The 13th
International Symposium on
Primatology and Wildlife Science2020 Feb 29th (Sat.) – Mar 2nd (Mon.) ※Science Seminar House
理学研究科セミナーハウス

Kyoto University 京都大学
North Campus 北部構内
Science Seminar House 理学研究科セミナーハウス© Mi-Yeon Kim

※第 13 回 PWS 国際シンポジウムはコロナ禍の影響で会場での開催が中止となりました。
しかし、本要旨集に掲載された研究成果は、口頭・ポスターともに正式な発表業績として認定します。

※The 13th International Symposium on PWS at the venue has been canceled due to the

COVID-19 outbreak. However, we will approve both oral and poster presentations in this
Abstract as the official research presentation at the Symposium.

The 13th International Symposium on Primatology and Wildlife Science
PROGRAMDay 1 February 29th (Sat)Time(min) Title

13:00-13:15

Speaker

Affiliation

Gen'ichi Idani

PWS Program Acting
Coordinator

Registration

12:00-13:00(15) Opening Remarks
Recent advances in bonobo studies

O-01 (20) Tool use in New Caledonian and Hawaiian crows

13:15
|
15:10

Chair: Takeshi Furuichi
Takeshi Furuichi

Do females disperse at the onset of puberty? HormonalPrimate Research Institute,
O-02 (15) and behavioral correlates of natal emigration in female Kazuya Toda
Kyoto University
bonobos at Wamba
Grooming and sexual partner selections by wild
Department of Evolutionary Studies of
O-03 (20) bonobos during inter-group associations at Wamba, DR Nahoko Tokuyama Biosystems, The Graduate University
for Advanced Studiesy
Congo
Comparisons of between-group differentiation in male
Primate Research Institute,
O-04 (15)
Shintaro Ishizuka
kinship between bonobos and chimpanzees
Kyoto University
Aggression and Provocative Behaviors among Male
Primate Research Institute,
O-05 (15) Bonobos in Wamba, Luo Scientific Reserve, Democratic Shohei Shibata
Kyoto University
Republic of the Congo
Aggression and tolerance O-06 (30)Martin Surbeck
Harvard University
the role of bonobos in reconstructing human evolution(15)<Coffee Break & Air refresh>(5)<Group Photo>

PWS new endeavor

15:30
|
16:15

Chair: Shiro Kohshima

O-07 (15) untitled

Isamu Tatsuno

mont-bell Co., Ltd.

Interactions between Human and Animals in the
O-08 (30) Process of Environmental Adaptability around Central
Eurasian Highland

Takuya Soma

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

Genetics: tastes to personality

Chair: Hiroo Imai

Evolutionary and phylogeographic views on
Xiaochan Yan
Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) in Sulawesi macaques
Characteristics of the bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 in
O-10 (20)Kanthi Widayati
colobines

Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University
Department of Biology, Bogor
Agricultural University

O-11 (20) Personality Structure in Bottlenose Dolphins

The University of Edinburgh

O-09 (15)
16:15
|
17:10

17:10-18:30

Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University

Poster session/ PWS exam

Alexander Weiss

Day 2

March 1st (Sun)Time(min) Title

Speaker

Cognition and Emotion in non-human primates
O-12 (30) Designing a digital forest for zoo-housed chimpanzees
9:00
|
10:15

O-13 (15)Comparing Social Style in Zoo-housed Macaques
by Open Lab Style ExperimentO-14 (15) Video—real world referent matching in chimpanzees
The relative contributions of facial shape and color inchimpanzee's age categorization(15)<Coffee Break & Air refresh>

O-15 (15)Chair: Ikuma Adachi
Chris Martin
Akiho Muramatsu
Shenwen Xu
Yuri Kawaguchi

Cognition and Emotion in non-human primates
Facial Expressions of Acute Pain in JapaneseO-16 (15)Macaques: development of an assessment tool
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) look at snakes upon
10:30
O-17 (15)hearing alarm calls|
Body Perception in Chimpanzees: A Comparative11:35
O-18 (20)Cognitive Study
Evolutionary Thanatology: An Introduction and an
O-19 (15)Invitation
11:35–13:00(85)<Lunch Break>

13:00
|
14:30

Chair: Yuko Hattori
Vanessa Gris
Yutaro Sato
Jie GaoJames Anderson

Chair: Monamie Ringhofer
Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory,
Colorado State University

Sarah R. B. King

O-21 (15)The group formation and the relationships withnomads of Mongolian domestic horses

O-22 (15)In search of a new field site for the study of horses: The
Renata Medonca
Pottoka Reserve population in Piornal, Spain

Do macho horses have all the mojo? Examining
testosterone concentrations in feral stallions(15)<Coffee Break & Air refresh>

Monamie Ringhofer

Tamao Maeda
Pandora Pinto

Behaviors of captive animals

17:25-18:30

Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University
Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University
Graduate School of Letters,
Kyoto University

Horses and donkeys: different species, different social
O-20 (30)systems, different management?

O-24 (15)

15:45
|
17:25

Life Sciences Department,
Indianapolis Zoo
Institute for Advanced Study,
Kyoto University
Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University
Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University

Horse session

O-23 (15) Synchronization of behavior in a multilevel social group

14:45
|
15:45

Affiliation

Outgroup threat elicits ingroup tolerance in captive
O-25 (15)chimpanzees
Preliminary study on synchronized urination in captive
O-26 (15)chimpanzees
Do chimpanzees’ sleeping patterns change with age?
O-27 (15)
Looking back a decade
Plant intake and hair evacuation in snow leopards
O-28 (15)(Panthera uncia)

Institute for Advanced Study,
Kyoto University
Institute for Advanced Study,
Kyoto University
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University
Chair: Satoshi Hirata

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
Ena Onishi
University
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
Kristin Havercamp
University
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
Hiroto Yoshimura
University
James Brooks

Behaviors of wild animals

Chair: Andrew MacIntosh

Group Size Estimation of Finless porpoises by Aerial
O-29 (15)
Tomoe Torii
VideosDifferences in seasonality of insect feeding behavior
O-30 (15)Akito Toge
among three species of forest guenons
Tree cover loss across the greater Nimba landscape:O-31 (20) perspectives for balancing conservation and sustainable Maegan Fitzgerald
development

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University
Primate Research Institute,
Kyoto University
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

Fluctuations in population density in Bornean orangutans
related to fruit availability in the Danum Valley, Sabah,
O-32 (20)
Malaysia: A 15-year record including mast fruiting that
occurred in 2019

Tomoko Kanamori

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University

Meet the Mbudha community!
O-33 (30) A newly discovered population of chimpanzees in Ituri,
DRCongoAnne Laudisoit

PREDICT Country Liaison,
EcoHealth Alliance

Poster session/ PWS exam

Day 3

March 2nd (Mon)Time(min) Title

Speaker

Genetic & Hormone session
O-34 (30) Wildlife DNA Forensics
Conservation Physiology in Snow leopards: Zoos andthe Wild
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in the
9:00–10:35 O-36 (15)Yaeyama flying fox
Genetic monitoring of the Japanese golden eagle using
O-37 (15)
microsatellite loci
Genetic analysis uncovers the diversity of endangered
O-38 (15)Mountain Hawk-eagle(15)<Coffee Break>O-35 (20)Chair: Miho Murayama
Rob Ogden
Kozue Kinoshita
Yuto Taki
Annegret M. Naito
Yu SatoMessages to future< The Planet and Humans at a Crossroads >10:50
O-39 (20)~ SDGs for Survival ~|Seven years in PWS: A summary of the endeavor from
11:30
O-40 (20)2013 to 2020
11:30-11:40(10)<Presentation-award ceremony>
11:40-11:55(15) Closing remarks

Affiliation

Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary
Studies and the Roslin InstituteWildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto
University
Chair: Gen'ichi Idani

Special Assistant to the Foreign
Minister of Japan
Institute for Advanced Study,
Tetsuro Matsuzawa
Kyoto University
Masahiko Horie

Gen'ichi Idani

PWS Program Acting
CoordinatorPoster Session

P-01

Susumu Tomiya

Morphological Diversity and Evolution of Deciduous Teeth in Primates

P-02

Mikuho Yokoyama

Visual discrimination of materials in chimpanzees

P-03

Boyun Lee

Evolution and ontogeny of primate sociality: an infant-centric perspective

P-04

Roseanne Smith

The differences in response to enrichment of Pan troglodytes at
Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Sierra Leone- a comparison between
ages and sexes

P-05

Lira Yu

When do we humans start to produce joint drumming?
A developmental study in 18- to 42-month-old children

P-06

Eiko Oda

Study of the histological and physiological basis of sexual behavior andits evolution in primates

P-07

Marie Sigaud

WHY ANIMAL CAFES ARE BAD NEWS FOR WILDLIFE?
Welfare concerns and problematic origins of wildlife species displayed inJapanese animal cafés

P-08
P-09

Elio de Almeida

Size-assortative pairing and mating in an Amazonian fish, the sailfin tetra

Borghezan

Crenuchus spilurus

Yurika Garcia

Effect of habitat disturbance on gastrointestinal parasites of Yakushima
deer

P-10

Toshiki Minami

Effect of allomothering on infant's sociality of free-ranging Japanesemacaques (Macaca fuscata) at Arashiyama, Kyoto

P-11

Huiyuan Qi

Epigenetic estimation of age in snow leopard with the use of fecal
samples from captive individuals in Japanese zoos

P-12

Naruki Morimura

Developing a fixed-wing drone for chimpanzee conservation

P-13

Ayumu Santa

Comparison of visual abilities to perceive brightness/contrast between
killer whales (Orcinus orca) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

P-14

Hanling Yeow

Chimpanzee Reactions to Death Stimuli

P-15

Yoshiyuki Tabuse

Diversification of a cultural behavior in Japanese macaques (Macaca
fuscata yakui)

P-16

Nelson Broche Jr.

Studying the acute stress response of the monkeys at Koshima

P-17

Koki Yoshimura

The possibility of self-domestication in captive red foxes

P-18

Qi Luan Lim

Genetic Diversity of the Malayan Tapir

P-19

Nobuko Nakazawa

Daily photo-capture pattern of leopards (Panthera pardus) and their preyspecies in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania.

P-20

Raquel Costa

The impact of ecotourism on the behaviour of mountain gorillas in Bwindi
Impenetrable National Park, Uganda

P-21

Kenneth Keuk

Ecological networks of Parasites and Primates:modelling host-parasiteenvironment systems at different scales

P-22

Mi Yeon Kim

The Survival Story of O-Ree: A Report of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin
without a Tail in the Wild.

P-23

Yeong-ju Lee

Influence of the Group Stability on the Post-conflict Affiliation in the Horse
Society

P-24

Sakiho Ochi

Investigation of Association Pattern in Free-ranging Horses (Equus
Caballus)

P-25

Rena Numabe

Establishment of the strain of mPR gene knockout zebrafish

P-26

Sota Inoue

Collective departure in feral horses

P-27

Chika Zemmoto

Phylogeography of Japanese rock louse and my feature theme

O-02

Do females disperse at the onset of puberty? Hormonal and behavioral
correlates of natal emigration in female bonobos at Wamba
Kazuya Toda1, Keiko Mouri1, Heungjin Ryu1,2, Testuya Sakamaki1,3, Nohoko Tokuyama4,
Keiko Shimizu5, Chie Hashimoto1 and Takeshi Furuichi1
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
Research Institute of Ecoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
3
The Antwerp Zoo Foundation, Koningin Astridplein 26, B-2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
4
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
5
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
Colleagues’ Department, University Name, City, State (if applicable), Country2

Insert your abstract from here. Abstract should be within ONE-page. Please do notchange the font type, font size, or other formatting options. The paper title is in 14 pt
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You do not insert any figure and table.
Dispersal from the natal group can be an important pubertal event of an individual’slife history for the avoidance of local resource competition and inbreeding. The patterns
and timings of dispersal can be variable among and even within species. Females of the
Pan species transfer from the natal group into another group before they give birth totheir first infants, but female bonobos disperse at a younger age (6–8 y) than female
chimpanzees (11–13 y). Such age difference can be considered to be based on different
dispersal costs for each species; social characteristics of bonobos might lower thedevelopmental threshold of immigration into an unfamiliar group compared to those ofchimpanzees. However, it has been poorly understood about proximate mechanisms
underlying the young emigration of female bonobos. We investigated hormonal andbehavioral changes associated with puberty to determine a maturational stage at thedispersal moment in wild female bonobos. We assayed sex steroid metabolites of
estrone conjugates (E1C) and pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) from urines sampled infemale bonobos at Wamba. We also observed their copulatory interactions with mature
males. As a result, urinary E1C levels and copulation rates increased from prior todispersal while ovulation signals implied by a sustained rise of urinary PdG levels were
not detected until at least one year later after the emigration. Further, median E1C levels
and copulation rates increased prior to emigration and then reached upper maxes in a
post-emigration period. Our results suggest that female bonobos may transfer out of
their natal group at the early stage of puberty that follicular development is likely to failto reach the ovulatory stage. Further, the prolonged period between natal emigration andsexual maturation might benefit them to postpone risking high energetic costs for first
reproduction until they are established into the new group (Strier and Ziegler 2000) or
allocate more time to seek a better group where they will settle down.

O-03

Grooming and sexual partner selections by wild bonobos during intergroup associations at Wamba, DR Congo

1

Nahoko Tokuyama1*, Tetsuya Sakamaki2, Kazuya Toda2 and Takeshi Furuichi2
Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies,
Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
2
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan*

Tokuyama.nahoko@gmail.com

Although xenophobia and ingroup altruism are widespread in the animal kingdom,inter-group affiliation and cooperation tend to be considered as human unique. In
bonobos, which is one of the most evolutionary closest living animals to human,individuals of different groups occasionally associate with each other and interact
affiliatively, though whether they preferentially interact with out-group individuals or
not is unknown. We investigated their grooming and sexual partner selections when outgroup individuals were available. We conducted party following on a group of bonobos(PE) at Wamba, DR Congo, for 3129 hours between 2012 and 2019. During theobservations, PE individuals associated with bonobos of three neighboring groups for904 hours. We calculated the expected numbers of out-group individuals that each PE
individual groom, copulate, and perform genito-genital rubbing (a socio-sexual behavior
between females) in an hour and compared them with the observed numbers. Females
preferentially selected out-group females as grooming and genito-genital rubbing (asocio-sexual behavior between females) partners. We did not find evidence that males
actively selected out-group females and males as grooming partners, while they
preferentially copulated with out-group females. Bonobos, especially females, put effort
into interacting with out-group females for the limited period of time that they areassociated, suggesting that inter-group social bonding could provide benefits.

O-04

Comparisons of between-group differentiation in male kinshipbetween bonobos and chimpanzees
Shintaro Ishizuka1,2, Hiroyuki Takemoto1, Tetsuya Sakamaki1,3, Nahoko Tokuyama1,2,4,Kazuya Toda1,2, Chie Hashimoto1, and Takeshi Furuichi1
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
2
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science3
Antwerp Zoo Foundation
4
The Graduate University for Advanced Studies

Patterns of kinship among individuals in different groups have been rarely examinedin animals. Two closest living relatives of humans, bonobos and chimpanzees sharemany characteristics of social systems including male philopatry, whereas one majordifference between the two species is the nature of intergroup relationship. Intergrouprelationship is basically antagonistic and males sometimes kill individuals of othergroups in chimpanzees, whereas it is much more moderate in bonobos and copulations
between individuals of different groups are often observed during intergroup encounters.
Such behavioural differences may facilitate more frequent between-group male geneflow and greater between-group differentiation in male kinship in bonobos than inchimpanzees. Here we compared differences between average relatedness among males
within groups and that among males of neighbouring groups, and between-group male
genetic distance between bonobos and chimpanzees. Contrary to expectation, thedifferences between average relatedness among males within groups and that among
males of neighbouring groups were significantly greater in bonobos than inchimpanzees. There were no significant differences in autosomal and Y-chromosomal
between-group male genetic distance between the two species. Our results showed thatintergroup male kinship is similarly or more differentiated in bonobos than inchimpanzees.

O-05

Aggression and Provocative Behaviors among Male Bonobos in
Wamba, Luo Scientific Reserve, Democratic Republic of the Congo

1

Shohei Shibata1*, Chie Hashimoto1, Takeshi Furuichi1
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan*

shibata.shouhei.73c@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Bonobos (Pan paniscus) and Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are known for the large
difference in male aggressions. While male chimpanzees frequently show severe
aggressive behaviors in various context, aggression among male bonobos are much lessintense. They are also different from each other in terms of their grouping patterns.
Although both two species have fission-fusion societies in common, the stabilities of
their temporary parties are largely different. Chimpanzees form parties which vary insize and members while Bonobos form large and stable parties which include most ofparty members. It is possible that each of those two species has different behavior
patterns to avoid conflicts. In this study, we focused on intragroup aggression among
male bonobos in their gregarious society.
From July 2019 to January 2020, I conducted field observations on 11 male bonobos
in E1 group at Wamba, Luo Scientific Reserve, Democratic Republic of the Congo. I
observed 86 cases of aggressive interactions among males and more than half of thoseinteractions were expressed toward two particular individuals. Those two individuals
often showed provocative behaviors toward higher-ranked males and more than one
third of all aggressive interactions occurred just after those provocations. None ofobserved aggressive interactions between males included physical attack.
These results suggest that middle or lower ranked males might to show provocative
behaviors to attempt to gain higher status and those provocations often cause aggressiveinteractions among males. Also, those males might be able to show provocations
frequently because aggression among males has the low risk of injuries.

O-06

Aggression and tolerance the role of bonobos in reconstructing human evolution

1

Martin Surbeck1*
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA*msurbeck@fas.harvard.edu

I study the influence of competition and cooperation on the structure and dynamics ofsocial groups. By combining insights from behavioral ecology and endocrinology I
explore mechanisms of male mate competition in bonobos and how they might belinked to proposed species characteristics such as peacefulness and female dominance.
These initial studies have led to my current interest in different forms of social
relationships between and within the sexes, their underlying hormonal mechanisms, andtheir effects on reproductive success. For example, studying intersexual relationships inbonobos offers a potential model for understanding the precursors of male-female
relationships in human societies, an unresolved problem at this stage. Furthermore, inthe case of mother-son bonds, their effects on male reproductive success suggest aninteresting new mechanism and alternative hypothesis to the question of how postreproductive lifespan evolved in ape-like ancestors. I am convinced we can infer more
about processes and selective pressures in our evolutionary past by comparing
chimpanzees and bonobos rather than studying either of these taxa on their own. In
collaboration with other Pan field sites I compare findings on male cooperation, male
reproductive skew, and association patterns in both species.

O-08

Interactions between Human and Animals in the Process ofEnvironmental Adaptability around Central Eurasian Highland

1

Takuya Soma1*
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*soma.takuya.6z@kyoto-u.ac.jp

There are various "rules" between humans and animal interactions among local
people living in the mountains and grasslands of Central Eurasia. In particular, nomadic
animal herders have accumulated the vast knowledge for how to live together the five
livestock (sheep, goats, cows, horses, and camels) in their traditional livelihood. In
addition, there is also traditional ecological knowledge (T.E.K.) to forecasting weather,which is used as survival skills from climatic disaster “dzud”. In the past, wildlife
hunting, such as horse riding eagle falconry by taming a large golden eagle, and huntingof herbivores, supported their lives. For sharing pastures and animal resources in theirliving spheres, what kind of contact, harmony, life exchange... have been made between
human and animals across Central Eurasian, in order to adapt to the harsh environment?
In my research, I am exploring environmental adaptation and unique strategies ofhuman and animals regarding as “the survivor of wild land”, through fieldworks basedon the convergence of different knowledge and disciplines such as geography,
ecological anthropology and animal ecology.

O-09

Evolutionary and phylogeographic views on Melanocortin 1 receptor(MC1R) in Sulawesi macaques
X. Yan 1*, KA. Widayati 2, LHPS. Purba2, F. Bajeber3, B. Suryobroto2, Y. Terai4, H. Imai1
1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
Department of Biology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
3
Department of Biology, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia
4
Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies,
Hayama, Japan2*

yanxch3@outlook.com

Seven macaque species, known as the Sulawesi macaques, rapidly diverged from thecommon ancestor in Sulawesi island within 0.35 million years. They live allopatricallyand distribute from south to north on the island. Distinguishing from the other macaques,
other than lion-tail macaque, Sulawesi macaques commonly have dark coat color, withcolor brightness and color pattern diversified within the seven species. It is interestingthat M. maura in the southwest has the most primitive characteristics (brownish), and M.
nigra living in the most northern, is the most specialized (dark). MC1R plays a key role
in regulating synthesis of the dark eumelanin and the red/yellow pheomelanin in
mammals. We investigated nucleotide sequences of the MC1R in all seven species.
Fixed variants of MC1R were found existed in each species, but M. ochreata and M.
brunescens shared the specific variant. MC1R sequence in M. nigra and M. maura are
the most genetically distant from the common ancestor, M. nemestrina. Fixed variantsof MC1R (melanocortin-1 receptor) might account for differentiation on coat color in
Sulawesi macaques. To understand the molecular basis of dark coat color evolution in
Sulawesi macaques, we tested the functional property of agonist α-MSH binding
activity of fixed variants in each species. So far, we found that the MC1R variants
exhibited variation in agonist binding ability and basal activity. However, it is stillnecessary to study other mechanisms for regulating MC1R activity, such as antagonist
ASIP binding. Our results so far suggested that fixation of MC1R occurred among
Sulawesi macaques, and MC1R variants evolved into different functional characteristic
among species.

O-10

Characteristics of the bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 in colobines
Laurentia Henrieta Permita Sari Purba1, Kanthi Arum Widayati1,*, Nami Suzuki-Hashido2,3,
Akihiro Itoigawa3,4, Takashi Hayakawa5,6,7, Sarah Nila1, Berry Juliandi1, Bambang Suryobroto1,
Hiroo Imai4
1

Department of Biology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
2
Academy of Emerging Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
3
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
4
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
5
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
6
Department of Wildlife Science (Nagoya Railroad Co., Ltd.), Primate Research Institute, Kyoto
University,Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
7
Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi, Japanwidayati@ipb.ac.id; * kanthiarum@gmail.com

Bitter taste perception, which is mediated by bitter taste receptors TAS2Rs, enables
the detection of potentially toxic molecules and thus evokes avoidance behavior invertebrates. One of the best-studied TAS2R is TAS2R38, which recognizes
Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). PTC perception and TAS2R38 receptors vary acrossprimate species, and this variation may be related to variation in dietary preferences. In
this study, we performed genetic analyses, functional assays with mutant proteins, andbehavioral analyses to evaluate the general characteristics of TAS2R38 in colobines.
We found that PTC sensitivity is lower in TAS2R38s in Colobines than in TAS2R38s
of omnivorous macaques. Two amino acids shared between Asian and Africancolobines were responsible for low sensitivity to PTC, suggesting that the last common
ancestor of extant colobines had this phenotype. We also detected amino aciddifferences between TAS2R38s in Asian and African colobines, indicating that they
evolved independently after the separation of these groups.
Keywords: bitter taste, TAS2R38 receptor, colobine, PTC sensitivity, molecular
evolution

O-11

Personality Structure in Bottlenose Dolphins

1

Alexander Weiss1,2*, Lauren Robinson3,4, Sabrina Brando5,6 and F. Blake Morton7

Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of
Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
2Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
3
Domestication Lab, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna,
Vienna, Austria
4Language Research Center, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia,
United States of America
5
Animal Concepts, Barcelona, Spain
6
Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
7
Psychology, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom*

alex.weiss@ed.ac.uk

Despite being adapted to an entirely aquatic lifestyle and last sharing a common
ancestor with primates some 95 million years ago, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops
truncatus) have received popular and scientific notoriety given their striking similarities
with primates in terms of their behavioral and cognitive traits. Because these similarities
may be reflected in the personality structures of these species, we examined personality
structure in 134 bottlenose dolphins. Personality was measured in 49 dolphins using a
44-item questionnaire and in 85 dolphins using a more recent version of thequestionnaire that included 5 additional items. Parallel analysis and an inspection of thescree plot revealed four personality dimensions: assertiveness, openness, sociability,
and calmness. The first three dimensions resembled personality dimensions found innonhuman primates and in numerous other species, whereas calmness, which
incorporated traits such as easy-going, predictable, and friendly, was unique to dolphins.
Similarities between dolphins and other species are consistent with the view that similar
personality dimensions are found in species facing similar selection pressures, but thatsome of these pressures (e.g., those related to group structure, terrestrial lifestyles,
visual perception, morphology, and social learning or tool use) may not be as important
for the evolution of specific personality dimensions in primates.

O-12

Designing a digital forest for zoo-housed chimpanzees

1

Christopher Flynn Martin1

Life Sciences Department, Indianapolis Zoo

Chimpanzees in the wild regularly face a variety of challenges related to finding food,navigating through dense forests, attracting mates, guarding resources, and patrolling
territories. Overcoming these challenges requires a repertoire of cognitive and physicalskills and strategies, the success or failure of which can have short-term consequenceson health and well-being, as well as long-term impacts on fitness from an evolutionary
perspective. For chimpanzees in zoos, these challenges are often greatly reduced or
altogether eliminated, and as a result the need for relying on species-typical behavior
and cognitive processes is diminished. To remedy this trend, there is growing interest
among zoo professionals to design functionally naturalistic exhibit features that elicit
the same mental and physical processes that are routinely relied upon by wild animals.
Toward this end, the Indianapolis Zoo is designing a new chimpanzee exhibit that will
employ a “digital forest” consisting of several large enclosures connected to each otherby a network of corridors. Multiple touchscreen stations and button-operated feeding
devices will be spread around the enclosures and corridors to encourage natural
foraging and exploration behaviors. Moreover, by varying the difficulty of the tasks
running on the touchscreens and the timing of their availability, the chimpanzees will becompelled to make choices between staying and exploiting a specific station or
travelling to a different one for potentially greater food rewards. This kind of
exploitation versus exploration game theoretic scenario, often referred to as the “multiarmed bandit problem”, is a challenge routinely faced by animals foraging for food in
the wild, and the new digital forest exhibit will seek to recreate it in a zoo-setting.

O-13

Comparing Social Style in Zoo-housed Macaques
by Open Lab Style Experiment
Akiho Muramatsu1*, Christopher Martin2, and Tetsuro Matsuzawa1
1

Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
2
Indianapolis Zoo, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA*akiho.muramatsu@gmail.com

The genus Macaca consists of many species, and it has a wide geographicaldistribution with diverse habitats and ecologies. Because of these characteristics, many
comparative studies involving Macaca species have been conducted. Regarding theirsocial life, previous studies have focused on social organization, mating systems, andsocial structures. Authors have categorized Macaca species into four grades based on
their social style. According to this 4-grade scale, grade 1 includes the most despotic
species, and grade 4 includes the least despotic species.
In this study, we introduced a portable touch monitor to zoo-housed macaques at
Japan Monkey Centre and compared their social style under an experimental setting.
Our participants include six Macaca species, rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta),
Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata), southern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina),
Tibetan macaque (Macaca thibetana), bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), and toquemacaque (Macaca sinica). The study started with a habituation phase, then moved to a
touch monitor task phase with the tasks gradually becoming more difficult.
We counted the number of individuals who ‘approach’ the apparatus (touched or
stayed in front of the monitor) and measured ‘approach’ time. We found differencesamong species both in the number of individuals and approach time. Moreover, thesedifferences fit the grades presented in previous studies. Thus, this study revealed thatmacaques’ social style can be duplicated under the experimental setting with zoohoused captive groups. In addition, we can give the opportunity for zoo visitors to
observe zoo-housed macaques in a new way, and to learn about their social styles
through the open lab style experiment.

O-14

Video—real world referent matching in chimpanzees

1

Shenwen Xu1*, Masaki Tomonaga1
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan*

vassxu@gmail.com

Videos provide a referential image of the real world. Due to its ease of manipulationand control, numerous studies with nonhuman animals reported a variety of videoinduced responses. However, it is not clear how animals perceive and utilize video
information, which is necessary for a valid interpretation of their reactions toward video.
To address this, we explored the extent of understanding of the representing function ofvideo in five chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Specifically, we presented food-hiding to
one of two containers, and then examined whether chimpanzees can locate the baited
food. We compared the performance in Video Condition (test: observe food-hiding
through a life-sized real-time video) to their performance in Real Condition (control:
observe food-hiding directly). In Study 1, we first confirmed whether they can pass thetest. On average, chimpanzees succeeded in Video Condition, although the performance
was poorer than in Real Condition. In Study 2, followed the same procedure, weinvestigated what feature cues (i.e. color: green/red, shape: rectangle/cup) and spatial
cues (i.e. relative location: left/right) chimpanzees use in processing video information.
We found that spatial cues in videos were least used for their choice, as its performance
dropped, compared to color cues. In Study 3, in order to further explore chimpanzees’
understanding of video that depict things remote in space and time, we extended spatial
and temporal distance between food-hiding demonstration and container choice test byconducting them in different space. Two chimpanzees passed the test in Video
Condition. They were the same individuals who succeeded in Real Condition. Thesefindings provide evidence of chimpanzees’ ability to make links between the video
content and its referent. They not solely can extract and utilize the information of local
features of the object, but some chimpanzees may also integrate the information ofabsolute location of the event.

O-15

The relative contributions of facial shape and color in chimpanzee's
age categorization
Yuri Kawaguchi1, 2*, Koyo Nakamura2, 3, 4, Masaki Tomonaga1
1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
2
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Japan
3
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
4
Keio Advanced Research Centers, Tokyo, Japan*yuri.kawaguchi.09@gmail.com

Primates differently behave toward infants and mature individuals; They are usuallytolerant of infants and provide them with care and protection. Given this, primates seemto differentiate adults and infants. Although age is judged from various physicalappearance, among all, face provides rich information. Our previous study suggested
that chimpanzees have a visual preference for infants and allocate greater attention to
infantile facial coloration. However, it remains unclear from which facial features theyjudge age. In this study, we used a matching-to-sample task, where chimpanzees weretrained to discriminate adult and infant average faces. Our statistical image analysis
showed that infant and adult faces significantly differed both in shape (e.g. bigger eyesand curved supraorbital torus) and color dimensions (e.g. bright skin color). To
investigate the relative contribution of facial shape and color in age judgements, wetested how their responses transfer to a series of morphed faces that systematicallydiffered in facial shape and color. As a result, we found that both facial shape and color
contributed to age judgements, but the relative contribution of facial color was muchgreater than that of facial shape. Our results suggested that chimpanzees use uniqueinfantile color as a cue to differentiate adult and infant faces. Their facial skin color may
function as age signal in chimpanzees.

O-16

Facial Expressions of Acute Pain in Japanese Macaques:development of an assessment tool
Vanessa Gris1*, Takako Miyabe-Nishiwaki1, Kanako Muta2, Nelson Broche Jr 1,
Akihisa Kaneko1, Munehiro Okamoto1, Juri Suzuki1, Ryohei Nishimura2 and Daniel Mills3
1

2

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan3
School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom*

gris.vanessa.23n@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Changes in facial expression provide a potential way to assess emotion in mammals
in both the wild and laboratory setting. Quite apart from an ethical imperative, in a
research context it is also important to know that animals are not suffering in order togather valid data. Here we describe a method to assess pain in Japanese macaques(Macaca fuscata) by observing and quantifying changes in facial expressions using amorphometric approach. Facial images were captured from adult healthy female
macaques (n=8) undergoing laparotomy. Video recording was performed with themacaques undisturbed in their cages at least one day before and 1 day after surgery,prior to rescue analgesia. Screenshots from the pre- and post-surgical periods weretaken from the videos and selected for analysis on the basis of their appropriate facial
orientation to the camera. ImageJ was then used to annotate the face pictures with 42
landmarks related to specific points selected for their relationship to key areas affectedby the facial musculature. The images were then compared at the level of individual
subject before being pooled (total: 76 images “no pain”; 52 “pain”, sample size varied
between subjects). There were consistent changes in the faces of macaques whichsuggest that pain is associated with tightening of the muzzle, as has been described inother species. Apparent raising of the hairline probably due to piloerection wasobserved. We also plan to use the data for implementation of a presence-of-painclassification system using artificial neural networks. This work potentially offers acomplement for existing ways to train others in the evaluation of pain and welfare in
captive primates, using data generated as part of their use in other research procedures.

O-17

Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) look at snakes upon hearing alarm calls

1

Yutaro Sato1*
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*sato.yutaro.76w@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

For some species of animals, especially primates and birds, vocal signals such as
alarm or food-associated calls may indicate external events to receiver animals.
Previous studies have suggested that receivers do not simply react to the acoustic
features of each call, but they have associations between the call and items putatively
indicated by the call. Yet, the cognitive mechanisms underlying receiver behaviors arestill poorly understood. Therefore, we examined whether chimpanzees (Pantroglodytes) spontaneously associate alarm and food-associated calls with snakes andfoods, respectively. Specifically, we used an audio-visual cross-modal preferential
looking experiment, in which chimpanzees were presented with images of snake andfruit side-by-side on a monitor while hearing either chimpanzee alarm calls or foodgrunts. We measured their looking behavior to the images using an infrared eye-tracker.
Chimpanzees looked at snakes longer when hearing alarm calls compared to when
hearing food grunts, indicating that chimpanzees spontaneously associate alarm calls
and images of snakes. Since chimpanzee vocalizations are less context-dependentcompared with those in other species such as vervet monkeys, contextual cues such as
signaler behaviors may also be important for receivers to identify the cause of others’
calls. Yet, our results suggest that chimpanzees recall relevant memories upon hearing
alarm calls even in the absence of other contextual cues. Alternatively but relatedly,
attention bias to snakes may have been simply caused by negative affective responses
upon hearing alarm calls, independent of memories for relevant items. To address thispossibility, future studies would examine whether other evocative vocalizations such as
screams also bias chimpanzee attention to snakes.

O-18

Body Perception in Chimpanzees: A Comparative-Cognitive Study

1

Jie Gao1*, Masaki Tomonaga1
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan*

gao.jie.87c@kyoto-u.jp

Bodies are important for many species, because they are direct agents for animals to
explore and to interact with the environment, and they provide significant social cues.
Humans use configural processing for body perception, and they have knowledge about
typical body structures and compositions. However, it is not clear whether these special
properties of body perception are unique to humans or not. This study aims to shed lighton the evolution of body perception by examining chimpanzees, humans’ closest
relatives, focusing on configural body processing and body knowledge.
We conducted matching-to-sample tasks on touch screens in 7 chimpanzees, using
stimuli of upright and inverted pictures. They showed better performance in recognizing
upright chimpanzee bodies than inverted ones. This inversion effect was not shown forhouses, suggesting that chimpanzees use a special way to process bodies, i.e., configuralprocessing, which is different from the way they process other objects.
We further examined the properties of their configural body processing. First, we
examined the function of local elements of bodies, using body stimuli with missing or
blurred parts. The results showed that the face and body contour are important for theconfigural processing. Second, we examined the effect of body structure changes. The
inversion effect was gone when the body part arrangement was scrambled, and it
remained for bodies with abnormal proportions. This suggests that their configural bodyprocessing is sensitive to body part alignment, but not to body proportions.
Next, we focused on the origin of the configural processing: expertise. We tested theinversion effect using stimuli of humans in chimpanzee, who were experts with humans.
We also tested the inversion effect with human participants, who were chimpanzee
experts, using chimpanzee stimuli. While humans showed the inversion effect tochimpanzee bodies, chimpanzees showed limited inversion effect to human stimuli.
We then further investigated the role of expertise. We found that for other species,
chimpanzees showed the inversion effect to those having quadrupedal postures,
suggesting the role of embodied expertise; they also showed the inversion effect tohuman stimuli with daily postures, suggesting the role of visual expertise. We also
tested 33 pre-school children to examine the development of configural processing. The
results indicated that their configural body processing is stable at the pre-school stage,
and they could generalize it to other species with visual expertise, too.
Finally, we examined chimpanzees’ understanding of the location and morphology ofbody parts through eye-tracking experiments. They were presented with chimpanzee
bodies with their arms or legs misplaced or replaced by other body parts. They looked at
the strange parts longer than the corresponding normal parts of the control stimuli. Thissuggests that chimpanzees have the knowledge about their body compositions.
We found that chimpanzees have similar, albeit weaker in certain aspects, propertiesof body perception compared to humans. This suggests that the special way to perceive
bodies may have had appeared in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees,
and it may have had served significantly for species’ fitness and adaptation.

O-19

Evolutionary Thanatology: An Introduction and an Invitation
James R. Anderson1*

1

Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University*

j.r.anderson@psy.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Stated simply, thanatology is the study of death and dying. Human thanatology
encompasses a wide range of topics, and scientific disciplines and sub-disciplines
including medicine, biology, epidemiology, gerontology, forensics, economics, disastermanagement, anthropology, sociology, psychology, archaeology. Of course,
philosophers, theologians, historians, and indeed the public at large are also fascinatedby death…. Comparative evolutionary thanatology widens the scope to include thescientific study of death-related phenomena in other animal species. Topics include thedegree of understanding of death (in comparison to our own), responses to death frombehavioural and emotional perspectives, and the impacts of death upon demographics,
social relationships, socio-ecological responses etc. The understanding of death appears
inseparable from sensitivity to various cues or markers of death, illness and injury,
topics of interest to several researchers that are likely to be at this meeting. To foster
greater cross-disciplinary communication and possible collaboration, each year I
organize a 1-day “Kyoto Workshop on Evolutionary Thanatology,” which brings
together researchers and students from Japan and further afield to share their interests,
ideas, questions, and research on thanatological issues. The broad aim is to work
towards a coherent evolutionary framework for addressing both the generalities and thespecificities that we see in how the dead impact upon the living. We consider deathrelated phenomena in nonhuman animals, and prehistoric and modern humans. In thispresentation I will briefly announce the 4th Workshop, which will take place on March
13th.

O-20

Horses and donkeys: different species, different social systems,
different management?

1Sarah R. B. King1*
Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.
*

sarah.king@colostate.edu

The ancestors of horses and donkeys diverged phylogenetically 5 million years ago
yet there has been little research on how these species differ today. The two species arethought to have developed different social systems due to different habitat use by theirancestors: horses inhabiting relatively mesic habitats have a female defense polygyny
social system where group composition remains stable over months to years; whereas
asses in arid habitat have a resource defense social system, with no long-term
associations between individuals. Despite domestication of both species 5,000 years ago
horses and donkeys are considered to have retained these social systems when living ina feral state, however scant research conducted on feral donkeys has resulted indiffering reports. We explored how evolutionary history, habitat, and management has
affected the social behavior and demography of two feral horse and two feral donkey
populations in the western United States. Observations were conducted at two feral
horse populations in western Utah, a feral donkey population in the Sonoran Desert of
Arizona, and one in the high desert of Utah from 2016 to 2019, using the same methods
on both species. Animals were identified at the individual level with radio marks, andobserved at least monthly throughout the year to gather data on group composition.
Observations on social behavior were conducted March to September annually. Ourdata enables us to highlight differences between populations in terms of reproduction,
time budgets, social behavior, and social structure. We found that while feral horses
have a birth pulse in early summer and tend to produce foals every 12 months, feral
donkeys give birth year-round and have a longer inter-birth interval. Feral horses anddonkeys have different time budgets, and feral donkeys have more affiliative andagonistic interactions than horses. There was also a difference in behavior between thetwo feral donkey populations. Horses exhibited female-defense polygyny, living in
relatively stable groups of adult females and one male. We found little evidence ofresource defense polygyny in feral donkeys, with males exhibiting a variety ofstrategies; fission-fusion dynamics similar to other non-harem forming equids was seen.
Our results show that donkeys are flexible in terms of their social structure, which may
be influenced by habitat. This is likely to be an evolutionary adaptation to stochastic
resource availability in arid environments, but may also allow them to persist in otherareas. Differences in social networks between horses and donkeys have implications for
how these animals are managed in a feral state and wider applications for theconservation of threatened equid species.

O-21

The group formation and the relationships with nomads ofMongolian domestic horses

1

Monamie Ringhofer1*
Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*

monamie.ringhofer@gmail.com

Mongolian nomads have managed many horses based on traditional knowledge,
however so far no animal behavioral studies have focused on their domestic horses. In
this talk, I will report about the Mongolian domestic horses and their relationship withnomads based on one month Mongolian trip last year. I will also discuss the formationof their groups in comparison with existing studies on feral horses, as a step toward
revealing the behavioral ecology of Mongolian domestic horses. I found that Mongolian
domestic horses were bred in natural environments, taking advantage of their original
habits and were in healthy physical and mental condition. If their behavioral ecology
and their relationship with nomads become clearer in the future, it will provide animportant point of view in examining the complexity and flexibility of horses’ society
and in improving the welfare of horses.

O-22

In search of a new field site for the study of horses: The Pottoka
Reserve population in Piornal, Spain
Renata S Mendonça1*, Monamie Ringhofer1, Tetsuro Matsuzawa 1,2
1

2

Kyoto University Institute for Advance Sciences, Japan
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan*

renatadasilva.mendonca@gmail.com

Our team has been conducting behavioral research on a population of garranos, anancestral endemic horse breed of northern Portugal since 2016. With the aim ofbroadening our current research project, we decided to visit a feral population of
pottokas, endemic to the Basque Country, in Piornal, Spain, in the scope of the project
being developed among the Universities of Kyoto, Sorbonne (France) and Coimbra(Portugal). The main goals of this first survey consisted on estimating the actual
population size, characterizing the social structure of this population and evaluating thepossibility of establishing a long-term study site in Piornal. During our observation
period we were able to identify 49 horses including 10 foals. Considering previous
research and our observations we estimated the population to be around 70
individuals. The average band size was 2.7 individuals, much lower than what isreported for other horse populations. The social system consisted of typical haremgroups, however the community was characterized by a loose relationship amongindividuals, such as extra harem copulation, mare-foal groups without stallion, andsolitary young horses from a very early age. These might be due to the absence of
natural predators such as wolves and low resources availability. Studying horse
populations subjected to different ecological factors and predation pressures is the key
to understand horse’s behavioral plasticity. Thus, the Piornal population seem to be agood candidate for future comparative studies alongside our project in Serra d’Arga.

O-23

Synchronization of behavior in a multilevel social group
Tamao Maeda1*, Cédric Sueur2, Sakiho Ochi1, Monamie Ringhofer3, Satoshi Hirata1 and Shinya
Yamamoto3
1

2

Wildlife research center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Hubert Curian Multidisciplinary Institute , Strasburg University, Strasburg, France
3
Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*

tamao@powarch.com

Animals in a same group often synchronize their activity to keep the group cohesion.
This behavioral synchronization is reported in different behaviours, such as resting anddeparture, in many taxonomic groups of animals. A various model has been created andexamined to predict the mechanism underlying this phenomenon. Multilevel society is asocial structure with nested level of social organizations where stable unit groups gather
and form a large group, and thought to represent one of the most complex society inanimals. The synchronization in multilevel society has never been reported as long as
we know. This study aims to investigate the most plausible scenario to explain dynamicchanges of the number of resting individuals in a multilevel society of feral horse. We(1) independent; individuals decide their activity independently, (2) anonymous; theprobability of starting resting/moving depends on the number of individuals in a herd
(aggregation of units) already performing this behavior, whatever their identities (3)mimetism within units; the synchronization only occurs within each units, but not
across them, and (4) selective mimetism; synchronization occurs in both within andacross units, but individuals are more strongly affected by the status of individuals in asame unit. We compared changes in the numbers of resting/moving individuals and the
distribution of synchronization rate of the observed data and the simulated data. The
result supported the selective mimetism hypothesis, suggesting that horses aresynchronizing their activity not only with same unit members but also individuals
belonging to other units.

O-24

Do macho horses have all the mojo? Examining testosterone
concentrations in feral stallions
Pandora Pinto1*, Renata Mendonça2, Monamie Ringhofer2, Kodzue Kinoshita1 and Satoshi
Hirata11

2

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan*pandora_pinto@sapo.pt

Horse groups with single and multiple stallions occur simultaneously throughout theworld in different feral horses’ populations. However, little is known on why suchgroups with more than one male exist, considering that stallions naturally fight tomonopolize the females. Testosterone is often linked to aggressive and dominantbehavior in males, which provides a mechanism for reproductive competition. In viewof that, we explore testosterone concentrations as a factor differentiating males of multistallion groups from single-stallion and bachelor groups. We observed feral horses,
more specifically the Garrano horses that live in Northern Portugal, and examined therelationship between fecal testosterone levels, group type (single-stallion, multi-stallion
or bachelor group), number of females in the group and dominance rank, during thebreeding season. Preliminary results showed that males in multi-stallion groups had
higher testosterone concentrations than single and bachelor males. Subordinate males
averaged higher than their dominant counterparts in multi-stallion groups and males insingle-stallion groups, while the number of females in the group didn’t seem to havemuch effect. In this presentation, we will also discuss the relationship between
testosterone levels of stallions and their reproductive and social behaviors.

O-25

Outgroup threat elicits ingroup tolerance in captive chimpanzees
James Brooks1*, Ena Onishi1, Izzi Clark2 and Shinya Yamamoto3
1

2

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Department of Anthropology, University of Texas Austin, Texas, USA
3
Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*

jamesgerardbrooks@gmail.com

Outgroup threat has been identified as an important driver of ingroup cohesion inhumans, but the evolutionary origin of such a relationship is unknown. Chimpanzees in
the wild are notably aggressive towards outgroup members but coordinate complex
behaviours with many individuals in group hunting and border patrols. Recent
hypotheses have claimed that these behaviours may evolve alongside one another,where outgroup threat selects for ingroup cohesion and group coordination. To test thishypothesis, 5 groups of chimpanzees (N = 29) were observed for 30 minutes after
hearing either pant hoots of unfamiliar wild chimpanzees or control crow vocalizations,after which they were then given bundles of semi-monopolizable food and observed foranother 30 minutes. We predicted that individuals would be more stressed in theoutgroup condition, but that this would not translate into ingroup aggression, andinstead that individuals would be more tolerant over food. Although habituation to
playback sounds was fast, we found that self-grooming was higher in the outgroupcondition than control condition across trials, and that in the first trial aggression overfood was significantly lower in the outgroup condition than in the control condition.
These results support our hypothesis that outgroup threat enables ingroup tolerance inchimpanzees despite higher stress levels. This suggests that competition between groups
may select for group-level cohesion, in particular in situations involving limited
resources.

O-26

Preliminary study on synchronized urination in captive chimpanzees

1

2

Ena Onishi1*, James Brooks1, Shinya Yamamoto2

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan*

enaonishi@gmail.com

Behavioral synchronization, including phenomena such as contagious yawning andfacial mimicry, has gained increased scientific attention in relation to empathy, and isreported to be influenced by social closeness. This study examined the possibility ofsynchronized urination in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). To our knowledge, noprevious study has examined such a phenomenon in primates. We hypothesized that thestronger the social bonds between individuals, the greater the frequency of synchronizedurinations. We observed 4 groups of captive chimpanzees (N=20 in total) for a
cumulative 193 hours at Kumamoto Sanctuary. We recorded all urinations with aresolution of 1 second as well as grooming interactions and social proximity at 2-minuteintervals. We found a negative correlation between grooming frequency and the interval
between urinations, i.e. pairs who groomed more frequently were more likely to urinate
in short intervals from one another. This result suggests synchronized urination in
captive chimpanzees and the influence of social bonds on urinary behaviors.

O-27

Do chimpanzees’ sleeping patterns change with age? Looking back adecadeKristin Havercamp1*, Naruki Morimura1, 2, Satoshi Hirata1, 2
1Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
2
Kumamoto Sanctuary, Kyoto University, Japan*

kristin.havercamp.24z@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Primates, like many other animals, spend more than half of their lifetime sleeping andresting, yet this behavior is almost completely unstudied compared to daytime activities.
In their natural habitats it might be difficult or impossible to directly observe nocturnal
activities, but in captivity where we are able to closely monitor both day and night
activity the opportunity exists to record, study and thus better understand individual
and/or group sleeping behavior and patterns. Sleep shows negative changes (i.e.
decreasing quality) with advancing age in humans. It is understandably unknown if asimilar pattern exists in our closest evolutionary relatives and thus whether this is aphylogenetically conserved pattern or a relatively recent change that developed withmodern day lifestyles. We are investigating whether similar sleep-wake cycle changes
that occur with increased age in humans also occur among captive chimpanzees living
at Kumamoto Sanctuary (KS). Morimura et al. (2012) published sleep data gathered in2008 on male chimpanzees living in Building 1 at KS; twelve of those individuals arestill alive and have continued to live in the same conditions since 11 years ago. I spentaround four months at KS recording these chimpanzees’ nocturnal activity using acustom built apparatus and infrared night vision cameras which I installed andmaintained on a daily basis above each individual’s indoor night enclosure. I havecollected 123 recorded nights as of May 2019 and we require only 72 of these to partly
replicate Morimura et al. (2012)’s study. The goals of our project are to 1) present a
longitudinal investigation of chimpanzee sleeping patterns from middle to old age, 2)
contribute to our understanding of captive chimpanzee sleep, as very little is known ingeneral, and 3) improve the welfare of captive chimpanzees by examining their sleeping
postures and quality, which has already led to care staff providing additional bedding
materials.

O-28

Plant intake and hair evacuation in snow leopards (Panthera uncia)
Hiroto Yoshimura1*, Yukiko Matsui2, Kazuya Fukushima3, Sai Kudo3, Kazuyuki Ban4,5,
Keisuke Kusano6, Daisuke Nagano6, Kiyoko Takatsu2, Huiyuan Qi1, Dale Manjiro Kikuchi7,
Satoshi Hirata1, Kodzue Kinoshita1
1Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
2
Tama zoological park, Hino, Tokyo, Japan,
3
Sapporo Maruyama zoo, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan,
4
Omuta city zoo, Omuta, Fukuoka, Japan,
5
Graduate school of education, Seisa University, Kanagawa, Japan,
6
Kumamoto city zoological and botanical garden, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan,
7
Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan*

hrt.yoshimura@gmail.com

Felids play significant roles as apex predator in various ecosystems. Despite many
reports mentioning plant containment in scat of felids, the reason why strict carnivores
eat plants has been unknown. It is strongly believed that the plant intake helps themexcreting hair balls. However, no scientific work has confirmed the effect of plantintake on hair evacuation. In this study, the relationship between plant intake and hairevacuation was investigated using 11 captive snow leopards. Behaviour observation andscat analysis were conducted to evaluate the frequency of plant eating and vomiting,and the amount of hair and plant in scat. We found the frequency of vomiting was muchless than plant eating. Therefore, it was suggested that snow leopards did not eat plant
only to vomit. The effects of plant intake on hair evacuation in scats was quantitatively
evaluated as well. We found neither of the time of plant eating nor the amount of plantcontained in scat showed significant relationship with the amount of hair. Therefore, we
showed plant intake does not affect hair evacuation against the common assumption.
These indicate that there will be another reason for snow leopards to eat plants. Ourfindings should be an important clue to understanding driving forces to make strict
carnivores eat plants.

O-29

Group Size Estimation of Finless porpoises by Aerial Videos

1

Tomoe Torii1*, Naruki Morimura1, Satoshi Hirata1
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*

torii.tomoe.75z@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Finless porpoises (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri) are distributed throughout
the shallow (usually <50 m deep) coastal waters of Japan. Their group size has beenreported to be 1.97 individuals in previous research, yet aggregations of more than 100
individuals have been observed. A recent study revealed that a bird’s-eye observation
technique using a drone may generate new considerations on finless porpoise behavior
and sociality, as finless porpoises have no dorsal fins, which reduces their visibility forsurface observations. We planned a drone study for estimating more accurate group size
through direct observations. At the Misumi West Port, Ariake Sound, Japan, settled
finless porpoises are well recognized among local people. We conducted an
observational study for collecting day-long behavioral data at Misumi West Port bydrones. We collected data for 14 days from November 2019 to February 2020. As aresult, overall mean group size was estimated as 3.2 individuals, and the number ofaggregation varied over time of day. We will continue the observations throughout theyear for analyzing seasonal variations on group size.

O-30

Differences in seasonality of insect feeding behavior
among three species of forest guenons
Akito Toge1*, Takashi Hayakawa2,3, Munehiro Okamoto1,
Chie Hashimoto1 and Takakazu Yumoto1

1

2

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
3
Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan*

toge.akito.28x@kyoto-u.jp

It is important to understand seasonal variation in animals’ diet. Insects are resourcesof high quality for primates, and most primates include insects in their diet. Insects arehighly seasonal resources, but it is little known about the seasonality of insect feeding
behavior. To reveal those of forest guenons, we conducted a one-year field study from
October 2018 to September 2019 in Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda. We followed
adult females of blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis), red-tailed monkeys (C. ascanius),
and L’hoest’s monkeys (Allochrocebus lhoesti). Observation time reached 274, 295,
and 286 hours, respectively. As a result, red-tailed monkeys spent over 40% of theirfeeding time on insects in any season. On the other hand, blue monkeys and L’hoest’smonkeys showed seasonal differences in time spent feeding on insects, which ranged
17.1% – 42.3% and 19.6% – 32.4%, respectively. Regarding strata use for insectivory,
while red-tailed monkeys and L’hoest’s monkeys did not show significant seasonality,
blue monkeys changed height where they captured insects by season. Though all the
species often searched leaves for insects through the year, they used significantly
different forest strata in any season. In sum, while blue monkeys and L’hoest’s monkeys
changed their insect feeding behavior by season, red-tailed monkeys did not change alot. These behavioral patterns can affect seasonal repertoires of their prey insects. We
will test this hypothesis by fecal DNA metabarcoding soon.

O-31

Tree cover loss across the greater Nimba landscape: perspectives forbalancing conservation and sustainable development
Maegan Fitzgerald1*, Janet Nackoney2, Peter Potapov2, Svetlana Turubanova2, and Satoshi
Hirata1
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States2*

maeg2nimba@gmail.com

Historically, the Upper Guinean Forest stretched across west Africa, but this once
contiguous, dense canopy forest is now a highly fragmented ecosystem. The Forestière
region of southeastern Guinea contains some of the last remaining patches of Upper
Guinean Forest in the country. Within this region, the Nimba mountains are one such
remnant patch of this forest ecosystem and are habitat for a variety of endemic andthreatened flora and fauna, including the Critically Endangered Western chimpanzee(Pan troglodytes verus). The Nimba mountains are also rich in natural resources such asiron ore and provides essential ecosystem services for a rapidly growing humanpopulation. The ability to reconcile sustainable development with biodiversity
conservation requires knowledge of not only the current situation in the region, but of
its history and how this landscape has changed over time. This presentation will give an
overview of historic (2001 to 2018) tree cover loss across the greater Nimba landscapeand its implications for both wildlife and humans.

O-32

Fluctuations in population density in Bornean orangutans related to
fruit availability in the Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia: A 15-yearrecord including mast fruiting that occurred in 2019
T.Kanamori1, N.kuze2, T.P.Malim3, H.Bernard4 and S.Kohshima1
1

Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Department of Anthropology, The National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki,Japan
3
Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
4
Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah,
Malaysia
2*

SNA44515@nifty.com

We have conducted a research of a relationship between fruit availability andpopulation density of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) since 2004 in theDanum Valley Conservation Area in Sabah, Malaysia. In Southeast Asian Dipterocarp
forest where orangutans inhabit, a phenomenon in which many tree species blossom andfruit altogether known as mast fruiting once every 2–10 years. In Danum Valley, largescale mast fruiting was observed in 2005, 2010 and 2019. We report how orangutans
have responded to these three mast fruiting.
We conducted marked nest census and fallen fruit census to estimate orangutan
density and fruit availability every month from June 2015 to December 2019, using 9transects of 16 km in total length. As a result of all census, the average of orangutan
density was 1.2 individual/km2 ± SE0.8 (n=86), and it changed between 0.3 to 4.4
individual/km2.The density showed a significant positive correlation with the fruit
availability (Spearman, R = 0.3, P < 0.01, n = 86). It increased during mast fruiting, incontrast, it decreased when fruit availability was low. The three large-scale mast fruiting
temporarily increased to 4.4 individual/km2 in 2005, 2.7 individual/km2 in 2010, and 2.1
individual/km2 in 2019.
Our results suggest that orangutan density in a particular area, particularly
dipterocarp forest areas, can change markedly during mast fruiting, probably because
many orangutans migrated to the study area from neighboring areas during the mast
fruiting period and seeking a place with more fruits. We believe that such movement isnecessary for orangutans to survive in a dipterocarp forest with long periods of low fruit
availability.

O-33

Meet the Mbudha community!
A newly discovered population of chimpanzees in Ituri, DRCongo

1

Anne Laudisoit1*
PREDICT Country Liaison, EcoHealth Alliance, New York City, New York, United States*laudisoit@ecohealthalliance.org

In 2015, an isolated population of Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii Giglioli, 1872 wasaccidentally identified in a relict altitude forest fragment along the Lake Albertescarpment in the Djugu territory, Ituri Province, DR Congo. Between March and May
2017, four missions were organized to explore the area. The first two missions werededicated to describing the site, meeting and training local guides and placing camera
traps. We also carried out informal and structured interviews in order to guide thesearch for signs, tracks and nests of chimpanzees, and to understand the local beliefs
linked to primates in general. The third mission aimed to map the three RAFALE main
fragments, quantify the density of nests (SCNC) and functional diversity (mammals)
along 6 line transects (1.1-1.4km). Besides land-use, habitat description, and systematic
botanical inventory, the level of human activities was also recorded on each transect.An
exceptionally high primate density was observed (9 species) of which a group of 17
chimpanzees with 3 unweaned juveniles could be identified on a single video footage.
Funeral rites and rodent consumption were also observed. To estimate the size of thisisolated eastern chimpanzee population, we recorded perpendicular distances andadditional nests off transects were described to document the nesting habits of the local
chimpanzee population. However due to the topography (average slope of 14-20%),
altitude, and influence of the neighbouring lake, the vegetation cover and composition ishighly variable and patchy from the river valleys to the top of the escarpment. This
creates a mosaic of suitable and unsuitable areas for nest building within the already
reduced ±20km² (forest loss of 2.4 to 12.4% between 2010-2015 in the different
fragments studied) of remaining fragmented forests. Those particular circumstances are
discussed in the light of the computed chimpanzee population density 4.34 to 5.62/km²(depending on the model used) and face recognition on footages.

O-34

Wildlife DNA Forensics

1

Rob Ogden1, 2*
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
2Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*

rob.ogden@ed.ac.uk

The illegal wildlife trade is having a devastating effect on the status of many
endangered species, including some of our most charismatic large animals and plants.
Tackling the trade has become an area of global concern and concerted international
efforts are underway to address the issue, involving support for alternative livelihoods
in source countries, law enforcement and the supply chain, and demand reduction for
wildlife products in end-user countries. Law enforcement is a complex issue, requiring
investigations at many different scales, from local bushmeat poachers through tointernational organized criminals. As with any other crime, investigators are using
forensic science to detect and prosecute offenders.
The use of molecular genetic analysis to identify human evidence has revolutionised
forensic science and is now an established tool in law enforcement. The analysis andidentification of wildlife DNA is used to address questions of species identity, captive
breeding and geographic origin, as well as individualization across multiple species.
The resulting evidence is used to provide intelligence concerning trade routes as well as
prosecute individuals involved in wildlife trafficking.
This presentation will introduce the field of wildlife DNA forensics, explain the key
scientific questions involved, from phylogenetics to familial relatedness, and how thetransition to genomics is providing increasing powers of detection. It will also take alook at how forensic science capacity is being developed for wildlife law enforcementin Africa and Southeast Asia, and how new laboratories are contributing to wildlife law
enforcement and its role in biodiversity conservation.

O-35

Conservation Physiology in Snow leopards: Zoos and the Wild

1

Kodzue Kinoshita1*
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*kinoshita.kodzue.8v@kyoto-u.ac.jp

An animal is connected to the external environment (e.g., social and habitat
environment) via its brain, and hormones play an important role as transmitter
substances. In other words, hormones are secreted to adjust the internal environment inresponse to changes in the external environment. Therefore, hormones can help
elucidate the invisible physiological state of animals and the effect of their surrounding
environment. Stress response is one of these invisible physiological states. Recently,
stress has become the focus of several studies in conservation biology.
To date, I have monitored stress level (cortisol) and reproductive state (estrogen,progesterone, and testosterone levels) by using more than 3,000 fecal samples of captivesnow leopards (Panthera uncia). From the comparative results of fecal sex steroid
hormones and cortisol concentrations among various housing conditions, I could
confirm that the measurement of fecal hormone concentration serves as a useful tool inestimating the physiological state of snow leopards. Recently, I have tried applying thisfecal hormone analysis method to wild animals for estimating the conditions of theirexternal environment. However, unlike in captive conditions, there are some obstaclesin the monitoring of fecal hormones in wild because scats have been exposed to UV andambient temperature. Therefore, to overcome these obstacles, I estimated time-series
variations in fecal hormones of captive snow leopards after UV exposure in thelaboratory. Then, I established a new hand-shaking method to extract hormones fromscats in the field sites (it is called a “field-friendly method”). In this presentation, I willpropose studies on the endocrinology of captive snow leopards and discuss thepossibility of the application of hormonal analysis to wild animal populations.

O-36

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in the Yaeyama flying fox
Yuto Taki1*, Christian E. Vincenot2, Yu Sato1 and Miho Inoue-Murayama1
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Department of Social Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan2*

sakyoulemmus@gmail.com

There are 122 mammal species in Japan, and 37 of them are bats. Especially, thespecies of genus Pteropus have big body size and the ability to fly hundreds ofkilometers and have important roles in pollination and seed dispersal. The Ryukyu
flying fox (Pteropus dasymallus) is one of the Pteropus species in Japan, distributed in
the Ryukyu archipelago, Taiwan, and possibly the Philippines, and is divided into 5
subspecies. Although they are listed as VU (vulnerable) in IUCN Red List, few genetic
analyses have been conducted for their conservation. The purpose of this study is toevaluate genetic diversity and investigate the genetic structure of Yaeyama flying fox,
one of the subspecies of the Ryukyu flying fox. We conducted mtDNA haplotype
analysis and microsatellite analysis with the 18 markers we developed.
mtDNA analysis was conducted with the samples collected in 8 islands (Miyako,
Ishigaki, Kohama, Kuroshima, Hateruma, Taketomi, Iriomote, Yonaguni) We identified
39 haplotypes in 526bp of the control region of 142 samples. 14 haplotypes were shared
between some islands, and haplotype network for the 8 islands did not show any clear
genetic structure. However, haplotype diversity was higher in Ishigaki and Iriomotecompared to other islands, and some haplotypes were only found in particular islands,
so there might be some genetic structure which could not be revealed by mtDNA
analysis.
Therefore, we also conducted microsatellite analysis with 155 samples collected in 6
islands (Miyako, Ishigaki, Kohama, Taketomi, Iriomote, Yonaguni). As a result ofgenetic diversity analysis, PCoA, STRUCTURE, and calculation of Fst, Yonaguni (thewest end of the distribution area) population showed clear genetic differentiation fromother populations, low genetic diversity, and a high inbreeding level. Ishigaki, Kohama,Taketomi, and Iriomote (the center of the distribution area) populations had gene flow
between them and high genetic diversity. Miyako (the east end of the distribution area)
population showed slight genetic differentiation and had the middle level of genetic
diversity. Gene flow between Ishigaki and Miyako through islands between them might
be preventing inbreeding of Miyako population.
We revealed genetic diversity, and genetic differentiation and gene flow between
islands of Yaeyama flying fox for the first time. These results will be useful for settingof conservation units and conservation of populations in each island based on genetic
structure.

O-37

Genetic monitoring of the Japanese golden eagle using microsatellite
loci
Annegret M Naito*1, Yu Sato1, Taku Maeda2 and Miho Inoue-Murayama1
1

2

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Iwate Prefectural Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health, Morioka, Japan*annegret.naito.42m@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

The Japanese golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos japonica) is an endangered subspecies,
with around 500 individuals remaining in the wild. Habitat loss and poor forestry
practices are thought to be the main causes for population decline. To mitigate further
risks of extinction, it is crucial to monitor genetic diversity, as small population sizes
lead to inbreeding depression and subsequent consequences like genetic abnormalities,
higher risk of disease, reduced adaptability to changing environments. Previous researchusing 16 microsatellite markers found that genetic diversity is maintained in both wild
and captive Japanese golden eagles. Using an improved set of 19 markers (i.e. fewer
deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, more alleles – average Na = 4.816), wereanalyzed wild and captive birds to build onto past data. Both wild and captive
populations had moderate levels of heterozygosity (He = 0.579, 0.566 and Ho = 0.587,
0.614, respectively) and low levels of inbreeding (F = -0.009, -0.067, respectively),indicating that the Japanese population may not yet be experiencing a severe decline in
genetic diversity. Moreover, the ability of the markers to distinguish individuals fromone another is very robust (PID-sib = 3.6E-06 in wild, 5.0E-06 in captive individuals).
Hence, using the same microsatellite data, we are also assigning genetic profiles to eachindividual to monitor turnover, dispersal of chicks, and parentage. At the moment, wehave identified at four different nests sites in Iwate prefecture, that the same family line
has been using the same site over multiple years (a maximum of 15 years in one case).
In short, this data provides information about the basic ecology of golden eagles, as wellas genetic indicators for conservation management.

O-38

Genetic analysis uncovers the diversity of endangered MountainHawk-eagle
Yu Sato1*, Toru Yamazaki2, Miho Inuue-Murayama1

1

2

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, JapanThe Project Team for the Research and Conservation of the Japanese Mountain Hawk-Eagle, Yasu,
Shiga, Japan*ysato1063@gmail.com

The Mountain Hawk-eagle (Nisaetus nipalensis) is one of the apex predator species
in Japanese forests. This species has been specified as endangered (EN) by Ministry of
the Environment Japan. The population size is estimated to be around 1,800 birds inJapan, and decrease in breeding success has been a concern. On the other hand, it is also
reported that the breeding success rate has not decreased in recent years – the success isaffected by the amount of snow in breeding season, bountiful harvest of Japanese beech(Fagus crenata) as food of prey animals and breeding success of the previous year
(Tago et al., 2015*).
Revealing the genetic diversity and population structure of endangered species isessential for understanding the current breeding situation and considering effective
conservation strategies. Here we will report the results of our genetic analysis for the
population of Mountain Hawk-eagle in Shiga prefecture based on two regions of
mtDNA (control region and pseudo-control region) to reveal the maternal linages, andnine microsatellite loci on nuclear DNA to reveal genetic diversity, inbreeding, andpopulation structure.
*Tago K., Suzuki Y., Shirai A., Yamagishi S. 2015. The breeding success of MountainHawk-Eagle in relation to environmental factors. Jpn J Ornithol 64:195–206. (InJapanese with English abstract)
/

O-39

< The Planet and Humans at a Crossroads >~ SDGs for Survival ~Ambassador Masahiko HORIE
Special Assistant to the Foreign Minister of Japan
Councillor of International Union for Conservation of Nature

The loss of Nature and Biodiversity accelerates at an unprecedented rate mainly
because of human activities for economic development. In parallel economic activities
has generated global warming and the naming “Climate Change” escalates to “Climate
Crisis” or even to “Climate Emergency”. The Planet and Humans are at a crossroads.
Ambassador HORIE lectures on current situations of nature and biodiversity underclimate emergency and explains efforts to cope with the situation and SDGs in order tohand over a healthy planet to our future generations.

O-40

Seven years in PWS: A summary of the endeavor from 2013 to 2020

1
2

Tetsuro Matsuzawa1,2,3*
Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
3
Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Japan* Matsuzawa.tetsuro.8w@kyoto-u.ac.jp

This aims to introduce the past 7-years activity of PWS. PWS stands for Kyoto
University Leading Graduate Program in Primatology and Wildlife Science. PWS
started in October 1st, 2013. Thus it gets into the 7th year in 2020. PWS is one of thefive Leading graduate programs established in Kyoto University. The program aimed toraise the young scientists who dedicate their lives for the welfare, conservation, andsocial outreach of the endangered large animals. There are 62 professors and 31
students at the moment. It means that the professor-students ratio is about 2:1. The
current PWS has 31 students: 13 foreigners vs 18 Japanese, 10 males vs 20 females. In
short, 40 % of the students is foreigners. Male-female ratio is 1:2. Among 20 studentsof L3-L5 corresponding to the doctoral students, 14 students (70%) gets the JSPS
scholarship (DC1 Or DC2) or MEXT scholarship. This means that 70 % of the students
is financially independent in terms of living expense. In addition to the students ofBiology major, PWS offered the special seats to the other graduate schools: There wereactually 3 students from ASAFAS. In the first 2 years of the course PWS students havebeen requested to take the 8 practice courses. In our naming, 1) Inter-laboratories, 2)Kohishima, 3) Yakushima, 4) Genome analysis, 5) Zoo and museum in Japan Monkey
Centre (JMC), 6) Comparative Cognitive Science or Animal Welfare, 7) Myokohighland Sasagamine, and 8) Self-designed fieldwork or laboratory work. The students
have been encouraged to take the two kinds of seminars, one is Buddha seminars inJapanese and another is Asura seminars in English. The students were encouraged to
become multi-lingual by mastering at least two foreign languages. We held the monthly
face-to-face meetings for students both in Inuyama and Kyoto. PWS took JMC as theplace for real practice and social outreach: for example, the Japanese magazine titled“Monkey” from JMC was edited in the collaboration of PWS. We have many foreign
collaborators and organization. PWS has already sent 18 graduates to the world. The 1styear group of 5 students turned to become two professors in USA, two PDs of JSPS,
and one working as a conservationist in Borneo. The average years to get PhD in the
doctoral course was 4.2 years among 18 students. Thanks to PWS, the number offoreign graduate students dramatically increased in the Biological Science Branch of the
Graduate School of Science. The PWS practice courses were adopted to be the formal
ones in the formal curriculum of the graduate school. PWS has established the uniquemonitoring system of each student that allows to record the day-by-day activity in thepast and the future as well. We keep holding the International Symposium of PWS
twice a year. The first one was held in March 2014 and the current one is PWS-13th .
We have 50+ PWS students in the history. Thank you very much for your collaboration
to promote the new endeavor. I was very happy to touch the future. Please visit thehome page of PWS for further information: http://www.wildlife-science.org/

P-01

Morphological Diversity and Evolution of Deciduous Teeth in Primates
Susumu Tomiya1*, Roseanne Smith1

1

Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan*tomiya.susumu.8r@kyoto-u.ac.jp

In most mammals, teeth are critical to efficient acquisition and processing of fooditems, and the diversity of their forms reflect dietary adaptations as well as phylogenetic
relationships. As such, comparative studies of mammalian dental morphology havecontributed significantly to evolutionary biology. Yet, much of what is known about
dental morphological evolution concerns the permanent (i.e., adult) dentition, andprimates are no exception. We posit that quantifying the degree of morphologicalintegration between deciduous and permanent teeth is an important step toward better
understanding the evolution of diet and associated traits. Thus, we aim to: (1)systematically document and describe the morphological diversity of deciduous (i.e.,milk) teeth in primates; and (2) quantitatively analyze the morphological relationships
between the deciduous teeth and their functional counterparts in the permanent dentition.
We tested for correlation of tooth sizes and, separately, of tooth shapes between thetwo generations of teeth, and within a phylogenetic comparative framework. Our
preliminary analyses of data for extant strepsirrhines show that, in general, the sizes ofdeciduous cheek teeth and their permanent counter parts (e.g., dp3 vs. p4, dp4 vs. m1)
are tightly correlated across families, as would be expected for an evolutionarilyconserved system with developmental constraint. In contrast, tooth shapes (as measured
by the ratios of occlusal dimensions) are more loosely integrated between the twogenerations of teeth; this pattern is similar to that in carnivorans. These findings suggest
common mechanisms of morphological integration and pathways to dental adaptations
under developmental regulations.

P-02

Visual discrimination of materials in chimpanzees

1

Mikuho Yokoyama1*, Masaki Tomonaga1
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan*

yokoyama.mikuho.28n@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Animals including humans live surrounded by a lot of objects made of various
materials. Without touching them, we can effortlessly perceive what materials they
made of and tell whether they are soft or hard, rough or smooth, etc. This ability helps
us to judge the quality of the objects and make a behavioral decision. A lot of studies
found that humans are extremely good at visual discrimination of materials. In nonhuman primates, they are estimated to use this ability to select fresher food, more
attractive conspecifics as a partner, or decide their behavior toward known and novel
objects in their daily life. However, about the discrimination of material, very few
studies were conducted. For example, capuchin monkeys can correctly categorize
some specific materials. In the current study, we address material discrimination inchimpanzees, one of the most evolutionally closest species to us. We examine how
they perceive materials and what kinds of visual information are important for thediscrimination by using images of four kinds of materials, familiar to captive
chimpanzees, stone, wood, water, and metal. We conducted matching-to-sample tasks
for 6 chimpanzees. Participants were showed a sample stimulus and two comparison
stimuli and asked to choose identically or categorically the same comparison as the
sample. As a result, the accuracy rate of trials discriminating between stone and metal
was significantly higher than the other materials and the response time of trials
between stone and wood was significantly longer. These results suggested that there
were differences of difficulties between the combinations of materials and theglossiness or roughness of each objects was important for them to judge the materials.
To clarify what kinds of feature of texture is important, we plan to conduct some
additional experiments. The results of these tasks will tell us what kinds of information
chimpanzees use to discriminate materials.

P-04

The differences in response to enrichment of Pan troglodytes at
Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Sierra Leone- a comparison
between ages and sexes

1

Roseanne Smith1*
Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom*

missroseannesmith@gmail.com

Psychological well-being is at the forefront of research when it comes to theconditions of environments for animals in captivity. This is deemed even more
important in nonhuman primates (NHP), particularly apes who belong to the Hominidae
family like humans and exhibit problematic abnormal behaviour. Zookeepers design
their husbandry procedures not only based on laws and guidelines but to provide theiranimals with a better quality of life. The response to enrichment of chimpanzees at
Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary in the Western Area Peninsula National Park was
explored. The aim was to provide the subjects with physical and mental stimulation,
thus alleviating boredom and promoting species-typical behaviours. Three social groups
were studied- eight infants (three 2-year-old males and five 2-year-old females), three
adults (males aged 36, 12 and 10 years) and four adolescents (one 9 year old male, two
8 year old males and one 8 year old female). They had three foraging devices
introduced into their enclosures in order to reduce stereotypic behaviours. After initial
behavioural observations to determine their regular activity budget, the study animals
were observed interacting with the device. The final sampling period involved further
behavioural observations to determine if the enrichment had any effect. It was shownthat initially older individuals had a larger range of behaviours. Also, interaction withthe device increases with age and usage by males is slightly higher than by females.
Wilcoxon signed-rank tests determined significant differences in affiliative, asocial,agonistic, abnormal, object-directed and other behaviours. Furthermore, sex affected the
behaviour of infants, age affected the behaviour of adults and both age and sex affected
the adolescents’ behaviour. This study can provide a framework for future research tobuild upon, in a deficient area of scientific literature. The expected outcomes are
improvements in the areas of captive management and animal welfare.

P-05

When do we humans start to produce joint drumming?
A developmental study in 18- to 42-month-old children

12

Lira Yu1*, Masako Myowa2

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*lirayu@gmail.com

We humans can sing and/or dance with others. This behavior has been considered as
one of the human unique abilities. Comparative studies, however, demonstrated that thisability is not limited to humans. Chimpanzees, who are phylogenetically the closest
living relatives to humans, also show a spontaneous tempo adjustment when they
produce rhythmic tapping movement with another conspecific individual (Yu &Tomonaga, 2015; 2016). But still only humans can show a uniquely rapid and complete
adjustment of the tapping tempo towards an interacting partner (Yu et al., 2018). In thisstudy, we aimed to examine developmental origin of this human unique rhythmic
coordination. Three age groups were targeted: 18 months of age (n = 18, mean = 18.21
months), 30 months of age (n = 18, mean = 30.17 months) and 42 months of age (n = 18,
mean = 42.45 months). A joint drumming task (c.f., Kirschner & Tomasello, 2009) was
introduced and all the children were induced to drum under four conditions: two speed(400, 600 ms ISI) × two partner (social, non-social) conditions. The results
demonstrated that the rapid and complete tempo adjustment appears from 30-montholds. The children of 18 months showed an incomplete tempo adjustment but they
showed tempo flexibility. Additionally, in the 18-month-old children, we frequently
observed other repetitive movements (i.e., head-bobbing or bouncing), pointing
behavior or turn-taking-like drumming behavior. On the poster presentation, I would like todiscuss about possible developmental process of the rhythmic coordination with concerning
inhibitory motor control and joint attention behavior shown by the children during the joint
drumming task.

P-07

WHY ANIMAL CAFES ARE BAD NEWS FOR WILDLIFE?
Welfare concerns and problematic origins of wildlife species displayedin Japanese animal cafés

1Marie Sigaud*, Cécile Sarabian1
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan*sigaud.m@gmail.com

Originally, Animal Cafés (ACs) offered the possibility to customers to interact
with domestic animals (mostly cats and dogs) in a café context. The first AC
opened in 1998 in Taiwan. Since then, the number of ACs grew across Asia
including Japan, who saw its first café opening in 2004. Today, over 200 ACs exist
on the archipelago by displaying not only domestic animals but also wildlife
species, with the famous “Owl Cafés” where you can “pet” nocturnal birds. While
there is growing concern about the pet trade considered as an important driver ofillegal wildlife trade, few studies exist on these ACs, their impact on the pet trade,but also on the welfare of the wildlife displayed. Thus, we aimed at 1) investigating
the extent of the phenomenon in Japan through the identification of ACs displaying
wildlife and record the diversity of species ; 2) illustrating potential welfare issues
with owls as examples ; and 3) questioning the origins of these species. We
surveyed 71 ACs displaying at least one wild animal on their website, Facebook,
Instagram or Twitter accounts. Most cafés started being active in the past 5 years,
exhibiting 1522 individuals belonging to at least 180 species. The majority of
individuals were owls (59%), followed by other bird species (17%), mammals(14%) reptiles/amphibians (9%) and marsupials (1%). We recorded 135
individuals belonging to 19 threatened species according to their IUCN status. Also,
70% of the individuals were CITES listed. We recorded numerous welfare issues
for owls including: lack of shelter or resting area ; impediment of natural behavior
such as flight ; exposure to broad light ; and presence of stress related behaviors.
Our results highlight the importance of this undocumented phenomenon and its
implications on animal welfare and potential far reaching consequences on illegal
wildlife trade.

P-08

Size-assortative pairing and mating in an Amazonian fish, the sailfin
tetra Crenuchus spilurus
Elio de Almeida Borghezan1,2*, Kalebe da Silva Pinto1, Jansen Zuanon1 and Tiago Henrique da
Silva Pires1
1

Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e Evolução, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia,Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
2
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*borghezan.ea@gmail.com

In the absence of constraints, preference for larger mates is expected to evolve, as
larger individuals are typical of higher potential fitness. Large females are often more
fecund and carry larger eggs (which result in higher number and better quality ofoffspring), whereas large males usually have more conspicuous ornaments and are
better at defending resources. However, intrasexual competition can constrain theaccess to larger partners, especially when opportunities for mate takeover abound. Here
we investigate the relationship between individual’s size and mate choice in relation to
one’s own size and their respective mate’s size using the sailfin tetra, Crenuchus
spilurus, a sexually dimorphic Amazonian fish species. We show that ornaments oflarger males are exponentially more conspicuous, and larger females are more fecundand carry larger eggs. Contrary to expectation, neither males nor females associated for
longer with the larger of two offered potential mates. Instead, individuals of bothgenders chose opposite-sex individuals of similar sizes to themselves. Additionally,
similar-sized pairs were more likely to spawn than couples with higher size
asymmetries. Grounded on field observations, we propose that prudent choice should beparticularly important in this system, since courtship is long (often taking several days),which offers opportunities for mate takeover. Intrasexual competition, however, cannot
readily explain female choice for similar-sized males. We thus suggest that suchpreference might be best explained by avoidance of filial cannibalism.

P-11

Effect of habitat disturbance on gastrointestinal parasites ofYakushima deer
Yurika Garcia1,2*, Yoshimi Agetsuma-Yanagihara3, Naoki Agetsuma3 and Andrew MacIntosh1
1

Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK,
2
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
3
Waku Doki Science Planning, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan
4
Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Hokkaido University, Tamakomai, Hokkaido, Japan*

ymg4@kent.ac.uk

Anthropogenic disturbance in biological systems is an increasing issue for wildlife
populations, largely concerning sudden environmental change. Not only does it promote
disintegration of forests, the reduction of available resources, the accumulation ofcontaminants and the introduction of invasive species, it also can facilitate movement of
infective agents, affecting the overall health of wildlife populations and raising concerns
about the survival and well-being. To date, studies have found reduced reproduction,
hormonal imbalances and deteriorations of immune system capacity in wildlife living inanthropogenic environments, and increased risk of parasitism and infectious disease hascome to the forefront as well. This study aims to understand the impact of habitat
disturbance on gastrointestinal parasites found in Yakushima deer (Cervus nippon
yakushimae). For this, noninvasive sampling of deer feces was conducted on
Yakushima island in “disturbed” (Yahazu and Ohko sites) and “undisturbed” (Hanyama
and Kawahara sites) areas during two different periods. We collected a total of 96 fecal
samples from November 14th, 2018 to March 13th, 2019 (N=40) and from 21st ofNovember 2019 to 3rd of December 2019 (N=56), to assess the distribution of parasites
in these areas. Samples were collected from the ground during foot-based transects fromunidentified deer within approximately 24 hours of excretion. Samples were thentransported to Kyoto University’s Primate Research Institute and analyzed by
microscopy using sugar flotation concentration technique and McMaster slide
quantification. The overall prevalence of helminth and protozoan parasites was 5.21%
and 20.83%, respectively. Fischer’s exact tests showed that the prevalence of protozoan
parasites was significantly higher in disturbed (34%) compared to undisturbed (5%)
environments (p < 0.001), whereas helminths were equally distributed across disturbed(4%) and undisturbed (7%) environments (p = 0.654). Our study demonstrates alteredprevalence of some gastrointestinal parasites of Yakushima deer in anthropogenically
disturbed environments. However, it is still unclear how these mechanisms work at theindividual or community levels, or to what extent these parasite species are influencing
their hosts. Future studies aiming to understand the complexities of these systems andthe real impacts that such disturbances can have on wild populations are needed.

P-11

Epigenetic estimation of age in snow leopard with the use of fecal
samples from captive individuals in Japanese zoos
Huiyuan Qi1*, Miho Inoue-Murayama1, 2, Kodzue Kinoshita1
12Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Wildlife Genome Collaborative Research Group, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,Japan*407043823a@gmail.com

Knowing an animal’s age provides important ecological and conservational
information. Age is tied to reproductive potential, which is essential for estimating
spatiotemporal changes in population structure. The snow leopard (Panthera
uncia), accessed as vulnerable (VU) in the IUCN red list, is an elusive apex predator
inhabiting in high-altitude areas across Asia. The average of its generation length
was estimated as 7.54 years in the red list, but exact information of wild
individuals is almost unknown. In many species morphological observation is themain method being used in the age estimation of wild individuals, however insnow leopard there is few reliable visual indicators after their first or second year.
Age estimation based on age-induced epigenetic changes in DNA methylation
has been studied on human beings, mice, dogs and several wild animal species,
while there is still few of them using noninvasive samples which could be
unsuitable for the application on wild endangered species or those hard to beobserved, like the snow leopard. Here, we referred to the candidate marker genes
from previous studies and designed primers for snow leopards to test the utility of
fecal samples provided by captive individuals with a known age in Japanese zoos
(70 fecal samples from 17 individuals). The methylation rate of target regions was
detected with methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM), a costeffective RT-PCR like method.

P-12

Developing a fixed-wing drone for chimpanzee conservation
Naruki Morimura1*

1

Kumamoto Sanctuary, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Uki, Kumamoto, Japan*

morimura.naruki.5a@kyoto-u.ac.jp

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, are expected to collect ecological andbehavioral data at unprecedented spatial and temporal scales across various topographic
regions. A fixed-wind drones are characterized with much longer flight range and broad
options in remote sensing equipment comparing with those of quadcopter types.
However, fixed-wing drones has not been popular in scientific research, because of few
commercial products released, much flight skills required for manipulations, and a few
information available for setting-up and trouble shooting. Thus, a fixed-wing drone wasdeveloped for monitoring forests in Bossou, Guinea, in where a group of sevenchimpanzees has been studied since 1976. A camera was embedded in the drone forcollecting video footage and photos with various time intervals. In January 2020, a
15km-flight was conducted for making a DSM in the Green Corridor, a plantation area
between Bossou and Nimba Mountains. The flight succeeded to collect 2200 photos
with an energy efficiency of 288m/wh. The aerial photos yielded a high-resolution andless distorted DSM ranging 6.5-km2. The 15-km flight implies potential flight range
over 150km2, which can cover the entire are of Nimba Mountains, a world heritage site
in Guinea.

P-13

Comparison of visual abilities to perceive brightness/contrast between
killer whales (Orcinus orca) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

1

Ayumu Santa1*, Masaki Tomonaga1 and Koji Kanda2
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
2
Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan*santa.ayumu.63u@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Cetaceans (dolphins and whales) are marine mammals that have highly adapted to theunderwater environment, that is different from the terrestrial environment. Because of
the characteristics of the underwater environment, cetaceans have developed excellent
auditory abilities, and there have been many studies on that ability. However, many
unclear are remained in their visual ability. For cetaceans that don't have color sense, it
is suggested that the ability to perceive brightness and contrast play an important role inperceiving the presence of their prey and predators. Therefore, in this study, we focus
on the ability to discriminate brightness and contrast of cetaceans and conduct
behavioral analysis experiments on two killer whales (Orcinus Orca) bred at Port ofNagoya Public Aquarium. In the same time, we also conduct similar experiments with
6 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) living in Primate Research Institute of Kyoto
University and compare the results between killer whales and chimpanzees. The
behavioral analysis experiments involve two tasks: ①Brightness discrimination task
and ②Visual illusion task "simultaneous brightness contrast" that have been confirmed
in several species. This illusion is caused by the ability of our eyes and brains toenhance the difference between two adjacent brightness. We are planning to examine
whether this illusion occurs in killer whales, and discuss the significance of the ability
to discriminate brightness and contrast in killer whale.

P-14

Chimpanzee Reactions to Death Stimuli

1
2Hanling Yeow1*, Hirata Satoshi1, James Anderson2

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Department of Psychology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*hanling.yeow.77c@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Putrescine is a substance released when dead bodies decay. It has a distinctive
unpleasant odour, and is used as a chemical signal of death in animals, prompting
behaviours such as burying and avoidance. In humans, it has been linked to theactivation of threat mechanisms – they become more vigilant and move away faster, andsubliminal exposure causes increased aggression towards outgroup members.
We are interested in the effect of this substance on chimpanzees, and how it may help
us understand their comprehension of death and reactions to it. We presented putrescine
along with a stuffed bird as a visual cue of death and recorded their reactions. Ammonia
and water were used as the control smells. In this study, chimpanzees tended to avoid
staying near the experimental cues when putrescine was present. Other behaviours suchas scratching and looking time were not affected. The presence of visual cues did notappear to affect behaviour.

P-15

Diversification of a cultural behavior
in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui)

1

Yoshiyuki Tabuse1*
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*

tabuse@jinrui.zool.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Cumulative culture, or cumulative cultural evolution (CCE), is generally known as theincreasing complexity and efficiency of cultural behavior and is transmitted overgenerations. CCE has been emphasized as the feature of human evolution. But recent
non-human animal studies have suggested that non-human animals can have CCE.
Japanese macaques in Yakushima (Macaca fuscata yakui) have a cultural behavior, thatis, embracing behavior. Japanese macaques in Yakushima have some variations of
Embracing behavior. The aim of this study is to verify whether embracing behavior inYakushima meets the criteria of CCE. I conducted fieldwork for Umi-A group ofJapanese macaques in Yakushima during August 2018 to October 2018 and October
2019 to December 2019. As a result, matured individuals (adult and young) used morevariations of embracing behavior than immatured individuals (juvenile and infant). As
far as I know, this is the first report that socially learned behavior can be diversify in
one generation. In addition, variations of embracing behavior may diversify overgenerations. it could be suggested that embracing behavior of Japanese macaques inYakushima show CCE.

P-16

Studying the acute stress response of the monkeys at Koshima

1

Nelson Broche Jr.1*, Takafumi Suzumura2, Michael A. Huffman1
Social Systems Evolution Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan2
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*

broche.nelson.63a@st.kyoto-u.ac.jp

There are many challenges to non-invasively studying the acute stress response of nonhuman primates. Hormonal sampling methods utilizing urine, feces, and hair provide a
resource for studying stress related hormones and although these methods are useful,they represent several hours to days of stress hormone accumulation. Therefore, thelong time lag from any given stress event can lead to difficulty in interpreting thespecific causes of stress. Saliva contains many enzymes, metabolites, and proteins andis an underutilized resource in the pursuit of non-invasive research on stress in nonhuman primates. Furthermore, through the measurement of stress-related salivary
biomarkers saliva provides a method to acutely measure stress within minutes. However,despite the utility of saliva there are few examples of its methodological collection in asemi-free-ranging population of monkeys. Here we provide a brief report from an
ongoing study that is developing a non-invasive methodology for the collection ofsaliva from a group of semi-free-ranging Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)inhabiting Koshima Island, Miyazaki prefecture. Our ultimate goal is to measure andcompare the activity of stress-related salivary biomarkers across a variety of behaviors
such as grooming, conspecific aggression, and foraging.

P-17

The possibility of self-domestication in captive red foxes
Koki Yoshimura1*

1

Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*

forest.bwcat@gmail.com

Recent researches suggest that the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) evolved throughself-domestication without any intentional breeding by humans. Similar process is often
regarded to have taken place in human evolution, where fearless and non-aggressive
individuals were naturally selected. Another species in Canids, the red fox (Vulpes
vulpes) can also be domesticated under artificial selections against fear and aggression.
However, it is yet to be studied whether self-domestication can take place in this species.
In this study, I will see whether degrees of tameness to humans differ in captive-born
and wild-born red foxes in The North Fox Farm, Kitami, Hokkaido. About 50 foxes are
kept in a large enclosure which tourists can walk through to see foxes in close vicinity.
Here, foxes mate themselves without human pairing but cubs are reared by humancaretakers. This farm also receives orphaned cubs rescued in the wild. I made focal
follows of 13 individuals (0 to 1 year old, 8 captive-born and 5 wild-born) and recorded
their behaviors focusing on how they react to humans. Preliminary results suggest that
captive-born individuals made physical contacts with humans more frequently thanwild-born counterparts. Utilizing these data, I will discuss how their tameness tohumans is shaped.

P-19

Daily photo-capture pattern of leopards (Panthera pardus) and theirprey species in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania
Nobuko Nakazawa1*
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan* nakazawa.nobuko@gmail.com

Predators are sometimes regarded as they increase encountering rate by increasing activity
overlap with their staple preys. Leopards (Panthera pardus) have the widest distribution amongwild felids, and show various activity patterns. Here, I intended to clarify photo-capture patternsof leopards and their prey species in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Activity
pattern of forest mammals in Africa are poorly known. Further, there are few reports of thedaily activity pattern of some arboreal primates. To compare the activity patterns of leopards
and their prey species, I deployed camera traps on the ground and on the tree. 4468 camera daysof terrestrial camera traps and 286 camera days of arboreal camera traps were analyzed.
Leopards were active throughout 24h period, with bimodal peaks at dawn and dusk. Blue
duikers, which is the most consumed species in Mahale, was predominantly diurnal. Primates
including arboreal ones showed diurnal photo-capture pattern in the terrestrial camera traps,
with a relative peak at noon. However, primates showed diurnal activity with bimodal
crepuscular peaks in arboreal camera traps. The overlap in photo-capture pattern between
leopards and their main prey species were calculated by coefficient Δ(ranging from 0 (nooverlap) to 1 (complete overlap)). Photo-capture pattern of leopards overlapped with those ofblue duikers, which suggest that leopards may hunt blue duikers in the daytime when they

are most detectable. Their photo-capture pattern also overlapped with arboreal photocapture pattern of red-tailed monkeys, rather than their terrestrial photo-capture pattern.
Leopards may hunt monkeys on the ground in the daytime, or hunt monkeys on trees
while they are sleeping. Arboreal and diurnal primates would be most vulnerable in the
crepuscular time and night, because it may be difficult for them to find their predators.

P-20

The impact of ecotourism on the behaviour of mountain gorillas in
Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda
Raquel Costa1, 2*, Masaki Tomonaga1, Michael A. Huffman1, Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka3,
Rafaela S. C. Takeshita4,5, Fred Bercovitch6,7 and Misato Hayashi1
1Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
Primate Cognition Research Group, University of Lisbon, Portugal
3Conservation Through Public Health, Entebbe, Uganda
4
Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
5
Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, Pará, Brazil
6
Save the Giraffes, USA
7
Wildlife Research Centre, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan2*

raquelberingei@gmail.com

Ecotourism plays a significant role in the conservation of mountain gorillas (Gorillaberingei beringei). Despite the growing number of tourists visiting mountain gorillas
and an increasing number of habituated groups, very little behavioral data has beencollected on the potential impacts of ecotourism on these wild populations. The present
study examines how interactions with human tourists influence gorilla behaviour. We
collected behavioural data (focal sampling) before, during and after tourist visits over a
11-month period (December 2017-February, 2019) one habituated group (15individuals) in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. We used general linear
mixed-effect models (GLMM) and social network analysis (MuxViz and Ucinet –preliminary data) to analyze the differences between gorillas` behaviour regarding: 1)
presence/absence of tourists, 2) distance to tourists and 3) tourist group size. Our data
showed that animals’ routine is influenced by the tourists. Group social dynamics andindividual behaviour (including stress related behaviours) is affected by the presence of
tourists, especially when in close proximity. Gorillas will charge, avoid humans orinteract with humans, when visitors approach them, violating the 7 m rule. In addition,
gorillas will react more to bigger groups of tourists. We strongly advice for the
Enforcement of the current rules, in special of the 7-meter rule will decrease thephysical interactions, minimize the influence on the animal`s behaviour.

P-22

The Survival Story of O-Ree: A Report of Indo-Pacific Bottlenose
Dolphin without a Tail in the Wild
Mi Yeon Kim1, 2, Soojin Jang2,3, and Shiro Kohshima1
1

Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Marine Animal Research and Conservation, Republic of Korea
3
EcoScience, Ewha Woman University, Republic of Korea

2*

miyeonkim88@gmail.com

The dolphin without a tail in the wild was first discovered swimming by himself on
June 22, 2019, by a dolphin watching company expected to die soon. However, it was
found a month later on July 30 in Daejung. On the re-encounter, the individual wasnamed O-Ree, aka 'long live,' and to understand the body condition, thephotogrammetric measurement for body condition was measured alongside the effort toobserve feeding behavior, social behaviors, habitat use, identify physical and acoustic
markers. The individual was found only to use a small section of the Daejung habitat
and was seen to feed on readily available prey items discarded from the fish farm
throughout this area. He was identified through dorsal fin markers and signature
whistles and as a juvenile male. The focal follow continued until the end of 2019 fieldseason on November 05. The aerial imagery via UAV was used for perpendicular width
measurements for a comparative study of body condition. He had a slender bodycompared to the population average body condition; however, he maintained the body
condition until the last observation. This case study highlights the urgent need formarine protected area and policed protection act for the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin
population in Jeju Island.

P-24

Investigation of Association Pattern
in Free-ranging Horses (Equus Caballus)

1

Sakiho Ochi1* and Satoshi Hirata1
Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan*ochisakiho11@gmail.com

Social bonding has been found in many species and maintaining social association,
not directly related mating, is thought to have important positive consequences such asincreasing competitive ability and lowered stress. Bonding is usually found between
close kin. Little is known about social bonding in animals raised in artificial groups
such as domestic horses (Equus Caballus). In this study, we aimed to investigate thesocial bonding pattern in free-ranging horses through proximity relationship and cofeeding which are thought to be affiliative behavior in horses. Fifty individuals
separated in four groups (the numbers of individuals are; Group A: 11, Group B: 12,
Group C: 12, Group D: 15) were used for observations. To observe a proximity
relationship, we observed the nearest-neighbor for each individual every 15 min during
day time. To observe co-feeding behavior, we piled up hay at n+0.2n (n = n.o.
individuals in the group) points in grazing field where horses usually being kept, andobserved co-feeding event (two or more individuals are eating hay at the same point),
and agonistic behavior (aggressive behavior such as swinging their head, laying down
their ears and approaching toward another individual) to create dominance hierarchy.
As a result, we found that the individual which was chosen as a co-feeding partner wascorrelated to neither their age, sex nor social rank (created by using David’s score).
Also, the nearest neighbor was unrelated to their age and sex but tend to correlate totheir social rank. Additionally, we found that the partner of that two affiliative behavior
was different. Those results might indicate that horses develop context-dependent social
bonding.

P-26

Collective departure in feral horses
Sota Inoue1*, Colin J.Torney2, Shinya Yamamoto2, Monamie Ringhofer2, Renata S. Mendonça2,and Satoshi Hirata1,2
1Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
mathematical ecology and biology, University of Glasgow
3
Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan2*

sota.inoe@gmail.com

Group-living animals always need to make decision and reach a consensus. Typicalexample of group decision making is collective departure which has been studied formany years. When individuals move to another place for resources or decreasepredation risks, each individual balances between benefit from staying there and cost forfollowing others. In consequence, this collective departure proceeds in stages, not in a
moment. The proceeding of the collective departure is composed of initiation andpropagation. In a lot of previous studies, trends of social characteristics of initiators
have been reported. However, mechanisms of propagation are still unclear. Especially,
the importance of temporal physical distance among individuals in information
propagation is vailed due to the technical difficulty. In the present study, wedemonstrate the balance between physical distance and social affiliation in the decision
making to follow or not in the collective departure in feral horses. However, the positive
correlation between physical proximity and social affiliation have been already known
in this study site and this implies facing the multicollinearity problem in classicalstatistical methods. To solve this, we introduced a novel statistical method using
machine learning. We captured aerial videoclips of feral horses in collective departuresin Serra D' Arga, Portugal and movement of each individual was automatically detectedusing deep learning. We found that physical proximity is more important than social
affiliation and almost no specific sequential pattern in the collective departure. This
result indicates that any horses are just one horse and the necessity to add the view pointof physical distance in future studies focusing on this kind of events in any species.