Quarterly No. 62

October – December

IGA
NEWS
Newsletter of the International Geothermal Association
IGA ACTIVITIES
Editor´s Note
As our readers have noticed, we recently starteddelivering IGA News via Internet. The main advantages ofthis approach are lower printing and postage costs, andfaster delivery. A disadvantage, perceived by many
readers, is that the older two-column format is awkward
to read in a computer screen. Therefore, by populardemand, we have switched to one-column format, as ofthe present issue.

Message from the President
John W. Lund, President
The Board of Directors met in Beijing, China on
September 13th and 14th, hosted by the China Geothermal
Energy Society (GCES), and organized by our wonderful
host, Keyan Zheng. Fifteen board members attended
along with two visitors from Hungary. The main issues
discussed were the outstanding debts from the World
Geothermal Congress 2005 (WGC2005) in Turkey, alongwith revisions of the bylaws. At this point, it appears that
the WGC2005 is approximately US$40,000 in debt,
mainly due to the delay in funding support from the World
Bank/GeoFund for short course #4. The IGA is responsible for half of the debt, and this amount has been placed
in reserve by the IGA board. The books for WGC2005
should be closed in November and hopefully theWorldBank/GeoFund monies will reimburse us later nextyear.
The Board of Directors also participated in theOpening Ceremony for the 20th Anniversary of the GCES
and Chinese Geothermal Symposium on the 15th of
September. The President gave opening remarks to theapproximately 100 attendees, summarized as follows:“ We are all here because we believe in geothermalenergy, the domestic, renewable and green energy
source that can provide many benefits to society.
Worldwide geothermal energy saves an equivalent of 3.5 days of fossil fuel consumption
annually and provides, for example, 15% of theenergy supply in Tibet. China, of course, is aleader in this field, mainly in direct use applications such as space heating, greenhouse, aqua-

IGA ACTIVITIES
Editor´s Note
Message from the President

1
1

EUROPE/ Some recent political actions inside
EU to foster renewable energy use
2Italy/ Obituary Paolo Liguori
4
Spain/ Geothermal research of the
Llucmajor area, Mallorca
4
Switzerland / Thermal response tests: in situ
determination of geothermal
characteristics of soils
7

AFRICA
Uganda/ A close encounter

10

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
ChinaPhilippines
Russia/ 20th Anniversary of GCES andChinese Geothermal Symposium/ The Beijing Declaration/ On its way to privatization/ The First International Mineral
Extraction Conference, Kamchatka

11
12
13
14

UPCOMING EVENTS
Geothermal meetings

15

culture and pool heating. I encourage you tocontinue development of this important resource,
and the members of the IGA are available to offer
their support and services to China.”
Invited lectures were then given by the President on
Worldwide Geothermal Development, by Gestur Gislasonof Iceland on Geothermal Space Heating, by Burkhard
Sanner from Germany on Geothermal Heat Pumps for
Heating and Cooling, by Valgardur Stefansson from
Iceland on Sustainable Use of Geothermal Resources andby Ruggero Bertani from Italy on Geothermal Power
Generation. Unfortunately, Eduardo Iglesias from Mexico
had to cancel his trip at the last minute, but his paper on
Geothermal Reserves of Twenty Mexican States was
published in the Proceedings. The remainder of the board
members were given a tour of geothermal heat pumpinstallations in Beijing.
IGA News, October – December 2005

2
The following day, the board members were given a tour of the World Geothermal Natural Science Park – Nangong
Village on the outskirts of Beijing. This village of 2,500 inhabitants is entirely heated with geothermal energy from
70oC water. Geothermal energy is provided for space heating, aquaculture pond and greenhouse heating and for a waterpark. The President wrote a greeting to the village in a special red-paged book that will be kept on display in theirwonderful museum. Details of this remarkable village can be found in an article by Keyan Zheng in IGA News No. 61(July-Sept 2005).
Gordon Bloomquist, the chair of the Finance Committee of the Board, in cooperation with the Russian Geothermal
Association, organized the International Minerals Extraction Conference in Petropavlovsk-Kamachatka during the same
week as the Beijing Board of Directors meeting (September 12-16). It was attended by approximately 100 persons, andpapers were presented and discussions were held on extracting minerals from geothermal resources to enhance theutilization of the resource. A follow-up conference is planned to be held at the University of Arizona in conjunction
with the Geothermal Resources Council Annual meeting in August, 2006.
Two papers written by IGA board members will be published in the next issue of Geothermics, edited by Marnell
Dickson of the Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse in Pisa, Italy, and Marcello Lippmann of the Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory in Berkeley, California. These are the revised and updated versions of the papers originally presented at
WGC2005. They are: World Geothermal Generation 2001-2005, State of the Art by Ruggero Bertani, and Direct
Application of Geothermal Energy: 2005 Worldwide Review by John W. Lund, Derek H. Freeston and Tonya L. Boyd.
The President was fortunate to be invited by the New Zealand Trade and Enterprise group to lecture in New
Zealand. He was able to attend the University of Auckland Geothermal Institute’s conference and gave a lecture on
Worldwide Geothermal Development. He also attended the meeting of the New Zealand Geothermal Association (Colin
Harvey, President) and gave a lecture on Geothermal Direct-Use and Geothermal Heat Pumps. The NZGA has recently
hired Brian White as the Executive Officer. He is based in Wellington. The President had discussions with the Lake
Taupo Development Company on the formation of a Clean Energy Center that will be constructed in Taupo,emphasizing the use of geothermal and biomass energy resources.
The President and Ladsi Rybach (past Vice-President of IGA) have been invited to make presentations at the closing
meeting of the Centenary of Geothermal-Electric Industry Conference in Florence, Italy, on December 10th. IGA will
receive a Recognition Award at the Conference from Unione Geotermica Italiana for contributions to geothermal
development. The conference organizers will also present copies of the special volume: Contribution to the History of
Geothermal Energy in Italy, edited by Raffaele Cataldi and Prof. Marco Ciardi, to all the IGA board members alongwith some 50 selected non-Italian IGA members.

EUROPE
Some recent political actions inside EU to foster renewable energy use
Burkhard Sanner, President EGEC, http://www.egec.org
6th Inter-Parliamentary Meeting on Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency
Edinburgh, Oct. 6-8, 2005-10-08 Edinburgh Declaration 2005
The reporter had the honour and privilege to be invited to represent the geothermal energy sector at the panel for heating
and cooling with RES at the Edinburgh meeting, and to address the politicians present (Members of the European
Parliament – MEPs, and members of national parliaments). The discussion showed that there is great interest in
geothermal energy, but too little common knowledge yet.
On the other hand, a MEP from Hungary was very well informed and asked questions about the need for re-injection,
as the Hungarian Geothermal Association is pressing him to help cancel the relevant legislation. Here the geothermal
community and IGA has to find a clear position; I voiced my personal opinion, that re-injection in most cases is crucial
for sustainable use of the resource, but that the governments also need to allow for transition periods and to support
the re-injection projects. I would like to appeal to our Hungarian colleagues not to fight against re-injection, but to fightfor financial support for the drilling, from national and EU-sources. The MEP promised his help in that respect.
The event was organised by EUFORES, an association of parliament members. The result of the discussion, and thedeclaration, will hence be a direct input to the legislative process.
IGA News No. 62

3Link to EUFORES, where the declaration and the meeting programme can be found for download:
http://www.eufores.org
Activities towards a Directive for Heating and CoolingAn initiative report is under preparation in the European Parliament to call for a Directive to support heating andcooling from renewable energy sources. MEP Mechthild Rothe, Social Democrats, Germany, is the rapporteur on thatreport.
In spring 2005 the European Renewable Energy Council, of which EGEC is a member, prepared a position paper
to support the idea of such a directive. The paper covers the main RES that can be used for heating and cooling, i.e.
solar thermal, geothermal, and biomass.
The report is expected to be dealt with in the plenary of the European Parliament in January 2006, and it will, if
passed, require the European Commission come up with a proposal for a legal text within about half a year. After being
officially submitted, the proposal for the report will be available for download in the EU databases. A link will be puton the EGEC homepage.
An eventual EU-directive resulting from that process should help the market development of the heating sector as
did the respective directive for electric power from RES (2001/77/EG) for the power sector.
Link to EREC position paper:
http://www.erec-renewables.org/documents/RES-H/EREC_RES-H.pdf
Report on “The share of renewable energy sources in the European Union: proposals for concrete actions”
adopted by the European ParliamentThis report is also known as the “Turmes-Report”, after its initiator, MEP Claude Turmes, Greens, Luxembourg. The
preparation of the report was started in 2004 and the text was eventually adopted as a resolution of the European
Parliament at the plenary meeting on Sept. 28, 2005. The main goal was to set targets for renewable energy sources
beyond the existing target of 12 % by the year 2010. The resolution now calls for a binding target for all renewableenergies of 25 % by the year 2020, and for national and sectorial targets to be developed. The needs for support in
R&D and in application in order to reach that goal were also stressed. The resolution is a non-binding document,
voicing the opinion of the European Parliament on that matter. Hopefully it will be taken very seriously by the European
Commission and Council.
The press release from EU can be found under:
http://www.europarl.eu.int/news/expert/briefing_page/406-269-9-39-20050919BRI00405-26-09-20052005/default_p001c012_en.htm
From there, links are given to the report. The preliminary text as adopted (the final version will be published in the
Official Journal of EU later) can be found directly at:
h t t p : / / w w w. e u ro p a r l . e u . i n t / o m k / s i p a d e 3 ? P U B R E F = - / / E P / / T E X T + TA + P 6 - TA - 2 0 0 5 0365+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=0&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y&LSTDOC=N
Report of the European Economic and Social Committee on geothermal energy
This group, EESC for short, has worked on a statement on geothermal energy. The committee should not be confusedwith the committees of the European Parliament (the relevant committee there is called ITRE). EESC is a body
created within the European administration to allow input from the citizens, as their website states at:
http://www.ces.eu.int/index.htm. The reports of EESC are seldom considered important by the European Parliamentand administration.
It is good to see that a quasi-official group in Brussels has dealt with geothermal energy, and with a generally
positive attitude. However, the report focuses almost exclusively on the central European (German) options, and is fullof inaccuracies. Neither EGEC nor GtV were involved in the preparation or were contacted by the authors. Judge foryourself, the report can be downloaded at:
http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2005/c_221/c_22120050908en00220027.pdf
Conclusions
Seeing all these activities, and considering the results from the successful directive on electricity from RES as well as
the threats from the traditional energy sector, a directive on heating and cooling from RES faces a number of challenges
before eventually coming into existence. This strongly underlines the need for a powerful representation of geothermalenergy in the heart of the European Union. EGEC, founded in 1998 and being a member of IGA since the year 2000,
has such a position, and seeks for the co-operation of the European geothermal sector, and in particular IGA-EBF,
towards that goal.
IGA News, October – December 2005

4
Sorry for the complicated links. They reflect somehow the complexity of EU bureaucracy. If not, and for thosereceiving the Newsletter as paper copy, please accept apologies for the inconvenience. Printing all the texts here would
have exceeded any reasonable size limits.

Italy
Obituary Paolo Liguori
Paolo Liguori, friend and colleague of many in the geothermal community,
died on 25 October 2005. Paolo discovered he was sick in June, just after
his return from a business trip. Diagnosed with leukemia, he fought bravely
for 5 months in hospital.
Paolo was born in Pesaro in November 1943, and graduated as a MechanicalEngineer (Thermodynamics) at the Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy, in1968. After almost 40 years dedicated to work, many of which in geothermal
projects, Paolo had travelled all over the world, from Brazil to Greece,Indonesia, Italy, Mexico, Kenya, Nicaragua, Panama, Philippines, Slovakia,
Uruguay, Zaire and Zambia. He was in fact fluent in English, Portuguese andSpanish, and could speak pretty good French and Greek as well, so he wasable to converse and empathise in almost any country. Many of us feel very
privileged to have had the opportunity to work with Paolo and will remember his open smile, his kindness, his love oflife. Paolo made friends wherever he went.
His great passion in life was sailing, and he had indeed written a guide to sailing entitled “Le Vele”, which was
published in Italy in 2002.
Paolo is mourned by his wife Clementina and his daughters Luisa and Francesca, but he will also be greatly missed byhis friends the world over.

Spain
MOST RECENT EXPLORATION PROJECTS IN SPAIN.
GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH OF THE LLUCMAJOR AREA, MALLORCA (BALEARIC ISLANDS)
Rosa M. Mateos-Ruiz and Jose M. Lopez. Instituto Geologico y Minero de España (IGME)Jose Sanchez-Guzman. Tecnología y Recursos de la Tierra (TRT)INTRODUCTION
The geological context of the s Béticas Cordillera located at the south and southeast of the Iberian Peninsula presents
certain features suitable for the existence of abundant geothermal anomalies. The presence of substantial carbonate
formations at great depths and the existence of recently created extensive fractures favour the circulation and storageof water in the permeable materials and, along with this,the existence of geothermal reservoirs. The Balearic
Islands, which bear witness to the prolongation of the
Béticas Cordilleras to the Mediterranean, constitute anenvironment with the same geological characteristics
and therefore the existence of geothermal reservoirs inthe subsoil.
In 1984, the Spanish Mining and Geological
Institute [Instituto Geológico y Minero de España(IGME)] conducted a preliminary study of geothermal
manifestations on the Balearic Islands. Among others,
two important points were located in Mallorca: Font
Santa de St. Joan and thermal wells in Llucmajor(figure 1). These thermal manifestations are associated
IGA News No. 62

Figure 1. Thermal anomalies in Mallorca.

5with the normal and extensive Neogene faults that delimit the Llucmajor and Camps basin and facilitate the verticalmovement of deep waters. Some studies conducted subsequently demonstrated a greater number of thermal wells in
the Llucmajor area.
The possibility of finding low and medium temperature geothermal deposits at economically accessible depths led
the Instituto Geológico y Minero de España and the Balearic Island Government’s Department of Innovation andEnergy to sign an agreement on “Geothermal Research on the Island of Mallorca”. This Project, conducted in 20022003, included two areas of study: Costitx-Lloret in the centre of the Island and Llucmajor in the southeast. At thelatter, where the temperature range is higher and the possibilities of the existence of deep reservoirs are more evident,
the research concluded with a exploratory drilling that reached an aquifer with water at 70ºC. What follows is asynthesis of the research conducted and the results obtained.
GEOLOGY
The geological research conducted focused on the regional structure and definition of the stratigraphy of the different
materials so as to make it possible to propose a geological model for the area under investigation. These studies havemade it possible to define tectonic graben-type structures produced by the action of the normal faults in a ENE-WSW
direction reactivated in the post-alpine extensive phase which commences in the Tortonian Age. These faults or someof the vertical structures subparallel to them permit hydraulic communication between the Mesozoic carbonate reservoir
and the aquifer of the Upper Miocene where thermal anomalies occur.
HYDROGEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTY
The geothermal manifestations appear in a shallow aquifer
known as Llucmajor-Camps, with limestone and reefcalcarenite contents from the Tortonian-Messinian. The
water table is 115-125 metres deep with a high rate of
exploitation. There are more than twenty wells withanomalous temperatures. Sampling of the undergroundwater was conducted for geochemical analysis. As a result,four different classes of water were defined (figure 2):
1. - Calcium-sulphate waters with temperatures in theorder of 40-50 ºC
2. - Calcium-bicarbonate and chloride waters. Cold andtypical of the shallow aquifer
3. - Sodium-chloride waters. With minor thermalism
and sea water influence.
4. - Mixture of classes 1 and 2.
The distribution of the so-called “geothermal
indicators” (temperature, sulphates, silica, fluorine andlithium) reveals the existence of an important NE-SW
fracture that allows the deep thermal water to migrate to
the upper reef aquifer (figure 3). This fracture acts as thepreferential flow direction for the thermal water. In theperpendicular direction, i.e., NW-SE, there is a slow
diffusion of geothermal indicators in the shallow aquifer.
The isotopic studies reveal the deep origins of thethermal water. The chloride/oxygen-18 ratio demonstrates
that the thermal water is not influenced by sea water, its
salinity coming from the dissolution of salts. The analysis
of dissolved gases in the water reveals a sharp CH 4
anomaly in the hottest water which may be due to thehydrocarbon traces in the deep Mesozoic deposits.
GEOPHYSICS
The subsoil was studied using magnetotelluric methods. A
total of 46 MT soundings were conducted. Based on the

Figure 2. Langelier & Lugwig of Groundwaters.

Figure 3. Llucmajor area. Geothermal anomaly.
IGA News, October – December 2005

6
resistivity curves obtained, a geophysical interpretationand geological model were drafted (figure 4). In thecentre of the graben, three geoelectrical layers – R1-C1R2 – were identified while, toward the NE in the raised
block, the C1 conductor layer disappears with the tworesistive layers, R1 and R2, remaining. An important
NE-SW discontinuity can be delimited. The R1 resistive
layer is associated with the reef calcarenites of theUpper Miocene. The C1 conductor is associated with aformation of marls from the Miocene underlying thecalcarenites. Finally, the R2 resistive layer is identified
with the detritic and carbonated materials of the
Paleogene. The important tectonic structure detected(normal fracture or fault) constitutes an area where thethermal water migrates from the deep reservoir.
EXPLORATORY DRILLINGThe final phase of the research plan consisted of a deep
exploratory drilling in the area with the greatest thermal
anomaly. The stated objectives were: a) verification of
the geological and geophysical model, b) examination ofdeep formations and aquifers and the most relevant
geological structures and c) a study of the evolution oftemperature in the subsoil.
The drilling reached a depth of 700 m. Down to adepth of 131 metres, the drilling perforated postorogenic materials of the Upper Miocene and Pliocene.
Between 131 and 700 metres it perforated pre-orogenic
detritic and carbonated materials of the Paleogene
period. These materials showed abundant fractures andmylonite that reveal traces of hydrothermal circulation,
especially at depths between 250 m and 365 m.
Two different aquifers were examined, the first in
reef limestone between 115 and 131 metres deep withthe water table at 117 metres, and the second withfractured limestone areas from the Paleogene period
between 340 and 540 metres deep with the piezometriclevel at 100 metres.
The temperature at depths down to 220 metres is
50ºC, similar to that of the upper aquifer. Between 220
and 380 metres, the temperature rises quickly to 5557ºC, exceeding 60ºC at a depth of 400 m. Between 400
and 500 metres the temperature remains more or lessconstant and rises again at 500 metres, reaching atemperature of 70ºC at the bottom of borehole (figure 5).
It was therefore possible to identify a first aquifer
with a temperature of approximately 60ºC at a depth of
340-540 metres. The existence of other aquifers attemperatures of 70ºC and more can be predicted at
greater depths. These aquifers, in carbonated materials,
are fed laterally by hot water from the NE-SW fault or
fracture.

IGA News No. 62

Figure 4. MT-section and Geological interpretation.

Figure 5. Deph-temperature evolution.

7
Switzerland
Thermal response tests: in situ determination of geothermal characteristics of soils
Gilbert Steinmann & Lyesse Laloui, Soil Mechanics Laboratory, EPFL, Lausanne
Determination of the geothermal characteristics of soils is essential, not only for geothermal analysis, but also more
and more commonly for the geotechnical design of borehole heat exchangers (BHE), as well as energetic geostructures,such as foundations piles. These underground structures, later in the article called “heat exchangers”, are used for the
storage of dissipated heat in summer and its subsequent reuse for heating in winter. Detailed information concerning
the practical aspects of such thermal response tests of soils may be found in the proceedings of the international
workshop held at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) in 2001 [1].
Testing equipment for the in situ determination of the geothermal characteristics of soils has been developed at theEPFL. It is based on a heating method that enables the determination of the following parameters:• Mean underground temperature along a heat exchanger before and after the heating of the ground (Figs. 1 and
2);• Thermal resistivity of the ground (Fig. 3);• Thermal conductivity of the ground along the heat exchanger (Fig. 4).
p

p

(

g)

14.4

26

25

14.2

24

24

14

22

23

13.8
Temp. Probe "out" (°C)
Temp. Probe "in" (°C)

13.6
13.4
13.2
19.01.04
15:00

19.01.04
18:00

19.01.04
21:00

20.01.04
00:00

20.01.04
03:00

20.01.04
06:00

20.01.04
09:00

Date/Time

Fig. 1. Evolution of the initial undergroundtemperature during the test (no heating).

Advantages of in situ thermal response
tests
Laboratory tests for the determination of
the thermal characteristics of soils areoften extremely delicate and difficult tocarry out. The problems linked to suchtests concern the following points:

22
Temp. ''out'' [°C]
Temp. ''in'' [°C]
Outside Module Temperature [°C]
Inside Module Temperature [°C].
Fluid Flow [l/min]

18
16
14

21
20
19

12

18

10

17

8
16
10.12 11.12 12.12 13.12 14.12 15.12 16.12 17.12 18.12
Date (dd.mm)

Fig. 2. Evolution of underground temperature andflow rate during the test (with heating).

Thermal conductivity
27

Fluid Temperature [°C]This system was accredited by the
SAS (Swiss Accreditation Service) in
May 2004 according to the ISO/CEI
17025 Standard. Starting from the initial
prototype, the heating module has beenstreamlined and modernised to make it
more easily transportable to testing sites(Fig. 5). The latest modifications enable
the remote transmission of data in quasireal time over the Internet [2]. Currently,
to the best of our knowledge, this is the
only device of this type in Switzerland
and the surrounding countries which
offers such flexibility and applications
potential for BHE and geo-structures(Fig. 6).

20

Flow [l/min]

Test of response plot (with heating)Temperature [°C]

Temperature (°C)

Initial Ground Temperature(without heating)

Injected Power: 41 (W/m)
Estimated thermal Conductivity: 2.76 (W/mK)

26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
10

10.5

11

11.5

12

12.5

13

13.5

Tau (temporal parameter) [-]Fig. 3. Evaluation of the thermal conductivity of the underground.
IGA News, October – December 2005

8
Thermal resistance of the heat exchanger
0.120
0.110

Thermal Resistance[K/(W/m)]• The quality of the sample, which is
no longer subjected to the underground stress conditions. If these
conditions are to be reproduced, theapparatus (a modified tri-axial cell)becomes highly complex and the test
is difficult to carry out [3].
• In situ hydrogeological conditions, aswell as the state of fissures of theground, are not taken into consideration.
• The volume of soil taken for thesetests, even if the sample was carefully chosen, is only partially representative of the natural state.
• Very precise instrumentation of thesample (gauges, flowmeters), in conjunction with sophisticated apparatus(data acquisition, insulation, thermostatic baths), is necessary to obtain
credible thermal characteristics.

0.100
0.090
0.080
0.070
0.060
0.050
0.040
0.030
0.020

Estimated thermal Resistance: 0.10 K/(W/m)
Estimation based on:- Initial underground temperature: 12.0 C- Volumetric Ground Heat Capacity: 2.1 MJ/m3K

0.010
0.000
6.4.057.4.058.4.059.4.0510.4.05 11.4.05 12.4.05 13.4.05 14.4.05

DateFig. 4. Estimate of the thermal resistance (Rb) of the geothermalheat exchanger.

Moreover, in situ measurements of geothermal
characteristics have the advantage of taking into accountgroundwater flow, porosity of the various strata andheterogeneity of the underground along the entire depth of
the heat exchanger. Finally, the volume of soil used for thethermal response tests is identical to that used by the heatexchanger which monitors the energy needs.
Theoretical framework of the thermal response tests
Before beginning a thermal response test, the following
parameters must be calculated based on several
hypotheses:• The injected power is chosen as a first approximation by the relationship:
P=q·H

(1)

Fig. 5. Heating module, connected to a borehole heatexchanger.

where:
P:
power of the boiler (W)q:linear power of injectedheat (W/m)
H: depth of the heatexchanger (m)• The temperature difference between
the input and the output of the heatexchanger (∆Tin-out) must be between
4 and 5 K. The flow rate is thendetermined by:
P = ρc · ρw ⋅ Q ⋅ ∆ T in–out(2)Fig. 6. Photomontage of the future “Musée des Confluences” in Lyon,
France (doc. GEO).

IGA News No. 62

9where:

ρcspecific heat of water (4.18 kJ/kg . K)
unit mass of water (kg/l)
ρw:
Q:
flow rate (l/s);
and P is expressed in (kW).

• The maximum temperature at the end of the test. Perturbations along the heat exchanger caused by thermal
convection are to be avoided. Thus, increase in temperature during the test should not exceed 30 to 35 °C. Thisestimate is obtained using relations proposed by Eskilson [4] and the following approximations:∆T = (Rq + Rb) · q
where:

∆T :
Rb :
Rq :

temperature in (K).
thermal resistance of the heat exchanger (K/(W/m)) ;(taken to be 0.1 as a first approximation);thermal resistance of the ground (K/(W/m)) :Rq =where:

a
t
rb
γ
λ

(3)

1
· [ ln (4 · a · t/r 2b) – γ]
4·π·λ

(4)

thermal diffusivity (m2/s) (order of magnitude: 10-6 m2/s)
duration of the heating phase (s)radius of the heat exchanger (m)Euler’s constant (γ = 0.5772)
thermal conductivity of the ground (W/m.K) (taken to be 2).

Procedure for an in situ thermal response test
The heating module is first linked with insulated tubes to the heat exchanger previously inserted by a specialised
contractor. The test begins with the circulation of the heat-conducting fluid in the heat exchanger tubes, without heating,until the temperature is equilibrated. This operation gives the initial temperature of the underground over the depth of
the heat exchanger and this first phase lasts between 12 and 16 hours.
The heating module is then turned on with the power necessary for a power injection in the heat exchanger between
40 and 50 W/m (see Equation 1).
During the tests, the following eight parameters are recorded every minute and uploaded at regular intervals to a
web site:• fluid temperature (input and output) of the heat exchanger tubes;• internal and external temperatures of the module;• pressure of the heat-conducting fluid (input and output) of the heat exchanger tubes;• flow rate of the heat-conducting fluid;• energy consumption (impulse counter).
A standard test report is prepared for each thermal response test; the graphs show the evolution of temperatures, flowrate and pressure before and after heating.
Interpretation
Calculations allow the final, precise characterisation of the geothermal heat exchanger and of the surrounding
underground using the following values:• The effective thermal resistance of the heat exchanger, Rb, determined using its geometrical and physicalparameters. This value is obtained by using the software program Earth Energy Designer (EED) written by
Hellström [5]. It should be noted that the quality of the heat exchanger increases as its thermal resistancedecreases.
• The thermal conductivity of the ground along the heat exchanger, calculated using Equations (3) and (4), for
known initial and final ground temperature values.
• An additional check of the results is carried out comparing the injected power and that really used.
IGA News, October – December 2005

10
Acknowledgements
Dr. D. Pahud is to be thanked for his contribution to this research study.
References[1] Eugster W. J. & Laloui L. (eds.), 2002. Tests de réponse géothermique/Geothermische response tests. Proceedingsof the Workshop on Geothermal Test Responses. Lausanne – October 25 & 26 2001, 130 pages. Publisher GtV;ISBN 3-932570-43-X.
[2] Laloui L. & Steinmann G., 2003. “Automatisation et télétransmission des données pour les tests de réponse duterrain”. Rapport OFEN. ENET N° 240025 / 2004.
[3] Cekerevac C., Laloui L. & Vulliet L., 2005. A novel triaxial apparatus for thermo-mechanical testing of soils.
Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 28, issue 2, pp. 161-170.
[4] Eskilson P., 1987. Thermal Analysis of Heat Extraction Boreholes, Thesis, Department of Mathematical Physics,
Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden.
[5] Hellström G. 1991. Ground heat Storage, Thermal Analyses of Duct Storage Systems. 1. Theory, Thesis,
Department of Mathematical Physics, University of Lund, Sweden.
Contacts:
Gilbert Steinmann, gilbert.steinmann@epfl.ch
Lyesse Laloui, lyesse.laloui@epfl.ch
EPFL – ENAC
Soil Mechanics Laboratory
CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
Tel. +41 21 693 23 24
http://lms.epfl.ch

AFRICA
UgandaA Close Encounter
Gestur Gíslason, Orkuveita Reykjavikur, Iceland
Geothermal exploration often places the geothermal researchers in difficult and sometimes dangerous circumstances.
Recently one of our colleagues had a close encounter carrying out his geothermal fieldwork.
Currently a geothermal exploration project is being carried out in Uganda (Bahati, IGANews #59). The study
involves a countrywide geothermal exploration, led by Mr. Godfrey Bahati, a geochemist/environmental scientist with
the Geological Survey and Mines Department in Entebbe, Uganda. One of the prospects under investigation is within
the Queen Elizabeth National Park, an area well known for its wildlife and beautiful scenery. On 26th September 2005
Bahati entered on foot the steep Lake Kitagata Crater with a team of 5 people, consisting of two chemists and fieldtechnician, driver and a park ranger. The purpose was to sample two hot springs in the western part of the crater. The
location of the springs is constrained; the springs emerge on the shore of a crater lake that covers the whole crater floor
and above it rises a vertical cliff, reaching almost 300 m above the lake. The springs can only be reached along thenarrow northern shore of the lake, but to the south the route is blocked by a dense thicket. On their way to the springs
the team members noticed two Cape buffaloes which they bypassed without disturbing the animals. Buffaloes arecommon in the park, and are frequently encountered during field work without problems, as it seemed at this time.
Having reached the hot springs the team started the sampling procedure. While sampling the first spring a movement
within a nearby bush was noticed but ignored, as it was thought to be a baboon which are also very common in thecrater area.
IGA News No. 62

11Having finished sampling the first spring and preparing to move to the second spring, the team noticed that one of
the buffaloes was approaching them and showed hostility. As the beast reached within 20 m the ranger fired several
rounds from his AK-47 rifle in the air to drive the animal away. Instead of retreating the buffalo charged and the team
tried to escape. The animal singled out Bahati, who decided to try to run to higher ground, towards the cliff. In therough Bahati tumbled and immediately the 600 kg beast was upon him. The buffalo threw its victim in the air, but
finally Bahati got hold of branches of the bush and managed to pull himself through a hole into the dense undergrowth.
The buffalo charged in vain and as Bahati managed to drag himself through the bush, the ranger spotted that he had
moved away from the beast and shot a burst at the mad animal, who retreated immediately.
The geothermal team reassembled and decided to leave at once. Immediately as they intended to hurry back, Bahati
realized that he had been mutilated by the buffalo. On inspection he discovered that the buffalo had torn the muscle on
the left leg just above the knee. The flesh was badly torn with a large portion hanging down, and the femur bone wasclearly visible. Despite this horrendous damage Bahati managed, with the support by his team mates, to walk back to
the vehicle which was about 1.5 km away and this included having to climb about 200 m from the crater lake to its
rim in the soaring equatorial heat. Immediately Bahati was taken back to the park head-quarters where he received firstaid treatment and was then taken to a hospital in Kilembe.
The Cape buffalo is considered to be one of the most dangerous animals in Africa, and along with hippopotamus
and crocodile is responsible for most human deaths by wild animals in Africa. It feeds solely on grass, but when it feels
it is threatened it becomes very aggressive. This is especially true for old males, who prefer solitude, whereas young
cows and bulls travel in large herds.
The following day a squad of park rangers went back to the scene. They found the buffalo dead a few meters fromthe location of the attack, with an indication that lions were in the vicinity. Trackers from the park believed that when
the geothermal team arrived at the scene the buffaloes were already being stalked by lions, and the attack on Bahati
was a desperate attempt by the buffalo to escape from a close encounter. This was confirmed by the noise the teamheard from the lions in the bush during the sampling of the first spring.
I met Bahati in late October this year (2005), and I am pleased to report that he is making a remarkable recovery.
He is back at work in the office, busy interpreting the data already gathered, and is hoping to go back into the field assoon as his leg has recovered. He is very grateful to his team for the help given to him during this trying experience.

ASIA/PACIFIC RIM
China
20TH Anniversary of GCES and Chinese Geothermal Symposium
Keyan Zheng, Geothermal China Energy Society (GCES)
GCES celebrated satisfactorily its 20th anniversary of establishment. As the main core, the Chinese Geothermal
Symposium with the theme of Sustainable Development of Geothermal Industrialization was held in Beijing during theperiod 14-16 September 2005. Approximately 130 persons attended the symposium. Participants include geothermal
experts, geothermal enterprisers and government administrators. They come from different parts of the country,
including Tibet. A few foreigners attended the symposium too.
The purpose of the symposium was to exchange experiences of the pattern of geothermal industrialized development
and sustainable development mechanisms, in order to coordinate and advise geothermal exploration, exploitation andresearch for the future in China. Some 69 papers were submitted and 65 of them were collected in the Proceedings of
the Symposium. The main topics include sustainable development, exploration and utilization, geothermal management
and research and application.
With the great special opportunity that the 39th IGA BoD Meeting was held in Beijing, all participants of IGA BoD
were invited to attend our opening ceremony, and were photographed together with the Chinese geothermal leadership.
Then 6 invited papers from IGA BoD members were presented at the symposium. Chinese geothermal workers listenedfor the first time to many world-famous geothermal experts’ presentations, covering worldwide geothermal
development (John Lund), sustainable utilization (Valgardur Stefansson), geothermal space heating (Gestur Gislason),
IGA News, October – December 2005

12

From left to right, front row: TIAN Tingshan, ZHANG Zhenguo, TAO Qingfa, BAO Yunqiao, John Lund, REN Xiang,
Ruggero Bertani, Toshihiro Uchida, Kevin Brown, ZHENG Keyan, Rosalba Mottola; middle row: Valgardur Stefansson,
SI Shirong, ZHU Jialing, Shigeto Yamada, Sachio Ehara, LI Wei, Valentina Svalova, Meseret Teklemariam, Paul Brophy,
James Lawless, Gestur Gislason, WU Aimin, XU Junxiang, MA Encheng; back row: Burkhard Sanner, JIANG Yong,DOR Ji, Gyorgy Paczay, Mihaly Kurunczi, LIANG Guizhi, QI Jinsheng, PAN Xiaoping, RAN Weiyan; Final row: DONG
Yin, PANG Zhonghe.
geothermal power generation (Ruggero Bertani) and geothermal heat pumps (Berkhard Sanner). Unfortunately,
Eduardo Iglesias from Mexico had to cancel his trip at the last minute, but his paper on Geothermal Reserves of Twenty
Mexican States was published in the Proceedings. All Chinese participants felt that they enjoyed these talks.
Chinese authors introduced their papers around sustainable development mainly, such as renewability, recycling andsustainable patterns of development and utilization; the relationship of geothermal resources and sustainable utilization;
exploiting cyclic economy; large scale geothermal reinjection; combining development of deep geothermal and shallow
heat pumps; and so on. These presentations showed recent researches and their achievements in China. In addition, abook “100 Examples of Geothermal Exploration and Development in China” was published at the same time. It
introduces many more typical examples since geothermal as new energy was developed in the country.
All participants from home and abroad visited Nangong Village – the First Geothermal Village in China.
Comprehensive local geothermal utilization and cascade use gave visitors a favorable impression. IGA President Dr.
John Lund wrote down “You have a wonderful example of using a renewable and green energy source – geothermal”
for the village.

The Beijing Declaration
By Burkhard Sanner
The Beijing Declaration, adopted on Nov. 8, 2005, is the major outcome of the Beijing International Renewable Energy
Conference, “Renewables 2005”. The Declaration explicitly includes Geothermal Energy as a renewable energy to besupported by the governments. The governmental delegations from around the world, in several cases headed by therelevant ministers themselves, agreed on the text, after the representatives from NGOs and stakeholder groups had
voiced their opinions and wishes. The geothermal sector was represented by two persons only, making it almost vanishamong all the wind, solar and biomass people. The Declaration is available for download at: http://www.birec2005.cn
IGA News No. 62

13Philippines
On Its Way to Privatization
by PNOC Energy Development Corporation
In line with the Philippine Government’s thrust to restructure the power sector, PNOC Energy Development
Corporation (PNOC-EDC) is slated for privatization this year. The approved Privatization Masterplan was formulatedby PNOC-EDC, together with its financial advisor, CLSA Exchange Capital, a majority-owned subsidiary of CLSA
based in Hong Kong.
The overall strategy for implementing PNOC-EDC’s privatization involves
2004 PHILIPPINE POWER STATISTICS
a strategic sale followed by an Initial
Public Offering (IPO). Based on thecurrent timetable, the Company hopes to
Installed Capacity
Power Generation(In Percent)(In Percent)conclude the strategic sale process by 4th
quarter of 2005.
PNOC-EDC is the largest subsidiaryof the Philippine National Oil Company.
17.8
22.1
It was created to accelerate the explo20.7
15.4
ration, delineation and development of
15.2
indigenous energy resources, i.e. geoPNOC-EDC
23.6
PNOC-EDC
EDC - 7.4%
thermal energy. The Company began its
18.4
7.4%
EDC -12.7%
12.7%
12.4
commercial operations in 1984. Over theyears, PNOC-EDC has independently
28.9
25.5
developed the requisite technology tolocate, extract and deliver geothermal
steam to power plants.
NaturalCoal
Geothermal Oil- Based Hydro
Gas
Today, PNOC-EDC is the largest
geothermal company in the Philippines.
PNOC EDC Installed Capacity.
It has a total installed capacity of
1,149 MW, representing approximately
63% of the country’s 1,905.4 MW
Geothermal
Installed
Power Plant Owner/
Commissioning
installed geothermal capacity. In 2004,
Steamfield
Capacity
BOT Partner
Date
PNOC-EDC accounts for approximately(MW)
Bacman
7.4% of the country’s 15,548 MW total
Bacman I
110.0
NPC
1993
installed power generating capacity andBacman II
40.0
NPC
1995
contributed approximately 12.7% of theManito
1.5
PNOC EDC
1998
country’s total 55,957 GWh of power
Leyte
112.5
NPC
1983
Tongonan I
generated for the year. The Company has
125.0
CalEnergy*
1996
Upper Mahiao
significantly contributed to making the
231.0
CalEnergy*
Malitbog
1996-1997
Philippines the second largest geother180.0
CalEnergy*
Mahanagdong
1997
Optimization Plants
50.9
Ormat*
1997
mal producer in the world, and thePalinpinon
highest ranked in terms of geothermal
Palinpinon I
112.5
NPC
1983
energy’s contribution to total power mix.
Palinpinon II
80.0
NPC
1995
Interested parties who wish toregister their interest as a potential
purchaser may contact Mr. Fermin
Francisco of CLSA Exchange Capital at
fermin.francisco@clsa.com; +63-2-8154886.

Mt. Apo (Mindanao)
Mindanao I
Mindanao II

52.0
54.0

TOTAL

1,149.4

Marubeni*
Marubeni*

1997
1999

* BOT Partner

IGA News, October – December 2005

14
RussiaThe First International Mineral Extraction Conference
By Dr. Oksana Shamshina, Russian Association of Geothermal Energy Society
The First International Mineral Extraction Conference was held in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski City, Kamchatka, Russia
on 12-16 September 2005.
This international conference and the road-mapping workshop, designed to identify and prioritize research anddevelopment needs related to the extraction of minerals from geothermal brines, were organized by the International
Geothermal Association (IGA), the Russian Association of Geothermal Energy Society (GES), the Kamchatka
Scientific Center and the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (KSC FED RAS) and sponsored by theWorld Bank/Global Environmental Facility, KSC FEB RAS, and the United States Department of Energy. The Second
International Mineral Extraction Conference, as proposed by the IGA (J. Lund and G. Bloomquist), will be held in the
United States in the fall of 2006 at the University of Arizona.
The Conference was organized to
discuss the following issues: (i)physical and chemical characteristics
of geothermal brines; (ii) casehistories from the geothermal
industry; (iii) brine processing
experiences from other industries(e.g. oil and gas, brine disposal andwater reuse communities); (iv)physical and chemical parameters
influencing extraction of chemicalcomponents; (v) methods of mineral
extraction and separation fromgeothermalbrines(chemical
precipitation and co-precipitation,
sorption, extraction, coagulation andelectrocoagulation, hyperfiltration(reversed
osmosis),extraction
methods of chemical components
from gas phase, bacterial-chemical Dr. Alexander I. Nikolski, Vice-President of the Russian Association of
methods, downhole mineral seeding, Geothermal Energy Society, during his speech on results of the business-planon creation and construction of Pauzhetsky binary GeoPP; to the right: Dr.
methods of partial condensation).
Alexander S. Kovalev (Investment Policy Department, RAO UESR), Dr. G.
The Conference proceedings can
Bloomquist (IGA), Dr. Yury P. Trukhin (Kamchatka Scientific Center, Far East
be found on the web-site of the Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences).
Russian Association of Geothermal
Energy Society – www.gesa.ru.
The Workshop on new geothermal projects in Russia held after the Conference covered two major projects: (i)prospects for energy supply of the Center of Kamchatka from petrothermal (HDR) energy of Avachinsky Volcano; and(ii) construction of 4 MW binary Pauzhetsky GeoPP (Kamchatka), based on the business-plan prepared by Nauka SC,
and a boron and lithium manufacturing plant. Here research works and achievements of Ukraine scientists (from the
Ukraine Academy of Sciences) were of great interest. For a long time they have been carrying out studies on rare earth
metal and iodine extraction, and recently in Gomel City Ukraine experts jointly with Belorussian specialists
successfully constructed an iodine manufacturing industrial unit.

IGA News No. 62

15
UPCOMING EVENTS
Clean Energy Power. Berlin, Germany. Jan. 18-19,
2006. Contact: Elisabetta Alberti
alberti@energie-server.de,www.energiemessen.de/engl/index.htm
Stanford Geothermal Workshop. Stanford, California,
USA, Jan. 30 – Feb. 01, 2006. Contact: Laura Garner
lgarner@pangea.stanford.edu,
http://ekofisk.stanford.edu/geoth/workshop2006.htm
World Sustainable Energy Days. Wels, Austria. Mar.
1-3, 2006. Contact: www.wsed.at27th Annual PNOC-EDC Geothermal Conference.
Manila, Philippines, Mar. 8-9, 2006. Contact: Jem
Austria,
austria.jjc@energy.com.ph,www.energy.com.ph/Geoscientific/geocon2006.htm
Meeting on Geothermal Energy Generation in Oiland Gas Settings. Southern Methodist University,
Dallas, Texas, USA, Mar. 13-14, 2006. Contact:
David Blackwell,blackwel@smu.edu, www.smu.edu/geothermal/
Oil&Gas_SMUmeeting.htm
3rd Annual POWER-GEN Renewable Energy. Las
Vegas, Nevada, USA, Apr. 10-12, 2006.
http://pgre06.events.pnnnet.com/
ASME ATI Conference. Milan, Italy, May 147-17,
2006. www..asmeati2006.it
TOUGH Symposium 2006. Berkeley, California, USA,May 15-17, 2006. wwwesd.lbl.gov/TOUGHsymposiumInternational Summer School on Geothermal Energy.
Izmir, Turkey, May 28 – June 11, 2006. Contact:jenarum@deu.edu.tr,
www.deu.edu.tr/DEUWeb/English/Icerik/Icerik.php?K
OD=8425
International Heat Transfer Conference IHTC-13.
Sydney, Australia. August 13-18, 2006. Contact:
Graham de Vahl Davis, ihtc-13@unsw.edu.au,
http://ihtc-13.mech.unsw.edu.au/
World Renewable Energy Congress IX & Exhibition.
Florence, Italy, August 19-25, 2006. Contact: Ali
Sayigh, asayigh@netcomuk.co.uk,
www.wrenuk.co.uk/wrecix.html
International Summer School Workshop/Conference“International Geothermal Days Ukraine 2006”.
Odesa, Ukraine, Sep. 17-22, 2006. Contact: Kiril
Popovski, isskiril@sonet.com.mk
GRC Annual Meeting. San Diego, California, USA.
Oct. 1-4, 2006. Contact: Geothermal Resources
Council grc@geothermal.org, www.geothermal.org
International Conference and Exhibition “Renewable
Energy 2006”. Makuhari Mese, Chiba, Japan,
October 9-13, 2006. www.re2006.org.

IGA News
IGA News is published quarterly by the International
Geothermal Association. The function of IGA News is
to disseminate timely information about geothermal
activities throughout the world. To this end, a group of
correspondents has agreed to supply news for eachissue. The core of this group consist of the IGA
Information Committee:
Eduardo Iglesias, Mexico (Chairman)
Nilgun Bakir, Turkey
Werner Bussmann, Germany
John Garnish, United Kingdom
Alimin Ginting, Indonesia
Gestur Gíslason, Iceland
Luis Gutiérrez-Negrín, Mexico
Roland Horne, USA
Beata Kepinska, Poland
Jim Lawless, New ZealandMarcelo Lippmann, USA
Zbigniew Malolepszy, Poland
Adele Manzella, Italy
Rosa María Prol-Ledesma, Mexico
Sylvia Ramos, Philippines
Tingshan Tian, China
Joaquin Torres-Rodriguez, Mexico
Francois-David Vuataz, Switzerland
Kasumi Yasukawa, JapanThe members of this group submit geothermal news
from their parts of the world, or relevant to their areasof specialization. If you have some news, a report, or
an article for IGA News, you can send it to any of theabove individuals, or directly to the IGA Secretariat,
whatever is most convenient. Please help us to become
essential reading for anyone seeking the latest
information on geothermal worldwide.
While the editorial team make every effort to ensure
accuracy, the opinions expressed in contributed articles
remain those of the authors and are not necessarily
those of the IGA.
Send IGA News contributions to:
IGA Secretariat, c/o Samorka
Sudurlandsbraut 48, 108 Reykjavík, Iceland
fax: +354-588-4431
e-mail: iga@samorka.is
Contributions to the next issue of IGA News must be
received by 10 February 2006.
This issue of IGA News was edited by Eduardo
Iglesias. John Garnish proofread the articles. Valgardur
Stefansson at the IGA Secretariat produced it. Layout
and printing by Gutenberg, www.gutenberg.is
IGA News, October – December 2005

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