C E L E B R AT I N G
10 YEARS OF
SOCIAL
NETWORKI N F O R M AT I C SSTUDIESP R O F. S H I R O U E S U G I
M AT S U YA M A
U N I V E R S I T Y,
JA PA NPLAN
• A Brief History of SNS before MISNC• A Brief History of SNS after MISNC• 10 Years of MISNC

A BRIEF HISTORY OF SNS
BEFORE MISNC
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007

2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013

SNS
Facebook launched as a social network forcollege students1
YouTube launched as a video-sharing
platform1
Twitter launched as a microblogging service
with 140-character limit

4

Instagram launched as a photo-sharing app
4

Smartphone
Mobile Network
3G networks started to offer faster data
Motorola Razr V3 released as a thin flip phone with a2cameratransmission and video calling 3
EDGE technology improved the data speed of
Nokia Nseries released as a line of multimedia
smartphones2
2G networks3BlackBerry Pearl released as a smartphone with email and WiMAX technology offered wireless2
3
web browsing features
broadband access over long distances
iPhone released as the first touchscreen
25

LTE technology introduced as a standard for36

with filters

smartphone with an app store

4G networks

LinkedIn launched as a professional

Android OS released as an open-source

HSPA+ technology enhanced the

networking site4

operating system for smartphones25

performance of 3G networks3

WhatsApp launched as a cross-platform

Samsung Galaxy S released as the first smartphone with LTE-Advanced technology improved thea Super AMOLED display25
messaging app
speed and capacity of 4G networks36
Pinterest launched as a social bookmarking site for visual iPhone 4 released with a Retina display and a front-facing Wi-Fi Direct technology enabled peer-to-peer
425
3content
camerawireless connections without a router
Snapchat launched as a photo and video messaging app Samsung Galaxy Note released as the first phablet with a NFC technology enabled contactless
payments and data exchange between
with self-destructing feature4
stylus pen25
TikTok launched as a short-video sharing app
VoLTE technology enabled voice calls over25
iPhone5releasedwithalargerscreenandLTEsupport47
36
with music and effects
LTE networks
Vine launched as a short-video sharing app with looping HTC One released with an aluminum body and dual front- LTE-Advanced Pro technology enhanced the4

feature4
facing speakers2
reliability and efficiency of 4G networks3
Details: 1. ourworldindata.org, 2. thoughtco.com, 3. mitel.com, 4. online.maryville.edu, 5. theguardian.com, 6. rfpage.com, 7. en.wikipedia.org,
8. historycooperative.org, 9. a.storyblok.com, 10. en.wikipedia.org, 11. cengn.ca, 12. allaboutcircuits.com

A BRIEF HISTORY OF SNS
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007

2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013

SNS
Facebook launched as a social network forcollege students1
YouTube launched as a video-sharing
platform1
Twitter launched as a microblogging service
with 140-character limit

4

Instagram launched as a photo-sharing app
4

Smartphone
Mobile Network
3G networks started to offer faster data
Motorola Razr V3 released as a thin flip phone with a2cameratransmission and video calling 3
EDGE technology improved the data speed of
Nokia Nseries released as a line of multimedia
smartphones2
2G networks3BlackBerry Pearl released as a smartphone with email and WiMAX technology offered wireless2
3
web browsing features
broadband access over long distances
iPhone released as the first touchscreen
25

LTE technology introduced as a standard for36

with filters

smartphone with an app store

4G networks

LinkedIn launched as a professional

Android OS released as an open-source

HSPA+ technology enhanced the

networking site4

operating system for smartphones25

performance of 3G networks3

WhatsApp launched as a cross-platform

Samsung Galaxy S released as the first smartphone with LTE-Advanced technology improved thea Super AMOLED display25
messaging app
speed and capacity of 4G networks36
Pinterest launched as a social bookmarking site for visual iPhone 4 released with a Retina display and a front-facing Wi-Fi Direct technology enabled peer-to-peer
425
3content
camerawireless connections without a router
Snapchat launched as a photo and video messaging app Samsung Galaxy Note released as the first phablet with a NFC technology enabled contactless
payments and data exchange between
with self-destructing feature4
stylus pen25
TikTok launched as a short-video sharing app
VoLTE technology enabled voice calls over25
iPhone5releasedwithalargerscreenandLTEsupport47
36
with music and effects
LTE networks
Vine launched as a short-video sharing app with looping HTC One released with an aluminum body and dual front- LTE-Advanced Pro technology enhanced the4

feature4
facing speakers2
reliability and efficiency of 4G networks3
Details: 1. ourworldindata.org, 2. thoughtco.com, 3. mitel.com, 4. online.maryville.edu, 5. theguardian.com, 6. rfpage.com, 7. en.wikipedia.org,
8. historycooperative.org, 9. a.storyblok.com, 10. en.wikipedia.org, 11. cengn.ca, 12. allaboutcircuits.com

A BRIEF HISTORY OF SNS
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007

2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013

SNS
Facebook launched as a social network forcollege students1
YouTube launched as a video-sharing
platform1
Twitter launched as a microblogging service
with 140-character limit

4

Instagram launched as a photo-sharing app
4

Smartphone
Mobile Network
3G networks started to offer faster data
Motorola Razr V3 released as a thin flip phone with a2cameratransmission and video calling 3
EDGE technology improved the data speed of
Nokia Nseries released as a line of multimedia
smartphones2
2G networks3BlackBerry Pearl released as a smartphone with email and WiMAX technology offered wireless2
3
web browsing features
broadband access over long distances
iPhone released as the first touchscreen
25

LTE technology introduced as a standard for36

with filters

smartphone with an app store

4G networks

LinkedIn launched as a professional

Android OS released as an open-source

HSPA+ technology enhanced the

networking site4

operating system for smartphones25

performance of 3G networks3

WhatsApp launched as a cross-platform

Samsung Galaxy S released as the first smartphone with LTE-Advanced technology improved thea Super AMOLED display25
messaging app
speed and capacity of 4G networks36
Pinterest launched as a social bookmarking site for visual iPhone 4 released with a Retina display and a front-facing Wi-Fi Direct technology enabled peer-to-peer
425
3content
camerawireless connections without a router
Snapchat launched as a photo and video messaging app Samsung Galaxy Note released as the first phablet with a NFC technology enabled contactless
payments and data exchange between
with self-destructing feature4
stylus pen25
TikTok launched as a short-video sharing app
VoLTE technology enabled voice calls over25
iPhone5releasedwithalargerscreenandLTEsupport47
36
with music and effects
LTE networks
Vine launched as a short-video sharing app with looping HTC One released with an aluminum body and dual front- LTE-Advanced Pro technology enhanced the4

feature4
facing speakers2
reliability and efficiency of 4G networks3
Details: 1. ourworldindata.org, 2. thoughtco.com, 3. mitel.com, 4. online.maryville.edu, 5. theguardian.com, 6. rfpage.com, 7. en.wikipedia.org,
8. historycooperative.org, 9. a.storyblok.com, 10. en.wikipedia.org, 11. cengn.ca, 12. allaboutcircuits.com

A BRIEF HISTORY OF SNS
Year
2004
2005
2006
2007

2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013

SNS
Facebook launched as a social network forcollege students1
YouTube launched as a video-sharing
platform1
Twitter launched as a microblogging service
with 140-character limit

4

Instagram launched as a photo-sharing app
4

Smartphone
Mobile Network
3G networks started to offer faster data
Motorola Razr V3 released as a thin flip phone with a2cameratransmission and video calling 3
EDGE technology improved the data speed of
Nokia Nseries released as a line of multimedia
smartphones2
2G networks3BlackBerry Pearl released as a smartphone with email and WiMAX technology offered wireless2
3
web browsing features
broadband access over long distances
iPhone released as the first touchscreen
25

LTE technology introduced as a standard for36

with filters

smartphone with an app store

4G networks

LinkedIn launched as a professional

Android OS released as an open-source

HSPA+ technology enhanced the

networking site4

operating system for smartphones25

performance of 3G networks3

WhatsApp launched as a cross-platform

Samsung Galaxy S released as the first smartphone with LTE-Advanced technology improved thea Super AMOLED display25
messaging app
speed and capacity of 4G networks36
Pinterest launched as a social bookmarking site for visual iPhone 4 released with a Retina display and a front-facing Wi-Fi Direct technology enabled peer-to-peer
425
3content
camerawireless connections without a router
Snapchat launched as a photo and video messaging app Samsung Galaxy Note released as the first phablet with a NFC technology enabled contactless
payments and data exchange between
with self-destructing feature4
stylus pen25
TikTok launched as a short-video sharing app
VoLTE technology enabled voice calls over25
iPhone5releasedwithalargerscreenandLTEsupport47
36
with music and effects
LTE networks
Vine launched as a short-video sharing app with looping HTC One released with an aluminum body and dual front- LTE-Advanced Pro technology enhanced the4

feature4
facing speakers2
reliability and efficiency of 4G networks3
Details: 1. ourworldindata.org, 2. thoughtco.com, 3. mitel.com, 4. online.maryville.edu, 5. theguardian.com, 6. rfpage.com, 7. en.wikipedia.org,
8. historycooperative.org, 9. a.storyblok.com, 10. en.wikipedia.org, 11. cengn.ca, 12. allaboutcircuits.com

A BRIEF HISTORY OF SNS
AFTER MISNC

Year

2014
2015
2016

SNS

iPhone 6 and 6 Plus released with larger screens Bluetooth Low Energy technology reduced thewith end-to-end encryption

and NFC support

Periscope launched as a live-streaming app

Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge released with a curved LTE-Unlicensed technology used unlicensed

integrated with Twitteredge display

spectrum for LTE networks

Musical.ly merged with TikTok to expand its

iPhone SE released as a smaller and cheaper

LTE-M technology optimized LTE networks for IoT

global reachversion of iPhone 6S

devicesiPhone X released with an edge-to-edge OLED

NB-IoT technology enabled low-power wide-areadisplay and Face ID feature

network for IoT devices

Huawei P20 Pro released with a triple rearcamera system and AI features

5G networks started to offer ultra-fast data
speed and low latency for various applications

Lasso launched as a short-video sharing app by

Samsung Galaxy Fold released as the firstmmWave technology used high-frequency

Facebook to compete with TikTokfoldable smartphone

spectrum for 5G networks

Clubhouse launched as an invite-only audio-chatiPhone 12 released with 5G support and MagSafe SA (Standalone) mode enabled 5G networks to

app that hosts live conversations

featuremedia platform that rewards users withcryptocurrency
BitClout launched as a blockchain-based social

2018

media platform that allows users to invest in
influencers’ profiles

2019
2020

Twitter Spaces launched as an audio-chat2021

feature within Twitter that allows users to join or
host live conversations
emphasize its focus on the metaverse, a virtual

iPhone 14 released with a notchless design andenvironment where people can interact throughin-screen Touch ID feature

avatars
TikTok expected to surpass Facebook as the2023

power consumption of wireless connections

operate independently from 4G networks

Samsung Galaxy Z Fold3 released with an under- Open RAN technology enabled more flexibility
display camera and S Pen supportand interoperability for mobile network operators

Meta launched as a rebranding of Facebook to
2022

Mobile Network

Telegram launched as a secure messaging app

Steemit launched as a blockchain-based social
2017

Smartphone

C-V2X technology enabled direct communication
between vehicles and infrastructure forenhanced safety and efficiency

Samsung Galaxy Z Roll expected to be the firstmost popular social media platform with over 2.5 smartphone with a rollable display that can

6G networks expected to start trials in some123
extend or retract its screen size
billion monthly active users
Details:1. statista.com, 2. datareportal.com, 3. smartinsights.com

sub-millisecond latency

countries, offering terabit-level data speed andA BRIEF HISTORY OF SNS
Year
2014
2015
2016

SNS

iPhone 6 and 6 Plus released with larger screens Bluetooth Low Energy technology reduced thewith end-to-end encryption

and NFC support

Periscope launched as a live-streaming app

Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge released with a curved LTE-Unlicensed technology used unlicensed

integrated with Twitteredge display

spectrum for LTE networks

Musical.ly merged with TikTok to expand its

iPhone SE released as a smaller and cheaper

LTE-M technology optimized LTE networks for IoT

global reachversion of iPhone 6S

devicesiPhone X released with an edge-to-edge OLED

NB-IoT technology enabled low-power wide-areadisplay and Face ID feature

network for IoT devices

Huawei P20 Pro released with a triple rearcamera system and AI features

5G networks started to offer ultra-fast data
speed and low latency for various applications

Lasso launched as a short-video sharing app by

Samsung Galaxy Fold released as the firstmmWave technology used high-frequency

Facebook to compete with TikTokfoldable smartphone

spectrum for 5G networks

Clubhouse launched as an invite-only audio-chatiPhone 12 released with 5G support and MagSafe SA (Standalone) mode enabled 5G networks to

app that hosts live conversations

featuremedia platform that rewards users withcryptocurrency
BitClout launched as a blockchain-based social

2018

media platform that allows users to invest in
influencers’ profiles

2019
2020

Twitter Spaces launched as an audio-chat2021

feature within Twitter that allows users to join or
host live conversations
emphasize its focus on the metaverse, a virtual

iPhone 14 released with a notchless design andenvironment where people can interact throughin-screen Touch ID feature

avatars
TikTok expected to surpass Facebook as the2023

power consumption of wireless connections

operate independently from 4G networks

Samsung Galaxy Z Fold3 released with an under- Open RAN technology enabled more flexibility
display camera and S Pen supportand interoperability for mobile network operators

Meta launched as a rebranding of Facebook to
2022

Mobile Network

Telegram launched as a secure messaging app

Steemit launched as a blockchain-based social
2017

Smartphone

C-V2X technology enabled direct communication
between vehicles and infrastructure forenhanced safety and efficiency

Samsung Galaxy Z Roll expected to be the firstmost popular social media platform with over 2.5 smartphone with a rollable display that can

6G networks expected to start trials in some123
extend or retract its screen size
billion monthly active users
Details:1. statista.com, 2. datareportal.com, 3. smartinsights.com

sub-millisecond latency

countries, offering terabit-level data speed andA BRIEF HISTORY OF SNS
Year
2014
2015
2016

SNS

iPhone 6 and 6 Plus released with larger screens Bluetooth Low Energy technology reduced thewith end-to-end encryption

and NFC support

Periscope launched as a live-streaming app

Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge released with a curved LTE-Unlicensed technology used unlicensed

integrated with Twitteredge display

spectrum for LTE networks

Musical.ly merged with TikTok to expand its

iPhone SE released as a smaller and cheaper

LTE-M technology optimized LTE networks for IoT

global reachversion of iPhone 6S

devicesiPhone X released with an edge-to-edge OLED

NB-IoT technology enabled low-power wide-areadisplay and Face ID feature

network for IoT devices

Huawei P20 Pro released with a triple rearcamera system and AI features

5G networks started to offer ultra-fast data
speed and low latency for various applications

Lasso launched as a short-video sharing app by

Samsung Galaxy Fold released as the firstmmWave technology used high-frequency

Facebook to compete with TikTokfoldable smartphone

spectrum for 5G networks

Clubhouse launched as an invite-only audio-chatiPhone 12 released with 5G support and MagSafe SA (Standalone) mode enabled 5G networks to

app that hosts live conversations

featuremedia platform that rewards users withcryptocurrency
BitClout launched as a blockchain-based social

2018

media platform that allows users to invest in
influencers’ profiles

2019
2020

Twitter Spaces launched as an audio-chat2021

feature within Twitter that allows users to join or
host live conversations
emphasize its focus on the metaverse, a virtual

iPhone 14 released with a notchless design andenvironment where people can interact throughin-screen Touch ID feature

avatars
TikTok expected to surpass Facebook as the2023

power consumption of wireless connections

operate independently from 4G networks

Samsung Galaxy Z Fold3 released with an under- Open RAN technology enabled more flexibility
display camera and S Pen supportand interoperability for mobile network operators

Meta launched as a rebranding of Facebook to
2022

Mobile Network

Telegram launched as a secure messaging app

Steemit launched as a blockchain-based social
2017

Smartphone

C-V2X technology enabled direct communication
between vehicles and infrastructure forenhanced safety and efficiency

Samsung Galaxy Z Roll expected to be the firstmost popular social media platform with over 2.5 smartphone with a rollable display that can

6G networks expected to start trials in some123
extend or retract its screen size
billion monthly active users
Details:1. statista.com, 2. datareportal.com, 3. smartinsights.com

sub-millisecond latency

countries, offering terabit-level data speed andMETHODOLOGY1ST MISNC 2014:
KAOHSIUNG, TAIWAN

Session Topics• Social Networks Issues on Sociology,
Politics and Statistics• Information Technology for Social
Networks Analysis and Mining• Social Networks for Global eHealthand Bio-medics• Security, Open Data, E-Learning andOther Related Topics• Intelligent Data Analysis and Its
Applications
37 papers• Shyue-Liang Leon Wang, Jason J. June, Chung-Hong Lee, Koji Okuhara, Hsin-Chang
Yang:
Multidisciplinary Social Networks Research - International Conference, MISNC 2014,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan, September 13-14, 2014. Proceedings. Communications in
Computer and Information Science 473, Springer 2014, ISBN 978-3-662-45070-3
Electronic Commerce, e-Business Management, and Social Networks

MISNC2014 ABSTRACTWordsocialnetworkdatamobilenetworks
knowledge
onlinemanagement
mininganalysis
systemsecurity
community
facebook
keyevaluation
informationofFrequency

16
15

13
7
6
6
6
5
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3

Word
ontology
supportlearning
privacytrust
swarm
neuralmedia
policysearchvideo
open
assessment
diffusionandsurveymakinginteraction
performancenegative
servicerecommendation
emotionword-of-mouthFreque
ncy

2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2

KEYWORDS 2014

2ND MISNC 2015:
MATSUYAMA, JAPAN• Leon S. L. Wang, Shiro Uesugi, IHsien Ting, Koji Okuhara, Kai
Wang:
Multidisciplinary Social Networks
Research - Second International
Conference, MISNC 2015,
Matsuyama, Japan, September 1-3,
2015. Proceedings.
Communications in Computer andInformation Science 540, Springer
2015, ISBN 978-3-662-48318-3
Electronic Commerce, e-Business
Management, and Social Networks• 37 papers

KEYWORDS 2015
Keywordsocial media
network analysis
facebooksocial networks
social network analysis
twittersocial networking services

phenotypic disease network (pdn)social networking
open data portal
quality assessment
seniors
internet
categorization structure
computer center
service quality
open data
etourismscale
big data

Freque
ncy
5
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

3RD MISNC 2016: UNION,
NJ, USA• Proceedings of the
3rd Multidisciplinary
International Social
Networks Conference
on Social Informatics
2016, Data Science
2016, Union, NJ, USA,
August 15-17, 2016.
ACM 2016, ISBN 9781-4503-4129-5• 57 papers

KEYWORDS 2016
KeywordFrequencysocial networks
twitterdata mining
social media
machine learning
open data
knowledge managementnlp
k-anonymity
open election datasocial networking sites

4
4
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2

natural language processing
text classification
classification
visualization
ontology
big data
taiwan election
temperature sensor
regulatory engagement
theory

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1

4TH MISNC 2017:
BANGKOK, THAILAND• Proceedings of the 4th
Multidisciplinary
International Social
Networks Conference,MISNC '17, Bangkok,
Thailand, July 17-19,
2017. ACM 2017, ISBN
978-1-4503-48812Social Network
Analysis & Social
Network System• 48 papers

Keyword

Frequency

social network analysis
data mining
twitter5
5
3

recommender systems
social media
research impact222

collaborative filtering

2

recommendation systemsocial network
artificial intelligenceiot
image processing

2
2
2
2
2

partial periodic pattern

1

internet public opinion
monitoring

1
1

public opinion evolution

1

governance mechanism
early warning
text mining
utility upper-bound

1
1
1
1

KEYWORDS 2017

5TH MISNC 2018: SAINTETIENNE, FRANCE• Proceedings of the
5thMultidisciplinary
International
Social Networks
Conference, MISNC
2018, Saint-Etienne,
France, July 16-18,
2018. ACM 2018
• 27 papers

keywords
Frequency
data mining
4
text mining
2
anchoring effect2
open data2
committees
1
self-regulation
1
underachiever1academic achievement
1teacher
1international school
1
attitude1
motivation
1
self-perception
1achiever1
self-efficacy
1
class
1
social volume1
psychological determinants1group norm
1
mobile games
1

KEYWORDS 2018

6TH MISNC 2019:
WENZHOU, CHINA•

Jerry Chun-Wei Lin, IHsien Ting, Tiffany Tang,
Kai Wang:Multidisciplinary Social
Networks Research - 6thInternational Conference,MISNC 2019, Wenzhou,
China, August 26-28, 2019,
Revised Selected Papers.
Communications in
Computer andInformation Science 1131,
Springer 2019, ISBN 978981-15-1757-0 Electronic
Commerce, e-Business
Management, and Social
Networks• 15 papers

KEYWORDS 2019
Keywordcrowdfunding
esp
expectation confirmation theory
cross-border electronic commercepurchase intention
trust of online market
credibility of personal information
protection
structural equation model
environment
healthtableauvisualization
augmented reality
english as a foreign language
supply chain resilience
free to playhybrid system architecture
blockchain
location based services
social networks

Frequ
ency
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

7TH MISNC/IEMT 2020:
KAOHSIUNG, TAIWAN• MISNC 2020 & IEMT
2020: The 7thMultidisciplinary inInternational Social
Networks Conference
and The 3rdInternational
Conference on
Economics,
Management andTechnology,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan,
October, 2020. ACM
2020, ISBN 978-14503-8945-7• 23 papers

KEYWORDS 2020
Keywordtext mining
social media
loyalty
income inequality
long-term carebibliometricvisualization analysis
fertility rate
female's labor
participation
bayesian var
ecm
kuznets curveusers' loyalty
economic growth
id pos dataadvertising value
uses and gratification
theoryline official accountclick intention
emotionFrequency
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

8TH MISNC 2021: BERGEN,NORWAY•MISNC 2021: The 8thMultidisciplinary
International Social
Networks Conference,
Bergen, Norway,
November 15 - 17,
2021. ACM 2021, ISBN
978-1-4503-96011Electronic
Commerce, eBusiness
Management, andSocial Networks• 17 papers

KEYWORDS 2021
Keywordcovid-19
purchase intention
text mining
online shopping
name identification
cashless payment
smart payment system
tf-idfboycott
online review comment
classification techniqueinstagram
youtubehealthcare
engagementsocial networks
prediction model
crowdfunding
power distanceemotions

Frequ
ency
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

9TH MISNC 2022:
MATSUYAMA, JAPAN• MISNC2022: The
9th
Multidisciplinary
International Social
Networks
Conference
Matsuyama Japan
October 29 - 31,
2022, ACM 2022,
978-1-4503-98435Electronic
Commerce, eBusiness
Management, andSocial Networks• 14 papers

KEYWORDS 2022
Keywordpurchase intention
blockchain
text mining
virtual community
distributed ledger
smart contract
big data
emotions
tea ceremony
community of practicenohlearning history data
fast update
online review comments
high fuzzy utility itemset
data mining
incremental mining
prediction model
classification technique
utaut

Freq
uenc
y
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

10 TH MISNC 2023:
PHUKET, THAILAND• 39 papers

Numbersof Papers
60

50

40

30

20

10

37

48

57

48
27

39
15

23

17

14

0

TREND OF NUMBERSO F PA P E R S

ALL ABSTRACTS TOP100

SOME VARIATIONSE XC LUDE D" S T UDY", " RE S EARCH", " DATA", " BAS ED", " PAP ER"," S YS TE M", " U S E ", " U S E D", " R E S ULT"

Include“USE,
USED”
Exclude“MODEL”

CONCLUSION & FINDINGSCONCLUSION & FINDINGSCONCLUSION & FUTURE
Human &IoT

SPONSORSHUGE THANKS TO
EVERYONE WHO
CONTRIBUTED!!

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