sugawara
NUCLEAR REACTIONS 9Be(oGe,3n) 76 Kr, 208Pb(6Kr, 76 Kr[. E(oGe) = 320 MeV; measured E y.
y Rays from the Coulomb excitation of an unstable nucleus 76Kr were observed for the firsttime. The nucleus 76Kr was produced by the9Be(oGe, 3n) 76Kr reaction under the conditions asfollows; (1) A 70Ge beam of 320 MeV was delivered by JAERI tandem accelerator. (2) Targets
were 1.5 mg/cm2 9Be for production and 2 mg/cm2
208Pb for Coulomb excitation. (3) The 9Be target
was surrounded with 19 BaF2 crystals. (4) The
annular plastic detector (PS) segmented into four
was used to detect 76Kr scattered by Pb. (5) y
Rays emitted from Coulomb-excited 76Kr were
measured by 4 HPGe's shielded with a 20 cm Pbfrom the 9Be target. Under these conditions the
kinetic energy of the secondary beam of 76Kr was
estimated as 185±21 MeV. The y rays emitted by
Coulomb excitation were measured in coincidencewith TOF signals between PS and BaF2.
The 424 keY y ray of the 2+ ~O+ transition in
76Kr is clearly seen in Fig. 1. This peak is concluded to originate from Coulomb excitation of 76Kr
on the basis of the facts that (1) the peak energy
was 424 keY after the reasonable Doppler shift correction (424 ke V y rays from other origins shouldhave different Doppler shift) and (2) the yield of thispeak was consistent with that estimated for thepresent experimental setup using a known halflife. 1)

'y),1

600
Q)

c
c

co

<5 400........

!l
c
::l

o

u

200

Energy (keV )Fig. 1. Doppler corrected y-ray spectrum of Coulombexcited 76Kr. Peaks from activities, 511, 804, and 847
keY, resulted in three peaks because of the Doppler shiftcorrections made for three different angles between Ge's
and PS's.

This is a first successfull experiment of Coulomb
excitation of unstable nucleus and may open a new
possibility of an application of unstable nucleus
beams.
References
1) E. Nolte et ai.: Z. Phys., 268, 267 (1974).

20
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-1-11. Isomer Decay of 136Ce Studied by GARISY. Gono, T. Murakami, H. Kusakari, M. Oshima,
K. Morita, A. Yoshida, and H. Kumagai
NUCLEAR REACTIONS 9Bee 32 Xe, 5n), EIA=7.0 MeV; Gas Filled Recoil Ion 1[ Separator; measured Ey, Iy, y y-coin, deduced B(El)IB(E2).
Delayed y rays in 136Ce were measured by using
the 9Be(132Xe,5n)136Ce reaction. A 7.0 MeV/u
132Xe beam was delivered by RRC. The reaction
product 136Ce was collected to a Pb catcher after
the separation of the 132Xe beam by a gas-filled ion
separator, GARIS. 1)
y- Ray spectra taken at a 9Be target and thecatcher positions are shown in Fig. l(A) and (B),respectively. The 683.1 keV peak in (B) was found
for the first time and was assigned as the transition
between the 8+ and 7- states in 136Ce, as shownin Fig. 2, on the basis of a y-y coincidence measurement. The intensity of the y ray was found tobe 1.2 % of the 552.1 ke V y ray of the 2+ ~ 0+transition. The yield corresponds to "'-' 0.3% ofB.....l

ILl

Z
Z

<
:r:
u
"'(f)
f--<

Z

:::>
o
u

3095.1 -tf.JI0:--+-.--_2.2J./S
2990.1104.9--:1---1978.6

2+---t-552.1.::....

Fig. 2.

Partial level scheme of 136Ce.

the total yield of 136Ce since the isomer ratio of
the 10+ isomer was obtained to be 0.22 in thepresent experiment. This 'Y ray yield is the sameorder of magnitude as that of the weakest y rayso far observed even with the elaborated compton
suppressed multidetector system.
The ratios B(E1: 8+ ---,» 7-)IB(E2: 8+ ---,» 61 +)and B(E1: 8+ ---,» 7- )IB(E2: 8+ ---,» 62+) werededuced to be 4.3x10- 5 and 2.2x10- 4 fm- 2,
respectively. They are relatively large comparedwith those of other nuclei. 2) This point will be discussed in a forthcoming paper. 3)
References

Fig. 1. y-ray spectra taken at the target position (A) andthe catcher position (B).

1) K. Morita et ai.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 21, 155(1987).
2) e.g. Y. Gono et ai.: Phys. Lett., 49B, 338 (1974).
3) T. Murakami et ai.: submitted to]. Phys. Soc. jpn.

21
RIKEN AcceL Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·1·12.

'Y·Vibrational States in 164Dy

M. Oshima, H. Kusakari, M. Sugawara, T. Inamura, A. Hashizume,
H. Kumagai, S. Ichikawa,* and H. Iimura*
NUCLEAR REACTIONS 164Dy(58Ni, 58Ni'y), E=240 J[ MeV; measured Ey, particle-y angular correlation.
The 164Dy nucleus is known to be well deformed and to have a one-phonon y-vibrational state at the lowest excitation energy
in this mass region. Thus this nucleus is best
suited for the study of the y-vibrational mode in
deformed nuclei. An important question iswhether two phonon y-vibrational states exist ornot. 1 - 4) No definite evidence for two phonon
y-vibrational states in deformed nuclei have so
far been provided experimentally. Because ofthis, we have made a multiple-Coulombexcitation experiment on 164Dy.
164Dy was multiply Coulomb-excited with abeam of 240-MeV 58Ni obtained from the JAERI
tandem accelerator. The target 164Dy was a selfsupporting metallic foil of 1.8 mg/ cm 2 in thickness (95% isotopically enriched). Deexcitation
y rays were observed with four Comptonsuppressed y-ray spectrometers (RIKEN BGOACS)5) in coincidence with recoiled target atoms
and scattered projectiles detected with four
PP ACs (Parallel Plate Avalanche Counter).
PP ACs were placed symmetrically with respect
to the beam, surrounding the target, so that they
covered forward as well as backward angles.
The size of PPAC was 10 cm x 10 cm, and the
distance between the center of the PP AC window
and the target was 7 em. PPACs detected recoiled
particles as well as scattered ones, and provided
the position signals of the particles. The timing
signals from PP ACs were used to distinguishbetween the two. The observed y-ray spectra
were corrected for Doppler shifts kinematicallyby using the position signals.
Figure 1 shows a Doppler-corrected spectrum
corresponding to the backward scattering of the
projectiles. We observed members of the groundstate rotational band up to 18+ and of the y band
up to 12+. The transition from a two-phonon
y-vibrational state to a one-phonon state is,however, not observed in the energy range of
750-1100 keV, which corresponds to the excitation energy of the two-phonon state at 2.0-2.5
times higher than that of the one-phonon state.
Because the Coulomb-excitation cross section* Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute at Tokai.

10

200

400

600

800

Y- Ray Energy (keY)

Fig. 1. Doppler-corrected y-ray spectrum observed incoincidence with backward-scattered projectiles in
multiple Coulomb excitation 164Dy (58 Ni, 58Ni') at E =240 MeV.

is a direct function of B (E2), the upper limit of
the unobserved y-ray intensity gives that of the
B (E2; 4rr~2y) value. The estimation shows that
B (E2; 4yy~2y) :::;;;2.5 W.U. Several theoreticalinvestigations predicted rather large B (E2) values for a neighboring well-deformed nucleus
168Er: for example, self-consistent collectivecoordinates analysis done by Matsuo et al.
predicted 9 W.u. for this value;!) also Yoshinaga
et al. predicted 7 W.u. based on an interacting
boson mode1. 2 ) In 164Dy, however, it can be said
that a two-phonon y-vibrational state with large
collectivity does not exist in the energy region
between 2.0 and 2.5 times that of the one-phonon
y-vibrational state.
A large scale analysis 6) is under way to determine precisely the /3- and y-deformations for the
ground and y band as a function of spin.
References
1) M. Mastuo and K. Mastuyanagi: Prog. Theor. Phys.,
74, 1227 (1985); 76, 93 (1986); and 78, 591 (1987).
2) N. Yoshinaga et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett., 56, 1116 (1986).
3) V.G. Soloviev: E4-87-795, Dubna (1987).
4) M.K. Jammari and R. Piepenbring: NucZ. Phys., A487,
77 (1988).
5) M. Fukuda et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 18, 152(1984) .
6) for example, D. Cline: Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., 36,
681 (1986).

22
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-1-13. Study of the Decay Property of 2°Na
-Onset Mechanism of the Rapid-Proton ProcessS. Kubono, Y. Funatsu, N. Ikeda, M.H. Tanaka, T. Nomura, T. Kubo,
N. Inabe, T. Ichihara, M. Ishihara, M. Ohura, H. Orihara, S. Kato,
H. Okuno, S. Shimoura, K. Asahi, H. Ohnuma, and T. Kajino
NUCLEAR STRUCTURE, 2°N a, Radioactive beam of J
( 2°Mg, Explosive hydrogen burning.
The rapid-proton (rp) process,l) which willtake place in high-temperature, hydrogen-richstellar sites such as in novae and super novae, is
expected to involve many proton-rich unstable
nuclei. However, the nuclear structures are often
not well known of these nuclei. It should be
worthwhile to check experimentally the key
nuclear reactions for nucleosynthesis scenarios
in nuclear astrophysics. Some scenarios are still
standing on rather fragile bases in a sense of
nuclear physics.
Recently,considerable efforts have been madefor investigating experimentally the breakout
process from the hot-CNO cycle,2) which leads tothe onset of the rp-process. The main sequence ofthe breakout process is considered to be 150 (a,y) 19N e (p, y) 2°N a. 1,3) Al though the nuclear structure of 2°Na is so crucial for this process, it wasalmost unknown until recently.4) We haveidentified 5 - 7) many new levels by the (3He, t) and(p, n) reactions on 2°Ne, including a possible
s-wave resonant state (1+) at 2.637 MeV whichis the first excited state above the proton threshold. The stellar reaction rate of the 19Ne(p, y)
2°Na process calculated 6 ) based on these experimental results is about two orders of magnitudelarger than the previous theoreticalpredictions,I,3) suggesting the onset temperatureof the rp-process to be about a factor of two
smaller than those predicted before. However,these are some assumptions made for this estimate which are the same as in Ref. 3. To learn
the mechanism and the absolute temperature of
the onset of the rp-process, the decay property of
2°N a has to be studied, especially the widths for
proton and gamma decays as well as the total
widths of the states near and above the proton
threshold.
A test experiment was performed to investigate the decay property of the threshold states in
2°Na by using the projectile fragment separator
RIPS in the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron Facility.

Specifically, the decay property of the crucial
threshold state, the 2.637 Me V 1+ state, waspartly studied.
The secondary beam of 2°Mg was produced
from the 24Mg induced fragmentation process,and separated by using the RIPS. The primarybeam energy was set to 100 MeV lu. The secondary beam had high contaminations of otherbeams, especially of IBN e. On the focal plane F3of the RIPS, 2°Mg particles were stopped in anarray of silicon detectors of 100 tlm, in which the
decay protons were measured. Two Ge detectors
were also set for gamma decay measurement at
90°. The beta counter made of three sets of L1 E - E
plastic-scintillator telescopes covers about 70%
around the silicon detector array. Because of the
low intensity of the secondary beam and thesevere contamination of other particles, only the
proton decay was measured.
In the preliminary result of the experiment,
Several sharp peaks were observed in the proton
spectrum. Even the proton decay information
will give an insight to the nuclear structure aswell as the resonance property of the states ofinterest.
. To confirm these preliminary results, a final
experiment will be performed soon with better
setups.
References
1) R. Wallace and S.E. Woosley: Astrophys. j., Suppt., 45,389 (1981).
2) R.R. Caughlan and W.A. Fowler: Nature Phys. Sci.,
238, 23 (1972).
3) K. Langanke et at.: Astrophys. I., 301, 629 (1986).
4) F. Ajzenberg-Selove: Nucl. Phys., A475, 1 (1987).
5) S. Kubono et at.: Z Phys., A331, 359 (1988).
6) S. Kubono et at.: Astrophys. j., 344, 460 (1989).
7) S. Kubono et at.: Proc. Int. Symp. on Heavy Ion
Physics and Nuclear Astrophysical Problems, World
Scientific Pub. (Singapore), ed. S. Kubono et at., p. 83(1989) .

23
RUffiN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-1-14.

Nuclear Polarization of 33Si with Optical
Pumping in Solids

K. Shimomura, T. Nakamura, H. Okuno, M. Koizumi, S. Hamada,N. Inabe, I. Ogawa, K. Suzuki, M. Wada, H. Sunaoshi,
Y. Fukashiro, T. Murayama, T. Kohmoto, T. Shinozuka,
T. Kubo, K. Asahi, T. Inamura, M. Ishihara,
M. Fujioka, and S. Matsuki
NUCLEAR REACTION 4°Ar+ 9 Be, E(4°Ar)=80 MeV Inucleon; optical pumping in solids GaAs; measured f3-ray
asymmetry from 33Si nuclei; deduced nuclear polarizationof 33Si.
Recently much interests have been focussed
onto the structure of light neutron-rich isotopes(Ne to Si) with neutron numbers N around 20; it
has been suggested from a number of experimental and theoretical investigations that, in thisregion, the neutron magic number may not be 20
and some nuclei with N around 20 may be
deformed.
In order to clarify the situation on this interesting suggestion, it is important to accumulate
more detailed experimental data on the nuclei inthis region. As part of the experimental program
to study the structure of nuclei around thisregion, we tried to polarize 33Si isotopes implanted into GaAs crystal by optical pumping insolids,l) thereby measuring the nuclear magnetic
moment from the radiation-detected magnetic
resonance.
Schematic diagram of the experimental system
for the optical pumping in soilds is shown in Fig.
1. The isotopes 33Si were produced by a projectile
fragmentation process with the interaction of a
80 MeV I n Ar beam and a Be target. After mass
separated with the mass separator RIPS at
RIKEN, the isotopes 33Si were implanted into a
GaAs crystal cooled to about 20 K by contact
with liquid He. The implantation rate of theisotope was about 3,400 S-l.
The GaAs crystal containing the implanted
33Si was irradiated with circularly polarizedlaser light to get the spin polarization of electrons excited from the valence band to the conduction band. Through the hyperfine interactions
between the excited electrons and the donor
nucleus of implanted 33Si, the nuclear spin of 33Si
can also be polarized. 2) The pumping source used
for this optical pumping is a Ti-sapphire laser
excited with an Ar-ion laser. The degree ofpolarization was measured by detecting the

dER

dEL

Cdimator
Degrader]..... ~ .....

t.... ~.:t) o

,,
ER

dJ

\
\

,,

\

El

I

I
I
I

/

GaAs

Mirrorrf-coilFig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental system
OPERA for on-line optical pumping in solids.

asymmetry of emitted beta-rays distribution
with a pair of CaF 2(Eu) scintillation-counter telescope set along the magnetic field, one in front ofand the other behind the sample. The asymmetry
measured under a 2.5 KOe magnetic field isshown in"Fig. 2 as a function of the wavelengthof the exciting light. Nuclear polarization wasachieved only at a narrow region of laser wavelength, consistent with the expectation that only
the laser light in that wavelength region canreach the implanted 33Si isotopes. The measured
asymmetry corresponds to t~e nuclear polarization of about 2%. This value is appreciable and24

K. Shimomura et at.
(i Asymmety

1. 0 ,...---r----r1--r---1r--""'T"'""""---r"1- , . . - - - ,I---r-----,

~
8

0.5

t ~t t-j

0.01--- + - - - . l . . . . - - - - - - - - - + - -----l

8

>.
C/l

-<

-0.5

844

846

848

850

852

Wave Length(nm)Fig. 2. f3-rays asymmetry from 33Si measured as a function of the wavelength of exciting laser light.

was obtained for the first time for unstable isotopes by the optical pumping in semiconductormaterials.
References
1) K. Shimomura et at.: Phys. Rev. C42, R487 (1990).
2) Optical Orientation, eds., F. Meier and B. Zakharchenya, North-Holland (1984).

25
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-1-15.

Cross Sections of 209Bi(40Ar, a xn)245-XEs Reactions

T. Nomura, K. Morita, T. Inamura, A. Yoshida, M. Koizumi,
Y. Nagai, T. Toriyama, H. Miyatake, Y. Fujita, M. Fujioka,
T. Shinozuka, M. Wada,* H. Kudo, K. Sueki, Y. Hatsukawa,
S. Kubono, N. Ikeda, and R. Saintola
NUCLEAR REACTION 209Bi+ 4°Ar, E(40Ar) =5.2 MeV/
nucleon; collected reaction products with gas-filled separator; measured a decays; deduced fY for (4°Ar, axn) and(4°Ar, a2n).
The (HI, axn) reaction, in which precompounda particle emission takes place, is shown tooccur significantly even near the Coulomb barrier in an 4°Ar induced reaction on 209Bi. Becasue
the a emission can efficiently cool down a highly
excited nucleus both in energy and angularmomentum, it is considered to be very effective
for production of fissile nuclei like superheavy
elements (SHE).
The above phenomenon has been known tooccur significantly when relatively light heavy
ions up to A = 22 are bombarded. In the case of
an 4°Ar projectile, the heaviest system known so
far is the l8lTa (40Ar, axn) 2l7-xAc reaction, in
which the cross sections of interest have been
comparable to the case of the lighter projectiles.
However, the residual nuclei produced in thisreaction are located at the beginning of theactinide species far from the SHE region inwhich we are interested in. Therefore, we haveconsidered it worthwile to measure cross sections of the 209Bi_ (40 Ar, axn) 245-xEs reactions inorder to see whether this type of reaction can bepromising for the search of SHE.
The present measurement has been done by20

using the gas-filled separator (GARIS) at the
RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. A 209Bi target of about 1
mg/cm 2 thickness backed with a thin Al plate
was placed 70 cm upstream from the field boundary of a dipole magnet of the GARIS and was
bombarded with pulsed 10 MeV /u 4°Ar ions. A
typical pulse duration was 10 s with a repition
frequency of 0.05 Hz. The effective bombarding
energy after the target backing was set to be 5.2
MeV /u. A Si-detector having a 2,000 mm 2 effective area was positioned at the focal plane of the
GARIS. Alpha decays of the residual nuclei implanted onto the Si detector were measured
during a beam-off period. The assignment of theobserved a decays was done on the basis of themeasured energies and lifetimes.
Figure 1 shows a part of the observed a spectra.
The 7 . 893 MeV peak has been assigned to 243Es
produced in the 209Bi(40Ar, a2n) reaction, while
two peaks with Ea=7.163 and 7.213 MeV havebeen assigned to 244Cf produced by the EC decayof 244Es made in the (4°Ar, an) reaction. The
present result yields the following cross sections;fY an = 44±15 nb and fY a2n= 36±15 nb.

-r--------------,~

209BI + 40Ar (5. I MeV/u)
pul .... beem
delay ... ; 1 '" 0.••~20
pul.edbellm

15t

dor.yod: 1.0.' •

.

15

:.;

244cr

";:"i 10

...

.'0
;:

~5

g

...
0

~

,..;

8.00

8.50

9.00

Alpha Energy (MeV)

0
7.00

7.25

Alph. Energy (MeV)

Fig. 1. A part of a spectra observed in the 209Bi + 40Ar reaction.

* CycIotoron and Radioisotope Center, Tohoku Univ.

7.50

26
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-1-16.

A Measurement of Pion Absorption at 1 GeV Ic
on a Few-Nucleon System

I. Nomura, I. Arai,*1 T. Fukuda, H. Kitayama,*1 P. Kitching, *2
T. Kobayashi, K. Maeda, H. Matsuyama, *3 T. Nagae, *4 Y. Nagasaka, *1
M.A. Prokhvatilov, *5 V.1. Rasin, *5 D. Rowntree, *6 M. Sekimoto, *4
T. Suda, K. Tomizawa, *1 S. Veno, *1 and K. Waki*1
NUCLEAR REACTION 4He, 12C(7l'+, pp) , (7l'+, pn), P7l' = J[ 1 GeVI c, pion absorption.
Pion absorption on a nucleon pair (two-bodyabsorption) in the GeV region can be a goodprobe to study short range correlations in nuclei
due to the large momentum transfer. In thisenergy region, however, the measurement has
been made only for a deuteron target. The(7l'+, pp) and (7l'+, pn) cross sections for 4He and
12C have been measured at P7l'=lGeV Ic. We
intend to obtaion information about short range
correlations for T=l pairs as well as T=O pairs.
We chose 4He as a target because of its highdensity compared with other nuclei, expecting
higher momentum components between two nucleons.
The experiment was done at the 7l'2 beam line

Fig. 1. Schematic view of an experimental setup.

* 1 Institute of Physics, University of Tsukuba.
*2 Nuclear Research Center, University of Alberta and
TRIUMF.
*3Laboratory of Nuclear Science, Tohoku University.
UInstitute for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo (INS).
*5Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Science(INR) and INS.
*6Department of Physics and Laboratory for Nuclear
Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Table. 1. Angular ranges measured with setup 1 and 2.
_ _ _ _ _ _--cfowa:rd-:--_ _ _ _b_ a_ck_w_a----'
rd_ _ __

setup 1
setup 2

5-23 degrees
17 -35 degrees

110-170
80-140degreesdegrees(internal target) of the KEK 12GeV Proton
Synchrotron, which delivers 10 5 7l'+ Ispill withenergies higher than those at existing meson
factories (up to 500 MeV). Figure 1 shows theexperimental setup, and the angular ranges
measured in this experiment are given in Table
l. Forward-going protons with high momentum
were measured by using a spectrometer consisting of a dipole magnet, five drift chambers (W15), and a hodoscope (FH). Backward-goingprotons and neutrons were detected with two
TOF walls, one made of 10 cm-thick plastic
scintillators and the other composed of a stack ofscintillators with a total thickness of 15 cm.
Flight paths were 2---3 m, and the angular resolution for backward nucleons was better than ±3
degrees. The thicknesses of the 4He and 12C
targets were 3.9 gl cm 2 and 6.6 gl cm2, respectively. The 4He target was a cylindrical container made of stainless steel, whose diameter
and window thickness were 230 mm and 0.5 mm,
respectively.
The measurement has been finished, and data
analysis is in progress.

27

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·1·17. Yields of Long·Lived Isotopes around A= 169 Producedin the 14N + 181Ta Reaction at E14N = 35 MeV/u
I. Nakamura, M. Azuma, T. Ishizuka, T. Inamura, H. Katsuragawa,
M. Koizumi, H. Kosuga, K. Shimomura, I. Sugai, M. Takami,
S. Matsuki, T. Murayama, K. Morita, and A. Yoshida(Experimental result, Target fragmentation, Yield of the isotopes.)
For our future experiments, collinear laser spectroscopy, the knowledge of the yields of theradioactive products fonned by nuclear reactions isvery important. This paper reports the yields of theradioactive products around the mass number
A = 169 produced by target fragmentation in the
14N+181Ta reaction at E N=35 MeV/u, measured
with the RIKEN GARIS system. 1)
The experimental setup basically uses a thintarget and an AI-catcher foil technique. The identification of radioactive isotopes produced were madefrom the energies of y rays and half-lives of the
products. The GARIS system was tuned so as toget maximum transmission efficiency for 169Hf. The
transmission efficiency of GARIS was 0.49±0.11 %
II

500

293

400
u

CI)

~ 300
~
•.;:3

ce 20073Ta~----:."c.===7 72 Hf

100

Y-----:,A-=~:!::::~-~---/ 71 Lu
JT------:;-r-------r'-----/---/----.I' 70 Ybo====~~-~-~~~-/@~

96

97

98

99

100 101~,~~.;:;..v!l.0~~

Neutron Number

Fig. 1. Distribution of the yields of long-lived isotopes produced by target fragmentation in the 14N + uHTa reaction
at E"N=35 MeV/u. An average beam intensity was 183
nA. The yields were given by the height on the N-Z
plane.

for the above mentioned target fragmentation
e4N+181Ta~169HO. The target thickness was 8.3
mg/cm 2 •Here we present the yields of isotopes produced
at the GARIS focus point of long-lived isotopes withhalf-lives longer than 1 hour. Figure 1 shows the
distribution of the yields of long-lived isotopes; thenumber at each top of the column shows the yield(particles/s) of each isotope. In this illustration, no
feeding correction for a sequential decay is
included. For the reason of above no feeding correction' the yields of 166Yb, 165Tm are larger thanthat of 169Lu.
The result that the neighbouring isotopes of amass difference M =12 (M =Atarget - Aisotope), forexample 169Lu, are most probable to be produced
is in agreement with a previously reported resultthat the isotopes with M = 10 are most probablein the 14N + 124Sn reaction at E l IN = 30 Me V/u. 2)
However, isotopes with atomic numbers larger thanthat of the target were not produced in the present
target fragmentation.
Finally, the cross section for the 14N + 181Ta~ 169Lu reaction is about 124 mb .
A further analysis including feeding correction
and the yield of short-lived isotopes is in progress.
References
1) K.

Morita, T. Inamura, K. Valli, T. Nomura, j.
Tanaka, H. Miyatake, K. Sueki, Y. Hatsukawa, M.
Fujioka, T. Shinozuka, K. Taguchi, H. Kudo, Y. Nagai,
T. Toriyama, H. Hama, M. Yoshii, and K. Furuno:
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 21, 155 (1987).
2) j. Blachot, j. Crancon, B. deGoncourt, A. Gizon, and
A. Lleres: Z. Phys. A: At. Nucl., 321, 645 (1985).

28

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-1-18.

Dynamical Collective Properties of Nuclei at Finite Temperature
S. Yamaji, H. Hofmann,* and A.S. lensen**(Large Scale Collective Motion, Linear Response Theory')

We derived a selfconsistent transport equation
for the nuclear collective motion, computed
transport coefficients for a fission, process, andfound that a Markovian approximation is a fairly good approximation for temperatures around
2 MeV.!) We then studied the validity of theMarkovian approximation in more detai1. 2)
In the present paper, we report a study of thetemperature-dependence of the collective vibrational motion of 20sPb within the frame workof our theory.

ical shape as a function of the e)j:citation energy
w for temperatures T = 0.5, 2, and 3 MeV in Fig.
1, and the energy-weighted sum as a function oftemperature in Fig. 2. To get the energyweighted sum, we fit the sum of two strength
functions of harmonic oscillator type X"(l)osc (w)and X "(2) osc (w) to the strength function
X"COIl (w). We then calculate the energy-weighted
sum Si by the relation Si = h 2 /2Mi k 2 , Mi and k
being the inertia of the i-th harmonic vibrationand the coupling constant, respectively.!)
208Pb

- _--

....... .....
w

100000
(MeV)

10
(MeV)

15

- ; r;o,, (w)- - - - x~!~)( Cl} ) + x~i~)(w)

T = 3.0MeV

w

(MeV)

Fig. 1. Strength Function for the quadrupole oscillationof 2osPb. The sum of the strength functions of harmonic
oscillator type X "(l)osc (Co) and X "(2)osc (Co) (dashedcurves) is fitted to the strength functions numericallycalculated X "COli (Co) (solid curve).

0=0.0

Fig. 2. Energy-weighted sum of 20sPb as a function oftemperature. S, and S2 correspond to the low and highmodes of collective oscillations, respectively. The dashed line shows the sum rule limit given by h2/2MIITotk2,
where Mlrrot is the inertia of an irrotational flow.

We find that the energy-weighted sum for ahigh mode (iso-scalar quadrupole resonance)
decreases with increasing temperature and thatall strength is concentrated in a low frequency
mode. This means that the vibrational inertia of
the slow motion becomes the one of irrotational
flow. Thus we can get rid of the defect that we
somtimes have a negative inertia at high temperature in the Markovian approximation.
References

We calculate the collective response function
whose imaginary part is the strength function.
We plot the strength function of 20sPb with spher-* Dep.

Physics, Technical University of Munich,Germany.
* * Insitute of Physics, University of Aarhus, Denmark.

1) S Yamaji, H. Hofmann, and R. Samhammer: Nucl.
Phys., A475, 487 (1988).
2) H. Hofmann, R. Samhammer, and S. Yamaji: Phys.
Lett., B229, 309 (1989).

29
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-1-19.

Dissociation Cross Sections of llLi

K. Soutome, S. Yamaji, and M. Sano
(dissociation of llLi, target-charge dependence, Glauber approximation.)
Recently, Kobayashi et at. 1) measured cross sections for the reaction l1Li + T(AT,ZT) ~ 9Li + X
where T = C, Cu, and Pb and reported unusual
target-charge dependence of the Coulomb dissociation cross section Oe (exp). In extracting Oe (exp) fromexperimental data o(exp ), they assumed that (i) the
nuclear dissociation cross section ON(exp) takes theform ON(exp ) = y{R(l1Li) + R(T)}, where R(A) isthe "interaction radius,,2) of a nucleus A and (ii)
Coulomb-nuclear interference can be neglected andhence o(exp) = Oe (exp) + ON(exp) , and (iii) Oe (exp) =o for T = C. With these assumptions they first
fixed y using the value of o(exp) for T = C and thencalculated ON(exp) for T = Cu and Pb from which
Oe (exp) = o(exp) ON (exp) can be estimated. In thisway, they obtained the target-charge dependenceoe(exp ) ex: Z T 1. 41 ±O.22, which deviates largely from
ZT2.

Assuming that 11Li consists of a 9Li core and twovalence neutrons and the core remains in its groundstate after collision, we can calculate the dissosciation cross section for the above process using
Glauber's formalism. Computational details are
given in Ref. 3 and here we show only numbericalresults in Fig. 1. Our nuclear cross section ON(dotted curve) shows a qualitative agreement withON (exp), while the total cross section 0 (dashedcurve) overestimates for a Pb target. This is dueto the fact that the effect of Coulomb-nuclear interference is - as expected - small and hence O-ON
is almost equal to the pure Coulomb cross section
0e, which rises as ZT2.
As discussed in detail in Ref. 4, however, theexponent of the Coulomb cross section Oe is suppressed for a high-ZT target if we take account of
the bending of a trajectory. The solid curve in Fig.

cr

(up)

!

tP ...••...•.......•~.•..•..•..........•..•..•..........~.: ..•..•..........

o~--~---L--~----~--~

o

100

ZOO

TARGET MASS NUMBER

Fig. 1. Dissociation cross sections calculated and measured for 11 Li. The dashed curve represents the total dissociation cross section 0 calculated by a harmonic oscillator model, 3) and open circles are the cross sections
measured O(exp ). Cross sections due to pure nuclear
interaction ON are also shown (dotted curve) together
with the experimental ON (exp ). The solid curve represents
the cross section 0 which takes bending effects into
account. 4)

1 includes this effect. In this case the ZT dependence of the Coulomb cross section becomes
ZTl. 75, closer to the experimental ZT dependence.
This shows the limits of the straight-line approximation, or the importance of the bending effect.
References
1) T. Kobayashi et al.: Phys. Lett., 232B, 51 (1990).
2) I. Tanihata et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett., 55, 2676 (1985).
3) K. Soutome, S. Yamaji, and M. Sano: RIKEN-AF-NP96 (1990).
4) K. Soutome, S. Yamaji, and M. Sano: in preparation.

30

RIKEN Acce!. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-1-20.

Induced Fission Studied with a Multi-Dimensional
Langevin Equation
T. Wada, Y. Abe, and N. Carjan *(Fission, multi-dimensional Langevin equation, kinetic energy distribution.)
Nuclear dissipative phenomena, such as deep
inelastic collisions, have been treated as nonequilibrium statistical problems. Slow collective
degrees of freedom with heavy masses are treatedas Brownian particles and fast nucleon degrees of
freedom as a heat bath. It is shown in Ref. 1) thatrecent developments in computers enabled us topractically solve a Langevin equation. As is wellknown, nuclear fission is a multi-dimensional collective motion. Some observable quantities are
expected to reflect multi-dimensional dissipative
dynamics. Thus it is very important to extend
Langevin approach to multi-dimensional cases.
A multi-dimensional Langevin equation is givenby

4 _dt Pi - -

av

1

a

aqi -"2 Pi aqi(many approximations. The potential V(q), the mass
tensor mi/q), and the friction tensor Yij(q) are calculated with a liquid drop model. :{) We adopt twobody dissipation mechanism in calculating Yij(q)with a viscosity coefficient JJ- = 0.02 TP = 1. 25
X 10- 2:{ MeV·s/fm:{. Figure 1 shows the calculated

N 150
<

~

.a 100
Q)

~

~

50

2

- I

);kPk

-Yij(m - l)jkPk +gijR/t)
I

fft qi = (m - )ijPj

3+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

r--~----------1(1)

where mij and Yij are the mass and friction tensor,
respectively. The multi-dimensional random force
R i(t) is assumed to be a white noise and its
strength gij is given by gikgjk = Ty ij, where T is
the temperature of a compound nucleus.
A characteristic aspect of the Brownian picture
for nuclear fission is a fluctuation of the fissioning
coordinate in the course of the descent from saddle
to scission, which are expected to strongly affectobservable quantities of fragments, such as kinetic
energy distrubution. The fragment kinetic energy is
calculated as the sum of the pre-scission kinetic
energy and the Coulomb energy between two fragments at scission. In one-dimensional treatment,. the variance of the kinetic energy comes only fromthe fluctuation of the pre-scission kinetic energy,
because the scission point is fixed. Calculated variance was found to be too small to explain experimental data. On the other hand, in a multi-dimensional treatment, the fluctuation of the scission
point causes the fluctuation of the Coulomb energy.
Several authors have already tried to explain thelarge variance by solving a multi-dimensional Fokker -Planck equation approximately and obtained
rather satisfactory results. 2 ) Here we directly solve
the multi-dimensional Langevin equation (1) without* Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires, Bordeaux-Gradignan, France.

!

!

!

I

!

!

!

!

I

!

!

2
Temperature (MeV)

!

!

I

!

3

Fig. 1. Average value of the fragment kinetic energy andits variance are compared with experiment for the symmetric fission of :J.uAt. Long dashed lines are for the prescission kinetic energy, short dashed lines are for the
Coulomb energy, and solid lines are for the total kinetic
energy. Experimental values are taken from Ref. 4).

average value of the fragment kinetic energy andits variance as a function of the nuclear temperature
for the symmetric fission of 213At. The agreement
between the theory and the experiment4 ) is very
good for the average value of the kinetic energy .
The calculated variance is found to be dominated by
the fluctuation of the Coulomb energy.
References
1) Y. Abe et ai.: j. de Phys. (Paris), 47, C4-329 (1986).
2) F. Scheuter et ai.: Phys. Lett., 149B, 303 (1984);
G. D. Adeev and V. V. Pashkevich: Nucl. Phys., A502,
405c (1989).
3) K.T.R. Davies et at.: Phys. Rev., C13, 2385 (1976);
H.J. Krappe et ai.: ibid., C20, 992 (1979).
4) F. Plasil et ai.: ibid., 142, 696 (1966).

31
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·1·21.

Approximate Ground State of the Lipkin Model Hamiltonianin Density·Matrix Formalism
M. Tohyama, P. Schuck, * and S.]. Wang**(Density matrix theory, ground state calculation, Lipkin model.)Recently realistic calculations based on an
extended time-dependent Hartree-F ock theory,
called the time-dependent density-matrix theory(TDDM), have been reported by one of the present
authors for the damping of giant resonances l ) andfor low-energy heavy-ion collisions. 2 ) The results of
the numerical calculations are quite encouraging:
TD DM reproduces the damping widths of isoscalar
quadrupole resonances and gives much larger massfluctuations in deep-inelastic heavy-ion collisions
than TDHF does. These numerical calculations,however, contain an inconsistency in the treatmentof the ground state: the HF ground state, which is
not compatible with the equations of motion of
TDDM, was used as an initial ground state. The
aim of this paper is to show the possibility of findinga stationary solution of TDDM using the Lipkinmodel as a model hamiltonian.
In the case of a stationary problem the TDDM
equations become the following equations for theoccupation matrix naf-\ and the two-body correlation
matrix Cal-\a'W:

used additional conditions and constraints fromeigenvalue-eigenstate problems and from the properties of reduced density matrices, which will be
discussed elsewhere.
Our method was tested for the Lipkin model. In
Fig. 1 the ground-state energy for an N = 4-1.8 . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,-2.0 +--=:::::-~--L:.:.-:.:.:.-~.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- ..
III~ -2.2-2.4";~-""'"".""-."
HF-2.6 +-~--.-___r-_.__----r-_.__----.--i
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

VIE
Fig. 1. Total energy of the Lipkin model as a function of
VIE for an N = 4 system.

system is compared with the exact value. The
TDDM ground state is better that the HF one.
However, a substantial part of the total energy is
missing in the TD DM result as compared with theexact one. The difference between the TDDM
result and the exact one may be attributed to theomission of a three-body correlation function C:~.
where B, P, and H describe the Born, particleparticle and particle-hole interaction tenns, respectively.l.2) It is important to note that the above
equations of motion are not sufficient to detennine
all the matrix elements of nal-\ and Cal-\(\'·w. We* Institut des Science Nucleaires, Grenoble, France.
* * Department of Modem Physics, Lanzhou University,
China.

References
M. Gong and M. Tohyama: Z. Phys., A335, lS:i
(1990).
2) M. Gong, M. Tohyama, and 1. Randrup: ibid., p. 331.
1)

32
RIKEN Aeeei. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-1-22. Energy and Baryon Number Densities in
Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
S. Date(multiple scattering model, event simulator, multipartic1e production.)
Heavy ion collisions at incident energies of 10
Ge VInucleon and above offer an unique opportunity
to study hadronic systems under extreme conditions. Lattice QCD simulations and effective theories show existence of color liberated and chiralsymmetry restored phase in equilibrated hadronicsystems at high energy density, £, and at highbaryon number density, p. The critical values ofthese densities have been estimated as £c=(2± 1)
GeV/fm3 and Pc=(5±5) Po, respectively, where Po
is the normal nuclear density. 1) Realization anddetection of the new phase of matter, quark-gluon
plasma, is one of the most stimulative subject inrecent heavy ion studies.
It is however a highly nontrivial problem todefine signatures of the new phase formation andrelate £ and p with experimentally observable quantities. The nontriviality is mainly due to the fact
that, regardless of the new phase formation, final
state particles are coming out from the system only
after suffering many interactions. We have no direct
way of observing intermediate states of the system.
Obviously, we need a concrete base to predictbackground samples and see through space-time
evolution of the system.
To approach the problem mentioned above, we
employ multichain model (MCM)2) as our base.
This model is a most conservative one in a sensethat nuclear collision process is described not inquark-string level but in nucleon level and that elementary nucleon-nucleon collision data are superposed as multiple scattering process proceeds inside colliding nuclei. The superposition is independent except for the energy momentum conservationand that inelasticity of leading nucleons is treatedas a free parameter. The model has proved its validity for proton-nucleus collisions and its power tostudy space-time structure of the collision process. 3)
In this rerort, we briefly discuss our calculations
and results 4 on £ and p achieved in heavy ion collisions. All calculations have been done with asimulator version of MCM. At very high energies
above 100 GeV/nucleon, hadronic systems produced in the central region are mainly composed of
secondary mesons and nucleons are far aside in the
fragmentation regions. This is due to finite formation time for secondary particles. Under this decoupIing of mesonic and baryonic contributions, theunique way of getting large values of £ is toincrease incident energy above 10 Te VInucleon,
which corresponds to RHIC energies, so that the
number of secondaries per each collisions becomes
sufficiently large. In particular, we have shown4)that the densities achieved in 200 GeVInucleon
S + S collisions are not sufficient to be critical. At
lower energies than 50 GeV/nucleon, a finite contribution of nucleons is expected and large valuesof £ and p may be achieved. Amount of the contribution depends, however, strongly on the spacetime structure of hadronic scattering processes. In
the most naive space-time picture within theframework of a multiple scattering model, colliding
two nucleons complete momentum transfer
immediately after they collide with each other. If it
was the case, the maximum £ and p values exceed
their critical values even in S + S collisions at 50
GeVInucleon. Contrary to this picture, Regge field
theory5) suggests that a time of order of incident
energy is necessary to complete the momentum
transfer. This reduces £ and p considerably. We
take a picture with finite completion time formomentum transfers to make rather pessimistic
estimation of the densities. In our picture, a nucleon completes its momentum transfer when thelast secondary meson from the collision emerges
into on-shell state after a finite formation time. As
a result, we have obtained 90 events which achievep>5po and satisfy p>5po/3 during a time period of
3 fm among 1000Pb + Pb events at 50 GeV/nucleon. We have not observed such events in S +S collisions at the same energy. Values of £ in these
events are found to be rather moderate around 1. 5
GeV/fm3. In summary, it is hopeful to realize highdensity matter in heavy ion collisions at 50 GeVI
nucleon. High energy density near to the criticalvalue is also achievable. It is crucial to use quite
heavy nuclei to realize the extreme conditions.
References
1) For reviews, see F. Karsch: CERN Report No.
CERN-TH-5498/89; G. Baym: in Proe. 'Quark Matter
Fonnation and Heavy Ion Collisions,' Bielefeld (1982).
2) A. Capella et al.: Phys. Lett., 8IB, 68 (1979).
3) S. Date, M. Gyulassy, and H. Sumiyoshi: Phys. Rev.,
D32, 619 (1985).
4) S. Date: Proe. 'Int. Workshop on High-Density Nuclear
Matter,' KEK (1990).
5) ]. Koplik and A. H. Mueller: Phys. Rev., DI2, 3638
(1975).

33
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·2.

Atomic and Solid·State Physics
1.

Ionization of Helium Atoms by Proton Impact
H. Fukuda, I. Shimamura, L. Vegh, and T. Watanabe*

The collision system of proton and helium issuitable for studying ionization in detail bycomparing experiments with theories. Recent
papers report proton (p) angular distribution forionization of Re I - 3 ) and coincidence measurements of the scattered protons and the recoil Re+
ions 4 ) or ejected electrons. 5 )We applied to p- He collisions an eikonal
distorted-wave approximation (EDWA) that
accounts for the distortion of the proton motion
from the plane wave due to the collisions; theeikonal approximation is used for the distorted
waves in the distorted-wave Born approximation. 6 )Scattering angle (mrad)Fig. 1. Angular distribution of protons (E = 300 ke V) .
Salin: Ref. 7.• : experiments. I)

The proton angular distribution in the EDWA
(denoted by EDW) is compared in Fig. 1 withthat in the plane-wave Born approximation(PWBA, denoted by Born), experiments,1) andSalin's theory.7) The EDWA reproduces theexperiments best among all the theories. Calculations at 500 keV, 1 MeV, and 3 MeV also reproduce the experimental results remarkably well,
the latter ranging over 3-4 orders of magnitude
over a wide angular region.
A recent experiment of coincidence measurements4 ) of p and He+ prompted us to compare the* Present address: Department of Physics, International
Christian University.

500 keYo.t•

Exper iment•

EDW-30K

1.0

Scattering angle (mrad)Fig. 2. Average transverse energy <EN 1.) of He+ as afunction of the p scattering angle (E = 500 ke V). .:measurements at 30 K.4) CTMC: Ref. 4. EDW-30K and
CTMC-30K: with the thermal motion of He at 30 K.

measured average recoil energy in the perpendicular direction and the results of the theories
referred to above (Fig. 2). Classical-trajectoryMonte-Carlo (CTMC) calculations are also included in Ref. 4. With the thermal motion of He
taken into account, the CTMC method agrees
well with experiments. However, the EDWA and
PWBA give results far below the CTMC results
at small angles where the former two should be
accurate, even when compared at T = 0 K. In
fact, we were informed that the CTMC results ofRef. 4 were revised recently and now agree wellwith our results.
References
1) J.P. Giese and E. Horsdal: Phys. Rev. Lett., 60, 2018(1988) .
2) E.Y. Kamber, C.L. Cocke, S. Cheng, and S.L.
Varghese: ibid., p. 2026.
3) E.Y. Kamber, C.L. Cocke, S. Cheng, J.H. McGuire,and S.L. Varghese: J Phys., B21, L455 (1988).
4) R. Dorner, J. Ullrich, H. Schmidt-Bocking, and R.E.
Olson: Phys. Rev. Lett., 63, 147 (1989).
5) G. Schiwietz: Phys. Rev., A37, 370 (1988).
6) H. Fukuda, I. Shimamura, L. Vegh, and T. Watanabe:
submitted to Phys. Rev. A.
7) A. Salin: J Phys., B22, 3901 (1989).

34
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-2-2.

Atomic Effects on Nuclear Beta Decay
M. R. Harston and N. C. Pyper·

In the beta decay process, a nucleus, of charge
Z and mass number A, decays to a daughter nucleus, of charge Z + 1 and mass number A, with thesimultaneous creation of an electron and antineutrino:(Z, A) ~ (Z+l, A) + e- + v(1)
For many high energy ~- decays, this process canbe viewed to a very good approximation as apurely nuclear decay which takes place independently of the atomic electron cloud surrounding thenucleus. However, the ever-increasing accuracy
achieved in measurements of ~-particle spectra and~-decay half-lives has led to interest in the role ofatomic electrons in the ~-decay process l - 3 ) particularly for the case of low energy ~ - -emitters.
These atomic electrons may affect the ~-emission
probability, for instance, through their screening
effect on the f3-particle wavefunction, through theireffect on the decay energy and through exchange
processes involving bound and continuum electrons.
The present work is concerned with the calculation of the exchange effects in the continuum ~­decay. A final state arising from the f3-decay process in which there is one continuum electron (13particle) may be produced either by direct creationof the ~-electron in the continuum orbital, or bycreation of the f3-electron in a bound orbital with
an electron simultaneously exciting from a boundorbital to the continuum. The former process isknown as the direct process whilst the latter process is called an exchange process.
The continuum decay constant, "-c, for allowed
beta transitions, including exchange processes, IS
given approximately by

A = C r~{p"2 .'(R)[l - L <Es'lns>Pns,(R) ]"l.
c

) 0

E'S

n <ns'lns>PEs,(R)+ Q"2 -,(R)[l - L <Ep'lnp> Qnp'(R)J"2 .~ PW(E - E)'2dE
Epn <np' Inp> QEp,(R)where C is a constant and PEs' (R) and QEp' (R)are · the large and small components of the Dirac
wave function for a continuum s or p electron ofenergy E evaluated at the nuclear radius R. P ns,(R)and Qnp,(R) are the corresponding quantities forbound orbitals of principal quantum number n. A
prime superscript on an orbital label indicates thatthe wavefunction refers to an orbital of the final
state atom. Orbital labels lacking primes refer toorbitals of the inital state atom. The ki-netic energyof the continuum electron runs from zero to a
maximum value Eo, the end-point energy, which isa known experimental parameter of the decay. The
factor W is the electron energy including the rest
mass contribution and p is the electron momentum.
The summation over n runs over all s or p orbitalspresent in the initial state. The factors of unity inthe square braces correspond to the direct terms
whilst the terms in the summation over n correspond to exchange terms.
The aim of the work in progress is to obtain estimates of the magnitUde of the exchange terms• Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge,
Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 lEW, England.

J

0

(2)

compared to the direct terms. A good approximation to the bound wavefunctions in Eq. 2 can beobtained using the multiconfiguration Dirac-F ock
method. 2) The continuum wavefunctions, evaluatedat the nuclear radius, can be obtained fromunscreened hydrogenic Dirac wavefunctions withsuitable corrections for screening. 3) Since theexchange effect arises because of the non-orthogonality of initial and final state wavefunctions, it isessential in evaluating overlap integrals of the kind
<Es'lns> or <Ep'lnp>, to use continuum wavefunctions which are orthogonal to bound final state
wavefunctions. In the present work, these continuum wavefunctions are being calculated as solutions to the Hartree-F ock equations using a frozen
core approximation for the bound orbitals. 4)
References
1) B. Eman and D. Tadic: Phys. Rev. C, 33, 2128 (1986).
2) O. Fackler, B. Jeziorski, W. Kolos, H. Monkhorst, andK. Szalewicz: Phys. Rev. Lett., 55, 1388 (1985).
3) N.C. Pyper and M.R. Harston: Proc. R. Soc. A, 420,
277 (1988).
4) G.N. Bates: Comput. Phys. Commun., 8, 220 (1974).

35

RIKEN Acce!. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·2·3.

Electron Screening in the dtp e Molecule

M. R. Harston, I. Shimamura, and M. Kamimura*
A key step in the muon-catalyzed fusion cycle inD2/T2 mixtures is the fonnation of the molecule(dtjL)l1 dee in which the three-body dtjL system isin the J=I, v=1 state (where J is the total angularmomentum and v the vibrational quantum number)and effectively substitutes for a deuterium nucleus
in the Dz molecule. 1) This molecule is produced
predominantly by collisions of tjL atoms and D2
molecules in a resonant process:tjL + D2 ~ (dtjL) l1 dee(1)
The calculated fonnation rate of the muonic
molecule is very sensitive to the precise value ofthe molecular binding energy and an accuracy of
about 1 meV in this energy is necessary in orderto obtain reasonable theoretical estimates of thefonnation rate. 2) In this work, the effect of electron screening in the related molecule (dtjL)l1e isevaluated in order to obtain an estimate of the corresponding screening effect in the molecule(dtjL) l1 dee.
The total Hamiltonian for the four -body dtjLe
system may be written in the fonn
H = HdtlL + He + .1V

(2)

with
.1V = VILe + Vde + Vte - U(3)where H dtlL is the Hamiltonian of the isolated threebody dtjL system, He is the Hamiltonian for an electron moving in the potential U due to the spherically averaged charge distribution of the (dtjLh1
state and VILe, Vde and Vte are the electro-static
potentials between the electron and jL, d and t
respectively. The origin of the coordinate system
is chosen to be at the centre of mass of the dtjL
system. With this splitting of the Hamiltonian, theenergy of the dtjLe system can be calculated conveniently by perturbation theory using the eigenfunctions of H dtlL and He as zeroth order wavefunctions.
For (dtjL)l1e with the electron in its ground state,
this yields an energyE( dt lL)l1e = E( dt lL)l1 + E Is + ,1E(2)(4)
where E (dtlL) 11 and E Is are the eigenenergies of
HdtlL and He corresponding to the (dtjLhI and Is
states respectively and ,1E(2) is the second order
perturbation energy arising from the perturbing
potential .1 V. The first order perturbation energy
vanishes by parity considerations.

* Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka.

Table 1. Contribution to the second order perturbationenergy ..1E(2)( I, v) from different dt,u( I, v) states.

I

v

0
0
0
1
1
2
2
3

0
1

Total /).E(2) :..1E(2)( I, v)

(meV)

0

0.00
-0.29
-5.04
0.00
-1. 75-0.02

v>O-10.10

v~O

-0.20

v>l
0

v>O

- 17.41

The contributions to ,1E(2) from different J, v
states summed over all electron states are shownin Table 1. The value of ,1E(Z) obtained was- 17.41 meV. Diagonalizing He using a Gaussianbasis set yields E Is= -13.58646 e V. If dtjL istreated as a point charge, then U=1/r and theenergy of the Is state is -13.60425 eVe The shiftof the Is energy due to the finite extent of the(dtjL)ll state is then 17.78 meV. The shift in the
total energy of (dtjL) 11 e due to the finite size effectis then equal to -17.41+17.78=0.37 meV. The
corresponding shift in the molecule (dtjL)l1dee canbe estimated from this shift by mUltiplying by theratio (1. 45) of the electron density at the deuteronin the D2 molecule and the D atom. The result isa shift of +0.54 meV. These results can be compared with a recent calculation based on a similar
approach,3) but with the origin of the coordinate
system located on the deuteron. In this latter calculation the shift in (dtjL)l1e was estimated to be+0.20 meV and that in (dtjL)lldee +0.29 meV.
However, this calculation omitted contributions to.1E(2) arising from quadrupole tenns in the perturbation potential ,1 V which have been included in thepresent calculation.
References
1) W.H. Breunlich, P. Kammel, J,S. Cohen, and M.
Leon: Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., 39, 311 (1989).
2) M. Leon: Phys. Rev. Lett., 52, 605 (1984).
3) A. Scrinzi and K. Szalewicz: Phys. Rev. A, 39, 4983
(1989).

36

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·2·4.

Calcu lation for (p + p -) Formation by Collision of p - on (p +e)
T. Watanabe,* A. Ohsaki,** and K. Ishida

The Production of exotic atom (p, +p,-) is apioneering subject in atomic physics using accelerators. Recently, the formation of thermal
muonium is successfully produced at the muon
production facilities (Booster Meson facility)
attached to a proton synchrotron at the National
Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK) in
Japan.I) In connection with this success, it
becomes probable to produce a (p, +p,-) atom byusing thermal muonium as target.
Using a classical trajectory Monte Carlo(CTMC) method, we are calculating the crosssection for this process. Although the complete
validity for the CTMC method has not yet been
established, there are many examples whichshow good agreement with experimental results
empirically.2) The CTMC method considers that
all the particles participated in the process are
regarded as classical particles. Initial states are
selected in proportion to the statistical weight ina phase space obtained from quantum mechanical conditions. The motion of these particles isassumed to follow the Newtonian equation and issolved numerically by using the Hamilton's
canonical equation. Figure 1 shows a preliminary
calculation for the total cross section for theprocess of (p,+e- ) + p, - -+ (p,+ p,-) +e- as a function of the impact velocity in atomic unit.
References
1) A.P. Mills, Jr., ]. Imazato, S. Saitoh, A. Uedono, Y.

* Present address: Department of Physics, International Christian University.

* * Department of Applied Physics, Miyazaki University.

10- 2

10- 3 L..--L---'---:--'-......L--'--:-L--..1.--..L.....,............,-L--........."...-:-::-'--...."..-L--::-'----:,-J
0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17-'v( a ,u )Fig. 1. Preliminary cross sections calculated by the
CTMC method for the process of (J.l +e- ) + J.l - ----+ (J.l+
J.l - ) +e as a function of the impact velocity v in atomic
unit. Error bars in the figure mean the HVW obtained
from the statistical mean-square deviations.

Kawashima, and K. Nagamine: Phys. Rev. Lett., 56,
1463 (1986).
2) R. Olson and A. Salap: Phys. Rev., A16, 531 (1977) .

37
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·2·5.

Cross Sections for Positronium Formation from He and Ar,
Calcu lated by the Eikonal Method

x. Liu,· Y. Sun,· Z. Zhou,· Y. Liu,· andT. Watanabe··Cross sections for positronium (Ps) formationby collision of e+ with rear gas atoms have beenobtained theoretically and experimentally. I)
Agreement between theory and experiment isreasonable for a He target, but for an Ar target
there is considerable discrepancy. The crosssection for Ps formation measured by FornarP) is
one order of magnitude larger than that calculated by Gillepie and Thompson 3 ) using DWBA
(distorted wave Born approximation). We havedeveloped an expansion method in the Eikonal
approximation for the treatment of a rearrangement process concerning many -electron a toms.
Results obtained by this method for e+ + He andfor e+ + Ar are compared with the results byother theories and experiments.
The most important point in the present
approach lies in the application of the Eikonal
method to the electron capture process of a
projectile particle from a "many-electron" target
atom. The matrix element needs to estimated in
the Jacobi coordinate description. The boundstate wavefunctions of initial and final-states, aplane-wave operator and an eikonal phase-shift
factor are expanted in terms of spherical harmonics in order to perform a multi-fold integration analytically. We have obtained a formulawhich can be applied to many-electron atoms.
For a He target, we have obtained cross sections
in reasonable agreement with experiments andother theoretical calculations in an impact
energy region above 80 eV. Cross sections calculated for an Ar target are of the same order ofexperiments in an impact energy region of 60- 80• Department of Modern Physics, University of Scienceand Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 320026,
China.
•• Present address: Department of Physics, International Christian University.

eV. Figure 1 shows that results of calculation fore+ + He --+ Ps + He+ together with other calculation and experiments. In the present approach,
we employed a Hartree-Fock type wavefunction
as a target wavefunction.

o

0

o
o

6·0

o
8·0

Posi tron energy (e V )Fig. 1. Results of calculation for e+ + He-' Ps + He+ andcomparison with other data. Experiments:., Fornari
et al. (1983); 0, Chariton et ai. (1983); Theory:- • - • -, first Born approximation by MandaI et al.
(1975); - - - , distorted wave approximation by
MandaI et al. (1979); - .. -. " polarized orbital
approximation by Khan and Ghosh (1983); - - ,present calculation using the Eikonal method. These
reference are found in Ref. 1.

References
1) M. Chariton: Rep. Prog. Phys., 48, 737 (1986).
2) L.S. Fornari, L.M. Diana, and P.G. Coleman: Phys.
Rev. Lett., 51, 2276 (1983).
3) E.S. Gillespie and D.G. Thompson: J. Phys. B. At. Mol.
Phys., 10, 3543 (1977).

38
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-2-6. Calculation of the Correlation Diagram of the Ne7 + -Ne System
K. Fujima,* Y. Naito,* T. Watanabe,**T. Kambara, and Y. Awaya
Recently some of present authors have mademeasurements on the azimuthal angle dependence of emitted X-rays coincidence with scattered ions into particular angles,1) using 10 and 26
MeV a Ne7+ ions and 22 MeV Apo+ ions on aneutral Ne gas target. An Impact velocity range
is comparable to the velocity of the K-shellorbital of a N e target, and the process can beconsidered to take place following a molecularorbital scheme. The electronic configurations of
the projectile ion and of the target atom areassumed to be (1s) 2 (2s) and (1s) 2 (2s) 2 (2p) 6.
Many of the occupied electronic atomic orbitalsof neutral N e are far from the highest occupied
atomic orbitals of the projectile ion and manyunoccupied atomic orbitals of the ion exist below
the occupied orbitals of the neutral when two
species get close to each other. As a result ofcollision, a vacancy in the K-shell of the projectile is formed and an excited electron is in the 2p
orbit of the ions due to either of a direct process(direct coulomb excitation) or electron promotion processes between the molecular orbital
levels.
As the first step, we planned to obtain thecorrelation diagram of the Ne+-Ne system
which is sufficiently reliable for the calculationof present specific excitation processes. And thenwe were going to calculate the radial as well as
rotational matrix elements between these electronic levels. Finally we plan to estimate crosssections for respective excitation processes bysolving the coupled-channel equations.
For a practical reason, we take one-electronenergy scheme in a diatomic molecular system.
We use a DV-Xa method,z·3) in which exchange
integrals are replaced by the 1/3 power of simple
density integrals,4) i.e. non-local interaction
potentials are approximated by local interac-* Faculty of Engineering, Yamanashi University.
* * Depertment of Physics, International Christian University.

tions. Figure 1 shows the energy diagram ofsigma states in a Ne7+-Ne system, calculated byusing the DV-Xa method as a function of theinternuclear distance.
-2~~~----~------------'

Target 2s
Projectile 2p

Projectile 2s

Target Is
Projectile Is

2.0
Interatomic distance (a.u.)

Fig.1. Energy diagram of the sigma states in a Ne7+-Ne
system, calculated by using the DV Xa method as afunction of the internuclear distance.

References
1) Preliminary reports, T. Kambara, Y. Kanai, Y.
Awaya, H. Vogt and H. Schmidt-Backing: Abstractof 16th ICPEAC, ed. by A. Dargarro, R.S. Freund, M.
S. Lubell, and T.B. Lucatorto (New York) 483(1989); T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, Y. Kanai, T. Mizogawa, M. Terasawa, H. Schmidt-Backing, R. Dorner,and H. Vogt: Proc. At. Coll. Res. lpn., 15,32 (1989).
2) H. Adachi, M. Tsukada, and C. Satoko:]. Phys. Soc.
lPn., 3, 875 (1976).
3) A. Rosen et at.: Chem. Phys., 65, 3085 (1976).
4) J.c. Slater: Quantum Theory of Molecules and Solids(McGraw-Hill, New York) Vol. 4 (1974).

39
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-2-7.

Theoretical Study of High-Energy lon-Atom Collisions
N. Toshima(1) Relativistic collisions
We have analyzed several distorted-wave
approximations l ) that have been recently applied torelativistic ion-atom collisions and found that thesymmetric treatment of distortions in initial and final
channels does not necessarily represent an
improvement over a description in which one ofchannels is left undistorted. The relativistic versionof the symmetric eikonal approximation contains
unphysically large contribution of spin-flip transitions, which makes the foundation of this theory
unreliable.
The importance of Coulomb boundary conditions
are widely recognized for perturbative treatments
both in relativistic and nonrelativistic ion-atom collisions. On the other hand, it is known that acoupled-channel approach is free from this effect for
nonrelativistic collisions since the correction factor
arising from the asymptotic residual interaction canbe completely absorbed into time-dependent expansion coefficients. However this is not true forrelativistic collisions. As we have discovered
recently in relativistic coupled-channel calculations,the long-range couplings of a monopole type exist
even for neutral atom collisions and the leading
term depends on electronic states. We treated thislong-range interaction by using coupled equation
formalism based on distorted-wave basis expansion
and found that the results are strongly affected bythis manipulation. 2)(2) Non-relativistic collisions
A Thomas double scattering mechanism has beenstudied by many theoreticians using a variety ofmethods over tens of years. However all thetheories are based on perturbative treatments up
to the second order and nobody has confinned
quantitatively the convergence of the perturbation
series and the reliability of the second-order calculations. We have studied this mechanism by using
two non-perturbative approaches, a classical trajectory Monte-Carlo (CTMC) method3 ) and a coupled-channel formalism based on pseudo-state expansion. 4 ) These are the first non-perturbative studiesof the Thomas mechanism.
CTMC has been widely used successfully forvarious charge transfer processes. Though CTMC
is based on purely classical mechanics, it rigorously
solves the equations of motion of a three-body system. Hence we can investigate three-body effects
that are absent in perturbative treatments. It was
shown that the trajectories are somewhat deformed
from the idealized picture of double scattering,
especially at small impact parameters. Two othertypes of captures, knock-on capture, and OBK-type
capture also play important roles.
Since the Thomas mechanism occurs via a highlying continuum state as an intermediate state, it
is rather difficult to treat this process by the
coupled-channel formalism. In addition an accurate
calculation of coupling matrix elements also
becomes difficult because of the rapid oscillation of
the integrand caused by the electron translation factor. We have overcome these difficulty by using a
GTO expansion technique and succeeded in obtaining a differential cross section that has a sharp
Thomas peak around the critical angle in good
agreement with experimental data.
We studied the orientation and alignment of theatomic states induced by collisions with negatively
and positively charged projectiles by the CTMC
method and investigated how well the classicaltheory works in comparison with quantum theoretical calculations. 5)
References
1) N. Toshima and 1. Eichler: Phys. Rev., A41, 5221
(1990).

2)
3)
4)
5)

N. Toshima and 1. Eichler: ibid., A42, 3896 (1990).
N. To shima: ibid., p.5739.
N. Toshima and 1. Eichler: Phys. Rev. Lett. (in press).
N. Toshima and C.D. Lin: unpublished.

40

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·2·8.

Investigation of a HD+ Energy Level in Hyper·Radial
Adiabatic Approximation
S. Hara, T. Ishihara, * N. Toshima, and H. Fukuda

The Schroedinger equation for a HD + system isgiven by (in units of e = h = 1)
[H(r, R) - E] per, R) = 0(1)

X as a parameter and dependent on the total angular momentum J of the system.
The eigen function 4>n(fl, X, J) and eigen values
En (X, J) of the adiabatic Hamiltonian h are obtainedby solving the following Schroedinger equation

where[h(fl, X, J) -is the total Hamiltonian, E the total energy, and P
the total wave function; M and m are the reduced
masses for a proton p and deuteron d system, andfor a (p + d) and electron e system, respectively,
thus

En (X, J)] 4>n(fl, X, J) = 0

This equation has been solved variationally. The
total wave function IJI in the adiabatic approximationis then expressed by

The radial wave function F n(X) satisfies the following hyper-radial equation
and

(3)
where

In Eqs. 1 and 2, R represents the position vectorof d relative to p, r that of electron e with respect
to the centre of mass of (p+d), and V the Coulombinteraction between the three particles

andVCr, R) = -lIrp - lIrd + lIR

The hyper-radius X for the three-body system
can be defined bywhere M 0 is an arbitrary mass constant. We choose
M0 = M in the following. In practical application of
the hyper-radial approach, a set of five coordinates
fl other than the hyper-radius can be chosen in
many ways. Matveenkol) proposed the hyperspheroidal coordinates for molecular type threebody problems. In this coordinates, the set of variables fl is (;, 'YJ, cp, e, 4», where (;, 'YJ, cp) are thespheroidal coordinates for the electron, e and 4>,
the polar and azimuthal angles for R measured fromspace-fixed coordinates. By using the hyperradiusthus defined, the total Hamiltonian H reduces tothe following fonnH(fl, X, J)= -

1

1

a

2M XS ax X

5where the bracket denotes integration over coordinates fl .
We have solved differential (eigenvalue) equation
3 numerically and obtained Ev' The results 2) arepresented in Table 1, the hyper-radial adiabatic
approximation gives energies better (lower) than aconventional Born-Oppenheimer approximation.
Table 1. Dissociation energies Ev of HD+ (in cm- I ) relative to the IS state of the D atom.
v

J=O

J=1

J=2

0

21515.921472.1

21384.7

119602.8

19561.0

19477.6

217785.9

17746.0

17666.4

316062.2

16024.2

15948.4

a + h(fl, X, J)
ax

where h is the adiabatic Hamiltonian which includes* Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba.

References
1) A. V. Matveenko: Phys. Lett., B129, 11 (1983).
2) S. Hara, H. Fukuda, and T. Ishihara: Phys. Rev. A,
39, 35 (1989).

41
RIKEN Acce!. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·2·9.

Charge State Distribution Measu rements of 77 MeV /u Ar Ions
Which Have Passed through a Carbon Foil
Y. Kanai, T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, A. Hitachi,
T. Niizeki, Y. Zou, and K. Shima

We measured the charge-state distributions of
77 MeV lu Ar ions which have passed through acarbon foil with varying the foil thickness (10j.lgl cm 2 - 4.27 mgl cm 2 ) and incident charge
states (16+ - 18+). The study aims to get (1)the equilibrium mean charge distribution of Ar
ions which have passed through a carbon foil and(2) the charge changing cross sections (capture
and loss cross sections) of Ar ions which collidewith carbon atoms. Projectiles of 77 MeV lu
Ar 16 + ions were obtained from RIKEN Ring
Cyclotron. Projectiles of Ar l 7+.l8+ ions were
produced by using Al foils and then selected by amagnet. The experiment was performed at theatomic physics beam line (E2B); the targets wereplaced in the general purpose experimental
chamber on the E2B beam line. The charge statesof the Ar ions which have passed through thetarget were analyzed with a charge analyzing
magnet and a position-sensitive parallel-plateavalanche counter (PP AC) .
When the target was thicker than about 1 mgl
cm 2 , the charge-state distributions did not dependon the target thickness. We concluded therefore
that the distribution is equilibrated as shown in
Table 1. Shima proposed a semi-empirical formula for the equilibrium charge-state distribution of high energy ions (> 10 Me V lu) after

passing through the carbon foil. l ) Our previous
results for 26 MeV lu Ar ions 2 ) are in good agreement with the values obtained from Shima's
formula. However, the Ar l7+ fraction of ourpresent results is larger than the value obtained
from Shima's formula. This difference may be
due to the difference in a dominant process of theelectron capture of the Ar ions between 26 Me V I
u and 77 MeV lu. 3 )Using the charge-state distributions for thintargets (10 - 38.5 j.lg/cm 2 ) , we obtained theelectron capture and loss cross sections of 77
MeV lu Ar ions which collide with carbon atoms_
Preliminary results are shown in Table 2. Precise
analysis is in progress.

Table 1. Equilibrium charge-state distributions of 77
MeV lu Ar ions after passing through carbon targets.
The numbers in parentheses stand for the power of ten.

References

Charge state fraction
Mean charge

16+

17+

17.99945±5(-7)5.6±0.1(-4)

18+9.994±O.001(-1)

Table 2. Preliminary charge changing (electron capture
and loss) cross sections of 77 MeV lu Ar ions collidewith carbon atoms. Numbers in parentheses stand forthe power of ten.
Initial charge
state

Final charge
state

Cross section( cm 2 )16+17+

5.9±0.5 (-20)

17+

18+

2.9±0.5 (-20)

17+

16+

1.3±0.5 (-23)

18+

17+

3. 0±1. 0 (-23)1) K. Shima, N. Kuno, and M. Yamanouchi: Phys. Rev. ,A40, 3557 (1989).
2) Y. Kanai, T. Kambara, T. Mizogawa, A. Hitachi, K.
Shima, and Y. Awaya: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22,
54 (1988).
3) Y. Kanai, T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, A. Hitachi, T.
Niizeki, Y. Zou, and K. Shima: This Report, p. 42(1990) .

42
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-2-10.

Ratio of the Radiative to the Total Electron Captu re Cross
Section of 77 MeV/u Ar 18 + Ions on a Carbon Target
Y. Kanai, T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, A. Hitachi,
T. Niizeki, Y. Zou, and K. Shima

We measured the ratio of the radiative electron caprure cross section (<1 (REC) ) to the total
electron capture cross section (<1 (total)) of 77
MeV lu Ar 18 + ions in carbon foils (23 and 44 J.lgi
cm 2 ) • Projectile Ar 18 + ions were produced
through an Al stripper foil at RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. Experiments were performed on theatomic-physics beam line (E2B). X rays emitted
from the projectile Ar ions in the target were
measured with a. pure-Ge detector at 90° to thebeam direction. The charge states of Ar ionsafter passing through the target were determinedwith a charge analyzing magnet and a position-

(0)

K-REC
(b)

I

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

sensitive parallel-plate avalanche counter(PPAC). An X-ray spectrum measured with the
Ge detector is shown in Fig. la, in which a broad
peak around 44 keV is due to the X-rays emitted
by REC. A huge background due to the primaryand secondary bremsstrahlung was reduced byusing a coincidence technique. An X-ray spectrum in coincidence with Ar l7+ ions is shown in
Fig. 1b, in which almost all the background isvanished. We can find two peaks, K - and L- REC(radiative electron capture into projectile K- andL-shell), as indicated in Fig. lb. The width ofeach peak is caused by the momentum distribution of target electrons captured by the
projectile. 1)
We estimated the ratio of cr(REC) to <1 (total)
by using the X-ray spectra obtained by coincidence with Arl7+ as cr (total) = 1(17 +) I (10 x N),
cr (REC) = X (REC) I (10 x N), and <1 (REC) 1<1(total) = X (REC) I I (17 + ). Here 10 is the numberof incident Ar I8 +, I (17 +) the number of Arl7+
after the target, N the target number density,and X (REC) the number of photons emitted byREC. We observed the X rays at only 90°. We
estimated X (REC) II (17+) by assuming thesin 2 0 angular dependence of the REC X rays,
where 0 is the emission angle of the REC X rays.
This assumption is reasonable in our case. 1)
From this measurement, we obtained the ratio<1 (REC) 1<1 (total) = 58% in both targets.

80

X-RAY ENERGY (keV)

Fig. 1. X-ray spectra from 77 MeV lu Ar 18 + on a C foil
(44Jlg/cm 2 ). a, Spectrum measured with the Ge detector without coincidence; b, Spectrum measured with the
Ge detector in coincidence with Ar 17 + ions.

References
1) Y. Awaya, K. Hino, A. Hitachi, Y. Kanai, K. Kawatsura, K. Kuroki, H. Vogt, Y. Yamazaki, and T.
Watanabe: High-Energy Ion-Atom Collisions,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, p. 185 (1988).

43

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-2-11.

Multiple Inner-Shell Ionization of Target Atoms
by 92 MeV /u Ar-Ion Impact
Y. Awaya, T. Kambara, Y. Kanai, and A. Hitachi

We have studied simultaneous single K - andmultiple L-shell ionization of target atoms forhigh-velocity nearly symmetric ion-atom collisions by diffraction of Ka-satellite X rays. Thisis an extension of previous systematic studies toa higher collision velocity and near-symmetriccollision systems.
Previously we made systematic studies ofsimultaneous single K- and multiple L-shell ionization of target atoms in asymmetric heavy
ion-atom collisions, using O. 8-26 MeV lu He, C,
N, and 0 ions from the cyclotron, the RILAC,
and RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. 1,2) The K-sattelite X
rays from various target elements (AI, Ar, Ti,
Cr, Fe, Ni, Kr, and Y) were resolved with crystal
spectrometers. From the intensity distribution
among the satellites, we obtained the probabilityof L-shell ionization simultaneous to a K-shellionization PL , assuming a binomial satellite distribution. The PL values thus obtained for different collision systems and a wide range of collision velocity agree well with a universal scaling
based on a binary-encounter approximation(BEA) ,3) except for low-velocity regions where
the projectile velocity VI is nearly equal to thetarget electron orbital velocity vn .
Although applied mainly to asymmetric collisions, the BEA model is expected to be also valid
for near-symmetric system if a collision velocity
is very high. In order to check the validity, we
carried out measurements with an Arl7+ beam at
92 MeV lu from RIKEN Ring Cyclotron incident
on solid targets of Ti, V, Fe, Ni, and Cu at acollision velocity of about o. 41c or 56.8 atomic
unit. The scaled velocity VII Vn range between 7
and 10.4 for the target L-shell electrons. The 'K-X rays from the targets were measured with abroad-range crystal spectrometer4 ) with a crystalof LiF (200) for the V and Ti and a LiF (220) for
the other targets.
Figure 1 shows a spectrum of the Ti K -X rays,
where KmLn shows a satellite component with m
K- and n L vacancy configuration before K
X-ray emission. We fitted the experimental Kasatellite spectra by Gaussian curves and obtained
the intensity distribution of the satellites, I (n).
The values of PL are obtained from the Ka satellites by assuming a binomial distribution, I (n) ex:::(8 !/n!(8-n)!)PL n(1_PL )8-n, and are plotted in

X-Ray Energy (keV)

4.5

500

5.0

600

700

000

Chcinnel .Number

Fig. 1. Spectrum of Ti K-X rays from a 92 MeV lu
Ar-ion impact. A group of peaks around 4.5 ke V correspond to the Ka satellites, those around 4.7 ke V to the
Ka hypersatellites, and those around 5 keY to the Kp
satellites.

92,1 MeVlu Ar
0.080
0.070
0.060

+TI

xv

0.050
0.040

.

0.030

~
Po:, 0.020
~

0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006

6

12

Fig. 2. Scaled ionization probability 4uLPLI Z 12 is plottedagainst a scaled velocity VII VL, where UL is the binding
energy of the target L electron in atomic unit and 2; isthe atomic number of the projectile. The solid curveshows the universal BEA curve, and the dashed curveshows the curve multiplied by 0.84.

Fig. 2 according to the BEA scaling. The experimental PL agrees well with the universal curvefor the Ti and V targets and is smaller than thatfor the heavier targets. In the previous studies, 1,2)
we found that a universal curve multiplied by
0.84 better fits experimental results. If the same
factor is multiplied to the universal curve, it
better fits the present experimental results.
By combining the present results and the previ-

44

Y. Awaya et al.

ous ones, we found that the values of PL fit within
30% the universal curve multiplied by o. 84. We
conclude that the simple BEA scaling can beapplied to collision systems with a wide range ofcollision velocity when VI> V n , and that it canalso be applied to near-symmetric systems atvery high velocities.
References
1) Y. Awaya: Electronic and Atomic Collisions, Proc. XI

ICPEAC (eds. N. Oda and T. Takayanagi), North
Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam, p. 325 (1979).
2) Y. Awaya, T. Kambara, Y. Kanai, T. Mizogawa, A.
Hitachi, and B. Sulik: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22,
55 (1988).
3) J.H. McGuire and P. Richard: Phys. Rev., AS, 1374
(1973) .
4) A. Hitachi, H. Kumagai, and Y. Awaya: Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 195, 631 (1982).

45
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·2·12.

A Trial of Doppler Beam·Foil Spectroscopy Using Relativistic
Heavy (95 MeV /u Ar 11 +) Ion Beams
K. Komaki, Y. Yamazaki, T. Azuma, K. Kuroki, K. Kawatsura,
Y. Kanai, T. Kambara, and Y. Awaya

Beam-foil spectroscopy has been used as a reliable and unique technique for the measurements ofthe energy levels and lifetimes of excited states ofhighly charged ions. Here we propose to measure
decay curves of 2p --') Is transition of 95 MeVlu
Ar17 + using RUffiN Ring Cyclotron. Although thereal lifetime of this transition is of the order of subpico seconds, an appearing decay time is often in
the order of ...... ns owing to the slow feeding of 2p
states from highly excited high-I Rydberg states via
an yrast line. In other words, information on theinitial (n, I) distribution is obtainable by measuring
the decay curve between deep bound states.
targetAr beam1/~Jnpending on the position where the X ray is emitted.
Since we know the velocity, the decay curve of thetransition is obtained.
1000
800

.c

u

I f)

.......

400

u

200

C
::J
0

--.........

600

0
slit

17+
Ar 1s+2p

0

100

200

channelSi(li) det.

A schematic drawing of the experimental setup.

Fig. 2. An example of the "delayed" spectrum of Ar 17 +(Is ~ 2p) transitions.

Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of theexperimental setup. A Si(Li) X-ray detector was
installed to observe a part of the beam downstream
from a target foil. As the velocity of the beam is...... 0.4c, the X-ray evergy of the 2p --') Is transitionof Ar17 + should show a strong Doppler shift de-Figure 2 shows an example of preliminary
results. Although a continuum background is very
high, it is clearly seen that the transition line (Ar17 +2p --') Is) skews to the lower energy side, indicating the production of a considerable amount of
delayed (...... ns) X rays as expected.

Fig. 1.

46
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-2-13.

Angu lar Correlation between K-X Rays and Scattered
Particles in 10 and 20 MeV Ne 7 + -Ne Collisions

T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, Y. Kanai, T. Mizogawa, and M. Terasawa
We measured the angular correlation between
K X-ray emission and scatered particles in NeN e collisions to study the alignment in innershell excitation processes in heavy ion-atomcollisions. In the experiments, a Ne-ion beamfrom RILAC was collimated and was incident on
a Ne gas target. The scattered ions were chargestate analyzed and then counted with a twodimensional position-sensitive particle detector(PPAD), in coincidence with the K-X rays measured at the target. We obtained the K X-ray
emission probability as a function of the charge
state of the scattered ions q, scattering angle 8,
and the angle between the scattering plane andthe X-ray emission direction <p. The experimental setupl) and the first measurements with 10
and 26 MeV Ne7+ ions 2) were reported previously.
We have made the following improvements on
the measurement system: (1) We found that themeasurement at 26 MeV reported before wascontaminated by lower-energy particles scattered at the edges of the collimators. Therefore
the slits of the beam collimation system waschanged from knifeedge plates to mirrorpolished round-shape bars to avoid the edge
scattering. A remote-controlled pulse motor system was introduced for the driving system of theslits, which saved the time to adjust the collimators. (2) Since the position of the scatteredparticles was measured after the charge-state
analysis, the stability of the field of the analyzer
magnet is essential to the precision of the results.
An NMR gaussmeter for the magnetic fieldmeasurement of the charge-state analyzing magnet after the target was connected to a CAMAC
register, thus the field can be monitored continuously throughout a measurement.
Two new measurements were performed with
Ne7+ ions (Li-like) of 10.5 and 20 MeV on a Ne
target. The charge states of the scattered ionswere analyzed from 4+ to 8+ at 10.5 MeV andfrom 5+ to 9+ at 20 MeV,and the coincidencewith the K-X rays were measured for ions of 6+

and 7+ at 10.5 MeV and those from 6+ to 9+ at
20 MeV. The scattering angle 8 ranged up to
2.6 X 10- 3 rad with an angular resolution of 8 X
10- 5 rad.
The <p-dependence of X-ray emission probabilities at different regions of impact parameter b
was fitted to a function A sin2cP + B and an
anisotropy parameter R = A/2B was calculated.
The impact parameter b was calculated from 8
with a screened Coulomb potential after correction for focusing with the charge-state analyzing
magnet. In Fig. 1, an example of the bdependence of R is shown. The obtained R issmall and positive at incident energies of 20 MeV
and 10.5 MeV, being consistent with previous
measurements. A theoretical investigation of thealignment with a molecular-orbital model is reported by Dr. Fuj ima et al. 3 )Anisotropy, Ne(7+)
1.5

I

I

I

I

I

c 10 KeV
x 20 KeV--~ 0.5 -

-

1.0

IQ
~

I

!~ I ~

~

f I~

0.0

-o.r;

0

I~

I

I

I

I

J

2000

.000

6000

6000

10000

b (1m)

Fig. 1. Examples of impact parameter (b) dependenceof the anisotropy parameter R = A/2B for scattered
Ne7+ ions.

References
1) T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, Y. Kanai, H. SchmidtB6cking, and H. Vogt: RIKEN Accet. Prog. Rep., 22,
72 (1988).
2) T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, Y. Kanai, T. Mizogawa, M.
Terasawa, H. Schmidt-B6cking, R. D6rner, and H.
V ogt: ibid., 23, 48 (1989).
3) K. Fujima et at.: This Report, p. 38.

47
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·2·14.

Angu lar Distribution Measu rement of K·X Rays Emitted
from an Ar Beam Passing through C Foil
T. Papp, Y. Awaya, A. Hitachi, T. Kambara,
Y. Kanai, and T. Mizogawa

In ion-solid foil interaction, the symmetry of
the collision geometry is reflected in the angularand polarization distribution of collision-induced
fluorescence. When the beam axis coincides withthe axis of the normal to the foil, in beam-foil
spectroscopy, the collision geometry has cylindrical symmetry. When the foil is tilted with respect
to the beam axis, the collision geometry loses its
axis of symmetry. This lower degree of symmetry is mirrored by a correspondingly lower
degree of symmetry in the angular distribution ofemitted radiation. l •2 )tal with a Bragg angle at its center 2()=76°. The
spectra were fitted by a quadratic backgroundand an appropriate number of pseudo-Voigt
peaks simultaneously, by using a computer code
EWA. 4) The spectra were analyzed by aGaussian-peak shape too, and a better fitting was
obtained when a pseudo-Voigt peak shape wasused. From the analysis the intensity ratio of thewell resolved peaks were determined as a function of the detection angle. At a 900 target angle,
all the ratios were found to be isotropic withinerror limits. At a 45° target angle the 3Pl/ IP I
intensity ratio had a definite anisotropy.
2.5~------------'

'i5

c

4000

C

aJ

s::

o

...

"ii

g 2000o0.0270----:41':-0---::~':-o---::~':-o--~100Angle in degree

400

500

Wavelength( Channel)

Fig. 1. Ka·satellite X-ray spectrum of Ar measured at
30°, relative to the incoming beam, when the foil was
tilted by 45° with respect to the beam axis.

In the experiment, a 1 MeV /u Ar beamobtained from the RILAC was passed through acarbon foil target of 20 J1.g/ cm 2 in thickness.
Angular distributions of Ar KLn X-ray lines were
measured at two target angles, tilted at 90° and
45° relative to the beam direction. The spectra of
Ar X rays were measured with a broad-range
crystal spectrometer3 ) using a flat Ge (Ill) crys-Fig. 2. Intensity ratio of the lP 1 and 3P 1 transitions as afunction of the detector angle. 0, beam axis was perpendicular to the foil surface; ., angle of beam axis
and foil was 45°. The line is drawn to guide the eyes.

References
1) J. Macek and D. Burns: Beam Foil Spectroscopy (ed.
S. Bashkin), Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, andNew York, p. 237 (1976).
2) D. A. Church, R. A. Kenefick, D. oW. Wang, and R. L.
Watson: Phys. Rev., A26, 3093 (1982).
3) A. Hitachi, H. Kumagai, and Y. Awaya: Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 195, 631 (1982).
4) J. Vegh: Thesis ATOMKI Debrecen 1990 (unpublished) .

48
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·2·15.

High Resolution L X·Ray Angular Distribution Measurement
on Terbium
T. Papp, Y. Awaya, A. Hitachi, T. Kambara,
Y. Kanai, and T. Mizogawa

It was found, in the L 3-subshell angularcorrelationl} and angular distribution 2,3) studies,that the angular distribution of X rays reflects
the effect of magnetic quadrupole (M2) mixing
into the electric dipole (El) transition. The M2/
El mixing ratios experimentally obtained deviate significantly from theory 4) around Z'"'-'60. In
these experiments semiconductor detectors wereused to detect X rays. This type of detectors wellresolve the L1 and La peak; however the tail ofthe intense La peak lies under the L1 peak, causing a systematic error in the evaluation of themixing ratio. The large discrepancy between
theory and experiments would be verified froman angular distribution measurement by ahigher-resolution detection technique.
Thus we carried out such a measurement,
detecting X rays with a crystal spectrometer inwhich a position-sensitive proportional counter
was incorporated. S) N2+ ions of 0.553 MeV /amu
obtained from the RILAC were allowed to
impinge on a Tb target of 4 J.l m in thickness,tilted by 45° to an incoming beam, and the angular distribution was measured at eight different
angles in the range of 95°-155°.
Usually, the Lp1.3-X ray emission is regarded as
isotropic and is used for a normalization standard in angular distribution measurements. However, in heavy ion-atom collisions with a simultaneous multiple outer-shell ionization, theisotropic angular distribution of the Lp1.3-X ray
has to be verified experimentally. Therefore theangular distribution measurement was performed in two steps: First the ratio of Lp1.3 to La
transitions was studied using a LiF (220) crystal.
Since the Bragg angle for the La transition is 44°
and the polarization sensitivity is very close tounity, the La intensity measured has an isotropic
angular distribution, and can be used for normalization. From the measurement, the ratio of Lp1.3
to La transitions and thus the Lp1.3 transition
were found to have an isotropic angular distribution. In the second step the angular distributionof the L-X rays was studied with a LiF (200)analyzer crystal. The intensity of the L3-X rays

were normalized to the Lp1,3 transitions.
Figure 1 shows an example of the LX-ray
spectra. The spectra were evaluated by assuminga Voigt peak shape.
La
CD 10 4
C

c
as
.c

o

(;;

C 10'
::s
o

o

200

300

400

500

600

Wavelength(Channel>

Fig. 1. L X-ray spectrum of Tb, ionized by 0.553 MeV
N -ion impact, and measured with a crystal
spectrometer using a LiF(200) crystal.

A large anisotropy was observed for the L3
X-ray lines. By assuming that the crystal was
perfect, a value of - 0 . 20 ± 0 . 04 was obtained forthe anisotropy parameter for the L1 transition
normalized to the Lp1,3' The anisotropy was
found two times larger for the L.82,ls transition
than for the La. The ratio of the anisotropy
parameters of the normalized L1 and La transitions was evaluated to be 2.76±1.5 and 3.25±
1.9, assuming perfect and mosaic crystal structure respectively. These results verify the disagreement with the theory observed in the earlier
measurement carried out with semiconductor
detectors.
References
1) A.L. Catz: Phys. Rev., A2, 634 (1970); E.S. Macias and
M.R. Zalutsky: ibid., A9, 2356 (1974).
2) T. Papp: High Energy Ion-Atom Collisions (eds. D.
Berenyi and G. Hock), Lecture Notes in Physics, 294,
Springer· Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, p. 204 (1988).
3) T. Papp and J. Palinkas: Phys. Rev., A38, 2686 (1988).
4) J.H. Scofield: ibid., 179, 9 (1969); J.H. Scofield: ibid.,
AI0, 1507 (1974).
5) A. Hitachi, H. Kumagai, and Y. Awaya: Nucl. In·
stmm. Methods, 195, 631 (1982).

49
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-2-16.

Atomic Bremsstrahlung in the MO Process
K. Ishii, K. Maeda, Y. Sasa, ]. Kawai,
M. Takami, M. Uda, and S. Morita*

Adiabatic collisions of an incident heavy ion witha target atom forms a united atom and produces
molecular orbital (MO) X rays. It is expected thatthe production cross section of M0 X rays
becomes maximum when the atomic number of a
projectile (zp) is equal to that of target atom (Zt).l)10'

Up to the present, many workers have studied theM0 process, but not enough on this effect.
On the other hand, secondary electron bremsstrahlung (SEB), quasi-free electron bremsstrahlung (QFEB), and atomic bremsstrahlung (AB)are expected in light-ion bombardments. 2) Amongthese processes, a considerable contribution of AB
in heavy ion collisions is theoretically expected, 3)though not yet confinned. In symmetric collision,
the cross section of AB is almost zero because ofa dipole transition process. In order to search suchcharacteristics of MO and AB, we have measured
continuous X rays produced from the targets of Zt= 6 - 29 by bombardment of Si3 + ions accelerated
at 20 Me V and 40 MeV with the RIKEN RILAC.
Figure 1 shows the absolute cross sections ofcontinuous X rays at the scaling parameter4) ooao/(vp(zp + Zt)) = 1. 73 (00 is the frequency of X-ray,
ao is the Bohr radius, and vp is the projectile velocity) for Si3 + 20 MeV and Si3 + 40 MeV bombardments. For 20 MeV, the cross section forms a peakat symmetric collision, but that of 40 MeV showsa dip. This is the first confinnation for the abovedescribed characteristics of MO and AB.
References

10

20

30

Fig. 1. Incident energy dependence of the production
cross sections of continuous X rays by Si3 + ion bombardment.

* Laboratory

for Materials Science and Technology,
Waseda University.

1) R. Anholt: Z. Phys. A, 289, 41 (1978).
2) K. Ishii and S. Morita: Int. ]. PIXE, 1, 1 (1990).
3) K. Ishii and S. Morita: Phys. Rev. A, 30, 2278 (1984).
4) K. Ishii et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 23, 47(1989).

50
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

Nickel La X·ray Emission Spectra of Nickel Compou nds

111·2·17.

J. Kawai, K. Maeda, Y. Sasa, M. Takami, and M. Uda
Multiplet structures in X-ray emission spectra oftransition metal compounds are usually interpreted
in terms of splittings due to the exchange interaction between unpaired 3d electrons (S= 1 for Ni2+)
and X-ray hole in the initial and the final states of
the X-ray emission. Thus, X-ray line profiles canbe calculated by using multiplet wave functions in
an LS or jj coupling scheme in a spherical symmetry field or in a crystal field. 1) However theagreement between these theoretical calculations
and experiment are unsatisfactory. 2)
We have measured the Ni Lex spectra of
NiI 2(S= 1), Ni(salen) (5=0) and Ni(metal) with a
Bragg spectrometer equipped with a RAP(100)crystal by fluorescent excitation (Rh-anode tube)
and proton bombardment (1.6 MeV). The spectralline shape of the fluorescent excitation was identicalto that of the proton excitation for the same compound within an experimental error. The spectra offluorescent excitation are presented in Fig. 1. We

tween poorly screened states). Here the underline
denotes hole(s) and L denotes a linear combination of ligand orbitals. Therefore the spectrum of
Ni12 is not broadened corresponding to its spin
sta te in the ground state.
To clarify the CT effect theoretically, we calculated the X-ray multiplet structure of NiI2 by the
LS coupling and CT effect (Fig. 2). The agreement
between theory (Fig. 2) and experiment (NiI2 in
Fig. 1) is satisfactory after the inclusion of the CT
mechanism.
TheoryLorentzian function r -1.5 eV

1.0'i 0.8
.!:!
'iii

E
0.6
o

.s

.~ 0.4
c

oS

.s

0.2

28 [degree)
68 ,4

67,6

68,0

67 ,2

66,8

66.4

Q>:9

'g

L..J

>-

0.0\-====::;:=--L-..Lj-L-LJ--'--'-======9
10
5
-10
o
-5
Relative x-ray energy leV]

65,6

66,0

Fig. 2.

Ni(lalen)Calculated Ni Lex spectrum of NiI 2.

"

~

Lf3
NiI2

>-

.,c
c
843

847

85\

855

859

863

867

87\

815

X-Ray energy leV)

Fig.I. Measured Ni Lex (?£ -,) 3d) spectra of NiI2 (S= 1),
Ni(salen) (S=O) and Ni(meta!) of fluorescent excitation.

found the existence .of a structure on the highenergy shoulder of NiI 2NiLex line (Peak b in Fig. 1).
The Lex line width of Ni(salen) is narrow since it
has no unpaired electrons (S=O). The width of themain line of NiI 2(Peak a in Fig. 1) is not significantly
broader than that of Ni(salen) in spite that NiI2 has
two unpaired electrons in the 3d orbital in the
ground state (S=I). Comparing the present X-ray
emission spectra with the X-ray photoelectron
spectra of Zaanen et al., 3) we assigned that the Lex
main line of NiI2 (Peak a) corresponds to the~3d10!:/ ~ 3d 9!/ep ~ 2D) transition [transition
between well-screened states, which are due tocharge transfer (CT) from ligands], while the highenergy structure (Peak b) is assigned to the,?£3d8, 9~O,1 ~ 3d7 •8b.0.1 transition (transition be-

In summary, though the doublet structures ofpeaks a and b were believed to originate from thesplitting by the exchange interaction between the
X-ray hole and 3d holes, the present result indicates that the splitting originates from the screening effect by the CT from ligands. The main lineof NiI2 CPeak a in Fig.l) is the CT peak and thus
narrower than that expected from the spin state of
the ground state. The multiplet structure in X-ray
emission spectra of CT semiconductors 4 ) could beinterpreted in the same manner. 5)
Thanks are due to Dr. K. Miyamura (Univ.
Tokyo) for providing us with the Ni(salen) compound.
References
1) K. Tsutsumi: ]. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 14, 1696 (1959).
Srivastava, S. Singh, A. K. Srivastava, R. S.
Nayal, A. Chaubey, and P. Gupta: Phys. Rev., A25,
2838 (1982).
3) J. Zaanen, C. Westra, and G.A. Sawatzky: ibid., B33,
8060 (1986).
4) J. Zaanen, G.A. Sawatzky, and J. W. Allen: Phys. Rev.
Lett., 55, 418 (1985).
5) J. Kawai, M. Takami, and C. Satoko: ibid., 65, 2193
(1990).
2) K. S.

51
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-2-18.

Two-Photon Decay of a He-Like Ge 30 + Excited State Produced
by Resonant Transfer and Excitation (RTE)

P.R. Mokler,*l S. Reusch,*l Z. Stachura,*2 A. Warczak,*3 T. Kambara,
A. MUller, *4 R. Schuch, *5 and M. Schulz*6
We have investigated the resonant transfer
and excitation (RTE) processes in collisions
between hydrogen-like Ge 3l+ ions and an H2target at collision energies between 12 and 19
MeV /u at the UNILAC facility of GSI in Darmstadt, Germany. Since the intermediate doublyexcited states of He-like Ge 30 + ions produced by
KLL RTE have two K-vacancies and emit two
K-X ray photons, we utilized an X-ray/X-ray
coincidence technique. The experimental setup
and some of the results were reported
previously.l)
Among the different overlapping KLL-RTE
resonances in He-like ions, there is one leading to
the doubly-excited 2s2p lP1 state which decays
promptly to the 1s2s lS0 state, and this can only
decay via a two-photon decay (2E1) into the 1s2
lSo ground state. In the decay of the 2s2p 1P 1
state, three X rays are emitted: One K-X rayfrom the decay into the 1s2s lS0 state and two
photons of continuous energy, where the sum ofboth is the binding energy difference between the
1s2s lS0 and the 1s2 lS0 state.
The signature of the two-photon decay was
clearly observed as a diagonal ridge with E1 + E2'"'-'10.3 keY in the X-ray/X-ray energy correlation diagram (Fig. 3 in Ref. 1). Integrating theintensity in the two-photon spectrum along the
diagonal ridge, we obtained the total cross section for the two-photon emission, where the KLL
resonance was clearly separated from highershell resonances KLn with n ~ 3 (Fig. 5 in Ref.
1).

Figure 1 shows a decay diagram for the relevant levels in the He-like Ge 30 + restricted tolevels accessible for KLL-RTE processes. The
radiative decay rates given in Fig. 1 are calculated using a multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock pro-

2E1

1.8 x 10 10

Fig. 1. Level scheme of the He-like Ge30 +. States which
are accessible via KLL-RTE processes and may decay
via the 1s2s ISO state are marked in the LS-coupling
scheme. Radiative transition rates are given in S- I.

gram. According to the radiative decay rates andAuger rates relevant for the production of theintermediate states, one finds that for the KLL
region the resonance leading to the doublyexcited 2s2p lP 1 state is with 98% the dominant
one populating the 1s2s lSo level. Therefore the 2E1 decay of this state provides means to isolate
the RTE resonance via the 2s2p 1P 1 level forheavy projectiles. For He-like Ge ions, the 2E1
decay is fast enough for detection near the reaction volume. It is estimated that the 1s2s lSo state
decays within the accessible time window of ourexperimental arrangement.
The energy spectrum of one of both thephotons obtained from the diagonal ridge isshown in Fig. 2. Due to the uncertainties incoincidence detection efficiency, the spectrum is
cut off in both sides, i.e. below 2 keY and beyond
8 ke V; in between the spectrum is efficiency
50
40

III! Exp.
--

Theo

~ 30

*1 GSI, D-6100 Darmstadt, Germany*2 Inst. of Nuclear Physics, 31-342 Krak6w, Poland*3 Inst. of Physics, ]agiellonski University, 30-059
Krak6w, Poland
Strahlenzentrum, Universitat GieBen, D-6300 GieBen,
Germany*5 Manne-Siegbahn Institute of Physics, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden*6 Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
*4

:;,

o

U

20

10

o
o

246

8

to

X-ray Energy (keV)

Fig. 2. Energy distribution of one of the two photons
from the 2E1 decay measured in coincidence each other.
The expected shape for the corresponding transition inhydrogen is displayed as a dashed curve.

52

P.H. Mokler et at.

corrected. The spectrum should be symmetricaround (E1 +~) /2'""'-'5.2 keY which is fulfilled
within the available low statistics. In Fig. 2, weplot also the energy spectrum expected for thetwo-photon decay for hydrogen as a simple test.
However, in order to get a reliable comparison
with theory, dedicated experiments with better
statistics and with possibly heavier projectiles
are needed.
It is demonstrated that the 2E1 decay of the
1s2s ISO state in heavy He-like ions can effectively be studied by means of an X-ray/X-ray coinci-

dence technique and that RTE is the dominant
production mechanism populating the state.
Detained studies of the shape of an X-ray continuous spectrum will yield information on relativistic and correlation effects in very heavy twoelectron ions.
References
1) S. Reusch, P.H. Mokler, T. Kambara, R. Schuch,
G. Wintermeyer, A. Miiller, Z. Stachura, and A.
Warczak: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22, 57 (1988).

53

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-2-19. Multiply Charged Ions and Cluster Ions Produced
from Frozen Targets under Energetic Heavy Ion Impact
H. Tawara, T. Tonuma, H. Kumagai, T. Matsuo, and H. Shibata
In the present work we have measured positive
as well as negative ions produced under the
impact of a few picoampere 60 MeV Ar q+ (q=4,12, 13) ions provided from RIKEN linear accelerator on frozen gas targets. The target (molecular) gases are frozen on thin foils cooled at theliquid nitrogen temperature. The gas pressure
measured at a vacuum chamber wall is about(5-7) X 10- 7 Torr, with a background pressure of1 X 10- 7 Torr.
10

,-,

10'

. . ,

1

.
I

, I
I

,

~ 10

!2.
~

~ 10'

8
10'

0'

g-W

<

r

_(O,(CO,),)(CO(CO,).)(O(CO,).)-(C(CO,).)-

U. J. ~

..J

I.Ll
Z
Z

.......-(CO,(CO,).]>~ ~~h~,,~v

vv \Positively charged cluster ions from frozen CO,
512

CHANNEL NUMBER

Fig. 1. A typical positive ion spectrum obtained fromfrozen CO 2 target under 60 MeV ArH ion impact.

A typical example of positive ion spectra froma frozen CO 2 target is shown in Fig. 1. In addition
to singly as well as multiply charged atomic ionsand molecular ions, a variety of cluster ions areobserved at fairly high intensities. These cluster
ions are clearly formed from different core ionsproduced in preceding collisions with energetic
heavy ions. In the present case, the following
singly charged cluster ions are dominant: [C0 2(C0 2)n]+' [CO(C0 2)n]+, [02(C0 2)n]+' [C(C0 2) n] +, and [0 (C0 2) n] +. Surprisingly the mostintense peak is found to be due to O2+ ions, whichhave never been observed in gaseous targets,
followed by the cluster ions with O2+ ion core. In
the frozen CO 2 targets, the O2+ ion is formed
probably through recombination of 0+ ion withanother 0 atom, both being the dissociation
products in the frozen target, during migration to
the surface. It is also noted that the intensities ofthese cluster ions decrease smoothly with a little
fluctuation as the number of molecules clusteredaround the core, n, increases, but the "magic
number" indicating cluster ions with special stabilities could be hardly observed. This is in contrast to cluster ion produced in expanding gas
targets. I)
A similar sharp difference is also observed in
the production of multiply charged ions: relatively intense peaks corresponding to Oi+ (i = 1-4)
ions and even a trace of 0 5 + ions are seen in a
spectrum, meanwhile only very weak C2+ andpractically no C3+ ions are observed. On the other
hand, in a previous gaseous target spectrum,2)multiply charged carbon ions are more intenseby an order of magnitude than corresponding
multiply charged oxygen ions.
A more dramatic difference is seen in negative- .
ly charged cluster ion spectra. In the present
frozen target experiment, most intense peaks
correspond to 0- and [0 (C0 2) nJ - cluster ions,whereas only a series of [C0 2(C0 2) nJ - cluster
ions are observed in expanding gas targets. 3)
Similar measurements are under way for otherfrozen gas targets. Presently, the detailed production mechanisms and stabilities of ionsinvolving cluster ions from frozen targets are notwell understood, though the stabilities of the ionsseem to be strongly influenced by the density oftargets depending on gas or frozen phases.
It is concluded that the frozen targets canprovide a variety of cluster ions as well as
atomic and molecular ions, sharply different
from those produced in gaseous targets, some ofwhich have been observed only in space but notin la bora tories.
References
1) O. &ht, K. Sattler, and E. Recknagel: Phys. Lett.,
90A, 185 (1982).
2) T. Matsuo, T. Tonuma, M. Kase, T. Kambara, H.
Kumagai, and H. Tawara: Chem. Phys., 121, 93(1988) .
3) M.L. Alexander, M.A. Johnson, N.E. Levinger, andW.e. Lineberger: Phys. Rev. Lett., 57, 976 (1986).

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-2-20.

Search for Relativistic Electron Emission in Relativistic
Heavy Ion Atom Collisions

Y. Yamazaki, K. Komaki, T. Azuma, K. Kuroki, K. Kawatsura,
Y. Kanai, T. Kambara, and Y. Awaya
The energy and angular distributions of "secondary" electrons emitted in 95 MeV/u Ar17 + + C,
Ni, Au collisions have been measured with RIKEN
Ring Cyclotron. High energy electrons (2: MeV)
were observed with surprisingly high cross sections(~10- 24 cm2 ).
High energy ·electrons were measured with adetector assembly consisting of four-fold surface
barrier detectors (SSD), each having a depletion
layer of . . . . 500 jLm. Comparison of partial energy
deposition to each SSD with total energy deposition
allows us to identify electrons from heavier energetic particles like fragment ions. The detector
assembly can be rotated around the target from (J= 30° to 150° with respect to the beam.

10 - 25

appearance of the peak at . . . . 45 ke V independentlyof the ejection angle is specific to the electron loss
to the continuum (E e = (melM)E.,), where Ee isthe electron energy, E p the projectile energy, me
the electron mass, and M the projectile mass). On
the other hand, the peak B appears at Ee'-"""'4(rrle/ M)·
Epcos 2 (J, indicating that knock-on collisions are
responsible for the formation of the peak. Figure 2
shows higher energy ~part, the principal interest of
this experiment, which was obtained by inserting anabsorber foil (. . . . 1 mm AI sheet) in front of thedetector assembly to discriminate huge number oflow energy electrons. The observations are summarized as (i) electrons in . . . . MeV region aredetected with surprisingly high cross section, (ii)the angular distribution of these electrons arealmost isotropic, and (iii) the differential cross section either in its absolute value or in its shapedepends very weakly on the target material. A
further experiment is in progress to confirm theseobservations.

l.....L-L--'--'--'--'-..................J........L................L....J-LJ..L...I..I.&WILW.............

o

.1

.2

Electron Energy (ME:\!)
Fig. 1. Doubly differential cross sections d 2 NldEdo. ofelectron production as a function of electron energy measured at 30°, 45°, and 60° with respect to the incident
ion beam, 95 MeV/u Ar l 7+, on a carbon foil (~4,000A).

10 -38 L....A-.....1..--L.-I-l..-L---'--'--'--'---'-...............-'---'---'-...............--"--'
0 1 2

Electron Energy(MeV)

Figure 1 shows electron spectra in th region ofa few hundreds ke V for a carbon foil of ~4, 000 A
at (J = 30° to 60°. At (J = 45° and 60°, two peaks(A and B of the figure) are clearly visible. The

Fig. 2. Higher energy part of the doubly differential crosssection d 2NldEdf! at 45° on carbon, nickel, and gold foils.

55
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-2-21.

Convoy Electron Excitation by Glancing Angle Incident
Heavy Ion Impact on Thick Metal Targets
H. Ishikawa,· Y. Sasa, and A. Koyama

In a previous report, it was shown that two kinds. of convoy electrons were induced by glancing angle
incident fast Xe9 + ion impact, that is, the one wasa usual convoy electron with a velocity equal' to thatof inducing ions, and the other a convoy electron
accelerated by a dynamic surface image potential
induced by a projectile. I) It has not been elucidated
whether the usual convoy electrons are produced
by projectiles impinging into or those emerging..;~~ \_~~
~~~
'.0.

~

.

0.5

(b)

.

. .

I

, •.

.~

500

1000

1500

2000

Energy (eV)Fig. 1. Energy spectra of electrons from AI induced byglancing angle incident Xe 27 + ions of 0.98 MeV/amu.
Detection angle is 1. 5° with respect to the incident beam
direction. Incident angle with respect to the target surface
is (a) 0.5°, (b) 0.8°, and (c) 1.0°. Solid curves are to guidethe eye.

• Science University of Tokyo.

from the surface. In the present report, it is shownthat they are produced by emerging projectriles .
Figure 1 shows the energy spectra of electrons
induced from AI by 0.98 MeV/amu Xe 27 + ions. The
incident angles are (a) 0.5° with respect to thetarget surface, (b) 0.8°, and (c) 1.0°. The detection
angle is 1. 5° with respect the incident beam direction.
Rather narrow peaks of usual convoy electrons
as well as broad peaks of accelerated ones are
seen. An important point is that most probableenergy of these usual convoy electron peaks isdecreased with increasing incident angle; 530 e V
for 0.5°, 507 eV for 0.8°, and 460 eV for 1.0°. Thismeans that the energy of projectiles inducing usual
convoy electrons is also decreased with increasing
incident angle. Energy loss of a projectile which
penetrates the target and is scattered out of thesurface becomes more prominent as the incident
angle is increased. Therefore, it is concluded thatthese usual convoy electrons are produced by projectiles emerging from the surface after transportation inside a target. Quantitative deduction ofenergy loss of glancing angle incident ions is now
in progress. Such usual convoy electrons areobserved because of the presence of narrow steps
on the target surface; they are not accelerated by
an image force, because the time of the interaction
between the image potential and the produced convoy electrons is too short.
References
1) H. Ishikawa, A. Koyama, and Y. Sasa: RIKEN Accel.
Prog. Rep., 23, 51 (1989).

56

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·2·22.

Electron Spectra from Doubly Excited Boron Ions
Produced by Double Electron Capture

H.A. Sakaue, Y. Kanai, T. Nabeshima, N. Nakamura, I. Yamada,*
S. Ohtani, K. Wakiya, H. Suzuki, T. Takayanagi, T. Kambara,
A. Danjo, M. Yoshino, and Y. Awaya
We measured spectra of electrons ejected by
the following double-electron transfer collisions
at varying collision energies (37.5, 50, and 65
keY);
B5++ He(1s2)----+B3+(2/n/') IL+ He 2+
4B4+(ls)+e- .
11 B5+ ions were produced with the ECRIS (Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source) constructed as an ion source for the RIKEN A VF cyclotron. Spectra of ejected electrons were measured
by zero-degree electron spectroscopy. I)

( 0 )

>~
(j)
Z

W

( 0 )

I-

Z

-

(c )

U)

( b )

c

:J

224

226

228

ELECTRON

.0
L-

3

230

232

ENERGY234(eV)

Fig. 2. High resolution ejected electron spectra from the
213/' configuration of B3+. Each peak is tentatively
identified as shown. Collision energy is (a) 65 keY; (b) 50
keY; and (c) 37.5 keY.

>~

(/)

z

w
~

z

180

185

190

ELECTRON

195

ENERGY

200

2fils

(eV)

Fig. 1. High resolution ejected electron spectra from the2121' configuration of B3+. Each peak is tentatively
identified as shown. Collision energy is (a) 65 keY; (b) 50
keY; and (c) 37.5 keY.

High resolution spectra of ejected electrons
from 2/21' and 2/31' states are shown in Figs. 1
and 2, respectively. We tentatively identify eachpeak as denoted in the figures. The relativeintensity ratio of the peaks in 2/21' does notchange with collision energy, but that of the* National Institute for Fusion Science.

peaks in 2/31' changes. Possible explanations forthis phenomena are (1) the position of the reaction window changes with collision energy and(2) the magnetic sublevel distribution mL ofeach angular momentum state (L) produced bydouble electron capture changes with collisionenergy. I)
Since the observed electron peaks are shiftedby a post collision interaction (PCI) effect, so wecannot directly compare the observed peakenergies with theoretical values. Precise analysis
is in progress.
References
1) H.A. Sakaue, Y. Kanai, Y. Ohta, K. Kushima, M.
Inaba, S. Ohtani, K. Wakiya, H. Suzuki, T. Takayanagi, T. Kambara, A. Danjo, M. Yoshino, and Y.
Awaya:]. Phys., B23, L401 (1990).

57

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-2-23.

Beam-Foil Lifetime Measu rements of the 2p 5 3p and2p 5 3d Levels in Ti XIII
K. Ando, Y. Zou, S. Kohmoto, T. Kambara, Y. Awaya,
T. Tonuma, T. Niizeki, and S. Tsurubuchi

Beam-foil decay curve measurements were
performed at RILAC by using a 2.2 m grazing
incidence spectrometer (McPherson 247) with agrating of 600 grooves/mm. Decay curves measured were analyzed by multiexponential fitting
using a program DISCRETE. I) For the decays of
3p ID2 and 3p 3P 2. cascading from upper states
were corrected by performing an ANDC (Arbitrary Normalized Decay Curve) analysis using a
program CANDY.I) The results of the ANDC
analysis and multiexponential fitting are disTable 1.

played in Table 1 with other experiments2) andthe theoretical calcuation. 3- 5 ) All the decay
curves of the 3d levels, with the exception of 3d
IF3, include a short lived cascade of lifetime of
11 - 24 ps. The level of 3p 3D3 is repopulated not
only by long lived 3d cascades, but also by long
lived 4d 3D 2 and 4d IF3 cascades. The lifetimes of
3d levels obtained by multi exponential fitting
should be reliable since all direct cascades to 3dlevels are very fast.

Lifetimes (ns) of levels in Ti XIII.

Vpper
level
2p 53d 3F4Experiment
Ref. 2This worko.188±0. 006(0 .015) 8
o.115±0 .010

2p 53d 3F3o.173±0. 015 (0 . 019) 8

0.112 ± 0.01O

2p 53d IF3

0.181 ± 0 . 0068

o.115±0. 012

2p 53d 3D30.111±0.010

2p 53d ID2

0.137±0.009 8(0.011, 0.006, 2.25)8
o.153±0. 009 (0.013) 8

2p53d 3P 2

O. 212±0. 015 (0.024) 8

0.115±0.010

2p53p ID2

0.279±0.013b[0. 312±0 .042 (0.055) J8

o.215±0. 020

2p 53p 3P 2

o.370±0 .037

0.218±0.020

b0.105±0.010[0.48 ± 0.16 (0.092) J 8
2p 53p 3D3

o.359±0 .060 (0 .146) 8

O. 240±0. 030

Theoryo.158d

0.113 e0.156d0.105 e0.147 do.105e0.147d0.108eo.142dO. 101 eo.154do.113e0.225c
0 .329d0 . 210eo.202 co.181 d0.230 eo.236

C0.290 d0.227ea) Results of multiexponential fitting with cascade lifetimes are
given in parentheses.
b) Results of ANDC analysis.
c) Results of Crance. 3 )d) Results of Bureeva. 4 )e) Results of MCDF.5)

References
1) L. Engstrom: Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 202, 369 (1982).
2) E. Trabert: Z. Phys. D, 1, 283 (1986).
3) M. Crance: At. Data, 5, 185 (1973).

4) L.A. Bureeva and V.I. Safronova: Phys. Seri., 20, 81(1979).
5) I.P. Grant, B.l. McKenzie, and P.H. Norrington:
Compo Phys. Commun., 21, 207 (1980).

58
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-2-24.

Neutral Atomic Beam Source with a Pulsed Heater

T. Minowa, H. Komatsu, * H. Katsuragawa, and T. Inamura
In a previous report we described a novel
method to produce neutral atomic beams ofmetal elements. 1) This method is based on lowbias pulsed discharge; plasma generated heats up
metal elements to be evaporated. We successfully carried out resonance ionization spectroscopy of Fe and Al by this method. 2 ) Although thepulsed discharge method is simple, low-cost, andcapable of making intense atomic beams ofmetal elements, several drawbacks were found.
The most troublesome was an increase in background due to charged particles produced atpulsed discharge.
We have developed a pulsed heating method to
produce neutral atomic beams for such a case as
no intense atomic beam is needed but an
extremely clean atomic flux is required. The
experimental setup was the same as that described in Ref. 1 except for an atomic beamsource. A Mo filament (diameter 30 ,urn, effective
length 1 cm) was connected periodically to acharged capacitor (330,uF) with an electrical
relay. An advantage of this pulsed heating
method is in that no extra technique is requiredfor cooling the filament and its support, and inthat the lifetime of the filament is considerably
prolonged.

We carried out resonance ionization spectroscopy of a Mo atomic beam produced by thepulsed heating method. In Fig. 1 a time-of-flight
spectrum of Mo+ and a plot expanded around theMo+ peak are shown. Here Mo+ isotope peaks
are partly resolved. Mo-ion counts are plotted asa function of the wavelength of laser radiation in
Fig. 2. The ionization peak corresponds to thez7P30-a7S3 transition in Mo atom.

387.2

385.8

WAVELENGTH (nm)Fig. 2. Resonance ionization spectrum of Mo. The ionization peak corresponds to the z7P 30-a 7S3 (386.4 nm)
transition in a Mo atom.

The rate of Mo atoms evaporated from a unit
surface is given by
Mo

20

10
E-<
Z

::>

0

u

z

0

... 0

log m =27 .81-33.25x 10 3 /T
+5.50x10 6 /T2

where log denotes a general logalithm, m is theevaporation rate in cm- 2s- 1 , and T is the temperature of the Mo surface. 3) Mo atoms flew awayfrom the filament uniformly into the space in a
vacuum chamber, so that, if evaporation is stationary, the density of Mo atoms at a distance r
apart from the Mo source is given byn (r) = mS/41Cvr 2

Fig. 1. Time-of-flight spectrum of Mo ions. The wavelength of radiation of the pulsed dye laser was kept at
386.4 nm.

* Tokyo Gakugei University.

(1)

(2)

where the Mo filament is assumed to be a point
source, n (r) is the density of Mo atoms, S is thesurface area of the Mo filament, and v is themean velocity of Mo atoms. The mean velocityof Mo atoms can be estimated at hundreds ofmeters per second. The ionization volume in thiswork was placed 10 cm apart from the Mo
source; therefore evaporation was considered to59

T. minowa et al.

be stationary because firing of the laser wasdelayed by few milliseconds after the rise ofevaporation and its fall time was 70 ms.
For Mo the saturation condition was easily
fulfilleld by a relatively low-power laser radiation, i.e., tens of microjoules per pulse. Under thesaturation condition almost all the Mo atoms inthe volume irradiated by the laser is ionized andthe linear dependence of an ionization signal
upon the laser power is obtained. We confirmedby this linear dependence that the saturation
condition was fulfilled.
The pulse duration time of the laser was 10 ns.
In this time scale Mo atoms can be considered to
be at rest. The Mo+ counting rate was nearly
unity per pulse at an application voltage of 15 V
to the capacitor. Therefore following equation
holds

related to the evaporation rate of the Mo filament as follows(5)m=B·]1.8

where B is the constant determined by experimental conditions and] is the output current in
A. With the value m=6X10 13 that of B is determined to be 1 X 10 20 • The temporal dependence ofthe output current was converted to that of theevaporation rate of the Mo filament and is plotted in Fig. 3. From this measurement it is foundthat the pulsed heating prolongs the lifetime of
the Mo filament by one order of magnitude
compared with continuous heating with a direct
current.
~ 1014
I

(3)

III
N
I

E

U

where V is the volume where resonance ionization took place. We took the following formulafor the mean velocity

v= 13kT! M

I - - - 150 IllS --I(4)

where k is the Boltzmann constant and M is themass of Mo. Combining Eq. (1), (3), and (4) andsubstituting the value 10-4 cm3 into V, weobtained values of 6 x 10 13 cm- 2 s- 1 and 2,200 K
for m and T, respectively.
Upon the application of voltage pulses to the
Mo filament, light emission occurs simultaneously with evaporation. We measured the lightintensity with a photodiode (HAMAMA TSU
S1227 -66BQ) . The output current of thephotodiode is proportional to radiated lightintensity when the current is lower than O. 1 A.
Using Planck's radiation formula, the output
current of the photodiode was approximately

TIME

Fig. 3. Evaporation rates of a Mo filament plotted vs.
time. The diameter and the effective length of thefilament is 30 .tim and 1 cm, respectively.

References
1) M. Otsuki, T. Minowa, H. Katsuragawa, and T.
Inamura: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22, 176 (1988).
2) T. Hoshino, M. Otsuki, T. Minowa, H. Katsuragawa,and T. Inamura: ibid, p. 178.
3) G. Czak, G. Kirshstein, D. Koschel, H.K. Kugler, andP. Kuhm: "Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry," Springer Verlag, Tokyo, Mo suppl. A2a, p. 462(1985) .

60
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-2-25.

Magnetic Property of BiPbSr 2 Fe06

T. Okada, K. Asai, and T. Yamadaya*
The physical properties of compounds Bi2M 1 +n
FenO y (M=Sr, Ca; n=l, 2, 3) are of great interestin view of their crystallo-graphical isostructure withhigh-Tc superconductors Bi2Sr2Can-lCUnOy for
n=l, 2, 3.
A sample of BiPbSr2Fe06 (n=l) was preparedby heating starting materials Bi20 3 , PbO, SrC03 ,and (X-Fe203 in air at 815°C for five days. One of
the Bi atoms of Bi2Ml+nFenOy for n=l was
replaced with a Pb atom so as to keep the chargebalance. The resulting compound, isostructural witha one layer superconductor Bi2Sr2Cu206, is foundto be orthorhombic (a = 5.42 A, b = 5.49 A, c
= 23.20 A).
The static magnetization of BiPbSr2Fe06 in thetemperature range between 77 K and 298 K was
measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer.
The magnitude of the magnetization in an appliedmagnetic field of 1. 6 T was very small (~1 0- 1
emu/g) at 77 K and monotonously decreased withincreasing temperature.
The Mossbauer measurements of 57Fe were carried out at temperatures from 5 K to 295 K. Twotypical Mossbauer spectra are shown in Fig. 1. The
spectrum at 295 K [Fig. 1 (a)] was composed of adoublet arising from quadrupole splitting. The
hyperfine magnetic field (Rhf) was observed in the
spectrum at 80 K [Fig. 1 (b)]. The temperaturedependence of Rhf is shown in Fig. 2. The value ofHhf decreased with increasing temperature, andreduced to zero at 210 K. Extrapolation suggeststhat the hyperfine magnetic field disappears at
190 K, indicating that the magnetic transition
takes place at this temperature.
600

o....:l,.--...
'-il

Q)

0 -_ _

~o

--o~

u::::

E400

..."

~
~

\

\

~ 200

\
I
I

~

~

~

I

~
~

~
:::r:::

1

-10

I

I

o

+10

VELOCITY ( mmls )Fig. 1. 57Fe-Mossbauer spectra of BiPbSr2Fe06 at (a) 295
K and (b) 80 K.

* Faculty of Literature and Science, Yokohama City
University.

0\
~

I

0 L..-_ _ _ _---IL..-_ _ _ _..:.'I.... 0 -

o

100
200
TEMPERATURE (K)Fig. 2. Temperature dependence of the hyperfine magnetic field at 57Fe obtained from Mossbauer spectra.

61
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·2·26.

Behavior of Kr Atoms Implanted into Aluminum
E. Yagi

It has been demonstrated that heavy inert gas
atoms (Ar, Kr, and Xe) implanted into metals atambient temperature precipitate into a solid
phase (often referred to as solid inert gas bubbles) at high implantation doses, and that they
have an epitaxial face-centered cubic (fcc) structure in fcc matrices. 1•2 ) The growth of such bubbles has been extensively studied mainly bytransmission electron microscopy and by an
X-ray diffraction method. Since these methods
are sensitive to bubbles greater than a certain
minimum size, usually after the interesting initial
growth of bubbles has occurred, they are more
effective to the study on bubble growth rather
than that on nucleation. On the other hand, achanneling method is useful to study phenomena
such as bubble nucleation, because it provides
direct information on the lattice location of implanted atoms.
In the present study the implantation-dose
dependence of lattice location of Kr atoms implanted in Al at room temperature has been
investigated by the ion-channeling method with a
1 Me V He+ beam in more detail than in previous
studies.3 - 6 ) From the channeling angular profiles
we observed, as shown in Fig. 1, that, at an
implantation dose lower than 2 X 10 15 /cm 2 , Kr
1.0,--------------·<>-<>

z

o
I-

u 0 .5<ta::atoms are distributed over random (R), substitutional (S), tetrahedral (T) and octahedral (0)sites. At a dose higher than 2 x 10 15 / cm2 a fraction of the Kr atoms come to be located at
O*-sites displaced from O-sites by about 0.03 nm.
The T - and O-site occupancies are considered toresult from the multiple trapping of vacancies by
Kr atoms, because large-sized impurity atoms
tend to interact strongly with vacancies. The Kr
atoms are displaced to the T- and O-sites bytrapping 4 and 6 vacancies, respectively. On
annealing the T- and O-site configurations (KrV 4
and KrV 6 ) became unstable between 380 and 470
K. The R-site occupancy can be ascribed to the
Kr atoms associated with larger vacancy clusters (cavities) consisting of more than 6vacancies. This interpretation is supported by
the previously reported result that with increasing dose from 4 X 10 14 to 1 x 10 15 /cm 2 the number
density of the R-site occupancy increases and,correspondingly, cavities come to be observed. 6 )The 0* -site occupancy is considered to be due tothe clustering of the Kr atoms located at theO-sites. The Kr atoms are displaced slightly fromthe O-sites due to the mutual interaction.
From these results we proposed that for the Kr
implantation at room temperature Kr-vacancy
complexes such as KrV 4 , KrV 6 , and larger ones
are formed in the early stage of implantation,and these complexes act as nucleation centers forthe precipitation of Kr atoms.
References

R

LL

Fig. 1. Implantation-dose dependence of the fractions of
Kr atoms located at various kinds of sites.

1) A. vom Felde, ]. Fink, Th. MUller-Heinzerling, ].
PIUger, B. Scheerer, G. Linker, and D. Kaletta: Phys.
Rev. Lett., 53, 922 (1894).
2) C. Templier, C. Jaouen, j.·P. Riviere, j. Delafond, andj. Grilhe: C. R. A cad. Sci. Paris, 299, 613 (1884).
3) E. Yagi: Phys. Stat. Solidi, AI04, K13 (1987).
4) E.Yagi, M. Iwaki, K. Tanaka, I. Hashimoto, and H.
Yamaguchi: Nucl. Instrum. Methods, B33, 724 (1988).
5) E. Yagi: ibid., B39, 68 (1989).
6) E. Yagi, I. Hashimoto, and H. Yamaguchi: ]. Nuc!.
Mater., 169, 158 (1989).

62
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·2·27.

RBS Investigation of Ar implanted AIN x Thin Filmson Glassy Carbon
K. Kobayashi, T. Fujihana, * and M. Iwaki

A study has been made of the compositions ofAINx thin films on glassy carbon (G. C) substrates
before and after Ar-implantation.
AlNx thin films of approximately 100 nm in thickness were deposited on G.C by means of an acti2000~----~----~----~

Ca)-

1 500 rAl

GC

1000 r--

1

. -j

o

Ar
I

NO

500 r-I I

L - - -_ _ _ _ _.....;.
. I ~..___':' " _ _ . : . . _ ___:;___\_.I.

:; 200 0 r------------,~__:_-~~(b )c~ 1500
u

Al

1000
~
w

I

GC

500

>

200 0 r----:--~__:_-_:_~-...,
( C )

1500

Al
1

G.C

1000

-i

500

N

Ar
I

10
1

O~~--~~·'~
I --~~~~

o

0.2

0.4

0.6

ENERGY

0.8

1.0

1.2

(MeV)

Fig. 1. RBS spectra before and after Ar-implantation into
AlNx thin films on a G. C substrate.
(a), spectrum after Ar-implantation with 1 x 1017 Ar+Icm 2
at 150 keY;(b), spectrum after Ar-implantation with 5x 1016 Ar+ Icm 2
at 150 keY;(c), spectrum before Ar-implantation.

* Advanced Technology Inc.

vated reactive evaporation ill a nitrogen atmosphere.
Air-implantation into AlNx thin films was performed to the doses ranging from 5 x 1016 to
lxl0 17 Ar+/cm2 at 150 keY near room temperature. The compositions of the films on G.C substrates before and after Ar-implantation were
evaluated by He + Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) using a 1. 5 MeV 4He + beam. The
dose of He + was 2.4 x 1015 He + Icm2 throughout
the study.
Figure 1 shows the RBS spectra before and after
Ar-implantation into the films on the G. C substrates. Figure 1 (c) shows the spectrum before
Ar-implantation. The doses for Figs. 1 (b) and (a)were 5xl0 16 and lxl0 17 Ar+/cm2 , respectively.
The surface edges of Al, N, 0, and Ar are indicatedby short lines; the position of G. C is also indicated.
The spectrum for an as-deposited specimen
shows a uniform concentration of 0 atoms. The
ratio of N/Al in the as-deposited film is estimatedas 0.8, according to a surface energy approximation.
It was found from Figs. 1 (b) and (a) that Ar
atoms were retained into the specimens. The depth
position of the maximum concentration of Ar is
located at the depth of about 80 nm from the surface. As the dose of Ar-implantation increases, thebackscattering yield height from Ar atoms increases. It is estimated that the amount of the Ar
atoms in the specimen (a) is twice as large as thatin the specimen (b), in proportion to the dose of
Ar -implantation.
It is also found in Figs. 1 (b) and (a) that 0
atoms invaded the surface layers of the films after
Ar-implantation. The yields from the 0 atoms
increases as the dose of Ar-implantation increases.
The 0 atoms included in the residual gas (for example, gas of H2 0 and CO2) would invade the films
by cascade mixing during Ar-implantation.
Thus, it is concluded that Ar atoms are retainedin the films, in proportion to the dose of Ar-implantation. The 0 atoms invaded the films during Arimplantation.

63
RIKEN Acce!. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-2-28.

Development of Nuclear Track Microfilters
N. Nakanishi, S. Nakajima, and S. W akasa *Energetic charged particles leave their latent
tracks in a polymer, polycarbonate Makrofol,
irradiated with them. Pierced pores can beobserved in it after chemical etching. The
phenomenon is applicable to the production of
microfilters for industrial uses.
The etch phenomenon is considered geometrically as shown in Fig. 1. In this simplified case,the surface A before etch is corroded to go to thesurface B at a balk etching rate Vb after an etchingtime T. On the other hand, as etching goes on,an etch pit is formed along the latent track at a
track etching rate Vt • Until docking, etch pits inboth sides of the films proceed a the cone angle

We have examined irradiating and etching conditions for thin polycarbonate Makrofol films. 1) The
present goals are to realize pores of less than 0.05
/Lm and to find the best conditions for polyimidfilms. Figure 2 shows an example of etched poresin a 10 /Lm film irradiated with 1 MeV/u 84Kr 8+.
We have also tried to observe cross sections of
etch pits.

b, for which we can get a relation of b=sin- 1 (~:)
It is desirable to get pores with b as small as possible.

A-----------;--~~~---

B----.. . .
Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrograph of etched pores ina 10 J,Lm Makrofol irradiated by 1 Me Vlu 84Kr8+ ions.
Magnification x 10,000. Diameter is 0.2 J,Lm.

References
Fig. 1.

Schematic cross section of etch pits.

* Japan Steel Work Ltd.

1) N. Nakanishi et at.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 23,
88 (1989).

64
RIKEN Acce!. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·2·29. Temperatu re Measu rement of Solid Su rface
during 50 MeV Ar4+ Beam Bombardment
K. Yano, H. Oyama, M. Yanokura, M. Aratani, and M. Minami
Elastic recoil detection (ERD) is a powerful
method for the prompt determination and profilingof atomic species, especially light elements such ashydrogen atoms, near the surface. We have measured the depth profiles of hydrogen and deuterium
atoms in thin carbon films prepared by chemical
vapor deposition by ERD using an Ar4 + beam fromthe RILAC, whose incidence angle and energy
were 30° and 50 MeV, respectively.1) A decreasein hydrogen atoms in the films was found during
measurement as the bombarding time proceeds.
This decrease is attributed to the heating of thesurface by the bombardment of high energy Ar4+
beams. It is well known from a thermal desorption
spectrum that hydrogen atoms are desorbed fromthe surface and/or diffuse into substrate at about
300°C. Therefore, we observed a local-surface
temperature during 50 MeV Ar4+ beam bombardment. Figure 1 shows the schematic arrangementof the experimental setup. The specification of aradiation thermometer used is as follows: themeasurable temperature range, 200-600°C and thespot area measured, 1 mm<j>, where a beam-spotsize bombarded is 2x2 mm2 to 4x7 mm2 . Radiation (f... = 1. 8-2. 5J.Lm) from the heated surface wasconducted to a PbS detector from a vacuum
chamber through a lens (¢6) and an optical fiber.
Figure 2 shows the surface temperatures of Si andstainless steel targets as a function of the Ar4+
Beam spot size
2 x 2 (max " x 7 )Thermometer spot ,.1 (},,:1 .8-2.51J.m)=------ 50MeV, Ar+

Thermometer2oo-600·C

Fig. 1.

Schematic arrangement of the experimental setup.

400
o

Si

o

6.

Sus»4

/

CD
200
0

®

- 200 nA including 2nd electrons

I

50

100

Ar4+ beam current (arb. units)

CD increase in beam current@ via 30 min. irrad. on C
@ via 10 min . irrad. on Ceramics© via 60 min. irrad. on Tic
and 20min. irrad. on Cu

Fig. 2. Dependence of surface temperature on the Ar+
beam current.

beam current. The dimensions of the Si and thestainless steel are 12 x 8. 5 x O. 4 mm and 12 x 9 xl
mm, respectively. These targets and others (seeFig. 2) were mounted at a time on a holder of alarge heat capacity. With increasing 50 MeV Ar4+
beam current, the target surface is heated and its
temperature reaches near 200°C at a beam currentof about 100 nA including secondary electrons. A
further increase in beam current results in a linear
increase in the surface temperature. Finally thesurface temperature of Si reaches near 400°C at
200 nA after bombardments of other targets asshown in Fig. 2.
However, the beam current used in the present
study is higher than that of a usual ERD measurement by a factor of about 10. The surface temperature is thought to be less than 200°C, although it
could not be measured with this thermometer
under the conditions of ERD measurement. It is
deduced from Fig. 2 that the surface temperaturelies below 150°C at practical ERD measurements.
References
1)

K. Yano, H. Oyama, Y. Sakamoto, M. Yanokura, I.
Kohno, and K. Sugiyama: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep.,
20, 73 (1986).

65

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·3.

Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry

1. Mossbauer Emission Spectroscopy of 57Fe Arising from 57Mn
in Chromium Metal and its Oxides
M. N akada, Y. Watanabe, * K. Endo, H. Nakahara, * H. Sano, * K. Mishima,
K. Kubo, Y. Sakai,** T. Tominaga, K. Asai, M. Iwamoto, Y. Kobayashi,
T. Okada, N. Sakai, I. Kohno, and F. Ambe
Mossbauer effilSSlon spectroscopy using theshort-lived 57Mn produced by the 54Cr( a, p)57Mn
reaction was continued. In this period, several
improvements were achieved in experimental
details. Among them are the use of a 57Fe-enrichedabsober with a larger area than that of the former
one, the temperature control of an actuator, andthe calibration with 57Co embedded in iron.
The emission Mossbauer spectra of 57Fe arisingfrom 57Mn in a-irradiated 54Cr metal, 54Cr03, and54Cr203 are shown in Fig. 1. The isomer shift isgiven relative to iron metal at room temperature.
As seen from Fig. I (A), the emission spectrumof 57Mn in 54Cr-metal consists of a singlet. The
isomer shift is in good agreement with that of 57Co
doped in chromium. A clearly split doublet wasobserved for 57Fe arising from 57Mn in 54Cr03 (Fig.
1(B». The isomer shift indicates high-spin ferricions coordinated with oxide ions. In the case of
54Cr2 0 3, the spectrum was decomposed into two
sets of quadrupole doublets, as seen from Fig.
I(C). The doublet with a smaller isomer shift is
assigned to high spin ferric species, while the otherto high spin ferrous ones.
Detailed discussion on the observations will begiven elsewhere.

* Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University.
* * Faculty of Science, the University of Tokyo.

102
100
98

--..

........._.......- ..-.,.-.

... .

.,:.' ...."1:

.,

•

(A)

96

~

"""-"
~
...,
.....
CIl

$:l

...,
....$:l
....>
...,
(1)

102
100

..:. -.

...

98
96

(1)

«S

-...

100

(1)

0:::

98
96
94
92

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

Velocity (mm/s)
Fig. 1. Emission Mossbauer spectra of 57Fe arising from
57Mn produced by the 54Cr(ex,p)57Mn reaction in (A) 54Cr_
metal, (B) 54Cr03, and (C) 54Cr203. The temperature ofmeasurement was about 30°C.

66
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·3·2. 99Ru Mossbauer Spectroscopy on Adducts ofRuthenocene with Halogens
Y. Kobayashi, M. Watanabe: T. Okada, M. Katada,
H. Sano, and F. Ambe
The physicochemical properties of ferrocene
derivatives have extensively been studied by s7Fe
Mossbauer spectroscopy. No 99Ru Mossbauer
spectra of ruthenocene derivatives seem to havebeen published. In this period, we applied 99Ru
Mossbauer spectroscopy to the study of the
adducts of ruthenocene with halogens, expressedas [Ru(CsHshX]Y (X = Cl, Br, I; Y = PF6 , BF4 ,13), using a source nuclide 99Rh produced byirradiating 97% enriched 99Ru metal with 12 Me V
protons accelerated by the cyclotron. 1)
The samples were prepared by the method
described in the literature,2) and the results of theirelemental analysis were in good agreement withcalculation.
The Mossbauer spectra obtained at 5K of[Ru(C sH5 hCl]PF6 , [Ru(C 5H 5hBr]PF6 and ruthenocene are shown in Fig. 1. The spectra were fitted
well to a theoretical curve assuming an electric field
gradient, while those of the adducts containing
iodine were analyzed with two Lorentzian curves
since the relative intensity of absorption was small.
It was found that both the isomer shift and the electric quadrupole splitting of the adducts with halogens are large compared with those of ruthenocene. The results obtained in the present work lead
us to the conclusion that ruthenocene gives halogen
adducts containing direct chemical bonding between
Ru and Cl (or Br, I) and that the Ru ion in eachadducts is in a higher oxidation state, probably 4+
resulting from a two-electron process, than 2 + inruthenocene. Such behavior described above has
not been observed in ferrocene and its derivatives.

* Tokyo Metropolitan University.

100

99.9

, .
.. -. - ... .
. -....: .,'" "......".--.;..::(b) ..

100l.:....

99.9

z
o

en

CI)

~

~

<
a:

100

. ...

I-

-.

99.0

-2

Ru(CsHs)2o2

VELOCITY (mmls)

Fig. 1. 99Ru Mossbauer spectra at 5K of (a) ruthenoceneCl adduct, (b) ruthenocene-Br adduct, and (c) ruthenocene (relative to ruthenium metal).

References
1) Y. Kobayashi, M. Katada, H. Sano, T. Okada, K. Asai,
S. Arnbe, and F. Arnbe: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 20,
111 (1986).

2) T.P. Smith, K.S. Kwan, H. Taube, A. Bino, and S.
Cohen: Inorg. Chem., 23, 1943 (1984).

67
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·3-3. Measurements of Time-Differential 'Y-Ray Perturbed Angular
Correlation (TDPAC) and Emission Mossbauer (EM) Effects
for 99Ru in a-Fe 20g Using 99Rh as a Source Nuclide
Y. Ohkubo, Y. Kobayashi, K. Asai, Y. Yanagida,
M. Iwamoto, and F. AmbeIn this period, we finished measuring TDPAC
and EM spectra for 99Ru in <x- Fe 2 0 3, using 99Rh
(t1l2= 15 days) as its parent. The employed y-Rays
were 353-90 keY cascade ones through the intermediate level 3/2+ with t 1l2 =20.5 ns for TDPAC
and 90 ke V (3/2 + ~ 5/2 +) for EM spectroscopy.
<x-Fe203 has the corundum structure. Since thepoint symmetry of the Fe3+ site is not cubic, there
is an electric field gradient (EFG). <x-Fe203 is
antiferromagnetic below TN = 950 K (the Neelpoint). Thus, below TN, the nuclei of 99Ru ionsreplacing Fe3+ experience a hyperfine magnetic
field H hf in addition to the EFG.
The preparation procedure for <x-F e203(99Rh)
was described before. 1) In this period, we prepared<x-Fe203(99Rh)
samplesbyheatingtwo_0'1~~73K:1 __':-i--1ft -

o
0.1

-

,

100

200

~

o

5

I

A n 813<

10

~o

~

o

o

100

TIME (ns)

200

30

60

~

o

30

60

FREQUENCY (MHz)Fig. 1. TnPAC spectra of 99Ru (3/2+) in ex-Fe203 measured below and above its magnetic transition temperature (left) and their Fourier transformed spectra (right).

,~. .:·:I~II-3

0
VElOC ITY( •• /s)

3

'"

0

Fig. 2. Emission Mossbauer spectrum of 99Ru (3/2+ ~5/2+) in ex-Fe203 measured at 5 K (left) and the spectrum of the hyperfine magnetic field calculated from it(right).

Fe203'nH20(99Rh) at 1,173 K or at 1,023 K. We
used four BaF2 (1. 5 in cf> x 1 in) detectors to set
up a PAC spectrometer. Coincidence counts for
detector combinations of 90 and 180 degrees were
measured as a function of delay time between theemissions of 353 and 90 ke V y rays. In this measurement, four spectra (two for 90° and two for180°) were taken simultaneously, though eightspectra could be taken in principle.
Measurements of TDPAC spectra were made in
the temperature range from 10 K over TN to 1,023
K. An EM spectrum was taken at 5 K. The measured TDPAC spectra were identical for the two
samples heated at the two different temperatures.
Figure 1 shows a part of the measured TDPAC
spectra (left) and their Fourier transformed spectra(right). Figure 2 shows the measure EM spectrum(right) and the H hf spectrum calculated from it(left). The saturated Hhf obtained from TDPAC
was about 190 kOe, the value of which is consistent
with that obtained from the EM spectrum of about
180 kOe. These values are preliminary; detailed
analysis is in progress.
References
1) Y. Ohkubo and F. Ambe: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep.,
23, 75 (1989).

68
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-3-4.

Time-Differential y-Ray Perturbed Angular Correlation (TDPAC)
and Emission Mossbauer (EM) Spectroscopy of 99Ru in Fe 304
Usi ng 99Rh as a Sou rce Nuclide
Y. Ohkubo, Y. Kobayashi, K. Asai, T. Okada, and F. Ambe

This year we measured TDPAC and EM spectra
for 99Ru in Fe304, using 99Rh (t1l2 = 15 days) as
its parent. F e304 has the inverse spinel structure
and is ferrimagnetic below T c = 858 K.
Fe304(99Rh) was prepared by heating (XFe203(99Rh), obtained by the method described
before,1,2) under a reduced pressure of about 3 Pa
at 1,423 K for 2 h. We used the same PAC spectrometer as described in the previous report. 2)
Measurements of TDPAC spectra were made in
the temperature range from 10 Kover T c to 873
K. An EM spectrum was taken at 5 K. With themethod used by Asai et ai. 3 ) we confirmed that
99Rh ions are in the octahedral sites. Figure 1-O·:~f
I
77K

0.1
....

-0.1

~

0

~
..:

b

>-

~ 100 r----~-~~~------,'.)'*J,g*fIA". "",_ ~ •., ~,' :' .... '...
E'.1. " III

~

~

~

" ... .

~ 99.5~oL -__-3

g0

00

VELOCITY(mm!s)

200

300

"hf (kOe)

Fig. 2. Emission M6ssbauer spectrum of 99Ru (3/2 + ~512 +) in F e30 4 measured at 5 K (left) and the spectrumof the hyperfine magnetic field calculated from it (right).

200r-------------,

..

- ..

..

C>

: ; 100

~~
~

11

~

§::..:

I: .. .
_ _L _ _ _ _----.l
O

150

7K

::

50

293K

5

293K
~
0 . 1 J_~_ _----:--:-'--",+-:

orj-flll:5~':::~~-0.1\

oh. . .

0.1J _ _ _ _

o

200

.m

400

600

800

1000

T (K)

Fig. 3. Temperature dependence of the hyperfine magnetic field obtained from TDPAC.

~_

100

TIME (nsec)

200 0

25

50

FREQUENCY (MHz)Fig. 1. TDPAC spectra of 99Ru (3/2+) in Fe304 measured
at 77 K, 293 K, and 673 K (left) and their Fourier transformed spectra (right).

shows a part of measured TDPAC spectra (left)
and their Fourier transformed (FT) spectra (right).
The FT spectrum has two components because thedirections of the H hf are distrubuted. Figure 2
shows the measured EM spectrum (left) and theH hf spectrum calculated from it (right). Asymmetryof the former is ascribed to electric quadrupole
interactions. The saturated H hf field obtained from

TDPAC was about 160 kOe, the value of which isconsistent with that obtained from the EM spectrum of about 140 kOe. Figure 3 shows the temperature dependence of H hf. These results are preliminary; detailed analysis is in progress.
References
1) Y. Ohkubo and F. Ambe: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep.,

23, 75 (1989).
2) Y. Ohkubo, Y. Kobayashi, K. Asai, Y. Yanagida, M.
Iwamoto, and F. Ambe: This Report, p.67.
3) K. Asai, T. Okada, and H. Sekizawa: ]. Phys. Soc.
jpn., 54, 4325 (1985).

69

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-3-5.

Angular-Momentum Effect in Heavy lon-Induced
Fusion Reactions

H. Kusawake, T. Saito, N. Takahashi, A. Yokoyama,
H. Baba, Y. Ohkubo, and A. Shinohara
According to a Bass model,l) the cross section
for evaporation residue formation was predicted
to be reciprocally proportional to the incident
energy in the region higher than a specificenergy.2) In order to confirm validity of theprediction, we aim to measure the cross sections
directly both for evaporation residues and fission
and their dependence on energy by a nuclearchemical method.
We studied the reaction of a 141Pr target with
24.8- and 23.5-MeV lu 4°Ar projectiles. Experimental details were described in previous
reports. 3 •4)
The total chain yields of fission fragments
were deduced from the cumulative and independent yields of gamma-emitting radioactive products on the assumption of a Gaussian charge
dispersion with the width parameter (J" = 1. 5. The
cross sections of evaporation residues werededuced from the average of cumulative yields ofisobaric products because primary products werevery unstable. The results are shown in Fig. 1. If

the peak position of measured evaporation residues.
The total cross sections deduced for evaporation residues and the values measured by Zanket al. 5 ) are plotted versus II ECM in Fig. 2 ascompared with the Bass model. The LER values
deduced in this work were 69 and 67 at 24.8 and23.5 Me Vlu, respectively. They are larger thanthat predicted from a rotating finite range model.

Oer

Diu

'·0

6. 248ME1//uo 23.5MeV/u• Zank et aI·(1986)

Diu- Boss model

10
OL-----'--~---'------'---'-----'---

o

0-002

0.004

0006

, /Ecm (MeV -1 )Fig. 2. Evaporation residues cross sections plotted versus I/EcM'~1oThis work is not yet sufficient to discuss theresult. We will extend the cross section measurement of the same system to different energies.
0·,
40

60

80

100
A

120

140

160

Fig. 1. Total chain yields of the reaction products in themost downstream catcher.

each emitted light particle carries off 12 Me V,
the mass number of the resulting evaporation
residue is estimated to be 125, which agrees with

References
1) R. Bass: "Nuclear Reaction with Heavy Ions",
Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1980).
2) S. Baba et at.: Z Phys., A331, 53 (1988).
3) M. Yanokura et at.: RIKEN Accet. Prog. Rep., 22,150(1988) .
4) H. Baba et at.: ibid., 23, 76 (1989).
5) W.P. Zank et at.: Phys. Rev., C33, 519 (1986).

70
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-3-6. Heavy-Ion Reactions of Copper with 14N and 4°Ar Ions ofIntermediate Energies
A. Shinohara, E. Taniguchi, M. Narita, M. Furukawa, S. Kojima, T. Saito,
H. Kusawake, Y. Ohkubo, F. Ambe, and S. Shibata
We studied interactions of a given target with different types of projectile. Copper foils (25 /Lmthick) covered with aluminum catcher foils were
irradiated with the 14N (0.49 and 1. 89 Ge V) and40Ar(1. 04 and 3.80 Ge V) ions in the beam course
E3. After irradiation, y rays from the targets andcatchers were measured. Recoil properties of the
products were obtained by measuring the ratios ofradioactivity in the target to those in the catchers.
Figure 1 shows a mass-yield distribution of
products in 1. 04-GeV 40Ar irradiation, obtained

from the cross sections and charge dispersion. The
dependence of mean recoil ranges on the mass
number in two types of reactions is presented inFig. 2. The results show that the ranges decrease

100 r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,ot-

Cu +LDAr( 26MeV I u)

103 . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - : 1
Cu +40Ar (26MeV/u)

_ 102
.D

S
o

-l

UJ

>=
~ 10 1<{~

A

Fig. 2. Dependence of the mean recoil ranges of the
products on mass number. (0, 1.04 GeV 4OAr; •• 3.80
GeV 4°Ar)
20

60

40

80

A

Fig. 1. Mass-yield distribution in the interaction of copperwith 1. 04 Ge V 40Ar ions. Symbols indicate the fractionof each measured yield. (0, >70%; 0, 40-70%; 6,<40%)with increasing bombarding energy. Reaction products heavier than the target have larger recoil
ranges, indicating the contribution of fusion or
dumped-collision types of interactions. The reaction
mechanism will be obtained from detailed analysisof the experimental data.

71
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-3-7.

Yields of Nuclear Reaction Products Inducedby 95 MeV /u-4 °Ar Ions

M. Furukawa, E. Taniguchi, M. Narita, A. Shinohara, S. Kojima,
T. Saito, H. Kusawake, Y. Ohkubo, F. Ambe, and S. Shibata
Nuclear reactions induced by intennediateenergy heavy ions have intensively been studied.
The results of the present study are compared withthose of proton induced reactions to find relations
among various reaction mechanisms such as fission,quasi-elastic transfer, deep inelastic transfer,
fusion, and fragmentation.
We aim to measure fonnation cross sections ofmany nuclides with a radiochemical technique, inorder to offer fundamental data of intennediate
energy heavy-ion reactions and to obtain detailed
infonnation on the reaction systems.
We studied interactions of various target nuclides with a single projectile. Irradiations were perfonned with 3.80 Ge V 40Ar ions on the E3 courseof RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. Targets were natural
foils of odd Z elements (V, Cu, Nb, Pr, Ho, Au,etc.) together with aluminum catcher foils. Mer
irradiation, targets were submitted to gamma-ray
spectrometry, and various gamma-ray emmitting nuclide were assayed. Long-lived nuclides were measured at the Radioisotope Center of Nagoya University, where a low background gamma-ray spectrometer has been installed and a well-type germanium detector is easily accessible.
Figure 1 shows the distributions of fonnation.DE........ 101
'0

•

••

Nb

V

102

fISJ

lie

X

xx

•

x

Ox· 0

• x x~x
x x
x

x)j/

x
x

0

0

10° L.......o,--,,----,'----''---'----'

(I)

....

0(1:)
·0
"'0

(I)

x

0

x

10 20 30 40 50 60

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

A

A

Fig. 1. Dependences of formation cross sections on themass number in the interaction of V and Nb with 3.80
Ge V 40Ar. (x, yields for neutron rich nuclides; 0, fractional yields for neutron deficient nuclides; e, cumulative
yields for neutron deficient nuclides; CD, independent
yields)cross sections for V and Nb targets obtained in thisexperiment. The results will be converted to mass
yield curves by using infonnation on charge dispersion, and comparison among different reaction
systems will be perfonned to obtain detailed information on the reaction mechanism. Recoil ranges
measured in this experiment are also helpful for abetter understanding.

72

RIKEN Acce!. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-3-8. Dry Separation of Radioactive Nuclides froma Gold Target Irradiated with 135 MeV/u 14N Ions
M. Iwamoto, S. J.\mbe, ~. Y. Chen, Y. Ohkubo,
Y. Kobayashi, and F. Ambe
We started in this period a series of experimentson the preparation of multitracer solutions fromtargets irradiated with heavy ions accelerated withRIKEN Ring Cyclotron. 1) Solutions containing alarge variety of radioactive nuclides are to be usedin chemical, geochemical, and biochemical investigations. This report describes the separation ofradioactive nuclides obtained from a gold target byheating under a reduced pressure.
A stack of gold foil was irradiated with a 135
MeV/u 14N-ion beam by using the falling ball irradiation system. 2 ) A piece of the gold foil was heated
at 1,050°C (melting point of gold:~,.o6~OC) in a

500

1000

1500

Fig. 1. Apparatus for dry separation. A, electric furnace;
B, thennocouple; C, temperature controller; D, irradiatedgold foil; E, cold finger; F, cooling water; G, rotary
pump; H, Pirani gauge; I, quartz tube; J, charcoal trap.

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

CHANNEL
Fig. 2.

Gamma-ray spectrum of the nuclides dissolved from the cold finger into (1: 1) hydrochloric acid.

quartz tube under a pressure of about 1 Pa (Fig.
1). The nuclides evaporating from the foil were collected on a Pyrex cold finger cooled with water.
The finger was successively immersed into (1: 1)
nitric acid and (1:1) hydrochloric acid solutions.
The dissolved radioactive nuclides were identified
by y-ray spectrometry with a pure Ge detector.
The spectrum of the hydrochloric acid solution isshown in Fig. 2.
y-Ray spectra were analyzed by the computer
program BOB developed by Baba et al. 3 ) The nuclides of following elements were found to havebeen dissolved in acid solutions:(1: 1) Nitric acid: Zn, As, Te, Tb, Re(1: 1) Hydrochloric acid: Zn, As, Br, Te, I, Re
A more quantitative experiment is now in progress.
References
1) S. Ambe, S.Y. Chen, Y. Ohkubo, Y. Kobayashi, M.
Iwamoto, and F. Ambe: This Remort, p. 73.
2) M. Yanokura, Y. Ohkubo, S. Ambe, M. Iwamoto, and
F. Ambe: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22, 150 (1988).
3) H. Baba: JAERI-M, 7017.

73

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-3-9. Preparation of a Radioactive Mu Ititracer Solution fromGold Foil Irradiated with 135 MeV/nucleon 14N Ions
S. Ambe, S. Y. Chen, Y. Ohkubo, Y. Kobayashi,
M. Iwamoto, and F. Ambe
Simultaneous use of a number of radioactive tracers enables us not only to aquire data efficiently on
various elements at once but also to detennine thecharacteristic behavior of different elements precisely under identical experimental conditions. The.advance in solid state detectors, counting circuits,
and computers has made it possible to measure andanalyze complex y-ray spectra of samples containing many radioactive nuclides. We have establisheda separation procedure of a radioactive multitracer
from a gold target.
A stack of gold foil (22 mmq,) was irradiated witha 14N beam of 135 Me VInucleon. The beam intensity was about 100 nA and the irradiation time was
150 min. The irradiated target was dissolved inaqua regia. The solution was evaporated to dryness
under a reduced pressure of about 4 kPa in a closed
vessel with a trap. The residue was dissolved inconc. hydrochloric acid. Gold ions in the solution
were reduced to metal with hydrogen peroxide andfiltered out. The evaporation, dissolution, reduction, and filtration were repeated several times toensure complete removal of gold from the solution.
Finally, the residue was dissolved in 6 mol dm- 3hydrochloric acid to yield a carrier- and salt-free
multitracer solution containing a large va-riety ofradioactive nuclides produced from the gold target.
The y-ray spectra of the solution and the precipitated gold metal were measured with a pure Gedetector of 18% relative efficiency. The complicated spectra of the solution were analyzed bymeans of a program BOB 1) on a FACOM M780
computer of the institute. Essentially no peaks

assignable to radionuclides of elements other thangold were detected in the fraction of precipitatedgold and no y-rays due to radioactive nuclides ofgold were found in the multitracer solution
obtained. These observations prove the complete:.
ness of the separation carried out. The kind of elements traceable by the nuclides in the solution
depends on time after irradiation, because theradionuclides of different half-lives are produced.
The dominant peaks in the y-ray spectrum of the
tracer solution measured 4 days after irradiation arethose due to 67Ga, 89Zr, 87y, 99Mo, 103Ru, 111In,
131Ba, 145Eu, 146Eu, 146Gd, 147Gd, 149Gd, 152Tb,
153Tb, 15srb, 16~m, 167Tm, 169Lu, 171 Lu, 170Hf,
173Hf, 181 Re, 1830S, 195mHg, and so on.
It is noteworthy that a multitracer solution containing neither carriers nor salts is obtained by thepresent radiochemical procedure. This is a great
advantage in applying it to a variety of chemical
problem. 2) Now, the application of this procedure
to a model experiment on marine chemistry is inprogress. We also plan to prepare multitracer solutions covering elements in different ranges ofatomic number by using other heavy ions and target
materials in combination with appropriate
radiochemical procedures.
References
1) H. Baba: JAERI-M 7017.
2) S. Y. Chen, S. Ambe, Y. Ohkubo, M. Iwamoto, Y.
Kobayashi, N. Takematsu, and F. Ambe: This Report,
p. 74; p. 75.

74
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·3·10.

A Multitracer Study of the Adsorption of Metal Elements
on Hydrated Ferric Oxide
S. Y. Chen, S. Ambe, Y. Ohkubo, M. Iwamoto,
Y. Kobayashi, N. Takematsu, and F. Ambe

Adsorption is one of the most important processes in geochemical behavior of metal elements.
A multitracer technique using radioactive nuclides
produced by heavy-ion irradiation is especiallyeffective in studying the characteristic behavior ofdifferent elements simultaneously. This report
describes a multitracer study on the adsorption ofvarious metal elements on hydrated ferric oxide.
Carrier- and salt-free radioactive multitracer
solutions were prepared from gold foil irradiatedwith a 14N beam of 135 MeVInucleon as described
elsewhere. 1)
Eight milliliters of artificial seawater and 10 ILl ofa multitracer solution was put into a polyethylene
bottle. After pH was adjusted to 7.5 with a 1 mol
dm -3 Na2C03 solution, 0.5 ml of adsorbent suspension (2 mg/ml) was added to the solution. The volTable 1. Distribution coefficients of metal elements forhydrated ferric oxide (ml·mg- 1). *9~~~~--~~~--~~~~

8

Fe(OHh
Y
Zr
Hf
Mo
Re
Ru
Rh
Cu
Hg
In
Eu
Gd
Tb
Tm
Lu
Yb
Sn
Nb

ume of the suspension was then adjusted to 10 mlwith artificial seawater, and its pH to 7.5. Shaken
in an 8-shape mode with a shaker at 25°C, the suspension was found to attain the adsorption equilibrium within 60 min. After centrifugation, 5 ml of thesolution was pipetted from the supernatant solution.
The y-ray spectrum of radioactive nuclides in thesolution was measured with a Ge detector.
The distribution coefficients (Kd ) of Y, Zr, Hf,
Mo, Re, Ru, Rh, Cu, Hg, In, Eu, Gd, Tb, Tm,
Yb, Sn, and Nb were determined from the activitiesof their radioactive isotopes. The results are shownin Table 1. The logarithmic plot of Kd against theelectron binding energy 12 of M+2 is given in Fig. 1.
These data provide a basis for understanding theremoval mechanism of metal elements from seawater. 2)

5

2.63 x 10
9.12 x 104
1.07 x 105
6.46 X 103
1.35 x 104
1.50 X 104
8.32 X 103
1.41 X 106
1.26 X 105
1.58 X 104
2.51 X 105
5.75 x 105
1.05 x 105
3.72 x 105
2.63 X 105
5.27 x 104
2.27 x 104
5.39 x 104* The concentration of a sorbent is 0.1 mg·ml- 1•

O. llllg/Oll

7
6

5
4

3

2

--

OL
i ~__~~~__~~~--~~~
o
20
40
60
80
100

Electron Binding Energy. lz. (eV)Fig. 1. Logarithmic distribution coefficients :Kd of metalelements are plotted against electron binding energies.

References
1) S. Ambe, S. Y. Chen, Y. Ohkubo, Y. Kobayashi, M.
Iwamoto, and F. Ambe: This Report, p. 73.
2) S.Y. Chen, S. Ambe, Y. Ohkubo, M. Iwamoto, Y.
Kobayashi, N. Takematsu, and F. Ambe: ibid., p.
p.75.

75
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-3-11.

A Mu Ititracer Study of Adsorption of Metal Elements on Clay
Minerals and Marine Sediments
S.Y. Chen: S. Ambe, Y. Ohkubo, M. Iwamoto,
Y. Kobayashi, N. Takematsu, and F. Ambe

A leading model for the removal mechanism ofmetal elements from the ocean is a surface complextion model. 1) However, it is based not on stability constants of surface complexes of the elements,
but on their hydrolysis constants or dissociation
constants of acids they form in solution. It is
assumed that the adsorption affinity of cationic elements is dependent on their hydrolysis constants,
while that of oxyanionic elements is dependent on
the dissociation constants of their acids. This is apoint of the model criticized by its opponents. 2) In
order to clarify this essentially by important problem, we started an adsorption study of metal elements on various marine samples making use of amultitracer produced with RIKEN Ring Cyclotron.
The details of the experiment are referred to apreceding report describing a similar adsorption
study on hydrated ferric oxide. 3)
The distribution coeffients (Kd ) of Y, Zr, Hf, Mo,
Ru, Rh, Cu, Ag, Hg, In, Eu, Gd, Tb, Tm, Lu, Yb,
Sn, and Nb were calculated from y-ray spectra. For
the metal elements, the order of Kd for each adsorbent is summarized as follows: Hy-drated ferricoxide3 ) > deep-sea sediment > montmorillonite ~nearshore sediment ~ kaolinite. It is inferred fromthese observations that hydrated ferric oxide plays
an important role in removing metal elements fromseawater.
The logaritlunic plot of adsorption coefficients .Kd
versus electron binding energy h for deep-sea andnearshore sediments is shown in Fig. 1. A correlation is seen similar to that observed for the concentration ratio of elements in oceanic pelagic clay
sediments and seawater. I)
References
1) Yuan-Hui Li: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 45, 1659

* South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Academia
Sinica.

0 . .\ ., Oeep-se. sedil~nt/ll... " ~~ .!..
,,"

I

fI

C~~. ~f\l ........

~

"

I

"

°0~--~20~--4~0~~6~~~870~~~'~00
Electron Binding Energy. I z . (eV)

0.1

8

I,

Noarshor. sedll.nt/ll

'...,
O~~

o

__
20

~

__
40

~

______
60
80

~~~

100

Electron Binding Energy. Iz. (eV)Fig. 1. Logarithmic plot of distribution coefficients Kd of
metal elements for deep-sea and nearshore sediments asa function of the electron binding energies.
(1981).
2) M. Whitfield and D.R. Turner: ibid., 46, 1989 (1982).
3) S. Y. Chen, S. Ambe, Y. Ohkubo, M. Iwamoto, Y.
Kobayashi, N. Takematsu, and F. Ambe: This Report,
p.74.

76

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-3-12.

Preparation of No-Carrier-Added l05Ag and l06mAg and
Their Chemical Behavior
S. Ambe, Y. Ohkubo, M. Iwamoto, and Y. Kobayashi

In this study we have established a procedure ofpreparing no-carrier-added l05Ag (half-life: 41.3 d)and 106mAg (half-life: 8.46 d) (hereafter we refer to
as Ag*) by using the cyclotron, that is, by thePd(a, pxn)Ag* reactions.
Pd foils (8 /Lm) were irradiated with 40 Me V ex
particles accelerated in the cyclotron. The Pd foils
were heated in a quartz tube with a cold finger
under a reduced pressure (~10 Pa). Ag* depositedon the cold finger was dissolved in a hot 1 : 1
HN0 3 or 1 : 1 HCI solution, yielding no-carrieradded and salt-free Ag* solutions. The solutions
thus obtained were used for adsorption and coprecipitation experiments.
Figure 1 shows that the sublimation of Ag* starts
at around 900°C and IS accelerated withtemperature. We adopted 1,OSO°C as the temperature for routine sublimation. The Sublimation is an
excellent separation method, because dissolution of
Pd foils is not necessary and separation time canbe greatly saved in comparison with wet separation
methods.
The adsorption yield of Ag*(I) on ex-Fe203 from
O.S mol dm- 3 NaN03 increased with pH, while onlya slight increase was observed for the adsorption
from O.S mol dm- 3 NaCI at pH 3-1~.

..• •

100

~

lI-'!

0";
c:(

"Cl

s::

•

It:!

i<
'0
U

•

t+-

o

Temperature, °c
22 500 900

1000

DO

s::

50

0

+-'

1050

It:!

+-'

C.

o

U

o

(l)

!..
C.

0

U

o

a 5

o

n

7

9

11

pH

o

Coprecipitation of no-carrier-added Cd*(II)(e) andAg*(I)(o) with ferric hydroxide precipitated with
NH4 0H.

Fig. 2.

o
00

o

o
0

O ~~

a

20

0 0

__~~~__~~
40

60

80

100

120

Heating Time, minFig. 1. Sublimation of Ag* from ~-irradiated Pd foils
heated upto 1,050°C under a reduced pressure of about
10 Pa.

Figure 2 shows the coprecipitation of Ag*(I) andCd*(II) with ferric hydroxide precipitated with
NH4 0H. Almost all the Cd*(II) ions were coprecipitated, while Ag*( I ) was scarcely coprecipitatedat pH 7.5-9. This result shows that Ag*( I ) andCd*(II) are separated by means of ferric hydroxide coprecipitation in the presence of NH 4 0H.

77
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-3-13.

Proton Irradiation-Induced Defects in LEC-GaAs
Studied by Positron Annihilation
Y. Itoh and T. Takahashi

Irradiation-induced defects in GaAs with electrons and protons have been investigated fromtheir electrical or optical properties!,2) Recently,
the defects in GaAs have been studied bypositron annihilation. 3,4) We have performed
positron Doppler broadening measurements toinvestigate fluence effects on the vacancy inundoped and Si-doped liquid encapsulated
Czochralski (LEC)-GaAs.
Wafer samples of GaAs were irradiated with
protons of 15 MeV and of about 0.5- 0.8 J.lA for
60-1800 s in a helium atmosphere at room temperature. A 48V positron source produced in 1 J.lm
Ti film was sandwiched with two wafers of 30 X
30 X O. 7mm 3 • Doppler broadening spectra ofO. 511 MeV positron annihilation were measured
with a high-resolution pure Ge detector (1.05
keY at l06Ru 0.512 MeV). S parameters represent
the ratio of the area of a sharp narrow energy
peak range symmetrical around 511 keY to thesum of the areas of the "wings" of the peak. The
narrower spectrum with the smaller "wing"
gives the larger S parameter. The sharpness of. the spectrum corresponds to the annihilationsites for the positrons, that is, the vacancy
defects generation. 5)
Figure 1 shows the temperature dependence of
undoped and si-doped LEC-GaAs irradiated withvarious proton fluences. For as-irradiated samples, the undoped one gives a smaller Sparameter than that of the Si-doped one. For the
undoped samples, the S-parameters increases
with proton fluence at three temperatures investigated, whereas the S-parameters of Si-doped

.50

II::

~.49

~

~
VI

,48

.4.~rr---~10~~~1~~~~10~~~1~
Proton fluence (atoms/cm 2 )Fig. 1. Temperature dependence of undoped and Sidoped LEC·GaAs irradiated with various proton fluences. Undoped sample at room temperature (0),Si-doped, room temerature (e)' Si·doped, liquid temperature (.), and Si-doped, liquid helium temperature(A).

samples show no significant change at low fluences except for 10 15 proton cm- 2.
The annealing studies are in progress.
References
1) M. Bugajski, K.H. Ko, J. Lagowski, and H.C. Gatos:
J. Appl. Phys., 65, 596 (1989).
2) S. Danneffarer, P. Mascher and D. Kerr: ibid., 60, 1313
(1986) .
3) C. Corbel, F. Pierre, P. Hautojarvi, K. Saarinen, and
P. Moser: Int. Conf. on Defects in Semiconductor
Crjstals, Yokohama, Sept. (1989).
4) A. Sen Gupta, S.V. Naidu, RK. Bhadari, and P. Sen:
Phys. Lett. A, 104, 117 (1984).
5) W. Branct: "Positron Solid-State Physics," Enlico·
Fermi, International School of Physics, p. 89 (1983).

78
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·3·14. Generation of Slow Positron Beam fromnatB(p, xn)llC Reaction
Y. Hoh, M. Takai, and K. Ogiwara
Techniques of mono-energetic positron beams
with variable energy have recently beendeveloped. 1.2) Positrons from a radioactive
source (22N a or 58CO) or from a high energy
electron accelerator are injected into a singlecrystal metal moderator. In the moderator the
positrons are slowed down. A few of them thermalize in the region close to the moderator surface. They may then diffuse back to the surface
before they annihilate having a certain probability of being re-emi tted from the surface with anenergy equal to the negative value of the work
function of the positron in the metal. This is of
the order of an electron-volt. Mono-energetic
positrons from the moderator can then be accelerated to a desired energy and injected into asample.
A mono-energetic, low energy positron beam
can be also obtained by the 11 B(p, n)l1C reaction
which has a threshold energy of 3.0 MeV. The
half-life of IIC is 20.3 min, and the maximum
positron energy is O. 97 MeV. An advantage ofthis technique is the emission of low-energy
positrons from an irradiated boron target itself
with no additional moderating materials.
A 5 MeV proton beam from a 160 cm cyclotron
was used to bombard a boron nitride target. The
positron activity of the 11C source was determined with a 2 inch X 2 inch BGO (Bismuth
Germanium Oxide) detector by detecting gamma
rays produced by annihilation of positrons in atarget chamber. A proton bombardment with acurrent of approximately 1 J.lA for 20 min
produced a positron source having an activity
which was approximately the same as the activity reported by Stein. 3 )

=>
Bea..

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the apparatus for the production of slow positron. C, Channeltron; S, Target(Boron Nitride), L, Focusing Lens Elements; Beam, 5
MeV Proton Beam; D, BGO Detector.

A low energy positron-beam apparatus, as
shown in Fig. 1, is now under construction to
study defects in the surface layers of semiconductor samples. The target is biased at some appropriate positive potential and an electrostatic lenssystem is used to extract and focus energy
positrons from a boron nitride target into abeam. We are planning to test the apparatus with
an electron source instead of a positron sourceby reversing all potentials applied to the lensassembly.
References
1) A. Vehanen, P. Huttunen, J, Makinen, and P. Hautojarvi:j.Vac. Sci. Technol., A5(4), 1142 (1987).
2) C.D. Beling and M. Charlton: Con temp. Phys., 28, 241(1987) .
3) T.S. Stein, W.E. Kauppila, V. Pol, J,H. Smart, and G.
lesion: Phys. Rev., A17, 1600 (1978).

79
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-3-15. Positron Annihilation Study on Defects
in LEC-GaAs Grown from Ga-rich Melt
Y. Itoh and T. Takahashi
A positron annihilation technique which is wellestablished to investigate defect properties inmetalsl) has been applied to a study on thedefects in liquid-encapsulated Czochralski (LEC)GaAs grown from a Ga-rich melt. Recent several
studies have revealed that positrons are trappedby grown-in vacancy defects in GaAs.2-4)
Although the vacancy-related positron traps in
GaAs are attributed to Ga vacancies, Gavacancies-impurity complexes, As vacancies and
V As V Ga divacancies, the microscopic propertiesof these vacancy defects are not clear.
An LEC-GaAs ingot was grown from a Ga richmelt and cut into wafers of 30 X 30 X 0 . 7 mm 3from the front, the middle and the tail portions.
The wafers with a (100)-orientation were polished. A 48V positron source prepared by bombarding a 1 Jim Ti foil was sandwiched with
two wafers. Doppler broadening spectra of 0.511
MeV positron annihilation were measured with ahigh-resolution pure Ge detector. After annealing
the front and the tail samples, at 850°C for 20 min
in an arsenic atmosphere the Doppler broadening
was re-measured. S parameter which is related topositron trapped defects l ) was calculated fromthe spectrum.
The results are shown ih Fig. 1. In as-annealed
samples, the S parameter for the wafer takenfrom the tail portion gives a value higher thanthat of the front one. After annealing, the S
parameter of the tail wafer decreased, whereas,

•

o

o
front

middletailFig. 1. S parameters of the positron annihilation in
LEC-GaAs cut from the front, middle and tail portionsof the ingot grown from Ga-rich Melt. As-annealed:front (0), middle (0) and tail (.6). Annealed at 850°C,
for 20 min in AsH 3 atmosphere: front (e) and tail (.).

the parameter of the front one slightly increased.
These results are under further study.
References
1) W. Brandt and A. Dupasquier: Positrons-Solid State
Physics, Proc. Int. School of Phys. "Enrico Fermi",
Varenna 1981, N orth-Holland Publ. Co. (1983).
2) G. Dlubek, O. Brummer, F. Plazaola, and P. Hautojarvi: J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys., 19, 331 (1986).
3) S. Dannefaer and D. Kerr: J Appl. Phys., 60, 591(1986) .
4) C. Corbel, F. Pierre, P. Hautojarvi, K. Sarrinen, and
P. Moser: Defect Control in Semiconductors, NorthHolland, Yokohama, p. 915 (1989).

80

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-3-16.

Development of an Ion Beam Sputtering Method to
Prepare Long-Lived Carbon Stripper Foils

I. Sugai, * M. Oyaizu, * M. Aratani, M. Minami, and M. Yanokura
Carbon stripper foils with long lifetimes are very
important for accelerating cascade-type protons andheavy ions. We have developed various methods
suited to prepare long-lived carbon stripper foils
and improved them to give high reproducibility andcreditability. A controlled AC and DC arc discharge(CADAD) method 1) and an ion-beam sputtering(IBS) method were found to be useful comparedwith an electron-beam heating and an old DC arc
discharge method as discussed previously. 2) The
foils made by the CADAD method are widely usedat several institutes and universities in this country.
Hitherto, the IBS technique has not been popular, because of its low sputtering yield of carbon
small-scale productivity. Previously3) we investigated the lifetimes of carbon stripper foils made byusing various kinds of gas ions for sputtering carbon
source materials, and suggested that a foil made by
the IBS method may possibly a super long-lived
carbon stripper foil. We have established highly
reliable and reproducible conditions for the preparation of long-lived carbon foils by improving the IBS
method.
The experimental apparatus for the measurement of lifetimes of carbon foils (about 15 jLg/cm2)
was ahnost the same as that described in Ref. 1.
Experiments were performed in a high-vacuum
chamber 00- 4 Pa), using a 3.2 MeV Ne+ ion beamof 2-3 /-LA of 3.5 mm in diameter obtained by a Van
de Graaff accelerator at the Tokyo Institute ofTechnology.
The lifetime of foil is conventionally defined as
an integrated beam current of ions passing throughit before it breaks. We investigated lifetimes of all
the foils made by using various kinds of noble gas
ions for sputtering carbon source materials. Commercially available (CM) foils showed only a short
lifetime of 2.5 mC in average. Figure 1 shows the
lifetimes of carbon foils versus the mass of noble
gas ions. As seen from Fig. 1, lifetime of carbon
foils depends on the atomic mass of noble gas ions.

* Institute for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo.

90

u
..s

Xe(4)
80

C 70

Kr(17)~::J 60

U

E 50

o

d3

40

~ 30
~

Ol 20

~

5

to

He(3)

o C
o 10

20

30

40

50

60.

70

8()

90

100

110

12()

130

Mass of Noble gas ion

Fig. 1. Dependence of lifetime of carbon stripper foils versus the mass of noble gas ion employed for sputtering
during preparation. Error bars represent mean-squares
errors and the numbers in parentheses denote the numbers of samples investigated.

For a light atomic mass such as 4He, the lifetimeis short, 1. 2 mC, only half of the lifetime of the
CM-foil (2.5 mC). For 131Xe, the heaviest atomic
mass investigated in the present work, the lifetime
is very long, 64 mC in average and 26 times longer
than that of the CM-foil. From the dependence ofthe lifetime of the atomic mass of noble gas
employed for sputtering during preparation, we
found that foils made by Kr and Xe shows long
lifetimes compared with foils made by light atomic
mass ions such as Ne and Ar. A key point in producing long-lived foils with Kr or Xe is to make theamount of oxygen in a foil as low as possible.
References
1) I. Sugai and T. Hattori et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods

Phys. Res., A265, 376 (1988).
I. Sugai and T. Hattori et al,: ibid.,A236,576 (1985).
3) I. Sugai, M. Aratani, M. Minami, and M. Yanokura:
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 23, 85 (1989).
2)

81
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-3-17.

Hydrogen Desorption from Diamond-like Carbon Film during
Ion Beam Irradiation
M. Minami, M. Aratani, and M. Yanokura

In measuring hydrogen contents in diamond-likecarbon (DLC) films by elastic recoil detection
analysis, we observed a decrease in hydrogen contents with the irradiation time.
The DLC films (about 200 nm thick) were prepared from methane on silicon wafers by the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) chemical vapor
deposition (CVD) method. The size of each film
was 20 mm x 10 mm.
The scattering chamber (100 cm in diameter, 2
x 10- 6 Torr) located at the RILAC A-I beam line
was employed. At the center of the chamber, theDLC films were set up at 30° to a 50 MeV incident
argon beam of 2 nA.- Two surface barrier semiconductor detectors (SSD) were arranged at 35°(SSD-1) and at 50° (SSD-2) to the beam. In frontof the SSD-1, an aluminium foil (10 Mm thick) was
set up to detect only hydrogen and carbon ions inthe specimens.
Figure 1 shows the decrease in hydrogen content of the DLC film during ion-beam irradiation; nosuch a decrease was observed for hydrogenatedamorphous silicon (a-Si: H) films. 1) The preparation
methods for the DLC and a-Si:H films are very
similar in chemical fonns of starting materials anddecomposition processes. Starting gas was CH 4 forthe DLC films and SiH 4 for the a-Si:H films.
The decrease in hydrogen content may be con-0co50.8 MeV Ar"

2 nA

0

i
os

I!)

f f

..,.

0

(fJ

E-

Z

C:l

E-

+ ++

++

0

C">

Z

0

u

0
C\l

•

::r::
~

10'

10'
10'
MONITOR COUNTS

10'

Fig. 1. Hydrogen desorption from DLC fllm during ionbeam irradiation.

sidered due to the temperature rise in the film
resulting from energy deposited by heavy ions.
Temperature measurements, however, suggested
no desorption of hydrogen. 2) Thus, it could be considered that hydrogen behaves in the DLC films
very differently from that in the a-Si: H fIlms. This
interesting phenomenon is should be further investigated.
References
1) M. Aratani and T. Nozaki: Unpublished data.
2) K. Yano, H. Oyama, M. Yanokura, M. Aratani, and M.
Minami: This Report, p. 64.

82
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·3·18.

Elastic Recoil Detection and the Forward Scattering
Analysis of Nitride Films

K. Onoe, M. Aratani, M. Minami, A. Kaburagi, and M. Yanokura
Transition-metal nitrides and carbides havebeen used extensively as protective coating
materials on cutting tools because of theirextremely high hardness. In addition, such
nitrides have been increasingly used as the diffusion barrier in integrated circuits. I) In the PVD(physical vapor deposition) process, the properties of the films produced such as composition,
microstructures, and crystal structures are greatly influenced by process conditions. 2) Therefore
it is important for practical applications tounderstand the film properties in relation to thedeposition parameters.
Recent quantitative surface analyses, especially AES (Auger Electron Spectroscopy) andXPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), have
improved considerably.3) However, it is often
difficult to obtain a reference sample with known
composition, thus limiting the accuracy ofquantification. Moreover, the emission lines ofTiN, TiLL and NK a , are too close to be separated
in AES and EPMA (Electron Probe Microanalysis). As a result, quantification of nitrogen in TiN films becomes somewhat difficult.
Thus cross check of results from several analytical methods based on various principles is needed to provide an accurate analysis.
Results of preliminary compositional analysesof BN, TiN, Cr N, and Zr N films by ERDA (Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis) are briefly described below.
TiN, CrN, and ZrN were deposited onto stainless steel plates by the HCD-ARE (Activated
Reactive Evaporation using Hollow Cathode
Discharge) method. BN was deposited on a Si
wafer by the same technique. Details of the
HCD-ARE method have been reported. 4 ) The
thicknesses of the films ranged from 0.5 to 0.9

ZrN

erN
-J

W

~
<

,.'

:I:
U

"-

TiN

en
....
z

Ti

;:)

o

(.)

CHANNEL NUMBER
6.=30· 6 2 =45.

Fig. 1. Energy spectra of recoil and scattered particles.
Target angle, fA = 30°; detector angle, 82 = 45°; incident
particles, ArH 50 MeV: samples, BN, TiN, CrN, andZrN films.
(a )

ZrN

erN

TIN

BN

/-lm.

Argon ions, Ar4+, accelerated up to 50 ' MeV
with RILAC were used as a primary beam. The
measurement apparatus used was described by
H. Nagai et at. in detail. 5) The beam current was
3 to 4 nA in this experiment. Energy spectra ofrecoil and forward scattered particles from film
samples are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. 81 is an angle
between the target plane and the scattering planeand 82 is a detector angle with respect to theincident beam.

6'RZ5'

6 .. 35'

with an. absorber . AI 10"",

Fig. 2. Energy spectra of recoil and scattered particles
measured with an aluminum foil absorber, 10 ,urn. Incident particles, ArH , 50 MeV; samples, BN, TiN, Cr N ,and Zr N films. a) target angle, 81 = 30°, and detector
angle, 82 = 35°. b) target angle, 81 = 25°; detector angle,
82 =35°.

K. Onoe et al.

In Fig. 1 arrows show the energy of therecoiled particles measured at 8} = 30° and 82 =45°. Heavy element impurities, mainly tantalum,
were also detected. The tantalum may originate
from a tantalum cathode used during the deposition. The nitrogen peaks apparently overlap withthe metallic element and boron ones owing to thethicknesses of the present samples. Here it isdifficult to quantify the nitrogen concentration.
The nitrogen peaks can be observed whenaluminum foil was placed in front of the detector
as an absorber (see Fig. 2a). The use of an aluminum absorber appears to provide better analytical results for the nitrogen in the films. Further-83

more, separation of nitrogen and boron was improved when the target angle was changed from
30° to 25° (see Fig. 2b).
Further investigations are being carried out
based on these results.
References
1) M. Wittmer:]. Vac. Sci. Technol., A3, 1797 (1985).

2) R.F. Bunshaw: Vacuum and Thin Film Technology,
Pergamon Press, p. 353 (1978).
3) c.]. Powell and M.P. Seah:]. Vac. Sci. Technol., A8,
735 (1990).
4) K. Inagawa et al.: Plating and Coating, 4, 34 (1984).
5) H. Nagai et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods., B28, 59(1987) .

84

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·3·19.

Analysis of Contamination Processes during Vacuum Depositionof Thin TiN x Films

A. Kaburagi, M. Minami, M. Yanokura, M. Aratani, K. Onoe, and I. Sugai
Recently, films of titanium nitride or oxide arewidely used as coating and coloring materials.
Contamination of impurities has an influence onbrightness especially as coloring materials. So,
characterization for impurities is required. We
examined a thin TiN x film prepared by activatedreactive evaporation using hollow cathode discharge (HCD-ARE) which was an entirely new
preparation method. We paid attention to mainly
heavy-element impurities using heavy ion Rutherford scattering (HIRS).1-4)
A sample was set at an angle of 15° to an
incident beam and surface-barrier detectors wereset at angle of 30°, 40°, and 60° to the incident
beam. The sample was bombarded with a 50.77
MeV Ar beam from RILAC at an intensity of lessthan 5 nA. Forward scattering spectra for thin

TiN x film and a tantalum standard are shown in
Fig. 1. The thick line spectrum is for the thin
TiN x film; the thin line is for the tantalum standard. High energy end corresponding to theheaviest impurity in TiN x agreed with highenergy end of tantalum. Thus, the main impurity
is interpreted as tantalum. Total content of impurities heavier than titanium including
tantalum in TiN x was calculated to be 0.07 at.%.
These results are inconceivable from highmelting point and low vapor pressure oftantalum in case of TiN x prepared by usual
methods. The tantalum contaminant in the titanium nitride film prepared by HCD-ARE, however, may be attributed to the method itself.
Namely contaminating tantalum may result
from fabricating materials of hollow cathode.
Titanium cathode should be tried for preparationof high-purity TiN x .
Our next plan is determination of x and trace
amount of oxygen in TiN x.
References

CHANNEL NUMBER

Fig. 1. Forward scattering spectra for thin TiN x film
and tantalum using 50. 77 MeV ArH beam of less than
5nA.

1) O. Kuboi, M. Hashimoto, Y. Yatsurugi, H. Nagai, M.
Aratani, M. Yanokura, S. Hayashi, I. Kohno, and T.
Nozaki: Appl. Phys. Lett., 45, 543 (1984).
2) M. Aratani, M. Yanokura, B.G. Yu, Q. Qiu, and T.
Nozaki: 10th Conf. on the Appl. of Accel. in Res. andIndustry, Denton, U.S.A., Nov. (1988).
3) K. Tachi, M. Aratani, T. Kato, M. Yanokura, T.
Sato, M. Ohtsuka, M. Tsujiguchi: Proc. 7th Symp. on
Ion Beam Technol. Hosei Univ., p. 151 (1988).
4) R. Imura, R. Suzuki, M. Aratani, M. Yanokura, andT. Nozaki: Int. Magnetic Conf. BE07 (1987).

85
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-3-20.

Depth Profile of Hydrogen in the Volcanic Glass Studied by
Heavy-Ion Rutherford Scattering
Kazue Tazaki, M. Aratani, M. Yanokura, and M. Minami

Electron microscopy, low-angle X-ray diffraction(XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA) andheavy-ion Rutherford scattering (HIRS) play animportant role in elucidating the crystal structure ofglass materials, especially, of a hydrated phase ina matrix. Amorphous materials can usually be
investigated with reasonable confidence from XRD,
density measurements, and various chemical
techniques. HIRS is a Dowerful technique for chem-

10

2

1.92

...J

w

1.60

z
z
«

I

c.>

1.28

A

W
....
z

:::)

0

0.96

c.>
0 .64

0.32

B

o0

ical and structural analysis of glassy materials, andtheir hydrated phase. Electron microscopy has apotential advantage of providing real lattice-fringe
imagin!is of about 3, 4, 5 A separations in a small
region. )Dacitic volcanic glass samples were collectedfrom Daisen volcanic ash soil at Daisen-ike, Tottori,
and Aira volcanic ash soil at Asahi tunnel,
Kagoshima. The glass samples were examined byforward recoil measurement2 ) or HIRS 3 ) using the
RIKEN heavy-ion linear accelerator (RILAC). Theenergy spectra of hydrogen ions recoiled forward(35 0 to an incident Ar4 + ion beam) from the glass
samples are shown in Fig. 1. The highest end inspectra corresponds to the surface position, where
no significant peak is seen. This result indicatesthat hydrogen atoms in these samples are locatedat the structural sites, but not on the surface. The
shape of the hydrogen peaks is attributed to theuniform distribution of hydrogen atoms in the glassfragments, which are microscopically small beads
and incident Ar4+ ions hit a hemispherical surfaceof each bead. Daisen volcanic glass fragments (A)contain five times hydrogen compare with Aira volcanic glass fragments (B). The results suggest thatthe hydrogen content in a volcanic glass samples
may provide a measure to distinguish between different volcanic sources.

256
CHANNEL NUMBER

Fig. 1. Depth profile of hydrogen in volcanic glasses. A,
volcanic glass fragments from Daisen volcanic ash at
Daisen-ike, Tottori; B, volcanic glass fragments from Aira
volcanic ash soil at Asahi tunnel, Ito, Kokubu, Kagoshima.
The hydrogen contents are different five times between
the two origins.

References
1) Kazue Tazaki, W.S. Fyfe, and S.]. van Der Gaast:
Clays Clay Miner., 37, 348 (1989).
2) H. Nagai, S. Hayashi, M. Aratani, T. Nozaki, M. Yanokura, I. Kohno, O. Kuboi, and Y. Yatsurugi: Nucl.
Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., B28, 59 (1987).
3) M. Aratani: Radioisotopes, 37, 43 (1988).

86
RIKEN Acce!. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-3-21.

Side Determination of Weathered Egg Shell by
Heavy-Ion Rutherford Scattering

M. Aratani, M. Yuyatani, Kazue Tazaki, M. Minami, and M. Yanokura
When we perform nondestructive measurementof a small piece of so intensely weathered egg shellthat we cannot tell which is outside or inside, how
can we distinguish outside from inside? Before we
examine the sample of the weathered egg shell ofa dinosaur, preliminary measurements have been
made by using egg shell of a hen. Hen egg shell
was cut into pieces of a size of 19 mm x 9 mm,
followed by soft pressing so as to get rid of curvature with or without boiling. As for an inside sample, two kinds of pieces were prepared. One is apiece as cut with a thin film attached to the inside
and the other is a piece without a thin film by peeling from the inside. These three kinds of samples
were examined by heavy-ion Rutherford scattering.
A 62 MeV Cu 4 + beam of tens of nanoamperes was

employed as the incident. A target angle was 20°
to the beam. Detector angles were 35°, 45°, and120°. After the measurement of the egg shell of ahen, the intensely weathered egg shell was
examined.
The main constituents of the egg shell of a hen
were observed to be C, 0, Si, Ca, Fe, and someother heavy elements, as shown in Figs. 1 to 3.

Fig. 4.

Light brown side of dinosaur egg shell.

CHANNEL NUMBER

Fig. 1.

Outside of hen egg shell.

5 2
CHANNEL NUMBER

Fig. 5.

Ca

512
CHANNEL NUMBER

Fig. 2.

Inside of hen egg shell.

..,

;
~
8

Fig. 3.

Inside with thin film of hen egg shell.

Dark brown side of dinosaur egg shell.

The results obtained for dinosaur egg shell at a
detector angle of 45° are shown in Figs. 4 and 5.
In comparison with hen egg shell, three samples ofa dinosaur reveal a significant difference between
outside and inside. The inside contains many carbon
atoms and some nitrogen atoms; this result may be
attributed to protein contained in the thin film. The
sample of the weathered egg shell of a dinosaur islight brown in one side and dark brown in anotherside. From the spectra for a hen egg and those fora dinosaur egg, the light brown side may be attributed to outside and the dark brown side to theinside. A difference was also seen in some heavy
elements. These results may lead us to therelationship between original constituent of the egg
shell and any other environmental-origin elements,and mechanism of weathering.

87
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·3·22.

Heavy Ion Probe Rutherford Scattering Applied to
Pathological Samples

Y. Qiu, * T. Kobayashi, * M. Minami, M. Aratani, and M. Yanokura
Although some rare metals are considered toplay an important role in the pathophysiologicalprocess in some intractable human diseases such as
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Duchenne
muscular dystrophy (DMD), there are few analytical studies of rare heavy metals in these diseases
because of technical difficulties. 1) The heavy ion
probe Rutherford scattering method 2) is very useful
to detect all rare elements in a thin material; however so far it has been applied only to metal andelectronic materials. We report for the first time
the application of this method to biological materials.
Frozen muscle tissues (-25°C) from mdx andscn mice, which are animal models of DMD andcontrol, and paraffin blocks of the autopsied spinal
cord from patients with ALS, and controls wereused. These tissues were sliced into 6 Mm sections, and nine ,slices were mounted on a laddertype holder installed at the center of a scatteringchamber at 30° angles to an incident beam. Detectors were located at forward angles (35° and 45°)for ions recoiled and scattered by 50 Me V Ar4+ andincident Cu4 + of about 60 MeV from RILAC.
Figure 1 is an energy spectrum of ions scatteredforward from a thin slice of an mdx-mouse. The

oJ

10

W
Z

z·
<

l:

(,)

......
CI)
0-

Z

C

;:)

0

(,)

oJ
1&1
Z
Z

10

<

:z::

(,)

......
CI)

10

0-

Z

;:)

0

(,)

10

10'

10
0

0

12

CHANNEL NUMBER

Fig. 2 Energy spectrum of Ar ions scattered and carbon
ions recoiled from the DLC film.

incident ion is Ar. Heavier ions appear in the highenergy side. Figure 2 is an energy spectrum of adiamond-like carbon (DLC) film of 300 nm in thickness. 3 ) The carbon peak of muscle from the mdxmouse (Fig. 1) is almost the same as that of the
DLC film, indicating that the number of carbon
atoms in a 6 Mm muscle section is almost the sameas that in the DLC film. We also used thin films ofW, Pd, Zn, and Cd, as standard samples. We usedacrylic resin as a phantom model for the mammaliantissue and drew the amount of rare heavy metals
in these biological materials (for example:
0-200 at. ppm of Cd-Sn in an mdx mouse), Now
we calculate and compare rare metals in mdx andscn mice and also ALS and control spinal cords.
References10'

10
O~--~----~----~-----+'I~

CHANNEL NUMBER

Fig. 1. Energy spectrum of Ar ions scattered and light element ions recoiled from mdx muscle.

* Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.

1) J.F. Ziegler (Eds.): Handbook of Stopping Cross Sections for Energetic Ions in All Elements, Pergamon
Press, New York (1980).
2) H. Nagai, S. Hayashi, M. Aratani, T. Nozaki, M. Yanokura, I. Kohno, O. Kuboi, and Y. Yatsurugi: Nucl.
Instrum. Methods B, 28, 59 (1987).
3) S. Okada, M. Hayakawa, S. Morishima, and S.
Kunishima: 11th Vacuum Congr. Koln, Sep. (1989).

88
RIKEN Accel Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-4.

Radiation Chemistry and Radiation Biology
1.

High-Density Excitation by Heavy Ions: Track-Depth Resolved
Luminescence of N-ions Injected-Helium Gas and Liquid
K. Kimura, J. Wada, and M. Arai

Ions of few Me Vlamu show characteristic radiation effects such as charge exchange, wake field,
and convoy electrons. Furthermore, in their tracks,electronic excited states are contained at anextremely high density. Our studies aim to fmd
characteristic phenomena caused by above effects
and elucidate them. For these purposes, space- andtime-resolved luminescence measurements weredone.
A space-resolved or track-depth resolved luminescence were measured using a following equipment named a tack scope. The track scope wascomposed of a quartz imaging fiber and a position
detective photon-counter. One end of the fiber was
mounted in a cryostat and thereby temperature andpressure of sample helium were adjusted. The
image projected from the other end, namely, luminescence intensities along the path of ion tracks,
was digitized by a position-detective photoncounter. (See Ref. 1.) Also, depth-resolved luminescence spectra were measured by the change ofa section of the full image which enters into a
monochromator through a monochromator-slit.
Figure 1 shows helium-density dependent
specific luminescence, dLldx, as a function of track-~~A~ 10-----l

7000

7500

8000

~---X10-----~"""---? ...

-

-- -

-~--

4500

5000

05500

6000

WAVELENGTH/A

Fig. 2. Depth-resolved and density-dependent luminescence spectra.

second peak was observed at the low energy side.
The positions of the first peaks were invariant withvariation in the helium density. These peaking wereexplained by the effect of excitation density. On theother hand, the positions of the second ones variedwith variation in the helium density and excitation
density, but they appeared at a given ionic velocity
with variation of helium density as shown in Fig.
3. The second peaking may be attributable tocharge exchanges or direct excitations.

1000

~
'-

500

~

Fig. 1. Specific luminescence, dL/dx, vs. the depth of Nion tracks and its helium density dependence. All thecurves are illustrated in equiheight.

depth. Luminescence spectra were changed
scarcely except for their intensities; peaks wereassigned to be due to the d-b, D-B, H-C, and J-Ctransitions between excimer states (Fig. 2). The
most important finding is a splitting of Bragg-likecurve of dLldEvs. excitation density. Namely, thefirst peak positioned at the high energy side of the
maximum stopping power and in addition to it theFig. 3. Luminescence efficienty, dL/ dE, vs. ionic velocity
and its helium density dependence. All the curves areillustrated in equiheight.

References
1) K. Kimura: Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, in press.

89 'RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·4·2.

Analytical Formula for the Dose around the Path of an Ion
and Its Application
T. Takahashi, F. Yatagai, K. Nakano, and K. Izumo

In an earlier paper,1) we applied Butts and Katz's
formula (D KZ ) of the density of energy delivery(dose) as a function of the distance from the trajectory of an ion to the analysis of inactivation crosssections of B. subtilis spores, E. coli BS - b
and E. coli Blf. The formula 4.z is very useful,but is based on too simple an assumption thatthe range of secondary electrons x in a medium isgiven by x =kw, where k is a constant and w is
the electron energy. To get a more reliable dose,
we used Tabata and Ito's energy deposition
algorithm for electrons in water and succeeded in
calculating the dose DT around the path of an ion. 2)
However, the calculation is time consuming, and it
is impossible to use the dose DT , e.g., for the leastsquares analysis of the inactivation cross sectionsof bacteria. We tried to get a formula which gives
the dose DT for heavy ions of energy E between
1 MeVlu and 6 MeVlu. A preliminary formula which
gives the dose with sufficient accuracy is as follows:
D() = A(E)Z*2
Y(32Y(r+ 8)(1 - Rr+O)p(E).
+0(1)

Here, A(E) and P (E) are the energy dependent
parameters to be so determined as to reproduce
the dose DT , and Y is the distance from the pathof an ion. R is the maximum range of D-electrons,
Z* is the effective charge of the ion, {3 is the speedof the ion relative to the light velocity, and 8 is aconstant (4.17x10- 8 g/cm2 ). A value of 1.43 waschosen as peE) for ions of 1 MeVlu - 6 Me Vlu.
A(E) was obtained by interpolation so as to fulfil
the following relation: the value of In (A (E)I(32) is-11.52 at E = 1, -12.06 at E = 1.6, -12.627
at E = 2.5, -13.095 at E = 4, and -13.46 at
E = 6, where E is in MeV/u. The digits at every
E are the best values of the quantity to reproduce
the dose DT at corresponding E.
By using the dose distribution given by Eq. 1
the inactivation cross sections of E. coli K-12
(rec+, UVY+) AB11573 ) was analyzed. Line (1) in
Fig. 1 shows a result of least sqares analysis,
which was made by the procedure essentially sameas that for B. subtilis spores in Ref. 1. The

E. coli K-12 AB1157

oNion
o He ion

'"'"
0

U 0.3
c:

.~

~

.~

0.2

..5'" 0.1"-;-..... ""-.. - - - - - - - - ________ ~_

( 2)

0

5.0

0

6.0

MeV/u

Fig. 1. Inactivation cross sections of E. coli K-12 AB1157
as a function of energy of ions. Least squares analysis
was made by the dose distribution of Eq. 1. Lines (1)and (1a) were obtained by essentially the same method
as in Ref. 1 for the spores, and the optimum geometricalcross section was found to be 0.50 ,um2 • Line (2) was
obtained from the analysis based on Katz's theory in its
original form, and the geometrical cross section was
found to be 0.97 ,um2 .

radiosensitivity of the strain for nitrogen ion's core
VEin was found to be 3.3IED' where ED wasassumed to be equal to D37 for gamma-rays (11.8
krad). This result means that the core of a nitrogen ion is about three times effective in inactivating the bacteria (ABl157) compared with that of
D-electrons. Line (2) shows the result of analysis
based on Katz's theory in its original form. Details
will be discussed in Ref. 4.
References
1) T. Takahashi, F. Yatagai, K. Izumo, S. Konno, and
T. Katayama: RI1ffiN Accel. Prog. Rep., 19, 138(1985).
2) T. Takahashi, F. Yatagai, S. Konno, T. Katayama,
and I. Kaneko: Adv. SPace Res., 6(11), . 117 (1986).
3) F. Yatagai and A. Matsuyama: Radiat. Res., 71, 259(1977).
4) T. Takahashi, F. Yatagai, and K. Izumo: Accepted for
publication in Adv. Space Res.

90
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-4-3.

Chromosome Fragmentation in Syrian Golden Hamster Embryo
Cells Irradiated with Heavy Ions
M. Watanabe, M. Suzuki, K. Suzuki, * and K. Nakano

A conventional chromosome assay can notdirectly detect chromatin damage in interphase.
On the other hand, a premature chromosome
condensation (PCC) technique is very sensitivefor detecting chromatin damages in interphasecells. 1) Previous reports suggest that the contribution of interphase cell death to the biologicaleffects of heavy ions is larger than in low LET
radiations. I- 3) Therefore, we undertook to detect
chromosome aberrations as chromatin breaks ininterphase cells using a PCC technique and compare with the data obtained by conventional
methods.
We used primary Syrian golden hamster
embryo (SHE) cells obtained by trypsinization of
13- to 14-01d embryos and cultured as previously
reported. 4) The procedure for polyethylene glycol(PEG) mediated cell fusion and induction of PCC
have been described in detail elsewhere. 1) As far
as irradiation with IPCR Cyclotron beam,
dosimetry and irradiation procedures were carried out according to methods described
elsewhere. 2,3)

The induction rate of chromatin breaks withheavy ions in PCC was higher than that with
137CS gamma rays (Fig. 1). The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) to I37CS gamma rays was
2.4 for 14N ions (LET = 530 ke V / ,urn), 1. 8 for 4He
ions with a 100-,um Al absorber (LET=77 keY /,urn), and 1.4 for 4He ions without an absorber(LET=36 keY / ,urn). The rejoining kinetics of the
PCC fragments with heavy ions clearly differsfrom that with gamma rays (Fig. 2). About 95%of the PCC fragments induced by gamma rays
rejoined within 8 hours of post-irradiation incubation. For heavy ions, however, only 35 to 45%
of fragments rejoined. These results suggest aqualitative difference in chromatin damage
caused between heavy ions and gamma rays.

~ 100
C)

c:
'a;
E
Q)

'2

80

a: 60
~

c:
Q)

E 40

Cl

(1j

50

It 20
()
()

Q)
()

a..

Q; 40
a.
en

0

~ 30
E

u..~
en
en
Q)

fl-

0

4
6
8
Incubation Time (h)210Fig. 2. Repair kinetict of PCC breaks as a function of
post-irradiation incubation in SHE cells irradiated with
2 Gy of radiations. Symbols are the same as Fig. 1.

20

()

Uj 10

References

o

o

1

2

3
Dose (Gy)4Fig. 1. Dose-response curves for the induction of PCC in
SEH cells irradiated with 14N ions (LET=530 keY / jlm)(.), 4He ions with a 100-jlffi Al absorber (LET=77
keY / jlm)(e), 4He ions without an absorber (LET=36
keY / jlm)(O) , and 137Cs gamma rays (6.).

* Yokohama City University.

1) C.A. Waldren and R.T. Johnson: Proc. Nat!. A cad.
Sci. USA, 71, 1137 (1974).
2) M. Suzuki, M. Watanabe, K. Suzuki, K. Nakano, and
I. Kaneko: Radiat. Res., 120, 468 (1989).
3) K. Suzuki, M. Suzuki, K. Nakano, I. Kaneko, and M.
Watanabe: Int. J Radiat. Bioi., 58, 781 (1990).
4) M. Watanabe, M. Horikawa, and O. Nikaido: Radiat.
Res., 98, 274 (1984).

91

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-4-4.

Studies on Induced Mutations by Ion Beams in Plants

H. Nakai, H. Watanabe, Y. Kobayashi, T. Asai,* and S. Kitayama
We have been engaged in studies onradiobiological effects of thermal neutrons onhigher plants. We found that the relative
bioligical effectiveness (RBE) of thermal neutrons relative to y-rays is more than 10 and thatthe mutagenic effects of thermal neutrons on
various agronomic traits in rice is significantly
higher than that of low LET radiations, e.g. y
rays.l.2) Referring to the above results, this study
was started to make clear the mechanism of
mutations induced by ion beams and to evaluate
the use of ion beams for mutation breeding ofcrop plants.
A preliminary investigation was conducted tofind the ion-beam sensitivity of rice and theappropriate dosage of an ion beam for inductionof mutations for practically useful traits. Dry
seeds of rice, Oryza sativa L., a variety Harebare,
were irradiated with an ion beam of O2 + of 135
MeV In from the Ring Cyclotron to a dose of
0-100Gy. Irradiated seeds were sown to be germinated in petri-dishes at room temperature.
Two weeks later, the root length and seedlingheight were measured; the result is presented inFig. 1. The dose-response curves for both root
length and seedling height were of a typical
one-hit type, which is generally seen for highLET radiations. The Degree of Ml (the first
generation after mutagen treatment) damage inroot length was found to be higher than that in* Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University.

!

4

f.3.5
~

0: Root length

3l;,.: Seeding height

CI

1

2 5
.

'?.c
CI

j

2
1.5

g 1

a:

0.5
o~~--~----~----~

010 30 50

100

200
Dose (Gyl300

Fig. 1. Effects of irradiation of O2 + to seeds of rice
variety Harebare on the root length and seedling heightin Ml generation.

seedling height. This result is explained on thebasis that the damage for root length was caused
mainly by chromosome aberration, whereas thatfor seedling height was caused mainly by somephysiological event. All the seedlings were killed
by irradiation to a dose exceeding 100 Gy. Mlplants survived were grown in an experimental
rice field of the Shizuoka University and are
currently analyzed of damage at their mature
stage. Analysis of mutations on the M2 plants is
conducted next year.
References
1) H. Nakai, M. Saito, and H. Yamagata: Environ. Exp.
Bot., 20, 191 (1980).
2) H. Nakai and M. Saito: ibid., 25, 385 (1985).

92
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-5.

Instrumentation
1.

Design of a Microbeamline for a Compact Cyclotron
N. Nakanishi and H. Y. Yoshida*

As extensions of the particle induced X-ray
emission analysis (PIXE) and the Rutherford
backscattering spectrometry (RBS), which havebeen extensively used as typical ion beam analysis methods, a micro PIXE and an RBS become
more popular recently because of their highspace resolution. The installation of microbeamlines have been required in many facilities. 1)
A microbeamline was designed for 1.8 MeV
protons and 7.2 MeV alpha particles from thecompact cyclotron produced by JSW. The goalof the design was to obtain a beam intensity of
100 pA in a beam spot size of 10}Lm X 10}Lm underconstrains (1) the whole length of the system
was less than about 3500 mm, and (2) the working space between the last element and the target
was more than 200 mm.
So far, a number of microbeamlines have been
constructed in many research labor atories; however few microbeamlines were constracted for
cyclotron beams. It is mainly due to the difficulty
for using poor quality beams from cyclotron
relative to that from electrostatic acceleraters.
Before the calculation we measured horizontal
and vertical emittances of proton and alphabeams from the cyclotron to know the relation
between the resultant beam emittance and theintensity included in phase ellipses. We thensurveyed a magnet setting possibility to satisfy
the present goal by first-order ion optics calculations. The ion optics computer code TRANSPORT was used. 2 )With a quadrupole doublet, the desirable
demagnification factors could not obtained.
Because of the poor emittance of the beams,
resultant intensity was much lower thanrequired. In order to realize the goal, we investigated systems composed of three quadrupole
magnets. A large acceptance being indispensablefor the system, it was difficult to get small 2ndorder intrinsic aberrations. In order to get the
1st-order abberation coefficients as small as
possible, we used a triplet consisted of quadrupole magnets with a different effective lengthand a different field gradient. The field gradientof these quadrupole magnets was set to be less

* Japan Steel Work Ltd. (JSW).

than 3 KG/ cm in view of technical considerations. Calculated beam envelopes in horizontal
and vertical planes are shown Fig. 1. The objective aperture is formed by two pairs of slits andbeams are defined by subsidiary slits at 2.5 m

~ 4.0

j

~
___-'_- -+_-+lrv~\:z:o:::; 2 . 0
0:

o

:t:

to2 \

x:

x:
~2.0

~

.",

::: 4 0~

3 .0 (iI ).

J:251..

4.0

1.0

/

if

~

2.0
4. 0

".
...; 0 0 0 ' ; 0~

Fig. 1. Beam envelopes in horizontal and verticalplanes.
120 .------,--- -. - - -- , - - - - ,- -- 1- --- - ---/·--,4·~

---I

/

8

/

.~ 80 -1---+--_+,1-1_ - 1 - - - 1
]
/
~

III

-40

/

- -.-- -.- L - - r - - - - __ _ _- - L--- -r---- - - --Ha lf Width of Vertical Beam Spot (11m)

Fig. 2. Expected beam intensity as a function of their
vertical half width a of beam spot at a- target.

from the object point. Figure 2 shows the beam
intensity as a function of the vertical half widthof the beam spot at the target position. We
obtain a result that the beam intensity is 100 pA
in a beam spot of 8.5 }Lm(H) X 9.2 pm(V). The
whole length of the system and the image distance are 3550 mm and 220 mm, respectively. The
specification of the beamline are summarized inTable 1, and the layout of the system is shown in
Fig. 3. The beamline will be completed by the endof 1990.

93

N. Nakanishi et at.

3100

230 220

SWITCHING MAGNETCHAMBER

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the microbeamline system.

Table 1.

Specification of the microbeamline.

Beam characteristies
Accelerater
Ion

cyclotron
1.8 MeV p
7.2 MeV alpha0.12 mm mrad(H)Acceptance
0.06 mm mrad(V)Momemtum spread
0.1 %Microbeamline characteristics
Beam width
8.5,um(H)9.2,um(V)100 pA
Beam intensity
500 mm(Q1), 70 mm(Q2),
Q-magnet length
60 mm(Q3)
1.46 Kg/ cm(Q1), 2.90 KG/
Field gradient
cm(Q2),
2.97 KG/ cm(Q3)3100 mmObject distance
220 mmImage distance3550 mm
Whole length

References
1) G.W. Grime and F. Watt: Beam Optics of Quadrupole
Probe-Forming Systems, Adam Hilger, Bristol(1984) .
2) K.L. Brown, F. Rothacker, D.C. Carey, and Ch. Iselin:
SLAC91 Rev. 2 UC-28.

94

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·5·2.

Design of a Decay Muon Channel Using an Axially Symmetric
Magnetic Field for a Pion Injector
K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, and K. N agamine

A beam transportation system with an axiallysymmetric magnetic field may be used forachieving one order larger solid angle than conventional systems using magnetic dipoles andquadrupoles. We have designed a powerful decay
muon channel which uses superconducting coils
producing this type of symmetric field as a pion
injector and a superconducting solenoid as a 1CJ1.
decay section. One example of the design calculation is shown in Fig. 1. The pion momentum was

injection"). The latter case was intended to simulate a small divergence injection with conventional systems. Figure 2 shows the calculated
muon intensity at the exit of the solenoid decay
section as a function of the muon emission angle
for both cases. We can conclude that the largesolid angle system can be used for generatingnearly one order more muons than conventional
ones. More detailed design work aiming at reducing stray field on a pion production target andreducing neutron background is now in progress.

INJECTOR

;"' ~

~

o. 2

SOLENOID

!:::

5

N

'"
Fig. 1. An example of the design calculation of a highacceptance pion injecetor for decay muon channel. The
field distribution is shown on the lower side. Trajectories of pions (emission angle 10-45 degrees) surviving
as muons are shown on the upper side.

10-45·

en

z

o
~
LJ.

o

o. 1

a:
w
m

~
z

r-.r-.... -L._<;.~l o·--'set to be 150 MeV/c. The pion source distribution(square of 2 cm X 2 cm), the pion emission angle(10-45 degree), and the time and the angle of 1CJ1.
decay were Monte-Carlo generated. The numberof transmitted muons originating from pionswith a large emission angle in the range of 10-45
degrees ("large solid angle injection") was
compared with that from pions with a small
emission angle of 0-10 degree ("small angle'"1..-

L_~O~~--~--~~~~~

o

100

200

300

400

MUON EMISSION ANGLE

500
(mr)

Fig. 2. Angular distribution of muons at the exit of thesolenoid decay section. Vertical axis shows the numberof muons divided by the pion intensity at the source.
The solid line is the case for the muons originating frompions with an emission angle in the range of 10-45
degree. The broken line is for those from pions in therange of 0-10 degree.

95

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·5·3. Development of an Induction Accelerator
for the Heidelberg Test Storage Ring
C. Ellert,* D. Habs,* E.jaeschke,* T. Kambara,
W. Petrich,* D. Schwalm,* P. Sigray,** and A. Wolf*
An induction accelerator was constructed andemployed at a heavy-ion storage ring (Test
Storage Ring: TSR) in the Max Planck Institutefor Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, as a universal
device for energy tuning of stored ions, beamdiagnostics, and storage-ring optimization. The
accelera tor was designed to vary the energy ofions within the acceptance of the TSR. The
induction accelerator is especially suitable forexperiments with cooled ion beams because its
quasistationary accelerating field does notchange the energy distribution during acceleration.

Iron

Core
Flu x

Ion

Beam

Reference
VoltageFig. 1. Schematic drawing of the induction accelerator.

A schematic representation of the induction
accelerator is shown in Fig. 1. Its principle ofoperation is similar to that of a transformer: A
stored ion beam represents the secondary winding. A change in the current in the primarywinding, which encloses a doughnut-shaped core,
gives rise to a change in the magnetic flux ~ inthe core. An electric field Vacc is induced along aclosed path passing through the hole of the core:
Tt ~
d()
(1)
Vacc = l:!.. d s = - dt

f

The stored ions repeatedly pass through the holeof the core and changes their energy by qe Vacc
per each turn. When the flux varies from ~l to ~2
during a time interval T and the change of theorbital frequency f is negligible, the energy gain

* Physikalisches Institut der Universitat Heidelberg
and Max-Planck-Institut fUr Kernphysik, D-6900
Heidelberg, Germany.
* * Manne Siegbahn Institutet For fysik, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.

(2)

The energy gain is independent of the specific
way that the flux ~ is changed. The maximum
relative energy change dE / E is between 5 X 10- 2
and 5 X 10- 3 in the present case.
The induction accelerator consists of an ironcore, a power supply, and a feedback system.
The core is made of isolated and glued 1 mmthick iron sheets with an octagonal shape with ahole with the same shape. The outer radius isabout 0.64 m, the hole radius is about 0.15 m, andthe length along the beam line is 0.3 m. This gives
an estimate of the total flux change of about 0.4
Vs if the magnetic flux density is swung between
saturations at ± 1.5 T. The beam tube of the TSR
passes through the hole of the core, interrupted
by a ceramic gap in order to isolate the two sidesof the beam tube from each other. The primarycoil is wound around two opposite sides of thecore, with the number of winding between 10 and
100 and is connected to a remote-controllable
regulated power supply.
In many applications, it is important to induce
a constant acceleration voltage for a given
period of time. Since the magnetic flux is astrongly nonlinear function of the primary current, it is necessary to regulate the current to
induce a constant voltage. We fabricated a feedback system which compares an induced voltage
picked up by a secondary winding to a reference
voltage and controls the power supply.
The first test of the induction accelerator
showed that it offers a simple way to tune theenergy of a stored ion beam within a moderate
time and without a change of the velocity distribution.
The induction accelerator has been used successfully in the laser-cooling experiments of Li+
and Be+, and in the measurement of the coolingforce of an electron cooler.

96
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-5-4.

Status of the Radioactive Beam Facility RIPS

T. Kubo, M. Ishihara, N. Inabe, T. Nakamura, H. Okuno, K. Yoshida,
H. Kumagai, S. Shimoura, K. Asahi, and 1. Tanihata
We have completed a radioactive beam facility
names
RIPS
(RIKEN~rojectile-fragment
Separator) 1 ,2) in order to facilitate experimental
studies on and using radioactive nuclei.
RIPS has been designed to be an achromatic
beam line so that it can analyze and transport secondary radioactive beams. The projectile fragmentation mechanism is used to convert a primarybeam into radioactive beams, because it has various
useful features such as large cross sections andgood kinematical properties. In addition to magnetic
analysis, a technique called momentum loss
achromat3 ) is used to separate radioactive beams,
a technique which allows separation by the combination of magnetic analysis and energy loss.
Figure 1 schematically shows the layout of theLayout of RIPS'.

prOdUCtlO~
target

I

~beam

swr

Fig. 1.

ger

I

Dl, D2dipole magnets

section, consisting of Q-Q-SX-D-SX-Q-Q-Q, serves
as a dispersion compensating section and gives
doubly achromatic focusing at F2. The use of anenergy degrader at F1 provides an additional separation scheme according to the energy loss difference depending on A 2 . 5/Z1.5 of radioactive nuclei.
The property of the momentum loss achromat isachieved by using an achromatic energy degrader. 3)
The quadrupole triplet Q-Q-Q at the final section
gives the third focus (F3) at an open space ofdownstream, where experimental devices can beeasily accomodated under better shielding conditions. The sextupole magnets at the entrance andexit of each dipole magnet correct optical aberrations to optimize isotopic separation power andbeam size.
The basic characteristics of RIPS are summarized in Table 1. In comparison with the existing
facilities,4) RIPS has two improved features so as
to enlarge the capability of radioactive beams. The
first feature is the capability of producing a strong
beam intensity, which is achieved by adopting wide
acceptances and large magnetic rigidity (Bp). The
acceptances in angle and momentum are taken to
be 80 mr (circle) and 6%, respectively, corresponding to more than half of spreading widths of typicalprojectile fragments. The maximum Bp is taken to
be about 165% compared with that of RIKEN Ring
Cyclotron. This large Bp allows us to use themaximum incident energy even for extremely neutron-rich nuclei, so that we can take an advantageof the thickest possible targets and better kinematical conditions. The second characteristic feature of RIPS is the possibility to produce spinpolarized radioactive beams by means of the reac-

Ql·Q12
quadrupole magnets
SXl·SX4 : sextupole magnets

Fl·F3

focuses

Table 1.
Layout of the Radioactive Beam Facility RIPS.

beam line, whose configuration can be abbreviatedas Q-Q-Q-SX-D-SX -Q-Q-Q-SX-D-SX-Q-Q-Q-Q-QQ, where Q, D, and SX represent quadrupole,
dipole, and sextupole magnets, respectively. The
beam line can be divided into three sections byintervening focuses. The first analyzing section,
consisting of Q-Q-Q-SX-D-SX-Q, gives dispersive
focusing at F1. The velocity conservation in projectile fragmentation allows the separation at F1
according to A/Z of radioactive nuclei. The second

Basic characteristics of RIPS.

Configuration

Q-Q·Q-SX-D-SX-Q (first stage)
Q-Q-SX-D-SX-Q-Q-Q (second stage)
Q-Q-Q (third stage)

Angular acceptance

80 mr, circle

Solid angie

5 msr

Momentum acceptanceMax. magnetic rigidity

5.76 Tm, 65% larger than that of the cyclotron

Focuses

FI, dispersive, 2.4cm/%, end of first stage

6 %, for full angular acceptanceF2, double achromatic, end of second stage
F3, double achromatic, end of third stage
Flight path length

10.4 m to FI, 21.3 m to F2, 27.5m to F3

from production target

Isotopic separation

AIZ and energy loss

Goal of mass resolution (F2)
Beam swinger

AIM > 100, for achromatic energy degrader
max. 15 degrees

T. Kubo et at.

tion process itself. For this purpose, a beamswinger has bean installed ahead of a production
target, enabling us the collection at finite angles.
The construction of RIPS was completed in thesummer of 1989. After test experiments to confirm
the basic performance, it started to provide radioactive beams for a variety of experiments in the
beginning of 1990.
Two characteristic features of RIPS have been
already confirmed. The intensity of radioactive
beams was found to be more than 100 times
stronger than that of the existing facilities. We
expect the intensity of the order of 104 pps evenfor neutron dripline nuclei such as 11 Li. Suchintense beam will certainly enable a new regime ofexperiments such as secondary reaction studies onradioactive nuclei. The production of spin-polarizedradioactive beams through the reaction process has
also been found to be possible and universal at

97

intermediate energies. The observed spin-polarization is fairly large, reaching about 5-20%. This feature of RIPS, together with a strong beam intensity, will open up new fields using spin-polarizedradioactive nuclei.
More detailed reports on RIPS are given in thisvolume.
References
1) T. Kubo et al.: Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Radioactive
Nucl. Beams, World Scientific, Singapore, p. 563(1989).
2) T. Kubo and M. Ishihara: Proc. 2nd IN2P3-RIKEN
Symp. on Heavy-ion Collisions, World Scientific, Singapore, p. 40 (1990).
3) j. P. Dufour et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods, A248, 267(1986).
4) R. Anne et al.: ibid., A257, 215 (1987) and see references in Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Radioactive Nucl.
Beams, World Scientific, Singapore (1989).

98
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-5-5.

Characteristics of Magnetic Elements in RIPS

T. Nakamura, T. Kubo, H. Takebe, K. Yoshida, I. Tanihata, and M. Ishihara
Magnets in the radioactive beam line RIPS!)
are composed of 2 dipole magnets, 12 quadrupole
magnets, and 4 sextupole magnets. The magnetic
system is designed to bend and focus charged
particles with a magnetic rigidity up to 5.76 T·
m. Specifications of the magnets are determinedto satisfy required optics and acceptances (angular acceptance: 5 msr., momentum acceptance:
6%).
Table 1.

Characteristics of dipole magnets in RIPS.

Pole gap(em)CentralBending angle

trajectory(degree)radius (m)The specifications of the sextupole magnets
are shown in Table 3; the magnets aregeometrically identical to each other.
The excitation characteristics and the effective lengths of all the magnets are obtained bymeasurements using a hall probe calibrated by
Table 3.

Characteristics of sextupole magnets in RIPS.
Bore radiusReal length

Effective lengthMax. field gradient

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

(G/em2 )

SX1

125.0

250

286

10.0

SX2

125.0

250

286

22.0

MagnetPole tilted

Max. field

SX3

125.0

250

286

30.0

angle( degree)

(kG)

SX4

125.0

250

286

18.5

entrance

exit

D1

14.0

3.6

45.0

0.0

+19.6

16.0

D2

14.0

3.6

45.0

0.0

0.0

16.0

Current VS . B (Gauss)Dl

The dipole magnets are identical H-type magnets except for a tilted angle at the exit. Their
specifications are shown in Table 1. In order tominimize the change in the effective boundariesof the magnets due to excitation characteristics,
the pole edges of the magnets are cut accordingto Rogowski's curve. The effective boundary ofeach dipole is made equal to its real boundary byadjusting field clamps.
The specifications of the quadrupole magnets
are shown in Table 2. The pole shapes are determined to avoid saturation effects in iron causedby high magnetic fields to attain a strong focus.
Table 2.
RIPS.
Magnet

15000

.

~
S

10000

~

5000

o

Real length

Effective lengthMax. field gradient

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

(kG/em)

400

600

800

1000

1200

CURRENT (A)Fig. 1. Excitation curve for D1 magnet (the upstream
dipole magnet).
Field at the center of Q1

Characteristics of quadrupole magnets inBore radius

200

Polarity
10000

QI

62.0

500

542

1.41

H

Q2

86.0

800

857

1.05

V

i

Q3

86.0

400

459

0.98

H

~
(}

Q4

120.0

600

673

0.55

H

Q5

120.0

700

769

0.64

V

Q6

120.0

600

673

0.55

H

Q7

86.0

400

459

0.94

V

Q8

86.0

700

755

0.94

H

Q9

62.0

500

542

1.21

V

QI0

86.0

700

764

0.94

V

Qll

120.0

1100

1168

0.65

H

Q12

86.0

700

764

0.94

V

5000

-5000

-5

Fig. 2.

0
5
10
Horizontal coordinate (cm)15

Field distribution at the center of Ql.

T. Nakamura et at.

an NMR probe. Designed specifications arefound to be satisfied for all the magnets. Figures
1 and 2 show some results from the measurements. Figure 1 shows the excitation curve forthe Dl magnet, indicating that the maximum
field reaches 1.7 T which is higher than thedesigned value (1.6 T). Figure 2 shows the field
distribution of the Ql magnet. In an operational99

region which is less than 70mm in the x coordinate, linearity is guaranteed. These parameters
are used for optics calculation and for initial
setting of currents in the magnets.
References
1) T. Kubo et at.: This Report, p. 96.

100
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-5-6.

Control System of RIPS

N. Inabe, T. Kubo, I. Tanihata, and M. Ishihara
The computer control system of the radioactive beam line RIPSl) has been developed. By

Table 1.
Targetchambera profile monitor for a primary beam
(single-wire type)a Faraday cup
a beam viewer (ZnS) and targets
a collimator for defining acceptanceangle
an incident angle monitor for a primarybeamFlchambera profile monitor for a primary beam
a collimator for defining momentum
acceptancea collimator for selecting several
different momenta
a position sensitive gas counter (PPAC)

F2
chambera profile monitor for a primary beama Faraday cup
a position sensitive gas counter (PP AC)
a silicon detector for i1 E measurementa collimator for defining image of asecondary beamothersmagnetsa primary beam stopper in Dl magnet
2 dipole magnets
12 Quadrupole magnets
4 sextapole magnets
beam swinger

man-machlno Incuflco

Idevices to controlI

L m.:g~~!a~d~ ~p.:s~ts.~c .J

Fig. 1. Block diagram of computer control system of
RIPS.

R.1.PSN_

01............ /

;:::J

en

04

ly'l 06

14

for Inltlll mlgen ltlltlng
S~'ocuorslyo

moes. 1 ~~:~ r(TOm)

10 Sitshowparam oler

I slalus I terminal I menu I

~~~

'0

.5

'.7113

SIQ

1191&

D2

7AAII

.0

' .54911

.9893

' A
.0

.8916

,g

.2

.7
.3

SIC.

01
01

".

010
011
012

f1

'

I nnn~'1

Input magnetic r1 gtdtlll
1321

_2266
.9233
.7117

os

r ..•
corr(A).11

flol4(T).....1 ,t."Il)

$>a"

SII'

r ..'

I•

--

o.

cnUpow or su pp"'eel

Qcurrscanmognel conl~ol

01.. --+rIIIo go sel

Devices under control.

.3

1.11916

12

!;

4

'2

1

'7
'11

.5

0 cooperation

I saye setting I rosuno sOltlngl.5~IN""'"

Fig. 2. An example of a HyperCard, which controls all
magnets of RIPS. After input a magnetic rigidity andpushing a button "set", clicking a button "go set" currents of all magnets are set. Every card gives information on the positions of devices to be controlled graphically.

the system, we control all devices of RIPS summarized in Table 1.
Figure 1 is the flow chart of the control system.
To control the devices we use an UnixMelcom60-CIM-DIM system, the same as thecontrol system for RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. 2 ) For
easy control we have developed a man-machineinterface, using a Macintosh. For communication
between the Unix system and the Macintosh
through an RS232C port, we use a HyperCard
with a hypertalk (Macintosh application) on the
Macintosh. Using the HyperCard, we can also
see the location of every device as a picture on
Macintosh screen. Figure 2 shows an example ofthe man-machine interface part.
References
1) T. Kubo, M. Ishihara, N. Inabe, T. Nakamura, H.
Okuno, K. Yoshida, H. Kumagai, S. Shimoura, K.
Asahi, and I. Tanihata: This Report, p. 96.
2) H. Takebe, T. Wada, M. Kase, T . Kambara, and H.
Kamitsubo: "Control system of the RIKEN Ring
Cyclotron", Control system Workshop, Tsukuba,
Nov. (1987).

101
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·5·7.

Yield Study of Radioactive Beams of RIPS

N. Inabe, T. Kubo, T. Nakamura, H. Okuno, S. Shimoura, K. Asahi
K. Yoshida, H. Kumagai, I. Tanihata, and M. Ishihara
The yield of radioactive beams in radioactive
beam line, RIPS,l) have been measured on theachromatic second focal plane of RIPS for 180(100 MeV lu), 15 N(112 MeV lu)+9Be(1.1 g/cm 2)
reactions. Target thickness was selected to givean optimal yield.
A beam was identified from the energy loss in
SSD and time-of·flight (TOF) between a parallel
plate avalanche counter (PP AC) and RF of the
Ring Cyclotron. Figure 1 shows an example of a.d E -TOF plot for particle identification, magnet
rigidity being set at 3.73 Tm, that is, match tothat of 14B in the reaction 180+9Be. This figure
shows good separation of each beam. To get theyield of every radioactive beam, the effiency of
PP AC and the dead time of a computer shouldhave been corrected.

corresponding to the rigidity of about 100
MeV lu llLi) to collect neutron rich radioactive
beams even in the """-'100 Me Vlu region wherekinematical focusing is better in projectile fragmentation and a production target is thicker.
Table 1.
Reaction
100 MeV/u 11()+

1.1 g/ cm 2 Be

~

.

.

-:.. - ..~ .

13B

+

lIBe
12Be
9Li
llLi

..~

I II" at LISEP

2 X 10- 6 d )2 X 10- 8 d )2 X 10- 9 c)
10- 8 c)

7.5 X10 b )2 X 10- 8 c)
3.7 X10428
2. 5 X1O- IO f)
5.6 X 103.5 X 10
2.7 X 103 b ) 4.3 X 10- 7 b )1.5 X104 c ) 2.4x 10- 6 c)
9.8x103 c) 1.6 x 10-6 c)
7.3 X 103 1.2 X 10- 6
3_8 X 104 6. 1 X 10- 6
4.2 X102

6_8 X 10- 8# data presented in RIKEN IN2P3 symp. (1987) by R.

'H.~ 120 - 6;l:le!Li . .." B e . " B~--'0 . .0._"B"Be . <2'
'Li··" !'«@)-·

60 ,

1/10
2. 2 X 10- 5
1.8 X 10- 6
7 .8 X 10- 7
2.1 X 10- 6
1.2 X 10- 8 b)
5 .9 X 10- 6

i1Bp / Bp = 6 % ..(2 = 5 msr.

•..(!t~g

1.4 X10 5
1.1 X 10 4
4.9 X 10 3
1.3 x 104,,- ~ .

180

~

16C
14B
15B
12Be
14Be
9Li
llLi
SHe

112 MeV / u 15N._.._~. :..c::t>.

Fragments pps/ paA8)---.---- --------- ----------------- --- -- ---- -- -- ------- --- --- ---- -- --- --------- -.1.1 g/cm 2 Be

240 .

Yields of secondary beams of RIPS.

~

..

I'B

"C
........
I6C. .~1"B'~ "; ~
~

60

leo
DE of SSD (arbitrary unit)

Fig. 1. Particle identification spectrum in the 180+ Be(1.1 g/ cm 2) reaction at 100 MeV /u. A horizontal axis isenergy loss in a 500,um SSD and a vertical axis is TOF
between PPAC and RF. Both scales are arbitrary.

Table 1 summarizes the yield of each radioactive beam per 1pnA and the ratios of eachradioactive beam to a primary beam, comparing
with those of obtained at LISE in GANIL.2) The
yields of neutron rich nuclei radioactive beams
of RIPS are more than 100 times of that of LISE
at GANIL. One reason is that RIPS has a large
angular and momentum acceptance ( .d ID = 5
msr, .d p/p= ±3%), the other is that RIPS has alarge maximum rigidity (5.76 Tm-this value is

Bimbot.
a) particles/ s/ particle-nA. b) i1Bp / Bp = 4.2%. c)
i1Bp/ Bp=2%.
d) 65 MeV / u 180+567 mg/cm 2 Be, i1Bp/ Bp=3.4% , (1=1 msr.
e) 45 MeV/ u 180 + 187 mg/ cm 2 Be, i1Bp / Bp=3.4%, (1=1 msr.
f) 45 MeV / u 22Ne+417 mg/ cm2 Ta, i1Bp / Bp =3.4%,(1=1 msr.

Because the usual intensity of the primarybeam from RRC is 100pnA, we expect that we getabout 270 kcps for 8He, 35 kcps for ll Li and 7.5
kcps for 14Be from these yield measurements.
From this result, we confirm the possibility to
study neutron drip-line nuclei through secondary
reactions.
References
1) T . Kubo, M. Ishihara, N. Inabe, T. Nakamura, H.
Okuno, K. Yoshida, H. Kumagai, S. Shimoura, K.
Asahi, and I. Tanihata: This Report, p. 96.
2) R. Bimbot: Proc. RIKEN-IN2P3 Symp. on Heavy-Ion
Collisions, Shimoda, p. 48 (1987).

102
RIKEN Accel Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·5·8.

Performance of Isotopic Separation in RIPS

T.Nakamura, T.Kubo, S.Shimoura, H.Okuno, N.Inabe, K.Yoshida, H.Kumagai,
I. Tanihata, K. Asahi, and M. Ishihara
To study the performance of isotopic separation
in a radioactive beam line, RIPS,l) we have carriedout an experiment on the production of radioactive
fragments 14B and 16C, using 100 MeV/u 180
beams from RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. The target
used was a 277 mg/cm beryllium plate.
Fragments 14B and 16C were selected according
to the condition shown in Table 1. Particle identifiTable 1. The experimental condition for studying isotopic
separation in RIPS. BpJ, the magnetic rigidity for the firststage, which is optimized for 14B; Bp2, the magnetic
rigidity for the second stage, which is optimized for 14B
and 16C; do, the thickness of the degrader in the central
ray; A, a parameter in the range formula; 2)R o, ranges inthe degrader.

Magnets

Degrader

BPl

4.02

(T.m)

BP2

3.67

(T.m)

do = 1.365 g/ cm2 Aluminum

2 dimensionaJ image al F2
240

180

120

60

X (a.u)Fig. 1. 2-Dimensional proftle of F2 detected by PPAC,
tuned for 15B (left) and 16C (right).
3000

r30mml2400

I). = 3.48

l4B

lee

II

~(g/cm2)

5.15

4.81

U

do/~

0.265

0.284

Isotope

1800

C
::I
0

1200
14B

600

cation for these isotopes was performed by measuring the energy loss in a 400-J.(.m silicon detector at
the achromatic focal plane (F2) and a time of flightbetween a PPAC (parallel plate avalanche counter)located at F2 and RF signals of RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. Figure 1 shows beam profiles at F2 and Fig.
2 the projection to the horizontal direction, which
are observed by the PPAC. The left focusing image
corresponds to 14B and the right one 16C. The displacement and the size of images (FWHM) of two
images are also shown in Fig. 2. The displacement
is consistent with the designed value of dispersion
in the second stage in RIPS (described as D z),
which is 375 cm. The value of D2 is used for determining mass dispersion DA by

D - D
A -

dolRo 1 - A
z 1 - dolRo A

(1)

o

60

120

X position

Fig. 2. Horizontal projection of the proftle of F2 (Fig. 1),
tuned for 15B (left) and 16C (right).

The mass resolving power is thus obtained as

IAI MI = 1.1 x 102(2)

We may conclude that resolving power IAI MI ~100 is achieved without any second order correction.
References
1) T. Kubo et at.: This Report p. 96.
2) K.-H. Schmidt, E. Hanelt, H. Gaissel, G. Muenzenberg, and J.P. Dufour: Nucl. Instrum. Methods, A260,
287 (1987).

103
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·5·9.

Test Experiment of the GARIS/IGISOL

K. Morita, T. Nomura, A. Yoshida, T. Inamura, M. Koizumi,
M. Fujioka, T. Shinozuka, H. Miyatake, K. Sueki, H. Kudo,
Y . Nagai, K. Yoshimura, and T. Toriyama
We constructed an isotope separator on-line(I SOL) at the E1 experimental hall of the RIKEN
Ring Cyclotron (RRC) facility. Since the ISOL
consists of a gas-filled recoil isotope separator(GARIS) and an ion-guide type isotope separator
on-line (IGISOL), we call the system as GARIS/
IGISOL. The GARIS/IGISOL will provide us
with short-lived isotopes which will be producedby nuclear reactions with high-energy heavy-ion
beams from RRC for the study of spectroscopic
features of these isotopes. The construction andthe general specifications of the system werereported in Ref. 1.
The GARIS consists of three magnets of a
D-Q-Q configuration. The shape of the pole pieceof a D-magnet and the geometrical setup ofmagnets are shown in Fig. 1 together with abeam trajectory obtained by first order calculation. The characteristics of the system as a

Ql

Q2

Fig. 1. Geometrical setup of GARIS. A trajectory calculated is shown.

Table 1.

Characteristics of GARIS as a spectrograph.
Model

ModellTarget position

Pole boundary

Center of the

Total length of the trajectory

4.07m

4.77 mscattering chamber
Trajectory length in the magnetic field

1.94m

1.94 mDispersion

0.20cm/%0.78 cm/%

Angular acceptance (horizoltal)±87.5 mrad

±81.3 mrad

Angular acceptance (vertical)±78.5 mrad

±68.5 mrad

Solid angle (design value)

12.8 msr

11.2 msr

16.3 msr

12.1 msr

Magnification (horizontal)

0 .57

0.74

Magnification (vertical)

1.47

LSI

(measured value)magnetic spectrograph are listed in Table 1.
Solid angular acceptances were measured withuse of 24lAm a-source, and their values are listed
also in Table 1.
The efficiency of GARIS was measured bycomparing the activity yields on a catcher detector at the focal plane of the GARIS with those on
catcher foils at about 5 cm behind targets. Absolute efficiencies (in the entire energy-range of thereaction products) were found to be 15 ± 1% for
the 169Tm (4°Ar, xn) (E(4°Ar)=5 MeV /u) reaction(fusion reaction), 5.3±0.4% for the 18lTa (4°Ar,axn) (E(4°Ar)=6 MeV /u) reaction, and 0.5±
0.1% for the natW(14N, X)169Hf(E(14N) = 35 MeV/u) reaction (target fragmentation). The efficiencies strongly depend not only on the angular
distributions of the reactions but also the energy
distributions of the recoiled products. The efficiencies of GARIS for recoiled products of morethan 18 MeV were found to be 30±3% for thefusion reaction, and 12 ± 2% for the (HI, axn)
reaction.
The parameters of the ion optics of IGISOL
were tuned with an 4°Arl+ ion beam and128- 136Xe1+ ion beams produced by discharge
between needles set inside a thermalizationchamber which contains helium added with asmall amount of argon or xenon gas. The mass
resolving power (A/ if A) obtained by these tuning were found to be about 120 for Ar-ion andabout 250 for Xe-ions when the helium gas pressure was 100 mbar.
The efficiency of IGISOL was measured by
14IPr(4°Ar, xn)181-xlr reactions under various
experimental conditions. Recoiled Ir isotopes
were collected with GARIS, then injected into thethermalization chamber of IGISOL, and thenstopped there. The isotopes passed through theexit hole of the chamber with a helium gas-flow
and were separated from helium atoms with askimmer, ions were then accelerated to 30 keVwith an electrostatic field. The accelerated ionswere then collected on the surface of a siliconsurface barrier detector set inside a beam tube
just before an analyzer magnet of IGISOL. 13Rays and a-particles emitted from the Ir isotopes
were detected with the detector, and the effi-

K. Morita et at.

104

ciency of IGISOL was measured. About 1% ofisotopes injected into IGISOL were extracted
when pressure was 900 mbar. The dependence ofthe extracted yield on helium gas pressure isshown in Fig. 2. The extracted yield increases
almost linearly with the increase in the gaspressure below 900 mbar.

200

G
~

0..

~
t::
~

0

~

100

"0

"0

~

200

400

600

800 1000

He-Gas Pressure [mbar]

Fig. 2. Extraction yields versus helium gas pressure in
the thermalization chamber.

References
et at.: Proc. Int. Symp. on Heavy Ion
Physics and Nuclear Astrophysical Problems, Tokyo
July, p. 271 (1988).

1) K. Morita

105
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·5·10.

Velocity Distribution of IGISOL Ion Beams

M. Koizumi, M. Azuma, T. Inamura, T. Ishizuka, H. Katsuragawa,
S. Matsuki, K. Morita, T. Murayama, I. Nakamura, M. N akaoka,
K. Shimomura, I. Sugai, M. Takami, K. Valli, and A. Yoshida
GARIS/IGISOL at RIKEN consists of an ionguide isotope separator on-line (RIKEN IGISOL)
constructed in tandem with a gas-filled recoil
isotope separator (GARIS). The design of thissystem was described in a previous report. 1) Thissystem is potentially powerful in separatingrefractory elements as well as short-lived species
because the separation time is of the order of one
millisecond, and equal separation efficiency is
obtained for isotopes of any chemical elements.
Therefore, we are interested in making collinear
laser spectroscopy for isotopes of a wide rangeof elements using this system. It has been estimated from mass resolution measurements thatthe energy spread of IGISOL ion beams is 100 eVor more,2,3) which corresponds to about a 1-G Hz
resolution at fwhm for 40 Arl+. The resolution is
not sufficient enough for doing laser spectroscopy; about 500 MHz or less is desirable.
Since the energy spead has so far been estimated indirectly from mass resolution, it is desirable to carry out a direct measurement of thevelocity distribution of IGISOL ion beams. We
have measured the Doppler broadening of a resonance linewidth in a metastable atomic state of
4°Ar l+ (611.6 nm (3d'2G9/2--+4p2F7/2) transition)4)
to observe the velocity distribution of ion beams.
A schematical setup is shown in Fig. 1. Theenergy of ions were 30 ke V, and the pressure in ahelium gas cell was 20 mbar. A resonance spectrum measured with 150° incidence is shown in
Fig. 2. The fwhm is 0.68 GHz, which corresponds to an energy spread of 44 e V. The fwhmof laser induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra systematically measured at three incident angles

IG ISOL

D-magnelSlits

ElecrosI3tic
Mass Analyzer

Fig. 1. Schematic setup of an LIF experiment.

1400

~

1200

1\

1000

f
FWHM
0.66G Hl

800

0

600

400

O~~--~--~~~~--~

o

20

40

60

Channel(O . 11GHz/c h . )

80

100

120

Fig. 2. LIF excitation spectrum of the metastable state in
30-keV Ar 1 + ions at 150' to a laser beam. The resonance
was observed at 16330.96 cm- 1 •(30°, 90° and 180°) are plotted as a function of theskimmer voltage in Fig. 3. The divergence of theion beam is deduced from the measurement at
900, and the velocity distribution from that at
180°. The fwhm measured at 30° has both contributions. The broadening caused by beam divergence increases with increasing skimmer potential. Although the broadening caused by velocity
distribution also increases with an increase in theskimmer potential, it is smaller than that bybeam divergence. A typical value of the Doppler
broadening caused by only velocity distribution(collinear (180°) at a skimmer potential of 500 V
and a pressure of 20 mbar) was l.25 GHz in
fwhm, which corresponds to an energy spread of
120 eV. Since the gas pressure is too low to stop
most of the recoil products, a series of measurements are now in progress at higher pressures.
We conclude that the linewidth in the LIF
spectrum is narrower at lower skimmer potential. One way to reduce the velocity spread of ion
beams in order to get a better resolution in LIF
measurements is to select a part of the total
velocity distribution by using slits set behind amagnetic analyzer. The spectrum in Fig. 2 wasmeasured in this way. By this method, however,
we lose a certain amount of ions for the measurements. The other possibility to reduce the veloc-

106

M. Koizumi et at.

ity spread without losing ion intensity is to apply
an electrostatic lens system Squeezer 5 ) between
an exit hole of the thermalization chamber of
IGISOL and a skimmer. Installation of the
Squeezer to our system is now in progress.

5000

4000

N

Ptc-20mbar

o

30deg

o

90deg

6

180deg

3000

J:

~

References

~

J:

2000

II..

==
1000

OL-~~~~~~~~~~~~

100

200

300

Skimmer

400

500

Voltage

600

700

[-V]

Fig. 3. Skimmer potential dependence of the fwhm of an
LIF spectrum at three incident angles of a laser beam toan ion beam: 30·, 90·, and 180·. The dashed line shows
fwhm at 30· calculated from 90· and 180· measurements.

1) K. Morita, T. Inamura, K. Valli, T. Nomura, ].
Tanaka, H. Miyatake, K. Sueki, Y. Hatsukawa, M.
Fujioka, T. Shinozuka, T. Taguchi, H. Kudo, Y.
Nagai, T. Tomiyama, H. Hama, M. Yoshii, and K.
Furuno: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 21, 155 (1987).
2) J. Arje: Research Report No. 3/86, Department of
Physics, University of JyvMskyIa (1986).
3) M. Yoshii, H. Hama, K. Taguchi, T. Ishimatsu, T.
Shinozuka, and M. Fujioka, ].Arje: Nucl. Instrum.
Methods, B26, 410 (1987).
4) N. Schmidt: Private communication.
5) A. Iivonen, R. Saintola, and K. Valli: Phys. Scr., 42,
133 (1990).

107

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·5·11.

Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy with IGISOL
H. Backe, T. Inamura, M. Koizumi, and K. Morita

The knowledge of spins, electromagnetic
moments, and radii of nuclei far from stability isimportant in understanding cold nuclear matter. A
great variety of nuclides far from stability can beproduced by heavy-ion-induced reactions. A very
powerful tool to study the above-mentioned basic
properties of these nuclei is laser spectroscopy:
The various techniques, including ultrahigh resolution collinear laser spectroscopy, were recently
reviewed by Otten. 1) However, since thesemethods require intensities larger than 104/s, theirpotential use for studies of heavy-ion-induced reaction products with very weak intensities is somewhat limited. (A photon-ion coincidence techniques
may be an alternative way to overcome this problem. 2 ») We therefore propose to use a new laser
spectroscopic method, which is based on very sensitive laser resonance ionization spectroscopy3.4) inan optical buffer gas cell in combination with thedetection of resonantly ionized radioactive atoms
using IGISOL. 5) In the following we shortly
describe the principle of this method.
The beams of radioactive nuclides, which are collected and guided with GARIS,5) are stopped in abuffer gas cell that is filled with helium of a few
hundred millibars. It is expected that more than
20% of the incoming ions come to rest as neutral
atoms and are available for resonance ionization
spectroscopy (RIS). The remainder of the ions istransported in a suitable auxiliary electrostatic field
to the walls of the cell where they are absorbed.
At the end of an accelerator burst the auxiliaryelectrostatic field is switched off, and two or threetunable dye lasers are fired to resonantly ionize theneutral atoms in the buffer gas cell. The dye lasers
may be pumped with an excimer laser (pulse width
20 ns, repetition rate 500 Hz) or a copper vapor
laser (pulse width 20 ns, repetition rate 6000 Hz).
The created ions are transported to the exit holeby a gas flow and guided to the section of skimmer
and extraction electrodes; the acceleration potentialof the IGISO L system will be varied from several
kV to 80 kV. 5) The mass separated ions aredetected at the focal plane with a position sensitive
microchannel plate detector. (See Ref. 5 fordetails.)
The use of the IGISO L system as a detector for
RIS has the advantage that it serves as a highly
sensitive isotope identifier for even long-lived
isotopes to which the radioactive decay detectedresonance ionization spectroscopy (RADRIS)6) cannot be applied. This offers the unique possibility ofdisentangling complex overlapping hyperfine structures of neighboring isotopes.
The resolution is limited by the laser bandwidth
which is typically 1.2 GHz with a Lambda Physik
dye laser (with an intra-cavity etalon), the Doppler
broadening of about 1 GHz at room temperatureand the broadening due to the pressure in the gas
cell that will amount to a few hundred megahertzs.
The expected resolution of about 1. 5 GHz is not
so good as the collinear laser spectroscopy. Thisis, unfortunately, the price to be paid for theultrahigh sensitivity of RIS in the buffer gas. It
should be mentioned, however, that cooling the gas
cell and the use of an external narrow band laser
oscillator may reduce the linewidth significantly.
References
1) E. W. Otten: "Treatise on Heavy-Ion Physics," (ed.
D.A. Bromley), Plenum Press, New York, Vol. 8,
p. 517 (1989).
2) D.A. Eastham, P.M. Walker, J.R.H. Smith, J.A.R.
Griffith, D.E. Evans, S.A. Wells, M.J. Fawcett, andI.S. Grant: Opt. Commun., 60, 293 (1986).
3) G.S. Hurst, M.G. Payne, S.D. Kramer, and J.P.
Young: Rev. Mod. Phys., 51, 767 (1979).
4) V.S. Letokhov: "Laser Photoionization Spectroscopy,"
Academic Press Inc., New York (1987).
5) K. Morita, T. Inamura, K. Valli, T. Nomura, J.
Tanaka, H. Miyatake, K. Sueki, Y. Hatsukawa, M.
Fujioka, T. Shinozuka, K. Taguchi, H. Kudo, Y. Nagai,
T. Toriyama, H. Hama, M. Yoshii, and K. Furuno:
RIKEN Aeeel. Prog. Rep., 21, 155 (1987).
6) H. Backe, Th. Blonningen, M. Dahlinger, U. Doppler,
I. Klaft, W. Lauth, A. Scherrer, P. Schwamb, G.
Schwickert, W. Theoblad, Z. Zahn, U. Othmer, and N.
Trautmann: a contributed paper to the 5th Int. Symp.
on Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy and Its Applications, Varese, Italy, Sept. (1990).

108
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-5-12. Status Report of the RIKEN Swi nger-Magnetic
Analyzer with Rotators and Twisters (SMART)
H. Ohnuma, Y. Fuchi, K. Hatanaka, S. Hayakawa, T. Ichihara, M. Ishihara,
M. Kase, S. Kato, T. Kubo, S. Kubono, M. Ohura, H. Okamura,
H. Orihara, H. Sakai, H. Shimizu, Y. Taj ima , M.H. Tanaka,
H. Toyokawa, Y. Yano, Y. Yashiro, H.Y. Yoshida and M. Yosoi
A swinger and a magnetic analyzer with rotatorsand twisters (SMART) have been installed in theexperimental area E4 and are currently tested withbeams from RRC.
The magnetic analyzer consists of three quadrupoles and two dipoles (PQI-PQ2-PDI-PQ3-PD2),
as described in previous reports,l) and the swinger
has two dipoles and two quadrupoles (WDI-WQlWQ2-WD2). Results of the field measurements ofthese magnets, carried out in February and March
this year, are described in a separate report. 2)
A target chamber and other vacuum chambers
were installed in May. The entrance window of thetarget chamber has sliding membrane which moves
together with the beam swinger when the incident
beam direction is changed. Three sets of defining
slits of the spectrometer can be inserted behind thetarget chamber. The vacuum chambers aredesigned in such a way as to facilitate small angle(including 0°) measurements. Several beamstoppers are prepared for this purpose, one
attached to the target chamber, one between PQl
and PQ2, two inside the PDl vacuum chamber, andone at the exit of PD 1. After wiring control cables,
they have been tested for vacuum and mechanicalmovements.
The first beam was led through the twister andthe swinger onto a target in June 24, 1990. A 135
Me V 14N beam was successfully transported givinga spot size of about 3 mm in diameter on a target.
Further tests of the system were carried out inJuly and August using a 140 MeV deuteron beam.
Achromatic mode of the beam transport was used,
and the alignment of the beam axis was checkedusing several beam-profile monitors along the beamline and two scintillator targets, one at the target
position and the other at the 0° exit of the PDl vacuum chamber. The beam spot was found to remainunchanged, as expected from optics calculations,when the swinger was rotated along withthe twister.
After beam alignment, a faint beam was brought
down to the first and the second focal planes to test
the performance of the focal plane detectors. Scattered deuterons were also observed with the focal
plane detectors. Figure 1 shows a reproduction ofrays traced with single-wire proportional countersin the second focal plane. A thick bundle of rays
represents deuterons elastically scattered from a 20/-Lm thick gold target. The overall energy resolution
was about 111,000 after correcting for abberations,almost equal to the energy resolution of the beamin the achromatic mode. In addition, neutron timeof-flight spectra were taken with a 8.6-m flight path
as reported elsewhere. 3 ) Further tests of the system are under way.

Fig. 1. Rays of deuterons reproduced from raw dataobtained with SWPC in the second focal plane. A thickbundle of rays corresponds to deuterons elastically scattered from a 20 ILm thick gold target.

References
1) H. Ohnuma et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 21,
164 (1987); 22, 148 (1988).
2) Y. Tajima et at.: This Report, p. 109.
3) M. Orihara et at.: This Report, p. 121.

109
RIKEN Accel Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-5-13.

Field Measurements of the SMART Magnets

Y. Tajirna, K. Hatanaka, S. Hayakawa, T. Ichihara, M. Kase, S. Kato, H. Ohnuma,
M. Ohura, H. Okamura, H. Orihara, H. Shimizu, H. Takebe, H. Toyokawa,Y. Yano, Y. Yashiro, H. Y. Yoshida and M. Yosoi
The magnets of the SMART (a swinger and amagnetic analyzer with rotators and twisters) system l ) were installed in the experimental area E4 in
December 1989, and wiring and piping were completed by the end of January 1990.
The magnetic analyzer consists of three quadrupoles and two dipoles (PQ1-PQ2-PD1-PQ3-PD2),and the swinger has two dipoles and two quadrupoles (WD1-WQ1-WQ2-WD2). In addition, there
is a twister consisting of seven quadrupoles.
Field measurements of these magnets were carried out in February and March this year. A photograph of the field measurement device is shown in
Fig. 1. Its movement was controlled by a PC9801

POl MAGNET EXIT--1011SA

-I

10000

-.-.-.

880A- - - ---.
------.
---

771SA
880A
r.31SA... ...

38QA

"

~

6000

-r.GO

0

Z(mm )

Fig. 2.

Sample field distributions of the PD 1 magnet.

Fig. 3. Three-dimensional display of the field distributionof the quadrupole magnet PQ1.
Fig. 1. Field measurement device set for the exit of thedipole magnet PD1 of the spectrometer.

computer, and the data were stored on magnetic
disks. A hole probe used in the measurements wascalibrated against an NMR probe at the central region of the dipole magnets to obtain absolute valuesof magnetic field strength.
Figure 2 shows sample field distributions of thefirst dipole of the spectrometer PD1 at different
excitations. The maximum fields of the dipole magnets are found about 10% higher than the designed
values, indicating iron material used for these magnets are of better quality than originally intended.
The effective boundary of the PD 1 magnet is about

3 cm inside the physical boundary at the maximum
field, coming closer at lower fields. That for the
PD2 magnet is about 1. cm outside.
The three-dimensional display of the field distribution of the first quadrupole magnet of the spectrometer PQ1 is shown in Fig. 3. Good quadrupole
fields are realized over a large volume, although thepresent quadrupole magnets do not have a four-foldsymmetry around the axis.
References
1) H. Ohnuma et at.: RlKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 21,164(1987); 22, 148 (1988).

110

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-5-14.

Test for Dispersive-Mode Beam Transport
to the SMART SpectrographT. Ichihara, K. Hatanaka, H. Ohnuma, M. Yosoi, Y. Tajima, Y. Yashiro,
H. Toyokawa, M. Ohura, H. Orihara, S. Kubono, M.H. Tanaka, Y. Fuchi,
H. Okamura, H. Sakai, H. Shimizu, S. Hayakawa, and M. Ishihara
The spectrograph SMART was installed in thespring of 1990 in the E4 experiment room in the
RIKEN Accelerator Research Facility. After the
installation we started systematic diagnosis anddevelopment using a beam from the Ring Cyclotron. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram ofthe spectrograph SMART. We have so far succeeded in obtaining some test spectra of light-ion
and heavy ion direct reactions with proper particle identifications using a deuteron beam of 70
MeV / A and a 15N beam of 70 MeV I A.
One of the most important requirements inoperating the SMART spectrograph with highresolution is the dispersion matching of a beamtransport system and a spectrograph analyzer
system. The momentum resolving power of the

SMART spectrograph is anticipated to be pi
0'p=13,000, while the momentum resolution of
the beam extracted from the Ring cyclotron is
expected to be 0.1% (p/O'p=l,OOO). Without
dispersion matching, we can expect the momentum resolution of SMART spectrograph of aboutp/O'p=l,OOO owing to a finite momentum spreadof a beam itself. In order to get more high resolution, we need to(1) achieve dispersion matching with the beamtransport system and/or(2) cut a part of beam by the slit in the beamtransport system.
In principle, dispersion matching is archived
by setting a beam matrix at the counter positionin the spectrograph to "achromatic"; thus theFig. 1. Schematic layout of the spectrograph SMART.

111

T. Ichihara et at.

deviation of the momentum of the primary beam
is canceled at the counter position. The condition
for the dispersion matching is given by
MllRI6 (~p/p) + MI6 (~pi/pi) = 0
where M and R are matrixes of the Spectrographand the beam transport system, and p and pi are
the momentum of the beam transport system.
The first order matrix of the SMART spectrograph is as follows. (in unit of program "transport")
0.53456
18.56271
0.00000
0.00000-12.06111
0.00000

0.00000
1.870560.00000
0.00000-1. 42467
0.00000

0.00000
0.00000
1.41005
19.76055
0.00000
0.00000

0.00000
0.00000-0.04861
0.027970.00000
0.00000

0.00000 -7.61619
0.00000 -38.84659
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
1.00000
9.05130
1. 00000
0.00000

For a typical experiment of elastic scatteringand charge exchange reactions at forward
angles, a beam matrix RI6 required at the target
position is
RI6 = - MI6/Mll = 14.2 m.
Therefore we need a dispersion of beam (R I6 ) of
about + 14.2 m at the target position in order toarchive dispersion matching.
In order to achieve this dispersion at the target
position, we calculated beam transport matrixes
from the accelerator to the target. In order toimplement the calculation to the actual beamtransport system, careful turning for Q-magnets
was carried out. The turning was repeated byinserting and removing thin foils in the first foc~lpoint (A01) of an extracted beam to change themomentum dispersion of the beam and measuring the horizontal displacement of the beam
position at each beam profile monitor comparing
to the transport calculation. The beam transport
calculation is usually started at A01, which is thefirst focal plain after extraction from the accelerator. We also estimated the dispersion of thebeam at the focal point A01, assuming the dispersion of a beam in the Ring Cyclotron during
acceleration to be R I6 =-2.0 m at AOl.
As a result, we obtained a beam spot at thetarget with this dispersive mode transport. The
size of the beam spot at the target was 1.5 mm(vertical) X 20 mm (horizontal). The large horizontal size is mainly due to the large dispersionof the beam (14 m) and finite momentum distributions of the beam (0.1%).

We have adjustable slits at the focal point(A11b) in the beam transport system just after
the first 90 degree bending magnet (DAA1,
DMD1). In this dispersive-mode transport, since
the dispersion of the beam at this slit is relatively
large (5.7 m), we can reduce the momentum widthof the beam by this slit. Table 1 shows the spot
size of the beam observed at the target positionin contrast to the slit width at the Allb position.
We have also mentioned the calculated momentum and energy width of the beam in the table.
We can obtain a proper beam spot size and thewidth of the momentum by adjusting the beam
spot.
Table 1. Beam spot size observed at the SMART target
position in contrast to the slit opening widths at the
Allb position. The momentum and energy width calculated for a beam is also mentioned together. (Beam is
15N 70 MeV/A)
Allb SLIT (H)spot size on target(H)(Dispersion = 5. 7m) (Dispersion = 13.2m)

pt:.

t:.E (at 1.05GeV)FuJI open

20mm

0.15%

3.2MeV+-6.5mm

15mm

0.12%

2.4MeV+-3.5mm

lOmm

0.08%

1.6MeV+-l.Omm

4mm

0.03%

0.6MeV

Finally we got a beam spot size of 3 mm
FWHM in the horizontal direction at the focal
plane counter (a single wire drift chamber which
has a 10 cm x 50 cm effective area) of the spectrograph when the A1Ib slits were set at ±6.5 mm
and beam spot size at the target was 15 mm inthis transport. Therefore the dispersion matching is almost archived in this case, while there isa little error in the turning of desperation.
Weare now developing a method of further
fine turning of beam desperation, utilizing
counters in the spectrograph to archive theultimate resolution of this spectrograph.
Systematical and intensive diagnosis for the
optics of this spectrograph is also required toenable the tracing back of ray. The developmentof a Cathode Readout Drift Changer (CRDC) isalso in progress as a high resolution focal plain
counter.

112

RIKEN Accel Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·5·15.

Detector System for Secondary Reactions of Unstable Nuclei

T. Nakamura, S. Shimoura, T. Kubo, N. Inabe, I. Tanihata, and M. Ishihara
The radioactive beam line RIPS 1) is expected toopen a way of the study of unstable nuclei throughsecondary nuclear reactions. One of our interestsis the observation of a soft giant dipole resonanceof light neutron-rich nuclei such as l1Li or l1Be. 2)
Another interest is the study of a variety of excitedstates of exotic nuclei by using inverse reactions of(d,p) or (n,p) as secondary reactions. To study the
excited states of unstable nuclei, invariant mass
spectroscopy provides a powerful and direct
method because the excited states of these nuclei
are often particle unbound and the resolution of
excitation energies dose not suffer from the energy
broadening of radioactive nuclear beams. A detector system including an analyzing magnet is now
being designed and will be constructed at the endof the beam line RIPS to facilitate the experiments
by the invariant-mass-reconstruction method. Here
we summarize the outline of the system.
Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the system,

beams.
SBT is used to define incident radioactive beams
and as a TOF counter.
PATI and P AT2 are I-dimensional (horizontal)
readout type MWPC's with a 1.5 mm wire spacing.
They are located at the exit of the magnet and theexit of DC for excluding beam events from trigger
events.
DC is used as a tracking chamber of the analyzing magnet and has 5 planes for detennining thehorizontal position and 4 planes for determining thevertical position.
HAT is used as the start counter for DC and formeasuring the time of flights of charged particles.
NEUT is composed of 5 walls of 940 x 980 mm 2
sensitive areas, each of which includes 16 plastic
scintillators (BC-408) (see Fig. 2). It observes

NEUT

Fig. 1. Detector system for secondary nuclear reaction
experiments. PBTl, PBT2, MWPC's before targets;
SBT, Scintillator before targets; PATl, PAT2, MWPC's
after targets; DC, a drift chamber; HAT, a hodoscope forcharged particles; Neut, a hodoscope for neutrons.

which consists of an analyzing magnet, MWPC's(PBTl, PBT2, PATI and PAT2) , a plastic scintillator (SBT), a drift chamber (DC), a hodoscope forcharged particles (HAT), and a hodoscope for neutrons (NEUT).
The analyzing magnet is of a C-type with a gapof 250 mm; its poles are determined to be 850 mm
in length and 700 mm in width. The maximum
bending power B·L is 1.3 T'm, where B denotes
the maximum magnetic field and L the effective
length of the magnet. Under the condition, one canbend 100-A-MeV lOBe up to 20 degrees. The angular acceptance for charged particles is determined
to be 200 rnrad in the horizontal direction and 150
rnrad in the vertical direction.
PBTI and PBT2 are 2-dimensional readout type
MWPC's with a 1 mm wire spacing. They are used
for detennining reaction points by measuring thepositions and angles of incident radioactive nuclear

Wall I

Fig. 2. System for detecting neutrons (NEUT) composedof 5 walls, each of which has 16 plastic scintillators with32 photomultipliers.

energies of neutrons by a TOF method andobserves the tracks as well. The resolution of position detection is expected to be less than 6 cm
(FWHM), which corresponds to the angular resolution of 10 mrad.
We estimated the resolution of the excitationenergy. As an example, for 80-A-MeV l1Be withexcitation energy of 5. 5 MeV decaying into lOBe
and a neutron, the resolution of the excitationenergy is estimated as less than 700 ke V.
References
1) T. Kubo et at.: This Report p. 96.
2) T. Kobayshi, S. Shimoura, I. Tanihata, K. Katori, K.
Matsuta, T. Minamisono, K. Sugimoto, W. Mueller,
D.L. Olson, T.J.M. Symons, and H. Wieman: Phys.
Lett., B232, 51 (1989).

113
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-5-16.

Identification of Intermediate-Mass Fragmentswith Counter Telescopes
K. Ieki and N. Iwasa

For the identification of the mass and atomic
number of heavy particles emitted in heavy-ion
reactions, a simple formula!) has been successfully
used for the measurements with counter telescopes. In medium-energy heavy-ion reactions,however, fragments with high atomic numbers areoften emitted; accordingly the energy loss in a ~E
counter becomes large and the formula gives wrong
results. Thus, using a computer code for theenergy loss calculation in the ~E counter for various ions, we have developed a new formula with awider dynamic range both in energy (4 . ~ EIA ~100 MeV/u) and atomic number (Z ~ 40). The particle identification (PI) is approximated by
PI 0:: (E + ~E)n - E
n = a + b 10g(E I(E + ~E».

The values of the PI are found to be nearly proportional to MO.724Z2, where M and Z are the mass
and atomic number of a fragment.
We applied this formula to the measurement ofintermediate-mass fragments produced in the reaction 84Kr + 27AI at 10.6 MeV/u performed at
RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. Intermediate-mass fragments are detected with telescopes, consisting ofM (30 /Lm) - E (1 mm) surface-barrier detectors.
A particle identification spectrum displayed in Fig.
1 is obtained by using the above formula with a =

1000

J!
C

100

~

0

U

10

1
2000

0

PI

Fig. 1. A typical particle-identification spectrum obtainedby using the formula with a = 1. 745 and b = 0.0635 (seetext). The abscissa denotes the channel number proportional to PI 112. 724.

1. 745 and b = 0.0635. The discrimination of fragments in the atomic number is achieved up to Z =40.
The present formula is simple enough to use in
an on-line monitoring in the measurement of intermediate-mass fragments.
References
Nomura: IPCR Cyclotron Prog. Rep., 11, 81(1977); T. Shimoda et ai.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods,
165, 261 (1979).

1) T.

114

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-5-17. Improvement of Position Determination for
Two-Dimensional Position-Sensitive Silicon Detector
K. Ieki, M. Kurokawa, T. Takei, N. Iwasa,
Y. Ando, T. Motobayashi, and H. Murakami
In a previous report, 1) we proposed a simple
fonnula to determine the position for two-dimensional position-sensitive silicon detectors (PSD).
The fonnula converts four charge signals Qi(i=I,2,3,4) from the electrodes located at fourcomers, (x,y) = (1,1), (-1,1), (-1, -1), and(1, -1), into the incident position (X, Y).
We perfonned a further test for other two
PSD's manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics Co.
and by Intertechnique. The PSD's have an active
area of 37 x 37 mm2 • The structure of the electrodes of the two PSD's was similar to the previous one. 1) Their thicknesses were about 400 and
490 J.tm, and their surface resistances were about
700 and 900 no, respectively. The test was carried out by using collimated light pulses from a
LED shooting 82 positions of the PSD.
Conversion was done successfully with an
improved fonnula:

A+B

A
B

S2- S 4S2+ S 4
S3-S1
S3+S1

S1 =Qi -~where n is a dimensionless parameter. This fonnula
gives better position resolution than the previous
one. The parameter n which gives the best position linearlity was 0.59 and 1. 50 for Hamamatsu
and Intertechnique PSD's, respectively. An overall
good position linearlity was obtained except for theedge regions of the Intertechnique PSD.

References
1) M. Ogiwara et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22, 174(1988); K. Ieki et ai.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods, A297,
312 (1990).

115
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-5-18.

Energy Loss Straggling of High Energy Heavy Ionsin a Silicon Detector
K. Nagata, N. Hasebe, H. Murakami, A. Nakamoto,H. Murakami,* T. Kashiwagi, T. Nakasugi,**
J. Kikuchi, T. Doke, and T. Kohno

Energy loss distributions are measured of an
80 MeV lu 4°Ar beam in a Si (Li) detector of 2.8
mm in thickness and 15 em in diameter. The widthof the energy loss distributions is narrowest
when the particle incident angle is 100 to thesilicon detector.
The width of the energy loss distribution isdetermined by the gaussian width, electronics
noise, detector thickness nonuniformity, andchanneling effect. The electronics noise is negligible in a heavy ion energy loss measurement,
because of the energy loss is enormously large
relative to an electronics noise level. In a preliminary experiment, performed at the RIKEN Ring
cyclotron to measure the particle channeling
effect in a silicon detector, we observed theenergy loss distributions of particle incident
400r--------------------------,
Si(2.8mm)
40 Ar
80MeV/ua) O'b) 10'c) 20'

0,

0,

Table 1. Comparison of theoretical gaussian FWHM
and experimental FWHM.

FWHM (%)

Incident
Angle
a)
b)
c)

0°
10°
20°

Exp.

Theor.

4.46
1. 53
1. 73

0.445
0.434
O. 397The distribution width is narrowest at an incident angle of 10
The absorber materials
between the beam exit and the detector are
Mylar of 0.20 mm, air of 300 mm, and Al of 0.04
mm. The beam energy spreads caused by thesematerials are approximately 0 . 2%. If the energy
loss resolutions are limited by the thickness
nonuniformity of the detector, the thickness
nonuniformity is estimated as "'-'1. 47% ("'-'0.041
mm). If we tilt the detector 10 to the beam not
only horizontally but also vertically, the FWHM
observed will agree with the calculation.
•

c)

~N

O~----------------~~~~~

Energy (Arbitrary)
Fig. 1. Energy loss distributions of 80MeVlu 4°Ar ions
measured in a 2.8 mm thick silicon detector. a), b), and c)correspond to a), b), and c) of Table 1.

* Ehime University.
* * Waseda University.

0

0

b)
a)

angle 0 10 and 20 to the horizontal axis (Xaxis) of the detector. Figure 1 shows the experimental energy loss distributions of 80 Me VI u
40 Ar ions in a 2.8 mm thick silicon detector. The
theoretical gaussian FWHM and experimental
FWHM are shown in Table 1.

0

116

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-5-19.

Responses of Large Position-Sensitive Detectors
to Heavy Ion Beams

C. Kato, T. Imai, A. Yoneda, H. Kato, K. Munakata, and T. Kohno
Position sensitive detectors (PSD) play an important role in the high-resolution observation of cosmic-ray heavy ions in space. We are preparing a
cosmic-ray heavy ion telescope having a very large
geometric-factor. The telescope will be put into ageosynchronous orbit on board the Engineering
Test Satellite (ETS-VI) in 1993. 1) The objectives ofour observation are elemental and isotopic abundance of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar
energetic particles (SEP) up to Fe nuclides. The
position information entering the telescope is used
to detemine the pathlength in a L1E detector, which
is very important value in a t1.E x E method forparticle identification.
The two-dimentional charge division type PSD
has an effective area of 62 mm x 62 mm. Althoughsome perlormances of the PSD for low energy
heavy ions (stopping in the detector) from 160 cm......... .........

~ Col1lmatorI~-

AI wlnaow]'""'''''.',,"m____-----L------ J

p~f,,:"';'.. ~m_iiii~i~~ii-ii ] P~~,c:n?ss.O. 5mm
20mm

Fig.1. Detector array for the experiment. An Al film of 0.2
mm in thickness is used for a light shield. Behind three
PSDs there are even PIN type energy detectors of 0.5
mm in thickness. This assembly is a front part of the flightmodel telescope.

Fig. 2. Block diagram of the telescope system of the flight model.
The micro processor part was simulated with a personal computer.

C. Kato et ai.

cyclotron have already been reported, Z,::5) we needto measure characteristics using penetrated higher
energy beam which can be partly simulated to cosmic rays. We here report performances of the
PSDs for penetrated heavy ions, using RIKEN Ring
Cyclotron. The detector array shown in Fig. 1 wasirradiated with an Ar-beam of 95 MeV/u. Thisdetector array basically simulates the flight model
assembly, but has small number of signals becauseof the limits of the number of hvbrid-JC. Different
from flight models, four signals from the third PSD
are connected to one signal to get energy information only. We used no vacuum chamber to set thetelescope, but lead a beam to the atmospherethrough a 250 micron thick mylar window from thevacuum system. The distance from the window to
the telescope was about 30 cm.
The signal processing system including analog
and digital circuits is shown in Fig. 2 for the flightmodel. The pulse shaping time of the main amplifieris 10 J1S. In this experiment, we simulated the digital processing part after the ADCs (telemetry partof the satellite system) by another circuit. These
digital circuits have essentially no important role forthe resolution of the telescope. We used two 50-mlong glass fiber cables to transmit and receive signals from the beam point to the control room
located just under the E-l beam site. We used apersonal computer with magneto-optical-disk tocontrol ther telescope and to take data in the control room.
In front of the first PSD, we placed a 3-mm thickbrass collimator with I-mm cp holes on the 13 x
13 lattice points at 5 mm intervals. Since the rangeof the Ar-beam in brass is much less than 3 mm,only ions passing through the holes can hit PSDs.
In Fig. 3 we show an example of the positions
observed corresponding to each hole of the collimator. The positions were calculated by a simple
equation shown in Ref. 2. Apparent non-uniformityof the total counts in each hole upon the whole areaof PSD depends on the beam profiles during thedata taking time period of about 5 hours. In Fig. 4
we illustrate the differences between the calculated
position (curve fitted center of each hole) and thereal position (center of the 1 mm cp hole) of thecollimator with vectors. At the lattice points where

117

Fig. 3. Three dimensional expression of the position data
behind the collimator as described in the text.

~~~[S:~"'~~ - [\ ,\ 1\~~~~~~ I .

~F=~~~ ~"-7 7"

1 - ;; - ; 7

r=-

" ,..

I--

.~

'- ...J . .....

- - I~I--

U
7 -

//

\

/1:/' / / '1/ / V /\"- 1"-"1'-...
\

j

==

~ -~

-

Fig. 4. Position deformation distribution of one PSD. Eachvector represents the difference between obtained position and real position of the collimator.

there are no vector counts were too low to be
detected owing to beam profiles.
Figure 4 indicates a general shrink of positions
toward the center of the detector. In order to 'demodulate' the observed position data in space tocorrect values, we should carry out similar measurements with various beams.
References
1) T. Kohno: Space Sci. Rev., 51, 185 (1989).
2) T. Kohno et al.: RIKEN Accei. Prog. Rep., 21, 152(1987).
3) K. Munakata et ai.: ibid., 22, 168 (1988).

118

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·5·20.

Test of Si Photodiodes for Scintillation of Liquid Xe by Heavy Ions
T. Doke, T. Takahashi, J. Kikuchi, E. Aprile, A. Hitachi, T. Kashiwagi,
N. Ishida, H. Ichinose, K. Masuda, and K. Sumorok *Liquid xenon (LXe) is a good scintillator for radiation detection and is now considered to be usedin nuclear and particle physics. A scilicon photodiode (Si-PD) is suitable for the detection of thescintillation light (170 run) from LXe because it has
fast response and high detection efficiency for thelight and works at low temperature and in a magnetic field. We have measured the response of a
Si-PD for large energy deposition in LXe by using
heavy ions from RIKEN Ring Cyclotron.
The apparatus is a double vacuum chamber, theinner is a container of LXe and the outer is forthermal insulation. The beam windows are a 200micron SUS foil and a 40-micron Havar foil. The
incident ions entered and stopped in LXe after
passing through a Ti window of the beam line, 10
Table l.

cm air, and then the chamber windows. A thin (100
microns) plastic scintillator was sometimes used toobtain a beam trigger. The ions used were 135
MeV/n N, 80 MeV/n Ar, and 100 MeV/n AI.
Xe gas was purified by passing through an
Oxisorb purifier with a flow rate of 5 lImin and thenliquefied in the chamber. The LXe temperature was
kept at -75°C with dry ice. The photon detector
is a surface-barrier Si-PD made at Waseda University. A mesh-type gold electrode is used to ensure
a good transparency of the surface for 170 run
photons. Charge signals from the diode were processed with a preamplifier (fast or slow), a shaper,and an ADC. The waveforms of the signals werealso observed with an oscilloscope.
Table 1 shows the energy deposited in LXe, theTest results of a Si photodiode for LXe scintillation.

Energyin LXeIncident
photonCollected
electron

Practical
efficiency

N

1. 64 GeV

O. 60 %

1 p.s

1. 64 GeV

6.7xl0 6
6. lxl0 6

O. 26

N

2.6xl0 7
2.6xl0 7

0.23

1. 2 %

45 ns

Ar

2 . 65 GeV(0. 69 %)20 ns

2. 47 GeV

(2.9xlO 7 )1. 4xl0 7(0. 56)Al

5.2xl0 7
6.1xl0 7

O. 22

O. 48 %

20 ns

number of photons incident to the diode surface,
the charge collected in PD, a practical quantum efficiency for the LXe scintillation, and the energy
resolution, obtained for various ions. The peaking
times of signals are also listed. The collectedcharge was calibrated by a known capacitor and voltages of standard pulses. In the measurement with
Ar ions, the capacitor was not calibrated, so thatthe collected charge (in parentheses) may be* Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Resolution
r. m. s.

Peakingtime

Incidention

incorrect. In other cases, the practical efficiencies,
defined as the number of the collected electrons
divided by the number of incident photons, wereabout 0.25. With a peaking time of 20-45 ns, theresolution got better by improving the apparatus
and electronics. In conclusion, an energy resolution
better than 0.5% r. m. s. was obtained for theenergy deposition of 2. 5 GeV.

119

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-5-21.

Response of a Csl(TI) Scintillator to Charged Particles
of Energies around 80 MeV/u

M. Kurokawa, T. Motobayashi, K. Ieki, H. Murakami, Y. Ando, N. Iwasa,
T. Takei, C. Perrin, F. Merchez, S. Kox, D. Rebreyend, S. Kubono,
M. Ishihara, S. Shimoura, T. Kubo, and N. Inabe
The response of a CsI(Tl) scintillator to charged
particles (p, ex, HB, 12C, 13N, and 140) of energies
around 80 Me Vlu was studied. The experiment was
carried out using secondary beams from the RIPS
facility of the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. A 4x4x 10
cm3 crystal was coupled to a photomultiplier tube
(PMT). Anode pulses from PMT were sent to two
charge sensitive ADCs, because the light output
has two time components (fast and slow). One
ADC is gated from 0 to 0.4 p-s to pick up the fastcomponent of the scintillation light (Sl) and theother ADC is gated from 1. 7 to 5. 7 p-s to pick up

3000f-

the slow component (S2).
Figure 1 shows the relation between the particle
energies and the light output Sl and S2, respectively. In general, the light output of a heavier particle is smaller than that of a lighter particle. Thisphenomenon is known as "quenching" for various
scintillators. We found one exception in the
response to protons as shown in Fig. l(a). The
light output of the proton is smaller than that of ex
particle. This is due to the low probability of recombination of electrons and holes induced by such highenergy protons. I)

3000"- S2 (SLOW COMPONENT)Sl (FAST COMPONENT)

/

///

~/

.'l~;'/o'-

ftN
B

o

200

I

I

I

I

400

600

BOO

1000

1200

o

200

I

I

I

600

800

1000

IlOO

ENERGY (MeV)ENERGY (MeV)

(b)

(a)

Fig. 1.

I

400

Relations between particle energies and light outputs S1 (a) and S2 (b).

References
1) R.B. Murray and A. Meyer: Phys. Rev., 122, 815(1961).

120
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-5-22.

Identification of Charged Particles using Phoswich Detector

Y. Futami, T. Nakagawa, K. Yuasa-Nakagawa, Y. Honjo, T. Mizota,
Y.H. Pu, H. Fujiwara, * H. Toyokawa, and S.M. Lee
As a part of a 41T experiment project, we havebeen developing a Phoswich detector system which
consists of BaF2 + Plastic Scintillator Phoswich
detectors. Here we report the results of the detector's response to charged particles. In the case of
BaF2, particle identification can be achieved byusing a pulse shape discrimination technique 1)
because the integration of the fast decay componentof a light pulse due to scintillation in the BaF2 crystal depends on incident particles. 2-4 ) In our Phoswich detector (Fig. 1), a piece of a plastic scintil-

posed on a slow component from BaF2. By putting
a fast gate (50 ns) and a total gate (1. 5 ILS) on thesignal the two components were integrated respectively to give the two light outputs Lfast and L total'
Several plastic scintillators of different thicknesses
were tested. The data are under analysis. Figure 2

i

BaF2

-;,

)

1......l...4--..JJ~--~_

Rr: (~
q

,~

Q.

12

_o

10

~

~---~>
plastic scintillator
NE102A

150 mm

I

.c

til

::

fwhm total(101"").a.

fwhm fast(10l'm)•

fwhm fast(1 oOl!m)III

fwhm total(SOI"")

• 0

B

0

• .a.

•

.a.

A

2.

III

50mm)

2.

.

PMT:Photomultiplier Tube

Fig. 1. Schematic view of the BaF2 + Plastic Scintillator
Phoswich detector.

lator is added in front of the BaF2 crystal. As aresult, the identification of charged particles withthe two-dimensional plot of the fast component ofa total light output pulse versus the total light output would be improved because of a good energy
loss measurement of the incident particles by thecontribution to the fast component from the plastic
scintillator. The detector was tested with 11 B
(32-66 MeV), 12C (35-80 MeV), 160 (40-99
MeV), 28Si (72-121 MeV), and 35Cl (100-126
Me V) beams produced by the 12 MV UD Tandem
Accelerator' of Tsukuba University. The detector
was placed at an angle of 200 to the beam direction
and was exposed to particles scattered by a gold
foil. The output signal from the PMT anode wasobserved to consist of a fast component (plastic's
light output and BaF2'S fast component) superim-* SANYO electric, Ltd.

6.

fwhm total(tOOl'm)•

HAMAMATSU(~

fwhm fast(SOI"")e:. 14~72 " :ao

2~-L~~~~~~--~~~~~

2

10

12

14

16

18

20

Atomic Number (Z)Fig. 2. FWHM[%] of the light output, L.Z is the Atomic
Number of the incident particle elastically scattered by agold target. FWHM[%] is fwhm[ch] of the incident particle's peak divided by the peak value L[ch] (FWHM[%] =fwhm[ch]IL[chD. The value in the parenthesis is the thickness of the plastic scintillator.

shows the FWHM of the fast and total light outputs. The FWHM of the total light output is almost
constant, but that of the fast ligh output increases
as the atomic number (Z) of the incident particle
becomes large.
References
1) T. Murakami et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods, A253,
163 (1986).
2) K. Wisshak and F. Kappeler: ibid., 227, 91 (1984).
3) S. Kubota et al.: ibid., A242, 291 (1986).
4) E. Dafni: ibid., A254, 54 (1987).

121
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111-5-23.

A Test for SMART Neutron Detectors

H. Orihara, K. Hatanaka, T. Ichihara, M. Ishihara, S. Kato, H. Ohnuma, M. Ohura,
H. Okamura, H. Sakai, I H. Shimizu, Y. Tajima, H. Toyokawa,Y. Yano, Y. Yashiro, H.Y. Yoshida, and M. Yosoi
The SMART system,1) with its beam swinger
magnets, allows neutron angular distribution measurements at the maximum flight path of 22 m. A
test neutron time-of-flight (TOF) measurement was
carried out during a SMART diagnostic run in JulyAugust, 1990, using a 140 MeV deuteron beam and
RUN101320000~

a 1 mm thick AI target. A cylindrical NE213 liquid
scintillator detector, 20 cm in diameter and 5 cm
in thickness, was placed at 8.6 m from the target.
Stop signals were taken from the RF of the injector
AVF cyclotron.
Figures l(a) and (b) show a raw TOF spectrum

140.00MeV 20.0deq. 20-AUG-QO 16:16:08
d ---> 27 Al____________~R~ow~T0~F______________________~Y=R~

L5000

12000

8000

4000

0

0

120
CHANNEL

60

180

240

Goted T0F

4000

YRIC

3200

2400

1600

800

0

0

60

120
CHANNEL

180

240

Fig. 1. Time-of-flight spectra (a) without and (b) with the neutron gate.
The full range corresponds to 80 ns. A sharp peak is due to gamma flash.
The energy of the center of the broad peak is about 70 MeV, indicating
this peak is due to breakup neutrons.

and a TOF spectrum gated by neutron events,
respectively. Neutron-gamma discrimination wasmade with a pulse-shape discriminator. The raw
spectrum shows a sharp peak due to gamma flash,and a broad neutron peak due to deuteron breakup.
Pulse-height spectra corresponding to various
slices of flight times ard shown in Fig. 2. One canidentify a plateau extending to the heighest puseheight region due to the H(n,p) events, a bump dueto the 12C(n,p) events, and a steep rise toward thelow pulse-height region due to the 12C(n, ex) andlZC(n, n')3ex events.
The threshold for the neutron detection was set
at about 35 MeV during the test run. The dynamic
range was limited by the natural burst of the beam,
which was 12.5 MHz. A beam chopper is necessary
to obtain a wider dynamic range and a higher
efficiency with the maximum flight path of 22 m.

122
H. Orihara et al.

~

RUN1013d ---> 27 Ai

140.00MeV 20.0deq. 21-AUG-90 18:39:30

lit

Gate no. TOF channel#1153-160#2
144-152#3
133-143#4
119-132#5
101-118#6
75-100

(MeV)

85-95
75-85
65-75
55-65
45-55
35-45

1ri

!500

1000
Clf,\NNEl..

!500

1000
OWIIB.

CHANNELlet ~....!.T~cu...w=-_ _ _.........,

10'

Id
I&LO~-~~-I~OO~0-~~0-2~OOO
0011£1.

Fig. 2.

~

1000
CHlHEl

1500

2000

I~

2000

Pulse height spectra gated by neutron events. Each spectra corresponds to the TOF gate indicated.

References
1)

H. Ohnuma et al.: RlKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 21, 164(1987); ibid., 22, 148 (1988).

123
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·5·24.

Data Acquisition System at the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron
T. Ichihara, T. Inamura, and M. Ishihara

The general description of the data ACQuisition System at the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron is
described in a previous progress report l ) andIEEE transaction. 2 ) In this report, we will
describe the update status of the system. Figure 1
shows overview.
r=":"~"'"

I Dala acqylaltlon ml.m al Ih. BIKEN Bing cyclolron
I'-T'-'~'--' I~~~ !~~__ ~~J

L...-.---r----,FACOM

CCP: Communication control Processor

M-380:~~~k~~(3Ml1/s)

24 MB

DACU: Device Auachment Control Unit
ce: Auxiliary CraIe Controller (111 CPU)

BMC

BMC

version of the data-taking program supports
multi-crate parallel-readout using multi Jll's(Starbursts). The throughput of the data taking
is increased by using this parallel readout features. Currently there is a problem in DMA transfer of VAX Station 3520, resulting from theincompleteness of Q22 bus of the VAX-Stations
3520. This will be fixed soon. In order to increase
the security, these on-line VAX's are connectedto the RIKEN internal network and cannot
access directly outside from RIKEN.
(2) Off-Line Data Processing System-1(VAX/VMS)
The following VAX's are available in off-line
data analysis.
RIKEN:: (virtual node name of the cluster)
RIK835:: VAX-8350 (Internet: rik835. riken. go.
jp)

10 AIKEN tsukuba
9600 bps(IP/DEenet)( MAX .......)(MAX .......) •E·mal Addf....

HEPNET : RI<EN::tJSERID (4181Q:_)........ : U5ERI[)OriI<835.rkon.go.i>

I OcIObet 1990

Fig. 1. Overview of the data acquisition system at the
RIKEN ring cyclotron.

(1) On-Line Data acquisition System
Currently, five Micro VAX's are used for theon-line experiments of the Ring Cyclotron. The
node names are:RIKMV1:: Micro VAX II (IF counting room)
RIKMV2:: Micro VAX II (IF counting room)
RIKMV3:: Micro VAX II (Liniac Counting
room)
RIKMV 4:: Micro V AX II (B2F RIPS Counting
room)
RIKMV5:: VAX Station 3520 (B2F SMARTCounting room).
We can perform independent measurements andcounter tests without interference. Now a new

RIKVSO:: VAX STATION 3100 M38
RIKVS1:: VAX Station II/GPXRIKVS2:: VAX Station 3100 M38
RIKSNA:: DEC net/SNA Gateway (to FACOM
M-380, 780)
Theses computers are connected by LA VAC(Local Area V AX Clusters) using Ethernet. They
are also connected to HEPNET (DECnet) and
TISN (DECnet/IP) Internet and reachable fromall over the word. (see Session 6 for detail)(3) Off-line data processing system-2(FACOM MSP)
Following FACOM MSP Main Frames are available at the RIKEN Accelerator Facility.
FACOM M-380 (RIKEN Accelerator Research Facility)
FACOM M-780/20 (RIKEN Computational
Center)
These two FACOM's are connected by NJE
using DSLINK on the Ethernet. These two
F ACOM's are also connected to DECnet/SN A
Gateway and, and therefore 3270 full-screen terminal emulations and file transfer using RJE(Remote Job Entry) are available from VAX.
Now we can login to FACOM M-380 and M-780
from any terminals for V AX and F ACOM's. In
addition, recently FACOM MSP supports TCP/
IP on MSP, and now tel net clients and ftp clientsare available on FACOM MSP. CLS (Cartilage
Library System) on FACOM M-380 is now used
to store large size Histograming data and also
raw data. MTL (Magnetic Tape Library) is also

124

T. Ichihara et at.

available at FACOM M-7S0 to store large data.
(4) RISC work Stations
The following RISC (Reduced Instruction Set
Computer) work Stations are installed at thefacility.
Fujitsu
SPARC Station 1
IBM
Power station 530 (RS/6000)
SPARC Station 1 is used as a primary nameserver of the RIKEN domain in the TCP /IP
connections. DEC net is also implemented to the
SP ARC Station. IBM Power station 530 is a very
fast (13 MFLOPS, 35 MIPS) workstations forvarious purpose calculations for the accelerator.
(5) Apple Talk
Recently three Fast Path 4 and two Turbo net
Star Couplers are installed in the Accelerator
facility for interconnections of Macintoshes,Apple laser writes, V AX's. For the local connection, we use PhoneN et. Alisa Talk Software on
V AX-S350 enables printing to any Apple laser
writer from VAX and is very convenient. Currently there are about 10 Apple talk zones in
RIKEN.
(6) Wide Area Network
Our Facility is connected to the world-wide network of HEPNET (High Energy Physics Network) / SPAN (Space Physics Analysis network)as Area 40, which is a part of DECnet Internet,
and TISN internet (Tokyo University International Science Network) which is a part of "TheInternet" (NSFnet, DARPA, MILnet etc.).
In order to support a wide area network connection, we are now supporting following 6 leasedlines at the accelerator facility.
64 k bps (DECnet/IP) to the University ofTokyo, Faculty of Science
9600 bps (DECnet)
to KEK (National
High Energy Physics Laboratory)
9600 bps (DECnet/IP) to RIKEN Life Sci-

ence Tsukuba Center
9600 bps (DECnet)
to RIKEN Komagome
bunsho (SOR group)
9600 bps (DECnet)
to Tokyo Institute ofTechology, Faculty of Science
9600 bps (DDX -SO)
to NTT DDX. (Dial infrom the telephone).
In order to connect to the TISN internet, we use
Proteon P4200 Router which supports the DECnet packet and IP packet routing simultaneously
and Fujitsu-Sparc Station 1 as a primary nameserver. Modems, DSU's and Routers are connected to a non-stopping CVCF Power supply
with a battery and a generator backup to minimize the down time of the network. We are now
using DECnet Phase IV and it will be changed tophase V soon. BITNET has also been connectedto the FACOM M-780 (JPNRKNCC) at the
RIKEN Computational Center and FACOM
M-380 (JPNRKNAF) at the RIKEN accelerator
research facility recently via Rikkyo-University.
Junet has also been changed from the public
telephone line to the TISN line and now the mosttraffics of Junet use a high speed (64 kbps) digital
leased line between RIKEN and the University ofTokyo.
The address of the electric mail of the generalusers of the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron V AX -8350 is
as follows.
(HEPnet/SPAN)
RIKEN::USERID (or41910::USERID)USE RID @ R I K 8 3 5 .
(Internet/BITnet)
RIKEN. GO. JP
References
1) T. Ichihara et at.: RIKEN Aeeel. Prog. Rep., 21, 149(1987); 22, 144 (1988).
2) T. Ichihara et at.: IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 36, 1628
(1989).

125
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·5·25.

High Speed Serial Data Link for PC·9801

J. Fujita
Personal computers are used in various fields ofexperiments such as CAD, network terminals or
local data collection systems of measurements. It
is often necessary to transfer real time data at ahigh speed to remote systems. The high-speed datatransfer can be realized by a conventional parallelwire method, but requires many wires. This problem can be solved by using serial data transfer, but
the bit rate must be increased by a factor equal to
the number of bits per data fields. For example, an
8-bits parallel system operating at 10 MHz needs
a serial data transmission capability of more than 80
Mbps (8 MBytes/s). Serial data link, which consistsof Am7968 transmitter and Am7969 receiver chips,
possesses data throughput of more than 100 Mbps
(about 10 Mbytes/s). A data link interface board,using these chips and optical fiber components, ismade for a personal computer PC-9801 and tested.

1

1

L _ O~T_ _ _ _ _ _ O~tI:.al_F~e~ D~ lv~r

1.! ~e:.el~e ':... ___ ~ __ IA hi gh speed data link. inter f ace board

Fig. 1.

A high speed data link interface board.

The block diagram of the test circuit is shownin Fig. 1. An optical fiber part of the data link surrounded by a broken line is constructed on a small
separate board outside the interface board. The
fiber ports are composed of an LED HFBR-1402,
a light to voltage converter HFBR-2406, and theirrelated circuits. Fast ECL signals between the datalink chips and the fiber circuits are linked with four
short RG-174/u cables.
The Am7968 transmitter has two operating
modes of local and cascade. The local mode consists of a single transmitter communicating with asingle receiver over serial mediums. The cascade

mode consists of two or more daisy-chained (cascade) transmitters driving a equal number of receivers over a single serial medium. Two Am7968
transmitters are cascaded to send a two-byte word
over a single serial line. In the cascade operation
two bytes of data are loaded in parallel through thecomputer data bus simultaneously. The transmitterconnected to the serial medium is referred to as theprimary, and is operated in a local mode. The daisychained transmitter which supplies serial data to theprimary is referred to as the upstream, and is operated in a cascade mode. Word data are written bya processor into transmitting FiFo memories of 512
bytes in size before transfer. Data transfer is began
by address-ing a certain memory location. Oncetransmitting starts, the stocked quantity of data is
continuously sent through the cascade over theserial medium without intervention of the processor
in the manner of DMA operation until an empty flagof the FiFo memory locks the automatic cycle. The
flag status is also sensed by the processor so thatnext data can be preset into the FiFo regardlessof state of the serial medium. Idle time between
transmitting data bytes is filled with SYNC bytes.
An Am7969 receiver monitors the serial link,selects only data bytes out of a serial pattern, andwrites it into the receiving FiFo memory of 512
bytes in size, the contents of which are read by theprocessor through DATA L or lower 8 bits on the
16 bits data bus. As the cascade mode is not yet
supported in the Am7969 receiver unlike theAm7968 transmitter, each data byte must be stored
into the single FiFo memory in turn immediately
after receipt. The access time of the receiving FiFo
is 25 ns, half of that of the transmitting FiFo of 50
ns.
The FiFo memories and data link control logic
are allocated at even addresses from cOOOOH tocOOOaH in hexadecimal the locations of which areunused part of user's ROM area in the computer.
The serial data throughput of about 9 Mbytes/s
is obtained in a self-back test done by mutuallytying fiber input and output ports with a single optical fiber cable of 5 m long. This value is limited byan internal logic of the chained transmitters; however the test shows that the interface can serve
sufficiently as a high-speed serial data link between
remote computer systems.

126
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·6.

Material Analysis
1.

Measurement of the Surface Angle of a Non-Flat Target fromthe L/K X-ray Yield Ratio for Quantitative PIXE Analysis
K. Maeda, Y. Sasa, M. Takami, and M. Uda

PIXE (particle induced X-ray emission) method
is capable of analyzing multiple elements in a small
area in an arbitrary atmosphere, under vacuum oreven non-vacuum, without destructing target materials. The method is, therefore, being extensively
used in the fields of art, archaeology, and materials
science, where the objects should be kept unimpaired during analysis.
For quantitative analysis by X-ray spectrometries, exact values of the incident angle of emerging
beams (8) and the take-off angle of emitted X rays(<p) are required for correcting matrix effects suchas self-absorption. In general, the surfaces ofobjects are flattened prior to analysis and the angles, 8 and ¢, are regularized for that purpose.
Such a treatment, however, can not be applied tothe objects in the above-mentioned fields. Therefore, we have developed a simple, convenienttechnique to measure the surface angle (and hence,
8 and ¢) of a non-flat target by utilizing the yieldratio of L X rays and K X rays originated from one
and the same element. The technique is based on
the fact that the self-absorption factors for LandK X rays are quite different from each other. We
examined the utility of this technique, choosing abronze block of a known bulk composition (Cu : Sn:
Pb = 7 : 2 : 1 by weight) as a typical model target.
Figure 1 shows representative PIXE spectra
obtained from the bronze target placed at different
surface angles with respect to the incident beam
direction. The target was excited, in air of 1 atm,with a beam of 1.16 MeV protons regulated to aO. 7 mm x 2.0 mm rectangle spot. X rays emitted

from the target were detected with a Si(Li) detector through a composite absorber made of 0.5 mmthick polyethylene and 8 JLm-thick Co films. The
detector was located at a fixed angle of 1350 withrespect to the incident beam direction.
As shown in Fig. 1, the LIK X-ray yield ratio forPb varied drastically with the surface angle of thetarget. The relationship between the surface angle
and the L/K X-ray yield ratio shows no appreciablechanges even when the composition of the targetchanges considerably, as seen from Fig. 2. Thus,
rough values of 8 and ¢ may be obtained from theobserved L/K X-ray yield ratio in the absence ofexact data on the composition of a target. Using
these values as a first approximation, we are able
to determine the exact values of 8 and ¢ and thecomposition of the target after a few iterations.
Although we report here only the case of bronze,
the technique is applicable to any target if the following requirements are fulfilled: (1) two kinds of
X rays originated from one element are simultaneously detectable; (2) they are absorbed quite differently by the target itself, e.g., KIX and Kj3 of Zn
from brass.
X-ray take-off angle
135'

!

10

20

30

r-~~~~~~~~~~~--~~

SnK~

4~;,:.aYLii~10800~-:: 400
;j

15·

8

'II

~

..J

s::

rn

~

6

a

.""+-'

III
H

4

H+

~

e ~ X- ray."">-

X-ray energy (keV)
0

45"

s::

rn

"-

.--t
Q)

~

75"

~

'0

..-I

105'

>ill

~

H

I

:<

0

O·

30'

60'

90·

120"

proton incident angle

o

u

>-

+'

X-ray

.""CIl 800
~

QJ

1

+'

.~ 400

o

200

400

3S0dl So ~o
600

800

1000

channel number

Fig. 1. PIXE spectra obtained from a bronze target (bulkcomposition Cu : Sn : Pb=7 : 2 : 1 by weight).

Fig. 2. Sn Lo:/Ko: X-ray yield ratio.
0, observed (bulk composition Cu : Sn : Pb=7 : 2 : 1);---, calculated* for target of composition Cu : Sn :Pb=7 : 2 : 1; -----, calculated* for target of composition
Cu : Sn : Pb=18 : 1 : 1. (* using the computer program
PIXAN given by E. Clayton (PIXAN: The Lucas Heights
PIXE Analysis Computer Package AAEClMl13, Australian Atomic Energy Commission, 1986»

127
RIKEN Acce!. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

111·6·2. PIXE Analysis under Non-Vacuum Operation
Y. Sasa, K. Maeda, and M. Uda(1) Improvement of Apparatus
A distinctive feature of a particle induced X-ray
emission (PIXE) method is the attainability of traceelement analysis on a small area (......, mm2) in any
arbitrary enviroments (external PIXE). This period,
the existing PIXE apparatus was improved to becompatible with the operations under non-vacuum
conditions. The modified part is schematicallyshown in Fig. 1. At the down stream end of an ion

Non-Vacuum Scatter; ng Chamber

TargetStainless SteelAl um; num

Fig. 1. Schematic view of modified part of PIXE machinecompatible with non-vacuum operations.

beam line, an AI exit pipe (3 mm LD. x 150 mm
length) was set and its top was sealed with a 6 !lm
thick AI foil. An ion beam from a vacuum chamberis transported into a non-vacuum room through thefoil. The distance betweem the Al exit foil and atarget is set to be 10.0 mm. When operation is carried out in the ordinary atmosphere, the maximum
energy of a H+ ion beam obtainable in this alignment is 1.16 MeV, in contrast with the maximum
1. 6 MeV in vacuum operation. The modified
machine was successfully used for the determination of trace elements in the materials which arehighly sensitive to the change of enviroments andthe substances having size beyond the vacuum
chamber.

(2) Applications of External PIXE
We can observe the differences in the clearnessof characters printed on the sutras dedicated in the
11 th and 14th centuries, which were found in theceil of Koyasan temple. We inspected trace element
contents on these characters by the external PIXE
method, but detected no meaningful difference inthe concentration of elements of Z > 13. Thissuggests the clearness difference may be attributed
to light elements, mainly organic substances. On
some sutra, red letters or spots were marked, andfrom these marks we detected high contents (......,
100 ppm) of Hg and S. Thus the red patterns were
judged to contain cinnabar (HgS 2).
The characters on the sutras kept in bronze
cases excavated in Seburi-mura, Saga-Prefecture,in 1986, are written with dark red-brownish chinese
ink. Sutra researchers conjectured the coexistenceof cinnabar or Bengara (Fe203) in the ink, accordingly. However, no sign of Hg species in the detection limit (......, ppm) and no difference in a Fe content, compared to references, were recognized by
PIXE analysis. 1)
The chemical compositions (in weight) of traces(. . . , 5 mg) of rust collected from a bell-shaped
bronze (doutaku) excavated from Hosoe-cho,
Shizuoka-Prefecture, in Feb. 1990, were estimatedby the PIXE method as 1. 00: 0.92: 0.52: 0.11:
0.13 for Cu, Sn, Pb, As, and Sb, respectively.
These results suggest that the selective dissolutionof Cu and Sn in the bronze had been proceeded
under ground by rain waters.
Trace element analysis on the coloring mattersof wood block patterns (ukiyoe) printed in the latter
Edo period is now in process. Reproduction andreappearance of original colored pictures are subjects of great interest.
References
1) Y. Sasa and K. Maeda: "X-ray spectroscopic analysis
on sutra excavated from Seburiyama-kyouzuka", Res.
Reports on Excavated Treasures of Seburi-mura, Ed.
by Educational Committee of Seburi-mura, SAGAPref., 2, 19 (1990).

128
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

IV.

NUCLEAR DATA
1.

Status Report of the Nuclear Data GroupA. Hashizume, Y. Tendow, Y. Ohkubo, K. Kitao, and K. Sueki
The Nuclear Data Group has continued its
activities!) on the following four items.
( 1) Compilation of charged-particle induced
reaction cross section data. We are concernedwith the reactions of which products are used for
mediobiological applications. The cross sectionsof the reactions producing the following isotopes
were compiled in the EXFOR file: llC, 13N, 150,
18F, 28Mg, 52Fe, 67Ga, 68Ge, 68Ga, 74As, 77Br, 82Br,
77Kr, 8lRb, 82mRb, lllln, 123Xe, 123CS, 127Xe, 1231, 124 1,
and 1251 nuclei. 1) In producing these isotopes, impurities are produced by competing reactions.
We also compiled the reaction cross sections forvarious combinations of incident particles andtarget nuclei to produce these impurities.
An effort was made to complete the collectionof the data 2-4) on the production of 82S r , 68Ge,
68Ga, and 111ln nuclides. We almost have completed a set of data files of the cross sections of thereactions producing these nuclides. A collectionof data and a review on the cross sections on 1231,
123Xe, 123CS were completed. The results were
published from IAEA (International Atomic
Energy Agency).5) For further publication, weare trying to make graphs for all cross sections
we concern.
Using a computer code for least squares fittings developed last year, experimental excitation functions which produce 67Ga and 85Rb werefitted. Besides linear polynominal and exponent
functions, a function representing level densities
has been tried for these fittings.
The compilation of the integrated and differential reaction cross-section data originated inJapan in the EXFOR files is continued.

( 2) We continue to evaluate the details ofcollected cross-section data on the 12C(p, pn)llC,
27Al(p, 3pn)24N a, 63CU(p, 2n)62Zn, and 65CU(p,n)65Zn reactions to propose standard cross sections for monitor reactions.
( 3) For the mass chain evaluation of nuclear
structure data, the evaluation of the nuclear
structure data on the A = 177 mass chain is inprogress. The deadline of this evaluation is theend of this year.
( 4) The references of annual reports andquarterly reports published in Japan during 1989
were compiled in the form of Nuclear Structure
References Coding. This work is connected to aconsignment research from Japan Atomic
Energy and the compilation of recent reference
files at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL).
We have responsibility for the compilation ofreferences published in Japan and all references
published in 1987 and 1988 were sent to the BNL
Data Center. All compiled references are published periodically as 'recent references' in
Nuclear Data Sheets.
References
1) A. Hashizume, Y. Tendow, Y. Ohkubo, K. Kitao, andK. Sueki: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 23, 100 (1989) .
2) Y. Tendow, A. Hashizume, Y. Ohkubo, and K. Kitao:
This Report, p. 129.
3) K. Kitao, A. Hashizume, Y. Tendow, and Y. Ohkubo:This Report, p. 130.
4) A. Hashizume, Y. Tendow, K. Kitao, and Y. Ohkubo:This Report, p: 131.
5) A. Hashizume, Y. Tendow, and K. Kitao: INDC
(JPN)-144/L, Oct. (1990) (published from International Atomic Energy Agency).

129
RIIffiN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

IV-2.

Cross Section Data for 68Ge Production

Y. Tendow, A. Hashizume, Y. Ohkubo, and K. Kitao
The nuclide 68Ge(T1I2 = 270.8 d) decays to
68Ga(T1I2 = 67.629 m) by electron capture, and
68Ga decays by 89% positron emission and 11 %electron capture and emits weak y-rays (3%).
Thus, a 68Ge_68Ga system provides a usefulgenerator of positron emitters which could beapplied to medical diagnosis with positron computer tomogragh for the localization of malignant
human tumors. The short -lived positron emitter
68Ga is separated from 68Ge by milking at any time
when a diagnosis is required in hospitals having no
cyclotron facilities.
Only a few cross sections measured for 68Ge
production are found in the literature. The reaction
types, incident energy ranges, and maximum crosssections for the excitation functions measured up to
the present are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1.

1000

1 ··

...........

xj ••••••,"
ixt·_······

~

!

:ii

100

g
c

1 "-+'
1.........-

0
.",

.)!

~

~e e.

Ps<
I ····~:·:···:::··:·· :'ji,::... _....

.

...... ..........
,

x1····_···

10I······················......... ...9. .....

;1
o

0

10

20

J

........ ... . . .

I::'"'' ':. . I.. ·.:..:.:·:.::: ..· ! .........

30'Ga (P.2~) Porile'°0; (v. v2o) HorillUchi 2) ......
40

50

60

70

Proton Energy (Me V)

Fig. 1. Excitation functions for Ga (p. xn)
and Ge (p, pxn) reactions.

Cross Sections for 68Ge Production.

Reaction

Energy (MeV)

0" max (mb at MeV)

Reference

69Ga (p, 2n)

13 - 56465 (at 20)

1)

71Ga (P, 4n)

36 - 56

137 (at 43)

1)

70Ge (P, p2n)

24 -64100 (at 37)

2)

9.4 - 15.6

0.771 (at 11.3)

3)

10.5 - 16.5

0.9 (at 16.5)

4)64Zn (a, y)

66Zn (a. 2n)

17 - 26

180 (at 26)

3)

19 - 37

154 (at 31)

5)

58Ni ( 160. 2pa)

50 -70204 (at 70)

6)

Y (p, spall)

593

6.75

7)

Rb (P. spall)

593

7.80

7)

Br (P. spall)

593

11.1

7)

As (P. spall)

593

10.7

7)

Rb+Br (P. spall)

800

19

8)

As for the proton-reaction cross section, Porile

et at. 1) measured for 69Ga(p, 2n), 71Ga(p, 4n) reactions and Horiguchi et at. 2) for 70Ge(p, p2n) reaction(Fig. 1). The cross section for (p, xn) reaction, in
contrast to the (p, pxn) , falls rapidly from the
maximum as the proton energy increases. Therefore, in order to obtain large thick target yields, the(p, pxn) reaction would be advanta-geous over the(p, xn) reaction when higher energy proton beams
are available.
Nagame et at.5) measured corss sections for the
66Zn (<x, 2n) reaction using natural zinc targets.
Ruddy et at. 3) also measured cross sections for thesame reaction in a lower energy part of excitation.
Grtitter7) measured spallation cross sections on
As, Br, Rb, and Y targets at a proton energy of
593 MeV.
References
1) N. T. Porile, S. Tanaka, H. Amano, M. Furukawa, S.
Iwata, and M. Vagi: Nucl. Phys., 43, 500 (1963).
2) T. Horiguchi, H. Kumahora, H. Inoue, and Y.
Yoshizawa: Int. ]. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 34, 1531 (1983).
3) F.H. Ruddy and B.D. Pate: Nucl. Phys., A127, 305(1969).
4) N. T. Porile: Phys. Rev., 115, 739 (1959).
5) Y. Nagame, M. Unno, H. Nakahara, and Y. Murakami:
Int. ]. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 29, 615 (1978).
6) 1.1. Simpson, P.O. Tj~m, and 1. Espe, G.B.
Hagemann, B. Herskind, and M. Neiman: Nucl. Phys.,
A287, 362 (1977).
7) A. Griitter: Int. ]. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 33, 725 (1982).
8) B.L. Cohen and E. Newman: Phys. Rev., 99, 718(1955).

130
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

IV-3.

On the Production Cross Sections of 82Sr

K. Kitao, A. Hashizume, Y. Tendow, and Y. Ohkubo
We have reviewed the status of production ofstrontium-82, as the parent of 82Rb, by chargedparticle induced reaction. 82Rb is an important
positron emitting nuclide used to study on the
blood flow through heart, brain, etc.I) The halflife of 82Rb is short (1. 27 m), but that of its
parent 82Sr is moderately long (25.0d). Thus,
82Rb can be separated from 82Sr by milking.
For production of 82S r , natKr(a, xn), natKr(3He, xn), 85Rb (p, 4n), and natMo (p, spall) 2)
reactions have been suggested to be practicalproduction methods, although heavy-ion induced
reactions, such as 71Ge (12C, xn), are used in thefield of nuclear physics. In these reactions, Tarkanyi et at. 3) pointed out that at present the mosteffective method is the spallations. Tarkanyi etat.4) carried out experimental investigations,using high energy 3He and a-particle induced
reactions on natural krypton gas.
Recently, some commercial radiopharmaceutic
suppliers have used highly enriched 124Xe gas as
the target for production of 1231. As comparedwith the purchasing cost of this gas, that ofenriched 8°Kr gas is very low.
Table 1.

List of measured 82Sr production cross sections.

Reaction
85Rb(p,4n)
90Z r (p , 3p6n)
Rb (p, spall)Kr(3He,xn)
Kr(a ,xn)

8°Kr (3He, n)
82Kr (3He, 3n)83Kr (3He, 4n)Particleenergy
(MeV)

Ref.

Note

32-70
80-86
800
11-33
20-90
11-33
20-120
25.4
12-34
12-34

5)
6)
7)
3)
4)
3)
4)
8)
9)
9)

99.78%en. 85RbCI
97.7%en. 90Z r 0 2, CY·
RbBr, CY• CY = cumulative yield

70. 1%en. 8°Kr
72 .9%en. 82Kr
73. 1%en. 83Kr

Thus, we recommend the use of enriched 8°Kr
and the (a, 2n) reaction for the production of
82Sr. This method is most advantageous in considering the size of cyclotron and the radiation
protection for workers engaged in the productionof radiopharmaceuticals.
No experimental examination has been madeof the cross sections of the 8°Kr (a, 2n) reaction.
We calculated these cross sections by using acode ALICE/Livermore 82 (see Fig. 1). Fromthese calculations, we expect that the reaction
gives a resonable large yield for 82Sr production
and small one for 83Sr , a main impurity.

100'--_---L_ _---'-_ _- L -_ _'---~
10
20
30
40
50
Alpha - particle energy (Me V)

Fig. 1. Calculated excitation functions 8°Kr(a, 2n) 82Sr
and 8°Kr (a, n) 83Sr.

References
1) T. Jones: Appt. Radiat. Isot., 38, 171 (1987) .
2) K.E. Thomas: Radiochim. Acta, 37, 137 (1984).
3) F. Tarkanyi et at.: Appt. Radiat. Isot., 39, 135 (1988).
4) F. Tarkanyi et at.: ibid., 41, 91 (1990).
5) T. Horiguchi et at.: Int. ]. Appt. Radiat. Isot., 31, 141(1982) .
6) M.V. Kantelo and J.J. Hogan: Phys. Rev., C14, 64(1976) .
7) P.M. Grant et at.: Int. ]. Appt. Radiat. Isot., 33, 415(1982) .
8) W.P. Alford et at.: Nucl. Phys., A330, 77 (1979).
9) F. Tarkanyi et at.: Radiochim. Acta, 43, 185 (1988).

131
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

IV-4.

Nuclear Reaction Data for the Production of 1111n
A. Hashizume, Y. Tendow, K. Kitao, and Y. Ohkubo

Because of the decay characteristics (tl/2 = 2.83
d, EC, E,,=171 keY (90%) and 245 keY (94%)),lllIn is suitable in studing slow in vivo process.
This radionuclide is very useful for locating andimaging certain tumours, visualization of thelymphatic system. Among many kinds of combinations of targets and incident particles, thecommon reactions utilized so far for the production of lllIn are tabulated in Table 1. In thecolumn 3, the maximum cross sections wereshown and in the column 4 incident particle
energies which give the maximum cross sections.
lllCd(p, n)lllIn reaction: Five authors l- 5) reported on the cross sections of the lllCd(p, n)lllIn
reaction. As shown in Fig. 1, from the thresholdto 7 Me V incident energy, there is an agreement
between Blaser's resultsl} and with Otozai's.4)
I I I

Cd( p, n ) I I I In

\000

,.J

100

.CJ

+,

~

lb'

-

~:..,

I

- - -. (2,1,2)
(~ ~

-

r'1

E
10

c

I

o •

~

(.4,2,3\(5,2, ~

,

=
-

I

VJ
OIl
OIl

~

U

I

o. \

References

I

0.0 1
10

25

20

15

ENERGY (MeV)o J . -P. Bloser ( 1 ) C H. G. Blosser ( 2 ) C. J. Wing (3~K. Otozoi ( 4)
• E. A. Skokun ( 5 ))Fig. 1. Excitation function for the IllCd(p, n)lllIn reaction. The curves calculated by an Alice code withdifferent exciton numbers are shown.
Table 1. Cross sections for III In production.

Type of reaction

Q value(Me V)

Maximum(fEnergy(MeV)(mb)

Energy range
studied(MeV)

References

1) ,2) ,3) .4) .5)

1.62

700

12

3-21

I12Cd(p,2n)lllln -11.02

1.000

21

9-37

4), 5)- 14 .03 1. 000

25

14-38

6), 7), 8)

IlICd(p, n)lIlln

109

Ag(4He, 2n)1111n-

There is also an agreement between Wing 3 ) and
Skakun. 5) However, a discrepancy is foundbetween the results obtained by Blaser and by
Otozai and those by Wing and by Skakun. A
precaution for beam contamination was reported
by Wing, but not by others. It is difficult therefore to judge which correct is. By using an Alicecode, calculation was made by changing initial
exciton numbers. As shown in Fig. 1, 2n + 2p
excitons give the best agreement on cross sections above 18MeV of incident proton energies.
109Ag(a,2n)1l1In reaction: This reaction wasstudied by Bleuler,6) Fukushima,7) and Chaubey.8)
There are reasonable agreement between the
cross sections measured by Fukushima and by
Chaubey in the incident energy region of 10 toabout 20 MeV. However, in the 21 to 24 MeV
region, Chaubey's data are about 25% lower than
Fukushima's. Bleuler's results obtained from 14
to 18 MeV agree with those of Fukushima.
Chaubey reported that a preequilibrium studied
by geometry-dependent hybrid model with 2n +2p+Oh gives a good fit to the experimental data.
Other reactions: Yields obtained by thellOCd(d, n)lllIn, lllCd(d, 2n)lll In and 109 Ag(3He,n)lllIn reactions were reported. However, wehave found so far no cross section measurementson these reactions.

1) J.-P. Blaser, F. Boehm, P. Marmler, and D.C. Peaslee:
Hetv. Phys. Acta, 24, 3 (1951).
2) H.G. Blosser and T.H. Handley: Phys. Rev., 100, 1340
(1955) .
3) ]. Wing and ].R. Huizenga: ibid., 128, 280 (1962).
4) K. Otozai, S. Kume, A. Mito, H. Okamura, R. Tsujino,
Y. Kanchiku, T. Katoh, and H. Gotoh: Nucl. Phys.,
80, 335 (1966).
5) E.A. Skakun et at.: !zv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 39, 24(1975) .
6) E. Bleuler, A.K. Stebbins, and D.J. Tendam: Phys.
Rev., 90, 460 (1953).
7) S. Fukushima, S. Kume, H. Okamura, K. Otozai, K.
Sakamoto, Y. Yoshizawa, and S. Hayashi: Nucl.
Phys., 69, 273 (1965).
8) A.K. Chaubey, M.K. Bhardwaj, R.P. Gautam, R.K.Y.
Singh, M.A. Ansari, LA. Rizvi, and H. Signh: Appt.
Radiat. Isot., 41, 401 (1990).

132
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

IV-S.

Cross Sections Calculated by an ALICE Codein the A=SO-60 Region
A. Hashizume, Y. Tendow, and K. Kitao

In Order to know the applicability of a hybrid
model to the calculations of cross sections induced by charged particle reactions, an AliceLivermore code was tested in the mass region
A=50-67, and the results were compared withexperiment. The purposes of these calculations
are to obtain the best combination of parameters
to reproduce experimental results and to know
the limit of its reproducibilities. Calculations
were performed with a FACOM M780 computer.
In this mass region, several attempts have been
made to analyze excitation functions; however, it
was sometimes difficult to fit calculated results
to experiment.
In this study, p, d, 3He, and a-particles werechosen as incident ions. The calculations of crosssections were made for 41 targets in the energy
region up to lOOMe V of incident particles. Experimental data were collected from the literature.
When data were given only by figures, we got
numerical data from the figures with an aid of adigitizer.
In the reactions which follow complete compound reactions, absolute peak values and peakwidths can reproduce the experimental results
fairly well for p or a-particle incident. However,in the energy region where a pre-compound process is dominant, the results of calculation
depend sensitively on the number of excitons,
and can hardly reproduce the absolute value andslope of curves of experimental results. It should
be pointed out that the energy spectra of emission particles are needed to decide the number of
initial excitons. In Fig. 1, the results of calculations on the 65CU(p, n) 65 2n reactions are shown.
Experimental data are taken from Ref. 1. The
results of 54Fe(p, p2n)52Fe and 65Cu(a, 2n)67Ga areshown in Fig. 2 and 3, respectively.
For d- and 3He-induced reactions, it is difficult
to deduce general conclusion because less experimental results have been reported than those forp or a-particle induced reactions. In addition,
large discrepancies between calculation andexperiment were observed in some reactions.
Calculations for parameter search are still performing for these reactions.
54 Fe (p, p2n) 52 Fe
0------:-

I

--

.• •

c
o

/

/

of)

'" o. I
o
u

0.0

20

'0

ENERGY (MeV)

Fig. 2. Excitation function of 54Fe(p, p2n)5 2 Fe and thecalculated curve.

1000'"~ 100
D

!c

a

.'

€

0

..

'"

0

f

'E

100 -

0

~

U

10

0

..

10

1~--~~~--~--~--~--~--~

o

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Energy (MeV)
0 •.0

20.0

40 . ')

60_0

80.0

ENERGY (MeV)

Fig. 1. Excitation function of 65CU(p, n)65Zn reaction.
The number of exciton is shown by a symbol (ai, {/,z,aa), where al is the initial exciton number, {/,z is theinitial excited neutron number and aa is the initial
excited proton number.

Fig. 3. Excitation function of 65Cu(a, 2n)67Ga and thecalculated curves.

References
1) A. Hashizume, Y. Tendow, Y. Ohkubo, and K. Kitao:
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 21, 186 (1987).

133
RIKEN Acce!. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V.

DEVELOPMENT OF ACCELERATOR FACILITIES
1.

Ion Accelerator Development
1.

Test-Bench Performance of ECR Ion Source (NEOMAFIOS)
E. Ikezawa, Y. Miyazawa, M. Hemmi, Y. Chiba, T. Chiba,
M. Kase, M. Fujimaki, T. Aihara, * T. Ohki, * and H. Hasebe*

An ECR (Electron Cyclotron Resonance) ion
source NEOMAFIOS 1 ) developed by the ion source
development group of C.E.N.-G. (Centre d'Etudes
Nucleaires de Grenoble) in France has the featuresof a small size and low power consumption owing
to the pennanent magnets (FeNdB) used for boththe hexapole field and mirror field. We purchased
a set of NEOMAFIOS to replace the PIG source
presently used in RILAC because the narrow spaceof RILAC and the limited power supply capacity of
the ion source site. Figure 1 shows the schematic
drawing of the source and Table 1 shows its main
parameters.
The perfonnance test of NEOMAFIOS was carried out from March to July 1990 on a test benchcapable of analyzing charge-states. Operations with
8 gaseous and 25 solid elements were tried andoptimum operational parameters were searched forseveral ion species. In a usual operation, an RF
power of less than 400 W is enough and the ope rat_ing pressure is 3 x 10- 7 - 1 X 10- 6 Torr at theextraction electrode. Ion charge-state spectra weremesured with one to several sets of operationalparameters for each element. Figure 2 shows atypical spectrum obtained with Pb.

Table 1.

Main parameters of the source.

Magnetic parameters
Material of permanent magnet
Magnetic field on axis
Electric power

FeNdB
0.21-0.52 T
OkW

Microwave parameters
RF frequency
RF power injection
RF power
Final tube (Klystron)
Electric power consumption
Vacuum window

8GHz
Axial
1.7 kW max
Thomson TH-2461
5 kVA
AlZ 0 3

Dimensions
Chamber diameter
Chamber length
Ion outlet bore
Extraction electrode bore
Extraction gap

66mm
148 rnm
10mm
16mm
45rnm

Extraction voltage

10 kV

7

I

I

z

-

+

+

+.

'0 +

(,

u

-

-

~

C\l

II

+
l'+....

+

Z

+

o

u

~

~

]
_A-

50

I

+N

0

+
;:;

z

+
.... +-.... ~ ~

+
co

~

+
+ ....

+~
~~C\l
.1

I

100

-

+

+
CD

Ol

+

-

~

+

11

-

+

0

!
5

0 =
u z

+

6 r-

~ q

0

J
150

~

-

200

Analyzing magnet current (A)Fig. 1.

Schematic drawing of the source.

* Sumijyu Accelerator Service, Ltd.

Fig. 2. Charge-state spectrum with Pb optimized at an
18+ peak. RF power, 270 W; Beam extraction voltage,
10 kV; Mixing gas, Oz.
--- ---- --- --134
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)
Table 2.

Output currents of the source.

ECRIS ( NEOMAFIOS )
Ion

Gas

I

Ion Currents(e /I. A )Charge state

1 + 12 + 13+ 14+ ! 5 + 16+ 17 T 18 + 19+ 110 + ! II + 112 + 113 + , 14 + l iS + 116 + 17 + 118 + 19 + 20 + 121 + 22 +

• He
" C

Remarksi!

Co,Jie , 75 I 57 !
18 I 2.3 I
I
I!
I
I
I
I
90 I 95 I 63 I 50 i 30 i 2.8 I
I
Iii
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 85 I 65 !
I IS 1 6.0 1025 1 I
I
I
I
I
I
J
.. Ne I Ne 1215 1 96 ! 82 I 65 I 35 I 6.5 1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 75 I 55 I 50 I
i 30 I 24 i 26 I 10
I 0.7 I 0.1 1!
!
I"AI I AI.o,Ii117.5 1 16 ;I
1 17 111.5 1 9.0 1 6.8 i
1 3.7 :
1 12
1.0 I
0.5
"Kr Kr.O,.. Xe Xe,o,I
I
I 10 i I I I I I I 13.5 I 14 I 10 I 6.6 I
I 3.8 I 3.1 2.5 I 22 I
. 1.3 I 1.1
I 0.4 I
I
I
I
!
1
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I!
I
"Mg
0,
30 1
I
I
1 35 1
1 30 1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.. AI
0,
I 22 I 34 I 33 I
IS ! 6.0 2.0 I 0.1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.. Si I He "!
I IS :! 33 1I
I 1.0 I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
! I
"ea 0,
1 72 1 70 i 55 1
i 36 1 2726.5 125.5 1
1 5.5 1 1.0 1
I
I
I
I
.. Ti
0,
1 52 III IS II 14
I
6.5 : 4.4 I
I 0.3 I
I
I
I
"V0,
! 2.5 :
I 7.5 i 12 I 12 I 12 I 10 I 7.5 I 4.8 I 2.4 I 1.0 I
I
I
u Cr
0,
I 9 !
: 27 ! 30 I 32.8 ! 25.5 ! 15 I 8.3 : 5.8 i 3.6 ! 2.0 I
10.3 i l lI.. Mn I 0, II
I
I
I 51 I 68 ! 60 ! 42 I 19 I 94 I 2.6 I 0.8 I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.. Fe o,Jie II
II!
I 15 I 15 1
I 11 .3 ! 82 I 4.6 I 3.0 I 1.0 I
I
I
I
.. Ni
o,.He Ii
! 4.0 I 4.8 i 52 1 8.0 ! 12 I 13.5 1 14 I 11 I 8.0 I
I 1.7 I 0.75 I 0.25
I
I
I
1
He I
I 3.6 I 7.0 I 15.6 1 26 : 25.6 i 19
II I 6.0 I 2.2 1
I
I
I
I
I
"Co
0, II
1
I 9.0 Ii 17 I 19 I 17
15 I
I 6.5 I 4.0 I
1
I
I
• Cu
.. Zn
He
1 27 1 32 1
1 35 1 34 ! 26
1 8.3 ! 0.4 j
I
I
I
I
I
I
4.3 : 5.5 . 6.3 ; 6.0 : 4.6 2..6 : 1.3 I 0.5 ! 027
I
I!
" Ge I 0, I 1.3 ! loB ' 3.0 :
to Zr
0,
I
I
I 1.0 ,
I 1.7 ! 1.9 I 2.6 I 4.2 i 4.5 i 5.0 I 6.5 I
i 2.6 II 0.8 ;
I
i
I
I
0,
!
I 11 i 19 i 23 I 13 i 9.5 7 I 7 I 7 I S ! 3 I 1.7 I 0.6
III• !'.ll• . Mo0,
I 2.0 II 3.8 i 5.0 1
i 7.5
1 3.5 3.5 I 3.0 I
I 0.65 I
I,.. Ag!
I 12 I 2.6 I 52 I
I 8.4 8.7 I 9.0 I 7.3 I 6.5 J 4.9 ! 2..5 1.6 12 0.9 I 0.4 ,He
11' In0,I
I 10 I 21 ! 31 I 24 -, 22 I 16 i 13.5 I 10.5 I 7.5 I 5.3 I 4.5 I 3
2
12 I 0.6 I 02,. Sn I o,Jie I
I
I: 3.0 I 52 I 5.7 I 6.6
10 I 7.0 I
I 42 I 2.7 i 1.8 I 1.0
02 I
II.., Ta I 0, ,ji,,• 8.5 I18
19 I 19 I
I 14 : 12 i
I 82 II 5.5 I 5.0 i 4.3 I 3.0 2.0 I 1.1 0.6
... W
0,
I
I
I
I 0.9 I 1.0 I 1.4 1.7 I 2.4 I
I
I 4.0 I
I 3.0
I 1.5 I 0.9 I 0.5 02,.. Au0, .
Ii!
II 13.7 I
119.2 I 16.5 I 13.7 1
110.0 I 6.0 I
4.3 4.0 i 2.6 I 1.5 I 0.8 0.4 0.3
0,
!
I
I
I
I 7.7 I 10 113.8 ! 13.3 I 10.8 ! 8.3 I
I
I 52 Il 3.5 II 1.7 I 1.0 I 0.5 I 0.3 0.1... Pb... BiHe I
I
II
I
I 3.3 II 8.3 I 10.0 I 8.7 I 7.6 I 5.6 I
I 5.6
3.6 I 2.3 I 1.4 10.87 I 0.45 10.32 0.1.. NN,.. 0 I 0,r

I

I

NEOMAFIOS showed very steady operation in
ion production of gaseous elements, and the plasmachamber scarcely needs cleaning. Three methods
were examined to insert a solid material into theplasma: a pure metal rod (1-3 mm in diameter and
50 mm in length), an oxide ceramics rod (3-5.7 mm
in diameter and 40 mm in length), and a power contained in a small tantalum crucible (4 mm in diameter, 0.3 mm in thickness, and 50 mm in length).
Ions of most solid elements can be produced with
one of these methods. For ferromagnetic materials
such as Fe, Ni, and Co, the samples were madeof two twisted wires (each 1 mm in diameter) inorder to overcome bending moment due to themagnetic force. Results of the test are summarized

MgO. ~ 4, rod

AI,o.. ~ 4, rod
Sio" ~ 3, rod
eao,~ 5.7, rod
Ti. ~ 2, rod
V. ~ I, 2 rods
Cr. ~ 2, rod~ 4, T. crucible
Fe. ~ 1, rod
Ni, ~ 1, 2 rods
Co. ~ 1. 2 rods
~ 4. Ta crucible~ 4. Ta crucible~ 4. Ta crucible
Zr, ~ 2. rod
Nb,~ 3, rod
Mo, ~ 2, rod
Ag. ~ 3, rod~ 4. Ta crucible~ 4. Ta crucible
Ta. ~ 1, rod
W, ~ 1, rod~ 4, Ta crucible~ 4. Ta crucible~ 4. Ta crucible

in Table 2.
The ECR ion source took 6-12 hours to restore
steady operation once the plasma chamber was
exposed to the atmosphere. We will have to consider about it in beam time arrangements when weuse such ion species that require cleaning of theplasma chamber.
The RILAC beam service with the ECR ion
source will start in the middle of January 1991.
References
1) G. Melin et at.: Proc. lnt. Conf. on Physics of Multiply

Charged Ions and Int. Workshop on E.c.R. Ion
Sources, Grenoble, France, p. 673 (1988).

135

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-1-2.

Improvements of the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron Control System
M. Kase, I. Yokoyama, M. Nagase, and Y. Yano

In the past year, the control system (using a
MELCOM 350/60 1 )) of RIKEN Ring Cyclotron was
improved mainly in its man-machine interface. Twosets of new colour graphic displays (Mitsubishi
M4328N) were added into an operational consoledesk. Compared to old ones (M4328), they draw
a brighter picture rapidly with higher resolution,
displaying mainly a graphic data of beam measurements such as beam tum patterns inside the cyclotron, beam profiles, and trends of beam intensities.
A colour hard copy is available for new displays.
A rotary encoder system was introduced as a
new input device replacing partly existing touch
panels. It promises a real-time-like control of aquadrupole magnet, for example, when a beam spot
on a target point is adjusted finely. Three sets ofencoders were installed in a small box with a light
cable, and they can be used anywhere around theconsole desk.
Softwares were also inproved and adapted to the
new hardwares. Programs "TPMAGY" and"RECOO" were newly developed for controllingmagnet power supplys with both a touch panel anda rotary encoder. In "TPMAGY", an operator cansearch easily and quickly a magnet to be controlled
out of about 700 elements with the aid of otherprogram for beam diagnosis.
Figure 1 shows an example of the flow of programs communicating with each other via memory
on GCA (Grobal Common Area). "TPMAGY" gets
information about the position where the last measurement with a beam profile monitor was done byother program "TPPF", that is, where an operator
should tum his intention. "TPMAGY" then canmake a selection list, on a touch panel screen, of
up-to-date magnets arranged from this position
toward the upstream beam line, referring to thedata base on GCA. Three magnets are selected bya touch action, and their data are stored on GCA.
When an operator actuates one of rotary encoders,"RECOO", started by "TPMAGY", feels it, andmakes a command to change a current of the corresponding magnet. Since "RECOO" has no output
function except for storing the result of its action
one by one on GCA, it can make a quick response

Fig. 1. Example of the flow chart of programs communicating with each other via GCA memory. At the
beginning of operation, a program "BDINT" installs thedata base of power supplys and beam diagnostic elements
on GCA, (f), and initializes the CAMAC-CIM-DIM systern, 1) (a). After that, "TPPF" and "TPMAGY" arestarted. The arrow expresses program's access, andarrows with a small solid circle on their end are triggeredby a touch panel action; (b), measurement of proftle
monitor; (d), periodical status read; (c) and (e), the current setting.

to rotary encoder. At the end of access by"RECOO", "TPPF" starts, by itself, the next measurement at the same position and displays theresult of the access on a graphic screen. This correlative program flow makes the operation simpler
and faster.
The data written by these programs on GCA aretransferred periodically to other computer(CPU#3) and stored in its logging file. These
stored data would be useful in the future operations.
References
1) T. Wada, 1. Fujita, I. Yokoyama, T. Kambara, and H.
Kamitsubo: Sci. Papers I.P. C.R., 79, 28 (1985).

136
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-I-3.

Development of a LNA Laser for Polarized 3He Ion Sourceof Injector AVF Cyclotron
A. Minoh, T. Fujisawa, and Y. Taniguchi

For the polarized 3He ion source of the Injector
AVF Cycrotron, we studied a 1083 run laser l - 3) oflanthanum neodymium hexaaluminate (LNA) excitedwith an Ar laser (514 run). Its fluorescence spectrum exhibits two peaks, and the yield of 1054 runlight is higher than that of 1082 nm. 2) The laser
oscillation at the 1054 run should be suppressed ina cavity to obtain the 1083 nm laser oscillation.
In order to study the condition of the laser oscillation at 1083 nm, a simple laser cavity is set up
as shown in Fig. 1. The crystal c-axis is set in theLens L 1
f=4cm

.
"

::"
"
Fluorescence

Laser
Oscillation

"
"
"
"
"

"

Lens

Laser cavity

f=17cm

!

'

1060

1080

1100

Wavelength (nm)Ar Laser(514.5nm)

Fig. 2. Fluorescence spectrum of Nd3 + in LNA and laser
oscillation.
R=3cm
Ref. 100%

Ref. 98%

SpectrometerorPower meter

Fabry - Perot

Int.d.rom . . . ,ChopperFig. 1. Test cavity used for the LNA laser pumped by an
Ar+ laser.

longitudinal direction and a lens L1 whose focal
length of 4 cm focuses an Ar laser beam on the
LNA crystal where the 1083 nm laser radiation is
focused with mirrors M1 and M2. The mirror M1
reflects 100% of the 1083 nm light and 90% of the1054 run suppressing the undesirable 1054 nm
oscillation, * and the reflectivity of M2 is 98% forboth lights. All the mirrors and lenses are antireflection coated. We investigate two laser rods ofsingle crystals of 5 mm in diameter and 20 mm inlength; in one {LNA10) made by Union Carbide Co.
Ltd., a Nd concentration is 10 atomic percent andin the other (LNA15) made by Synthetic Crystal
Product Co. Ltd. 15%. The crystal ends arepolished perpendicular to the cylinder axis andantireflection coted. The LNA10 crystal absorbs
70% of incident light and the LNA15 80%.3)
Figure 2 shows spectra of fluorescence of Nd3+
in LNA and laser oscillation at 1083 nm. The widthof the peak of laser oscillation is estimated as
100GHz. The laser must be tuned in the atomic
transition line of 3He(2S -,) 2P) whose Doppler
width is 2GHz. A O.lmm air-gap etalon is set in thecavity to reduce the width of the laser oscillation.

* This method to suppress of an desirable osscillation is
proposed by one of the authors (A. Minoh).

.~ IQ,_------,

r= ",' , ,Photo.
O.UctorFig. 3. Experimental setup to measure a spectral width oflaser oscillation.

The width of the spectrum is measured with a
Fabry-Perot interferometer as shown in Fig. 3. The
width is reduced to 30 GHz and the output poweris lager than a half of the power without the air-gap
etalon. In order to reduce the width of the laser
spectrum to 2GHz, we will add an air-gap etalon
whose gap is controlled by an external signal
because the laser frequency must be automaticallytuned in the transition frequency of 3He.
Figure 4 shows the output power of 1083 runlaser oscillation as a function of the excitation
power. The power conversion efficiency of LNA15
is 4% at a pumping power of l.4W and that of
LNA10 about 3%. The efficiencys are about a halfof that obtained by Schearer. 4) The efficiency isstrongly depend on the reflectivity of M2 (98%).
We will test other mirrors whose reflectivity areless than 98% in order to get higher output power.

A. Minoh et al.
80

References

§' 60
§.
'S
a.
'S
0

137

40

~

.!!!
<:

z...J 20o~~--~--~~~~~~~~~

0 .5

0.7

0 .9

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.7

1.9 w

Ar laser pwer (W)Fig. 4. Output power of the LNA laser as a function of
the pumping power.

1) T. Fujisawa, A. Minoh, Y. Taniguchi, S. Ishii, K.
Hatanaka, and Y. Oshiro: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep.,
22, 222 (1988).
2) A. Minoh, T. Fujisawa, and Y. Taniguchi: ibid., 23, 113(1989).
3) T. Fujisawa, A. Minoh, Y. Taniguchi, and K. Hatanaka:
Int. Workshop on Polarized Ion Source and Polarized
Gas Jet. Tukuba, Japan, Feb. 12-17(1990).
4) L.D. Schearer, M. Leduc, D. Vivien, A. Lejus and J.
Thery: IEEE. ]. Quantum Electron., QE-22, 713(1986).

138
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-1-4.

RIKEN (Japan)-RAL (U.K.) Collaboration on Muon Science Research
K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, and K. Ishida

In order to promote fundamental studies aswell as applications of scientific research using
unstable elementary particle called muons (J-l +,J-l - ; with life time of 2.2 J.ls), RIKEN has now
started an international collaboration programwith the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL),
the largest science research laboratory in U.K.
The agreement has been signed between RIKEN
and SERe in September 29, 1990.
The goal of the research program is to develop
various types of muon science, whose prominent
examples are as follows: (a) muon catalyzed
fusion, fundamental understandings and application toward energy resources; (b) non-destructive
element analysis, application to various sciences
including medical diagnostics; (c) muon spin rota tion, relaxation and resonance, application tocharacterizations of new materials including
high Tc superconductors.
In order to realize these muon science experiments' RIKEN has already started to construct a
new muon generating beam channel as well as
experimental facilities at the accelerator laboratory called ISIS at RAL which contains a proton
synchrotron producing the strongest pulsed protons in the world. The beam channel contains alarge solid-angle pion collector, a large superconducting solenoid where pion decays into muon
under a strong confinement field and an
advanced muon collector with an electrostatic
separator removing background particles and an
rf magnetic kicker to feed muon pulses into two
experimental ports simultaneously. The construction of the beam channel will be carried out

in the period from 1990 to 1993, followed by theconstruction of basic experimental instruments
such as a set-up for muon catalyzed fusion experiment. For all of these purposes, the Japanese
government approved for RIKEN the first 40%of the total budget of 1. 7 billion yen for thefisical 1990-1992. The proposed layout is shownin Fig. 1.

38 039 ~A

HSM7

HSIIB

:hD-~---s8- ------oB----~.--.~~~3- --- -*!1

YO

VSM7

VSM8

DIAGNOSTIC RACK~,----------------:if-M!-

yT
Fig. 1. Proposed layout for the RIKEN-RAL muon beem
channel.

139
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2.

Synchrotron Radiation Sou rce Development
1.

Status of the Synchrotron Radiation Project
H. Kamitsubo

The design study of the 8 Ge V synchrotron
radiation source, which was named SPring-8 lastyear, had been pursued in the past two years andthe lattice structure of the 8 GeV storage ring
was almost established. R&D work on vacuum
chambers, magnets, and RF cavities have been
performed. On the other hand the design study ofan inj ector linac and a synchrotron has been
done by the group of the Japan Atomic Energy
Research Institute (JAERI).
Table 1.
Injector Linacs
RF frequency
Klystron Power
Repetition Rate
MainLinac
Injection Energy
Final Energy
Max. Current (e')(e+)
Emittance
Errzgy Spread
Positron Linac
Electron Energy
Max. Current (e-)
Conversion Target
Target Thickness
Positron Energy
Positron Current

The injector consists of two linacs and asynchrotron. A 250 MeV linac is used to produce
positrons which are accelerated up to 1 GeV by
the main linac. The first acceleration tube of themain linac has a large acceptance for positrons.
The synchrotron, which accelerates electrons(positrons) from 1 Ge V to 8 Ge V, is of FODO typeand has 40 cells. Main parameters of the injector
are given in Table 1.

Major Parameters of Injectors.

2856
35
60 Hz

MHz
MW

120
1 GeV
300
10
<1.5
< +1.5

MeV
rnA
rnA

mmrad
%

250
10
Ta

MeV

-10
120

mm
MeV

10

rnA

A

The storage ring is designed to have 40
straight sections of 6.5 m long and 4 longstraight sections of 30 m long. The design procedure of this ring is as follows: Firstly wedesigned a low emittance ring which has a 48fold symmetric strucure and consists of 48 cells.
The unit cell is of a Chasmann-Green type andconsists of two bending magnets, ten Quadrupoles, and seven sextupoles. The straight section is 6.5 m in length and the circumference ofthe ring is 1436 m. As we are thinking to operate
the ring in a so-called hybrid mode, that is, in an
operating mode that f3 functions have high andlow values alternately at the neighbouring
straight sections. We could find a very good low
emittance lattice structure having 24 superperiod.
We then introduced 4 straight cells by removing two bending magnets in the unit cell. The
beam-dynamical properties of this ring are essen-

Synchrotron
Injection Energy
Maximum Energy
Repetition Rate
Radiation Loss per Tum
Nominal Tune (vx/vy)
Beam Emittance
Chromaticity (Cx 1 Cy)
Momentum Compaction
Bending Magnet
Field (IGeV 18GeV)
Bending RadiusDamping Time(lGeV, t.Jt/t z)(8Ge V. t.J t/ 't z)
RF System
Frequency
Hannonic Number
Vollage(8GeV)
Quantum Lifetime

1
8
1
11.5
11.73/8.78
195

GeV
GeV
Hz
MeV
nmrad

-15.3/-12.7

9.5lxI0-3
0.106/0.85
31.4

T
m

937/938/469

1.8/1.8/0.9

msec
msec

508.58

MHz

672

17.1
>10

MV

tially the same as those of the original one. The
emi ttance of this ring is a little higher than theoriginal one because the total number of bending
magnets decreases. The parameters of this ringis given in Table 2.
Finally we rearrange Quadrupoles and sextupoles in a straight section and convert it to along straight section. We have not yet optimized
the final procedure, but the preliminary result of
the calculations shows that a ring having a large
dynamic aperture and low emittance can berealized.
Prototypes of the bending, Quadrupole, andsextupole magnets were made and their field
distributions were measured. By taking theresults into account, the final design of thesemagnets were finished. In R&D work wedesigned a combined-type sextupole magnet
which can produce horizontal and vertical fields
independently for small correction of the beam

140

H. Kamitsubo

Table 2.

Major Parameters of the Storage Ring.

EnergyCurrent (multi-bunch)
Current (sing! bunch)
Circumference
Dipole magnet field
Bending radius
Number of cells
Straight section length
Narural emittanceCritical photon energy
Tune
Vx
Vy

Synchrotron tune
Momentum compaction
Natural chromaticity
Energy loss in the arc
Energy spread
Damping time tll
'tz:

te

Harmonic number
RF voltage
RF frequency

GeV
8
rnA
100
rnA
5
1435.95 m
0.665
Tm
40.09848 (44+4)m
6.4
1tnmrad
6.89
keY
28.32
51.22
16.16
0.0102t49x10-4-113.17-43.32
MeV/rev
9.04
%
0.108
8.473
msec
8.481
msec
4.242
2436
MY
17
MHz
508.58Fig. 1.

direction. In the final design, however, we decided to separate the sextupole and dipole magnet
to reduce the construction cost.
A cold model of an RF cavity was fabricatedand high frequency characteristics were measured. On the basis of the result of the investigation on the cold model, a klystron test facility
and two prototypes of the RF cavity are fabricated to perform a high power test. The R&D workon the vacuum chambers is continued.
The site of the SR facility was decided at
Harima Science Park City in Hyougo Prefectureand ground preparation started in March. The
site will be available for us in 1992. The plan of
the campus is shown in Fig. 1. The final design ofthe storage ring building is under way and its
construction will start in the fall of the next year.
The research program at the SPring-8 is dis-Site and general layout of the SPring·8.

cussed in the user organization and JAERIRIKEN user group. A conceptual design of thefront-end part of a beam line is in progress.

The construction of the magnets and the injector linac was authorized and will start thisfiscal year.

141
RIIffiN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V·2·2.

Design Modification of the Lattice of the SPring·S Storage Ring
H. Tanaka and M. Hara

Last year, magnet arrangement and specification
were finalized in consideration of the spacing ofequipment. The terms of them were modified asfollows.
(1) Each length of quadrupoles and sextupoles
was 10-30% shortened.
(2) Bending magnet strength was changed from0.665 T to 0.679 T.
(3) All combined type sextupole magnets weredivided into correctors and conventional sextupole magnets.
For the new magnet arrangement and specification, the strength of each magnet was optimized
again, because above modifications affect beams as
the systematic magnetic errors. The optics whose
horizontal and vertical tunes are respectively 51. 22
and 16.16 was selected as the best one from theviewpoint of beam stability. We show new latticefunctions, dynamic aperture, momentum dependence of tunes, and horizontal amplitude dependence of tunes in Figs. 1- 4, respectively.

0.2S-r---------------.

0.20

>
~
~

O.IS

c

=

Eo<

0.10

O.OS 9---.--r---..----,--.----.--.-------l
·2
·1
o
2
Momentum Error (%)

Fig. 3. Momentum dependence of tunes. Open and filled
circles represent respectively horizontal and verticaltuneshifts.
0.4.-------------,
Tune·Y
Tune·X
0.3

0.2

0.1 +---.--,--.----.--.---r----l·40 ·30 · 20 ·10
0
10
20
30
Horizontal Amplitude X (mm)Fig. 1.

Lattice functions of 1124 ring.

Fig. 4. Amplitude dependence of tunes. Open and filledsquares represent horizontal and vertical tuneshifts.

30 - -- - - - --- -- ~- - - - -- - - - - - - ~ - -- - - - - - -- - - ~-- - -- - - - - - -- ~- - -- - - - -- --t li-,-!'0 ---------1 ---r -----'-- - '-

.

i

-40

-20

i
X Imml:20

40

Fig. 2. Dynamic aperture without errors. Open sqares andtriangles represent the dynamic aperture for one unit celland one superperiod (ring), respectively.

We have also investigated the strength variationof each magnet within the expected operation range
to determine the maximum field strength of eachmagnet. As the operation range, tune space surrounded with 51 < Vx < 54 and 16 < Vx < 20 was
determined based on the nmrad-order emittanceand the structure resonances arising from the sextupole magnets. Furthermore, nine operation points
were selected considering the accidental resonances, and optics was designed in each operation
point to minimize nonlinearity and chromaticities.
The main parameters of the designed optics and the
maximum strength of each magnet are shown in
Table 1.

142

H. Tanaka et al.

Table 1.
HLCl
Emittance
nmrad)
Tune-X
Tune-Y
Chrom·X
Chrom·Y
Capt mm}Ouad. 11m2
0.35m
01
0.97m
02
Q3
0.51m
Q4
0.41m
0.51m
OS
0.51m
OS
07
0.41m
0.51m
08
Q9
0.97m
010 0.35m
01L 0.35m
02L 0.97m
Q3L 0.51m
Q4L 0.41m
OSL 0.51m
OSL 0.51m
07L 0.41m
08L 0.51m
Q9L 0.97m
010L 0.35m
5 ex I. 11m2}
51
0.3Om
0.30m
52
53
0.30m
0.50m
54
0.3Om
55
56
0.30m
57
0.30m

HLC2

HLC2B

HLC3

Optics parameters.

HLC4

HLC6

HLCS

HLC7

HLCS

HLC9

7.37

7.18

6.96

6.97

5 .55

6.36

6.3

6.23

5 .81

50.78
17.84
·112 . 835-45 . 179

51.22
16.16
· 115.034·40 .561

51.22
16. 16·115.665· 40 . 003
37 .5

51.22
19 .16·119 .21·40.769

53.22
20.16
·151.86·36 .67330

52.22
17.1 6-128.372· 35 .759

52 .22
18 .16·130 .992-40 .67730

52.22
20.1 6-134 . 136· 36 .817

53.22
16. 16·142.123·42 . 199

· 0 .271006 ·0 .2676974
0.39115138 0.39626132-0 .4200039 -0.4421373·0.599187 -0 .6002218
0.63459914 0.63486642
0.63459914 0.63486642·0.599187 -0.6002218·0.6111753 ·0.5641996
0 .62993686 0 .61076948·0.558958 ·0.4682987·0 .2697424 ·0.2679152
0.39136039 0.39639031·0 .4213736 ·0 .4424384·0 .6014747 -0.6047839
0.63408259 0.63585901
0.63408259 0.63585901·0 .6014747 ·0.6047839· 0.6140763 ·0.5646396
0.63069924
0.6108467·0 .5583546 -0.4682029·0 .2804218
0.39820044·0 .4384298·0 . 6005168
0.63494261
0.63494261·0.6005168·0 .5639839
0 .6131862·0.4772537· 0 .2802094
0.39836897·0 .4407436·0 .6029004
0.63559198
0.63559198·0 . 6029004·0 .5659702
0 .61380912·0.4790422· 4 . 1419007 ·4 .0274434
7 .45602048 7.29383773· 4 .1419007 -4 .0274434

3.90425·4.3· 3.9593631
7 .125668· 3 .9593631·2 .384615
4 .284888

Maximum
5.62 Abaoluta Va ..

53.22
17. 16· 146.127· 44.177·0 .324116 ·0.4293008-0.45 ·0.3738486 -0.5100997 -0 .3993006 -0.3849753
0.41345984
0.4488201 0.42954855 0.46278188 0.43421758 0.42931603
0.453587-0.4465654·0.473576 ·0.4329687 ·0 .4380724 · 0.4275559 -0.3976053 -0.3986581·0. 6006863 -0.5689327 ·0 .5641903 · 0.5725541-0 .577045 ·0 .5959445 ·0 .5958499
0.63498646 0 .62670983 0.62546122 0.62766224
0.6288387 0.63376034
0.6337359
0.63498646 0.62670983 0.62546122 0.62766224
0 .6288387 0.63376034
0.6337359·0.6006863 ·0 .5689327 ·0.5641903 -0.5725541·0.577045 -0 .5959445 ·0 .5958499·0.6085078 · 0. 6477088 -0.6147593 -0.6376664 -0 .6406061 -0.6038247 -0 .6188258
0 .63670642
0.6567255 0.63433075 0.64253921 0.65693364 0.62980984 0.64382442·0.5960309 ·0.6262088 ·0.5371429 ·0.5695372 . -0 .6687368·0.492766 ·0.5668234-0.3275172·0.430755 ·0 .4499966 · 0.3743248 -0.5102091·0.398446 ·0.3854678
0.41522999
0.4540551 0.44910214 0.4291701 0.46460469 0.43522917 0.42938506· 0.45123 ·0 .4742785 ·0.4345252 ·0.4394947 -0.4349822 · 0.4004257 -0 .3988237·0 .6012575 ·0 .5731277 ·0.5658337 ·0.5760398 -0 .5827213 ·0 .5982215 -0 .5953164
0.6277234 0.62413605 0 .62993574 0 .62572757
0.63484484
0.6345072 0.63357767
0.63484484
0.6277234 0 .62413605 0.62993574 0.62572757
0.6345072 0.63357767·0.6012575 ·0 .5731277 -0.5658337 ·0.5760398 -0 .5827213 -0 .5982215 -0.5953164-0.6116985 ·0 . 6495088 -0.6182566 -0.6394865 ·0 .6407294 -0.6067203 -0 .6276984
0.63671407 0.65720184 0.63607749 0.64243699 0.65566835 0 .62938104 0.64514699·0 .5916446 ·0.6277359 -0 .5364398 ·0 .569886 -0.6335672 ·0.4924942 ·0 .5667397· 4 .2041257
7 .45658514· 4 .2041257

3.89212502·3.3034221·4.5380338
7 .73011839· 4.5380338· 2.6588116
4 .54678647

3 .79978212·3 .8933542· 4 .3609077 ·4 .3136708
7.6263767 7 .58107588·4.3609077 ·4 .3136708-3 .4947048
4 .5-4.5324001
7 .71036944-4.5324001· 3.9470107
7 .03669422·3 .9470107·3.9594442
7.004448· 3 .9594442-0.5100111171
0 . 46278188-0 .473576-0.60068627
0.634118646
0.634116646-0.60068627-0.6477088
0.656113364-0.66873677-0.510201111
0.464604611-0.4742785-0. 604783113
0.635851101
0.63585901-0.60478393-0.641150875
0.65720184-0.63356715
3.110425-4 . 3-4.53803378·" . 7301183113-4.53803378-3.411470479
4.54678647

143
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-3.

Study of Linear Coupling Compensation for the Storage Ringof SPring-8 (2)H. Tanaka and M. Hara

Linear coupling compensation in the storage ringof SPring-8 has been investigated. In previous
work,I,2) we presented a new linear coupling compensation scheme based on a lowest-order perturbation treatment and simulated its effect. To confirm the validity of our approach, we investigatedcoupling ratio distributions along the ring under four
error conditions shown in Table 1, by two

M~----------------------------~

50
40

o

..

!

30

c

:ag 20U

1023456789101112131415161718192021222324

Table 1.
Error level
1

2
3
4

Observation point along the ring

Error condition used in this study.

Displacement error(mm)

Tilt error

Field enor

(mrad)(%)

Residual rms COD
(mm)

0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

< 0.04< 0.06< 0.075< 0.10methods. 3) One is called an indirect method, inwhich the coupling ratio is calculated with the
maximum amplitudes of betatron oscillations anduncoupled beta functions. The other is called a
direct method, in which the coupling ratio is directly
calculated from the ratio of phase space areas. If
the perturbation treatment is a good approximation,
the coupling ratio should be almost constant along
the ring, and the results obtained by both methods
should be consistent with each other. As a resultof this study, we found that the perturbation treatment is not always valid in our ring, and also its
validity is strictly limited. Results are summarized
below.
(1) Linear coupling becomes so strong at error
levels above 0.15 mm random rms displacement
error (error level 3 in Table 1) and this phenomena
can not be well described by the perturbation treatment. That is, the coupling ratio much depends on
the azimuthal position at these strong error conditions. We show the realistic coupling ratio distributions and those induced by small skew fields, which
are will explained by the perturbation treatment, inFigs. 1 and 2, respectively.
(2) By a simple compensation scheme with two
skew quadrupoles and one observation point, presented in previous study, the strength of linear
coupling can be reduced to about one-fourth. But
to keep the coupling ratio lower than 10% at every
insertion device, the error condition must be underthe error level 2, which is severe for the magnet
alignment. In Figs. 3 and 4, we show respectively
the difference between the distributions calculatedby the two methods after the compensation and therealistic coupling ratio distributions. From theseFig. 1. Typical result of the coupling ratio distributions
along the ring before compensation. White and black colors denote the values obtained respectively, by the direct
method and by the indirect method. Triangle, square,diamond, and circle represent the error levels 1, 2, 3,
and 4, respectively.

M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_~_~~_~~~
Observation point: Center of dispersion
free straight section
Delta represents the distance fromresonance•

licO.OI[] licO.OOS+ licO.OO3S
A 6=0.002

o 6=0.001

o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112131415161718192021222324

Observation point along the ring

Fig. 2. Typical result of the coupling ratio distributions
along the ring for the model cases well explained by perturbation treatment.

M~----------------------------~

50

..~
o

40

30

.S

~ 20

U

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021 22 2324

Observation point along the ring

Fig. 3. Typical result of the coupling ratio distributions
along the ring after compensation. White and black colors
denote the values obtained respectively, by the direct
method and by the indirect method. Triangle, square,diamond, and circle represent the error levels 1, 2, 3,
and 4, respectively.

144

H. Tanaka et ai.

figures, we can see that two skew quadrupoles for2 0 . , . . . . - - - - - - - - - --~IS +----------,____~~----------~

f= 10 +-111-..-_.- ---------------- ------.
- - -

.sc.

0

-

S

u

o

0
1234

S 6

789101112131415161718192021222324

Observation point along the ring

Fig. 4. Coupling ratio distributions along the ring after
compensation. White and black colors denote the error
level 4 and 2, respectively. Triangle, large and small
squares, and large and small circles represent 5 different
rings.

the compensation markedly distort the optics above
the error level 3.
(3) For such a ring with strong linear coupling,
many points for emittance observation and skew
magnets should be necessary for sufficient compensation, because one observation point can't represent the whole ring. Furthermore, the coupling
ratios can be precisely obtained only by the direct
method.
References
1) H. Tanaka, K. Yoshida, R. Nagaoka, K. Tsumaki, and
M. Hara: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 23, 122 (1989).
2) H. Tanaka, R. Nagaoka, K. Yoshida, K. Tsumaki, and
M. Hara: 7th Symp. on Accel. Sci. and Technol.,
Osaka, Japan, p. 299 (1989).
3) H. Tanaka and M. Hara: Presented at 2nd EPAC,
Nice, France (1990).

145
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-4.

Lattice Parameter Distortions at Insertion Devices
H. Tanaka, Y. Ishii, * and M. Hara

From the viewpoint of photon beam characteristics 1,2) and the design of photon beam lines, lattice
parameter distortions at insertion devices (IDs)should be reduced. To find the magnitude of the
distortions, we calculate the lattice parameters:
closed orbit distortion (COD), beta functions, anddispersion functions, at the center of every dispersion free straight section. Momentum and magnetic
errors are considered for the calculation.

Table l(a). Lattice parameter distortions for the high ~dispersion-free straight section.

(1) Distortions due to magnetic errors: The
magnetic errors used here are 0.2 mm alignment
errors, 0.5 rnrad rotation errors, and 5 x 10- 4 fielderrors. The field errors only include multipole fielderrors lower than sextupole. We estimate distortions after a normal COD correction procedure. 3,4)
COD is corrected to be about 0.1 mm as a rms
value at monitors. A calculation is performed for 30
different rings with a computer code, STAT, which
is made of the linear calculation part of RACETRACKS) and a statistic calculation function. The
results are shown in Tables l(a) and l(b).
The increment of beam divergence at IDs can bepredicted fromHigh ~ dispersion free straight section
COD
Displacement Angle(mm)(mrad)

Beta function

Dispersion functions
Displacement
Angle
(m)
(mrad)(%)• Maximum values of 30 rings-0.049
Horizontal·0.157
Vertical-0.205-0.05343
25-0.104-0.071+0.005-0.007• Rrns values of 30 rings
0.035
Horizontal
Vertical
0.074

11.3
7.3

0.028
0.025

0.00140.0024

0.008
0.014

Table l(b). Lattice parameter distortions for the low ~ dispersion-free straight section.
Low ~ dispersion free straight section
COD
Displacement Angle(mm)(mrad)

Beta function(%)

Dispersion functions
Displacement
Angle(mrad)(m)• Maximum values of 30 rings-0.626+0.170
Horizontal+0.067
Vertical+0.35644
26+0.024+0.049+0.022+0.009• Rrns values of 30 rings
0.058
Horizontal
0.146
Vertical

10.6
7.5

0.007
0.017

0.006
0.003

0.014
0.024

Table 2. Calculation conditions and results of the increment of beam divergence.
Calculation condition
Horizontal emittanCe (mrad)
Vertical emittance (mrad)
Horizontal beta function (m)Vertical beta function (m)Momentum spread (%)

7xlo-9
7xlO- iO
22.01 (High ~)10.0 (High~)
0.1

1.13 (Low~)

4.96 (Low~)

Increment of beam divergence t::.£JE (%)• High ~ dispersion free straight section
Horizontal t::.£JE
Verticalt::.£JE

7.0 (for .1.Emax),

0.5 (for .1.Erms)

72.0 (for .1.Emax),

8.9 (for .1.Erms)• Low Pdispersion free straight section
Horizontal t::.£JE
Vertical t::.£JE

7.3 (for .1.Emax),
69.2 (for .1.Emax),

0.6 (for .1.Erms)
8.3 (for .1.Erms)* Nuclear Engineeering, Tokyo Institute of Technology.

L1Ez _ ('rJzL1PIP)2
f3z Ez~ -(1)

z = x, ywhere, E, TI, f3, and L1PIP are respectively theemittance, spurious dispersion function, beta function, and momentum spread. Calculation conditions
and results are shown in Table 2. We find that thevertical increments of beam divergence are markedly large, about 10% at both straight sections andthat some dispersion function corrections in verticalplane are necessary at IDs.
The angular spread of circulating beams broaden
an undulator spectrum. 1,2) The spread in the vertical plane, 6, is related to a relative spectrum line
width by(2)
(3)

where, N, y, f3 and K are respectively the numberof an undulator period, normalized energy by theelectron rest mass, normalized velocity by the velocity of light, and field parameter. The line width
is inversely proportional to beta, as shown in Fig.
1, because the angular spread is iO,versely proportional to the square root beta. ThiIjty percet reduction in the beta values (maximum beta distortion at
the high beta straight section) increases the relativeline width due to the angular spread by 40%. Since
the line width is determined by the angular spreadin the SPring-8 storage ring, the beta reduction

146

H. Tanaka et at.

10 !====:".

1.5

_.

f - - .........

----

Vertical

I-

N=100
K- 1

E

!
~~
O'r;]

-0-

CLO-X (mm): @High Bela ST~

CLO-X (mm): @Low Beta ST

1.0

...

'OGI

-

~~
Q'O~
-cos

\

-<
:<l

...

\

'"

.1

.01

o

0.5

~~
Q::

-

.!::l ~

S;z;

=.s

I

~

0.0

GI

=

'0

·0.5

5

10

15

20

·2

25

Beta (m)·1

0

2

Momentum Error dP/P (%)

Fig;. 1. Relative spectrum line width V.s. f3 functions.
Fig. 2.

should be recovered at the undulators to suppress
the spectrum line width.
On the basis of the results of Table l(a) and (b),we can estimate a source point deviation. For a displacement and angle error of source point, 1 mm
and 0.2 mrad should respectively be considered todesign photon beam lines.
(2) Distortions due to the momentum error:
Even under an ideal magnetic condition, nonlinear
dispersion exists at the dispersion-free straight section The momentum dependent COD at IDs areshown in Fig. 2. If the momentum spread isincreased from 0.1 % to 1% owing to the microwave
instability at a single bunch operation, the incre-

COD due to a nonlinear dispersion function.

ment of horizontal beam divergence at the high beta
straight section reaches about 40%. Therefore, themicrowave instability should be sufficiently suppressed at a single bunch operation to keep thebeam emittance low.
References
1) S. Krinsky: Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 172, 73 (1980).
2) A. Hofmann: ibid., 152, 17 (1978).
3) H. Tanaka, R. Nagaoka, K. Tsumaki, K. Yoshida, and
M. Hara: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22, 231 (1988).
4) H. Tanaka, R. Nagaoka, K. Yoshida, K. Tsumaki, and
M. Hara: ibid., p. 235.
5) A. Wrulich: DESY Rep., 84-026 (1984).

147
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-S.

Study of Multipole Field Effects due to Correctors
on the Beam Dynamics
H. Tanaka and M. Hara

In the third-generation light source, many quadrupole and sextupole magnets are used to realize
low emittance and high beam stability, comparedwith other kinds of cyclic accelerators. Therefore,
it is important for practical design to use a unit cell
space, effectively. As an effective space-utilization,
there is such an idea as a dipole corrector included
in a sextupole magnet. On the other hand, this kindof magnet induces systematic multipole error fields,
owing to a pole surface mismatch. In this case, sextupole, decapole, and so on are excited as systematic higher harmonics of a dipole, because thedipole field is generated with a sextupole whosepoles are not optimized to a dipole magnetic potential. These error fields excite odd order resonancesby first-order of their strengths, which potentiallyinduce unbounded motions. We studied how muchthese mUltipole error fields damage beam dynamics.

Table. 1. Multipole coefficients of a horizonal and verticalcorrector included in a sextupole magnet.
Horizontal Corrector
an : Normal Multipole Coefficient
Dipole:ao

Sextupole:a2

Decapole:84

14-pole:lI618-pole

: as

+5.97

x
x
+4.77 x+2.89 x-1.0S x

10-2

-4.75

10-0
10+3
10+5
10+7

Vertical Corrector
bn : Skew Multipole Coefficient:"0+6.00 x

Sextupole: b2+S.OO x10-2
10-2

Decapole

: b4

-4.S1

14-pole

: b6

-1.16

IS-pole

: bS

-1.67

x
x
x

10+5
IO+ S

Dipole10+3

Bx = 1: anrn sin(ne) + 1: bnrn cos(ne)

1.100

Qj'

~
CIS
~

e
=:I

1.075
1.050

=t . . . .

By = 1: anrn cos(ne) - 1: bnrn sin(ne)eo........

• Verl Corrector

--

1.025
1.000
0.975

V

~~

~

i'.

0.950
0.925
0.900
0.0

/

J

an. b n [T/mn]
LB(Length of Magnet) = 0.45 m
Br(Magnetic Regidity) = 26.67 T m

/

"\

'\
0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

X, Y (em)Fig. 1.

x =r cos( e ) , y =r sin( e )Distribution of a normalized corrector field.

In Fig. 11) and Table 1, normalized corrector
field distributions and strengths of the multipole
error fields up to I8-pole are shown. We numerically investigated the systematic multipole error
fields' effects on beam dynamics with particle tracking. To easily treat these systematic multipole
error fields, we assumed that magnetic fields were
not saturated at every points in poles and yoke
within an operation range and used a model that themultipole error fields linearly changed according to
the dipole field strength. On the basis of the above
model, we added a function of correctors with systematic multipole error fields up to I8-pole to
RACETRACK. 2) Strenths of all correctors were
determined through a COD correction simulation,3,4) in which random conventional errors3) corresponding to 0.2 mm rms random misalignment
was used.

As a result of numerical investigation, we foundsystematic multipole error fields' effects on beam
dynamics were not so serious in our ring condition.
The results are summarized below.
(1) The systematic multipole error fields
scarcely affect the COD correction performance.
Maximum and rms COD are almost unchanged bythese multipole fields.
(2) Dynamic aperture is inversely proportional to
the strengths of the systematic multipole error
fields. It is reduced one-forth by expected multipole
error fields and reduced only one-half even by error
fields, which is ten times stronger than the
expected ones. This one-half reduction is comparable to the effect of random conventional errors.
The obtained dynamic aperture is shown in Figs.
2-3.
(3) The dynamic aperture with three kinds oferrors are shown in Fig. 4, compared with that with
only random conventional errors. Combined effectsof various errors to the dynamic aperture reduction
can't be found. The dynamic aperture appears to belimited by only random conventional errors mainly
working on the beams as linear field errors. This
fact shows that the random linear field errors con-

148

H. Tanaka et al.

30~---------------------'

30~--------------------~

20

20

~c

10

cw.
O,IIJ

10

\'

o

~

o~c

o OCaD c~

O+-~--~~--~~--~~~

O+-~--r-~~r-~-'--~~

-40

-20

-30

o

-10

-40

Fig. 2. 8-Ge V hybrid lattice dynamic aperture with only
random conventional errors. The solid line represents theideal dynamic aperture; the open squares represent the
dynamic aperture with the random conventional errors.

30~--------------------------------------------------'

....
...

,I

~ ~

0

o~

10

,
10

\ t

,

Qo~
IIllIJ6
o+-~--,-~--.-~~-.--~~

-40

-30

-30

-20

-10

o

X (mm)X (mm)

20

\\

-20

-10

Fig. 4. 8-Ge V hybrid lattice dynamic aperture with a -1 %constant momentum error, systematic multipole error
fields, and random conventional errors. The solid line represents the ideal dynamic aperture; the open and filledsquares represent respectively the dynamic aperture with
only random conventional errors and three kinds oferrors.

sequently generate nonlinear effects greatly morethan the systematic multipole error fields. Thisphenomenon can be explained as follows. The linear
field errors break the periodicity of linear functions.
This symmetry breaks of the linear functions muchenhance the resonance driving terms by the sextupole magnets, which are almost cancelled out
with perfect symmetries of linear functions under
an ideal condition.

0

X (mm)

References
1)Fig. 3. 8-Ge V hybrid lattice dynamic aperture with only
systematic multi pole error fields. The solid line represents the ideal dynamic aperture; the filled squares represent the dynamic aperture with expected error fields. The
open squares and triangles represent respectively the
dynamic aperture with error fields five and ten times
stronger than an expected one.

J. Ohnishi and S. Motonaga: 11th Int. Conf. on Magnet

Technology, Tsukuba, Japan, p. 194 (1989).
2) A. Wrulich: DESY Rep., 84-026 (1984).
3) H. Tanaka, R. Nagaoka, K. Tsumaki, K. Yoshida, and
M. Hara: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22, 231 (1988).
4) H. Tanaka, R. Nagaoka, K. Yoshida, K. Tsumaki, and
M. Hara: ibid., p. 235.

149
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-6.

Calculated Spectral Distributions of On-axis Brilliancefrom Insertion Devices in the SPring-S
T. Takada and M. Hara

Main light sources in the SPring-8 are insertion devices (IDs) optimized for the storage ring
characteristics. The storage ring is designed tohave a large number of dispersion-free straightsections for installation of IDs. The target performances of (1) undulator sources are to obtaina high brilliance of 10 19 (photons/s/mm2 /mrad 2 /o.1%b.w.) from the first harmonic radiation in
the X-ray region from 10 keY to 20 keY, andthose of (2) wiggler sources are to obtain ahighflux radiation of 10 14 {photons / s / mrad
(horiz.)/O .1%b.w.) from a multi-pole wiggler(MPW) in the region above 50 keY. We calculated the spectral distributions of on-axis brilliance from typical IDs (undulator and MPW) in
the SPring-8.

Table 1. Design parameters of the storage ring for the
SPring-So
Electron I Positron energy

E[GeV]

Beam current (multi-bunch)l[mA)Beam current (single-bunch)

I[mA)

100

CircumferenceC[m]1435.95

Dipole magnetic fieldB[110 .679Bending radius

p[m]

39.27
48(44+4)

Number of cells
Length of straight section
Normal

Urn]

Long

L[m]

28.1

£n[nmorad]

6.89

Natural emittance
Coupling coefficient
Horizontal emittance
Vertical emittance

6 .5

Kj%]

10.0

£x[nm·radj

6.264£y[nm·radl=O.l£x 0 .626

Critical photon energy

ec[keV]

28.91 (Ac[Al=0.429)

Energy spreadcrefE[%]

0 . 108

Lorentz factor

Y

15656

Radiation cone of an electronl/Y[llrad]

63 . 87

Design Parameters of the Storage Ring for the
SPring-B: The design parameters of the storage
ring of the SPring-8 are listed in Table 1. The
number of cells are 48, 44 normal cells and 4
straight cells, which are equivalent except for theabsence of bending magnets (BMs). The storage
ring has 40 normal-length straight sections (6.5m) and 4 long straight sections (about 30 m)
named 'very long straight section', each consistsof one normal cell and one straight cell. For the

40 normal-length straight sections, 20 straightsections with a high beta function value (high-,B)and 20 low one (low-,B) appear alternatively. The
high-,B straight sections are designated for installing undulators because of a small angular divergence and for beam injection elements. On theother side, the low-,B ones are for installing
MPW and RF-cavities. In the 4 long straightsections, focusing elements (quadrupole and sextupole magnets) are installed for the first stage,
and they are capable of installing 4 IDs separated
by the focusing elements. The focusing elements
will be rearranged to empty the long area of thelong straight sections, so that a long ID with alength of about 20 m can be installed.
Since 1 high-,B straight section is occupied by
the beam injection elements out of 20 high-,Bones, other 19 high-,B ones are reserved for installing IDs, mainly undulators. On the other side,
since 5 low-,B ones are occupied by RF-cavities
out of 20 low-,B ones, the remaining 15 ones arereserved for installing IDs, mainly MPWs.
Besides IDs in the straight sections, 23 BMs will
be used as light sources. In summary, 23 BMs, 15
low-,B normal-length straight sections, and 19
high-,B ones will be available for light sources.
To our schedule, 10 beam lines (6 IDs and 4 BMs)
will be prepared by the commissioning in 1998.
Design Parameters of typical IDs and BM: The
betatron function value, electron beam size, andangular divergence at the straight sections for
IDs and at the source points of BM are listed inTable 2. The design parameters of a typical
MPW and a typical undulator in the SPring-8 aresummarized in Table 3 and 4, respectively. The
total lengths of IDs are to be about 4.0 m fromthe normal-length straight section (6.5 m), since
the maximum length available for an ID out of a
6.5 m normal length one is 4 m.
Calculated Spectral Distributions of On-axis
Brilliance of the SPring-B: The on-axis peakmagnetic field and first harmonic photon energy
are plotted in Fig. 1 against the undulator gap
width. An undulator with a magnetic period
length of 3 cm at 8 GeV ring provides the firstharmonic radiation that is tunable in the X-ray
region from about 16 keY to 20 keY, corresponding to the change in the magnetic gap width from
3.5 cm to 2.0 cm.

T. Takada et at.

150

Table 2. Electron beam size and the angular divergence.
2.0

Device type

I3x

l3y

Ox

Oy

O x'

Oy '

[m)

[m)

[Ilm)

[Ilm)

[Ilrad)[Ilrad)

1.91

26,25

147.81

128 .23

70.76

5.00

MPW2)

1.08

8.65

82. I373 .60

76.27

8.51

Unduiator 3) 23.48

10 .01

383.49

79.16

16.33

7.91

I ) Dipole source is 15 cm apart from the edge.

25 .0

i

20 . 0

W

CI

III

::.::

1. 6

:D

'i
Dipole! )

E

E

1.2

~

III

Q.

c: 0.8.2
U.!!
'; 0. 402) MPW will be installed in the low-13 straight section.

-0

Ii

~

u:
...
i
5.
os

0.6

15 .0

w

...os

0.4

10.0

~

0.2

5.0

c
0

::I

~

CD

..

~

;c

'""

Ii

0.0

~

-g

0

3) Undulator will be installed in the high-13 straight section .

CD

c

0.0
1.0

0.0
1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

::I
I.L

3.5

Magnetic Gap Width, g (cm)

Table 3. Parameters of a typical MPW.
Magnetic period length

I..o[m)0 . 18

Total length

L[m)

3.96

Number of periods

N

22

On-axis peak magnetic fieldBg[T)0 .952

Critical photon energy of MPW tc[keY)

Fig. 1. On-axis peak magnetic field and fundamental
photon energy of a pure magnet type undulator as afunction of the magnetic gap width. The on-axis peakmagnetic field and K parameter are independent of themagnetic gap-width.

40.540.clAI=O.306)

Deflection parameter

K=93.4B g[TiAo[ mi

16.0

10 20

First harmonic photon e nergy
on-axisElleY)

26.17

10 19

ndulator(3cm,3.99m)~

L-- - -- - - + -lectron Energy=8GeV___ _ _ Eleam Current=100mA
10% coupling

D
~

CII
U

c:

Table 4. Parameters of a typical undulator.

0

10 18

~
-g

§
mNE
III

10 17

1/1

Device type

Pure magnet configuration

Magnetic period le ngth

I..o[m)0.03

Total leng th

LIm)

3.99

Number of periods

N

133

Magn etic gap width range

glmJ

0.02-0.035

On-axis peak magnetic field
range

Bg[T)

0.055-0 .2 65

III

E

0

Iii

C Iii
c

10 '5

0

0

~

.e 10 14
10 13

Deflection parameter range

K=93.4B g[TiAolml 0.15- 0 .75

First harmonic photon energy
on-axis ran ge

EJlkeY)

15 .8- 20 .0

Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet characteristics
Residual magnetic flux density Br[T)Height of magnet;:c E 10 16h[mJ=A·olmi/2

1.25
0.015

Calculated spectral distributions of on-axis
brilliance are shown in Fig. 2 as a function ofphoton energy for MPW listed in Table 3 andBM, and as a function of the K parameter (magnetic gap width) for the undulator listed in Table
4. The spectral distribution of on-axis brilliancecalculated as a function of photon energy fromthe undulator with K=O.75 corresponding to amagnetic gap width g of 2.0 em is also shown in
Fig. 2; the calculation was performed by using a
program 'URGENT'!) for generating undulator
radiation. In the SPring-8, a brilliance of about
3.7 x 10 18 photons/sec/mm 2 /mrad 2 /O .1%b.w.
will be obtained at a first harmonic photon

1

10

100

1000

Photon Energy (keV)

Fig. 2. Spectral distributions of on-axis brilliance calculated as a function of photon energy for BM, typical
MPW, and typical undulator. The numbers in parentheses denote the magnetic period length and total length.
Dotted lines denote the peaks of 1st, 3rd, and 5th harmonics from the undulator on changing the K parameter (magnetic gap-width) of the undulator.

energy of 15.8 keY with K=O.75 by using an
undulator whose parameters are listed in Table
4. Brilliances of 3.0 X 10 17 and 2.5 X 10 16 will beobtained at 3rd and 5th harmonics, respectively.
The use of MPW will be more advantageousthan that of the undulator in the region above 48
ke V, which corresponds to the 3rd harmonic
photon energy of the undulator described above.
References
1) R.P. Walker: ST/M-88/19, SINCROTRONETRIESTE(1988) .

151
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-7.

Progress in Magnet System for the SPring-8 Storage Ring]. Ohnishi, S. Motonaga, and H. Takebe

The SPring -8 storage ring has a 1436 m ofcircumference, containing 48 unit cells of a
Chasman-Green type lattice. One unit cell iscomposed of 2 dipoles, 10 quadrupoles, 7 sextupoles, and 10 steering magnets. Since the field
qualities are required to be stringent to store alow emittance beam in the ring and total numberof magnets is very large, we designed and built
prototypes of dipoles, quadrupoles, and sextupoles. On the basis of the results of fieldmeasurements,l) we have redesigned the magnets. The points of new designs are as follows.
1 ) We abandoned a plan that some steering
magnets are incorporated with sextupole magnets. The principal reasons are simplification ofoperation and the reduction of a construction
cost.
2) Field strengths of quadrupoles and sextupoles are increased and their lengths are shortened in order to make space for locating steering
magnets separated from the sextupole magnets.
3) The bore diameters of quadrupoles andsextupoles are reduced to 85 mm and 92 mm,
respectively, to save power dissipation and toincrease maximum strengths.
4) Maximum field strengths of quadrupoles
and sextupoles are increased to 18 Tim, 450 T I
m 2 , respectively. The geometry of iron poles andyokes was designed so that saturation loss is
suppressed lower than 5% for quadrupoles andsextupoles at the nominal field strength. On theother hand, the sizes of a uniformed field region
are decreased by 4 mm for quadrupoles and 12mm for sextupoles.
5) The pole width of dipoles is narrowed to
160 mm from 240 mm in order to reduce theweight and the construction cost. Since thisinduces a sextupole field more strongly, thefields have to be corrected to widen the uniformed region by attaching end shims.
6) Since the yokes of some quadrupoles andsextupoles are interfered with vacuum tubes for
extraction of synchrotron radiation from insertion devices or dipole magnets, we designed themwith two types of cross-sections.
Table 1 shows newly designed specifications ofdipoles, quadrupoles, and sextupoles. Figure 1
shows the cross section of quadrupoles withsmaller yokes and the vacuum chamber. Figure 2
shows its gradient distribution calculated with a
2-D code, LINDA. The real integrated fields are
expected to be less uniformed than the 2·D calculation due to a dodecapole field produced at theend of a magnet core; however, it can be corrected with end shims to restore required uniformity.
Figure 3 shows the cross section of the sextupole
magnet with smaller yokes. Figure 4 shows afield distribution calculated with LINDA.
We have ordered all the magnets to be locatedin the ring. The first magnet of each type will be

Table 1. Parameters for dipole, quadrupole, and sextupole magnets.
dipoleQl,QI0

Q4,Q7

88
64.04
2.804
3.09
6200
0.679
3.5
16
16 x 26
1111
1090
3.40
11.6
12.6
13.S

96
85
0.35
0.48
980
18
1.49
28
9 x 16
115
531
4.27
21.1
11.2
5.94

96
85
0.41
0.54
1100
18
1.49
28
9 x 16
115
531
4.27
23.2
12.3
6.55

quadrupole
Q3,Q6 Q2
Q8
144
48
85
85
0.51
0.97
1.10
0.64
1400
2500
18
18
1.49
1.42
28
28
9 x 169 x 16
5x8
"'5.5
531
50S
4.42
4.SS
27.5
50.4
14.6
25.6
13.0
7.75

2
IS.1
5
10.8

4
10.2
5
S.3

4
9.66
5
9.7

4
11.6
5
9.5

FamilyNumber of magnets
Bore diameter
Effective field length
Magnet length
Magnet weight
Field strength, max
Magnetomotive force
Tum numbers per pole
Conductor size
Hollow size
Current, max
Current density
Conductor resistance
Voltage drop, max
Power dissipation
Cooling circut
Waterflow
Pressme drop
Tem~rature rise

(mm)

(m)
(m)
(Kg)
(T, TIm. T/rrIl)(xl()4 AT)
(mm)
(mm)
(A)

(Nmm 2)(mW/MAG)(V)(KW)(JImin)(Kg/cm2)

(9

4
17.1
5
10.9

Q5

Q9

SI,S7

48
85
0.51
0.64
2000
18
1.49
28
9 x 16
"'5.5
531
4.42
27.5
14.6
7.75

48
85
0.97
1.10
3600
18
1.42
28
9 x 16
5xS
50S
4.S8
50.4
25.6
13.0

96
92
0.30
0.41
510
450
0.64
24
8x8
"3
4.67
50.0
13.3
3.54

sextupole
S4
S2,S3
S5,S6
192
48
92
92
0.30
0.50
0.37
0.61
610
820
450
450
0.64
0.61
24
24
SxS
SxS
"'3.5
"'3
266
254
4.67
4.67
50.0
69.0
13.3
17.5
3.54
4.45

4
11.6
5
9.5

4
17.1
5
10.9

6
4.6
5
11.0

6
4.6
5
11.0

266

6
6.0
5
10.7

152

J. Ohnishi et at.

665. 9426

613.94
45

700
540

o

26

523.94

45

~

'"

:;.

Fig. 1. Cross-sectional view of a newly designed quadrupole magnet.

III

iii
<l

0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.000
·0.001-0.002-0.003-0.004-0.005.~

Fig. 3. Cross-sectional view of a newly designed sextupole magnet.

III

"\
'b

iii
<l

\

\

0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.000
-0.001-0.002-0.003-0.004-0.005~. ..

~ ''''-m

\,

\
\
\.
\
2

3

X(cm)

3

X(cm)

Fig. 2. Field distribution of a quadrupole magnet calculated with a 2-D code LINDA. The Y axis indicates a
relative deviation from an ideal quadrupole field at thenominal strength, 18 Tim.

Fig. 4. Field distribution of a sextupole magnet calculated with a 2-D code LINDA. The Y axis indicates a
relative deviation from an ideal sextupole field at thenominal strength, 450 T/m 2 •delivered next fall to verify the design. A fullscale manufacturing starts in early 1992.

References
1) J. Ohnishi, S. Motonaga, and H. Takebe: This Report,
p. 153; 155.

153
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-S.

Magnetic Field Measurements of a Prototype Quadrupole Magnet
for the SPring-8 Storage Ring

J. Ohnishi, S. Motonaga, and H. Takebe
The SPring-8 storage ring being designed to bea low emittance machine has a Chasman-Green
type Lattice structure with 480 quadrupole
magnets. I) Because the multi pole fields of thesemagnets, produced by the end effect and manufacture imperfection of magnet yokes, cause thereduction in a dynamic aperture, they should besmall enough. The tolerance of field gradientuniformity is calculated by tracking simulationsas.

The magnetic fields of the prototype quadrupole were measured with an instrument called"twin flip coils". Figure 2 shows its sensing part

10f (dB/dx)ds I- - - - - - - < 5 x 10- 4

I

f (dB / dx) ds I

( I x I < 35mm, I y I <15mm)
We constructed a prototype quadrupole magnet and measured the fields to ascertain theFig. 2. Sensing part of "twin flip coils" for field measurements of a quadrupole magnet.

in which two coils for fields measuring are fixed.
One coil is wound 200 turns on a bobbin with adiameter of 5 mm. This block is supported with apipe of 1 m long and is flipped in about O. 7
seconds by a stepping motor. The magnetic field
and the gradient were measured by integrating
output voltages from two coils induced for flipping with a high precision voltmeter (HP3458A)
and fields mapping was done by carrying twincoils on a moving table.
1.010

W 1.008> 1.006
i=

«
...J

1.004
1.002

W

~

1.000
0.998

><

0.996
0.994

'tJ

iD
'tJ

Fig. 1. Cross-sectional view of a prototype quadrupole
magnet.

design and the production technique. Figure 1
shows a cross section of the prototype quadrupole magnet. It has a core length of 465 mm
and a bore diameter of 90 mm. Iron yokes areassembled from four blocks of stacked Si steel
plates with a thickness of 0.5 mm. Non-magnetic
spacers are put between upper and lower yokes(hatched part in the figure) in order to investigate the effect of symmetry reduction due tocutting magnetic circuits, because some quadrupole magnets have little space for return yokesat this parts through which a synchrotron radiation port goes.

18 TimJ;]-

LINDA 18T/m
J;]

J;]

~ ..cL

r!

~

.~

"'

0.992
0.990

1
-6

-4

-2

0

4

X (em)

Fig. 3. Transverse field distributions of the prototype
quadrupole magnet for measurements and calculation.
Each distribution is normalized at x = O. The fieldstrengths are nominal about 18 Tim.

Figure 3 shows the transverse distributions offield gradients on the median plane at the centreof the magnet. This measurement and a 2-D
LINDA calculation agree within 2 X 10- 3 • Figure
4 shows the transverse distributions of integrated
gradients calculated by summing up mapped
data. The integrated gradients decrease with
distance from the center by a dodecapole field
produced at the end part, and do not satisfy the

J. Ohnishi et al.

154

required uniformity within the region. This

1.010
1.008

I

------

r-~

1.006
N

'tJ

)(
'tJ

CD
'tJ

1.004
1.002
1.000

18.0 Tim-- i'L

~

0.996

0.992

15.6 Tim

/

0.998

0.994

~.OT/m I
12.0 Tim

~

~

r#

\\

It

~

fI

0.990
· 40

results are not satisfied with the requirement as
already indicated. However, the field distribution can be corrected by attaching end shims as
the distributions change little for exiting levels.
On the other hand, it is found that an octupole
field induced due to cutting magnetic circuits issmall enough.
Recently we have finished redesigning2) andnow ordered all the magnets to be located in the
ring.

· 30

· 20

· 10

10

20

30

40

X (mm)

Fig. 4. Transverse distributions of integrated fields of the
prototype quadrupole magnet. Integrated fields arecalculated from mapped data.

References
1) M. Hara et al.: Proc. 2nd European Particle Accel.
Conf., p. 466 (1990).
2) J. Ohnishi, S. Motonaga, and H. Takebe: This Report,
p.151.

155
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-9.

Magnetic Field Measu rements of a Prototype Dipole Magnet
for the SPri ng-8 Storage Ri ng
J. Ohnishi, S. Motonaga, and H. Takebe

The lattice of the SPring-8 storage ring contains 88 dipole magnets. 1) Diviation of fieldstrengths in each dipole causes a closed orbit
distortion and ununiformity of field distribution,
which signify existence of multi pole fields, raises
reduction of dynamic aperture. The tolerance offield uniformity is calculated by tracking simulations as

I ofBds I- - - - < 5 x 10- 4

I fBds I( I x I < 29 mm, I y I < 15 mm)

We constructed a prototype magnet for verification of the design and development of a highaccuracy production technique. Figure 1 shows across section of the prototype dipole magnet,

1.0010--1.0000I

Za400mm
Z-1400 mm•

1.0005
0
~

I
III

~~

-

~

I

I

LINDA calc.

.¥

.

...A.

L¥i

~

~

0.99950.9990-100-80 -60 - 40 -20

0

20

40

60

80 100X (mm)

Fig. 2. Transverse field distributions of a prototype
dipole magnet for measurements and calculation. Each
distribution is normalized at x=O. The field strength isnominal about 0.665 T.
1.0010.-.--..--..--..--..--..--,-,-,...-,

W 1.0008 +-;-+-+-+--+--+--+--+--I---l

>

t=
~

W

~

1.0006 +-;-+-+-+--+--+--+--+--I---l
1.0004 +-;-+-+-+--+--+---I---I--I---l, .0002 +-;--t--t--I--+--+---I--~I---l, .0000 +-;-+-+--I-:::>erfGoG'+.r-+--+--I---l0.9998 +-t--t---+::,.....r.1't-fS"_·+-+-I""a~--+--+---l~["\~ ~::: -t--t-+r:f-L"+-t--t--+--+--k;-I---l~0.9992 +-+-::I1-)"-t---+--+--+---+---+-\I~-+---l

Pt--r--1r--.-t-.-t"""-+""'-+-"--+-\-H--.r-l
0.9990 +-r-f-,L-100 - 80 - 60 : 40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
X (mm)

Fig. 3. Transverse distribution of integrated fields of a
prototype dipole magnet. Integrated fields are calculated from mapped data.
Fig. 1. Cross· sectional view of a prototype dipole magnet.

which has a rectangular configuration and 3.08
m total length including coils. Its iron yoke isstacked from punched Si steel plates of 0.5 mm
in thickness.
Magnetic fields of the prototype were measured with a hall probe (SIEMENCE SBV604),
which is fixed in a copper block whose tempera·ture is stabilized within ±O. rc. Calibration ismade by a NMR probe and field strengths arecalculated in 7th polynomial of output voltage.
The field mapped data are taken by carrying ahall probe on a moving table (4 mXO.2 mXO.2 m)
controlled with a personal computer through a
GP-IB bus.
Figure 2 shows transverse field distributions
on the median plane for some longitudinal positions. Distributions measured are in good agreement with a calculation using LINDA. The difference in distributions in the z position,
produced by geometrical gap error, is smallenough to affect integrated fields. Figure 3 showsa transverse distribution of integrated fields onthe median plane. Data were taken at intervals of
20mm in the longitudinal direction and integrated fields were calculated by summing up mapped
data. A sextupole field due to an effect of edge
fields is induced fairly strongly as shown in the
figure. An influence of the field distributions tobeam is being investigated in detail.
In practical magnets, a pole width is narrowed
to be 160 mm from 240 mm in order to reduce thecost. As a sextupole field is strengthened in sucha case, we shall correct edge fields with end
shims.
Recently we have finished design modification 2 ) and ordered all magnets to be located in thering.
References
1) M. Hara et at.: Proc. 2nd European Particle Accel.
Conf., p. 466 (1990).
2) J. Ohnishi, S. Motonaga, and H. Takebe: This Report,
p.151.

156

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-10.

Design of a Power Supply System forSPri ng-a Storage Ri ng Magnets

H. Takebe, S. Motonaga, J. Ohnishi, and N. Kumagai
Fundamental design for an SR magnet power
supply system (PS) was achieved and reported
already.!) Lattice parameters are slightly changed and the magnet design are modified. The
maximum currents and the PS arrangement arechanged. Tables 1 - 4 show magnet types, PS
names, maximum currents, cable resistances andlengths, power consumptions, PS cubicle DAC
Tables 1-4. Required parameters for B, Q, Sx, Stmagnets and power supplies.

(8yoass TVt>C)
Ouadru lemunet
Table 2.
No. TOI.Po. Total
Loss Mx.Cur. V (PS) PowerCable
MIX RmMagne PS(A)
n !an mm2 n kW "(A) "V (leW) Cubic (kW) DAC
Name Name
50
392
342.4
190.9
2
557.6
400
0.108
60.5
2.300
531
0.506
0.35
QPl
QDl
792
52
4
50S 0.605 1.ISO 400 0.054 54.9 533.4 351.5 187.5
QF2 Qn 0 .97
SO
488
2
531 0.660 2.300 400 0.108 60.5 557.6 428.2 238.8
0.51
QD3 QP3
SO
424
2
370.8
206.8
557.6
531 0.557 2.300 400 0.108 60.5
0.41
QD4 QP450488
2531 0.660 2.300 400 0.108 60.5 557.6 428.2 238.8
0 .51
QF5 QP550488
2531 0.660 2.300 400 0.108 60.5 557.6 428.2 238.8
0.51
QF6 QP6504242531 0.557 2.300 400 0.108 60.5 557.6 370.8 206.8
0.41
QD7 QP7SO2
488
531 0 .660 2.300 400 0.108 60.5 557.6 428.2 238.8
0.51
QD8 QPS
52
792
4
187.5
35\.5
533.4
54.9
400
0.054
S08 0.605 1.150
0.97
QF9 QP939250
2531 0.506 2.300 400 0.108 60.5 557.6 342.4 190.9
10010 01>10 0.35
24
5168
504
l22!

(instead of the bypass control circuits). For thecorrection of beam orbit distortion, effected byan insertion device (ID), QI-3 and Q8-IO, besideID, have also auxiliary power supply units (1 - 4%).
A cabling route between the magnet and PS
was decided. Cables for large current magnets(B, Q, and Sx) are led along the upper cable rackon the SR machine cave as shown in Fig. l.
Other cables for steering (correction) magnets
and Q's auxiliary PS units are led on the outer~~

Bip .... of Q magnet
Table2-A.
No.ofPowe Bipass
length Main Bipas, Current
Magne PS"(A) (% )(A) (W) Bioass(leW) (leW)Name Name (m)5.3 10.60
221 24
4.0
22.3
558
0.35
QDI QPI
1.41 5.65
5.3
118 12\.0533
QF2 Qn 0.97
1.71 3.41
71.1 24
5.6
558
1.0
QD3 QP3 0.51
1.46 2.93
61 24
1.0
5.6
558
0.41
QD4 QP4
1.71 3.41
71.1 24
5.6
558
0.51
1.0
QF5 QP5
1.71 3.41
71.1 24
5.6
558
1.0
QF6 QP6 0.51
1.46 2.93
61 24
1.0
5.6
558
0.41
QD7 QP7
1.71 3.41
71.1 24
5.6
558
1.0
0.51
QD8 QP8
1.41 5.65
118 12
1.0
5.3
53 3
0.97
QF9 QP9
5.3 10.60
221 2422.3
558
4.0
10010 01>10 0.35
123.2 52.0

Total
(kW)
403
798
491
427
491
491
427
491
798
403
5220.0

Sextuoc Ie mae.net
Table 3.
Cable
Magne PS Length Curr. Rm(A)n !an mm2 nm
Name Name
266 2.400 4.260 185 0.431
0.30
SPI
SI
sn 0.30 266 2.400 4.260 185 0.431
S2
266 2.400 4.260 185 0.431
0.30
SP3
S3
O.SO
2S4 3.312 4 .260 185 0.431
SP454
266 2.400 4.260 185 0.431
SP5
0.30
S5
266 2.400 4.260 185 0.431
0.30
SP6
S6
266 2.400 4.260 185 0.431
SP7
0.30
S7

"V
790.7
790.7
790.7
998.3
790.7
790.7
790.7

Loss Mx.Cur. V (PS)

kW
30.6
30.6
30.6
27.7
30.6
30.6
30.6

"(A)
279.3
279.3
279.3
266.7
279.3
279.3
279.3

Llli.

~

':
\

Power No. Tot.Po.
(kW) Cubicle (kW)
227
221
I
227
221
1
227
1
221
271
266
1
227
1
221
227
221
I
227
I
221
7 I 1633

DAC
No.
I
I
1
I
1

48.96

16
VME

Lim
3~9m

~ID

Fig. 1. Cross-sectional view of the SR machine room
(Cave) and power supplies room.

I

576(J2CeIV4PS)

I 48 I(Q.5.)
7; PS·Room

I
7

No. Tot.Po. DAC
ubicle (kW) No.

16

3.$m

6: Upper Rack 1436m.
\~

1902 kWI; Ma,-Pi.

2;
l.7m
3; Vcn.Rack ~.2 m
\

~

IToW

\

\

Correction mlstnet
Table 4.
Loss Mx.Cur. V (PS) Power
Cable
Magne PS Length Curr. Rm
V
(kW)
(A)
n !an mm2 n kW (A)mName Name
19.9
0.06
3.0
2 4.731 0.04
3.0 1.900 0.506
CP1
0.15
VS
VS
cn 0.20 3.0 2.900 0.506 2 4.731 0.04 3.0 22.9 0.07
24.1
0.07
3.0
2 4.731 0.04
3.0 3.300 0.506
CP3
0.20
HS
24.1
0.07
3.0
2 4.731 0.04
3.0 3.300 0.506
CP4
0.20
24.1
0.07
3.0
2 4.731 0.04
3.0 3.300 0.506
CPS
0.20
24.7
0.07
3.0
2 4.731 0.04
3.0 3.500 0.506
CP6
~
19.9
0.06
3.0
2 4.731 0.04
3.0 1.900 0.506
0.15
CP7
22.9
0.07
3.0
2 4.731 0.04
0.20
3.0 2.900 0 .506
VS
CPS
24. 1
3.0
0.07
2 4.731 0.04
3.0 3.300 0.506
0.20
HS
CP9
3.0
24.1
0.07
2 4.731 0.04
3.0 3.300 0.506
CPIO 0.20
24.1
0.07
4.731
0.04
3.0
2
3.300
0.506
0.20
3.0
CPU
24.7
0.07
3.0
2 4.731 0.04
3.0 3.500 0.506
CPI2 0.20

r-vs\48.96 576
kW DAC
84991 \0881

and VME chassis numbers. Divided cubicle num
bers for eight types of Q-magnets (Q-I, -3, -4,-5, -6, -7, -8, -10) are decreased to two from four,though the maximum voltages are less than 600
V. The Q magnets in the long straight sections
have auxiliary power supply units in order toadjust the current in a range of few percent

rack. The total cable lengths of B, Q, and Sx
magnets are 3.1, 2.3, and 4.2 km, respectively.
The ratio of the cable length inside the machinecave to the total length is 33 %. An average
length of steering magnet cables are about 506 m.
Total power consumption for the magnet PS is
8.5 MW. The total power consumption for thecables is 902 kW and that inside the machinecave is 300 kW.
The total number of the magnet parameters,
which correspond to the DAC numbers, is 1,088.
In order to reduce the number of the VME chassis, PS cabinets, must be consists of multiple PS
units. Thirty-six steering magnet PS units are
enclosed and controlled by one PS system. And
twelve auxiliary PS units for the Q-magnets are
similar system (see Table 2A and Table 4). In

157

H. Takebe et al.

I) n,Q,Sx-I»S's

Uj·Puwer SUI "II), Cubicle

Magnets

AC4lOVOf 6600V -....--4

IIIpUI

Mini· MAP

DeviceController
68000. ~~~~lIS --''T'"':!;...J".......,;.;"r,--~--'-'.....

L-~----~---T------~~«

I~~-·I
2) St-PS, Q-Aux PS

or IOOV
InplllAC420V

IIIIer .Loc:tSteering Magnets Power Suppl)' Cubicle

Magnets(:!~~~~:)~~~~~l' c.u·1_+-_ _--+

CcU·l

l~cm~'1

CeII·llFig. 2. Block diagram of the power supply system. A VME controller and
DAC control interfaces are investigated.

order to reduce the manufacturing cost for the
PS interface, a control and an interface system
are investigated. Figure 2 shows control diagrams of the PS. High powered PS's (B, Q, Sx)
are controlled by a floated DAC's through 16 bit
isolators (photo-couplers) as seen in Fig. 2-l.
Other PS systems (Co-PS, St-PS) are controlled

by an analog reference voltage given by a 12-14
bit VME DAC module (see Fig. 2·2) or a VME
remote I/O card.
References
1) H. Takebe, S. Motonaga, and H. Kamitsubo: RIKEN
Accel. Prog. Rep., 23, 165 (1989).

158
RIKEN Accet. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-11.

Bump Magnet of SPring-8

H. Miyade, H. Takebe, and S. Motonaga
On injection of a beam, a bump orbit is fonned
around the injection section; the orbit is parallel tothe reference orbit and has an amplitude of 13.34
mm. The bump orbit is fonned by four bump magnets installed at the positions shown in Fig.I. Twoof the four are installed in the both ends of theinjection section (BP2, BP3) and the other two are
beside bending magnets (BPI, BP4).
The magnets are excited in two operation pat-terns shown in Fig. 2. In a I-Hz mode the magnets
are energized once a second, and in a 60-Hz mode
8 times a second with repetitions of 60 Hz. Eachpulse has a trapezoid fonn with a 4 JLs in width, a
1 JLs rise time, and a 2 JLs flat top.
To reduce an eddy current, the magnet core ismade of ferrite and the vacuum chamber is madeof ceramic.
Cross sectional views and main parameters of:~~' ~~~I~~~~~I~~~~tio~nS~OO~
tion~====~.~
SEP4-SEP3'---'S=EP~2--'

Fig. 1. Arrangement of bump magnets. BP, Bump Magnet; BM, Bending Magnet; Q, Quadrupole Magnet;
S, Sextupole Magnet; SEP, Septum Magnet; AB, Absorber; CR, Crotch.

Operation Pattern

1Hz MODE
(a)

Coil

15
o

'"
60Hz MODE

JUUL
kl
.~

Ceramic
Chambe

216
(b)

Core

Current Wave Form

290

Fig. 2. Operation pattern and current wave fonn of bumpmagnets.

Fig. 3. Cross sectional views of bump magnets.
(a), BPI, BP2, BP3; (b), BP4.

H. Miyade et al.
Table 1.

Main parameters of bump magnets.
BP1

BP2

BP3

BP4

Kick Angle (mrad)

2.093

0 .547

0.547

2.093

Core Length (mm)

300

200

200

350

NumberEffective Length (mm)

285

190

190

335

Peak Field (T)

0.196

0.077

0.077

0.167

Number of Turns

2

Inductance blH)

2.5

0.42

0.42

4.1

Peak Current (A)

4680

3670

3670

3980

Pulse Width (l1s)

4

4

4

4

2

2

2

2

2

Rise Time ("s)
Flat Top (l1s)159

the bump magnets are shown in Fig. 3 and Table
1, respectively. The magnets BPI, BP2, and BP3
are of a window-frame type. The magnet BP4 isinstalled upstream of a crotch, so the vacuum
chamber of BP4 has a slot through which a photon
beam comes; the cross section of BP4 is C-shaped.

160
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V·2·12.

Measurement of a 50S MHz Model Coupler for
the SPring·S Storage Ring

K. Inoue, Y. Kawashima, T. Nakamura, and M. Hara
In the SPring-8 storage ring, eight 508.58 MHz
cavities are located in each of four 6.5-m straightsections with low-betatron functions. The RF
power generated by a CW klystron is fed to theeight single-cell cavities through input couplers.
Thus a total of 32 couplers are needed during
operation.
The input coupler consists of an adaptor froma waveguide to a coaxial line, an RF window for
vacuum seal, and a loop antenna. We decided
following design policies of the input couplers for
the SPring-8 storage ring.
(1) A total of voltage standing wave ratio iswithin 1.05.
(2) A multipactoring discharge on the RF
window is reduced as low as possible.

0 0
$21

511

RF
NETWORKANALVZER

Fig. 2. Schematic cross section of the model coupler.

511
REF -10.0 dB
10.0 dB/log MAG52'1
REF -10 .0 dB
10 .0 dB/log MAGC

Fig. 1. Photograph of the model coupler.

According to these policies, we have fabricateda model coupler shown in Fig. 1 to study its RF
characteristics. A schematic cross section of themodel coupler is shown in Fig. 2. It includes a
WR1500 rectangular waveguide, an adaptor fromthe waveguide to a WX152D coaxial line, acylindrical RF window, and a loop antenna. We
have adopted a cylindrical RF window, 152 mm
in diameter, 193 mm long, 5 mm thick, made of
95% alumina ceramics, which is successfully
used for KEK TRISTAN APS cavities operating
at 508 MHz,1) and located it at the transition
from the waveguide to the coaxial line. The end
plates of the rectangular waveguide and thecoaxial line are movable. The direction of theloop antenna was adjusted by rotating the coaxial line. RF characteristics were measured by aA.

SII REFLECTION

~

,/'

/f\

--- ---CENTER
SPAN

--

~ .......... S21 TRANSMISSION

r--

~

-0;>

0. ~09500000 GHz
0.005000000 GHz

Fig. 3. Measured resonance of the 508 MHz
model cavity.

reflection and transmission method with a network analyzer. Figure 3 shows a preliminary
result of the resonance characteristics of themodel cavity 2) when the model coupler is

K. Inoue et al.

mounted on a coupler port.
Weare planning to measure its RF characteristics in detail and carry out high power tests using
a I-MW klystron 3 ).
References
1) M. Akemoto and T. Yamazaki: "High Power Input

161

Coupler for the Tristan APS Cavity", Proc. 7th Symp.
Accel. Sci. Technol. (Osaka, Japan) (1989).
2) K. Inoue, T . Kusaka, Y. Kawashima, T. Nakamura,and M. Hara: This Reort p. 162.
3) K. Inoue, Y. Kawashima, T. Nakamura, and M.
Hara: This Report p. 166 .

162
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V·2·13.

Measurement of a 508 MHz Model Cavity for
the SPri ng·8 Storage Ri ng

K. Inoue, T. Kusaka,* Y. Kawashima, T. Nakamura, and M. Hara
In the SPring-8 storage ring, it is necessary to
reduce the intrinsic higher-order mode impedances of cavities. We designed a sphericallyshaped cavity.l)
A model cavity was fabricated to examine its
RF characteristics. Cross section of the model

modes were observed below 1.5 GHz. The resonant frequency in the TM010 mode was 509.965
MHz and agreed well with a calculated value.
The Q-value of the TM010 mode was 23580, 84%of the calculated value. The electric and magnetic field distributions for intrinsic higher-ordermodes were measured by a perturbation
method. 3 ,4) A metal sphere, a teflon sphere, ametal disk, and a metal needle were used as
perturbing objects. The results are shown in Fig.
2 and agree well with MAX3D5) calculations. The
geometrical factor R/Q (R: shunt impedance)
also agrees well with calculated values as shownin Table 1.
Table 1. Comparison of R/Q values measured in several
resonant modes with calculation.
Mode

420

Fig. 1. Cross section of the model cavity.

cavity is shown in Fig. l. The resonant frequency in a TM010 mode was designed to be
508.58 MHz in the model cavity. Because theresonant frequency change due to an input coupler port was calculated to be -1. 48 MHz, theresonant frequency of the axially-symmetricstructure was designed to be 510.06 MHz. The
equatorial radius of the model cavity was
designed to be 254. 7 mm, and the resonant frequency change corresponding to a machining
error of ±0.1 mm was +0.217 MHz fromSUPERFISH2) calculations. The resonant frequency in the air was calculated to 509.924 ±
0.217 MHz, because the model cavity is tested in
the atmosphere. The fabrication process of themodel cavity was divided into two steps as follows, and RF characteristics were measured ineach process.
In the first step, the model cavity machined outof 5052 aluminum alloy has four q, 22 mm holes
for measuring probes. Resonant frequencies andQ-values were measured by a reflection methodwith a network analyzer. Twenty resonant• Kobe Steel, Ltd.

TM010
TElll
TM110

R/Q( n or n/m )Measured

Calculated

160.026
40.392260.464151.12972.702228.713

TMOll

67.19165.122

TM111

290.557

310.505

In the second step, additional four ports weremachined in the model cavity. These ports wereprepared for an input coupler, two frequency
tuners, and a damping coupler which suppresses
high-order modes. The Q-value of the TM010
mode at a frequency of 508.58 MHz with an input
coupler and three frequency tuners was 21400,
which was 76.5% of a calculated value.
We are planning to fabricate a prototype cavity and carry out high power tests using a 1-MW
klystron. 6 )References
1) T. Kusaka, T. Yoshiyuki, T. Moro, and M. Hara:
RIKEN Acce!. Prog. Rep., 22, 265 (1988).
2) K. Halback and R.F. Holsinger: Particle Accelerators.,
7, 213 (1976).
3) Y. Yamazaki, K. Takata, and S. Tokumoto: KEK
80-8, AUG. (1980).
4) L.c. Maier, Jr. and J,c. Slater: ]. Appl. Phys., 23, 1(1952) .
5) M. Hara, T. Wada, K. Mitomori, and F. Kikuchi:
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 20, 199 (1986).

163

K. Inoue et at.

TM010 Mode

TM011 Mode

II~--------------'
509.961 (MHz)12~--------------,

10

101105.241 (104Hz)•

Ez.meas•ELcalc1020

1$Ez.calc

10

II

20

II

25

z [em]

Z [em]

TM110 Mode

TM111 Mode
12121078.62 (104Hz)

765.564 (104Hz)
10

-:
Eo

Ez.meas10. ..•.

.
a7-.-..~~.

\.

Hv.measEv.calc

\ ,,

r--'

-. Hv.calc. , , . ., ...

":E-

aaaai.

/,,
I.................

I
0

IS

10

0

20

·

~

~,

0

a

I
••• ,
/.

Ev.meas

25

0

,.

.

,
.' ,

~

EV.meas
HV.measEv.calc_. Hv.calc

., ,
\

.

10

IS

10

25

z [em]

Z [em]TE111 Mode

TE211 Mode

1212710.336 (104Hz)

900.671 (104Hz)

10

10

.,

~

l'

,
.'

t-",

,.I.'

a

\

.1

.

\
~
\

I

··

1•

_. Hv.calc

I

0
10

IS

20

25

Z [Cm)

EV.measHz.meas~!!I:·!·:'I"!·'I:II

0
0

Ez.meas• . Hv.meas...)-.

\

., '.

•1

2

Hv.measEv.calc\IaEv.meas

0

10

IS

20

2S

Z [Cm]

Fig. 2. RF characteristics measured with the model cavity with an axially-symmetric structure.

6) K. Inoue, Y. Kawashima, T. Nakamura, and M.

Hara: This Report, p. 166.

164
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-14.

Design of the Prototype Cavity for the SPring-8 Storage Ring
K. Inoue, Y. Kawashima, T. Nakamura, and M. Hara

Single-cell cavities consisting of 32 pieces with afrequency of 508. 58 MHz are installed on thestraight lines of 6.5 m in length in the SPring-8
storage ring. We have made a cold model cavity
and measured its RF properties. 1) Results are consistent well with calculation and confirmed to bewell fitted to the RF feature expected. Furthermore, to examine high power RF, we newly
designed a prototype cavity. The design principles
are listed below.
1) Two plungers for a frequency tuner are
mounted opposite to each other to suppress thesymmetry breaking for the distribution of an electro-magnetic field in the cavity as small as possible.
Their installed lengths from the inside surface ofthe cavity is decided to be 10 mm, and one of themis movable and the other is fixed.
2) A coupling coefficient for an input coupler
should be 1 because the prototype cavity has nobeam loading.
3) Under above two conditions, the diameter atthe equator of the cavity is 510.2 mm, corresponding to a resonant frequency of 508.58 MHz.
4) Even if a shift from the resonant frequency
happens for thermal deformation due to the energy
loss on the surface of the cavity estimated as 100
kW, a frequency tuner can recover 508.58 MHz.
The temperature of the inside surface of the cavity
that has a structure easily being cooled down must
be kept constant everywhere. 2)
In order to examine the influences of the different processes for joining two copper plates in making a cavity on an RF and a vacuum, two methods
using diffusion bonding and electron beam welding
are adopted. Both cavities are made of oxygen-freehigh-conductivity copper (OFHC). Their cross sections made by two different methods are shown in
Fig. l(a) and (b). The type (a) is made by the dif-

Fig. 1. Two cavities made through different processes;
type (a) is made by the diffusion method. (b) is shaped
the inside of copper blocks, then two blocks are joined.

fusion-bonding method using a copper plate of 40
mm in thickness. One side of the cavity (right-handside from the bonding place in Fig. l(a» is madefrom 6 copper plates welded by the above method,the other consists of 3 copper plates. Five ports
for an input coupler, two frequency tuners, a damping coupler, and an RF pick-Up probe are made ina bigger copper block. Furthermore, some vacuum
flanges are attached. Two blocks are then bonded
after precise machining. By this method, they are
bonded with less insert metal.
On the other hand, in type (b), after two OFHC
blocks are shaped into designed forms, they areconnected at the equator to each other. In connection, temperature is suppressed below 60°C, tomake thermal displacement small.
As an input coupler, we adopt the 508.58 MHzinput coupler developed for KEK TRISTAN MR. 3)
The RF window shown in Fig. 2 is made of cylin-

695

Fig. 2.

Cross section of a cylindrical RF window.

K. Inoue et ai.

drical ceramic. We are also designing another disktype RF window.
We will test both cavities by using a 1 MW -Klystron, which is being constructed at RIKEN, 4) andthen design a practical cavity for the SPring-8.
References
1) K. Inoue, T. Kusaka, Y. Kawashima, T. Nakamura,165

and M. Hara: This Report, p. 162.
2) T. Kusaka, K. Inoue, T. Yoshiyuki, and M. Hara:
RIKEN Accl. Prog. Rep., 23 156 (1989).
3) M. Akemoto, and T. Yamazaki: "High power input
coupler for the TRISTAN APS cavity", Proc. 7th
Symp. Accel. Sci. and Technol., (Osaka, Japan, 1989).
4) K. Inoue, Y. Kawashima, T. Nakamura, and M. Hara:
This Report, p. 166.

166
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-1S.

Test Stand of a Klystron for the SPring-8 Storage Ring
K. Inoue, Y. Kawashima, T. Nakamura, and M. Hara

A test stand consisting of a klystron and its
waveguide is being constructed in the cyclotronphysics experimental building. The klystron generates about 1 MW radiofrequency (RF) power incontinuous wave (CW). This is also the samemodel as that to be installed in the ring site of theSPring-8 and supplies a 508.58 MHz RF power toControl system

Input
RF system

D.C. power supply

IMW
dummy
loed

Singleor

5 cellce<JityFig. 1. Block diagram of the test stand for the klystronand the RF cavity.

RF cavities for a storage and a synchrotronrings. In order to investigate characters of the
klystron and, furthermore, take various data for
the final design work of RF cavities, various
studies are carried out.
The block diagram of the test stand is shownin Fig. 1 and its side view in the building in Fig.
2. The specifications of the klystron are listed inTable 1. As a cooling system for the collector
parts of the klystron, vapor cooling has been
used, but we improved it to more powerful watercooling. The klystron unit has three operation
modes, a storage-ring, a synchrotron, and a pulse
modes. The first one is a constant amplitude andcontinuous wave mode. In the second one, theoutput power level is modulated in accordancewith a pattern required for a synchrotron acceleration at a repetition of 1 Hz. The pulse one
generates a pulsed RF power of a 10 ,us-l ms
width and is used for aging the klystron andcavities.
In order to protect the klystron from an accident, for example, when a load is short-circuited,a crowbar works within 6 ,us. Once the crowbar
is triggered, the cathode voltage is shortcircuited at least 20 ms long until the vacuum
circuit breaker (VCB) on an AC power line is off.
The input system of the klystron comprises a
signal generator, a preamplifer, a circulator witha load, and an amplitude and phase monitor.
To handle up to a 1.2 MW power level
between the klystron and a cavity, the WR1500(15" x 7.5") rectangular waveguide made of the~

1m

Fig. 2. Layout of the test stand in the bUilding.

K. Inoue et al.
Table 1. Relevant parameters of the klystron.
Company

Toshiba

Type

E3786

Frequency

508.58 MHz

Heater power
Anode vol.

23.0A x 11.2V
64.5kV/current
Cathode vol.
/beam current
Drive power

95 kV
19.95 A
3.8W

RF power

1.2MW

Efficiency

63.4%

2.2mA

167

6063-T5 aluminum is used. The electrical andthermal conductivities are 3.2 X 10 7 mhos/m and1.95 W /cmoC, respectively. Air is flowed inside
the waveguide for cooling.
In the first stage, the studies on the performance of the klystron and the waveguide systempropagating RF power of more than 1 MW fromthe klystron are examined by using a watercooled dummy load of 1 MW rating. And then RF
cavities are installed. There are two type RF
cavities. One is single-cell for a storage ring andthe other consists of 5 cells for a synchrotron.
Their input couplers and tuners are tested withor without RF power from the klystron. The test
stand is to be completed early 1991.

168
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V·2·16.

AII·Metal Gate Valve with an RF Contact

s. Yokouchi, K. Yagi, * K. Yoshida, * T. Ohbayashi, * and S. H. Be
We manufactured an all-metal gate valve with an
RF contact on trial. Table 1 gives main specifications of the gate valve. The gate valve at the open
position is shown in Fig. 1. The present valve bodywas made of stainless-steel, but that to be used in
the practical SR ring is made of aluminum-alloy
except a part of valve seats and disks. A technique
is employed, which provides an enclosed evacuatedspace between double seals, thereby reducing theTable 1.

~Main specification.

Pressure range
Leak rate

10 -11-760 Torrless than IXIO-10Torr·l/s

body and valve seal part*Materials
Main parts
RF contact
OthersCompressed air pressure

SUS304Be-Cu
AI-alloy
5-7 kgf/cm2G

Bakeout temperature
Flange dimension

GN21

5 k8f/crn2~

Fig. 3.

150°C
JVIS 003 NB 100
Bakeable Flange* Differentia] pressure on the valve seal is 1 atm in either direction.

Valve seal part.

Fig. 4.

Test system.

pressure difference across the seals and decreasing
the leak rate of the seals. In the open position, theRF contact which has the same geometry as thebeam chamber can bring about a direct electricalconnection between two body flanges. Applying thethrusting force of an actuator to cam parts, which
are connected to a carrier and two disks by a linkmechanism (see Fig. 2), the sealing force between
the seats and disks coated with silver is amplified
by F/F 0> 1. The further amplification of the sealing
force is obtained by pushing the disks with a small
arc to tapered seats polished like a mirror (see Fig.
3). The deformation amount of the valve disks andseats due to the sealing force is within an elastic
limit.

Fig. 1.

Outside view.

Disk

FO
Cam

Disk

Fig. 2.

Carrier

Amplification mechanism of sealing force.

* Osaka Vacuum, Ltd.

To investigate the leakage reliability at seals, we
actuated the valve 1,000 times using the test system as shown in Fig. 4. The results show that theperformance is not yet satisfied completely because
there are a leak of the order of 10- 8 Torr'l's- lover several times during actuations of these first
1,000 times. However, the present leak rate canbe reduced to less 1 x 10- 10 Torr'l's- l by
evacuating the enclosed space between double
seals.
To improve fluctuation of the leak rate to 1 x
10- 10 Torr'l's-I, we are planning an investigationof the relation between the sealing pressure andthe leak rate.

169
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-17.

Pumping Speed of NEG Strips Distributed in
a 4 m-Long Vacuum Chamber

S. Yokouchi, T. Nishidono, S. R. In, * H. Daibo, K. Watanabe, and S. H. Be
We measured the pumping speeds of NEG (St707) strips distributed in a 4 m-Iong AI-alloy vacuum chambers 1) manufactured for the R&D of theSpring-8. The NEG strips were installed in thestraight section chamber (SSC) in four rows and in
the bending magnet chamber (BMC) in two rows.
The effective length per row is 360 cm both in SSC
and in BMC. The total effective surface areas of
the NEG strips in SSC and BMC are 7,776 and
3,888 cm2 , respectively.

'0'

:=(a)
c

0

,

O<nm>h
~

-g
Q)

0-

f/)

Cl

c
'0.

f - - ~::;

E
;)
n.

,

I

,o~

10"

10 1

10 2

10'1

'0'

i=(b

-

L(- 350 em)"<lAG ~;

0

0( ~

'0..

I~

VLV

~

-

CH2

OJ
'0'"

.j. To fore pump

IG1-IG5 : lonizalion gauge
TMP : Turbo-molecular pump

V1,V2 : Right angle valve
VLV: Variable lea~ valve

Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of themeasurement setup for BMC. The base pressure
was in the range of 10- 10 Torr after a bakeout at
140°C for 40 hours. The NEG strips were activatedat 450°C for 25 hours before measurements for H2 .
For CO, the activation was performed at 450°C for
50 minutes before measurements. We calculated
the average pumping speed, Sa, from

Fig. 2. Average pumping speeds per unit length for H:~ andCO at the beam chambers of (a) SSC and (b) BMC.

Figures 2 (a) and (b) show the average pumping
speeds for H2 and CO at the beam chambers of
SSC and BMC, respectively. Using these resultsand Eq. 2, we obtained normalized pumping speedsof the NEG strips in SSC and BMC for H2 and CO
as shown in Fig. 3 (a) and (b). The pumping~(a)* On leave of absence from KAERI, Korea.

C

BMC

o

ssc

~

-

al

~

rJ)

~

10·t

OJ
C

'0.

§

a..

10-2
10"

10 7

10 "

I

I

I

'0 -$

' 0-4

10 ~

Amount of gas Sorbed (Torr,I,cm·2)~(b)where n is the number of NEG strips.

'0'

'00

(1)

where Qo is the throughput injected to thechamber in Torr'l's-\ and can be obtained fromQ0 = C x (P 1 - P 2). Since it is difficult to know
the true P(x), we assumed P(x) = Ps x f(x) x
cosh (kx) , where k = (1/ L) cosh -1 (A/Ps), and f (x)is the quadratic determined by P3, P4, and Ps.
Finally, we got So from

So= (l/Sa - 1/Cs)-1(350/360)/n/ 5.4

'0 '

'0"

Amount of gas Sorbed (Torr·l·cm· 1 )Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the measurement setup for
BMC. P(x) is the pressure at x in Torr, Sa the average
pumping speed at the beam chamber per unit length inl's- lcm- I, Su the pumping speed of the NEG strip perunit length in l's- lcm-I, So the pumping speed of the
NEG strip per unit area in l's- l cm- 2 , C s the conductanceof the slot per unit length in l's -lcm- I, L the length ofthe distributed NEG strip in em, Co the conductance ofthe orifice in l 's- I, and PII P2, P3, P4, and P5 the pressure
measured at IGl, IG2, IG3, IG4, and IG5 in Torr,
respectively.

Sa=Qo/1Lp (x) dx

'0'

10°

Amount of gas Sorbed (Torr,l·cm· 1)(2)

I '0·'

~

C

BMC

0

ssc

I

I

u.a>O<tl

b c~

=-

C/)
Ol

c
'0.

E

I

;)

Q..

'0. 2
'0"

10 7

10-6

10..$

...

10 3

Amount of gas Sorbed (Torr.l.cm-2)

Fig. 3. Pumping speeds per unit area of the NEG strips
in SSC and BMC for (a) H2 and (b) CO.

170

s. Y okouchi et al.

speeds for H2 is fairly constant because of the wellknown bulk-diffusion. 2) On the other hand, thepumping speeds for CO decrease rapidly with anincrease in the amount of sorbed CO. 3) The dependence of the pumping speed on the amount ofsorbed gas is similar to that of a short piece of
NEG strip4) for both H2 and CO. However, thepumping speed for H2 is rather lower than that of
the NEG strip piece. For CO, the maximum pumping speed is lower than that of the NEG strip pieceby one order. This disagreement is a problem
remaining unsolved.

References
1) S. Yokouchi, H. Sakamoto, T. Nishidono, Y.
Morimoto, and S. H. Be: ]. Vac. Soc. Jpn., 33, 258(1990).
2) R.J. Knize and J. L. Cecchi: ]. Appl. Phys., 54, 3183
(1983).
3) C. Benvenuti and F. Francia:]. Vac. Sci. Technol., 6,2528 (1988).
4) Y.P. Lee, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, H. Sakamoto, T.
Nishidono, N. Hinago, and S.H. Be:]. Vac. Soc. Jpn.,
33, 154 (1990).

171
RIKEN AcceL Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V·2·18.

Experimental Device for Measurement of
Photon Induced Gas Desorption

K. Watanabe, S.R. In, S. Yokouchi, K. Yano, and S.H. Be
Gases desorbed by photodesorption influenceelectron beam lifetimes in a storage ring. In fact,
it was reported that as an electron beam is injected
into the storage ring chamber, the pressure
increases from 10- 11 Torr to 10- 6 Torr and thelifetime becomes a few minutes. The photodesorption is said to be caused by primary photons (synchrotron radiation), secondary photons (reflect lightand fluorescence), secondary electrons (photoelectron, Compton electron and Auger electron), and soon. However, the mechanism of the photodesorption has not been clear. Recently, Trickett l )suggested that an outgassing rate is not proportional to a photocurrent, but is proportional to afluorescent flux. Further, our calculations show thatphotodesorption yield 'Yl, which is the number ofdesorbed molecules per photon, is independent of
the critical photon energy. 2)
To investigate the dependence of outgassing on
fluorescence and photoelectron, and the dependence of l] on critical photon energy, we are planning
experiments. Figure 1 shows the experimental
apparatus. Synchrotron radiation with a critical

SR : synchrolron racialion

HC : horizonlal coIlimalor

MRA : movable radlalion absorber

VC : vertical collimalor

IG l,IG2 : ionization gaugeo : orifice

V : valve
TMP : lurbomolecular pump

TC : lesl chamber
QMA : quadrupole mass analyzer

F : fluorescence

SSO : solid slale delectorlS : lead shieldFig. 1.

Schematic drawing of the experimental apparatus.

300

ICFl14

Fig. 2.

Test chamber.

photon energy of 26 ke V is adjusted with a horizontal collimator and a vertical collimator to be 5 x 5mm2 in cross section. As shown in Fig. 2, the test
chamber is a cylindrical tube of 60 mm in diameterand 300 mm in length. The chamber is made ofoxygen free copper, which is considered to be used
as an absorbing material. The chamber is cooledwith water to reduce thermal desorption when thechamber is irradiated with synchrotron radiation.
The flange attached to the port for the measurement of fluorescence is installed at one end of thetest chamber; a beryllium window of 1 mm in thickness is installed at the end of the port. The fluorescence passing through a hole of 1 mm in diameteron a lead shield is detected by a solid-state detector. In this experiment, we pay attention to thefluorescence of absorption edge energy, 8.98 keY,of the copper K shell, because synchrotron radiation is mostly attenuated by a photoelectric effect.
Further, the fluorescence yield of the copper K
shell has somewhat a large value, 0.374. The outgassing rate is measured by a throughput method.
The gas species are observed by a quadrupole
mass analyzer.
References
1) B. Trickett: Proceedings of SR Vacuum Workshop,
RIKEN, p.428 (1990).
2) S.R. In and S.H.Be: This Report, p. 178.

172
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-19.

Vacuum Characteristics of a NEG Wafer Module

S.R. In, T. Maruyama, * Y.P. Lee, ** S. Yokouchi, and S.H. Be
We have studied the vacuum characteristics of a
St 707 non-evaporable getter (NEG) wafer module,
which is the basic structure element of the lumped
NEG pump (LNP) for the crotch of the SPring-8
storage ring. The main purposes of the unit NEG
module experiment are to study the physical properties of NEG and to consider the geometricaleffect of the wafer module configuration.
Figure 1 schematically shows the experimental
apparatus for measuring the pumping speed of the
NEG wafer module. A standard test dome which
has an orifice between two chambers was used.
The base pressure of the experimental chamber
was in the lower 10- 10 Torr range.

.....

~
~

'-

Iii

~

~

......,.
~-0-S
q-1.2x10' (Torr.Vs) \Qo-O.028(Torr.Vg)- 1.46(Torr.1)

H2

:

~

Smax~390(Vs)
iII\

71

co Q"'1.3x10- 6 (Torr.Vs)~

Smax- 600(Vs)SIP (2 0 115)--trIG3

V2, ~jii-- ~ ~VV2
,,_'"
Ll~

CHAM BER~REPUMP

1r---f----1~ :~~"" ~ ,~"""")
VV I

p

10

ORIFI CE (4)5 mm)-~

q- 1.3x10- 5(Torr.Vs)
Smax-125(Vs)

N2

0

"
10 -2

"I

10 -5

10 -4

10 -3

~
10 -1

10 0

Q(Torr.l)Fig. 2. Pumping speeds of NEG wafer module for H2 , CO,and N2 as a function of sorption amount of each gas.

PEG

PIG

~

~

--0--

GAS INLET

,

-;;0

1--

~

500---/-__--.,--.

.... 400300 -SIP : Sputt er I on Pump
V 1.2: Manu al Gat e Valve
IGI .2 .3 : Ionization Gauge
VL V : Val l abl e Leak Valve
QMA: Quadrupo l e Mass Analyzer

VV1,2 : Ventin g Valve
NEG : Non-Eva porab l e Gette r ( Zr- V-Fe) Wafer
PI G : Plranl Gauge
PEG : Penni ng Gauge
TM P : Turbo Mol ec ular Pum p

200
100-

I!ll!lc/04-~~~r-~~~~~,-~~

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of experimental setup for NEG
wafer module.

Activation of NEG was carried out at the flat-top
temperature of 450°C for sufficient time. Activation
followed by H2 injection was continued until the initial gas quantity, Q 0, sorbed per unit mass of NEG
reached a desired level, though the dependence ofthe pumping speed on Qo is very weak. Q o of H2
was obtained from the NEG temperature and thechamber pressure by Sievert's law. I)
Activation for other gases such as CO and N2
was performed not to reduce Qo's of these gases,
but to enhance the diffusion of sorbed molecules
into the bulk of NEG and make its surface fresh.
One-hour-activation at 450°C was usually sufficient
to reproduce preceding conditions.

* Osaka Vacuum Ltd.
** RIST, Pohang, Korea.

10

100

1000

~ 10-4 _ - - - - - - - - - - - ,(;J~10-5 n~ ~ V ~
~

10-6
10-7

~

start baking out

0

ge
'J

..

10

100

1000

_10- 6<:::"10-7
10-8
10-9

•

10- 10D.\

10- 11
10- 12
10

100

1000

time(min)Fig. 3. Temporal vanatlOns of a) NEG temperature, b)
chamber pressures, and c) mass spectrum.

S.R. In et at.

The measurement of a pumping speed was performed at room temperature. The pumping speed,
S(l/s), was obtained by a throughput method. The
total gas quantity, Q(Torr'I), sorbed in NEG was
obtained by integrating the gas injection rate, q(Torr' lis), with respect to time.
Figure 2 shows the S-Q relationships for H2,
CO, and N2. The maximum S's are 390(lIs), 600(lis), and 125(lIs), respectively. S for H2 is almost
constant owing to the diffusion into the bulk, while
those for CO and N2 decrease quickly as the NEG
surface becomes saturated with sorbed gases. The
NEG surface of the wafer module was almost saturated with CO or N2 of about 10- 1-10° (Torr' I).
The variation in the mass spectrum obtained witha quadrupole mass analyzer (QMA) with time during activation is shown in Fig. 3. Although the peak173

heights of mass 16, 18, 28, and 44 increase at first
due to initial contamination on the NEG surface,that of 2 becomes dominant because of the high diffusion rate of hydrogen atoms to the NEG surface
from the bulk at elevated temperature, and increaseof the H2 desorption rate.
The calculation of S by a Monte Carlo methodin parallel with the distributed pump model, using
a sticking coefficient obtained in the NEG strip
experiment,2) is now in progress.
References
1)

J. Briesacher, N. Toyoda, C. Boffito, and F. Doni:

Ultra Clean Technol., 1, 49 (1990).
2) Y.P. Lee, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, H. Sakamoto, T.
Nishidono, and S.H. Be: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep.,
23, 141 (1989).

174
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-20.

Performance Test of Lumped NEG Pump

S.R. In: T. Maruyama:* S Yokouchi, and S.H. Be
In the vacuum system of SPring-8, synchrotron
radiation produced in bending magnets is mostlyintercepted by crotches and absorbers. To protect
other vacuum components from severe inrush of
the photo-desorbed particles from the crotches andabsorbers, a proper pumping system of sufficientpumping speed and capacity must be prepared. A
Lumped NEG Pump (LNP) was manufactured andtested to examine such requirement.
Structure of LNP A proto-type LNp 1) consists of

14 St 707 non-evaporable getter (NEG) wafer modules installed concentrically in a cylindrical housing
made of AI-alloy. The inner virtual surface made by
14 wafer modules forms a strong adsorbing cylindrical channel of which diameter and length are all 250
mm. The diameter of the pumping port is 200 mm,
and the total weight of the LNP is about 45 kgf.
Performance test of LNP Figure 1 shows aschematic diagram of the experimental setup.
Figure 2 indicates the pumping speeds of the LNP
for H2, CO, N2 and CO 2. CO is more reactive with
the NEG material and, consequently, has a higher
sticking coefficient than H2. However the pumping

LNP : Lumped Neg Pump
TMP : Turbo Molecular Pump
QMA : Quadrupole Mass Analyur

BAG 1.2, Bayonl·AIpen Nude Gauge
A.V : Manual Angle Valve
G. V : Manual Gate ValveVLV : Variable Leak Valve

10 2 +n.............oh-.....--.......,t.....,.,......h....--...........
10 ' 8 10 ' 7 10 ' 6 10 ' 5 10. 4 10' 3 10 . 2 10 .1

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for
the LNP.

Q(torr.llcm2)
a}

10000
H2-

U
Q)

Ia

1000

++++
II

~

PIlL

Q.

en

, .,

N2 ....

"t:J
Q)
Q)

r-

~

100

CO2

CI
C

C.
E
:;,

0)

10

CO:::;::D.

I

I

1 10 •10 10.9

1==

c
Q.

E 10 1
:J

I

ID..
10-0

10.7

10-0

10.5

10-4

10.3

10.2

10. 1

-----

SnIWCOSnfSCO(Vs)Q (torr.l/cm2)

Fig. 2. Pumping speeds of the LNP for H2, CO, N2 , andCO 2 as a function of the sorption amount of each gas.
Fig. 3. Comparison of measured pumping speeds of the
LNP for a) H2 and b) CO with calculated pumping speeds
using the data of 1 wafer module experiment.

* On leave from KAERI, Dajeon, Korea.
** Osaka Vacuum Ltd.

175

S. R. In. et ai.

speed of H2 is higher than that of CO in the LNP
structure because NEG strips are folded into ahighly integrated fonn in the LNP, and the pumping
speed depends strongly on the conductance as wellas the sticking coefficient. In Fig. 3 the pumping
speeds of the LNP for H2 and CO calculated fromthe data obtained with 1 wafer module are compared with the observed pumping speeds of the
LNP. In this calculation, we took into account the
distributed characteristics of the LNP pumping
channel, and conductance to the pump entrance.
Figure 3 shows slight but allowable discrepancies
between the two values.
The chamber pressure during activation was in
the range of 10- 6 - 10- 7 Torr, depending on theamount of H2 sorbed in the NEG. The maximum
temperature of the AI-alloy housing was controlledeasily just below 150°C even without water cooling.
This scheme of activation had an additional benefit
that the pump housing and the adjacent chamber
could be baked out at a time with activation. The
influence of desorbed gas molecules from a baked
wall on the resultant pumping speed of the LNP
after activation was tolerable. Figure 4 shows thetemperature variations at several positions in the
LNP and the test chamber during activation of

1000

I

\

~
l!!
:::I

~
CD

100

Q.

E

~

10

r

r

""-Tnog____ Tchamber___ T,
- 12
__
13
--0-

I

o

500

Time

1000

T.

I
1500

(min)

Fig. 4. Temporal variations in the temperature of the LNP
and the test chamber.

NEG. In a typical control mode for the NEG temperature, the power consumption of the LNP was
about 1.1 kW at the temperature rise stage, andabout 700 W at a flat-top temperature of 450°C.
References
1) S. Yokouchi, Y. Yamano, T. Nishidono, Y. Morimoto,
Y.P. Lee, and S.H. Be: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 23,
138 (1989).

176
RIKEN Acce1. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-21. Alteration of the Cracking Pattern of CO2 with COGenerated on the Hot Filaments of the Pressure Gauges
S.R. In, * T. Maruyama, ** and S.H. Be
A residual gas analyzer is used to determine thekinds of gas molecules contained in a vacuum system. However measured mass spectra confuse us
occasionally with many unexpected mass peaks ofvarious fragment ions produced in the reaction volume of the analyzer. Since a gas analyzer has its
specific cracking pattern for a gas species, we canidentify the mass number and calculate the gas
composition. If there are other reactions producing
undesired molecules, however, we face difficulties
in confirmation of gas species.
Figure 1 shows time dependence of the relative

28

0

:;:

as

a:

-

100

~

.c

D)

10

'a;

l:
~

as

CD

Il.

.~

.1

a:

.01

0

:;:

0

as

a:

-

---0--

C;
Gi

100

20

40

60

80

100

Time (min)

~

.c

1000

10

Fig. 2. Variations in the ratio of a 28 peak and a 44 peakduring a preprogrammed experiment of CO 2 injection.

D)

'a;

l:
~

as

CD

Il.
CD

>
as
Gi

:;:

a:

Time (min)Fig. 1. Temporal evolutions of the relative peak heightsof the mass 28 and 44.

peak heights of mass 28 and 44 during the measurement of the pumping speed for CO 2 in a test
chamber of a non-evaporable getter (NEG) wafer
module. 1) This figure indicates that the CO concentration is changed inversely with the variation in
the pumping speed of the NEG for CO. Hot filaments inevitably used in the pressure gauges are
considered to be main sources of spurious reactions. 2) The change in the peak height ratio of mass
28 to 44 as given in Fig. 2 was obtained in theexperiment programmed to examine possible sour-* On leave from Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute,Dajeon, Korea.

* * Osaka Vacuum, Ltd.

ces, including a quadrupole mass analyzer (QMA) ,extracter gauge (EXTR), sputter ion pump (SIP),
and NEG, for the CO generation. From this figure
we can recognize that the filament of QMA is oneof the most probable CO sources.
To measure the rate of CO generation weutilized a standard test chamber containing noNEG. Typical experimental conditions and someselected results are summarized in Table 1. The
rate of the CO pressure change is represented as
the total generation rate of CO minus the effective
pumping speed for CO. In the steady state the CO
generation rate is obtained by multiplying the peakheight ratio of 28 to 44 by the pumping speed for
CO. Consequently we obtain the CO generation
rates of 0.2 lis for the QMA filament with 1 rnAemission current, 0.3 lis for 5 rnA emission current, and 0.5 lis for the BA gauge filament. In conclusion, if the effective pumping speed for CO in
an experiment system is at least afew tens of lis
like the situation of the LNP test chamber, we canconfidently use the measured pumping speed for
CO 2 •

177

S. R. In et ai.

Table 1.

CO generation rates on the hot filaments.
1/ (l0'11A)

Exp. Conditions

B.A

QMA Ie (rnA) GAS

(1)

0

0

1

(2)

0

0
0
0
0
0

1

(3)

i)

ii)
(4)

i)
ii)

X
X
X
X

1
1
5
5

X
0
X
0
X
0

44

28

1.0

3.8

19.7

12.2

0.51

0.715

28.6

3.77

74.4

104.4

2500

510

CO generation rate (I/s)

BA+QMA(2)-(1) ;
0.7

I

QMA
(3)ii- (3)i;
0.2

II

BA
I)-II);

0.5(4)ii-(4)i;0.3

o : Tum on or Injection
X : Tum off or no Injection

References
1) S.R. In, T. Maruyama, Y.P. Lee, S. Yokouchi, andS.H. Be: This Report, p. 172.
2) P.E. Gear: Vacuum, 26, 3 (1975).

178
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V·2·22.

Estimation of the Photo·Desorption Yield of OFHC Absorber
S.R. In * and S.H. Be

Gas molecules desorbed from oxygen free highpurity copper (OFHC) absorbers by interacting withsynchrotron radiation are major constituents ofresidual gas of the SPring-8 storage ring during a
beam-on operation. The desorption rate is influenced by many factors such as beam energy, beam
current, incidence angle, material conditions at thesurface and in the bulk of absorber, and history ofmachine operation. Therefore, theoretical estimation of the photo-desorption yield and application of
the experimental results to a practical system are
not easy. However we should evaluate the quantitative effect of the photo-desorption to provide therequirements for material selection and pumping
system design.
The photo-desorption rate is obtained by multiplying a photo-desorption yield by a photon incident
rate. The latter depends only on the machineparameters and is easily given, but the evaluationof the fonner is considerably difficult, because thephoto-desorption yield depends on both machine
and material parameters. Fortunately, however, it
has been revealed that the photo-desorption yieldis nearly independent of a photon energy spectrum.
Hence, we can conveniently use the results onother systems of machine parameters different
from ours.
Figure 1 shows a rearranged and combined

10

10

CD

'C

U)

Qj

ii:

>=

~::I

C

.2

U)
U)

1

!

Co

Q.

0

u

CD
'C

C

s::.

U)

E
lIS

0
0

>Q

Q.

graph of the photo-desorption yield 1] obtained fromtwo separate experiments in the different range ofcritical photon energy. 1,2) Variation in 1] is less than
expected one, and 1] can be considered approximately constant over the most range of the criticalphoton energy. On this premise we estimate thephoto-desorption yield of a crotch made of OFHC
under the operational conditions of SPring-8 byusing experimental data3) obtained in PF at KEKwith an OFHC sample. 1] is expressed as [photondose] - 2/3, where the photon dose is a function ofbeam energy multiplied by accumulated beam current, D [A.HJ. Thus, 17 = AD -2/3, where A is aconstant detennined by a specific beam energy andexperimental data. The photo-desorption yields
obtained by this procedure for H2 and CO areapproximately 7 X lO-5D-2/3 and 5 X lO-6D - 2/3,
respectively, under the normal conditions ofSPring-8.
The photo-desorption rate, consequent chamberpressure rise, depletion of the pumping capacity ofa non-evaporable getter (NEG), and resulting
pumping speed reduction of a lumped NEG pump
(LNP) can be calculated by using the photo-desorption yield given above and other machine parameters. An activation schedule of NEG is decided asa final step. The procedures for determining theactivation schedule of the LNP are as follows: (1)calculation of the desorption rate q(t) for H2 andCO, (2) calculation of the sorbed amount Q(t), (3)estimation of the pumping speed Sp(t) from Sp(Q)or the sticking coefficient seQ) curves, (4) estimation of the pressure rise M(t) and/or base pressure pet), (5) evaluation of the activation intervals
using proper criteria. We are considering the activation schedules for several types of the LNP
under the practically expected conditions of SPringS.
References
1) H. Halama: Proc. SR. Vac. Work., RIKEN, p. 405

.1

.1
100

1000

10000

100000

Critical Photon Energy (eV)Fig. 1. Combined curve of the photo-desorption yield v s.
the critical photon energy.

* On leave from Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute,Dajeon, Korea.

(1990) .

2) O. Grobner, J.M. Laurent, and A.G. Mathewson:
Proc. EPAC, Nice (1990).
3) M. Kobayashi: Proc. SR. Vac. Work., RIKEN, p. 347(1990).

179
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-23.

Equilibrium Characteristics of NEG in LNP
S.R. In, * T. Maruyama, ** and S.H. Be

Base pressures of a chamber for testig a lumped
NEG pump (LNP) were usually in the medium of
10- 11 Torr range. However the chamber pressure
increased even up to 10- 5 Torr range during anactivation of non-evaporable getter (NEG) becauseof large sorption-capacity of the LNP for hydrogen.
A long activation period is anticipated to attain a lowhydrogen sorption level, considering a limited
pumping speed in a practical machine. In order todesign a supplement pumping system appropriately
and make a reasonable operation schedule for a
vacuum system employing NEG as a main pump,
we need detailed information on the equilibrium
characteristics of the NEG material especially during the activation.
H2 is absorbed into the NEG forming a metastable compoud which can be easily decomposed atelevated temperature. The surface concentration ofhydrogen is in equilibrium with external gas pressure. We can not measure the equilibrium pressure
itself, but we figure out it by measuring the gaspressure around NEG. By changing an effective
pumping speed for outgassed molecules from the
NEG during activation we can estimate the relationship between measured pressure and equilibriumpressure. As a conclusion, accurate equilibriumpressure is obtained from the pressure in the lower
chamber of the LNP test system. 1) Measured
chamber pressure at the temperature above about
300°C follows Sievert's law, and varies linearly in
the LogP-1/ T graph.
Figure 1 shows a typical chamber pressure varia10~ . . . . - - - - . . . . - - - - - ; - - - - ,o PH2'C' 10.5~+---+----+-----j

10" ~--+-----I-----;!

:J~ 10.7 .J-.--,~-+----+-----ia.

.z

10-8 J---~'--+_-__::::lInII...t:-----;

E

•
c3

10 · i+--~+----+------"--j1.5723ITemperature

1400 ~!::..-+--+--+-. 11S0RT(P)1• 11S0RT(P)2
1~+--~+-~+--~+--~+--~

o

20

40

60

80

100

Time (hrs)Fig. 2. Time dependence of the chamber pressure at theflat-top temperature of 450°C.

the chamber pressure at the flat-top temperatureof 450°C. The vertical axis is the inverse squareroot of the measured chamber pressure. The gradient of the line is a function of initial pressure Pi
and (x, where (X is the characteristics time taken to
reduce the pressure to a quarter of the initial value.
We should determine actual parameters of the vacuum system so that (X becomes a reasonable value.
As the effective pumping speed, during NEG activation changes, the chamber pressure and net outgassing rate are also changed; outgassing rate q for
opening the gate valve in the LNP test system isexpressed as AsCo(P eq-P), and q' for closing thevalve is given as AsCo(P eq-PI). Therefore the sticking coefficient s is calculated by known values of thetotal NEG area A, unit orifice conductance C(},
pressures P and P' measured for two situations,and calculated outgassing rates q and q', though thetrue Peq is stil unknown. On this principle the sticking coefficient for H2 is calculated to be about
0.004, which is almost the same as that estimatedby comparing data of pumping speed measurements
and a Monte Carlo calculation. 2)

2.5

2.0

(11

tion recorded in the temperature rise and fall stages
during NEG activation. Calculated parameter B
from this figure is slightly larger than that recommended by maker. Figure 2 indicates the change in0K)

References
1) S.R. In, T. Maruyama, S. Yokouchi, and S.H. Be:

Fig. 1. Variation in the chamber pressure as a function of
NEG temperature.

* On leave from KAERI, Dajeon, Korea.
* * Osaka Vacuum Ltd.

This Report, p. 174.
2) S.R. In and S.H. Be: ibid., p. 180.

180
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V·2·24.

Monte Carlo Simulation in the LNP Structure
S.R. In, * T. Wada, and S.H. Be

Three types of non-evaporable getters (NEG's),i. e., a NEG strip, NEG wafer module, and lumped
NEG pump (LNP) comprising several NEG wafer
modules, have distinct pumping charatceristics eventhough they are made of the same material. If weknow geometrical influences of the NEG cofigurations, we can accurately estimate the pumping
speed of a specified pump structure, using known
sticking coefficients as universal parameters. A distributed pump model and Monte Carlo simulation
are generally used to solve such a problem.
The pumping speed is expressed as a mUltiplication of a pumping probability at the top plane andan orifice conductance of the pump entrance port.
The pumping probability depends on the sticking
coefficient of NEG and the practical geometry of
the whole pump system. The Monte Carlo method
is an effective tool of calculating the pumping probability. In a Monte Carlo program diffuse reflections
and sticking probabilities are treated as random processes. The pumping probability is obtained as a
10000

8000

~~
_-

/

"CD 6000

J

CD

a.

en
Q

C

f-- -

/1

4000

Ij

Q.

E

5(H

2)-14Mr - - 5(H2)-8M
5(H2 HiM-0-5( CO)-14M--0-5(CO)-8M_ 5 ( CO)-6M

II

::l

D.

2000

-<)

V v.~

~ ~~

.001

v
~~

=-

.01

.1

Sticking CoefficientFig. 1. Calculated pumping speeds of the LNP's with different configurations for H2 and CO as a function of the
sticking coefficient.

* On leave from KAERI, Dajeon, Korea.

ratio of the total counts of absorption to the total
counts of incidence of test particles.
Figure 1 shows the pumping speed of the LNP
for H2 and CO calculated as a function of the sticking coefficient. By comparing with typical experimental data of the pumping speed, the sticking
coefficients of NEG used in the LNP are roughly
estimated at 0.004 for H2 and 0.03 for CO. The
sticking coefficient for H2 was directly measured in
the experiment of the equilibrium characteristics of .
the LNPl) to be about 0.004. This indicates that thecalculating model used and the experimental conditions are consistent with each other. A few examples of the pumping speeds calculated for different
configurations of the NEG modules in the LNP are
also shown in Fig. 1. Because the conductances tothe pumping port are almost the same for all theconfigurations, the pumping speeds of the LNP are
not linearly proportional to the number of NEG
modules used in the LNP, especially for heavy
molecules. The pumping speeds of the LNP with
6 NEG modules for H2 and CO are about 50% and
70% of those with 14 NEG modules.
The intrinsic pumping speed of a pump is definedas the pumping speed measured with a test
chamber of infinite size. In a Monte Carlo calculation such a situation is easily prepared, but actual
pumping speeds can not be measured without using
a test chamber of finite size. The difference between the two chambers is in the degree of random
for the incident directions of gas particles. An average cosine for the chamber of finite size is larger
than 114, indicating that the particles incident upon
the pumping port prefer the forward direction. The
Monte Carlo simulation shows that the pumping
speed must be measured at the position above theentrance plane of the pump. The influence of theorifice diameter is not clear yet.
References
1) S.R. In, T. Maruyama, and S.H. Be: This Report,

p.179.

181
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-2S.

Thermal Load Test of the Absorber for the Crotchwith an Electron BeamS. Takahashi, Y. Morimoto,* S. Yokouchi, and S.H. Be
A crotch for the SPring-8 has two absorbers(ABl, AB2), which get high thermal load ('"'-'26. 7
k W / cm2 ) from the synchrotron radiation (SR).
Therefore, the absorbers should be designed towithstand such a high power-density. We are
earring out thermal analysis especially for ABl,because the power density at ABI is higher thanthat at AB2. 1,2) The results showed that the insideconditions of an inlet cooling channel such as
boiling conditions and the temperature of coolingchannel walls, and the temperature gradient on
the absorber are mainly influenced by the total
power, and that the temperature of the surface
irradiated directly with SR is dominated by thepower density which strongly affects thermal
fatigue of absorber materials. To confirm
whether these results are really realistic, we arepreparing an thermal load test of ABI withelectron beams.

The test device shown in Fig. 1 consists of anelectron beam gun (E.B. Gun) and a test stand.
The main specifications of the E.B. Gun are
given in Table 1. The test stand made of stainless steel (SUS304) is equipped with a Faradaycup (FC) for the measurement of electron beam
currents. To suppress secondary electrons generated by bombarding an electron beam in Fe, a
negative bias voltage is applied to the entranceof FC.
Table 1. Specification of the E.B. Gun.
ItemSpecification

Model
EB 10/30 (Rearranged Type ; IHI)
Beam Power Max. 5kW
Acc. Voltage Max. 30kV
Beam Current Max. 160mA
Cathode

LaB6
Dia.: 6mm

An absorber (AB), which has two cooling channels (inlet and outlet) and six holes for thermocouples as shown in Fig. 2, is installed at 300 mm
below the bottom of the E.B. Gun. AB is irradiated over a length of 18 mm with a scanning E.B.
scanned by using lens of E.B. Gun at a frequencyof 500 Hz. The scanning irradiation of the E.B. at
500 Hz corresponds to a realistic SR irradiation.
The total power of SR received by ABI in thereal storage ring is about l. 2 kW. A corresponding total power of an electron beam is obtained
at a beam current of 40 rnA and an accelerating
voltage of 30 kV. To find a beam current profile
-I

water
outlet<D: Cathode (LaB6)(Z):GridQ) : Anode@ : Focusing Lens (I)(3) : Focusing Lens (2)® : Scanning Lens(j) : Faraday Cup withcooling system® : Insulating material(Teflon)

1

1

@

8

TMP : Turbo molecular pump
RP : Rotary pump
VV : Vending valve
BAG: Bayard Alpen nude guage
PG : Pirani guage
GV : Gate valve
VPI.2 : Viewing pon
TC : Thermo<oupie

water
inlet

AB : Absorber
KE : Knife Edge
FTI : Feedthrough for KE
FT2 : Feedthrough for FC
Fr3 : Feedlhrough for Suppressor
SLT : Stil<D CooIiD& channel

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the test device.

* Kobe Steel, Ltd.

(i) Vent holeoHole ror Ihtrmo-touple

Fig. 2. Cross sectional view of the absorber. It is
irradiated with a scanning electron beam, and thermal
distribution is measured with six thermo couples.

S. Takahashi et at.

182

at the location of ABI for thermal load tests we
did a beam dynamical analysis.

1

1\

80

/

/ i\\
I

ViT-h1"{
I

I

I

I

\
i/~3.2(~26 . 7 k W / cm 2 ) as the practical one, W = 0 . 025
cm is required. Problems are whether such asmall slit width can be machined accurately, andwhether the total power of a beam passing
through the slit of W = 0 . 025 cm can be 1.2 k Wwith this E.B. Gun (Maximum total power=5kW). Therefore, for the time being, our experiments are focused on the investigation of theinside conditions of cooling channels and thetemperature gradient on the absorber by using aslit of W =0.1 cm. A thermal analysis under
actual experimental conditions will be performed in parallel with the experiments.

Beam Radius (mm)Fig. 3. Beam current profile obtained from a beam
orbital analysis.

A typical beam current profile obtained fromthe analysis is shown in Fig. 3, which shows thatthe beam diameter at the location of AB is 6.4
mm. This value is larger than that expected
because of a low accelerating voltage. To carryout an experiment similar to a practical SR, thescanning width of E.B. is to be reduced to below
1 mm with a slit made of tungsten, as shown in
Fig. 4. We have to increase the current of E.B. tothe value at which a beam power passing
through the slit (the slashed area in Fig. 4) is 1.2
k W. Therefore, if we utilize the slit of W = 0 . 1
cm, the power density for 18 mm scanningis 6.7 kW / cm 2 • For .the same power density

Fig. 4. Relation between E.B. and a slit width.

References
1) Y. Morimoto, S. Yokouchi, H. Sakamoto, S.H. Be,
and T. Shirakura: RIKEN Aeee!. Prog. Rep., 22, 292(1988) .
2) Y. Morimoto, T. Shirakura, K. Konishi, and S.H. Be:
This Report, p. 183.

183
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (990)

V·2·26.

Thermal Analysis of a Crotch for the SPring·a Storage Ring
Y. Morimoto, * T. Shirakura, * K. Konishi, * and S.H. Be

In the SPring-8 storage ring, the photon power
density deposited at a crotch located just downstream of a bending magnet reaches approximately 35 kW /cm2 • This high power density
causes high metal wall temperature and, as aresult, high thermal stress.

Photon absorber-C2

Fig. 1. Isometric view of a crotch.

A photon beam is stopped at two kinds ofphoton absorbers (ABS-Cl and C2) installed in
the crotch. (see Fig. 1) ABS-Cl receives photons
of a power density higher than ABS-C2. Therefore we pay more attention to the analysis of
ABS-CI. Three models for ABS-Cl (model Cl-l,
CI-2, and CI-3) and one model for ABS-C2 (modelC2-1) are considered. Models Cl-l and C2-1 arebasic models whose shapes are the same as thoseof ABS-Cl and C2 which have been manufactured for a prototype crotch. Models CI-2 and CI-3
are alternative ones to decrease wall temperature and thermal stress. Model CI-2 has a fin
plate for promoting a heat transfer area at theplace where maximum temperature would beobserved. Model CI-3 has two surfaces inclinedwith respect to a photon beam to reduce thepower density. One of the two surfaces is vertically rotated and another is horizontally rotatedto the direction of the outside of the ring, so thatreflected photons and gas molecules would nottend to come into an electron beam channel.

55°C
55°C

ITTHr - -r --r--r-- r --r- -r---r---r---''U1111

Max.347 °C(Heating wall)

I

I

I

-< y~,

1lU+..-!-ti
135 "'"

Max. 347

I

I

I

I

tit
I

!

:

ilttt ~ [Max.123 °C(Cooling wall) .--:

124

158

I

.ii'1-".:;r~}yY

90
90
124

I

104°C ~RlHt-L-_»'_'-:i--t;'--;--f---+---+---~
Rill I ' r. - " ±- - .,< -:K , I I ''[ill-~. ',.
- -< '>( t -!' ---+--- t --- ~

166

'I,:
).~--- ---t---~~ K .~ ~_ _ ~ ~~ ---+---~:'J.~~~-: --:--,,-x.,':~ mlll-f--h.~f-J\--.,.-'\---- --~1:f-t:.. e:-t:llllc±J==.l.....i"".
DI I

"f.~l

200

l-I+'----t---t---,mu::.YmIT -::V-

1 '\ I I III 'e II

I

l ---+---+---~

I=_ +~~~+~~~~~

Max.370 °C(Heating wall)(b) Model C2-I(OFHC-Class 1)(a) Model CI-2 (OFHC-Class I)

Fig. 2. Temperature distributions computed for model Cl-2 (OFHC-Classl)
and model C2-1 (OFHC-Class1).
Table 1. Computed thermal stress and Tresca's equivalent stress O"eq.
CTeq (kg/mm2 )Max . thermal stress (kg/mm 2 )X direct. Y direct. Z direct.

Model

Material

C1 - l

OFHC-Class 1
GlidCop AL-35-37.4-49 . 6

-12 . 4-14 . 5

-23.7
-28.1

-25 . 0-35 . 1

Cl-2

OFHC-Class 1
GlidCop AL-35

-30.4
-39.9

-7 . 2-9 . 3-17 . 1
-23.1

-23.2
-30 . 6

C2-1

OFHC-Clas s 1* Kobe Steel, Ltd.

Thermal analysis was made using a finite
element program ANSYS developed by Swanson
Analysis Systems, Inc. Figure 2 shows results ofcalculations for temperature distributions, andTable 1 shows those of calculations for thermal
stress. These thermal stress should be judged
using a criteria for the fatigue failure due to thethermal cycles during normal operating procedures. The fatigue failure data are commonlyplotted on an S-N diagram shown in Fig. 3. The
design curve in the S- N diagram is decided using

184

Y. Morimoto et al.
10 3
OFHC(Rn·BEST FIT

NE

OFJ-IC(600C)·BEST FIT.§

OFIIC(RT)·DESIGN

01)

~

W
0

OFHC(600C)·DESIGN

102CLASS·l(RT)

::>
E-<

:i
p.
~

< 10 1

en
en

W
c:t:
E-<

en

10 0 +-,-........,.I-r-..............,....,..,.,.,.,.j-~.....r-~.,.f---..~..j---,-....--.I
3
4
5
6
7
10 1
10 2
10
10
10
10
10
10 8
CYCLES

Fig. 3. Fatigue failure strength of OFHC subjected tothe cycles of alternating tension and compression.

the safety factor 2 for stress and 20 for cycles inaccordance with ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code Sect. III and Sect. VIII Div. 2.
If Tresca's equivalent stress of 30.6 kg/mm 2 ,which is obtained in model Cl-2 for GlidCop
AL-35, is estimated from this design curve, thedesign life would be 5000 cycles. It corresponds aten-year life, assuming that electrons are injectedto the storage ring twice a day. (2 cycles/day x
250 days/yearXIO years=5,000 cycles). The
analysis for model Cl-3 is in progress.

185
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V·2·27.

Heated Water Bakeout System

S. Takahashi, S. Yokouchi, T. Nishidono, K. Watanabe, and S. H. Be
Weare considering to bake out allurninum alloychambers for the SPring-8 by means of a heatedwater bakeout system (HBS). An exisiting prototype vacuum chambers has been baked out with
SUS304 sheathed heaters installed on the chamber
surfaces. NEG strips installed in the chamber was
activated while cooling the chamber with two channels of 10 mm in diameter. I)
Advantages of the proposed system are compared with an existing method as follows:
1) Bakeout and NEG activation can be performed simultaneously.
2) The chamber temperature during bakeout and
NEG activation can be controlled easily anduniformly without a risk of overheating.
Figure 1 shows the cross-sectional view of astraight chamber. There are two cooling channelsof 10 mm in diameter at the pumping chamber side,
and one racetrack-shaped channel (12 mm x 16mm) at the opposite side. A new type bending
chamber have four cooling channels of 10 mm indiameter. As shown in Fig. 2, the region of one cellFig. 1.

Cross sectional view of the straight chamber.

is baked out with one unit of HBS in view of easy
control.
We are investigating how to keep the temperature of chambers uniformly at about 150°C in both
longitudinal and transverse directions simultaneouswith activation of NEG. Table 1 gives power
Table 1. Power parameters measured actually with existing prototype chambers.
QI

Power requiredfor bakeout

Q2

Heat generated during
NEG activation

SC : 1.36kW/4m
BC : 1.81kW/4m
SC : 4.1kW/3.5m x4lines
BC : 2.4kW/3.5m x 2lines

parameters measured actually with existing prototype chambers. To decrease transverse thermal
gradient, cooling channels are connected in series,
as shown in Fig. 2. Because the slot between abeam and the pumping chamber has high thermal
resistance due to its low thickness, we assume an
adiabatic line (dotted) at which heat exchange between both chambers would be isolated, as shownin Fig. 2. As the power required for bakeout of thebeam chamber is close to that at the pumping
chamber side, we should supply a half of the total
power of a chamber to the beam chamber side. We
further assume that a part of heat generated during
NEG activation is utilized for the bakeout of thepumping chamber.
Calculations are performed as follows:
1) Heat Balance
CD For the pumping chamber sidet cell (;;3Om)

Longirudinal direction

Q2 -

OUT

Q 1/2 = 1T/4 . 12 x V x N x p
X (T2 - T 1 ) x k@ F or the beam chamber side
Q 1/2 = 1T/4 . 1. 4 2 X V x N
X (T2 - T 3 ) x k
INT.
Straight Chamber

Heated Water

Bend ing Chamber

-

-

-

-

-

Slraigh. Chamber--

Adiabatic line'----------.1 Unit

Fig. 2.

Cooling water flow for one cell.

x p2) Heat Transfer between chamber and heatedwater
CD F or the pumping chamber side

186

s. Takahashi et al.

® For the beam chamber side
. ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. . . . . ._

Q1
Q2

(W)
required power for bake outheat generated during NEG activation (W)(cmls)
water velocityv(-)
N
number of cooling channelspdensity (at 150°C)
0.916 kg/cm 3kconversion factor= 4.33 J/g·K(cm2 )
A
heat transfer area
(W/cm 2 .oC)hheat transfer coefficient= 0.023 (Re)O.8(Pr)0.4 x Aid
L1T: temperature differrence between heatedwater and channel's wall of a chamber (OC)A
thermal conductivity (at 150°C)= 0.587 kcaVm·hr·oC
Pr
Plandtl number (at 150°C) = 1.15
The calculations give T 1 = 141. 6°C and T 3 = 145. 3°C
for v = 1. 5 mls and T2 = 150°C (see Fig. 2). As aresult, L1 T' s for the pumping and beam chamberside are 0.30°C and 1. 59°C, respectively. Thismeans that the temperature of the chamber wall isalmost the same as that of heated water. Thus the
maximum thermal gradients of the chamber for thelongitudinal direction and the transverse direction
are 8.4°C/30m and 3. 7°C, respectively. A totalpressure loss for a system of one cell is about 1.01
kg/cm 2 , and a required flow is approximately 1000
ZIh.

Figure 3 shows a rough layout of a unit of HBS.
At first, since the vapor pressure of water at 150°C

~

To...
cooI1nldllnntl
otcuumchamber

1 i ~--------------------I - - -L.l. _1_

I

rCONTROL
L____ IL_

Hul

exchanger

Fig. 3.

Extension
vesselDiagram of the Heated Water Bakeout System.

is about 5.9 kg/cm 2 ·G, the hydraulic pressure of
hot water should be increased up to about 7 kgl
cm2 • G. After that, to increase the temperature up
to about 150°C, the water is transferred to theheater by a pump. A heat exchanger is used when
the heater is overheated or in case of emergency.
The heater power and the cooling valve will be
adjusted to keep the temperature Tl at a predetermined value.
We are planning to test and evaluate the performance of HBS, using a 5 m prototype straightchamber (Fig. 1).
References
1) H. Sakamoto, T. Bizen, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, T.
Nishidono, Y.P. Lee, and S.H. Be: RIKEN Accel.
Prog. Rep., 23, 145 (1989).

187
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-28.

Sensitivity Calibration of Nude Ionization Gauges for
Several Gases Using a Spinning Rotor Gauge
H. Daibo, S. R. In, S. Takahashi, S. Yokouchi, and S. H. Be

The calibration system used in the present
experiments is shown schematically in Fig. 1. A
welded bellows is inserted between the calibrationchamber and the turbo-molecular pump (TMP).
The calibration chamber has six ports; one is used
for installation of spinning rotor gauge (SRG) andothers are for the calibrating gauge heads. 1)
Because there are no baffles between the ports,
only one gauge head can be calibrated at a time.
During 3 months we calibrated 15 (9 BA's and 6
EXTR's) gauge heads for N2, H2, CO, and CO 2 •Figures 2 and 3 summarize the absolute and rela-

2.0

A

0

1.5

0
0

~

1.0

0
0

~

Q

0

l

8
0

0
0

0.5

A

~

VLV

SRG

BAG

·i(

/

H(

w.J

QMA

TMP

BAG : Bayard-Alpert gauge
EG : Extractor gauge
SRG : Spinning rotor gauge
QMA : Quadrupole mass analyzer
TMP : Turbo molecular pump
RP : Rotary pump
VLV : Variable leak valve

Fig. 1.

0
0

§

0
0
0
0

EG

52

Schematic diagram of the calibration setup.

Fig. 3. Relative-sensitivities of the gauge heads for H :b
CO, and CO 2 ,tive sensitivities of the calibrating gauge heads measured using SRG as a pressure standard. In an
extreme case there is even an 80% deviation in theabsolute sensitivity. However the scattering patterns of the sensitivity data of the gauge heads fordifferent working gases are almost identical. Consequently, as shown in Fig. 3, the plots of the relative sensitivities, normalized to that of N2 , exhibit
minute dispersion. We accordingly skipped thecalibration procedures for all gases except N2 insome gauge heads which have two filaments.

1.5

@
0

8
0.5

•• •••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••OFS
1.O ~--=-=----=. -----------j35§oFig. 2. Absolute sensitivities of the gauge heads for N2 ,H2 , CO, and CO 2 ,

II
20

115

135

t(tr5)

Fig. 4. Temporal evolutions of the offset and temperatureof SRG.

188

H. Daibo et al.

Because the ambient temperature of the laboratory was not controlled accurately, the temperatures of the SRG components have changed to acertain extent during a calibration cycle. But temperature variation of a few degrees did not affectseriously the residual drag (offset) of SRG. Figure
4 shows the changes of SRG offset and the temperature of SRG mounting flange. In Fig. 4, we can
not find that the change in the offset value isstrongly related with the temperature variation.
Then this change may be thought as a statisticalfluctuation.
The vibration level during the calibration work

was in the range of 0.005-0.01 G(0.03-0.05 jLm)
after utilizing a damper for the rotary pump, andany definite correlation between the actual vibrationlevel and the offset of SRG could not be revealed.
Even when TMP was installed directly in the calibration chamber without the bellows, this vibrationlevel was within the same range.
References
1) H. Daibo, Y.P. Lee, S. Yokouchi, T. Nishidono, Y.
Morimoto, and S.H. Be: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep.,
23, 153 (1989).

189
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-29.

Vacuum Characteristics of a Mixed Pumping System

H. Daibo, S. Yokouchi, T. Nishidono, K. Watanabe, and S.H. Be
We measured the ultimate pressures of astraight-section chamber (SSC) and a bending magnet chamber (BMC) in which NEG strip, SIP, TSP
and turbo-molecular pump (TMP) were installed.
The total active length and surface area of the
NEG strip of SSC are 1440 cm and 7776 cm2 , andthose of BMC, 720 cm and 3888 cm2, respectively.
Normal pumping speeds of SIP and TMP are 110
lis and 300 lis, respectively. The schematic diagram of the setup for the measurement of pressureis shown in Fig. 1.

ultimate pressures of 7.4xl0- 9 Pa and 1.3xl0- 8
Pa with the NEG strip and TMP (3). However, thepressures with only NEG strip were increased up
to 1.6x 10- 6 Pa and 2.0x 10- 6 Pa (4) with a buildup of CH 4 (Mle=16), as shown in Fig. 3 a), which
could not be pumped out by the NEG strip. We
obtained the ultimate pressures of 6.2xl0- 9 Pa
and 8.9x10- 9 Pa with the NEG strip and SIP (5),and measured a mass spectrum (Fig. 3 b). Although
TSP was finally flashed (6), the pressure was not
lowered (7) below that with the NEG strip and SIP.

to fore pumpIG 1,2: lonizalion gauge
NEG : Non-evaporable gelter strip
TMP: Turbo-molecular pump
SIP : Spulter ion pump
TSP : Titan ium sublimation pump
QMA : Quadrupole mass analyzer
V : Right angle valve:::I~:

J:3]. Xl0·13

--I

~~:~
::3:j::·-;
L .

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the setup for the measurement of SSC.

The pressure variation in SSC vs the pumping
time is shown in Fig. 2. After evacuation for 145
h we carried out bakeout of the chamber and activation of the NEG strip simultaneously ((1) in Fig.
2), and at their last stage we performed pre-conditioning for SIP and TSP (2). After that, we got theFig. 3.

Pressure variation vs. pumping time of BMC.

-t

(1)

MPON

-..:....

I--Dl-

~MPON

--

I~
~

,

Il

SIP ON

4-C>

1\

(4)

I

~
~

(4)

-0--

IG 1

-

IG 2

"" •

-

(6)

t: ---

A

V\. ............ '-.:-

A-0."0'

V

)5) J
~

(7)

200

300

.-.

-

IG2

-

,

/
(6)

~UJ Itt - ...

~.

~~ ?--,~ (8)-- c ro-

(5) /

~

10 -9

~

o

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Pumping time (hr)
400

500

600

Pumping time (hr)Fig. 2.

--

-v-

(3)
100

IGl

(7)

~."

~-

-¢--

(3)

(2)

/

-

I

'--i

/

(2)

4-C> riPON/

Pressure variation vs. pumping time of SSC.

Fig. 4. Mass spectrum obtained when the chamber was
evacuated a) with the only NEG strip, and b) with the
NEG strip and SIP_

190

H. Daibo et al.

The pressure variation in BMC vs the pumping
time is shown in Fig. 3. After evacuation for 160
h we carried out bakeout of the chamber «1) in Fig.
4), and at its last stage we performed preconditioning for SIP (2). After evacuation for 400 h we performed pre-conditioning for TSP (3). After evacuation for 540 h we carried out activation for the
NEG strip (4). After that, we got the ultimate pres-sures of 1. 7x10- 8 Pa and 7.0x10- 8 Pa with NEG
strip and TMP (5). However, the pressures with
NEG strip and SIP were not lowered (6) below thatwith the NEG strip and TMP. For BMC, the ultimate pressure also was not influenced by TSP (7).
Finally we obtained the ultimate pressures
9.4x10- 9 Pa and 7.4 x 10- 8 Pa with the NEG strip,
SIP, and TSP (8).

191
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-30.

Manufacture of a Complicated Ceramic Chamber and Its Joining
Methods to an Aluminum-alloy Chamber
T. Nishidono, S. Yokouchi, H. Daibo, T. Toga, * and S.H. Be

We are considering to use alumina ceramicchambers to prevent eddy current generating on
the surface of the chamber used in fast bumpmagnets. i ) Since the material of normal vacuum
chambers in SPring-8 is aluminum-alloy, joiningof ceramics to aluminum metals is required.

(a)i:l~ ~~rstaic press.
6 Hi electro~ating after Ho-Ho leta I izill!l.
7 10 lin. at 830 --850 -c in vacuuI furnace.
S TlG welding.

I

Fig. 2. Fabrication process of a ceramic chamber.

240 3.9

Fig. 1. Cross-sectional view of ceramic chambers. (a) for
No.1, No.2, and No.3 bump magnet. No.2 and No.3
are 200 mm in length; No.1 is 300 mm in length. (b) for
No. 4 bump magnet, 350 mm in length.

The cross-sectional views of two different
ceramic chambers designed for SPring-8 areshown in Fig. 1. A ceramic chamber of a simple
geometry as shown in Fig. 1 (a) can be
manufactured easily, and direct joining of
ceramics to aluminum (Al)-alloy is feasible byusing an existing technique. However the manufacture of a complicated chamber of 35 cm inlength and 26 cm in width as shown in Fig. 1 (b)is difficult, and the joining of this chamber toAI-alloy one is not easy either. Therefore its
manufacture technique is required to be established.
A manufacture process of the ceramic chamber is shown in Fig. 2. An important subject in
the process is to improve a manufacture accuracy. A particular attention is paid to the joining
method because the joint must be stronger andleak-tight. For the complicated ceramic chamber, direct joining to stainless-steal (SUS) or* KYOCERA Corporation.

AI-alloy is impossible because of thermal stresscaused by large thermal expansion mismatch
between the two. A joining process of ceramics
to AI-alloy is shown in Fig. 3. To minimize thestress in the seal or ceramics, SUS of a different
expansion coefficient can be jointed with a graded seal.
The seal consists of Fe-Ni-Co alloy (KOVAR)
segment, which have a slightly different expansion and forms a zone of gradual transition with
(a)
Ni

(b)

Mo-Mn ( 10 -20 )lm ): Metallizing
Alumina ceramics

Ni ( 2 - 5 )lm ) : Electroplating\/
Ag ( - 100 )lm ) : Brazing/

Fe-Ni-Co

Alloy ( KOVAR)

Fig. 3. (a) Geometry of a transition piece; (b) detailof the joining area of a KOVAR piece.

192

T. N ishidono et at.

high and low expansion. Using the graded seal,
the ceramics can be joining to SUS, as shown in
Fig. 3 (b). After that TIG (tungsten inert gas)
welding is performed between KOVAR and SUS,
and then SUS is jointed to AI-alloy by an explosion bonding method using nickel and titanium
as insert metal. As KOVAR is corrosive under aradiation circumstance, the surface of KOVAR iscoated electrically with nickel. The weakest
joint part is between KOVAR and ceramics. The

joining strength is estimated to be in the range of
5-10 kg/mm2 , because the strain due to the difference in thermal expansions between two mothermaterials remains.
References
1) H. Miyade, H. Tanaka, J. Ohnishi, and S. Motonaga:
Proc. 7th Symp. on Accel. Sci. and Technol., p. 169(1989) .

193
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-31.

Mounting of a Straight Section Vacuum Chamberwith SI ide Gu ides

T. Nishidono, T. Bizen, * H. Daibo, Y. Suzuki, * and S.H. Be
We manufactured a new chamber mount,namely a slide guide, and mounted a straightsection chamber with ribs for suppressing chamber deformation. An end of the chamber is fixed
and allows no chamber motion in any direction
before and after bakeout.
Fixed end(a)Dummy mRib(b)
1

Fitting cone
(LBC3)

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental model
chamber with slide guides. The points of measurement
are denoted by numbers.
DeSigned valuePin

An experimental model chamber with threeslide guides and their structures are shown in
Figs. 1. and 2, respectively. A solid lubricant ofcopper alloys is applied to taper pins (BC6) andfitting cones (LBC3). The chamber is positioned
by a taper pin inserted tightly in a fitting cone atroom temperature. During bakeout, the taper pin
is released by thermal expansion of the chamber.
Therefore the chamber motion is allowed in any
direction during bakeout, but the chamber
returns to the original positions of each bakecycle. This chamber mount is capable of releasing a large force caused by the displacement of
the chamber on heating.
The displacements of the chamber were measured with 1 )Lm scale dial gauges set in thetransverse sections of the chamber.
The maximum temperature difference between* Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

Rib

1.0.

0. 0.

(I)

20~·OI3 ·20 ~. 0950" ±10

1 20.005 19.995 49" 59' 55

8w

50- ±10w

w

50" 00' 05

w

Heasured value Pin

2 20.005 19.992 49" 59' 58~

Pin

3 20.005 19.998 49" 59' 50

w

50" 00' 05~
49" 59' 58

N

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the slide guide. (a), Mechanism of the slide guide; (b), Dimensions of fitting parts.

points m and n in Fig. 1. during bakeout was 10°C, which caused a 600 )Lm-deformation at theend of the chamber. The taper pins were perfactly released during bakeout and fit on after bakeout. Figure 3 (a) shows the displacements ofthe chamber. The displacements of the chamber
and a gird were less than 42 )Lm and 12 )Lm oneach point of the measurements, respectively.
Moreover the displacement of dummy magnets
was negligibly small, compared with other deformations. This means that the position of a beam
position monitor (BPM) is ensured within an

194

T . N ishidono et at.

(a)
60

E

40

[)

liil

::1.

20

E

CD

E

0

cu

-20

C

-40

CD
0

a.
en

~~. []

I.J

I~

j~

IJ

I~

...

I~ [~
j

-60

o

1

2

345

67

8

9101112

Point number of measurement
(b)
600

In

400

E
::1.

C

200

CD

0

CD
0
CU

-200

en

-400

I~

18 ID
I~

E

Q.

C

,

I. I_

I~

I~ I ~
IPI-600
0123456789101112

Point number of measurement

Fig. 3. Displacements of the chamber from the initialinstallation position (a) with and (b) without slide
guides. 0, 1st bakeout; A, 2nd bakeout.

accuracy of 62 ,urn even with a measurement
error of 8 ,urn. This result with slide guides is tobe compared with the result without the slide
guides. The result without the slide guides isshown in Fig. 3 (b). The maximum displacementfrom the initial installation position was morethan 400,um in the horizontal direction after firstbakeout, which was invariant after second bakeout. The displacement of the vartical direction
was less than tens of micrometers after bakeout
because supports suppressed the downward displacement.
To confirm the reliability of chamber deformations before and after bakeout, detailed tests arein progress. From the results of the preliminary
tests, we conclude that the slide guide satisfies
the restorability of BPM with an accuracy towithin 62 ,urn.

195
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-32.

Bellows Assembly with RF Sliding Finger Shielding

T. Nishidono, T. Bizen, * H. Daibo, Y. Suzuki, * and S.H. Be
In the design of a bellows assembly, a special
effort must be made to minimize its RF impedance, because, in a storage ring, the maximum
beam current depends greatly on the impedance. 'Therefore the bellows assembly is to be designedwith no change in the cross-section as much as
possible by shielding with RF fingers. Furthermore the bellows assembly should have sometolerance for the variation in the longitudinal
direction of the vacuum chamber caused by thermal expansions and contractions due to baking
and temperature fluctuations of the coolingwater and ambient air. In addition, the assembly
should compensate manufacturing tolerance andalignment errors in the longitudinal and transverse direction. Alignment errors are considered
to be ±2. 5 mm in the longitudinal directiton and
up to ± 1 mm in the transverse direction.
The length of slide fingers and their contact
forces must be chosen so as to ensure a goodelectrical connection between the fingers and theinner surface of the chamber. Since the vacuum
chamber with a slot to be used in the SPring-8
storage ring has a different structure from thechambers in an existing storage ring, bellows
assemblies which have been using so far are notsuitable to our storage ring. Therefore we are
now developing a bellows assembly as shown in
Fig. 1.
To make a large contact force, we designed
the sliding fingers which contact the inclined
inner surface of chambers with half cylindricalcontact projections. The sliding fingers will bemade of a beryllium copper alloy (JIS CI720P-l/
4H) of high electrical conductivity, high strength,
and nonmagnetism. Depending on a temperature
in use, a residual stress of the alloy is relaxedwith a time at high temperature: 80% after 5000
hours bakeout at 150°C. A relationship between
the stress relaxation and a Larson-Miller parameter is given in Fig. 2, which shows that the stressrelaxation must be considered at the initial stageof design.

-100

I
~~--

~"'o~~'&

~

80

'\

C

~60
«S

«S 4

\--

-~Hr

BeCu

X

o 100'C<D~ ISO'Ca:

x 200'C
20

0

I
12
p=

<tr

14

16

18

20

+492) (20 +Iog t) x 10-'

Fig. 2. Relationship between stress relaxation and a
Larson-Miller parameter.

Chamber ( A6063 )At beam operating

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a sliding finger for the
bellows.

* Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

Fig. 3.

Photograph of a model of a sliding finger.

196

T. Nishidono et at.

narrow fingers

\

G

base

,

A

I
I

I

I
I

12

;: L~I wide fingers

o

J
17
~ 1=

::+

II

(t)

I

,

(I) with wire electrical discharge machining(3) with I.l.l-trichlorethane(4 ) 340 ' C x 3 hr in N2 gas(5 ) in H2S04(6) with silver

Fig. 4.

62

Manufacturing process of a sliding finger.

We manufactured a new bellows assembly, andmeasured the contact force and resistance, using
a simple instrument shown in Fig. 3. The sliding
fingers were made of 0.5-nun thick Be-eu sheet
metal by a process shown in Fig. 4, and coatedwith silver to 3 .urn in thickness to decrease
contact resistance. Figure 5 shows a schematic
diagram of the fingers. Preliminary experimental results of the contact force are in the range of
30 g to 50 g at narrow fingers and 150 g at wideones, compared with contact forces calculated
are 42 g and 345 g, respectively. The total contact

A

.

~

contact projection

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of the modelof a sliding finger.

resistance of 43 fingers is 0.8 mn. The results do
not satisfy our requirements; therefore a new
design to increase the contact force is in progress.

197
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V·2·33.

Problems for Improvement of Existing Aluminum·Alloy Flange
T. Nishidono, S. Yokouchi, H. Daibo, N. Takagi, * and S.H. Be
the surfaces of flange edges in detail of two typesof conflat flanges which have been using for particle
accelerators so far. Table 1 shows the specifications of two types of the flanges. The surface was

An aluminum-alloy flange, which is planned to be
used in the SPring-8 storage ring, is required to beleakless even after many cycles of baking at 150°C.
To pursue the origin of leakage, we inspected
Table 1.

Specifications of aluminum-alloy flanges.

seal
Material
Tensi Ie
Strength
FlangeYield
Strength
Coefficient of
theria I expans i on

GasketTYPE ATYPE B

Knife edge seal
(Conflat seal)

Knife edge seal
(Conflat seal)

AI-Si alloy

AI-CU alloy

Hotes

43
31

kg 1_2
kg 1_2

44
36

kg 1_2
kg 1_2

Representative value
At room temp.
At 150 ~35
31

kg 1_2
kg 1_233

kg 1_2
kg 1_2

Represen ta t i ve va Iue
At rOOI tesP.
At 150 ~32

22.3 x10- 6

20.5 x10- 6

Representative value

SUrface treatment

TiN

CrN,CreIon plating

SUrface Roughness

R.... 1. 9 j.J.m

R.... 0.2 j.J.m

Heasured value

Material

Pure AI

Pure AI

Hardness

Hv 38 ......39

Hv 43 ......48

investigated with a scanning electron spectroscope(SEM) and optical microscope. Figure 1 shows

Heasured value

expanded sectional views of flange edges photographed with the optical microscope with a magnifying power of 12.5. We observed.: 1, Si segregationon the surface.; 2, Existence of lines of a pitch of
4-161Lffi drawn by machining.; 3, Non-uniformity ofthe sealing surface, i.e., average roughness of
0.24-3ILm; 4, Non-uniformity of TiN and CrN filmof 1-21Lm thick. 5, Existence of pits of 8-16ILm,of cracks of 8-801Lm width and spherical projections. To improve the reliability of leakage, these
items are problems to be improved. According toour experience of using them, type A seems to be
more leakless than type B.1)

Assembly

Filling of
epoxy resin

Evacuation andsolidification

Fig.l. Photographs of knife edge of aluminum-alloy
flanges. (a) at type A flange (x 12.5); (b) at type B flange(x 25).

* ULVAC Corporation.

Cutting

Fig. 2. Fabrication process of the cut sample of fastened
flange.

198

T. Nishidono et al.

To investigate the relationship between the sealing mechanism and geometry of a knife edge, we
photographed the cross-sectional view of a cut sample of fastened type A flanges (see Fig. 3.). The
sample was fabricated by the process as shown in
Fig. 2. Figure 3 shows that only the top area of aknife edge touches to a gasket. Improvement to be
touched over the whole area is required. Moreover
we are still inspecting the same items on the typeB flange.
Finally, materials of the flange, bolt, and gasket,
and the geometry of a knife edge are very important factors for high vacuum sealing.
References
1) T. Nishidono, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, Y. Sakamoto,
Y.P. Lee, and S.H. Be: ]. Vac. Soc. Jpn., 33, 241(1990).

Fig. 3.

Cross-sectional views of fastened type A flange.

199
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V·2·34.

Bending Fabrication of a Vaccum Chamber

T. Nishodono, T. Bizen,* Y. Suzuki,* and S.H. Be
A circulating electron beam in a storage ring
reduces electromagnetic fields in vacuum systemcomponents such as chamber, bellows, and gate
valve. When a straight chamber is used in abending magnet section, the break of symmetrical electromagnetic fields might drive a transverse instability for an electron beam, because acurved beam causes an offset in respect to thecenter of the beam chambers transversally.
Therefore chambers in the bending magnet section should be curved along beam orbits.
To ascertain the feasibility of bending thecomplicated chamber to be used in bending
magnet section of the SPring-8 storage ring, webuilt a bending magnet chamber by means ofstretch forming. Figure 1 shows the schematics
of a stretch former, and Fig. 2 the photograph ofa bending test. In this test we used an existing
forming block of 23-m curvature radius for ananother chamber to save the building cost of thebending magnet chamber.

3000
500

500

Po i n ts o fmeasurem.ent

22 . 539

m

500

500

500.

500

(!)

@

@

@

®

* 50 . *0 44.5* 21 . 8**

radius21.8 44 . 5

Chamber 1

16 . 8Chamber 2

22.6 35.8 40 . 1

36 . 4

Chamber 3

22.1 35 . 3

35.3 22.1

21.0 30 . 2

39 . 1

26.1 16.1
22 . 7* calculated value

Fig. 3. Bending radius of the chamber after stretch
forming.

~.~

Hydraulic strech cylinder

c....

~

·~--+--.J~
~

chuck

Fig. 1.

Schematic diagram of a stretch former.

No

Section A Section B

No

Section A Section B

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

-0.10
+0 . 05-0.10
0.0-0 . 10-0.10+0 . 10
+0.01
0.0
+0.06
- 0 .030.0+ 0.030.0+0 . 10
0.0
0.0
0.0
+0.05

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
31

+0.01
-0 . 10- 0.02+0.02- 0.10+0.01-0 . 20- 0 . 30
- 0 . 30
+0 . 08-0.20+0 . 02+0.03- 0 . 10-0 . 01
0.09
0.0+0 . 02

11

12
13
14
15
16
11

18
19

Fig. 2.

Photograph of the test.

* Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

Fig. 4.
ber.

0.0
+0.14
+0.10
-0.20
-0.10
0.0
0.0
+0 . 04+0.60+ 0.12
+0.03
0.0
+0.05
+0 . 03
0.0
+0.02
+0.06
- 0.10+0.06

0.0- 0 . 40
- 0 . 01
- 0 . 02
- 0 . 500 . 04- 0.50- 0 . 70
-0 . 60
-0.12
-0.60
+0.08
- 0.05-0 . 30- 0 . 02
- 0.01-0.20-0.02

Deformations of the cross-sections of the cham-200

T. Nishodono et al.

The chambers were built along the forming
block with approximately 80 ton tensile force
after elongating by one percent of the total
length of the chamber with a hydraulic stretch
cylinder beforehand. The test results are shownin Figs. 3 and 4, which reveal that curvature
values measured at five points along the bending
chamber are not in agreement with calculatedones, but the deformations of the chamber crosssection are within 100 ,urn except for a few
points. We conclude therefore that the bending
chamber of 40-m curvature radius to be used in
the SPring-8 storage ring will be built by adjusting the curvature radius of the forming block andtensile force.

201
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V-2-3S.

Mounts of the Straight Section Vacuum Chamber with Leaf Springs
T. Nishidono, T. Bizen, * H. Daibo, Y. Suzuki, * and S.H. Be

A chamber mount with leaf springs is one of thepositioners for a beam position monitor (BPM).
Leaf springs are discussed whether they are used
for the chamber mount or not, but the data on theirrestorability are insufficient for deciding to use
them. We have fabricated leaf springs for mounting
a model chamber and have been testing theirrestorability.
The experimental chamber with leaf springs isshown in Fig. 1. Each leaf spring is composed of

..

160
140

.4~

120
U

~

f/

100

~

80

~

a.

E

.Cl)

60

.6. point n

Irf4°

40
20

o polntm~-lIIg

o

5

10

15

20

Time ( hr )Fixed end

Fig. 2. Relationship between the surface temperature of
the chamber and the baking time.

20
15

E

Leaf
springs

~

E
G>

E
Cl)
u

5
0
-5

cu
Q.

-10

is

-15

III

-20

Detail A

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental chamberwith leaf springs. The points of measurement of displacement and temperature are denoted by numbers andalphabets, respectively.

five layers of 1-mm thick stainless-steel plates. The
displacements of the chamber were measured with
1 p.m scale dial guages set on the transverse sections of the chamber. The leaf springs suppress thedisplacement in the horizontal and vertical directions, but deflect in the longitudinal direction when
the chamber expands by bake out. The displacementin the downword direction is also suppressed by asupport.
Figure 2 shows the temperature of the chamber
during bake out. The maximum temperature differ-* Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

n II

10

J

.

J [l [ ] []
~

[

~

.

~

o 1stbakeout
A 2nd bake out

[J
~

o 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 101112

Point number of measurement

Fig. 3. Displacements of the chamber from the first installation position. Measured at room temperature after baking.

ence between point m and n in Fig. 1. was 10°C.
Figure 3 shows the displacements of the chamberfrom the first installation position. The absolutevalue of the displacement was less than 20 p.m oneach point of the measurement, indicating that therestorability of the BPM are within 30 p.m everwith a measurement error of 8 p.m.
We noticed that the leaf springs ensured a highly
accurate restorability,
but were deflected
downword at the first setting because of chamber's
weight. We continue the test to solve this problem
and design for the SPring-8 with careful consideration.

202
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V·2·36.

Design of the Control System for the SPring·8
T. WadaThe SPring-8 accelerator complex consists offour linacs, a synchrotron, and a storage ring. As
the accelerator equipments are distributed geographically and functionally over the entire
accelerator site (about 900 m x 700 m), a distributed control system will be most appropriate forthe facility. In designing this system, it is very
important to detennine the specifications ofhardware (HIW) such as, number, hierarchy structure, linking, and installation places of the processors. The software (SIW) system is also very
important, since recently the cost of SIW has
become higher than that of HIW. Computer-aided
SIW development tools (CAxx) will be introduced,
where possible, in all stages of development ofapplication programs.
For control system design, the following conditions are taken into account:
Distributed processors and local area network(LAN):
Easy Operation:
1) The operator's console should be small andsimple, minimizing the number of parameters
on regular display.
2) Centralization of operation.
3) Unification of operation and display fonnat.
4) Voice alarm system.
Safety:Provision of both a HIW and SIW interlock system. All accelerator equipment should have individual internal interlock systems. In some instances, a cross-equipment interlock is required,for example between the vacuum and RF system.
R eduction of Human Laboun:Standard and fixed-order operations are perfonned automatically by computers. Operators only
perfonn such operations in which high level judgement is required.
Expansibility:
1) Accommodate an increase in and modificationof accelerator equipments.
2) Accommodate additional computers or interface HIW.
3) Link with other system such as a radiation
safety control system, an experimental system, or a computer center.
Noise immunity:
In order to prevent malfunctions of equipment,
or deterioration of exchanged infonnation by equipment, optical fiber cables are adopted for long distance signal transfer, and even in short distancecommunications opto-coupled devices are adopted.
Signals of TTL level are not appropriate for transmission between equipment and interface systems.
Radiation:
Selection of the appropriate location for installation of control devices or cables.
Adoption of specially produced cables or devices.
Easy Maintenance:
Adoption of standard modules for HIW and SIW.
Creation of comprehensive documentation andon-line HELP systems.
Reduction of Computer Load:
Introduction of microprocessors or programmable: controllers at the lowest hierarchy levels.
Easy programming:
Standardization:
Central management of S/W and database:
The control system consists of a central control
system, a program developing system, and several
local control systems for each accelerator. These
local systems and central control system are linked
through computer networks. Each local system
consists of a host computer, several front -end processors (FEP) and an operator's console. Figure 1
shows schematically the computers and their interconnecting network.
At the lower hierarchy level, some FEP's arelinked. These FEP's are microprocessors such as
VME (Versa Module European) crate systems andprogrammable controllers. At equipment levels,
integrated microprocessors are used. Microprocessors are especially useful for driving motors and theacquisition of beam diagnostic data. 1) When highdata processing speed is required, such as by a fast
digital feedback system, a VXI system has been
selected, since the data transmission rate of the
VXI bus is much higher than that of the VME bus.
Engineering workstations (EWS) are used as
operator's consoles, which permit X-window operation.
As is shown in Fig. 1, a so called multi-media
LAN (FDDI-3) is adopted for backbone control,with full- and mini-MAP (Manufacturing Automation
Protocol) LAN's for real-time control. Voice signals
and TV signals are also transmitted on FD DI
cables. MAP has two advantages over Ethernet(TCPIIP). One is that messages are exchanged by
the token-passing method. Hence, even underheavy traffic conditions, real-time response can be
maintained. The other is that mini-MAP bypasses

203

T. WadaEthernet

Ethernet

MAP

TIming signal

---~

L·Sy

FOOl : Fibre Distributed
Data InterfaceN

VME : Versa Module
EuropeanPC

L : Unac
Sy : Synchrotron: NodeSR : Storage Ring
BT : Beam Transport: Programmable
ControllerlTV: Industrial TV

Fig. 1.

ProtocolSchematic diagram of computers and the inter-connecting network.

the middle four (3-6) of the seven layers of OSI(Open System Interconnection, which is a standardized protocol system for computer network).
Thereby quick response is achieved.
UNIX and VMS are presently the most popular
operating systems. VMS is very powerful, but can
only be run on VAX computers. UNIX, on theother hand, is nearly machine independent and has
been implemented in many different computers. It
is powerful for program development and communication between computers. Although the early version of UNIX had few real-time functions, it has
subsequently been improved. One example is the
RIKEN ring cyclotron control system, in which
UNIX and real-time operating systems coexist in
the same computer. 1) For lower level computers,such as VME, real-time operating systems are
adopted. The programs are, therefore, developed

in UNIX and later down loaded to real time control
computers or written on EPROM's (erasable programmable read-only memory).
The timing system supplies synchronization
pulses to the gun, linac, booster pulsed magnets,
storage ring pulsed magnets, beam position
monitoring system, and control-room instruments.
It also provides pulses for use by experimenters.
Pulses driven from booster magnetic field trigger
the linac RF system and electron gun to fill aselected booster bucket. The timing signals arelead directly to delay modules in the FEP's.
References
1) T. Wada, H. Takebe, J. Fujita, T. Kambara, and H.
Kamitsubo: "Control System of the RIKEN Ring
Cyclotron", presented at the Control Conference, atVillars in Switzerland, 28 Sep. -2 Oct. (1987).

204
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

V·2·37.

Design of the Beam Diagnostic System for
the SPring·S Storage Ring
S. Sasaki and Y. Yamamoto

Overall design of the beam diagnostic system forthe storage ring of SPring-8 project has been performed. The primary purpose of the beam diagnostic system is obtaining information of the behaviorof the electron beam during the commissioning of
the machine, user experimental runs, and machinestudies for accelerator physics. The information will
be fed back to operation conditions of the storagenng.
The components of the system listed in Table 1
Table 1.

Components of the beam diagnostic system.

DeviceNumberPurpose or quantities 10 bemeasured

occr
cr/wCM

Average slOrcd curren!
lormorc

Scrccnmonioors

Beam inlensity of a bunch
Beam position of Iile flrsl !Urn
afla injection

Beam position monilors

432

Beam position of Iile srorcd

beam
Beam loss monirors

surround Ihe ring

Occurrence and rough posilionof beam losses

Perturbing electtodcs

Excilation of coherenl
oscillations.
suppression of ins labilities

Strip line electtodcs

Directional coupling moniror

Synchrolron Radiation

2 forB

Beam profile. angularmoniroring syslem

2 for ID.

distributions. emittance andSynchrolron Radiationeach beam line

[Une. bunch lenglh

beam line slabilization

SlabiJization of Iile phoron beam
Iineaxcs

syslems

are described in some detail. Since detailed design
parameters are not yet decided, only qualitative orsemi-quantitative descriptions are presented.
(1) Direct
Current Current Transformer(DCCT): An average stored current will be measured with a direct current current transformer(DCCT), whose dynamic range should cover therange from about 10 /-LA for the minimum sensitivity to above 100 rnA for the maximum operating
current.
(2) Current Transformer (CT) or Wall Current
Monitor (WCM): The intensity of each bunch could
be seen through one of these monitors on an oscil-loscope display, if the monitor has enoughbandwidth. No detailed time structures within abunch will be observed because of the attenuationsof the high frequency component of signals.
(3) Screen monitors: Fluorescent screens will be
installed at the injection point and several otherplaces around the storage ring. They will be driven
and positioned with air cylinders to be inserted into
the electron orbit. Electrons or positrons suppliedby successive injection cycles, with a repetition rateof 1 Hz, will illuminate the screens and provide
information on the beam positions of the first tumof the injection, in a destructive way.
(4) Beam Position Monitors (BPMs): Measurement of position of the stored beam will be donewith capacitive coupling button pickup electrodes ina non-destructive way. This type of monitors willbe the main monitors during normal operations.
From the view point of beam dynamics and theclosed orbit correction scheme which we are goingto adopt, it is desirable that beam position signals
can be obtained for one single passage of a bunch.
Also, for stable multiple passages, the averaged
signals should be able to be detected in better position resolution. The single pass processing of thesingal is especially desirable during the commissioning. If the monitors can record every single passage
of a pulse consisting of a group of a few bunches,then the phase space mapping can be obtained with
an appropriately placed pair of position monitors.
The required position measurement accuracy isabout 1 mm for single passage of a pulse signal, andwithin 100 /-Lm for multiple passage signals. The
100-/-Lm accuracy of the position measurementswith BPMs is required for correcting the closed
orbit within the accuracy of 100 /-Lm. The accuracy
will be mainly determined by electronic noise errors
arising from the signal processing electronics circuits for the single pass measurements, and bymechanical positional uncertainty of mounting themonitor vacuum chambers to the magnets for themultiple pass measurement. We expect the position
resolution determined by the electronic noise of thesignal processing electronics circuits for the multiple pass measurements to be less than 50 /-Lm.
A super heterodyne method is adopted for the
singal processing electronics. 1) For single passmeasurements, a bandwidth is required to be wide
enough for covering the revolution frequency,
208. 8 kHz. The central frequency of the first bandS. Sasaki et al.

pass filter will be the same as frf' which is 508.58
MHz, and the intermediate frequency will be 50
MHz with a bandwidth of about 2 MHz, i.e., tentimes the revolution frequency.
(5) Beam loss monitors: Beam losses can beobserved by detecting y-rays produced bybremsstrahlung of electrons hitting vacuum
chamber walls and others. One of these monitors
can identify the rough position of the beam loss.
Gas ionization chambers filled with dried air or plastic fiber scintillators with lead converters surrounding the whole circumference of the storage ring will
be used as loss monitors.
(6) Perturbing electrodes (RFKO): The perturbing electrodes, which are also called RFKO (Radio
Frequency Knock Out) electrodes, are driving electrode generating an A. C. magnetic field on the electron orbit so as to excite coherent oscillations or
suppress instabilities. Betatron tunes will be measured by exciting coherent oscillations with theseelectrodes.
(7) Strip line electrode: Strip line electrodes will
be used as directional coupling monitors. This typeof monitors can be designed so that the frequency
response is flat up to high frequencies. 2)(8) Synchrotron radiation monitoring systems3 ):Information about the behavior of an electron beam
can be deduced from synchrotron radiation emitted
from the bending magnets and insertion devices.
Detailed design of SR monitoring systems depends
on several factors such as the wavelength of radiation which is used for observation, radiation source
characteristics (a bending magnet or an insertion
device).
In general, for deducing information from synchrotron radiation, following devices will be used:
a telescope or a pinhole for focusing the profile of205

an electron beam, a TV camera to record the profile, one dimensional and two dimensional photodiode arrays for recording the profile and for oscillation frequency analysis when the resonance is
excited by the strip line electrodes, and a streak
camera to measure the bunch length.
Emittance will be measured from the electron
beam profiles or angular distributions with the synchrotron radiation monitoring systems at certain
points whose betatron functions will have been
already measured by some other methods.
(9) Photon beam stabilization: Various kinds ofsources will cause a long term drift and/or vibrations of photon beam lines. The long term drift will
be suppressed with a global closed orbit distortion
correction supervised by the central control systemof the storage ring. Vibrations with much higher
frequency components will be suppressed with alocal feedback scheme. The high frequency end of
the feedback will be limited mainly by the effect ofan eddy current in the vacuum chamber.
Further studies on photon beam position
monitors and their precision, sensitivity, frequency
response, and stability, as well as feedback electronics and feedback algorithms are necessary.
References
1) J. Hinkson, J. Johnston, and I. Ko: Proc. of 1989 IEEE
particle accel. conf., March 20-23, 1989, Chicago, IL,
USA, 1507 (1989).
2) "1-2 GeV Synchrotron radiation source, conceptual
design report, July 1986" Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California
94720, USA, 103 (1986).
3) T. Katsura: "OHO'86", Proc. of KEK accel. summer
school, Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan III-12 (inJapanese), (1986).

206
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

VI.

Radiation Monitoring
1.

Neutron Dose Around an Iron Beam Stopper

T. Shikata, N. Nakanishi, S. Nakajima, S. Fujita, K. Ikegami, and T. Kosako
Shielding calculations l ) have been carried out for
determining an operation mode of RIKEN Ring
Cyclotron to keep the radiation below tolerable
level in the key areas of the facility. It is important
to confirm the results from experiments, and to
make clear the energy- and angular-distrubution ofneutrons ejected from a beam stopper for designof a neutron shielding. However, we have only a
few data on the neutron production by interactionsof heavy ions of several hundreds of million electron
volts per nucleon with beam-stopping materials.
We carried out a preliminary experiment on the
angular distributions of high-energy neutronsejected from a cubic iron beam stopper of 15 mm
in thickness, by collision with nitrogens of 135
MeVInucleon. The measurements were performedat polar angles of 0°, 25°, 45°, 70°, 110°, and 135°with respect to the beam by a shadow bar method
using a "rem counter", Studsvik 2202D. The shieldused was a polyethylene slab of 45 cm in thickness,

which was placed only at the front of the rem
counter. The measurements were also carried out
without the shield. The distance between sourceand detector was 4 m.
Although the response function of the rem
counter is not given above 20 Me V in its manual,Suzuki et at. 2 ) reported that neutrons of above 20
Me V contribute as much as 40% to the dose ratemeasured by the rem counter outside the thickshield of the high-energy proton accelerator with 12
GeV at KEK. The dose for source neutrons withless than several tens of million electron volts
decrease drastically with decreasing energy when
the polyethylene shield is used. Neutrons of lessthan several million electron volts ejected from abeam stopper may be distributed isotropically.
Therefore, the angular distribution of high-energy
neutrons may be known roughly from the measurement of the dose rate with and without a shielding.
The results are shown in Fig. 1. Above several

Wi thout shield
With shieldI
l4N(13SMeV/A, 7+, InA)/'Beam stopper

Fig. 1.

10

0

Neutron dose rate ( mreJll/h)

Dose rates measured with a rem counter with and without a 45 cm polyethylene shield in front of it.

tens of million electron volts, detection efficiency
increases with increasing thickness of the polyethylene shield. The greatly decreased dose rates
due to the shield with smaller polar angle indicatethat they correspond to neutrons mainly up to several tens of million electron volts and that theseneutrons has a peak in the forward direction andoccupy a comparatively large portion of the energy
distribution. The values measured with the shieldshow contributions from neutrons with higher energies and rather a few backscattered neutrons.
Neutron dose rates outside a concrete wall werealso measured in the direction of 90°. The results
are about 1150 of these calculated (not for nitrogen,but for carbon of 135 MeV/nucleon). Even if thedecrease of the rem counter response is taken into

account for neutrons above 20 Me V, the caculated
value is overestimated. The reason may beascribed mainly to the inaccuracy in neutron energy
spectrum from the source and/or in the neutron
cross sections used in the calculations. Therefore,
exact measurement of the energy spectrum produced in the beam stopper should be necessary.
References
1) T. Shikata, N. Nakanishi, T. Kosako, and S. Fujita:
Unpublished.
2) T. Suzuki, M. Numajiri, Y. Oki, T. Miura, S. Miura,
H. Tawara, S. Ban, H. Hirayama, K. Kondo, and L.
Moritz: Proc. 2nd Intern. Symp. Advanced Nuclear
Energy Research, Mito, Jan., p.213 (1990).

207
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

VI·2.

Residual Activities in the Ring Cyclotron Facility

s. Fujita, T. Takagi, S. Okamoto, N. Nakanishi,
I. Sakamoto, T. Inamura, and H. Kamitsubo
Residual activities were measured at various
points in the Ring Cyclotron Facility.
From June 18 to 24, an experiment was carriedout with a 14N7+ beam of 135 MeV lu in theexperimental vault E4. However, because waterleakage was found at a part of north side dee ofthe AVF cyclotron at the last day of the experi-

DOSE UNIT : ~Svlh

Fig. 1. Detection points around the injector AVF cyclotron. Dose rates are indicated in units of J.LSv/h.

ment, the acceleration chamber was opened. On
June 27, residual activities in the AVF cyclotron

Fig. 2. Detection points around RIKEN Ring Cyclotron.
EDC, an electrostatic deflection channel; MDC1, amagnetic deflection channell; MDC2, a magnetic
deflection channel 2; MDP1, a main differential probe 1;
MDP2, a main differential probe 2; MDP3, a maindifferential probe 3. Numerals indicated are dose rates
in units of J.L SvIh.

Fig. 3. Layout of RIKEN Ring Cyclotron facility as of1990. Monitoring positions are denoted by x. Detection
points of residual activity on the beam lines are denotedby alphabets.

S. Fujita et al.

208

were measured with a portable ionization chamber (AE-1331 Al manufactured by Applied Engineering Inc., Japan). The measurements weremade for three days after the stop of machine
operation. The results are shown in Fig. 1
together with detection points. The dose rates ofthe deflector increased about 25 times than that
Table 1. Summary of residual activities measured along
the beam lines. Alphabets indicate detection points (seeFig. 3).
Detection
point

A

B
C
0
E
F
G

H
I

J
K
L
M
N
0
p
Q

R
S

T
U
V

W
X
y
Z

Ionization chamber
survey met e r( J,LS v I h )
100
40
120
120
250
65
40
30
20
200
40
500
40
150
700
200
45
1000
900
600
26
150
28
250
300
45

Date

Hay.26
lIay.26
lIay.26
lIay.26
lIay.26
lIay. 26
lIay.26
lIay.26
Ju1.25lIay.26
lIay. 26
lIay. 26
II a y. 26
II a y. 26!lay. 26
!lay. 26
!lay. 26
lIaY.26
II a r. 28
lIay.26
J un. 21Jun.21
Aug . 02
Jun.25
Jun.25lIay.07of a previous report,l) depending on the positions.
From August 1 to 3, last experiments in thespring term were carried out with an 4°Ar I6 +beam of 80 MeV lu in the experimental vault E2.
A routine overhaul was made in August, andthe dose rates due to residual activities of the
Ring Cyclotron was measured on Aug. 24. The
results are shown in Fig. 2 together with detection points. The dose rates of EDC increased
about 165 times than that of a previous report,2)
depending on the positions.
We also measured those of MDC1 and MDC2 atthe occasion of the overhaul after three-year
separation.
In this period, January to December, residual
activities were measured along the beam lines tothe experimental vault E6 with a portable ionization chamber. The detection points above 20jiSvi
h are shown in Fig. 3. Table 1 summarizes thedetected dose rates with measured date. There
were several points above 500,u Sv Ih in the beam
disturibution corridor. It suggested large beamloss at experiments of RIPS. In the areas above
20,u Sv Ih, we have posted a notice saying 'Dose
equivalent of this area is XXX jiSv/h', in orderto make people keep off the area.
References
1) S. Fujita, I. Sakamoto, T. Inamura, and H. Kami·tsubo: RIKEN Aeee!. Prog. Rep., 23, 173 (1989) .
2) S. Fujita, I. Sakamoto, T. Inamura, and H. Kamitsubo: ibid., 22, 307 (1988).

209
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

VI-3.

Leakage Radiation Measurements in the Ring Cyclotron Facility
S. Fujita, N. Nakanishi, T. Shikata, K. Ikegami, T. Takagi, S. Okamoto,I. Sakamoto, T. Inamura, and H. Kamitsubo

The radiation safety control system has workTable 1. Dose rates of neutron leakage radiation from atarget point A in extended experimental vault E5 (seeFigs. l-a,b).

Measuredpoint

Dose rates(.uSv/h)Measuredpoin t

0.56
0.34
0.033
0.002
0.010
1.80

a
b

c
d
e
f

g

h
i
j

k

Dose rates(.u Sv /h)

0.002
0.006
125
14
0.125

I
~

( 1 )
( 2 )
( 3 )
( 4 )

( 5 )
( 6 )
( 7 )
( 8 )
( 9 )
( 1 o )
( 1 1 )
( 1 2 )
( 1 3 )
( 1 t! )( 1 5 )
( ] 6 )
( 1 7 )
( 1 8 )
( ] 9 )

( 2 o)( 2 1 )

2 )
3 )
4 )
5 )
6 )
( 2 7 )
( 2 8 )
( 2 9 )
( 3 o )
( 3 1 )
( 3 2 )
( 3 3 )
( 3 4 )
( 3 5 )
( 3 6 )
( 3 7 )
( 3 8 )
( 3 9 )
( 4 o )
(
(
(
(
(

2
2
2
2
2

Detector
nameCount rates(C/3min)

R

e~

(I)

~~~12)(8)-(9)-

Table 2. Dose rates of neutron leakage radiation from atarget point B in the beam distribution corridor. (seeFigs.l- a,b,c.) A letter "A" stands for the neutron dose
rate meter of 2202D Studsvik No.83064; "B" for 2202D
of Studsvik N 0.89006; "C" for 2202D of Studsvik No.
86032; and "D" for NSN1001 of Fuji electric.
Measured
point

d

(1)

'------'
(5)

(6)

(4)

(2)

(a)

h

~
~

Dose rates(p.Sv/h)

B
1\

C
C
C
B
1\

2
17
89
184
38

C
B
B

C
B
C
B
1\

C
C
C
C
B
B
B
B
13
B
C
B
B
D
D
D
1)
J)
1)
1)
[)

D
1)

D
D

O. 03
O. 22
1. 15
3. 10
0.64
O. 05
0.03
0
0

(23]:

I (22)'"!

E4~. "'-. .. .-J

E1

(b)
0
0
0
3
12
6
31
9
22
110
6
82
15

O. 01
0.51
O. 08
O. 41
O. 15
0.08
O. 37
1. 85
O. 1 0
1. 38
O. 19
0
0
O. 002
O. 002
O. 020
0.018
0.029
0.006
0.055
O. 040
0.029
0.059
0.030
0.006

o
o
(37)

(c )
Fig. 1. Layout of RIKEN Ring Cyclotron facility as of1990. a : Plan view of basement 2th floor; b : Plan viewof basement lth floor; c : Plan view of first floor.
Leakage radiation doses measuring points are denotedby alphabets and the number in the parentheses.

210

s. Fujita et al.

ed steadily this year, performing radiation
monitoring continuously and automatically. A
new beam line became available in a newly
extended experimental vault E5.
On June 14, an experiment was carried out
with a 135 MeV iu 12C6+ beam at a particle intensity of 1 pnA in the experimental vault E5, whereleakage radiation was measured with neutron
dose rate meters 2202D of Studsvik. In Fig. I-a
and b are shown a target point A and detection
points of leakage radiation alphabetically.
Results are summarized in Table l.
Although the points i and j showed high radiation levels, nobody can enter the stair room,
because it was closed during experiments.
On March 22 an experiment was carried out
with a 100 MeV iu 18 0 8 + beam at a particle intensity of 44pnA in the experimental vault E6. The
beam was stopped at a target point B in the beam

disturibution corridor located in front of thedipole magnet Dl.
Leakage radiation of neutrons was measured
with four neutron dose rate meters, three 2202D'sof Studsvik and an NSN1001 of Fuji electoric.
2202D's were used with pulse counters because of
their low sensitivity to neutrons; NSN1001 wasused alone because of its high sensitivity. Figure
1- a, b, and c show the target point B and aposition where leakage radiation was measured.
Results are summarized in Table 2. The radiation level in the controlled area is well below thesafety limit (lmSv/week), and the level outside
the controlled area is below the safety
limit (0.3mSv /week).
This period, January through December, noleakage of gamma rays and neutrons was detected with environmental monitors set outside thebuilding.

211
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

VI·4.

Routine Monitoring of the Cyclotron, RILAC, TANDETRON, and
the Personal Monitoring of RIKEN Accelerator Workers
I. Sakamoto, S. Fujita, M. Yanokura, T. Kobayashi , K. Ogiwara,
T. Katou, Y. Matsuzawa, M. Miyagawa, S. Kagaya,
H. Katou, M. Iwamoto, and I. Kohno'Y rays and neutrons from the linac building was
detected. No contamination due to residual activities was found on the floor of control area and in
conditioned air in the linac building.
X-ray monitoring was carried out for TANDETRON, when an aluminum target was bombarded with 1.6 MeV H + ions of 1 nA. No leakage X-rays were detected around TANDETRON
and outside the T ANDETRON room.
2. Personal monitoring of RIKEN accelerator
workers
The number of RIKEN accelerator workers
increased to 1. 3 times that in the preceding
period.
The external exposure doses were measured
by using 'Y ray and neutron film badges. The
doses received by accelerator workers from January to December, 1990, are shown in Table 1.
The external doses were detected for 11 persons:four RILAC operators, four nuclear chemists,
and three other researchers. The collective doseowing to thermal and fast neutron exposures was
below the detection limit.

1. Routine Monitoring of the Cyclotron,
RILAC, and T ANDETRON
Routine radiation monitoring was carried out
for the cyclotron, RILAC, and T ANDETRON
from January to December, 1990, aspects of leakage radiation from the cyclotron are described ina succeeding report. 1)(1) Contamination in the cyclotron building:Surface contamination has been kept below 10- 1
Bq/cm2 on the floors of the cyclotron building.
When radioactive substances were handled in
the hot laboratory and chemical laboratories, theair in a draft chamber was activated; the radioacti vi ty at the exit of the chamber was of theorder of 10- L 10- 8 Bq/cnf.
(2) Drainage: Radioactivities in the drainwater from the cyclotron and the linac buildings
were found to be of the order of 10- L 10- 3 Bq/cnf.
The total activity in aqueous effluents was 14
kBq.
(3) Radiation monitoring for RILAC and
T ANDETRON: The leakage radiation during
operation of RILAC was measured outside thelinac building every three months. No leakage ofTable 1. Annual external exposure doses received by RIKEN accelerator
workers from January to December, 1990.
Nu mber of pe r sons
Wor kers

Dose

O. I -I>1

IIl1d e l.I)('1.ab l e( mSv )(mSv)

Col l ec tiv e
To1.aldose(IIIS V)

Aec:eleralo r ph ys i (: i s1.sand Ope r ato r s II

40

44

Nuclear physic i s1.S

163

163

Resea r eher s i ll o l.he r fi e lds

196

203

TA NDETIlON wo rk e r s

17

17

0. 9

1.6

Hea l t.h phy s i c i sts

T01.al

423

II

434

2.5

# Operators: For Ring Cyclotron, Cyclotron, and RILAC.
A verage annual dose per person, 0.006 mSv; Maximum individual annual
dose, 0.6 mSv.

References
1) I. Sakamoto, S. Fujita, and I . Kohno: This Report,
p.212.

212
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 24 (1990)

VI-5.

Leakage-Radiation Measurements in the Cyclotron Building
I. Sakamoto, S, Fujita, and I. Kohno

Leakage radiation was measured at various
points is the cyclotron building in March 1990,
when a target placed on the beam line No. 2 wasbombarded with 18-MeV helium-3 ions at a beam
intensity of 3 J.l A.
y-Ray dose rates were measured with an ionization chamber survey meter, and doseequivalent rates for fast and slow neutrons were
measuered with "rem counter"*. The results areshown in Fig. 1.
The leakage doses measured monthly during
January-April, 1990, with y-ray and neutron
film badges placed at two positions (points A and
B in Fig. 1) on the underground passage shown in
Table 1.
Of the dose values measured every month at

Dose un i t

Operating condi tions

Beam line: No. 2

Target: (;aAs

point A, the maximum total dose of 10.2 mSv wasobserved in March, when the values for y-rays,
thermal and fast neutrons were 7.8, 0.3, and 2.1
mSv, respectively.
High fast-neutron doses observed at point A in
March, and at point B in February, and March
were 2.1, 4.7, and 8.5 mSv, respectively. The
increase in the neutron dose at point B was due
to high intensity irradiation on the beam line No.
4, where a target was bombarded with 22-MeV
helium ions at a beam intensity of 100 nA; beam
intensities cyclotron users frequently use on thisbeam line was 7-8 nA. The high fast-neutron
doses at point A were due mainly to activation
analysis and radioisotope production carried out
on the beam line No. 2 during this periods.

y Ray/1. Sv/h

Neu tron/1. Sv/h(under! ined value)~

012345m

UP

Ax12

5

o

Q

UP

Hand foot cloth monitor

Control room
Basement

Ground plan

Fig. 1.

Leakage radiations (neutrons and y rays) in the cyclotron building.

* A Neutron Rem Counter NSNI manufactured by Fuji
Electric Co., Ltd. Japan.

213

I. Sakamoto et at.

Table 1. Leakage-radiation doses ( 1 cm dose-equivalent in mSv) on the underground passage of the cyclotron building during January-April, 1990.
Point A*
Month

r

rays

i

Thermal

I

Point
Fas l

Total

r

rays

Thermalneutrons

neut.rons(mSY)(t1Sy)

(mSY)

(mSY)

(mSY)

(mSY)

Jan.90·

2.1

0.1

0.9

3.1

0

Feb.

0.4

0

0.3

0.7

liar.

7.8

0.3

2.1

Apr.

4.5

0.1
0.5

neutrons

i
Ii

s*
Fas t

Total

neutrons

j- (roSy)

(mSY)

0

0.2

0.2

0.8

0

4.7

5.5

10.2

1.4

0.1

8.5

10.0

1.5

6.1

0

0

0

0

4.8

20.1

2.2

0.1

13.4

15.7

I

Total

14.8

I

* See Fig. 1

i

215

VII.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

1.

Accelerator development and accelerator
physics
1) Y.P. Lee, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, H.
Sakamoto, T. Nishidono, N. Hinago,
and S.H. Be: "The Performance Characteristics of a St 707 Non-Evaporable
Getter Strip for SPring-8", J. Vac. Soc.
Jpn., 33, 154 (1990).
2) T. Nishidono, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, H. Sakamoto, Y.P. Lee, and S.H.
Be: "Test of Aluminium Alloy Flange",
ibid., p. 241.
3) S. Yokouchi, H. Sakamoto, T. Nishidono, Y. Morimoto, Y.P. Lee, Y. Hirano,
and S.H. Be: "Manufacture of the AIalloy Vacuum Chamber for SPring-8",
ibid., p. 258.
4) Y. Morimoto, S. Yokouchi, H. Sakamoto, T. Nishidono, Y.P. Lee, and S.H.
Be: "Manufacture of Crotch for SPring8", ibid., p. 262.
5) S.H. Be, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, H.
Sakamoto, T. Nishidono, Y.P. Lee, andY. Oikawa: "The Conceptual Design ofVacuum System for SPring-8", ibid., p.
266.
6) T. Fujisawa, K. Ogiwara, S. Kohara, Y.
Oikawa, I. Yokoyama, M. Nagase, and
Y. Chiba: "The Radiofrequency Systemof the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron", N ucl.
Instrum. Methods in Phys. Res. A, 292, 1(1990) .
7) Y. Yano: "RIKEN Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility", Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on
Advanced N ucl. Energy Res., p. 353(1990) .
8) J. Ohnishi and S. Motonaga: "Design of
the Sextupole Magnet for an 8 Ge V
Storage Ring", Proc. 11th Int. Conf. on
Magnet Technol., 1, 194 (1990).

2.

Nuclear physics and nuclear instrumentation
1) K. Soutome, T. Maruyama, and K.
Saito: "Relativistic (j'-(R) Model at Finite
Temperature in Thermo Field
Dynamics", Nucl. Phys. A, 507, 731(1990) .
2) M. Yasue, M.H. Tanaka, T. Hasegawa,K. Nisimura, H. Ohnuma, H. Shimizu, K.
Ieki, H. Toyokawa, M. Iwase, J. Iimura,

H. Yoshida, T. Nakagawa, A. Soto, T.
Niizeki, J. Takamatsu, Y. Takahashi, T.
Tohei, H. Orihara, T. Suehiro, S.I. Hayakawa, K. Ogawa, M. Igarashi, and R.J.
Peterson: "Structure of 14C Studied by
the l4C(P, d) l3C Reaction", ibid., 509,141(1990) .
3) M. Yasue, M.H. Tanaka, T. Hasegawa,K. N isimura, S. Kubono, H. Ohnuma, H.
Shimizu, K. Ieki, H. Toyokawa, M.
Iwase, J. Iimura, H. Yoshida, T. Nakagawa, A. Soto, T. Niizeki, J. Takamatsu, Y. Takahashi, T. Tohei, H.
Orihara, T. Suehiro, S.I. Hayakawa,and M. Igarashi: "Systematic Enhancement for the 14C(P, t) l2C Reaction
Leading to the T=O States", ibid., 510,
285 (1990).
4) H. Ohnuma, N. Hoshino, K. Ieki, M.
Iwase, H. Shimizu, H. Toyokawa, T.
Hasegawa, K. Nisimura, M. Yasue, M.
Kabasawa, T. Nakagawa, T. Tohei, H.
Orihara, S. Hayakawa, K. Miura, T.
Suehiro, S.K. N anda, D. Dehnhard, and
M.A. Franey: "The l60(P, p') Reactionsat 35 MeV", ibid., 514, 273 (1990).
5) M. Gong and M. Tohyama: "TimeDependent Density Matrix Theory I.
Damping of Small Amplitude Motion",
Z. Phys., A335, 153 (1990).
6) M. Gong, M. Tohyama, and J. Randrup:"Time-Dependent Density Matrix Theory II. Mass Dispersion in Damped
Nuclear Reactions", ibid., p. 340.
7) M. Tohyama: "Landau's Collision Termin Time-Dependent Density Matrix Formalism", ibid., p. 413.
8) J.A. Casado, S. Date, C. Merino, and C.
Pajares: "Small PT Particle Productionin the Dual Parton Model", Z Phys., C46,
129 (1990).
9) W.P. Liu, T. Kubo, H. Kumagai, T.
Nakagawa, T. Suzuki, M. Yanokura, I.
Tanihata, T. Ito, T. Kashiwagi, J. Kikuchi, H. Yamaguchi, T. Doke, H. Murakami, T. Yanagimachi, and N. Hasebe:"Identification of Projectile Fragments
Using Position Sensitive Silicon Detectors", Nucl. Instrum. Methods in Phys.
Res., A287, 476 (1990).
10) T. Nakagawa, I. Tanihata, and K.

216

Yuasa-Nakagawa: "Timing Propertiesof a New Type Time Pick-up Detector",
ibid., 290, 136 (1990).
11) K. Ieki, M. Ogiwara, Y. Ando, N. Iwasa,
H. Murakami, and T. Motobayashi: "A
New Method of Position Determination
for a Two-dimentional PositionSensitive Detector", ibid., A297, 312(1990) .
12) T. Kubo, M. Ishihara, N. Inabe, T.
Nakamura, H. Okuno, K. Yoshida, H.
Kumagai, S. Shimoura, K. Asahi, and 1.
Tanihata: "The Projectile Fragment
Separator at RIKEN Ring Cyclotron
Facility", Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Radioactive Nuclear Beams, World Scientific,
Singapore, p. 563 (1989).
13) T. Kubo, and ·M. Ishihara: "The Status
and Perspective of RIKEN Projectile
Fragment Separator", Proc. 2nd IN2P3RIKEN Symp. on Haeavy-Ion Collisions, W orId Scientific, Singapore, eds.
B. Heusch, M. Ishihara, p. 40 (1990).
14) S.M. Lee, T. Nakagawa, K. YuasaNakagawa, S.C. Jeong, Y.H. Pu, T.
Mizota, Y. Futami, K. Ieki, T. Sugimitsu, B. Heusch, and T. Matsuse: "Production Mechanism of Intermediate
Mass Fragments from Hot Nuclie",
ibid., p. 155.
15) Y. Abe, N. Carjan, M. Ohta, and T.
Wada: "Decay Dynamics of Hot Nuclei", ibid., p. 169.
16) T. Suzuki: "Inclusive 7(- Production in
Heavy-Ion Collisions below 100 A
MeV", ibid., p. 355.
17) W. Bohne, H. Morgenstern, K. Grabisch,
T. Nakagawa, and S. Proschitki: "Critical Excitation Energy in FusionEvaporation Reaction", Phys. Rev., C41,
41 (1990).
18) A. Ohnishi, H. Horiuchi, and T. Wada:"Nucleon Momentum Distribution in
Colliding Nuclei and Potential between
Excited Nuclei Studied with the Vlasov
Equation", ibid., p. 2147.
19) K. Ieki, J. Iimura, M. Iwase, H. Ohnuma,
H. Shimizu, H. Toyokawa, K. Furukawa, H. Kabasawa, T. Nakagawa, T.
Tohei, H. Orihara, S. Hayakawa, T.
Hasegawa, K. Nishimura, M. Yasue, K.
Miura, T. Suehiro, and M.A. Franey:"Density Dependent Interaction Applied
to Low-Multipole (p, p') and (p, n)
Transitions in Light Nuclei", ibid., 42,457 (1990).

20) J. Peter, J.P. Sullivan, D. Cussol, G.
Bizard, R. Brou, M. Louvel, J.P. Patry,
R. Regimbart, J.C. Steckmeyer, B.
Tamain, E. Crema, H. Doubre, K. Hagel,
G.M. Jin, A. Peghaire, F. Saint-Laurent,
Y. Cassagnou, R. Legrain, C. Lebrun, E.
Rosato, R. MacGrath, S.C. Jeong, S.M.
Lee, Y. Nagashima, T. Nakagawa, M.
Ogihara, J. Kasagi, and T. Motobayashi:"Strong Impact Parameter Dependenceof Pre-Equilibrium Particle Emission in
Nucleus-Nucleus Reactions at Intermediate Energies", Phys. Lett., B237, 187(1990) .
21) K. Yoshida, J. Kasagi, H. Hama, M.
Sakurai, M. Kodama, K. Furutaka, K.
Ieki, W. Galster, T. Kubo, and M. Ishihara: "Excitation Energy Dependence of
the Giant Dipole Resonance in Hot
Nuclei", ibid., 245, 7 (1990).
22) J.P. Sullivan, J. Peter, D. Cussol, G.
Bizard, R. Brou, M. Louvel, J.P. Patry,
R. Regimbart, J.C. Steckmeyer, B.
Tamain, E. Crema, H. Doubre, K. Hagel,
G.M. Jin, A. Peghaire, F. Saint-Laurent,
Y. Cassagnou, R. Legrain, C. Lebrun, E.
Rosato, R. MacGrath, S.C. Jeong, S.M.
Lee, Y. Nagashima, T. Nakagawa, M.
Ogihara, J. Kasagi, and T. Motobayashi:"Disappearance of Flow as a Functionof Impact Parameter and Energy in
Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions", ibid., 249, 8(1990) .
23) K. N agamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida,
Y. Watanabe, S. Sakamoto, M. Iwasaki,
Y. Miyake, K. Nishiyama, E. Torikai, H.
Kurihara, H. Kudo, M. Tanase, M. Kato,
K. Kurokawa, M. Sugai, M. Fujie, andH. Umezawa: "X-ray Observation of
a-Sticking Phenomena in Muon Catalyzed Fusion for High Density D-T Mixture with High T2 Concentration", Proc.
Int. Symp. on Muon Catalyzed Fusion,uCF-89, Oxford, RAL-90-022, p. 27(1990) .
24) K. Nagamine: "Ultra-Slow ,u- Production via Muon Catalyzed Fusion", ibid.,
p.49.
3.

Atomic and solid-state physics
1) T. Tonuma, H. Kumagai, T. Matsuo,
and H. Tawara: "Coincidence Measurements of Slow Recoil Ions with Projectile Ions in 42-MeV Arq+-Ar Collisions",
Phys. Rev A, 40, 6238 (1989).
2) H. Tawara, T. Tonuma, H. Kumagai,

217

and T. Matsuo: "Production of Recoil
N e i + Ions Accompanied by Electron
Loss and Capture of 1.05-MeV /amu
Ne q+ i (q=2, 4,6, 8, and 10) Ions", ibid.,41, 116 (1990).
3) H. Fukuda, T. Ishihara, and S. Hara:"Hyperradial Adiabatic Treatment of
du +t Collisions at Low Energies", ibid.,
p.145.
4) 1. Shimamura, C.J. Noble, and P.G.
Burke: "Complex Quantum Defects ofSuperexcited Rydberg States of H 2 ",ibid., p. 3545.
5) T. Mizogawa, Y. Awaya, T. Kambara,
Y. Kanai, M. Kase, H. Kumagai, P.H.
Mokler, and K. Shima: "Foil-Thickness
Dependence of Projectile K-Satellite
X -Ray Yields in the L-Shell N onequilibrium Region", ibid., 42, 1275 (1990).
6) 1. Shimamura: "Energy Loss by Slow
Electrons in Polar Gases", ibid., p. 1318.
7) 1. Shimamura and T. Fujimoto: "State
Densities and Ionization Equilibrium ofAtoms in Dense Plasmas", ibid., p. 2346.
8) H. Ichinose, T. Doke, A. Hitachi, ].
Kikuchi, K. Masuda, H. Matsui, E.
Otobe, E. Shibamura, and T. Takahashi:"Energy Resolution for 1 MeV Electronsin Liquid Argon Doped with Allene",
Nucl. Instrum. Methods in Phys. Res.
A, 295, 354 (1990).
9) T. Kobayashi, O. Mishima, M. Iwaki, H.
Sakairi, and M. Aono: "Crystallographic
Polarity of Idiomorphic Faces on a
Cubic Boron Nitride Single Crystal
Determined by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy", Nuel. Instrum.
Methods B, 45, 208 (1990).
10) K. Tanaka, E. Yagi, N. Masahashi, Y.
Mizuhara, K. Tatsumi, and T. Takahari: "Lattice Location B Atoms in
Ni o•75 Al o. 15 Ti o• 1o Intermetallic Compounds as Observed by the Channelling Method", ibid., p. 471.
11) T. Kobayashi, S. Takekawa, K.
Shigematsu, T. Takahashi, M. Iwaki, H.
Sakairi, H. Takahara, and M. Aono:"Ion Irradiation Effect in a Bi-Sr-Ca-Cuo Oxide Superconductor", ibid., p. 480.
12) K. Kawatsura, M. Sataka, H. N aramoto,Y. Nakai, Y. Yamazaki, K. Komaki, K.
Kuroki, Y. Kanai, T. Kambara, Y.
Awaya, and N. Stolterfoht: "AngularMomentum Distribution of Autoionizing
Rydberg States Produced by 64 Me V S
Ions in Collisions with C Foils", ibid., 48,

103 (1990).
13) A. Koyama, H. Ishikawa, Y. Sasa, K.
Maeda, O. Benka, and M. Uda "IncidentAngle Dependence of Peak Energies of
Al and Si LVV Auger Electrons for
Ar 12 + Ion Impact", ibid., p. 608.
14) M. Tachibana, H. Adachi, T. Mukouyama, Y. Hibino, Y. Sasa, K. Fuwa,
and M. Uda: "Intensity Analysis of F K
Satellite Spectra of NaF and KF", ibid.,49, 15 (1990).
15) V. Zoran, A. Enulescu, 1. Piticu, G.
Wintermeyer, T. Kambara, M. Gabr,and R. Schuch: "Enhanced Double Ionization of the 3da' Molecular Orbital at
Small Impact Parameters", Phys. Rev.
Lett., 64, 527 (1990).
16) ]. Kawai, M. Takami, and C. Satoko:"Multiplet Structure in Ni K,8 X-Ray
Fluorescence Spectra of Nickel Compounds", ibid., 65, 2193 (1990).
17) T. Tonuma, H. Kumagai, T. Matsuo,
and H. Tawara: "Multiple Ionization
Process Studied with Coincidence Technique between Slow Recoil Ion and Projectile Ion in 42 MeV Arq+-Ar Collisions", Chinese]. Atom. Molee. Phys., 7,1603 (1990).
18) 1. Shimamura: "Muon-Catalyzed Fusion
and Muonic Molecules", ibid., p. 1623.
19) H. Tawara, T. Tonuma, H. Kumagai,
and T. Matsuo: "Multiply Charged Carbon Ions and Their Production Mechanisms in MeV /amu Ar q+ (q=14-4) +CH 4 Collisions", Phys. Scr., 42, 434(1990) .
20) H.A. Sakaue, Y. Kanai, K. Ohta, M.
Kushima, T. Inaba, S. Ohtani, K.
Wakiya, H. Suzuki, T. Takayanagi,
T. Kambara, A. Danjo, M. Yoshino,
and Y. Awaya: "Autoionisation of
C4+(21nl') Measured by Electron Spectroscopy in Collisions of C6+ with He",]. Phys., B23, L401 (1990).
21) R. Schuch, E. Justiniano, M. Schulz, P.H.
Mokler, S. Reusch, S. Datz, P.F. Dittner,]. Giese, P.D. Miller, H. Schoene, T.
Kambara, A. MUller, Z. Stachura, R.
Vane, A. Warczak, and G. Wintermeyer:"RTE of Hydrogen-Like and LithiumLike Ions", The Physics of Electronicand Atomic Collisions, American Institute of Physics, New York, p. 562 (1990).
22) S. Ohtani, M. Kimura, and Y. Awaya:"Reports on Workshop on Atomic
Physics at the Advanced Photon

218

Source", ]. jpn. Soc. Synchrotron Radiat.
Res. (in Japanese) 3, 329 (1990).
23) P.G. Burke and 1. Shimamura: "Theory
of Electron- and Photon-Molecule Collisions", Molecular Processes in Space,eds. T. Watanabe, 1. Shimamura, M.
Shimizu, and Y. Itikawa, Plenum, New
York, p. 17 (1990).
4.

Radiochemistry, radiation chemistry andradiation biology
1) T. Miyazaki, Y. Hayakawa, K. Suzuki,
M. Suzuki, and M. Watanabe: "Radioprotective Effects of Dimethylsulfoxide
in Golden Hamster Embryo Cells
Exposed to Gamma Rays at 77 K. I.
Protection from Lethal, Chromosomal
and DNA Damages", Radiat. Res., 124,
66 (1990).
2) M. Watanabe, M. Suzuki, K. Suzuki, Y.
Hayakawa, and T. Miyazaki: "Radioproductive Effects of Dimethylsulfoxide
in Golden Hamster Embryo Cells
Exposed to Gamma Rays at 77 K. II
Protection from Lethal, Chromosomal
and DNA Damages", ibid., p. 73.
3) K. Tazaki, W.S. Fyfe, and S.]. Van Der
Gaast: "Growth of Clay Minerals In
Natural and Synthetic Glasses", Claysand Clay Minerals, 37, 348 (1989).
4) K. Tazaki, W.S. Fyfe, K. Fukushima,
and A. Fukami: "Wet-to-dry Transitionof Smectite as Revealed by HumidityCon-trolled Electron Microscopy", ibid.,38, 327 (1990).
5) S. Ambe and F. Ambe: " 119Sn-Emission
Mossbauer Studies on 119mTe and 119Sb
in S, Se, and Te", Bull. Chern. Soc. lPn.,
63, 3260 (1990).
6) Y. Kobayashi, M. Katada, H. Sano, T.
Okada, K. Asai, M. Iwamoto, and F.
Ambe: "99Ru, 61Ni, 57Fe, and 119Sn Mossbauer Studies of Heusler Alloys
Containing Ruthenium", Hyperfine
Interact., 54, 585 (1990).
7) K. Nakagawa, A. Ejiri, K. Kimura, andM. Nishikawa: "Density Effect on
Photoionization Process in Supercritical
Xenon Fluids Doped with TMAE
(tetrakis-dimethylaminoethylene)" ,Phys. Scr., 41, 140 (1990).
8) K. Tazaki, W.S. Fyfe, K.C. Sahu, and M.
Powell: "Observations on the Nature of
Fly Ash Particles", FUEL, 68, 727(1989) .
9) M. Watanabe, K. Suzuki, and S.

Kodama: "Karyotypic Change with
Neo-Plastic Conversion in Morphologically Transformed Golden Hamster Embryo Cells Induced by X-R.ays",
Cancer Research, 50, 760 (1990).
10) K. Tazaki, T. Mori, T. N onaka, and S.
N oda: "Mineralogical Investigation of
Microbially Corroded Concrete", ClaySci. (Nendo Kagaku), (in Japanese), 30,
91 (1990).
11) K. Suzuki, M. Suzuki, K. Nakano, 1.
Kaneko, and M. Watanabe: "Analysis of
Chromatid Damages in G2 Phase Induced by Heavy-Ions and X-Rays", Int.
]. Radiat. BioI., 58, 781 (1990).
12) Y. Itoh, M. Takai, H. Fukushima, and H.
Kirita: "The Study of Contamination of
Carbon, Boron, and Oxygen in LECGaAs", Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 163,
1001 (1989).
13) T. Takahashi and F. Yatagai: "Effects
of Heavy Ions and HZE Particles on B.
Subtilis Spores", BioI. Sci. Space (inJapanese), 4, 166 (1990).
5.

Material Analysis
1) K. Maeda, Y. Sasa, H. Kusuyama, Y.
Yoshida, and M. Uda: "PIXE Analysis
of Hnman Spermatozoa Isolated from
Seminal Plasma", Nucl. Instrum.
Methods, B49, 228 (1990).
2) Y. Sasa, K. Maeda, and M. Uda; "Application of PIXE Analysis to Materials
Science", ibid., p. 569.
3) Y. Sasa and K. Maeda: "X -Ray Spectroscopic Analysis on Sutra Exavated from
Sebriyam -Kyouzuka", Research Reports
of Seburi-mura, Ed. by Educational
Committee of Seburi-mura, SAGA-pref.,(in Japanese), 2, 19 (1990).
4) Y.P. Lee, T. Nishidono, S. Yokouchi, Y.
Morimoto, and S.H. Be: "Surface Analysis of an AI-Mg-Si Vacuum Chamber for
SPring-8", Sci. Papers I.P.C.R., 84, 1(1990) .

219

VIII. LIST OF PREPRINTS(1987-1990)
RIKEN-AF-NP

58

Isao Tanihata; March, 1987, "On the Possible Use of SecondaryRadioactive Beams".

59

Isao Tanihata; April, 1987, "Nuclear Structure Studies Using HighEnergy Radioactive N uc1ear Beams".

60

Isao Tanihata, T. Kobayashi, O. Yamakawa, S. Shimoura, K. Ekuni, K.
Sugimoto, N. Takahashi, T. Shimoda, and H. Sato; July,1987,"Measurement of Interaction Cross Sections Using Isotope Beams ofBe and B, and Isospin Dependence of the Nuclear Radii".

61

K. Asahi, M. Ishihara, T. Shimoda, T. Fukuda, N. Takahashi, K.
Katori, K. Hanakawa, T. Itahashi, Y. Nojiri, T. Minamisono, N. Ikeda,
S. Shimoura, and A. Nakamura; September, 1987, "Production of
Spin Polarized 15C in Heavy-Ion Reaction and Measurement of gFactor for the 1/2+ ground State".

62

M. Oshima, E. Minehara, S. Kikuchi, T. Inamura, A. Hashizume, M.
Matsuzaki, and H. Kusakari; October, 1987, "Rotational Perturbation
to the Natural-Parity Rotational Band of 163Dy"

63

S. Ymaji, H. Hofmann, and R. Samhammer; November, 1987,"Selfconsistent Transport Coefficients for Average Collective Motion
at Moderately High Temperatures"

64

Isao Tanihata; November, 1987, "Nuclear Structure Studies Using
Beams of Radioactive Nuclei".

65

S. Takeuchi, K. Shimizu, and K. Yazaki; November, 1987,"Exchange Current Arising from Quark Degrees of Freedom".

66

T. T. Inamura; March, 1988, "Lasers in Nuclear Physics".

67

I. Tanihata; June, 1988,

68

M. Matsuo, F. Sakata, T. Marumori, and Y. Zhuo; July, 1988,"Master Equaions in the Microscopic Theory of Nuclear Collective
Dynamics INS-Rep.-696".

69

F. Sakata, M. Matsuo, T. Marumori, and Y. Zhuo; Sep, 1988,"Master Equaions in the Microscopic Theory of Nuclear Collective
Dynamics".
INS-Rep.-703"Nuclear Studies eith Radioactive Beams".

220

70

S. Yamaji, H. Hofmann, and R. Samhammer; Feb, 1989,"Selfconsistent Transport Coefficients for Damped Motion".

71

T. Nakagawa, I.Tanihata, and K. Nakagawa; April, 1989, "Timing
Property of a New Type Time Pick-up Detector".

72

W. P. Liu, T. Kubo, H. Kumagai, T. Nakagawa, T. Suzuki, M.
Yanokura, I. Tanihata, T. Ito, T. Kashiwagi, J. Kikuchi, H. Yamaguchi,
T. Doke, H. Murakami, T. Yanagimachi, and N. Hasebe; April, 1989,"Identification of projectile Fragments using Position sensitive
Silicon detectors".

73

R. Samhammer, H. Hofmann, and S. Yamaji; May, 1989, "SelfConsistent Transport Tensors for Collective Motion in Several
Dimensions".

74

K. Soutome,T. Maruyama, and K. Saito; June, 1989, "Relativistic
sigma-omega Model at Finite Temperature in Thermo Field
Dynamics".

75

M. Oshima, M. Matsuzaki, S. Ichikawa, H. Iimura, H. Kusakari, T.
Inamura, A. Hashizume, and M Sugawara; June, 1989,"Electromagnetic transition probabilities in the natural-parity
rotational band of 173Tb".

76

T. Kobayashi, S. Shimoura, I. Tanihata, K. Katori, K. Matsuta, T.
Minamisono, K. Sugimoto, W. Muller, D. L. Olson, T. J. M. Symons,and H. Wieman; June, 1989, "Electromagnetic Dissocoation andSoft Giant Dipole Resonance of Neutron Dripline Nuclei 11 Li".

77

M. Sano; July, 1989, "Strangeness production in high-enrgy nuclear
collisions"

78

I. Tanihata; August, 1989, "Reactions Using High Energy Beams ofRadio Active Nuclei".

79

S. Yamaji; October, 1989, "Nuclear Collective Motion: Markovian
or not?"80

Isao Tanihata; October,1989, "A Systematics of the Nuclear Radii
and Neutron Halo"81

M. Fukuda, K. Asahi, T. Ichihara, N. Inabe, M. Ishihara, T. Kubo,H.
Kumagai, T. Nakagawa, I. Tanihata, M. Adachi, M. Koguchi;
November, 1989, "Measurment of Reaction Cross Sections Using
IlBe Beam".

221

82

S. Shimoura,1. Tanihata,T. Kobayashi,K. Matsuta, K. Katori,K.
Sugimoto,D.L. Olson,W.F.J. Muller,H.H. Wieman; December, 1989,"Energy Dependence of Interaction Cross Sections".

83

T. Kubo,M. Ishihara,N. Inabe,T. Nakamura,H. Okuno,S.
Shimoura,K. Yoshida,K. Asahi,H. Kumagai,I. Tanihata; December,
1989, "The Projectile Fragment Separator at RIKEN Ring Cyclotron
Facility".

84

K. Asahi, K. Matsuta, K. Takeyama, K.H. Tanaka,Y. Nojiri, and T.
Minamisono; December, 1989, "Half-life and Branching Rations of
the 130 Beta Decay".

85

K. Asahi, M. Ishihara, H. Takanashi, M. Koguchi, M. Adachi, M.
Fukuda, N. Inabe, D. Mikolas, D. Morrissey, D. Beaumel, T. Ichihara,
T. Kubo,T. Shimoda, H. Miyatake, and N. Takahashi; December,
1989, "SPIN-POLARIZED RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE BEAMS FROMINTERMEDIATE ENERGY HEAVY ION COLLISION".

86

K. Asahi, M. Ishihara, T. Ichihara, M. Fukuda, T. Kubo,Y. Gono, A.C.
Mueller, R. Anne, D.Bazin, D. Guillemaud-Mueller, R. Bimbot, W.D.
Schmidt-Ott, and J. kasagi; January, 1990, "OBSERVATION OF
SPIN-ALIGNED SECONDARY FRAGMENT BEAMS OF 14B".

87

K. Asahi, M. Ishihara, N. Inabe, T. Ichihara,T. Kubo, M. Adachi, H.
Takanashi, M. Kouguchi, M. Fukuda, D. Mikolas, D.J. Morrissey, D.
Beaumel, T. Shimoda, H. Miyatake, and N. Takahashi; January,1990,"New Aspect of Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Reactions: Large
Spin Polarization of Fragments".

88

T. Inamaura; February, 1990, "Nuclear Structure Study through theElectromagnetic Interaction".

89

T. Suzuki, M. Fukuda, T. Ichihara, N. Inabe, T. Kubo, T. Nakagawa,K. Yoshida,!. Tanihata, T. Kobayashi, T. Suda, S. Shimoura, and M.
Fujiwara; March, 1990, "Anomalous Slope Factor of Inclusive 1tSpectrum in 41 A MeV Heavy Ion Collision"

90

K.Yoshida, j.Kasagi, H.Hama, M.Sakurai M.Kodama, K.Furutaka,
W.Galster, T.Kubo,and M.Iahihara; March,1990, "Excitation Energy
Dependence of Giant Dipole Resonance on Hot Nuclei*".

91

1. Tanihata; March,1990, "Study of Exotic Nuclei with Radioactive
Beams".

92

K.Nakagawa; June,1990, "Property of the Fast Timing Detector
using an Electron Multiplier".

222

93

I.Tanihata; June, 1990, "Structure of Neutron-Rich Nuclei Studied
by Radioactive Beams Neutron halo Soft E1 excit ms ==Neutron
halo Soft E1 excitation== ".

94

M.Sano and M.Wakai; August,1990, "Strangeness Production in
High-Energy Nuclear Collisions".

95

H.Toki,Y.Sugahara,D.Hirata,B.V.Carlson and I.Tanihata; August,1990, "Properties of Nuclei far from the Stability Line in the
Relativistic Hartree Theory".

96

Kouichi SOUTOME and Shuhei YAMAJI Mitsuo SANO:
October,1990, "COULOMB DISSOCIATION OF 11Li".

97

Kensuke Kusaka; October, 1990, "Effective Theory of Qcd For
Deconfinement and chiral Phase transitions at finite temperature".

98
T.suzuki,M.fukuda, T.ichihara,N .inabe,T .kubo,T.nakagawa,K. yoshida,I. tanihataT.kobayashi,T.suda,S.simoura,M.fujiwara; October, 1990,"NAGATIVE PION PRODUCTION IN SUBTHRESHOLD HEAVYION COLLISIONS".
99

D.Hirata, H.Toki, T.Watabe, I.Tanihata, and B.V.Garlson; January,
1991, "Relativistic Hartree Theory for Nuclei Far from stabilityLine".

223

IX.
1.

PAPERS PRESENTED AT MEETINGS
Accelerator development and accelerator
physics
1) S. Yokouchi: "Vacuum System for
SPring-8 Storage Ring and Test Experience", SR Vacuum Workshop, Wako,
Mar. (1990).
2) S. Motonaga, J. Ohnishi, and H. Kamitsubo: "Design of Magnets for the 8 Ge V
Storage Ring", Spring Meet. Am. Phys.
Soc., Washington, U.S.A., Apr. (1990).
3) J. Ohnishi, S. Motonaga, H. Takebe, and
H. Kamitsubo: "Progress in Magnet
Systems for the SPring-8", 3rd Annu.
Meet. Synchrotron Radiat. Soc. Jpn.,
Osaka, Apr. (1990).
4) H. Miyade, H. Tanaka, J. Ohnishi, and
S. Motonaga: "Development of the Eddy
Current Type Septum Magnet for the
Beam Injection into SPring-8 Storage
Ring", 1990 Spring Meet. Phys. Soc. J pn.,
Osaka, Apr. (1990).
5) H. Miyade, H. Tanaka, J. Ohnishi, S.
Motonaga, and M. Hara: "Study of the
Injection Devices for SPring-8", 3rd
Meet. of the J pn. Soc. for Synchrotron
Radiat. Res., Osaka, Apr. (1990).
6) S. Motonaga, J. Ohnishi, and H. Takebe:"Design of Magnets for the 8 Ge V Storage Ring", European Particle Accel.
Conf., Nice, June (1990).
7) S. Yokouchi, T. Nishidono, Y. Morimoto, H. Daibo, Y.P. Lee, S.R. In, and S.
H. Be: "Vacuum Performance Characteristics of 4 m-Long Vacuum Chamberwith NEG Strip for SPring-8", ibid.
8) K. Inoue, 1. Takeshita, and M. Hara:"Design of the RF System for the
SPring-8 Storage Ring", 15th Linear
Accelerator Meet. in Jpn., Sapporo, Sep.
(1990) .
9) J. Ohnishi, Y. Ishii, S. Motonaga, and H.
Takabe: "Field Measurements of Prototype Magnets for SPring-8", 1990 Fall
Meet. Phys. Soc. Jpn., Nara, Sep. (1990).
10) T. Nakagawa: "Gas Mixing Effect on
ECR Ion Source", ibid.
11) Y. Yano: "RIKEN Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility", 4th China-Japan Joint
Symp. on Accelerators for N ucl. Sci. andTheir Applications, Beijing, Oct. (1990).
12) K. Yagi, T. Ohbayashi, K. Yoshida, S.H.

Be, and S. Yokouchi: "Performance Testof All-Metal Gate Valve With RF Contact", 31th Vacuum Symp. of Vacuum
Soc. Jpn., Osaka, Oct. (1990).
13) T. Maruyama, S.R. In, Y.P. Lee, S.
Yokouchi, and S.H. Be: "Pumping Performance Characteristics of NEG Wafer
Module", ibid.
14) S. Yokouchi, T. Nishidono, H. Daibo, S.
R. In, K. Watanabe, Y. Hirano, and S.H.
Be: "Vacuum Characteristics of AIAlloy Chamber with NEG Strips", ibid.
15) S.R. In, H. Daibo, T. Maruyama, S.
Yokouchi, S. Takahashi, and S.H. Be:"Sensitivity Calibration of Ionization
Gauges for Various Gases Using SRG",
ibid.
16) S.R. In, T. Maruyama, S. Yokouchi, andS.H. Be: "Manufacture and Performance
Test of Lumped NEG Pump", ibid.
17) T. Nakagawa, T. Kageyama, E. Ikezawa, M. Hemmi, and Y. Miyazawa:"Recent Development RIKEN ECR Ion
Sources", 10th Int. Workshop on ECRIon Sources, Knoxville, Nov. (1990).
18) S.H. Be. S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, T.
Nishidono, Y.P. Lee, S.R. In, H. Daibo,
and Y. Oikawa: "Vacuum System
Design for SPring-8, and a Series of Testand Evaluation", Vacuum Design ofSynchrotron Light Source, Argonne,
Nov. (1990).
19) S. Yokouchi, S.R. In, T. Nishidono, H.
Daibo, and S.H. Be: "Vacuum Performance of Vacuum Chamber with NEG
Strips of 8 and 16 m", ibid.
20) Y. Morimoto, S. Yokouchi, and S.H. Be:"Design of the Crotch for SPring-8",
ibid.
21) S.R. In, T. Maruyama, S. Yokouchi, andS.H. Be: "Performance and Characteristics of Lumped NEG Pump", ibid.
2.

Nuclear physics and nuclear instrumentation
1) T. Kohno, K. Munakata, T. Imai, A.
Yoneda, M. Matsuoka, T. Doke, J. Kikuchi, T. Kashiwagi, K. Nishijima, N.
Hasebe, H. Murakami, A. Nakamoto, T.
Yanagimachi, K. Nagata, and H.J.
Crawford, "Calibration Test of a Cos-224

mic Ray Heavy Ion Telescope by Accelerator Beam", 21th Int. Cosmic Ray
Conf., Adelaid, Australia, Jan. (1990).
2) T. Wada: "Resonating-Group-Method
Study of 3He-Nucleus Elastic Scattering", RCNP Workshop on Polarizationin Nucl. Reaction, Ibaraki, Jan. (1990).
3) T. Inamura: "Velocity Distribution Measurements of IGISOL Ion Beams by
Means of Collinear Laser Spectroscopy", Workshop of Nucl. Chern. andNucl. Phys. Using a Reactor, Kumatori,
Jan. (1990).
4) T. Inamura: "Nuclear Laser Spectroscopy", Workshop on Cyclotron Cascade
Project, Osaka, Jan. (1990).
5) K. Soutome, S. Yamaji, and M. Sano:"Coulomb Dissociation of llLi", RIKEN
Symp. on Unstable Nuclei, Wako, Feb.
(1990) .
6) M. Sakai, Y. Fujita, M. Imamura, K.
Ornata, Y. Gono, S. Ohya, T. Muto, T.
Miura, and S. Chojnacki: "MonoEnergetic Electron Production in e+ +Th Interaction", 45th Annu. Meet. Phys.
Soc. Jpn., Toyonaka, Mar. (1990).
7) T. Wada, Y. Abe, and N. Carjan: "Induced Fission Studied with MultiDimensional Langevin Equation", ibid.
8) H. Ichinose, T. Doke, J. Kikuchi, A.
Hitachi, H. Matsui, K. Masuda, E.
Shibamura, and T. Takahashi: "Energy
Resolution for 1 MeV Electrons in Liquid Argon Detectors (II)", ibid.
9) K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, K. Nagamine,
H. Kitazawa, Y. Miyake, and E. Torikai: "Surface Muon Production in
Heavy-Ion Reactions", ibid.
10) H. Matsui, T. Doke, ]. Kikuchi, H.
Ichinose, T. Nakasugi, E. Shibamura,and K. Masuda: "Observation of Rare
Gas Liquid Scintillation by Si Detectors", 37th Meet. Jpn. Soc. Appl. Phys.
and Related Soc., Asaka, Mar. (1990).
11) K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, K. Nagamine,
H. Kitazawa, Y. Miyake, and E. Torikai: "High Acceptance Axisymmetric
Secondary Beam Course Producing Surface Muon Beam from Heavy Ion Reactions", 18th INS Int. Symp. on Phys. with
High-Intensity Hadron Accelerators:
Tokyo, Mar. (1990).
12) K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, R. Kadono, and
K. N agamine: "Muon Paroduction at
RIKEN Ring Cyclotron and Future
Plans for Muon Science", RIKEN Symp.

Applications of Nucl. Methods to Chern.,
Wako, Mar. (1990).
13) K. Ishida: "Subthreshold Pion Production", TARN2 Workshop, Tanashi,
Mar. (1990).
14) T. Inamura: "Laser Facilities for
Nuclear Physics and Recent Results
Obtained at RIKEN", Am. Chern. Soc.
199th Natl. Meet., Boston, Apr. (1990).
15) K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, K. N agamine,
H. Kitazawa, Y. Miyake, and E. Torikai: "Surface Muon Paroduction in
Medium-Energy Heavy-Ion Reaction, at
RIKEN", 5th Int. Conf. on Muon Spin
Rotation, Relaxation and Resonance,
Oxford, Apr. (1990).
16) S.M. Lee, T. Nakagawa, K. YuasaNakagawa, S.C. Jeong, Y.H. Pu, T.
Mizota, Y. Futami, K. Ieki, T. Sugimitsu, B. Heusch, and T. Matsuse: "Effects
of Sequential Decay in Nuclear Fragment Distributions of Complex Fragments for 8 4 Kr + 27AI at 10.6 MeV l u",Int. Workshop on Nucl. Dynamics, Erba,
Apr. (1990).
17) S.M. Lee, T. Nakagawa, K. YuasaNakagawa , S.C. Jeong, Y.H. Pu, T.
Mizota, Y. Futami, K. Ieki, T. Sugimitsu, B. Heusch, and T. Matsuse: "Production Mechanism of Intermediate
Mass Fragments from Hot Nuclei", 2nd
IN2P3-RIKEN Symp. on Heavy-Ion Collisions, Obernai, France, Apr. (1990).
18) T. Kubo and M. Ishihara: "The Status
and Perspective of RIKEN Projectile
Fragment Separator", ibid.
19) T. Suzuki: "Subthreshold Pion Production at 42 MeV lu", 45th Spring Meet.
Phys. Soc. Jpn., Toyonaka, Apr. (1990).
20) Y. Futami, Y. Honjo, M. Shinohara, A.
Mochizuki, S.C. Jeong, H. Fujiwara, T.
Mizota, and S.M. Lee: "Cold Fusion by
the Pressurized Gas Method", ibid.
21) S. Date, ]. Casado, C. Merino, and C.
Pajares: "Small PT Particle Productionin High Energy Heavy Ion Collisions",
ibid.
22) S. Yamaji and H. Hofmann: "Nuclear
Collective Motion; Markovian or Not?",
Int. Conf. on Nucl. Phys. in Honor of
Akito Arima, Santa-Fe, May (1990).
23) K. Soutome, S. Yamaji, and M. Sano:"Coulomb Dissociation of 11 Li " , ibid.
24) Y. Watanabe, S. Sakamoto, K. Ishida, T.
Matsuzaki, P. Strasser, and K.
Nagamine: "New Insights in Muon

225

Transfer Reaction of (ud)+ He", Int.
Conf. on Muon Catalyzed Fusion, Wien,
May (1990).
25) K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida,
S. Sakamoto, Y. Watanabe, M. Iwasaki,
Y. Miyake, K. Nishiyama, E. Torikai, H.
Kurihara, H. Kudo, M. Tanase, M. Kato,
M. Sugai, M. Fujie, K. Kurosawa, S.
Okane, and H. Umezawa: "X-ray Observation of a-Sticking Phenomena in
Muon Catalyzed Fusion for Liquid andHigh T Concentration D-T Mixture",
ibid.
26) K. Nagamine, P. Strasser, and K. Ishida:"Proposal for Slow j.l- Production via
Muon Catalyzed Fusion", ibid.
27) K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, and K.
N agamine: "Large Solid Angle Superconducting Coil and Solenoid Muon
Channel for Future j.l CF Experiment",
ibid.
28) T. Suzuki: "Pion Production in HeavyIon Collisions below 100-MeV /u Nuclear
Physics Seminar", Brookheaven Natl.
Lab., New York, July (1990).
29) K. Ishida: "Muon Beam Course Using
Large Solid Angle Solenoidal Lens
Focusing", KAON Workshop, Vancouver, July (1990).
30) K. Morita, A. Yoshida, T. Inamura, M.
Koizumi, T. Nomura, J. Tanaka, Y.
Nagai, T. Toriyama, K. Yoshimura, M.
Fujioka, T. Shinozuka, K. Sueki, and H.
Kudo: "Status Report on the RIKENGARIS/IGISOL", 3rd Workshop on Ion
Guide Based Isotope Separation,
Leuven, Sep. (1990).
31) M. Koizumi, K. Azuma, T. Inamura, T.
Ishizuka, H. Katsuragawa, S. Matsuki,
K. Morita, T. Murayama, I. Nakamura,
M. N akaoka, K. Shimomura, I. Sugai,
M. Takami, and A. Yoshida: "TheVelocity Distribution of the IGISOL Ion
Beams", ibid.
32) S. Date: "Simulator Version of Multichain Model", 10th Int. Seminar on HighEnergy Phys. Problems-Relativistic
N ucl. Phys. and Quantum Chromodynamics, Dubna, Sep. (1990).
33) S. Date: "Can We Create High-density
Nuclear Matter in Heavy Ion Collisions?", Int. Workshop on High Density
Nucl. Matter, Tsukuba, Sep. (1990).
34) J. Murakami, M. Oshima, H. Kusakari,
M. Sugawara, Y. Gono, K. Morita A.
Yoshida, and H. Kumagai: "y- Decay of

10+ Isomers in N = 78 Isotones and Coulomb Excitation of Unstable Nuclei",1990 Fall Meet. Phys. Soc. Jpn., Nara,
Sep. (1990).
35) N. Inabe, S. Shimoura, T. Nakamura, H.
Okuno, H. Okamura, H. Sakai, T. Kubo,
T. Nakagawa, H. Kumagai, I. Tanihata,
and M. Ishihara: "Measurements ofEnergy and Target Dependence of Total
Interactions Cross Sections for 11 Li and
4
1 Be", ibid.
36) M. Koizumi, M. Azuma, T. Inamura, T.
Ishizuka, H. Katsuragawa, K. Shimomura, I. Sugai, T. Takami, M.
Nakaoka, L Nakamura, M. Matsuki, T.
Murayama, K. Morita, and A. Yoshida:"The Velocity Distribution of IGISOL
Ion Beams", ibid.
37) T. Takei, T. Motobayashi, C. Perrin, F.
Merchez, S. Kox, D. Rebreyend, K. Ieki,
H. Murakami, Y. Ando, N. Iwasa, M.
Kurokawa, M. Ishihara, T. Ichihara, T.
Kubo, N. Inabe, S. Shimoura, and S.
Kubono: "Coulomb Breakup Reactionsof 14 0 and 13N at 90 MeV /u", ibid., Oct.
38) T. Motobayashi, C. Perrin, F. Merchez,
S. Kox, D. Rebreyend, K. Ieki, H. Murakami, Y. Ando, N. Iwase, T. Takei, M.
Kurokawa, M. Ishihara, T. Ichihara, T.
Kubo, N. Inabe, S. Shimoura, and S.
Kubono: ''12C-3£1' Breakup Reaction at 35
and 90 MeV /u", ibid.
39) M. Kurokawa, T. Motobayashi, C. Perrin, F. Merchez, S. Kox, D. Rebreyend,
K. Ieki, H. Murakami, Y. Ando, N.
Iwasa, T. Takei, M. Ishihara, T. Ichihara, T. Kubo, N. Inabe, S. Shimoura, andS. Kubono: "Response of CsI(Tl) Scintillators to Charged Particles at around
100 MeV /u", ibid.
40) K. Shimomura, S. Hattori, T. Kohmoto,Y. Fukuda, T. Murayama, T. Inamura,
S. Morinobu, M. Kondo, and S. Matsuki:"Nuclear Polarization of Recoil Implanted 164Tm with Radiation-Dectected
Optical Pumping in Solids", ibid.
41) Y. Watanabe, S. Sakamoto, K. Nagamine,
K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, and P. Strasser:"Muon Transfer Reaction in Liquid
Deuterium with 4He Impurity", ibid.
42) K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, R. Kadono, A.
Matsushita, K. Nagamine, H. Kitazawa,
Y. Miyake, and E. Torikai: "Target
Dependence of Surface Muon Production in Heavy-Ion Reactions", ibid.
43) K. Nagamine, K. Ishida, P. Strasser, and226

E. Torikai: "Ultra-Slow j1.- Production
via Muon Catalyzed Fusion", ibid.
44) K. Shimomura, T. Nakamura, H.
Okuno, M. Koizumi, S. Hamada, N.
Inabe, 1. Ogawa, K. Suzuki, H. Sunaoshi,
Y. Funakoshi, M. Wada, T. Murayama,
T. Shinozuka, T. Kubo, T. Kohmoto, K.
Asahi, T. Inamura, M. Ishihara, M.
Fujioka, and S. Matsuki: "Production of
Neutron Rich Si Isotopes via Ar + Be
Reaction and Their Structure Studywith Radiation-Detected Optical Pumping in Solids", ibid.
45) T. Nakamura, T. Kubo, N. Inabe, H.
Okuno, K. Yoshida, S. Shimoura, K.
Asahi, H. Kumagai, 1. Tanihata, and M.
Ishihara: "Performance of a New
Projectile-fragment Separator RIPS",
ibid.
46) H. Okuno, K. Asahi, T. Nakamura, M.
Adachi, H. Miyatake, T. Shimoda, N.
Takahashi, T. Ichihara, N. Inabe, T.
Kubo, D. Mikolas, D. Morrissey, D.
Beaumel, and M. Ishihara: "Polarization
Measurements 12B and 13B in the Reaction 15N(112MeV lu) + 19 7 Au", ibid.
47) T. Kubo: "Nuclear Physics Experiments
at RIKEN Ring Cyclotron", ibid.
48) K. Masuda, E. Shibamura, T. Doke, ].
Kikuchi, T. Kashiwagi, H. Ichinose, T.
Nakasugi, T . Ito, A. Hitachi, S.S. Gau,
M. Gaudreau, K. Sumorok, and E.
Aprile: "Silicon Photodiodes for Detection of Rare Gas Liquid Scintillation",
ibid.
49) K. Soutome, S. Yamaji, and M. Sano:"Dissociation of llLi", ibid.
50) N. Iwasa, K. Ieki, T. Takei, T. Kato, andY. Nunoya: "Particle Identification of
Heavy Ions (Z ~ 36) Using Couter Telescopes", ibid.
51) T. Kubo, M. Ishihara, N. Inabe, T.
Nakamura, H. Okuno, K. Yoshida, H.
Kumagai, S. Shimoura, K. Asahi, and 1.
Tanihata: "The Projectile Fragment
Separator at RIKEN Ring Cyclotron
Facility", 1st Int. Conf. on Radioactive
Nucl. Beams, Berkeley, Oct. (1990).
52) K. Ishida: "Future Muon Facility(Japanese Hadron Paroject)", Workshop
on Pulsed Muons at LAMPF, Los
Alamos, Oct. (1990).
53) S. Yamaji, H. Hofmann, and A.S. Jensen: "Selfconsistent Transport Theoryof Nuclear Collective Motion", YukawaInst. Workshop on New Trend in Nucl.

Collective Motion, Kyoto, Oct. (1990).
54) K. Soutome, S. Yamaji, and M. Sano:"Coulomb Dissociation of llLi", Tamura
Workshop on N ucl. Reaction Dynamics,
Austin, Nov. (1990).
3.

Atomic and solid-state physics
1) T. Mizogawa, Y. Awaya, Y. Isozumi, S.
Ito, and R. Katano: "A New Read-Out
Method of Two-Dimensional Position
Sensitive Counter", 5th Symp. on Ionizing Radia t. Detectors and Dosimetry,
Tsukuba, Jan. (1990).
2) K. Kobayashi, S. Namba, T. Fujihana,and M. Iwaki: "Collision Effects on Ion
Beam Induced Crystallization of Aluminum Nitride", 2nd Int. Symp. on Adv.
Nucl. Energy Res.-Evalution by Acce1lerat., Mito, Jan. (1990).
3) K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, and K.
N agamine: "Present Status and Prospect of Materials Science Studies",
RIKEN Symp. Studies on Materials Sci.,
Atomic Processed, Nucl. Chern. andRadiobiol. by RIKEN Ring Cyclotron,
Wako, Jan. (1990).
4) Y. Awaya: "The RIKEN-JAERI 8-Gev
Synchrotron Radiation Project-SPring8", Workshop on Atomic Phys. at theAdv. Photon Source, Argonne, Mar.
(1990) .
5) K. Kobayashi, S. Namba, T. Fujihana,
T. Kobayashi, and M. Iwaki: "Effects of
N-Implantation on Formation of AIN
Thin Film (VI)", 37th Spring Meet. J pn.
Soc. Appl. Phys., Asaka, Mar. (1990).
6) Y. Kanai, H.A. Sakaue, K. Ohta, M.
Kushima, T. Inaba, S. Ohtani, K. Wakiya, H. Suzuki, T. Takayanagi, T. Kambara, A. Danjo, M. Yoshino, and Y.
A waya: "Electron Spectroscopy ofDoubly-Excited Helium-Like Ions", Int.
RIKEN , Symp. on High-Energy lonAtom Collisions, Wako, Mar. (1990).
7) P.H. Mokler, Ch. Kozhuharov, S. Reusch, Th. Stohlker, ]. Ullrich, Y. Awaya,
T. Kambara, A. Stachura, A. Szymanski, A. Warczak, R.E. Livingston, A.
MUller, R. Schuch, and M. Schulz: "Resonant Transfer and Excitation", ibid.
8) T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, Y. Kanai, T.
Mizogawa, A. Hitachi, K. Kuroki, andK. Shima: "Electron Capture and Loss
Processes in the 26 Me VI u Ar + C
System", ibid.
9) T. Watanabe: "History of Ion-Atom227

Collision Research in J apan-A Reportfrom the Far-East-", ibid.
10) K. Kawatsura, M. Sataka, Y. Yamazaki,
K. Komaki, Y. Kanai, H. Naramoto, K.
Kuroki, T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, Y.
Nakai, lE. Hansen, 1. Kadar, and N.
Stolterfoht: "Zero-degree Electron
Spectroscopy by Using High-Energy
Heavy Ions (III)", 45th Annu. Meet.
Phys. Soc. Jpn., Toyonaka Mar. (1990).
11) Y. Kanai, T. Kambara, T. Mizogawa, A.
Hitachi, K. Shima, and Y. Awaya:"Charge-State Distributions of 26-MeV /u Ar Ions after Passage through Foil",ibid.
12) T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, Y. Kanai, A.
Hitachi, T. Mizogawa, and K. Kuroki:"Cross Section of Radiative Electron
Capture for 26 MeV /u Ar 18 + + C Collisions", Toyonaka, ibid.
13) H.A. Sakae, K. Ohta, M. Kushima, T.
Inaba, Y. Kanai, S. Ohtani, K. Wakiya,
T. Takayanagi, H. Suzuki, A. Danjo, M.
Yoshino, T. Kambara, and Y. Awaya:"Ejected Electron Spectrum from N4+**(1s21nl') formed by N6+(1S)+ He Collisions", ibid.
14) E. Yagi: "Behaviour of Kr Atoms Implanted into AI", ibid.
15) T. Mitamura, M. Terasawa, K. Kawatsura, E. Yagi, H. Iwasaki, K. Koterasawa, and Y. Nakai: "Ion Beam Analysis of Austenitic Stainless Steel Single
Crystals", ibid.
16) M. Mogi, T. Mukouyama, H. Adachi, Y.
Sasa, M. Tachibana, Y. Hibino, K.
Fuwa, and M. Uda: "On the Mechanismof Chemical Effect on F K Satellites",
ibid.
17) M. Tachibana, T. Mukouyama, H.
Adachi, Y. Sasa, Y. Hibino, M. Mogi,
K. Fuwa, and M. Uda: "On the Mechanism of Chemical Effect of F K Satellites(II)", ibid.
IS) H. Ishikawa, A. Koyama, and Y. Sasa:"Excitation of Convoy-like Electrons by
Impact of Glancing-Angle Incident Fast
Heavy-Ions III", 1990 Spring Meet. Phys.
Soc. Jpn., Osaka, Apr. (1990).
19) T. Iitaka, A. Koyama, and H. Ishikawa:"Acceleration of Convoy Electrons by
Heaby-ions Impact", ibid.
20) Y. Awaya: "Electron Spectroscopy at
RIKEN ECR Ion Source", Phys. of Highly Charged Ions, Abisko, Sweden, May(1990) .

21) E. Yagi: "Study on the State of Hydrogen in Metals by Means of Ion Channelling Method", 133 Committee of Jpn.
Soc. for Promotion of Sci., Tokyo, May(1990) .
22) 1. Shimanura: "Resonance States ofMuonic Molecules and Muon-Catalyzed
Fusion", Workshop on Plasma Spectroscopy and Atomic Processes, Nagoya,May (1990).
23) Y. Sakamoto, H. Kokai, T. Uchiyama,
S. Komuro, K. Yano, and Y. Iimura:"Formation of Metal Oxide Films byUsing Oxygen ECR Plasma", C-MRS
Int. '90, Beijing, June (1990).
24) T. Kambara: "K-X-Ray-Scattered Particle Coincidence Measurements in Heavy
Ion Collisions", Joint US/Japanese Seminar on Excitation by Exotic and Highly
Charged Ions, Anchorage, June (1990).
25) Y. Awaya: "Radiative Electron Capture
Cross Sections for 26 MeV /u Ar Ions on
Carbon", ibid.
26) H. Fukuda, T. Watanabe, 1. Shimamura,and L. Vegh: "Scattering Angle Dependence of Ionization in Ion-Atom Collisions", ibid.
27) l Kawai, T. Konishi, and Y. Gohshi: "A
New Interpretation of the Broadening of
Ge Kal X-Ray Emission Lins of Iron
Oxides", 15th Int. Conf. on X-Ray andInner-Shell Processes, Knoxville, July
(1990) .
2S) l Kawai, K. Maeda, Y. Sasa, M. Takami, and M. Uda: "Charge Transfer Peakin the Ni La X-Ray Spectra", ibid.
29) K. Fujima, Y. Naito, T. Watanabe, Y.
Awaya, and T. Kambara: "The m-Level
Dependence of Inner-Shell Excitation by
Heavy-Ion Atom Collisions", ibid.
30) T. Papp, Y. Awaya, A. Hitachi, T.
Kambara, Y. Kanai, and T. Mizogawa:"High-Resolution L X-ray Angular Distrubution Measurement on Terbium",
ibid.
31) M.R. Harston, D.F. Measday, P. Weber,S. Stanislaus, D. Armstrong, A. Noble,
D. Horvath, and K. Aniol: "Negative
Pion Capture and Transfer in Molecular
Systems", 15th Meet. of the Soc. for
Atomic Collision Res., Tokyo, Aug.
(1990) .
32) Y. Zou: "Lifetime of Ti XIII Measured
by Beam Foil Method", ibid.
33) T. Niizeki: "A Concept of the Beam Line
for Atomic Physics at SPring-S", 6th228

Workshop on Studies of Atomic Phys.
and Correlated Topics at SPring-8,
Wako, Aug. (1990).
34) Y. Awaya: "Reports on the Recent
Activities of Atomic Physics Sub-Groupat Users Group for Advanced X-Ray
Source", ibid.
35) Y. Awaya: "Reports of Fifteenth International Conference on X-Ray andInner-Shell Processes", ibid.
36) Y. Kanai, H.A. Sakaue, D.S. Ohtani, K.
Wakiya, H. Suzuki, T. Takayanagi, T.
Kambara, M. Yoshino, and Y. A waya:"Electron Spectroscopy of DoublyExcited Helium-Like Ions", 5th Int.
Conf. on the Phys. of Highly -Charged
Ions, Giessen, (1990).
37) T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, Y. Kanai, R.
Dorner, and H. Schmidt-Backing:"Azimuthal Angular Dependence of KX-Ray Emission in Swift Ne7+-Ne Collisions", ibid.
38) H. Tawara, T. Tonuma, H. Kumagai, T.
Matsuo, and H. Shibata: "Multiply Charged Ions and Cluster Ions Produced form
Frozen CO 2 and H 20 Targets in Energetic, Heavy Ion Collisions", ibid.
39) Y. Awaya, A. Hitachi, T. Kambara, Y.
Kanai, T. Mizogawa, and T. Papp:"Angular Distribution of the X-Rays of 1
Me V / amu Argon Beams Passing
through Carbon Foil", 4th Workshop on
High-Energy Ion-Atom Collision Processes, Debrecen, Sep. (1990).
40) H. Fukuda, L. Vegh, I. Shimamura, andT. Watanabe: "Singly Ionizing ProtonHe Collisions at Very Small Scattering
Angles", ibid.
41) E. Yagi: "Behaviour of Krypton Atoms
Implanted into Aluminium as Investigated by a Channelling Method", NATO
Adv. Res. Workshop on Fundamental
Aspects of Inert Gases in Solids, Bonas,
France, Sep. (1990).
42) K. Kobayashi, T. Fujihara, and M.
Iwaki: "Correlation Between Energy
Deposition and AIN Crystal Growth
Induced by Ion Implantation", 7th Int.
Conf. on Ion Beam Modification ofMaterials, Knoxvill, Sep. (1990).
43) M.R. Harston, D.F. Measday, P. Weber,S. Stanislaus, D. Armstrong, D. Horvath,and K. Aniol: "Negative Pion Capture
and Transfer in Molecular Systems",
3rd Japan-UK Seminar on the Theory ofAtomic Collisions, Tsukuba, Sep.

(1990) .
44) H. Fukuda, I. Shimamura, L. Vegh, andT. Watanabe: "Singly and Highly Differential Cross Sections for Ionization of
Helium Atoms by Proton Impact", ibid.
45) K. Tanaka, N. Masahashi, Y. Mizuhara,
K. Tatsumi, T. Takahari, and E. Yagi:"Study on Lattice Location of B Atoms
in Nio.75Alo.15 Ti o.1o Intermetallic Compounds by a Channelling Method", 1990
Fall Meet. Jpn. Inst. Metals, Sendai, Sep.
(1990) .
46) K. Yano and H. Oyama: "Mass Analysis
of Charged Particles in ECR Hydrogen
Plasma in Contact with Graphite", 1990
Fall Meet. Jpn. Soc. Appl. Phys., Iwate,
Sep. (1990).
47) T. Uchiyama, H. Kokai, Y. Sakamoto,
S. Komura, K. Yano, and Y. Iimura:"Plasma Chemical Modification of Wall
Surface of UHV Vessel (I)", ibid.
48) Y. Yamazaki, K. Komaki, T. Azuma, K.
Kawatsura, Y. Kanai, T. Kambara, and
Y. A waya: "Emission of Secondary Electrons from Thin Foils Bombarded byRelativistic Heavy-Ions", 1990 Fall
Meet. Phys. Soc. Jpn, Gifu, Oct. (1990).
49) T. Sekioka, M. Terasawa, and Y.
Awaya: "Characteristics of KingdonType Ion trap", ibid.
50) K. Ando, Y. Zou, T. Kambara, Y.
Awaya, T. Tonuma, S. Kohmoto, and S.
Tsurubuchi: "Life Time of Ti XIII Measured by Beam Foil Method", ibid.
51) Y. Yamazaki, K. Komaki, T. Azuma, K.
Kuroki, K. Kawatsura, Y. Kanai, T.
Kambara, and Y. Awaya: "Secondary
Electron Emission from Thin Foils byRelativistic Heavy Ions", ibid.
52) Y. Zou, K. Ando, S. Kohmoto, T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, T. Tonuma, T. Niizeki,
and S. Tsurubuchi: "Beam-Foil Lifetime
Study of Neon-Like Tjl2+", ibid.
53) S. Ito, Y. Isozumi, R. Katano, N. Maeda,
Y. Awaya, and T. Mizogawa: "Development of High Pressure Position Sensitive Proportional Counter for X-Ray
Measurements", ibid.
54) E. Yagi: "Behaviour of Kr Atoms Implanted into AI", ibid.
55) S. Sato, 1. Hashimoto, H. Yamaguchi, E.
Yagi, and M. Iwaki: "Random Motion of
He Bubbles in AI", ibid.
56) M. Tachibana, T: Mukouyama, H. Adachi, Y. Sasa, Y. Hibino, M. Mogi,
K. Fuwa, and M. Uda: "Chemical Effect229

on F K Satellites (I)", ibid.
57) M. Mogi, T. Mukouyama, H. Adachi, Y.
Sasa, M. Tachibana, Y. Hibino, K.
Fuwa, and M. Uda: "Chemical Effect on
F K Satellites (II)", ibid.
58) H. Fukuda, I. Shimamura, L. Vegh, andT. Watanabe: "Kinetic Energies of
Recoil Ions in Ionization Processes",
ibid.
59) M.R. Harston, I. Shimamura, and M.
Kamimura: "Electron Screening Effecton Muonic Molecules dtu", ibid.
60) T. Tonuma, H. Kumagai, T. Matsuo,
and H. Tawara: "Multiple Ionization
Process Studied with Coincidence Technique between Slow Recoil Ion and Projectile Ion in 42 MeV Arq+-Ar Collisions", 3rd Joint Japan-China Seminaron Atomic and Molecular Phys. Taian,
China, Oct. (1990).
61) I. Shimamura: "Muon-catalyzed Fusion
and Muonic Molecules", ibid.
62) E. Yagi: "Recent Topics on Lattice
Defects in Solids in Relation to Ion
Beam-Solid Interaction", 30th Domestic
Meet. on Lattice Defects., Inuyama, Oct.
(1990) .
63) K. Kobayashi, T. Fujihana, and M.
Iwaki: "Effects of N e and Ar Gas Ion
Implantation Composition and Crystal
Structure in AIN x Thin Films", 6th
Symp. on Surface Layer Modification
by Ion Implantation, Tokyo, Nov.
(1990) .
64) E. Yagi: "Lattice Location Study on
Hydrogen in Metals by Means of a
Channelling Method", 13th WernerBrandt Workshop on the Interaction ofCharged Particles with Matter, N ara,
Nov. (1990).
65) H. Ishikawa, Y. Sasa, A. Koyama, A.
Misu, T. Iitaka, Y.H. Ohtsuki, and M.
Uda: "Convoy Electron Excitation by
Glancing-Angle Incident Heavy-Ion
Impact on Thick Metal Targets", ibid.
66) K. Kobayashi, T. Fujihana, and M.
Iwaki: "Effects of Noble Gas Ion Implantation on the Properties of AINxThin Films", 10th Meet. Surface Anal.
Soc., Tokyo, Dec. (1990).

4.

Radiochemistry, radiation chemistry andradiation biology
1) T. Takahashi: "Present Status of
Bioligical and Medical Studies at
RIKEN Ring Cyclotron", RIKEN Symp.

Studies on Mat. Sci. Atomic Processes,
Nucl. Chern. and Radiobiol. by RIKEN
Ring Cyclotron, Wako, jan. (1990).
2) K. Yoshida, T. Takahashi, and K.
Nakano: "Fabrication of Throughholes on Polymer Films by Ions fromRIKEN Ring Cyclotron", 8th Track
Detector Symp., Tokyo, Mar. (1990).
3) H. Kumagai, K. Nakano, K. Hatanaka,
F. Yatagai, A. Hitachi, H. Ichinose, I.
Kaneko, T. Takahashi, Y. Suzuki, K.
Watanabe, T. Kosaka, K. Kasai, and T.
Kanai: "Dosimetry at RIKEN Ring
Cyclotron Biology Facility", 37th Spring
Meet. jpn. Soc. Appl. Phys. and Related
Soc., Asaka, Mar. (1990).
4) K. Kimura, F. Sano, and S. Yanagisita:"Development of a Ion-track Scope andStopping-Power Dependent Luminescence of Helium", 45th Annu. Meet.
Phys. Soc. jpn., Toyonaka, Mar. (1990).
5) Y. Kobayashi, T. Okada, M. Iwamoto, F.
Ambe, M. Watanabe, M. Katada, and H.
Sano: "99Ru Mossbauer Spectroscopy on
Halogen Adducts of Ruthenocene", 2nd
RIKEN Symp. on Appl. of Hyperfine
Techniques to Chern., Wako, Mar.
(1990) .
6) M. Iwamoto, Y. Kobayashi, T. Okada,N. Sakai, I. Kohno, F. Ambe, K. Mishima, K. Kubo, Y. Sakai, T. Tominaga,
M. Nakada, Y. Watanabe, K. Endo, H.
Nakahara, and H. Sano: "Emission
Mossbauer Spectroscopy of 57Fe Using
57Mn as the Source Nuclide", ibid.
7) Y. Ohkubo, Y. Yanagida, Y. Kobayashi,
F. Ambe, and K. Asai: "Perturbed Angular Correlation and Emission Mossbauer
Spectroscopy of 99Ru in a-Fe 2 03 Using
99Rh as the Source Nuclide", ibid.
8) Y. Hoh and H. Tachi: "Lattice Defect in
GaAs Crystals by Positron Annihilation", ibid.
9) K. Asahi, M. Adachi, H. Okuno, M. Ishihara, T. Kubo, Y. Ohkubo, Y. Kobayashi, M. Iwamoto, and F. Ambe:"Application of Spin Polarized Oxygen-13 Beam to Chemistry", ibid.
10) H. Kusawake, T. Saito, N. Takahashi,
H. Baba, Y. Ohkubo, and A. Shinohara:"Angular-Momentum Effect in Heavy
Ion-Induced Fusion Reactions", 59th
Spring Annu. Meet. of the Chern. Soc. ofjpn. Yokohama, Apr. (1990).
11) M. Furukawa, E. Taniguchi, M. N arita,
A. Shinohara, S. Kojima, Y. Ohkubo, Y.

230

Kobayashi, M. Iwamoto, S. Ambe, F.
Ambe, T. Saito, H. Kusawake, and S.
Shibata: "Radiochemical Studies ofReaction Products Induced by Intermediate-Energy Heavy Ions", ibid.
12) M. Watanabe, K. Suzuki, N. Sakakibara, and K. Watanabe: "Cytoskeltal
Changes in Preneoplastic and N eoplastic Syrian Hamster Embryo Cells Induced by X-rays", Workshop on Syrian
Hamster Embryo Cell Transformation,
The Natl. Toxicology Program (NIEHS), Wintergreen, May (1990).
13) T. Takahashi, F. Yatagai, and K. Izumo:"Microdosimetric Considerations ofEffects of Heavy Ions on E. coli K-12
Mutants", 28th Plenary Meet. Committee on Space Res., The Hague, June
(1990) .
14) K. Tazaki: "Daiagenetic Mineral Transformations and Hydrothermal Alterations", Leg 126 Post-Cruise Conf.
Hawaii Inst. of Geophysics, Hawaii,
July (1990).
15) M. Minami, M. Aratani, M. Yanokura,and M. Yuyatani: "Measurement of
Diamondlike Carbon Films by Heavyion Probe Rutherford Scattering Analysis", 27th Annu. Meet. on Radioisotopes
in the Phys. Sci. and Industries, Tokyo,
July (1990).
16) M. Yuyatani, M. Aratani, M. Yanokura,and M. Minami: "Rutherford Scattering
Analysis Applied to Hydrogen Isotopes
and Metals in the Electrodes", ibid.
17) W.S. Fyfe, Kazue Tazaki, and Koichi
Tazaki: "Environmental Education; The
Need for an Holistic Approach to the
System Sun-living Cell-Earth", Int.
Congo of Ecology, Yokohama, Aug.
(1990) .
18) K. Tazaki: "Dinosaur Egg Shell- A
Mineralogical Observation by Electron
Microscope", Lecture Meet. on Dinosaur-RIKEN Phys. and Chern. Colloquim,
Wako, Aug. (1990).
19) K. Kimura, J. Wada, and M. Arai:"Stopping-Power Dependent Luminescence of Condensed Helium by a Techique of the Track-dept Resolved Measurement", 1990 Fall. Meet, Phys. Soc.
Jpn., Gifu, Oct. (1990).
20) K. Kimura, J. Wada, and M. Arai: "Depthresolved Emission Spectra near Termination of lon-Track Termination",
33th Meet. Radiat. Chern. J pn., Sendai,

Oct. (1990).
21) K. Kimura, M. Arai, and J. Wada: "FastEmission Decay Measurement for
Heavyion Excitation; Effect of Highdensity Excitation on Auger Free Emission of BaF2", ibid.
22) T. Takahashi, F. Yatagai, N. Miyabe,
M. Veno, A. Maruyama, K. Izumo, andT. Kosaka: "Analytical Formula of the
Dose around the Path of an Ion and Its
Application", 33th Annu. Meet. J pn.
Radiat. Res. Soc., Sendai, Oct. (1990).
23) H. Ohara, T. Kanai, H. Itsukaichi, K.
Fukutsu, K. Eguchi, H. Sato, F. Yatagai,
and T. Takahashi: "Biological Effect ofCarbon Ions from RIKEN Ring Cyclotron; Relation between RBE and LET",
ibid.
24) K. Tazaki, F.G. Ferris, R.G. Wiese, andW.S. Fyfe: "Bacterial Mineralization in
Cherts", Int. Symp. on Biomineralization' Odawara, Oct. (1990).
25) K. Tazaki: "Clays and Environmental
Geology", Clay Sci. Assoc. of Jpn. 34th
Annu. Meet. Kagoshima, Oct. (1990).
26) S. Ambe, Y. Ohkubo, M. Iwamoto, andY. Kobayashi: "Preparation of NoCarrier-Added Cd* and Ag* and Their
Chemical Behavior", 34th Symp. Radiochern., Tokyo, Oct. (1990).
27) T. Takahashi and Y. Hoh: "Defects in
GaAs Crystals Studied by Positron",ibid.
28) H. Kusawake, T. Saito, N. Takahashi,
H. Baba, Y. Ohkubo, and A. Shinohara:"Angular-Momentum Effect in Heavy
lon-Induced Fusion Reactions", ibid.
29) M. Furukawa, E. Taniguchi, M. Narita,
A. Shinohara, S. Kojima, T. Saito, H.
Kusawake, Y. Ohkubo, F. Ambe, and S.
Shibata: "Yields of Nuclear Reaction
Products Induced by 95 MeV /u- 4°Ar
Ions", ibid.
30) A. Shinohara, E. Taniguchi, M. Narita,
M. Furukawa, S. Kojima, T. Saito, H.
Kusawake, Y. Ohkubo, F. Ambe, and S.
Shibata: "Heavy-Ion Reactions of Copper with Intermediate-Energy 14N and
40Ar Ions", ibid.
31) Y. Kobayashi, T. Okada, F. Ambe, M.
Watanabe, M. Katada, and H. Sano:"99Ru Mossbauer Spectroscopy on
Halogen Adducts of Ruthenocene Derivatives", ibid.
32) J. Nakamura, N. Yamada, K. Asai, Y.
Kobayashi, and F. Ambe: "1 21 Sb Moss-

231

bauer Spectroscopy on MnSb", ibid.
33) T. Nagamine,]. Honda, Y. Kobayashi, 1.
Endo, F. Ambe, Y. Teratani, and A.
Hirata: "A Study on A Photoresponsive
Enzyme; The Valency Change in Iron
Atoms during Photoirradiation", ibid.
34) M. Aratani, M. Yanokura, M. Minami, 1.
Chu, and T. Kobayashi: "Heavy-Ion
Probe Rutherford Scattering Applied to
Pathological Samples", ibid.
35) M. Ohkubo, 1. Sugai, M. Minami, M.
Yuyatani, M. Yanokura, and M.
Aratani: "Development of Carbon Stripper Foils with Institute for Nuclear
Study", ibid.
36) A. Kaburagi, M. Minami, K. Onoue, 1.
Sugai, M. Yanokura, and M. Aratani:"Analysis of Contamination Processes
during Vacuum Deposition of Thin
Films", ibid.
37) M. Yanokura, A. Kaburagi, M. Minami,
and M. Aratani: "Spreading Applicationof Heavy-Ion TOF-RS", ibid.
38) M. Furukawa, Y. Taniguchi, M. Narita,
A. Shinohara, S. Kojima, T. Saito, H.
Kusawake, Y. Ohkubo, F. Ambe, and S.
Shibata: "Target Dependence of
Nuclear Reaction Product Yield by 95
MeV /u- 4°Ar Irradiation", ibid.
39) A. Shinohara, Y. Taniguchi, M. N arita,
M. Furukawa, S. Kojima, T. Saito, H.
Kusawake, Y. Ohkubo, F. Ambe, and S.
Shibata: "CU+ 14 N, 4°Ar Nuclear Reaction in Intermediate Energy Region",
ibid.
40) K. Asahi, M. Adachi, H. Okuno, Y.
Ohkubo, T. Nakamura, H. Inabe, T.
Kubo, M. Iwamoto, E. Yagi, Y. Kobayashi, ]. Kura, A. Yoshida, ]. N akamura, F. Ambe, M. Ishihara, W.-D.
Schmidt-Ott, and K. Asai: "Material
Science Using Spin-Polarized Unstable
Light Nuclei as a Probe", ibid.
41) S.Y. Chen, S. Ambe, Y. Ohkubo, M.
Iwamoto, Y. Kobayashi, N. Takematsu,
and F. Ambe: "Adsorption of Metal
Elements on Clay Minerals, Sea Sediments' and Iron Oxide", ibid.
42) Y. Ohkubo, Y. Kobayashi, K. Harasawa,
T. Okada, F. Ambe, and K. Asai: "TimeDifferential y-ray Perturbed Angular
Correlation and Emission Mossbauer
Spectroscopy of 99Ru in Fe 3 04 Using
99Rh as the Source Nuclide", ibid.
43) Y. Ohkubo, Y. Kobayashi, Y. Yanagida,
M. Iwamoto, F. Ambe, and K. Asai:"Measurements of y-ray Perturbed
Angular Correlation and Emission Mossbauer Effects for 99Ru in a-Fe 2 03 Using
99Rh as a Source Nuclide", ibid.
44) M. N akada, Y. Watanabe, K. Endo, H.
Nakahara, H. Sano, K. Mishima, K.
Kubo, Y. Sakai, T. Tominaga, M.
Iwamoto, Y. Kobayashi, K. Asai, T.
Okada, N. Sakai, 1. Kono, and F. Ambe:"Emission Mossbauer Spectroscopy of
57Fe with 57Mn as the Source Nuclide",ibid.
45) M. Iwamoto, Y. Kobayashi, S.Y. Chen,
Y. Ohkubo, M. Yanokura, S. Ambe, and
F. Ambe: "Separation by Heating Under
Reduced Pressure of Multi -Tracers
Produced in an Target by Heavy-Ion
Irradiation", ibid.
46) T. Takahashi and Y. Itoh: "Defects in
GaAs Crystals Studied by Positrons",
ibid.
47) M. Aratani, M. Yanokura, M. Minami, 1.
Chu, and T. Kobayashi: "Heavy-Ion
Probe Rutherford Scattering Applied to
Pathological Samples", ibid.
48) M. Ohkubo, I. Sugai, M. Minami, S.
Yuyatani, M. Yanokura, and M. Aratani: "Development of Carbon Stripper
Foil with Long Lifetime", ibid.
49) A. Kaburagi, M. Minami, M. Yanokura,
M. Aratani, K. Onoe, and 1. Sugai:"Analysis of Contamination Processes
during Vacuum Deposition of Thin
Films", ibid.
50) M. Watanabe, M. Suzuki, K. Suzuki, andK. Watanabe: "Premature Chromosome
Condensation (PCC) Technique for
Detecting Genotoxicity of Inter-phase
Cells", 7th CAAT Symp., Baltimore,
Nov. (1990).
51) F. Ambe: "Accelerator Facilities andSeveral Applications to Physical andChemical Research in RIKEN", RIKEN
Symp. on Spreading Appl. of Meterial
Characterization Using Heavy-ion Linear Accelerator, Wako, Nov. (1990).
52) M. Minami: "Application of Heavy Ion
Rutherford Scattering to Carbon Materials", ibid.
53) A. Kaburagi: "Application of Heavy Ion
Rutherford Scattering to Metal Thin
Foils", ibid.
54) M. Aratani: "Combination of Heavy Ion
Rutherford Scattering and Time-OfFlight Mass Spectroscopy-A Perspective-", ibid.

23255) Y. Qiu, T. Kobayashi, H. Tsukagoshi,
M. Minami, M. Aratani, and M. Yanokura: "Application of Heavy-Ion Probe
Rutherford Scattering to the Analysis ofRare Elements in Biological Materials",
14th Annu. Meet. ]pn. Neurosci. Soc.,
Kyoto, Dec. (1990).
5.

Material analysis
1) N. Takaura, K. Maeda, Y. Sasa, and M.
Uda: "Quantitative Analysis of Doped
Zn into GaAs by Ion Induced X-Ray
Emission Analysis (PIXE)", 37th Spring

Meet. ]pn. Soc. Appl. Phys., Asaka, Mar.
(1990) .
2) N. Takaura, K. Maeda, Y. Sasa, and M.
Uda: "Lower Detection Limits of Impurities in the Si by Ion Induced X-Ray
Emission Analysis", 1990 Fall Meet. ]pn.
Soc. Appl. Phys., Morioka, Sep. (1990).
3) K. Maeda, Y. Sasa, M. Uda, and M.
Takami: "Measurement of Surface
Angle of Non-flat Target via L/K XRay Intensity Ratio and Its Application
to PIXE Analysis", 27th Meet. for X-ray
Chern. Anal. ]pn., Suita, Oct. (1990).

233

x. SUBJECTS UNDER CONTRACT(Jan. -Dec. 1990)

1) "Radiochemical Analysis of 160,

14N,

and 12C in Si Crystal and GaAs"

H. Kirita
Japan Chemical Analysis Center

2) "Radiation Damage of Solar Cells"

T. Saga
Sharp Co., Ltd.

3) "Improvement of Thyristors by

K. Tomii
Semiconductor R&D Lab.,
Matsushita Electric Work Co., Ltd.

Proton Irradiation"4) "Improvement of Thyristors byProton Irradiation"

H. Akiyama
LSI Lab., Mitsubishi Electric Co., Ltd.

5) "Improvement of Thyristors byProton Irradiation"

M. Kitagawa and A. Ohsawa
Toshiba Co., Ltd.

6) "Improvement of Thyristors byProton Irradiation"

Y. Shimizu
Hitachi Co., Ltd.

7) "Improvement of Thyristors byProton Irradiation"

K. Muraoka and S. Sasaki
Toyo Electric Co., Ltd.

234

XI.

LIST OF SEMINARS(Jan.-Dec. 1990)
Radiation Lab., Cyclotron Lab.,
Linear Accelerator Lab.

1) R. Seki, California State Univ. (USA), 17
January"Understanding Nuclear Force as Soliton
Interaction"2) H. Toki, Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.
(Tokyo), 14 February" L1 -Isobar Excitation in (3He, t) Reactions"
3) H.G. Backe, Mainz Univ. (Germany), 28
February"Optical Spectroscopy of Fission Isomers"4) Y. Sakuragi, Osaka City Univ. (Osaka), 22
March"Recent Topics on Polarized Heavy Ions"
5) J. Zofka, Nuclear Physics Institute Rez
Prague (Czechoslovakia), 22 March"Recent Development in Hypernuclear
Physics"
6) L. Bimbot, IPN Orsay (France), 27 March"Subthreshold Pion Production"7) R.N. Boyd, Ohio State Univ. (USA), 10 April"Lectures in Nuclear Astrophysics"
8) T. Wada, RIKEN, 25 April"Induced Fission Studied with MultiDimensional Langevin Equation"9) S. Kox, ISN Grenoble (France), 9 May"Total Reaction Cross Sections Measured
for Stable and Exotic Heavy Ions in theIntermediate Energy Range"
10) D. Rebreyend, ISN Gernoble (France), 25
May"Source Size Measurements in Heavy Ion
Reactions from Light Particle Correlations"11) M. Tohyama, Kyorin Univ. (Tokyo), 6 June
"Time-Dependent Density Matrix and its
Applications"12) M. Sakai, Institute for Nuclear Study(Tokyo), 13 June
"Electron Spectra in the e+ + Th Interaction"13) E.K. Hulet, Univ. of California (USA), 6 July
"Fission of Heavy Actinide Elements"
14) K. Kaki, Tokyo Institute of Technology(Tokyo), 11 July
"Multiple Scattering Contributions to the
RIA Optical Potential"
15) T. Sasakawa, Tohoku Univ. (Miyagi), 18
July"Recent Development in the Study of theThree Nucleon System"16) U.G. Meissner, Bern Univ. (Switzerland), 4
August"The Pion in QCD"
17) K. Ikeda, Niigata Univ. (Niigata), 6 September"Structure of Unstable Nuclei and aNew
Type of Resonance Modes"18) K. Kusaka, RIKEN, 17 September"Schematic Model of QCD Phase Transition"19) K. Niita, Giessen Univ. (Germany), 22 October"Subthreshold Particle Production in
Heavy Ion Collisions"20) G. Hagemann, The Niels Bohr Institute (Denmark), 31 October"Study on Band Crossing"21) B. Mottelson, NORDIT A (Denmark), 29
November"Physics of Superdeformation"22) N. Carjan, CEN Bordeaux (France), 4
December"Two-Dimensional Langevin Approach to
Nuclear Fission"23) D.

Napoli,

Legnalo-Padova(Italy),10

235

December"Subbarrier Transfer Reactions with theLegnaro Recoil Mass Spectrometer(LMS)"
24) T. Udagawa, Univ. of Texas at Austin(USA), 25 December"Subbarrier Fusion Reactons"
Atomic Processes _Lab.
1) R. Srivastava, Univ. Roorkee (India), 26

January"Application of Distorted-Wave Approach
to Electron-Atom (Ion) Scattering"2)

U. Safranova, Inst. Spectroscopy (USSR), 18
May"Spectroscopy of High Ionized Atom in
Hot Plasmas"
Vainshtein, Lebedev Physical Inst.
(USSR), 18 May"Using of K-Matrix for Channel Interaction Problem"4) A Zubarev, Tashikent Univ. (USSR), 18
December"New Theory on a-sticking in Muon
Catalyzed Fusion and Complex Energy ofdHe JI. Resonance"
Radiochemistry Lab.

1) Zhang Guilin, The Shanghai Institute of
Nuclear Research (China), 5 December"Ion Implantation Mossbauer Spectroscopy"
Synchrotron Radiation Facility Design Group

1) K. Kasahara, National Research Center for
Disaster Prevention (Tsukuba), 3 April"Ground Investigation by Artifitial Earthquake"2) S. Liu, IHEP (China), 19 April"The Consideration of JLC Control"

3) L.

4) D. Habs, Max Planck Inst. fUr Kernphysik,(Germany), 2 November"Experiments with Heavy Ion Cooler Ringin Heidelberg"
5) A.M. Ermolaev, Univ. Durham (U.K.), 17
October"Atomic Physics with Low Energy Antiprotons"
Metal Physics Lab.

1) R. Fleming, Univ. of British Columbia(Canada), 9 October"Muonium Reactions in Gases"
2) R. Fleming, Univ. of British Columbia(Canada), 11 October"Muonium Reactions on Powder Surfaces"
3) A. Schenck, ETH (Switzerland), 3 December"Study of Heavy Fermion Systems Using
Muon Probes"

3) T. Kobari and M. Matsumoto, Hitachi, Ltd.,(Tsuchiura), 1 June
"An Investigation on Photo-Desorption at
PF"4) D.D. Bhawalkar, CAT (.India), 11 July
"Synchrotron Radiation Facility in India"5) K. Odaka, Hitachi Ltd., (Tsuchiura), 20 July
"Measurement of Thermal Gas Desorption
Rate"6) Y. Kojima, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation(Tokyo), 20 September"Superconducting Cavity Dvelopment at
KEK"7) G. Hirata, Denken Seiki Co., Ltd. (Tokyo), 3
October"Earth and Ground for Noise Reductionand Safety"8) H. Winick, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation
Laboratory (USA), 12 October"Present Status in SPEAR and PEP"

236

XII.

LIST OF PERSONNEL

Steering Committee

AMBE Fumitoshi !fi: g~ X 1f]!l.
CHIBA Y oshiaki T ~ iff 8A
HASHIlUME Akira ~AA
ISHIHARA Masayasu 15
IE
KA TSUMA T A Koichi MJ JZ. *1E KOHNO Isao iEI JfJj]
MIY AlA WAY oshi toshi '§ ¥R {~ 1f]!l.
T AKAMI Michio ~ ~ ~ ~Y ANO Y asushige ~ Jf !fi: :m

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AWAYA Yohko ~ m?g T
HAN AOKA Fumio 1E [Ulj X tit
INAMURA Takashi f~ f1
If!
KAMITSUBO Hiromichi L:B¥ 7};. ~ *KIRA Akira E ~~MA TSUOKA Masaru t~ [Ulj
MJ
NAGAMINE Kanetada 7.k ~ ~ J~'
T ANIHA T A Isao :fr~ 7(m* Chairman

Cyclotron Operation and Maintenance GroupFU]IT A Shin Ii B3iTKAGEY AMA Tadashi ~ LlJ
IE
OGIW ARA Kiyoshi ~m

IKEGAMI Kumio n8LtL .::. ~KOHARA Shigeo ;j\:m ~T AKEBE Hideki ~ g~ ~ m'*'*

Linac Operation and Maintenance GroupCHIBA Y oshiaki T ~ iff EJfJ
IKElAWA Eiji t!Q ¥R ~KASE Masayuki DO ~Jl §\ Z
Y ANOKURA Minoru ~Jf~

HEMMI Masatake ~ ~ 1& ~INOUE Toshihiko it L 1f]!l. Jft
MIY AlAWAY oshitoshi '§ ¥R {~ 1f]!l.

=~Scientific and Engineering Personnel
Cosmic Radiation Laboratory*

IMAI Takashi ~ itif¥
MUNAKATA Kazuoki{~- ~KOHNO Tsuyoshi

iEI my(Visitors)
HASEBE Nobuyuki ~:frg~{81j" (Fac. Gen. Educ., Ehime Univ.)
MURAKAMI Hiroyuki f1 L 115 Z (Fac. Sci., Rikkyo Univ.)
NAGAT A Katsuaki 7.k B3 MJ 8A (Fac. Eng., Tamagawa Univ.)1¥ (Fac. Sci., Rikkyo Univ.)
NAKAMOTO Atsusi q:t:.$:NISHI]IMA Kyoshi iZ§ ~~ ~ J§j (Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)(Fac. Sci., Rikkyo Univ.)
YANAGIMACHI Tomoki WP IBJ ~J3m(Student)
KASHIW AGI Toshisuke fB* flj 1r (Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)

Cyclotron Laboratory

BE Suck Hee 1Jf.
m%
FUlISAW A Takashi Ii ¥R ~ ~DA TE Schin {jt Jt
FUJITA Jiro Hi B3

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237
~
GOTO Akira 1& Hi
IKEGAMI Kumio ttH..t.:fL='~
INAMURA Takashi fm:f.t~
KAMITSUBO Hiromichi ..t:PJZ 7J;. ~MORITA Kosuke ~ 83 ~ jfNAKAGAWA Takahide q:t}ll ~NAKANISHI N oriyoshi q:t ffi~
OOTA Sigemi
83 lYl ~SASAKI Shigeki f6:.!:< *Jl;W
SOUTOME Kouichi If!-Z~:7'6W ADA Takeshi ~ 83•
YAN 0 Yasushige 9( If 3i:

FUJIT A Shin Hi 83*JT
HARA Masahiro mt
ft "5bINABE Naohito fm ill raJ A
KAGEY AMA Tadashi ~ LU
lE
KOHARA Shigeo IJ\ mt m *=NAGASE Makoto ~ mi~
NAKAJIMA Shunji q:t ~ ~OGIWARA Kiyoshi ~ mt
mSAITOU Motozou 1fi Hi M1 =.
SHIKA T A Takashi [g 15 ~ !t:.
T AKEBE Hideki jt $ ~ W
YAMAJI Shuhei LU ~ 1~ ~YOKOY AMA Ichiro ~ LU - ~~

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(Visitors)
ABE Yasuhisa ~ $ ~ -!A. (Res. Inst. Fundam. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)(Res. Lab. Nucl. Reactors, Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
ARAI Eiichi *JT 1*
BACKE H.G. (Dep. Phys., Mainz Univ.)
EJIRI Hiroyasu iI fJL 7J;.
(Dep. Phys., Osaka Univ.)~ (Cyclotron Radioisot. Cent., Tohoku Univ.)
FUJIOKA Manabu Hi flOj
FUJITA Yoshitaka Hi 83 f~ ~ (Dep. Phys., Osaka Univ.)
FUKUMOTO Sadayoshi 1M~ ~ (KEK)FURUNO Kohei ti If :ft. ~ (lnst. Phys. Tandem Accel. Cent., Univ. Tsukuba)
HAT ANAKA Kichiji
q:t ~ tEl (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
HATSUKAWA Yuichi f}]}l1 tIt - (JAERI, Tokai)
HIRAO Yasuo ~ ~ ~ ~ (Natl. Inst. Radio. Sci.)
HORIUCHI Hisashi :lfttl ~~ (Dep. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
HORIGUCHI Takayoshi :iftB 0 ~ ~ (Dep. Phys., Hiroshima Univ.)
IKEDA Kiyomi ttH 83 m- ~ (Dep. Phys., Niigata Univ.)~L(RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
IKEGAMI Hidetsugu ttH..t.
INOUE Makoto 1*..t.
{§ (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
ISHIZUKA Takeo 15 ~ jt ~ (Dep. Phys., Saitama Univ.)
IWAMOTO Akira ::5
BB (Japan Atomic Energy Res. Inst.)
IWASHIT A Yoshihisa ::5 ~ 7J -!A. (Inst. Chern. Res., Kyoto Univ.)
KANMURI Tetsuo)fit=m- *= (Dep. Phys., Osaka Univ.)
KATAYAMA Ichirou Jt LU - ~~ (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)(Dep. Phys., Osaka Univ.)
KA TORI Kenji Jm 1& ~i!J (Dep. Phys., Toho Univ.)
KA TSURAGA WA Hidetsugu ;f!}l1
KAWAI Mitsuji rl'iJ..g.:7'6 ~ (Dep. Phys., Kyushu Univ.)
KIKUCHI Fumio *J ttH Jt ~ (ColI. Arts Sci., Univ. Tokyo)!m *= (Dep. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
KISHIMOTO Teruo J¥!fl 1'1= (Dep. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
KOBA YASHI Shinsaku IJ\:Ii (Univ. Electro-Commun.)
KOHMOTO Susumu rl'iJ
KOHMOTO Toshiro rl'iJ~ ~~ (Dep. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
KONDO Michiya Jlf: Hi J][ i:f2 (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
KOSAKO Toshiso IJ\f6:ti~~H (Atomic Energy Res. Cent., Univ. Tokyo)
KUDOU Hisaaki I Hi !A. BB (Dep. Chern., Niigata Univ.)
KUROYANAGI Tokihiro ~Wp~~* (Dep. Phys., Kyushu Univ.)f§ Jl; (Dep. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
LEE Sang-Moo
MARUMORI Toshio A ~ ~ *= (Dep. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
MATUKI Seishi :f'~f1E!t:. (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
MINOWA Tatsuya ~ ~ Ji ~ (Dep. Phys., Toho Univ.)
MIURA Iwao =. 1m::5 (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
MIYATAKE Hiroari '§ ft\ ~ i:f2 (Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
MURAKAMI Tetsuya :f.t..t. =m- i:f2 (Dep. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
MURA YAMA Toshiyuki :f.t LU flJ ¥ (Tokyo Univ. Mercantil Marine)

*-

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238

NAGAI Yasuki 7J< it ~ fit (Dep. Appl. Phys., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
NAKAHARA Hiromichi cP,@: 5A ~ (Dep. Chern., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)(KEK)
NAKAI Koji cP it ~NAKAMURA Ichiro cP f1
tl~ (Dep. Phys., Saitama Univ.)
NAKAMURA Takashi cP f1 ~ ~ (Cyclotron Radioisot. Cent., Tohoku Univ.)
NIIT A Koji 1-=itB3~= (Dep. Phys., Univ. of Giessen, Germany)Jjr (Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
NOMURA Toru Jf f1
OGATA Hiroshi d\ 15
J! (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
ONISHI N aoki
5 ~ ~ (Dep. Phys., ColI. Gen. Educ., Univ. Tokyo)
SAKAI Hideyuki ~ it ~ 1T (Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
SASAGAWA Tatsuya iff JII}J§{ 51J\ (Dep. Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
SA TO Kenichi ftc ~ ~ ~ (Dep. Phys., Tohoku ColI. Pharm.)
SHIKAZONO Naoki Jm iii ~ ~ (JAERI, Tokai)
SHINOZUKA Tsutomu 1tl ~~ (Cyclotron Radioisot. Cent., Tohoku Univ.)~ 1r (Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
SUEKI Keisuke
SUGAI Isao rg it
Ja (Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
T AGISHI Yoshihiro 83 1$ ~ 7}; (Tandem Accel. Cent., Univ. Tsukuba)
TAKADA Kenjiro JWJ83~{.xtl~ (Dep. Phys., Kyushu Univ.)
TAKEMASA Tadashi :Ltt i1& j3" ± (Dep. Phys., Saga Univ.)¥f. (Dep. Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
TAKIGAWA Noboru i'i}ll
T AMAGAKI Ryozo 3i:f:l! ~ ~ (Dep. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
TANAKA Jinichi 83 cP 1-= m (Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
TOHY AMA Mitsuru ii I1i~ (Dep. Phys., Kyorin Univ.)
TOMIMASU Takio 'm'~~~~ (Electro Tech. Lab.)TORIY AMA Tamotsu ,~LIJ
1* (Dep. Appl. Phys., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
TSUNEMOTO Hiroshi t§: 5C~ (N atl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
VALLI K. (Dep. Phys., Jyvaskyla Univ., Finland)
W AKAI Masamichi ;fi it 1E ~ (Dep. Phys., Osaka Univ.)
YAMANOUCHI Mikio I1i pg ~ 1rt (Tandem Accel. Cent., Univ. Tsukuba)
YAMAZAKI Takashi LIJ dftrr~ (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
YOSHIDA Nobuaki E 83 W ~ (Dep. Phys., Univ. Tokyo)
YOSHIDA Shiro E 83 I~ tl~ (Dep. Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
YOSHINAGA Naotaka E 7k ~ # (Comput. Cent., Univ. Tokyo)

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(Students)
7't 5A (Dep. Phys., Toho Univ.)
AZUMA Mitsuhiro
FUKASHIRO Yasuyuki ~ {~ ijt Z (Dep. Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
HAMADA Shingo 71 83 a 't.g: (Dep. Nucl. Eng., Kyoto Univ.)
HIRASAW A Junichirou .:s:r:~rf~tl~ (Dep. Appl. Phys., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
jt Z (Dep. Chern., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)
KOBAYASHI Takayuki IJ\
KOIZUMI Mitsuo IJ\ ~ 7't ~ (Dep. Phys., Hiroshima Univ.)
KOSUGA Hiroyuki IJ\ rg # Z (Dep. Phys., Toho Univ.)
MARUY AMA Toshiki J:L I1i ~!i ~ (Dep. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
JL' (Dep. Phys., Waseda Univ.)
MUROY A Shin ~ ~NAKAOKA Masaya cP IU33 IE ~ (Dep. Phys., Saitama Univ.)
NISHINAKA Ichiro it§" cP ~ tl~ (Dep. Chern., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)
OGAWA Izumi IJ\ J II
~ (Dep. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
SHIMOMURA Koichiro Tf1~~tl~ (Dep. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
SUNAOSHI Hitoshi ii5b W 1-= (Dep. Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
SUZUKI Katsuhiro
1m ~ (Dep. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
W ADA Michiharu *0 83 ~ m (Dep. Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
YOSHIMURA Katsumi E f1 % B (Dep. Appl. Phys., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)

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239

Linear Accelerator Laboratory
CHIBA Toshiya T ~ fU ~FUJIMAKI Masaki ~ ~ IE ~KASE Masayuki 1.10 ~ l§ Z
KUMAGAI Hidekazu N~ ~ ~ fD
SUZUKI Takeshi ~{I
TONUMA Tadao p
IE 1LtYANOKURA Minoru 9(!ftt ~*m

CHIBA Yoshiaki T ~ 9:f f!I3
HEMMI Masatake ~ ~ 1& 11\
KUBO Toshiyuki 7-.. 1* f!&
MIY AZA WAY oshi toshi '§ ¥R {i 1lJ~
T ANIHA T A Isao ~:tIH ~ 7(
W ADA Takahiro fD EE ~ 7i:.
YOSIDA Koichi
EE

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*-

(Visitors)
BAI Xi Xiang B:ffi" ~ (Inst. Atomic Energy, China)(Inst. Atomic Energy, Kyoto Univ.)
FUJIWARA Ichiro ~ 1m - ~~FUJIWARA Mamoru ~ 1m~
(RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
ITO Noriaki W ~ 11 B:g(Dep. Cryst. Mater., Nagoya Univ.)
KA TORI Kenji J1l 1& ~(Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
KIKUCHI Jun ~:i:{gJI\fl(Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)(Fac. Sci., Kyushu Univ.)
KIMURA Kikuo *t1if7-..El{3t 1Lt(KEK)
KOBA YASHI Toshio 1]\
SAKAI Hideyuki ~ it ~ 1T
(Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
SUDA Toshimi ~ EE fU ~(Fac. Sci., Tohoku Univ.)(Fundam. Sci., Chiba Inst. TechnoU
SUGAW ARA Masahiko 1f 1m l§ tffi.
YAMAGUCHI Hiromi LU D~
(Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)

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(Students)
ABE Kenichi j)iiJ ff~ {}t ITO Tatsuya W ~ Jt itt(Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)(Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)

Radiation Laboratory
GONO Yasuyuki ~. ~ Z
ICHIHARA Takashi®:~
IZUMO Koichi ill ~NOMURA Izumi !T t1 fD JR
TENDO Yoshihiko 7( ~ 7J tffi.

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HASHIZUME Akira mJT\
Wj
ISHIHARA Masayasu E ®: .IE
KONNO Satoshi 1fi!f~
TAKAHASHI Tan r'iSJ
13.
YOSHIDA Atsushi E EE~*

m(Visitors)
ABE Yasuhisa j)iiJ ff~ ~ 7-..
(Res. Inst. Fundam. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
ADACHI Minoru .fE tL•(Dep. Appl. Phys., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
ANDO Yoshiaki !:fi ~ ~ ~(Dep. Phys., Rikkyo Univ.)
APRILE Elena(Columbia Univ.)
ASAHI Koichiro JIg *It-~~(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
DOKE Tadayoshi ~,'i!;, ~(Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)
ENDO Saburo ii ~ .::::. ~~(Fac. Eng., Sci. Univ. Tokyo)
9:f ~ (Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
FUCHI Yoshihide ~J~(Dep. Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
FUJIOKA Manabu ~ IUijJI\fl(Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
FUKUDA Mitsunori 1M EE
FUKUDA Tomokazu :m EE ~ fD
(Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
HASEGAWA Takeo :R~)IIft\7((Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)~(Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)
HITACHI Akira Jj ill
ICHIMURA Munetake m;ftj\
(ColI. Arts Sci., Univ. Tokyo)~ fD 7((Fac. Sci., Rikkyo Univ.)
IEKI Kazuo
11 (Radioisot. Cent., Univ. Tokyo)
IJIRI Kenichi it
ISHIKAWA Masanobu E)l1 ~ *i:.
(Tokyo Univ. Fisheries)
KASAGI Jirota ~*m~~::k(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
KASAl Kiyomi ~ it if ~(N atl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)

*

*

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240

KATO Norihisa 110 Hi 1Y" 7-.
(Dep. Phys., Kyushu UnivJ
KATO Seigo 110 Hi ~:g:(Fac. Educ. Yamagata UnivJ
KA TORI Kenji 1m 1& ~(Fac. Sci., Osaka UnivJ~(Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
KAWAKAMI Hirokane }II L
KAWASHIMA Hideo }II ~ ~ Eft(Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
JI~(Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda UnivJ
KIKUCHI lun ~ ttH
KIT AHARA Y oshitaka it ~ ~ ~(Hoya CorpJKIT AO Kensuke :m:31 ~11W1(N atl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)(Asahi Glass Co., LtdJ
KOMAGA T A Kazuyuki ~ ~ to fj
KOX Serge(ISN, Grenoble, France)
KUBONO Sigeru 7-.f3f!J!f ~(Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
KUBOT A Shinzou m 83 {§(Fac. Sci., Rikkyo Univ.)
KUSAKARI Hideshige ~)(IJ ~ ~(Fac. Educ., Chiba Univ.)
LEE Sang Mu
f§ ~ (Inst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
MAEDA Kazushige lW EH fO ~(ColI. Gen. Educ., Tohoku Univ.)
MASUDA Kimiaki ~ 83 0- !Y3(Saitama ColI. Health)
MERCHEZ F.
(ISN, France)
MIYATAKE Hiroari '§ J1\ f ift(ColI. Gen. Educ., Osaka Univ.)
MORINAGA Haruhiko ~ 7k eg Jfg.
(Sec. Phys. Tech. Univ. MUnchen)
MOTOBA YASHI Tohru :;$:~
(Fac. Sci., Rikkyo Univ.)
MULLER Alex
(Inst. Phys. Nucl., Orsay, France){}t(Dep. Phys., Tokyo Inst. TechnoU
MURAKAMI Takeshi M L
W (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)NAGAI Yasuki 7k it
NAGASHIMA Yasuo ~ ~*= (Dep. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)(ColI. Gen. Educ., Tokushima Univ.)
NAKAYAMA Shintaro r:f:qjJ{§*f!~(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. TechnoU
OGAWA Masao IJ\} II *E ~OHNUMA Hajime *- m(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. TechnoU
OKAMURA Hiroyuki fIOj:ff 5k Z
(Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)(Cyclotron and Radioisot. Cent., Tohoku Univ.)
ORIHARA Hikonojo ~JJj{~Z7J<
OSHIMA Masumi *- ~ ~ ~(Japan Atomic Energy Res. Inst.)
OSHIRO Takashi ~ ~~(Tokyo Univ. Fisheries)(Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
OYAIZU Michihiro IJ\tpP?$3'EJZ:PERRIN Claude(ISN, France)(ISN, France)
REBREYEND D.
RUAN (GEN) lian-zhi ~Jt m (Dep. Phys., Rikkyo Univ.)(Dep. Phys., Kyoto UnivJ
SAKAGUCHI Harutaka :f;& 0 m~
SAKAI Mitsuo :f;& it :7'C *=(Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)(Seikei Univ.)
SATO Hiroshi ftc Hi &1!L
SCHMIDT-OTT Wolf-Dieter(II Phys. Inst., Univ. Goettingen, Germany)
SHIBAMURA Eido ~:ff ~ J!!
(Saitama ColI. Health)
SHIMIZU Hajime
71<
Ii (Fac. Educ., Yamagata Univ.)lE(ColI. Gen. Educ., Osaka UnivJ
SHIMODA Tadashi r 83
SHIMOURA Susumu r im:$
(Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)(Dep. Phys., Rikkyo Univ.)
SHIRA TO Shoji B ± ~J\
SHIROY AMA Masaki ~ UJ .IE W (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.)~(N atl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
T AKADA Eiichi ~ 83
TAKAHASHI Noriaki ~ m11 !Y3(ColI. Gen. Educ., Osaka Univ.)-¥I- (Dep. Phys., Tohoku UnivJ
TAKIGAWA Noboru ~ }IITANAKA Masahiko 83 q:t ~ Jfg.
(Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
TAO Kazuyuki ~to Z (Radioisot. Cent., Univ. Tokyo)(Dep. Phys., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)
TOKI Hiroshi ±!I!.t 1W
TOYOKAW A Hidenori ::I:} II ~ wll(Inst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
fiiij !1lIJ(Inst. Mod. Phys., Acad. Sin. China)
XU Hushan 1~
YAMAYA Takashi UJ J¥.
~(Dep. Phys., Tohoku UnivJ
YASUE Masaharu !i: iI .IE m (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
YA TO Osamu ~ m m (Inst. Radiat. Breeding, NIAR)

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241

YOSHIDA Kazuo E EB fD ~(Hoya Corp.)
YOSHINAGA Naotaka E 7k (116 ~(Saitama Univ.)YOSOI Masaru W~# 1?f(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. TechnoU(Students)(Inst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
FUJIWARA Hideaki Hi J]j( ~ BA
FUNA TSU Yoshinori Jtt'd1$ ~ tr&(Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
FURUT AKA Kazuyoshi i1 rEJ fD t~(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
FUT AMI Yasuyuki
J!
(lnst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)
HIRENZAKI Satoru J:t:JJ!!~ 'ttt
~ ~ ~(Inst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
HONJO Yoshio(Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)
ICHINOSE Hideo mZ~l31§~
ISHIDA Nobumichi 15 B3 {$ J!:!
(Sch. Sci. Eng., Waseda Univ.)
ISHIDA Satoru 15 EB,ttt (Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
ITO Tatsuya fJ3" Hi ~ -lli
(Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)
ITO Tomoyuki 1J3" Hi }l~ 1i(Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)(Dep. Phys., Rikkyo Univ.)
IW ASA Naohito :;fi 1tI: @: 1=~ 3:fZ(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. TechnoU
KURA Jumpei.
KUROKA W A Meiko ~ JII Iyj -r(Dep. Phys., Rikkyo Univ.)(Sch. Sci. Eng., Waseda Univ.)
KUWAHARA K6ta ~ J]j( Jj;(Japan Women's Univ.)
MARUYAMA Akiko :tL rJJ Ef's -rMIYABE Noriko '§:g~-T (Japan Women's Univ.)(lnst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
MIZOT A Takeshi iM EB ~ ~(Fac. Sci., Hiroshima Univ.)
MORIKAWA Tsuneyasu ~]I I tg !iNAKAMURA Takashi $ tt ~ ~(Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)-r- (ColI. Agric. Vet. Med., Nihon Univ.)
OHNISHI Hiroko 7\. iffi
OHNO Mariko 7\.!fJ1{~-r(Radioisot. Cent., Univ. Tokyo)
OHURA Masaki 7\. 1m .IE W (Tohoku Univ.)
OKUNO Hiroki ~!f J1;. W (Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
PU Y.H. ¥'Ii
~ Iff.
(lnst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
TAJIMA Yasuhisa EB ~ ~ :!A.
(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Techno!')~~(Dep. Phys., Rikkyo Univ.)
T AKEI Taro ~ #UENO Miyuki ..t.!f ~(Japan Women's Univ.)
YAJIMA Akira ~ ~~-7
(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
YASHIRO Yoshinori ~ {~ ~ 11&(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)jj 1?f(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
YOON Chong Cheor 13"
YOSHIDA Akira E EB~
(Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)
YOSHIDA Hiroshi E EB ~ ~(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. TechnoU
YUASA-NAKAGAWA Keiko $}I1 ~ -T
(lnst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)

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= mz

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m

m

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Atomic Processes Laboratory-=

ANDO Kozo !:Ji: Hi /lijJU
FUKUDA Hiroshi Wi EB
Jj;
KANAI Yasuyuki ~ # 1*
SHIMAMURA Isao ~ tt~z

AWAYA Yohko ~ ~?fJ.-rKAMBARA Tadashi t$ J]j(.IE
NISHIDA Masami j§ EB W ~WATANABE Tsutomu i1t $1J(Visitors)
AZUMA Toshiyuki
1~ 1i(ColI. Arts Sci., Univ. Tokyo)(Dep. Phys., Niigata Univ.)DANJO Atsunori j;.f..t. ~ 1~
ERMOLAEV Alex
(Univ. Durham, England)
FUJIMA Kazumi Hi~ ~(Fac. Eng., Yamanashi Univ.)
HABS Dietrich(Max Planck Inst. for N ucl. Phys., Germany)
HARA Shunsuke J]j(f~ 1r
(lnst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
HARSTON Michael R.

*

ra'

242

HINO Ken-ichi B!f ~ ~(Univ. Electro-Commun.)
HIT ACHI Akira Jj ili~(Inst. Sci. Technol., Waseda Univ.)
ICHIMIYA Ayahiko ~ '§ ~ ~(Dep. Eng., Nagoya Univ.)(Dep. Eng. Sci., Kyoto Univ.)
ISHII Keishi E # It Z
(Inst. Chern. Res., Kyoto Univ.)
ISOZUMI Yasuhito 1i+:fJ~.A
ITO Shin fft J1i~(Radioisot. Res. Cent., Kyoto Univ.)
ITOH Yoh fft J1i~(Fac. Sci., losai Univ.)(ColI. Arts Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
IW A T A Yasushi :E 83 mPUl!I
KARASHIMA Shosuke n!f ~ ~ fr
(Dep. Electron. Eng., Tokyo Univ. Sci.)
ffl: (Kyoto Inst. Technol.)
KA W A TSURA Kiyoshi J II 1m
KOBA YASHI N obuo Ij\ # {~ ~(Dep. Phys., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)(Sch. Med., Kitasato Univ.)
KOIKE Fumihiro Ij\ ttl! X ~(Dep. Phys., Rikkyo UnivJ
KOIZUMI Tetsuo Ij\ jj{ ~ ~(ColI. Arts Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
KOMAKI Ken-ichiro Ij\t;(iVf~i!~~ i!~(Natl. Res. Inst. Police Sci.; Inst. Phys. ColI. Arts Sci., Univ.
KUROKI Kenro ~Tokyo)(Dep. Pathol., Tokyo Med. Dent. Univ.)
MA TSUO Takashi f'~ ~(Dep. Eng. Phys., Univ. Electro-CommunJ
MA TSUZAW A Michio f'~ ~ Jm ~MIZOGA W A Tatsumi ~ JII ~ B(N agaoka ColI. Technol.)OHT ANI Shunsuke
1:j. {3i: fr(Inst. Laser Sci., Univ. Electro-CommunJ
OKUNO Kazuhiko ~!f *D 1ft(Dep. Phys., Tokyo Metrop. UnivJ
SA TO Hiroshi {ti: J1i ¥*!i: (Dep. Phys., Ochanomizu UnivJ
SEKIOKA Tsuguhisa ~ ~ PUl!I ~(Himeji Inst. Technol.)(Res. Cent. Nucl. Sci. Technol., Univ. Tokyo)
SHIBATA Hiromi ~ 83 m~*~ 1W(Tandem Accel. Cent., Univ. Tsukuba)
SHIMA Kunihiro ~Z(Gen. Educ. Dep., Niigata UnivJ
SHIMAKURA Noriyuki ~ ~SPADTKE Peter (GSI, Germany)~(Dep. Phys., Sophia Univ.)
SUZUKI Hiroshi ~TAKAGI Shoji ~~ ~(Dep. Phys., Toho Univ.)
TAW ARA Hiroyuki {~~ Z(N atl. Inst. Fusion Sci.)TERASA W A Mititaka ~ tR {1ffl q:(Himeji Inst. Technol.)
TSURUBUCHI Seiji ~ mM ~(Fac. Technol., Tokyo Univ. Agric. TechnoU
W AKIY A Kazuyoshi ~ ~ ~ •(Dep. Phys., Sophia UnivJ
YAMAZAKI Yasunori LlI tlffiJ ~(ColI. Arts Sci., Univ. Tokyo)(Lab. Phys., Shibaura Inst. TechnoU
YOSHINO Masuhiro E!f iii iJ.L.
ZOU Yarning (Jiao Tong Univ., China)

*

*

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=

m

(Students)(Inst. Laser Sci., Univ. Electro-Commun')
INABA Takayuki fm ~ jt Z
KAKUTANI Nobukazu ftJ ~ ~ ~(ColI. Arts Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
KUSHIMA Masahiro ~ ~~ ~ ~(Dep. Phys., Sophia UnivJ
NABESHIMA Takayuki~ jt Z(Dep. Phys., Sophia Univ.)
NAKAMURA Nobuyuki r:p tt -Fa 1T(Dep. Phys., Sophia Univ.)Z(Dep. Phys., Sophia UnivJ
SAKAUE Hiroyuki i;&.Lmm

Metal Physics Laboratory

ISHIDA Katsuhiko E 83 MJ 1ft
KOY AMA Akio Ij\ LlI BB W
MATSUZAKI Teiichiro f'~tlffiJtJHpi!~
YAGI Eiichi J\~**

KADONO Ryosuke r~!f.§t $MA TSUSHIT A Akira f~ l'"f!J3
NAGAMINE Kanetada 7k it ~ J~

(Visitors)
FUJIOKA Manabu J1i ~$(Cyclotron Radioisot. Cent., Tohoku Univ.)(Fac. Sci., Osaka UnivJ
MINAMISONO Tadanori 1¥J lIJ J~' fllj

243

MIYAKE Yasuhiro .=:. ~ ,&t iw:(Meson Sci. Lab., Univ. Tokyo)
TANAKA Koki 83 cp ¥ ~(Nippon Steel Corp.)(Fac. Eng., Yamanashi Univ.)
TORIKAI Eiko ,~. f!9.!: T(Student)
ISHIKAWA Hiroshi E JII~(Fac. Sci., Sci. Univ. Tokyo)

Magnetic Materials Laboratory

OKADA Takuya

SAKAI N obuhiko :f;& # fB" lJ

f!ijj 83 ~ tQ.

Plasma Physics Laboratory

OY AMA Hitoshi*- Ll1(Visitor)
SAKAMOTO Yuichi :f;&~

YANO Katsuki* 1Ll -*!f 1m ~(Electr. Eng. Dep., Toyo Univ.)

Semiconductor Laboratory(Visitor)
AONO Keiko

w!f t! -T(ColI. Lib. Arts, Kitasato Univ.)

Inorganic Chemical Physics Laboratory

AMBE Shizuko $!::OO fit T
MAEDA Kuniko M 83 *~ T
T AKAMI Michio ~ j% JM 1:.

KAWAI Jun tEJ -gf~
SASA Yoshihiko ~ ~ g lJ

(Visitors)
FUKUDA Yukio 1M 83 iT ~(ColI. Lib. Arts, Kobe Univ.)
ISHII Keizo E # ~ @(Cyclotron Radioisot. Cent., Tohoku Univ.)(Saitama Med. Sch.)KUSUY AMA Hiroyuki M LlJ "5L Z
MUKOY AMA Takashi [ti] LlJ~(lnst. Chern. Res., Kyoto Univ.)(Dep. Mater. Sci. Eng., Waseda Univ.)
UDA Masayuki ~ 83 !it Z
Radiochemistry Laboratory*

AMBE Fumitoshi $!::OO)( 1fj!i
ITOH Y oshiko W J!j T
KOBAYASHI Yoshio IJ\ # ~ ~ARA T ANI Michi J[:fr ~ ~IWAMOTO Masako ;5
IE T
OHKUBO Yoshitaka *7-.~g~(Visitors)
ASAI Kichizo ~ # S ~(Univ. Electro-Commun.)
7.i. (Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
BABA Hiroshi ~ t~;m ~ (South China Sea Inst. Oceanol.)
CHEN Shaoyong ~(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)
ENDO Kazutoyo ii Hi .fD .:ft
FURUKAWA Michiaki t!l}ll ~ EJJj
(Fac. Sci., Nagoya Univ.)(N agpur Univ., India)
GARG Amar N ath
IMAI Masato ~ # IE A
(Komatsu Electronic Metals Co., Ltd.)IMURA Ryo # M%(Cent. Res. Lab., Hitachi, Ltd.)KA T ADA Motomi Jt 83 5G a(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)(Fac. Educ., Yamanashi Univ.)
KA TO Hajime DO Hi

*

244

KOJIMA Sadao IJ\ SIb ~ ~(Nucl. Med. Cent., Aichi Medical UnivJ(Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
KUBO Kenya 7-.. 1* ~ ~KUBOTA Takeshi 7-..~83 IlijjU(lnst. Mater. Sci., Univ. Tsukuba)
OKADA Shigenobu /1aJ 83 ~ {~(RID Eng., Shimadzu CorpJOOHIRA Shigeo *- 1fZ~(Nikkei Techno Res. Co., Ltd.)SAITO Kazuo 1f Ii fD ~(Toshiba Corp., R&D Cent.)@:(Fac. Sci., Osaka UnivJ
SAITO Tadashi ~ l1i
SHIBA T A Seiichi ~ 83 ~ (lnst. N ucl. Study)
SHINOHARA Atsushi ~ ®:W- (Fac. Sci., Nagoya UnivJ
SUGAI Isao ;g it~(lnst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
TAKAHASHI Naruto f@j ~ pjG A(Fac. Sci., Osaka UnivJ(Fac. Eng. Sci., Osaka UnivJ
T AKAI Mikio ~ it ~ x
T AZAKI Kazue 83 ~ tD rI(Fac. Sci., Shimane UnivJ
TOMINAGA Takeshi M 7k{l!
(Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
WATANABE Yasuo Wt ill mx(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Metrop. UnivJ
YOKOYAMA Akihiko tl LlI f!Jj Jft(Fac. Sci., Osaka UnivJ
tt it (Shanghai Inst. Nucl. Res., China)
ZHANG Guilin ~:m(Students)
HAYANO Syuichi If'- Jf {~ (Fac. Sci., Osaka UnivJ
7:.. (Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
KIRIU Masaru ffJ!J ~KOBAYASHI Hiroshi Jj\ it#(Fac. Sci., Osaka UnivJ
KUSA WAKE Hiroaki !Jl~ 7t 7Z. l§ (Fac. Sci., Osaka UnivJ(Dep. Metal Eng., Shibaura Inst. Technol.)
MINAMI Masaki m JE ~MISHIMA Kenji .=. ~~ ~(Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
MIYAUCHI Takahiro '8 I*J .. 7Z.
(Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
MURA YAMA Koujiro t1Ll1~=~~(Fac. Sci., Nagoya Univ.)(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)
NAKADA Masami $ 83 IE ~NAKAMURA Jin $;ft
1= (Univ. Electro-CommunJ
NARITA Midori pjG 83~(Fac. Sci., Nagoya Univ.)
SHINTAI Junichirou if1fH1J-iV3(Fac. Sci., Nagoya Univ.)(Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
T AKESAKO Kazuhiro t1" i§ tD ~(Fac. Sci., Nagoya Univ.)
TANIGUCHI Eugene :fr 0 ~ 1=(Fac. Sci., Toho UnivJ
YANAGIDA Yasuo WP 83 f* 1RfE
(Fac. Sci., Nagoya UnivJ
YOSHIDA Ryusho if 83 ITh s~=

Chemical Dynamics Laboratory

KIMURA Kazuie* t1 -(Visitor)
ITO Yasuo W J1i ~ ~~(Res. Cent. Nucl. Sci. Technol., Univ. Tokyo)(Students)
ARAI Masaru if it
Mj:(Dep. Phys., Chuo UnivJ(Dep. Phys., Chuo UnivJW ADA Jiro tD 83 ~ ~~Radiation Biology Laboratory

HANAOKA Fumio 7E flQj )( 1RfE
YATAGAI Fumio :fr83~)(xKIT A YAMA Shigeru(Visitors)
ANDO Kohichi tjj; JJi ~ (N atl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)BA VERSTOCK Keith F.
(Radiobiol. Unit, Med. Res. Counc., U.KJ

~t LlI

iP!

245

FUKUMURA Akifumi mM ftJj ~(Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)(Fac. Med., Keio Univ.)
HASHIMOTO Shozo m:<$: ~ .:=.
(N atl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
HOSHINO Kazuo 1[!f ~ 1lt
ITOH Hisao f1t
7... j( (Fac. Med., Keio Univ.)(Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
KANAI Tatsuaki ~ # Ji ftJj
KA W ACHI Kiyomitsu ii'IT pg
7'6 (N atl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
KAWASHIMA Katsuhiro j II Ji!h Mj 5L(N atl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
5G IE ~ (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
KIMOTO Masafumi
KOBAYASHI Yasuhiko 11\ # ~"&(Japan. Atomic Energy Res. Inst.)(N atl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
KOHNO Toshiyuki ii'IT!f 1~ z
(Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
KOIKE Sachiko 11\ HE ¥ T(Dep. Vet. Radiol., Nihon Univ.)
KOSAKA Toshifumi 11\ #i 1~ Jt(Radiobiol. Unit, Med. Res. Counc., U.K.)
McINTYRE Cindy L.
MINOHARA Shinichi ~ J${ 1$ ~(N atl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
NAKAI Hirokazu $ # 5L ~D(Dep. Agric., Shizuoka Univ.)
5L (N atl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
OHARA Hiroshi *- J${(Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
SOGA Fuminori ~ ~ Jt '§'(N atl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
SUDO Michio ~B~~1lt
TAKATUJI Toshihiro rWJ tt 1~(RI Cent., Nagasaki Univ.)
W A T AN ABE Hiroshi ~ ill(J apan .Atomic Energy Res. Inst.)(RI Cent., Fac. Med., Yokohama City Univ.)
W AT ANABE Masami ~ ill IE a
(N atl. Saitama Hospital)
Y AMASHIT A Shoji u.r T lff1t <}:

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m

*

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(Student)
SUZUKI Masao~* 1lt (RI Cent., Fac. Med., Yokohama City Univ.)~

Safety Control Affairs Office

KAGA YA Satoru }]O. ~ 't:aKA TOU Takeo ti~ B j\ 1lt
MA TSUZA WAY asuhide f'~ ¥R !fi:
SAKAMOTO Ichiro :I&:<$: ~ ~~USUBA Isao ~ ~~KA TOU Hiroko ti~ B 1W T
KOHNO Isao ii'IT!fJfJ
MIYAGAWA Makoto '§ jll A §SHINOHARA Shigemi 11¥ J${ l€ a*

Surface Characterization Center*

IWAKI Masaya :E
IE ~SAKAIRI Hideo :1& A ~ 1lt

KOBAYASHI Takane(Visitor)
FUJIHANA Takanobu B 1E ~ '§'(Student)
KOBAYASHI Kenzo

11\# {§t .:=.

11\

#

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(Advanced Technology Inc.)(Fac. Eng. Sci., Osaka Univ.)

Laser Science Research GroupNAMBA Susumu •~JiSynchrotron Radiation Facility Design GroupBE Suck Hee ~iii W
KAMITSUBO Hiromichi .L:PjZ
MATSUI Sakuo f'~#1tC7...j(* J1!

HARA Masahiro J${~ 5L
KAWASHIMA Yoshitaka j II Ji!h~MOTON AGA Syoshichi 5G 7k Bl1 -t

:w

246

NAGAOKA Ryutaro ~~~*f{~
OIKAWA Yoshifumi ~}l1 ~ 1m
T AKEBE Hideki j\ $ ~ W
TANAKA Hitoshi EB cP~
W A T AN ABE Kowashi W£ ill~U

OHNISHI lun-ichi *- iffi ~ ~SASAKI Shigeki 1tr: /;(T AKESHIT A Isao 11 r ~ *:W ADA Takeshi *0 EB*awm(Visitors)
DAlBO Hidemi
1* 3'§ ~ (Hitachi, Ltd.)IN Song Ryul E[Jf§ r.U(Korea At. Energy Res. Inst.)(Kobe Steel, Ltd.)INOUE Kouji #...t ~ Pj
~ WT
(Fuji Electric Co., Ltd.)KUMAGAI Keiko(Kobe Steel, Ltd.)KUSAKA Takuya B r ~ iQ
(Sumitomo Heavy Ind., Ltd.)MIYADE Hiroki '§ ili 7i:.
MORIMOTO Y oshihide ~1* 3'§ (Kobe Steel, Ltd.)NISHIDONO Toshirou iffi ~ ~5( WI(Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Ind. Co., Ltd.)
71<.
f!1j
(Irie Koken Co., Ltd.)SHIMIZU Akira(Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.)T AKADA Takeo reo EB :Lt\ ut
TAKAHASHI Sunao reo ~@f(Kobe Steel, Ltd.)TSUMAKI Kouji ~~ m (Hitachi, Ltd.)ut ~ (Mitsubishi Electric Corp.)
YAMAMOTO Yuichi LU
YOKOUCHI Shigeru ~ ~(Osaka Vacuum Ltd.)~(Toshiba Corp.)
YOSHIYUKI Takeshi E 1T

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tm

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m

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a

(Students)(ColI. Hum. Sci., Nihon Univ.)
ASADA Eriko ~83J!i:fIJT(Fac. Sci. Eng., Chuo Univ.)
HASEGAWA lun ~~)l1 if~
HIRANO Yoshiki ~!1 J!j W (ColI. Hum. Sci., Nihon Univ.)(Nucl. Eng., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
ISHII Yasuyuki E # 1* 1T
ITOH Kiwamu W JJj
iiff (ColI. Hum. Sci., Nihon Univ.)(ColI. Hum. Sci., Nihon Univ.)
YAMAGUCHI Hitoshi LU 0 t= 5t:

AUTHOR INDEXJf 14
AIHARA Toshimitsu If @: flj:7't 5, 133
AKAGI Hiroyasu :;ffi7£. Y': 3, 6

i1i FI'l' - ~ 38
FUJIMAKI Masaki i1i ~ IE ~ 17,18,133
FUJIOKA Manabu i1i flijj~ 23,25,103
FUJISAWA Takashi i1i ¥R ~ ~ 136
FUJITA Jirou i1i HI~~ 125

ALOK Chakrabarti 17, 18

FUJITA Shin jJ!i HI

AMBE Fumitoshi Y': $ X 1!i~ 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72,

FUJIT A Y oshitaka

ABE RyoM$~

FUJIMA Kazumi

3, 6~

ABE Yasuhisa M $ $30

ADACHI Minoru '@"i1.

*~

ANDO Kozo Y': jJ!i ~U-r 72, 73, 74, 75, 76

FUKASHIRO Y asuyuki

57

FUKUDA Hiroshi 1M HI=

Y: jJ!i ~ ~ANDO Y oshiaki

12, 114, 119

206, 207, 209, 211, 212

ARAI Ichiro~:# -ARAI Masaru

~:#

~~

MJ 88
64, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86,87

fJt-~~

j@~:4 E Jil

ASAI Tatsuo ~:4 ~ x~

AWA YA Yohko
54, 56, 57

AZUMA Mitsuhiro
AZUMA Toshiyuki

7.i 33, 40

FUKUDA Tomokazu 1M B3 ~ fD

= '*~FUTAMI Yasuyuki
GAILLARD G. 13

14, 22, 23, 96, 101, 102

Z~. ~ ZGONO Yasuyuki

60,65,67,68

GOTO Akira 1& i1i

91

GUILLAUME G.

26
70,71

120

~

GUILLOT J.

* :7't sL*

HABS Dietrich 95

13~ HI J!i'tff

27, 105

HAMADA Shingo

45,54

HARA Masahiro @:{~1T

7.i 6919, 203, 6

13m~ -r 38, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48,~;I:fiBABA Hiroshi

23

GARCON Michelle 13

ARVIEUX Jacque 13
ASAHI Koichiro120~ 1~ ~ Z

FURUKAWA Michiaki ti }II ~ ~26

ARAT ANI Michi m 1§. ~ ~23*E sL 141, 143, 145, 147, 149,

160, 162, 164, 166{~fl'-

HARA Shunsuke @:107

BAI Xi Xiang

E!

~ 1$'

BE Suck Hee~

m~ 168, 169, 171, 172, 174, 176,

17, 18HARSTON M.R.

34, 35

HASEBE Hiroo~1§.$m:bt

40
5, 133~1§.${B1T

178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195,

HASEBE N obuyuki

197, 199, 201

HASHIZUME Akira tit m

BEAUMEL D.

25

FUNATSU Yoshinori i!J'ci?$ ~ 1f. 22

APRILE Elena 118

BACKE H.

~

jJ!i HI {1 ~FUJIWARA Hideaki i1i @: ~ ~73, 74, 75
AM BE Shizuko Y': $ASAI Kichizo

=

115

~

21, 128, 129, 130, 131,

HATANAKA Kichiji 1:IH t:p E til

6,108,109,110,121

132

14

BIZEN Teruhiko {j; M ]$ ~193, 195, 199, 201

W}lI:bt -BONIN B. 13

HATSUKAWA Yuuichi

BOUDARD Allain 13

HAYAKAWA Shun-ichiro

CARBONELL J aume 13

HEMMI Masatake ~ ~ i!& j\ 5, 133

CARJ AN N icolae 30;m ~CHEN Shao Yong Il*

72, 73, 74, 75

DAlBO Hidemi~

HOFMANN H.

28

*=

~

t±:l

HONJO Yoshio~ ~:j;(ICHIHARA Takashi@:

CHIBA Toshiya T ~ flJ ~ 5, 133
CHIBA Yoshiaki T ~ 9:J ~HITACHI Akira

5, 133*- 1* 3'§ ~ 169, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195,

197, 201m}ll ~120!j[=

ICHIKAWA Shinichi

DA TE Schin ff.t ~ICHINOSE Hideo mzlil3'§:j;(

DOKE Tadayoshi

J!!

*

32
I~ ~

115, 118

IEKI Kazuo*~ fD:j;(21
118

12, 113, 114, 119

jJj:f1 3'§ *c 21

ELLERT Christoph 95

IIMURA Hideki

ENDO Kazutoyo )j jJ!i fD 11 65

IKEDA N obuo 1& HI {$:j;( 22, 25

FUCHI Y oshihide?'*lJ

9:J 3'§ 108, 110

IKEGAMI Kumio

FUJIHANA Takanobu

jJ!i 1E ~ 1r

IKEZAW A Eiji nB ¥R ~62

11, 14, 22, 108, 109,3,6m} II :Xi -DANJO Atsunori !.l L J; 1JRi. 56{$

108,109,110

41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 118m110, 121, 123
ICHIKAWA Ryuji

25!j!}II{~-~~

nBLfL=~

206, 209= 5, 133

IMAI Takashi 4- it
IN Sang Ryul

~

166

116

.tEl r.U 169, 171, 172, 174, 176, 178,

aJ

KIKUCHI 1un

179, 180, 187

INABE Naohito fffi ill r'i6 A

KIMURA Kazuie~

KIT AO Kensuke

115, 118}IWi* f1 -~

88

KIMURA Kikuo *f1~~ME 17,18

96, 100, 101, 102, 112, 119

INAMURA Takashi fffi f1~ rIB

9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23,m 45, 54

J II 00

KAW ATSURA Kiyoshi

21,23, 25, 27, 58, 103,~~ J~3~WJ

128, 129, 130, 131, 132

KITAYAMA Hiroki~tlllltg~

KIT A YAMA Shigeru~t IIIISHIDA Katsuhiko E 83 Mj Jfg 16, 36, 94, 138

KIT AZAW A Hideaki~t iR ~ IY3

ISHIDA N obumichi E 83 f$ j![ 118

KITCHING Peter 26

105, 107, 123, 207, 209

INOUE Kouji it.L ti§- ~160, 162, 164, 166

ISHIHARA Masayasu E W- IE ~1, 9, 11, 12, 14, 22,

23, 96, 98, 100, 101, 102, 108, 110, 112, 119, 121, 123:1ft 40

ISHIHARA Takeshi E WISHII Keizo 15 it 1ft ~

~

E JII

ISHIZUKA Takeo E ~ :1ft 515* 7!f TIWAKI Masaya :E * IE

~

~

55

74, 75, 76

KOHARA Shigeo IJ\ @: m:;k: 6,7

27, 105

1W 3, 6

:Xi 57

KOHMOTO Susumu tIlJ;;$:77, 78, 79

KOHMOTO Toshiro tIlJ;$: 4!& ~~ 23

62

KOHNO Isao rEI my~

IWAMOTO Masako :E;;$: IE T

65, 67, 72, 73, 74, 75,

JtJ

7, 65, 211, 212

rEI myKOHNO Tsuyoshi~

115, 116

KOIZUMI Mitsuo IJ\ ~ :7\:;.':E 23, 25, 27, 103, 105, 107

76, 211IWASA N aohito :E ftc [I[ t: 12, 113, 114, 119
IZUMO Koichi{}t.=.

~ Jfg

ISHIKAWA Toshiyuki E}l1 f~ fj 3,6

ITOH Y oshiko W**
62
KOBAYASHI Takane IJ\ **8, 211
KOBAYASHI Takayoshi IJ\ **87
KOBAYASHI Toshio IJ\ **ME 26
KOBAYASHI Yasuhiko IJ\ **91
KOBAYASHI Yoshio IJ\ **515 65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73,
KOBAYASHI Kenzo IJ\~

49

ISSHIKI Hiroshi - 1S

16

~ ~

ISHII Yasuyuki 15 it i* fr 145
ISHIKAWA Hiroshi

26

7Yl 91

ill ~ 7\:; -89

J AESCHKE Eberhard 95
JENSEN Aksel S. 28
KABURAGI Akira •~KOMAKI Ken-ichiro IJ\~1Vf-f!~

45, 54

KOMATSU Haruko IJ\ f'~ ffli T

58
206

KOSUGA Hiroyuki IJ\;g ~ Z

27

KOX Serge 11, 12, 13, 119

III

KOY AMA Akio IJ\ III Bjg ME 55

IE 3, 6, 7

~ i* ~ ~KAJINO Toshitaka ~ my 4!&" 22

KUBO Kenya

KAMBARA Tadashi f$ W-

KUBO Toshiyuki

IE 38, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46,

47, 48, 51, 54, 56, 57, 95~ i* 4!&

KAMITSUBO Hiromichi .L p¥*

139,207,209

j![

KASE Masayuki ;I][J ~ ~ Z

3, 5, 6, 108, 109, 133, 135

96, 101, 102

115, 118KUMAGAI N oritaka

54,56* fU 11-

a 66

~.g

211

KATSURAGAWA Hidetsugu f! JII
KAWAI lun tIlJ isf~

KUDO Hisaaki I §~ 8jg

KUMAGAI Hidekazu~~:fr25, 103*9, 17, 18, 20, 21, 53,f[J~~:fr ~ ~156
12, 114, 119*

22, 108, 109, 121

KA TOU Takeo ;1]0 § :1ft ME 211

11, 12, 22, 25, 108, 110,KUROKI Kenro m:{}t ~~ 45, 54
KUSAKA Takuya B T ~ fu 162

1W 116

KA TOU Hiroko ;1]0 § 1W T

N,

KUROKA W A Meiko m:}l1 IY3 T

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