ISSN 0289-842X

RIKEN
Accelerator
Progress Report
vol.

23

理化学研究所the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research

RIKEN Accelerator Progress Report iJ·(Q) (5) (Q)January. December U'fI (Q) 'fI

Jmil:: ~m ~ jiJT

the Insfifute of Physical and Chemical Research
Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-01 JAPANEditors
S. AmbeY. Awaya

Y. GonoM. HaraA. Hashizume

Y. Miyazawa

N. Sakai

1. Shimamura

1. Tanihata

E. Yagi

S. Yamaji

Y. YanoF. Yatagai

All rights reserved. This report or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form (including
photostatic or microfilm form) without written permission from the publisher.

CONTENTS
Page

I.

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1

II.

OPERATION OF ACCELERATORS1.

RRC Operation·····························································································

2

2.

RILAC Operation··························································································

3

3.

Status of the RIKEN-ECRIS for the AVF Cyclotron .......................................

5

4.

Cyclotron Operation ................... .... .............. .. ....................... .................. ....

6

5.

Tandetron Operation .............................................................................. ......

7

III.

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

1.

Nuclear Physics
1.

2.

H(d, 2p)n Reaction at 200 MeV·····································································

8

The 7+ States in 26AI Observed in the 24Mg(a, d) and 25Mg(3He, d)
Reactions ..... .......................................... ......... ....... ................................ ....

9

1

3.

Fragmentation of the 6- and 5- States in 26AI from the (a, d)Reaction······································································································ 10

4.

Deformed Nature of the 6- States in 26AI Observed by the (a, t)
Reaction······································································································ 11

5.

Emission of Complex Fragments for 84Kr+ 27 Al at 10.6 Me V l u ........................ 12

6.

Experimental Study of the Damped Nuclear Reactions of a 84Kr+ 27AI
System at 10.6 MeV l u···················································································· 137.

Electromagnetic Transition Probabilities in the Natural-Parity
Rotational Band of 173Yb .............................................................................. 14

8.

Angular Momentum Transfer in a Fusion-Like Process .............................. ...... 15

9.

Angular Momentum Transfer and Spin Alignment in the Reactionof 4°Ar+209Bi at 26 MeV I Nucleon ............................................................... ... 16

10.

Strong Inhibition of Gamma-ray Emission from Highly Excited
Nuclei ................................................................................... ...... ................ 1711.

First Observation of Spin Polarization in Projectile Fragmentsfrom Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Collision ................................................ 18

12.

Energy Dependence of Interaction Cross Sections············································· 19

13.

Electromagnetic Dissociation and Soft Giant Dipole Resonance of
Neutron Dripline Nuclei ........ ......................................................... ............ . 20

14.

Electromagnetic Dissociation of llBe at 0.8 A GeV and the Giant
Dipole Resonance of Neutron-Rich Nuclei ...................................................... 21

15.

Inclusive Production of K+ Mesons in 2.1 A GeV Nuclear Collisions· .... ·· ............ ·· 22

16.

Evidence Against Condensed Matter Fusion Induced by CosmicRay Muons······················· ·· ························ ................................................. . 23

Page

2.

17.

X-Ray Observation of a-Sticking Phenomena in Muon Catalyzed
Fusion for a High Density D-T Mixture of High T 2 Concentration····················· 24

18.

Ultr-Slow J1- Production via Muon Catalyzed Fusion······································· 25

19.

Muon Production from Heavy Ion Reactions Detected by "Large Q"
Secondary Beam Course .. . .. ... ..... . . ... . .... . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... .... .. . . . ... . . . .. . ...... . ... . . . .. . . .. 26

20.

Search for Neutron Emission from Cold Fusion ............................................. 27

2l.

Coulomb Dissociation of llLi ........................................................................ 28

22.

Momentum Distributions of 9Li Produced by Projectile Fragmentation of llLi ................................................................................................... 29

23.

Production of Energetic Particles in Heavy-Ion Collisions·· ............................... 30

24.

Hard Photon Production within a Selfconsistent Transport
Approach to Heavy-Ion Collisions .................................................................. 31

25.

Production of Hypernuclei in Relativistic Ion Beams······································· 32

26.

Strangeness Production in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions .............................. 33

27.

Mesonic Atom Production in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions ........................... 34

28.

Possibility of H-Particle Production in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions················································· ....................................................... , ... 35

29.

Hadronic Matter at Finite Temperature························································· 37

30.

Self-Consistent Transport Tensors for Collective Motion in Several
Dimensions ................................................................................................... 38

3l.

Nuclear Collective Motion: Markovian or Not? ............................................. 39

Atomic and Solid-State Physicsl.

Note on Symmetric Charge Exchange Cross Sections at Low
Velocity Ion Impact .................................................................................... 40

2.

Recoil Ion Velocities at Very Small Scattering Angles .................................... 41

3.

Theoretical Calculation of the Charge Transfer in Highly Charged
Ions ............................................................................................................ 42

4.

Hyper-radial Adiabatic Treatment of dJ1 +t Collisions at Low
Energies ...................................................................................................... 43

5.

Series of Resonances in Muonic Molecules······················································ 44

6.

Bound and Resonance Levels of Muonic Molecules and Their
Fusion Rates································································································ 45

7.

Radiative Electron Capture Cross Section for 26-MeV lu Ar 18 + Ions
on a Carbon Target .................................................................................... 46

8.

Scaling Law of MO X Rays··········································································· 47

9.

Measurements of Anisotropic K X-Ray Emission with Respect to
the Scattering Plane in 10 and 26 MeV Ne-Ne Collision Systems ..................... 48

10.

Coincidence Measurements of Recoil Ions with Projectile Ions in
1. 05 Me V I amu Ar q+ -Ar Collisions·································································· 49

11.

3.

Page
Multiply Charged Carbon Ions Produced in MeV /amu Ar q+ (q=4-14) + CH 4 Collisions································ ................................................. 50

12.

Excitation of Convoy-like Electrons by Impact of Glancing-Angle
Incident Fast Xe Ions···················································································· 51

13.

Incident-Angle Dependence of Peak Energies of AI- and Si-LVV
Auger Electrons for A r l2+ Ion Impact ............................................................ 52

14.

High Resolution L-Auger Spectroscopy of N a-Like Sulfur Excitedin 63-MeV S5++ He Collisions········ .. ···································· .......................... 53

15.

Angular Momentum Distribution of Autoionizing Rydberg States
Produced by 64-Me V S Ions in Collisions with Carbon Foils ........................... 54

16.

High-Resolution Measurement of Ejected Electrons from HeliumLike Carbon Ions (2[3[') .............................................................................. 55

17.

Spectrum of Highly Ionized Titanium Atoms in Beam-Foil Experiment ............................................................................................................ 56

18.

Efficient Resonance Ionization of Lu I by Two Step Laser Excitation ............................................................................................................ 57

19.

Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy of Organic Molecules················· ................ 58

20.

61Ni Mossbauer Studies of a New Ferromagnetic Heusler Alloy,
RuFe1.5Nio.5Si····· ........................................................................................... 60

21.

57Fe Mossbauer Study on Bi 2Sr 4Fe3012 ............................................................ 61

22.

Evolution of Krypton Precipitates in Kr-Implanted Aluminium ........................ 62

23.

Lattice Location of B Atoms in Nio.75Alo.15 Ti o.1o Intermetallic Compounds as Observed by a Channeling Method··························· .. ······················ 63

24.

Crystallographic Polarity of Ideomorphic Faces on a Cubic Boron
Nitride Single Crystal··············································· ..................................... 64

25.

RBS Investigation of 14N+-Implanted Ti, Cr, Fe, Zr, and Nb Sheets .. ··················· 65

26.

RBS Investigation of N -Implanted AIN x Films on Glassy Carbon ..................... 66

27 .

Depth Profile of Tb Implanted in CaF 2 . . ..... . ... . .. . . . ... . .. . .. . . . ... . .. . . . . . . ... . . .... . .... .. 67

28.

Correlation of Particle-Induced Displacement Damage in Si and
GaAs. II ............................................... .......... ..... ........................................ 68

29.

Diagnostics of ECR Plasma for Carbon Film Production ................................. 69

30.

Application of PIXE Analysis to Materials Sciences (II) ................................. 70

31.

PIXE Analysis of Human Spermatozoa Isolated from Seminal
Plasma by a "Swim" Technique·············· .. ···· .. ········································ .. ····· 71

Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry1.

Emission Mossbauer Spectra of 57Mn Formed in Chromium Compounds ......................................................................................................... 72

2.

99Ru Mossbauer Spectroscopic Studies of Heusler Alloys (II) ........................... 73

3.

Emission Mossbauer Studies on the Chemical States of 119Sb and
119mTe in S, Se, and Te ......... .............. ........................................................ .. 74

4.

Perturbed Angular Correlation of y Rays of 99Rh in a-Fe 2 03 ........................... 75

Page

4.

5.

5.

Angular-Momentum Effect in Heavy Ion-Induced Fusion Reactions····················· 76

6.

Preparation of a 48V Source for the Measurements of Positron
Lifetimes in Metals··············································································· ········ 77

7.

N o-Carrier-added Radiobromination with 75Br and 77Br and Their
Application to Neuro-Receptor Imaging in Nuclear Medicine ........................... 78

8.

Production of Tracers, Their Application, and Search for New RIProbes Using a RIKEN Ring Cyclotron Beam ................................................ 79

9.

Segregation Coefficient of Carbon, Boron, and Oxygen in GaAs
Crystal············································ ..................... ........................................ 80

10.

Improved Chemical Procedure for the Determination of Oxygen in
Gallium Arsenide·························································································· 81

11.

Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis of the Hydrogen Contents in
Diamond-like Carbon Films··································· ........................................ 82

12.

Multielement Depth Profiling of Multilayered Systems .................................... 83

13.

A New Technique for Preparation of an Enriched looMo Disk ofVery High Purity····· ..................................................................................... 84

14.

Measurement of Light Element Contaminants in Superlong-Lived
Carbon Stripper Foils······· ·········· ················· ·················································· 85

15.

Analysis of Deuterium in Palladium Electrodes by Heavy-Ion
Rutherford Scattering·················· ·· ··· ............................................................. 86

Radiation Chemistry and Radiation Biology

1.

High-Density Excitation by Heavy Ions: Track-Depth Resolved
Emission Measurement Using a Micro Track Scope ....................................... 87

2.

Production of Makrofol Microfilters by 14 N Ion Irradiation .............................. 88

Instrumentation

1.

A Proposal for Collinear Laser Spectroscopy of Refractory Elements ......................................................................................................... 89

2.

Low Energy Radioisotope Beam Channel "SLOW" for Surface
Studies··············································· .......................................................... 90

3.

Thickness Uniformity Measurements of Large Area SSDs for
Cosmic Ray Heavy Ion Telescope .................................................................. 91

4.

Development of a Multiwire Drift Chamber for the Measurementsof Proton Spectra ..... ............... ...... ................................................... .......... 92

5.

Timing Property of a Fast Timing Detector Using an Electron
Multiplier ................................................................................................... 93

6.

Improvement of the Sensitivity of a Proportional Counter by 1,
4-Dioxane ................................................................................................... 94

7.

Dosimetry by Means of a Liquid and a Gas Ionization Chamber .......... ·· ...... · .... · 96

8.

Multiple Sampling Ionization Chamber ......................................................... 97

9.

Calculation of the Injection Scheme for Muon (g-2) Experiments at
BNL ............................................ ................................................................ 98

10.

Page
Target Chamber for the Muon Catalyzed Fusion ............................................. 99

IV. NUCLEAR DATA
1.

Status Report of the Nuclear Data Group ...................................................... 100

2.

Cross-Section Data for 18F Production .. · ........ · ............................................... ·1013.

On Nuclear Reaction Data for the 28Mg Production .... · ..................................... 102

4.

The Nuclear Cross Sections for 81Rb Production .............................. · .............. 103

5.

Excitation Function Data for 67Ga Production ............................................... ·105

V.

DEVELOPMENT OF ACCELERATOR FACILITIES

1.

Ion Accelerator Development

2.

1.

Initial Operation of the Injector A VF Cyclotron ............................................. 106

2.

Status of the RF System of RIKEN Ring Cyclotron" .... ···· .............................. ··108

3.

Status of the RF System for the Injector A VF Cyclotron .............. .... .......... ·· ···1104.

Beam Rebuncher between the Injector A VF Cyclotron and RIKEN
Ring Cyclotron ........................................................................................ ·····111

5.

New Beam Current Monitor System at RILAC .......................................... .. .... 112

6.

Development of a 1083-nm Laser for a Polarized 3He Ion Source
Based on Optical Pumping .......................................................................... ·113

7.

Magnetic Field Measuring System for the RIPS Magnets · .................. ··· .... · .... ··114

Synchrotron Radiation Source Development

1.

Status of the Synchrotron Radiation Project .......... · .. · ..................................... 115

2.

A Preliminary Study on the Storage Ring Commissioning .. · .. ·· .. · ............ ·· ...... · .. 117

3.

Lattice Design for a Storage Ring with Long Straight Sections ........................ 119

4.

Recent Developments in the Computer Code "CATS" ....................................... 121

5.

Linear Coupling Compensation for the Storage Ring of SPring-8 .................... ·122

6.

Study of Injection for the Storage Ring of SPring-8 .................. ·· .. · .. · .. · ............ ·124

7.

Design of a Quadruple Bend Achromat Lattice ...... · .. · .............. · ............ · .. ··· .... ·126

8.

Design of a Detuned Lattice .................................................................... · ...... 128

9.

Study of the Effect of Vibrations on Beam Stability .. ·· ...... · ...... · ............ · ........ 131

10.

Vacuum System for the SPring-8 .................................................................. 132

11.

Outgassing Rates of 4 m-Long Model Chambers with and without
NEG Strips···································································································134

12.

Test of OFHC Flanges ................................................................................. 136

13 .

Manufacture of a Lumped NEG Pump ............ · .. · .. · .... · .......... · ...... · ...... · .......... ·138

14.

Surface Analysis of AI-Mg-Si Vacuum Chamber ............................................ ·139

15 .

Performance Characteristics of a St 707 N on-evaporable Getter
Strip ............................................................................................................ 141

16.

VI.

Page
Mounts of Vacuum Chambers······································································· ·143

17.

Fabrication of Vacuum Chamber, and Installation of the NEG
Strips for SPring-8 ...................................................................................... ·145

18.

Deformation of Vacuum Chambers During Evacuation and Bakeout·····················147

19.

Leakage Test for Aluminum-Alloy Flanges .................................................. ·148

20.

Hybrid Material Flange by Explosion Bonding··········· .. ·································· ·150

21.

Machining of OFHC with and without Oil ..................................................... ·151

22.

Vacuum Performance Characteristic of the Crotch········································· ·152

23.

Calibration of Nude Ionization Gauges with a Spinning Rotor
Gauge ...................................................... ···················································153

24.

Design of RF Cavities for the SPring-8 Storage Ring ....................................... 155

25.

Thermal Analysis of the Cavity for the SPring-8 Storage Ring ................. ·······156

26.

Impedance Calculation of RF Cavities with a Three-Dimensional
MAX3D Code ...................................................... ·······································157

27.

Loss Parameter Measurements of a Model Cavity for the SPring-8
Storage Ring······························································································· ·15828.

Impedance Calculations of the SPring-8 Vacuum Chamber ······························160

29.

Design of Magnets for the 8 Ge V Storage Ring··············································· ·162

30.

Design of Power Supplies for SPring-8 Storage Ring Magnets·························· ·165

31.

Development of Field Measurement Systems for SPring-8································ ·167

32.

Injection Devices for the SPring-8 ................................................................. ·168

33.

Commissioning of a Multipole Wiggler, MPW#13 .. ·········································· ·169

RADIATION MONITORING
1.

Routine Monitoring of the Cyclotron, RILAC, and T ANDETRON .................... ·171

2.

Leakage-Radiation Measurements in the Cyclotron Building ···························172

3.

Radiation Monitoring in the Ring Cyclotron Facility······································ ·173

VII.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ............................................ .......... ·································175

VIII.

SUBJECTS UNDER CONTRACT······························ ·· ··············································188

IX.

LIST OF SEMINARS ...................................................... ··········································189

X.

LIST OF PERSONNEL ...................................................... ·······································191
AUTHOR INDEX1I.

INTRODUCTION
H. Kamitsubo

The long range project to construct a heavyion accelerator complex at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Physics (RIKEN) was started
in 1974 and completed in 1989. The accelerator
complex consists of two injectors, that is, avariable-frequency heavy-ion linac and an A VF
cyclotron, and of an energy booster or a separated sector cyclotron. The project in its first phase
was devoted to the construction of the linac(RILAC), which was completed in 1980. The
construction of a separated sector cyclotron(RIKEN Ring Cyclotron, RRC) was started successively. The RRC was put into operation in
December, 1986. The second injector, an A VF
cyclotron (AVF) was completed in 1988. Construction of experimental devices was continued
from 1986 to 1988 and the major devices werecompleted by the end of FY 1988. The first beamfrom A VF was extracted in April and 14N ions
was successfully accelerated at RRC at the highest energy of 135MeV l u in July, 1989. The celebration of the project completion was held on
October 13, 1989.
During the past one year collaborative
research work using ion accelerators at RIKEN
has been carried out in the fields of nuclear andatomic physics, condensed matter physics,
nuclear and radiation chemistry, and radiation
biology. The main facilities dedicated to thiscollaborative research work are the heavy-ion
accelerator complex, a 160 cm cyclotron, and a
1MV electrostatic accelerator (TANDETRON).
The 160cm cyclotron will be shut down at the endof March, 1990.
RILAC has been operated as an injector to
RRC as well as an independent heavy-ion accelerator for its own users. The beam time for the
injection to RRC was nearly a half of the total
beam time of RILAC. On the other hand, A VF isused only as an injector to RRC, although it has
one beam line for its own users. RRC has been inroutine operation this year except June and July,when test operation in combination with AVF
was pursued. Now the basic operation scheduleof RRC is as follows: it is used for experiments
for three successive weeks and then for machine
study and maintenance for one week.
This year experiments were carried out by
inside and outside users on ten and eleven subjects in nuclear and non-nuclear physics fields,
respectively. Large spin polarization was observ-

ed for the first time in projectile fragments fromintermediate-energy heavy-ion collision. Subthreshold pion production and hard photon production were extensively studied in heavy ion
reactions. The interaction radii of the neutronrich nuiclei were systematically studied at Berkeley and their anomalous behavior was found.
Search for new isotopes has also been continued.
Theoretical studies were pursued on the production of hypernuclei and mesic atoms in highenergy nuclear collisions. Low and intermediateenergy heavy-ion collisions were analyzed byapplying the transport formalism.
Muon-catalyzed fusion reactions were studied
by measuring muonic X-rays arising from j1.sticking on a helium atom in liquid d-t mixture.
The theoretical analysis of muonic moleculesand dj1. + t collisions were performed.
Experimental studies were carried out on
atomic collision processes and on beam foil
spectroscopy by measuring the energy spectra ofphotons and electrons, charge-state distributionsof colliding ions, and angular distributions of X
rays and electrons as well as scattered ions.
High-energy and highly-ionized ions were used
for these studies. Laser spectroscopy of highlyexcited atoms were investigated for atomic' andnuclear structure studies.
Mossbauer spectroscopy, a perturbed angularcorrelation technique, Rutherford scattering
methods, and a nuclear reaction method havebeen applied to the studies of internal structureof condensed matter and impurity distribution
and chemical states of ions in solid and liquid.
Charged-particle activation analysis and PIXE
analysis have been applied to the analysis oflight-element impurities in high-purity materials,
and to the composition analysis of medical, environmental, and geological samples, and to theanalysis of light-element impurities inhigh-purity
materials.
RIKEN and Japan Atomic Energy ResearchInstitute (JAERI) has a plan to built an 8 GeV
synchrotron radiation source (SPring-8). The
design studies of the storage ring and R&D workon accelerator engineering needed for a highbrilliance synchrotoron radiation source havebeen pursued. The site for the SPring-8 was
decided to be at Harima Science Garden City,
Hyougo Prefecture. Construction is scheduled tostart in April, 1990.

2

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

II. OPERATION OF ACCELERATORS1.

RRC Operation

Y. Yana, K. Hatanaka, M. Kase, A. Gata, H. Isshiki, *R. Abe, * S. Otsuka, * H. Akagi, * T. Ishikawa, * and R. Ichikawa*
Ten themes of RRC experiments with a oneweek machine time per each were carrid out by
using RILAC-injected beams from January
through June. In this period, the final extensionof beam distribution lines was made to newexperiment areas of E4, E5, and E6 together with
the installation af a large experimental setup of
RIPS; thus all the experiments were carried out
at E1 room isolated from this work.
A new injector, K70 AVF cyclotron, was installed in the ring cyclotron building last December, and its assembling and tuning were finishedthis April. The first beam of 7 MeV / u 14N5+ was
successfully extracted immediately after that.

On July 20 we succeeded in extrating a 135
MeV / u 14N7+ beam from RRC in the AVF cyclotron injection. This beam has the largest magnetic rigidity that K540 RRC can produce, andthe world-highest energy among nitrogen CW
beams. On July 26 fully completed radiationcontrolled areas underwent the inspection by theauthorities for this top-energy beam.
After the summer regular machine overhaul inAugust-mid September the RRC experiment programs started again by using both RILAC and
AVF injected beams. New beams used for experiments are listed in Table l.

Table 1. New RRC beams in January- November 1989.
RRC

RILAC

ZONe
z2Ne
4°Ar
84Kr

F (MHz)QI

EI (MeV / u)

TN

Qz

~

Ez (MeV l u)

I (enA)

33
28
20
20

3
3
3

2.2
1. 25
0.65
0.65

6
5
5
5

9
8

9
10
10
10

37
21
10
10

150
40
1500
70

5

11

18

AVF

14N
180

RRC

F (MHz)QI

EI(MeV / u)

hi

Q2

~

Ez (MeV l u)

I (enA)

32.6
29

5

7
5.5

2
2

7
8

5
5

135
100

500
30

6

F, RF frequency of RRC (RILAC works at the same frequency as RRC, while AVF at half RRC frequency); QI, Q2.
Charge state; E I , E 2 • Beam Energy; TN. Number of tanks; hi. ~. Harmonic number; I, Maximum beam intensity
during the experimental run.

The beam transmission efficiency throughRRC has been improved stepwise, finding a better tuning method. At present it is over 50% and* Sumijyu Accelerator Service, Ltd.

typically 100% for a full injected beam. For the
extraction, nearly 100% transmission can beachieved.

3
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

11-2.

RILAC Operation

Y. Miyazawa, M. Hemmi, T. Inoue, M. Yanokura, M. Kase, E. Ikezawa,
T. Aihara,* T. Ohki,* H. Hasebe,* and Y. Chiba
RILAC has supplied various kinds of ion
beams for many research fields and also been
operated as an injector to RIKEN Ring Cyclotron (RRC). Table 1 gives the statistics of operation for Jan. I-Dec. 31, 1989. The total beamtime decreased by two days compared with thatof the last year. Table 2 gives the beam time forindividual research groups. Total beam-time foratomic and solid-state physics shows a 30%
increase compared with that of the last year.
A private company used three days. The beamtime for the injection to RRC decreased from 80
to 67 days, because a new AVF cyclotron wascompleted as another injector. Table 3 shows thestatistics of ions used this year.
To test the possibility of acceleration in afrequency region near the upper limit, a C4+
beam (44 MeV) was accelerated at a frequency of
44 MHz without problems. Nb6+, Dy7+, and Hf7+
were produced for the first time by using a sputter PIG source, but they were not yet accelerated
in RILAC. Best beam transmission (from the ion
source to a Faraday cup installed just behind theTable 1.
1989.

Statistics of the operation for Jan.1 -Dec.31,

Beam time
Frequency change
Overhaul and improvement
Periodic inspection and repair
Machine trouble
Scheduled shut down
Total
Table 2.

Day

%

174
15
45
15

47.7
4.1
12.3
4.1
0.3
31.5
100

115
365

Beam time for individual research groups.

Atomic physics
Solid-state physics
Nuclear physics
Radiation chemistry
Accelerator research
Beam irradiation
Beam transportation to RRC
Total* Sumijyu Accelerator Service, Ltd.

Day
41
22
21
15
5
3
67
174

%
23.6
12.6
12.1
8.6
2.9
1.7
38.5
100

Table 3. List of ions used this year.
Ion

Mass

Charge state

Day

C
C
N
N
Ne
Ne
Ne
Ne
Al
Ar
Ar
Ar
Ti
Ti
Cr
Cu
Kr
Xe
Xe

12
12
14
14
20
20
20
22
27
40
40
40
48
48
52
63
84
132
132

2
4

6
2
8
18
13
6
1
5
2
19
55
2
4
2
2
3
10
1
15

2
3
2
3
4
3
3
3
4
6
3
4
4
4
5
7
9

switching magnet) achieved after carefull beamtunning is 13%.
This year we had maintenance items as listed
follows:
1) Because of the deteriorated surface insulation of a cylindrical insulator housing, a 500 k V
injector power supply (made in USA) used for the
past twelve years was replaced with a new one(made by Nichikon). We had been worried aboutoccational flashings along the surface.
2) We experienced two incidents with 'a n
optical fiber link controlling the ion source on a
500kV voltage terminal: one was the disconnection of a fiber core by electrostatic stress, and theother was flashings caused by fine dust laid foryears on the cable surface.
We developed and tested a new optical linktransmitting light signals directly through space
without a fiber cable.
3) An rf feeder for a No. 6 resonator had avacuum leak at the cone-shaped alumina feedthrough insula tor. The insula tor was replacedwith a new one.
4) Thin copper sheets (10 cm wide, 7 cm long,and 0.3 mm thick), which formed an rf path
between the upper and the lower structure of the

4

Y. Miyazawa et al.

resonator, melted over one meter with an anomalous rf current.
5) A sliding transformer (14 k V A) in the final
tube filament power supply of a No. 1 rf power
amplifier was worn out for twelve year operation; replaced by a new one.
6) Electronics of beam current monitor system with beam slits and Faraday cups were

replaced by a new-designed system which uses anintelligent interface circuit DIM (Device Interface Module), as a sequenser. 1)
References
1) M. Kase, T. Aihara, and I. Yokoyama: This report, p.

ll2.

5
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

11-3. Status of the RIKEN-ECRIS for the AVF Cyclotron
K. Hatanaka and E. Ikezawa
The RIKEN-ECRIS was successfully operated
in 1989; the preliminary performance of thesource was reported elsewhere. I- 3) The beam line
downstream the charge analyzing system3) to theinjector AVF-cyclotron was installed at the endof last March. The schematic drawing of thebeam injection line is shown in Fig. 1. The system consisting of two 45°bending magnets andthree quadrupole singlets constitutes anachromatic one and bends the beam verticallydown to the cyclotron. A beam emittance isshaped by use of the quadrupole quartet to matchthe acceptance of the cyclotron. Two Glazer
lenses and a steering magnet are set inside thehole of the upper yoke. The injected beam is bent
into the median plane of the cyclotron with aspiral inflector installed at the center of thecyclotron.
The A VF cyclotron was also completed last
March. The first operation was acheived in April
to inject ions to the cyclotron, and the first beamof 14N5+ with 7 MeV lu, the designed maximum
energy, was successfully extracted after two-day
operation. The beam was injected into RIKEN
Ring Cyclotron (RRC) and a 14N7+ beam of 135
Me V I u corresponding to the maximum magnetic
rigidity of RRC was extracted on July 20. So far
two kinds of ion species, 14N5+ and IS06+, were
injected to the A VF cyclotron from ECRIS .
. An operational test with solid elements havebeen performed to increase ion species from thesource. Multi chaged ions were obtained forthree kinds of elements, Mg, Al and Ni. For eachelement, ions were produced by sputtering
ceramics containing MgO, Al 20 3 and NiO.
Cramics were inserted into the plasma region
through the space between poles of an open
hexapole magnet in the main stage, and sputtered by 16 0 ions in the plasma. Following results
have been obtained from the preliminary test:
24Mg7+ 3.5 ej1.A, 27AIs+ 15 ej1.A, 5sNpo+ 8.5 ej1.A,
5sNp2+ 12 ejJ.A, 5sNp3+ 9 ej1.A, 58Np4+ 8.5 ej1.A,
58Np5+ 7 ej1.A, 5sNp6+ 8 ej1.A, and 5SNp7+ 4 ej1.A.
Figure 2 shows a typical spectrum oftained with
Ni. The cross section of the sample is 4 mm<p for

Fig. 1.

Schematic drawing of the beam injection line.

Tuned for 58Nil6+

01+

Ns+C H

Ht
W
N6+

Cs+

Analyzing magnet current

Fig. 2.

Charge state spectrum with Ni.

MgO and A1 20 3, and 4 mm o for NiO, respectively. The consumption rate of the sample was lessthan 0.5 mmlhour for all materials. With the
A VF cyclotron, 24Mg7+ and 27 AIs+ ions can be
accelerated up to 7 MeV lu, and 5sNp6+ up to 5
MeV/u.
References
1) K. Hatanaka, H. Nonaka, and H. Kamitsubo: Proc.
Int. Conf. ECR Ion Sources and Their Applications, p.
353 (987).
2) K. Hatanaka and H. N onaka: Proc. Int. Conf. thePhysics of Multiply Charged Ions and Int. Workshop
E.C.R. Ion Sources (1989).
3) K. Hatanaka, H. N onaka, E. Ikezawa, and W.
Yokota: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22, 219 (1988).

6
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

11-4.

Cyclotron Operation

K. Ogiwara, T. Kageyama, and S. Kohara
The 160 cm cyclotron was operated on a 24
hours-a-day basis during the period XXIV from
Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1989.
The statistics of the machine operation time isshown in Table 1.
Table 2 shows the beam-time allotment tovarious activities during this period. Table 3
shows the distribution of the scheduled beamtime among various particles.
The 160 cm cyclotron was decided to be shut
down in March 1990.
Table 1. Cyclotron Operation in the period XXIV .
Oscillator

Ion source

Beam

Subject

Heavy ionLight ion

Total

RI production for nuclear
and solid physics

87 h

149 h

236 h

Nuclear chemistry

0

513

513

Radiation biology

63

Radiation chemistry

290

50
46

336

113

Radiation damageof polymer

8

41

49

Radiation damageof semiconductor

0

28

28

Test of radiation detector

0

2

2

0

310

310

0
38

18
8

18
46

0

298

298

Total

486 h

1,463 h1,949 hPercentage in total

24 .9%

75.1%

100%

Outside users

Reading of the time
meter onJan. 06 1989(h)Table 2 . Scheduled beam-time and research subjects inperiod XXIV.

Radiochemical analyses
97,380.8

103,421.5

61,45.39

Radiation damageof device for sattelite

Reading of the time
meter onJan. 06 1990(h)99,107.6

105,423.5

62,797.0

Defference(h)1,726.8

2,002.0

13,413.1

Schedule in this period:
Beam-time
Overhaul and installation

134 d
79

Periodical inspection and repair

42

Schedule shutdown
Machine trouble

107
3

Test of single event upset
Proton irradiationon thyristor

Table 3. Distribution of beam-time among particles
accelerated.
Particle

(h)

(%)

p
3He 2 +

636
358
469

32.6
18.4
24 .1

31

1.6

414

21.2

41

2.1

1,949

100.0

4He 2 +
12 C4+
14N4+,5+
16 0 5+
Total

7

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

11-5.

Tandetron Operation

T. Kobayashi, H. Sakairi, E. Vagi, and T. UraiThe Tandetron was operated for 97 days during the 10 months from Jan.l to Oct.31 ,1989.
Accelerated ions were lH, 4He, and 11B.
An accelerating tube sparked on Jan.23,1989,
and the machine was shut down until Mar.12,
1989, to repair damaged parts in an SF 6 tank.
Other maj or failures include the cracking of acesium-ion gun and the dislocating of a duoplasmatron housing caused by the overheating ofsynthetic-resin glue.
Experimental studies were carried out on thefollowing subjects.
(1) Rutherford backscattering spectroscopya) Behavior of Kr atoms in Al (Metal
Physics Lab')b) RBS analysis of Ti-AI-N thin films (Metal
Physics Lab')c) Characterization of AIN x (Surface Characterization Center)d ) Crystallographic polarity of ideomorphic
faces on c-BN single crystal (Surface Characterization Center and Surface and Inter-face Lab')e) Ion irradiation effect on a Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O
oxide superconductor (Surface Characterization Center and Surface and Interface
Lab')f) Analysis of damage and Cu distribution in
Cu-implanted CaF z (Semiconductor Lab.
and Surface Characterization Center)(2)

Nuclear reaction analysisa ) State of hydrogen in Nb-Mo alloys (Metal
Physics Lab')b) Lattice location of B atoms in Ni3AI intermetallic compounds (Metal Physics Lab.)(3) Particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE)a) Behavior of Si and P atoms in Fe and Ni(Metal Physics Lab')b) Basic study of PIXE and its application to
medical, environmental, archaeological, andma terials science (Inorganic Chemic a l
Physics Lab.)

8

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

III.

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

1. Nuclear Physics
1. lH(d,2p)n Reaction at 200 MeV
T. Motobayashi, C. Perrin, *1 ] . Carbonell, *1 C. Wilkin, *2 S. Kox, *1 F. Merchez, *1
Nguyen van Sen,*l D. Rebreyend,*l G. Guillaume,*3 ]. Arvieux,*4 ]. Yonnet, *4
B. Bonin, *5 A. Boudard, *5 M. Garcon, *5 ]. Guillot, *6 and G. Gaillard *7
NUCLEAR REACTIONS IH(d,2p), E=200 MeV; mea-]
sured (J (f)), Ay (f)), Ayy (f)), Axx (f)), CsI(Tl) scintillator[
array. PWIA analysis.
The cross section, vector Ay and two tensor
analyzing powers Axx and Ayy have been measured for the IH(d,2p)n reaction at E d =200 MeV
by using a tensor polarized deuteron beam fromthe synchrotron Saturne II at Saclay. Two protons emitted from the (d,2p) reaction were detected in coincidence by the EM RIC device, I) an
array of 24 detection modules composed of 4 x
4 x 10 cm 3 CsI(Tl) crystals (Fig. 1). The experimental results are shown in Fig. 2. The agreement with the prediction of a plane wave impulse
approximation calculation 2 ) is, in general, very
good up to a momentum transfer of q = 200
MeV Ic in the region of low p-p excitationenergies. The large cross section and significant
tensor analyzing powers measured confirm thatthe reaction may be used as a basis of an efficientand convenient deuteron tensor polarimeter atintermediate energies.

0.5 (b)

Ay
o
Nu

30
(a)

90 9C .M .

60

1H(d,2p)n•••o ..........-.-•• -.-._!....--·0.5

1H(d,2p)nN::-

Ed=200 MeV

Q)

<.9
.0

.s

Eex< 1 MeV
eo.g32 10.- - -

o

~~-\J

·0.5

••

N

CJ

••• +

0.5

Ayy

100 0

eo

o

o

·1
o

o
00

00

o0

o

0

....
·0.5

100

200

300

400

500

q (MeV/c)0~·1~00~200~-300~~400~~500

q (MeV/c)

Fig. 2. Differential cross section (a), vector analyzing
power Ay and tensor analyzing powers Ayy and Axx(b). The solid curves represent the results calculatedby the PWIA model.

References
1) F . Merchez, S. Kox, C. Perrin, ]. Mistretta, ].c.

Fig. 1. Schematic view of the experimental setup.

* 1 Institut des Science N ucleaires, 38026 Grenoble Cedex,
France.
*2 University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
*3 Centre de Recherches Nucleaires, 67037 Strasbourg
Cedex, France.
*4 Laboratoire National Saturne, 91191
Gif·sur·Yvette
Cedex, Fracne.
*5 DPhN/ ME-Saclay,
91191 Gif-sur·Yvette Cedex,
France.
*6 Institute de Physique NUcleaire, 91406 Orsay Cedex,
France.
*7 DPNC Universite de Geneve, 1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland.

Gondrand, L.N. Imouk, P. Gretillat, and E. Schwarz:
Nucl. Instrum. Methods, A275, 133 (1989).
2) D.V. Bugg and C. Wilkin: Nucl. Phys., A467 , 575(1987) .

9
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-2. The 7+ States in 26AI Observed in the 24Mg( a, d)and 25Mg(3He, d) Reactions
M. Yasue, H. Sato, M.H. Tanaka, *1 T. Tanabe, *1 T. Hasegawa, *2
K. Nisimura, *3 H. Ohnuma, H. Toyokawa, *4 H. Shimizu, K. Ieki,
K. Ogawa, *5 S.L Hayakawa, and R.J. Peterson *6
NUCLEAR REACTION 24Mg(a, d) 26AI, Ea=63.7 MeV and ]2SMg (3He, d) 26 AI, ~ = 55. 2 MeV, DWBA analyses, enhance[
ment factors for 7+ states.

The 7+ states in 26Al were studied by the 24Mg
(a, d) 26AI reaction at Ea=63. 7 MeV and by the2SMg (3He, d) 26 Al reaction at ~ = 55. 2 MeV byusing the INS-SF cyclotron, the University ofTokyo.
Five 7+ states were newly indentified, in addi-

tion to the known 8 .14 MeV 7+ state, from the(a, d) angular distributions. Comparisons of the(a, d) and (3He, d) cross sections showed thatthe 11. 81 MeV state was excited through the(ds /2g9/2) component and the other 7+ states
through the (f7/2) 2 component. The results

Table 1. Spectroscopic strengths for the 7+ states in 26AI observed via (a , d) and (3 He, d) reactions.
Spectroscopic information on the 6.88·MeV 6- state cited from Ref. 1 is shown for comparison. Integrated(a, d) cross sections a'I NT are also given. Abbreviated notations for the two-nucleon configurations areused: for instance, f7f7 means (f7l2 ) 2.

Ex
(MeV)

JTt

Conf.

NL]

in (a, d)(mb)

Enhancement
factorin ( a, d)Spectroscopic
factorin (3 He, d)

6.88
7.89
8.14
8 .98
10 .61
11 .81
12 .00

67+
7+
7+
7+
7+
7+

d5f7
f7f7
f7f7
f7f7
f7f7
d5g9
f7f7

056
067
067
067
067
067
067

1.67
0.31
1.10
0.12
0.09
0.70
0.11

0.33
0.05
0.17
0.02
0.01
0. 11
0.03

0.13

a'INT

obtained are listed in Table 1. Details will be
published elsewhere. 1)

Institute for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo.
Faculty of Engineering, Miyazaki University.
*3 Miyagi University of Education.
*4 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology.
*5 Laboratory of Physics, Kanto Gakuin University.
*6 Nuclear Physics Laboratory, University of Colorado.

*1

*2

0.047

References
1) R.J. Peterson et at.: Phys. Rev., C38, 1130 (1988) .

10
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

Fragmentation of the 6- and 5- States in 26AI
from the ( a ,d) Reaction

111-1-3.

M. Yasue, H. Sato, M.H. Tanaka;l T. Tanabe;l T. Hasegawa;2K. Nisimura;3 H. Ohnuma, H. Toyokawa;4 H. Shilnizu, K. Ieki,
S.l. Hayakawa, and R.J. Peterson*5
NUCLEAR REACTION 24Mg(a,d)26AI, Ea = 63.7 MeV, J( DWBA analyses, enhancement factors for 6- and 5- states.

The 6- and 5- states in 26AI were studied in theregion of excitation energy Ex = 5- 15 MeV withthe 24Mg(a,d)26AI reaction at E(;"( = 63.7 MeV byusing the INS-SF cyclotron, the University ofTokyo. The data were analyzed within theframework of the zero-range DWBA theory for a
macroscopic deuteron-cluster transfer as well aso. 4()He,d),s-

0.2

x

!-<
t:)

Z

tu

a:

!-<

0.05

(a,d)

5-

til

U

c..
0

u

0.2

....

()He,d),6-

til

"

0

a:
!-<
u

~

!-<

0

f.-

0.1

til

for a microscopic two-nucleon transfer, andcompared with our previous resultsI) on the 25Mg_(3 He,d)26Al reaction at e, = 55. 2 MeV. Two 6and four 5- states are newly proposed, the lowest
5- , T = 0 state at Ex = 6. 88 MeV in particular.
Possible configurations of the 6- and 5- states
are discussed from comparisons of the (a ,d) andeHe,d) cross sections. Mixtures of the (d 5/ 2 f5 / 2)and (d3/2f7/2) components are suggested for the 5states above Ex=8 MeV. Five 6- states previously assigned as T = 1 were observed ~n the present( a ,d) reaction. The isospin impurity amplitudesof the 6- wave functions estimated from themeasured ( a,d) cross sections under simplified
assumptions were consistent with those deduced
from the comparison of the (a, 3He) and (a,t)
data, and were at least partially explained by adensity-dependent Hartree-Fock calculation. 2) A
possible admixture of the 3fiw (Od 5/2 lf7/2) configuration is also suggested for the high-lying 6states. Results obtained are displayed in Fig. 1.

0.2

References
10
Ex (MeV)

in

261\1

Fig. 1. Enhancement factors f. for the 24Mg( a ,d)26 Al
reaction leading to the 6- and 5- states are comparedwith spectroscopic factors S for the Of m single protontransfer obtained in Refs. 1 and 3. The white andblack bars represent the strengths for T = 0 and 1
states, respectively.

Institute for Nuclear Study, the University of Tokyo.
Faculty of Engineering, Miyazaki University.
*3 Miyagi University of Education.
*4 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology.
*5 Nuclear Physics Laboratory, University of Colorado.

*1*21) R]. Peterson, M. Yasue, M.H. Tanaka, T. Hasegawa, K. Nisimura, H. Ohnuma, H. Shimizu, K. Ieki,
H. Toyokawa, and S.I. Hayakawa: Phys. Rev., C38,
1130 (1988).
2) H. Sato and Y. Okuhara: Phys. Rev., C34, 2171 (1986) .

3) M. Yasue, H. Sato, T. Hasegawa, J. Takamatsu, A.
Terasawa, T. Nakagawa, and R]. Peterson: Phys.
Rev., C39, 2159 (1989).

11

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-4. Deformed Natu re of the 6- States in 26AI Observed by the (a ,t)Reaction
M. Yasue, H. Sato, T. Hasegawa, * T. Nakagawa, **J. Takamatsu,** A. Terakawa,** and R.J. Peterson***
NUCLEAR REACTION 25Mg(a , t)26AI, Ea = 50 MeV, J[ Ex. = 5.0- 9. 3 MeV, DWBA analyses, spectroscopic factors.
The 25Mg(a, t)26AI reaction has been studied
at Ea=50 MeV in the region of excitation energy
from 5 to 10 MeV with an energy resolution of 20
ke V by using the INS-SF cyclotron, the University of Tokyo. The fragmentation of thestrengths for the stretched 6- states is found to beconsistent with the calculation for an oblately
deformed nucleus, in contrast to the prolate
shape of the ground-state band. Results obtained
are listed in Table 1. Details were publishedelsewhere. 6)

Table 1. Spectroscopic information for Ofm stripping to the high spin states in 26Al
studied by the 25Mg(a,t)26AI reaction at Ea =50 MeV.
Previous work a )Present work

Spectroscopic factors
Previous works

Ex

J1C; T

(MeV)
6.892
7.529
9.264 C)
6.083
7.548
8.011
8.067
5.394
5.676
5.692
6.724
7.109
7.168
7.348
7.410

Ex

NL2J

6 .892
7.527
9.267
6.084
7.550
8.008
8.065
5.394
5.676
5.692
6.726
7.107
7.163
7.350
7.413

OF7
OF7
OF7
OF7
OF7
OF7
OF7
OF7
OF7
OF7
OF7
OF7
OF7
OF7
OF7

(MeV)
6- ;0
6- ;0
6-;1
5- ;Od)
5- ;0
5- ;0
5- ;1
4- ;0
4-;0
3- ;0
4-;0
4- ;0
4- ;0
4- ;1 + (0)4- ;Od)+ (1)(mb)

Present work
(a,t)

0.16
0. 06
0. 10
0.33
0.02
0.08
0. 10
0.10
0.21
0.08
0.01
0.02
0.03
0. 09
0.07

0. 17
0. 09
0.22
0.38
0. 03
0.15
0. 20
0 . 10
0.26
0.12
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.16
0. 12

0"1 NT(3 He,d)b)(a,t) C)

0.13
0.11
0.17
0.31

0. 16
0. 15
0.20
0.32

0.10
0.18
0.10
o.31 e )

0.14
0.19
0.10
0 . 35 e )}Errors in excitation energy is ± 5 ke V.
b) (3 He,d) at 55 MeV in Ref. 3.
a) (p,y) in Ref. 1 and (d,a) in Ref. 2.
d)c) (a,t) at 81 MeV in Ref. 4.
Isospin assignment from (a ,d) at 64.7 Me V in Ref. 5.
e) The doublet at 5.676 Me V and 5.692 is not separated.
These values are given by assuming the doublet to be a 4- state.
0
O"I NT means the integrated cross section over the range of angles O
cm= 50- 40 O"I NT = 27r dO" / dO. sinOdO.

fReferences
1) P.M. Endt, P. Dewit, and C. Alderliesten: Nucl. Phys. ,A459, 61 (1986).
• Faculty of Engineering, Miyazaki University.
.. Department of Physics, Tohoku University.
••• Nuclear Physics Laboratory, University of Colorado.

2) D.O. Boerma, A.R Arends, P.M. Endt, W. Gruebler,
V. Konig, P.A. Schmelzbach, and R Risler: Nucl.
Phys., A449 , 187 (1986 ) .
3) RJ. Peterson et at.: Phys. R ev. , C38, 1130 (1988).
4) R.J. Peterson et at.: ibid., C33, 31 (1986).
5) M. Yasue et at.: unpublished .
6) M. Yasue et at.: Phys. Rev., C39, 2159 (1989) .

12
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-5.

Emission of Complex Fragments for 84Kr +27 AI at 10.6 MeV /uT. Nakagawa, K. Yuasa-Nakagawa, S.C. Jeong, H. Fujiwara, Y.H . Pu,
T. Mizota, H. Kugoh, K. Ieki, 1. Tanihata, B. Heusch, T. Sugimitsu, and S.M. Lee
NUCLEAR REACTION 84Kr+ 27 AI EL=10.6 MeV/u; energy spectrum][ and charge distrution of intermediate mass fragments.

In recent years the observation of intermediate
mass fragments (IMF) and its theoretical interpretation have become one of the most puzzling
topics in intermediate energy heavy ion
reactions. I) In order to study the mechanism of
IMF emission, it must be worthwhile to see theenergy dependence of IMF mass distribution
experimentally. A 84Kr+ 27 Al system has alreadybeen investigated at 35 MeV l u;2) however, its
quantitative interpretation is very difficult sinceincomplete fusion is dominant at an entrance
channel. We have chosen the same system,
84Kr+ 27 AI, but at lower energy, 10.6 MeV l u,
where complete fusion is still dominant(-----90%). In this experiment IMF and fissionlike products were measured simultaneously.

...
•

n)

b)

•

The fission parts are reported separately,3) andthe experimental procedure is discussed therein.
The source velocity extracted from IMF emission is found to be equal to the velocity of thecomplete fusion products. Energy spectra (3 ~ Z~ 10) in the center of mass system are shown in
Fig. 1. The energy of the maximum point of thespectrum seems to be governed by the coulomb
energy of the excit channel and increases as theatomic number Z of an emitted particle
increases. Energy spectra changes in shape frommaxwellian to the gaussian as Z of an emitted
particle increases, showing the typical characteristics of complex fragment evaporation. 4) Figure
2 shows the Z distribution of the angleintegrated cross section for IMF. At this energy,...

Z=6 (x 1000)

!~

i

!

t
f

:0 101

f

g

10"

b

~ 10

Z=5 (xlOO)

0

10-1
10-1

f

10-2

0

20

40

2 Z=7

Z=3

60

Ec.m . (MeV)

80

100

10-2
0

50

100

150

Z ( charge number)

Ec.m. (MeV)

Fig. 1. Energy spectrum of complex fragments (3::;; Z::;;6) in a c.m. sytsem a) 3::;;Z::;;6; b) 7::;;Z::;;1O.

the Z-distribution does not exhibit smooth Z - r
behavior, but some structures. This result may
indicate that a Q-value effect might be large inreproducing Z-distribution. A statistical model
analysis is now in progress.

10 0 I..-...L---L..--'--L.--'--'---'---.1........L-....l-.-----.J
0
2
4
6
8
I ()
12

Fig. 2. Angle-integrated charge distributions of complex fragments.

References
1) T. Matsuse, M. Ogihara, and S.M. Lee: Proc. of
RIKEN-IN2P3 Symp. on Heavy-ion Collision,
Shimoda, Oct., p. 288 (1987) .
2) F. Auger et at.: Phys. Rev., C35, 190 (1987).
3) YR. Pu et at.: This report, p.13.
4) L.G. Moretto: Nuct. Phys., A249, 271 (1975)_

13
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·1·6.

Experimental Study of the Damped. Nuclear Reactions of
a 84Kr+27 AI System at 10.6 MeV /uY.H. Pu, T. Nakagawa, B. Heusch, K. Ieki, T. Sugimitsu,
H. Fujiwara, S.C. Jeong, T. Mizota, K. Yuasa-Nakagawa,
H. Kugoh, 1. Tanihata, and S.M. Lee(NUCLEAR REACTIONS, fission-like fragments, Z-distribution.J

A large difference between the element distributions of binary reaction products at E1ab = 5.9
MeV lul) and E 1ab =35 MeV lu 2 ) for the 84Kr+ 27 AI
system was observed. We have performed anexperiment for the system at an incident energyof 10.6 MeV lu intending to investigate the evolution of the reaction mechanisms. A selfsupporting 27 Al target of 610 Jig/cm2 in thickness
was bombarded with 84Kr beams of 10.6 MeV lu
delivered by the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. Inclusive measurements were made to get element andangular distribution by using two small counter
telescopes, each consisting of a gridded ionization chamber and a solid state detector. The
solid angles of these two telescopes were 0.41
msr and 0.83 msr, respectively. Exclusive measurements of the two reaction products were also
performed by introducing another gas counter
telescope which is position sensitive and has alarge entrance window 3 ) (L1 f)~8° ). Elements up
to about Z = 16 were clearly identified. Fromsimple kinematical considerations, the source
velocities of the observed fragments wereextracted. Figure 1 shows the independence ofthe extracted source velocities on the detection
angle for Z = 25 . We carried out the same thingsfor other elements and observed that the averagevalues for all elements are exactly equal to therecoil velocity of complete fusion products, indicating that they are all due to binary decays ofthe same compound nucleus. The measured angular distributions are essentially of (sinf))-1
shapes in the reference frame of the emitter. The
cross section for each element is obtained byintegrating the angular distribution with a(sin f)) -1 fit, the preliminary result is given in Fig.
2. Further data analysis including the exclusive
data and theoretical analyses based on scission
point model 4) and saddle point model 2,5} are
under way. A more complete experiment on thesame system and at the same energy including

6.0 r---.---,--....,---,---,--,-----,,......
(,)Q)

cz = 25 .

E

Vel =3.42(f).......

*

4.0

>

Q

.::-

ao e 00 0 0

'uo
Qj

>

2.0

Q)

~
::J
o

(f)

0.0 0

10

15

20

25

30

35

Lob Angle (degree)

Fig. 1. Source velocities extracted from the energy
spectra as a function of detection angles.

\~4Kr~"'.EIQb=IO.61.4.V /u
30 . 0"t5

20 . 0

10.0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Atomic Number

Fig. 2. Preliminary result of the Z-distribution of themeasured fission-like fragments.

mass measurement is now being prepared.
References
1) B. Heusch et at.: Z. Phys., A322, 309 (1985).
2) F. Auger et at.: Phys. Rev., C35, 190 (1987).
3) Y.H. Pu et at.: UITAe Annu. Rep., p. 13 (1988).
4) S.M. Lee and T. Matsuse: Proc. of Int. Symp. on
Heavy-Ion Physics. Mt. Fuji, p. 272 (1984).
5) L.G. Moretto: Nucl. Phys., A247, 271 (1975).

14
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (989)111-1-7. Electromagnetic Transition Probabilities in
the Natu ral-Parity Rotational Band of 173Yb
M. Oshima, M. Matsuzaki, * S. Ichikawa, * H. Iimura, * H. Kusakari,
T. Inamura, A. Hashizume, and M. Sugawara
NUCLEAR REACTIONS 173Yb(58Ni, 58Ni'y), E=250 J
Me V; measured E y , nuclear lifetimes; recoil distance[method; B(Ml) signature dependence and calculation.

In the natural-parity rotatioanal band of 163Dy
we have found that the phase of the signaturedependence of B (M1) values is opposite to theone which is expected for the dominant j = 9/ 2
configuration,1.2) while the quasiparticle energy
splitting and the absolute value of B (Ml) are inagreement with the dominant j = 9/ 2 characterfor this band. This "inverted" signature dependence was shown in terms of a rotating shellmodel to originate from the characteristic coherence between the orbital and spin contributionsin the spin-down (Q = A -1/2) dominant onequasiparticle states. 2.3) In order to confirm such amechanism, the counterpart, i.e., the spin-up( Q = A + 1/ 2) dominant configurations should bestudied. Therefore, we performed a Coulombexcitation experiment on 173Yb whose groundstate rotational band is based on the naturalparity Nilsson state v5/2 [512J. We have assigned levels up to ]"= (27/ 2- ) and measured
y-ray branchings, E2/ Ml mixing rations andnuclear lifetimes, and determined the absolute
intraband transition probabilities up to the 25/ 2state. 4 )All observed quantities show almost no signature dependence as is generally expected for the
spin-up one quasiparticle bands with naturalparity. Our rotating shell-model calculations well
reproduce both the absolute values and the signature dependence of these quantities. Here we
adopted geometrical factors proposed by Donau 5 )to make a correction for the deviation between
the direction of the total angular momentum andthe cranking axis, which is not incorporated in
the rotating shell model. (This deviation becomes* Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai.

-

06

7

2"

j

~

-- OA

23

15

2"

2

j

I

----------

:;"
i

- 0.2
0

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

flWrol (MeV)

Fig. 1. B(M1; I - I - 1) values for the ground-state
rotational band of 173Yb. The solid (broken) line shows
the calculation with (without) the geometrical factor.
The dotted line includes the y vibration besides ' thegeometrical factor.

larger for lower spin states in odd nuclei.) Figure
1 shows the experimental and theoretical B (M1)values for I ~ I -1 transitions.
We conclude that the signature dependence ofthe spin-down and the spin-up configurations
with natural parity is reproduced in a consistentmanner in terms of the rotating shell model.
References
1) E. Minehara, M. Oshima, S. Kikuchi, T. Inamura, A.

Hashizume, and H. Kumahora: Phys. Rev., C35, 858(1987) .
2) M. Oshima, E. Minehara, S. Kikuchi, T. Inamura, A.
Hashizume, H. Kusakari, and M. Matsuzaki: ibid.,C39, 645 (1989) .
3) M. Matsuzaki: ibid., p. 691 (1989).
4) M. Oshima, M. Matsuzaki, S. Ichikawa, H. Iimura, H.
Kusakari, T. Inamura, A. Hashizume, and M. Sugawara: Phys. Rev. , C40, 2084 (1989).
5) F. Donau: Nucl. Phys., A471, 469 (1987) .

15
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-8.

Angular Momentum Transfer in a Fusion-Like Process

T. Takei, K. Ieki, N. Iwasa, K. Yoshida, J. Kasagi, H. Hama, M. Sakurai ,M. Kodama, K. Furutaka, T. Kubo, W. Galster, and A. Galonsky
NUCLEAR REACTION 92Mo+4°Ar, E(40Ar) / A = 26 MeV /u; measured angular correlation between two evaporative[
neutrons, angular momentum transfer.
We studied the angular correlation between
two neutrons emitted in the 92Mo + 40 Ar reaction
at 26 MeV/nucleon. The experimental setup is
the same as reported elsewhere. 1) The neutrons
are detected with a 21'Z' BaF 2 ball and discriminated from y rays by measuring the fast and slow
components of light output from the BaF 2 detectors. Residual nuclei were measured in coincidence with a PPAC to deduce excitation energy.
Figure l(a) shows an angular correlation analyzed as a function of () for a complete fusion
reaction. The angle () is defined ascos() = I p. (V1 XV2) 1/1 V I X V2 I ,where P, VI, and V2 denotes unit vectors of abeam direction and directions of two detected
neutrons, respectively. When neutrons are emitted from a fully rotating compound nucleus, theneutrons should be emitted in the direction perpendicular to the angular momentum direction("flywheel effect"). Thus the direction of VI X V2
should be the spin axis of the residual nuclei
which must be perpendicular to p. therefore () =900 is expected to evaporative neutrons fromfully rotating systems and the deviation fromthat value implies angular momentum relaxation
at the stage of the neutron emission.
Since the BaF 2 detectors do not cover a wholesolid angle, we performed Monte Carlo simulation to compare with. In the calculation, following points are taken into account:1) geometry of the detectors is fully considered;2) spin axis of the compound nucleus is supposed
to lie in the plane perpendicular to p;3) the angular distribution of the neutrons isexpressed as
W (c/> )ocexp( - f3cos 2 4»,
where 4> is the angle between the emISSIOn
direction and the spin axis and f3 is the

( a)

( b)

r I
"5

100

~

I t I

.. --- '..

a (degree)..

~~---.~. --~~~a (degree)

Fig. 1. (a) Experimental correlation between two neutrons. For explanation of (J, see text. (b) Results of theMonte Carlo simulation for the cases of f3 = 0 (solid
square) and f3 = 1. 46 (open circle). A value of 5 'MeV istaken as the parameter T for the complete fusion
reaction.

anisotropy parameter. A larger 13 corresponds tolarger angular momentum transfer; and4) the energy distribution of the neutron is givenbyN(En)oc /Enexp( - En/ T),
where T is nuclear temperature of the residual
nuclei and is determined emprically.
The results of the simulation are shown in Fig.
l(b) for f3 = 0 and 13 = l. 46. The latter value wasselected from the calculation using a sharp cut
off model for the complete fusion reaction.
Owing to the insufficient solid angle of the detectors, the maximum angle of the correlation shifted from c/> = 90° to 50°. The difference in thecorrelation between two f3 values is mainly seen
for large () values. The experimental result (Fig.
l(a )) is found to be rather similar to the case of
13=0, suggesting that the transferred angularmomentum is fully relaxed or fairly small at thestage of neutron evaporation.
Further analyses are now in progress.
References
1) K. Yoshida et at.: to be published.

16
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-9.

Angular Momentum Transfer and Spin Alignment in the Reactionof 4°Ar+209Bi at 26 MeV/Nucleon
N. Iwasa, K. Ieki, J. Ruan (Gen), S. Shirato,H. Murakami,
Y. Ando, M. Ogiwara, S. Shibuya, K. Hata, S.M. Lee,Y. Nagashima, M. Ogihara, S.C. Jeong,H. Fujiwara, Y.H. Pu,
T. Mizota,S. Okumura, M. Ishihara, and T. Murayama
Nuclear Reaction 209Bi +4°Ar, E(40Ar)/ A = 26 MeV / nucleon;
projectile-like fragment, fission-fragment angular distribution,
deduced angular momentum transfer

In a previous report, I) we showed that theemission of projectile-like fragments (PLF's) was
accompanied partly with an angular momentum
transfer process in the 4°Ar+ 209 Bi reaction at E/
A = 26 Me V / nucleon. An angular momentum I tr
transferred to residual fissile nuclei was deduced
from the angular distribution of coincident fission fragments by using a statistical theory offission. 2) In the present paper, the angular distribution of the fission fragments is re-analyzed indetail and the dependence of I tr on the atomic
number Z of PLF's is studied.
Since the fission fragments were detected withthin Si solid state detectors, the discrimination offission fragments from evaporative light particles was incomplete at low energies (E ~30
MeV). In the present analysis, the yields of lowenergy fission fragments are estimated by fitting
fission-fragment energy spectra. The momentum
distribution of fission fragments is assumed to beof a Gaussian shape in the rest frame of fissile
nuclei. The energy loss of the fission fragments
in a target and the pulse height defect in thedetectors are taken into account. In the determination of the rest frame of the fissile nuclei, somemissing momentum is required to fulfill
kinematical requirement.
The experimental angular distribution of fission fragments is compared with calculation
based on the statistical theory of fission. 2) In thecalculation, the spin orientation of fissile nuclei
is assumed to be axially symmetric with respect
to the normal of the reaction plane defined by thebeam axis and the detection of PLF's. The size ofI tr and the degree of spin depolarization aretreated as parameters. Figure 1 shows an example of the out-of-plane angular distribution of thefission fragments for six in-plane angles in thelaboratory frame. Solid lines show the calculation that fits the data. The overall behavior ofthe distribution is well reproduced from the calculation.

---~;:.~';=120100/~~ ---~

m:

10

1

I

';=65

';=-150 :
.elOO

·2
::J

.0

'L...

o

~

~

s _

/

0-

1

';=-115-100';~145 _:Dr:Dr........] I _ l I t - -~:m:.-:r-

1:

0

I
0

I

30

60-

900

30

60

90

eLab(degJ
Fig. 1. Out-of·plane angular distribution of fission
fragments in coincidence with PLF's of 5 ~ Z ~ 10. It isdisplayed for six in-plane angles(q,) in the laboratory
frame. Solid lines show the calculation.

The deduced values of I tr are 23.7 fit ±O.4 fit forfor 11~Z~15. The
large values of I tr imply that a part of the projectile is emitted as PLF and the remnant of the
projectile is transferred to residual fissile nuclei.
However, as the dependence of I tr on Z is opposite to expectation of such a naive massive transfer picture, more sophisticated explanation isneeded for the present data.
5~Z~lO and 31.6 fit ±O.4 fit

References
1) N. Iwasa et at.: RIKEN Aeee!. Prog. Rep., 22, 18(1988) .
2) R. Vandenbosch and J.R. Huizenga: "Nuclear Fission," Academic Press, New York, p. 179 (1973); L.G.
Morreto: Nucl. Phys., A364, 125 (1981).

17

RIKEN Acce1. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-10.

Strong Inhibition of Gamma-ray Emission from Highly Excited Nuclei
K. Yoshida, J. Kasagi, H. Hama, M. Sakurai, K. Ieki,
W. Galster, M. Ishihara, and T. Kubo
NUCLEAR REACTION 92Mo+4°Ar, E(4°Ar) = 21, 26 MeV/ nucleon; 1[ measured y-rays coincidence with residues.

In order to investigate the evolution of Giant
Dipole Resonance (GDR) as a function of excitation energy, we measured high energy y rays incoincidence with fusion-like products from thereaction 92Mo+4°Ar at 21 MeV / n and 26 MeV I n.
Argon beams from the RIKEN Ring Cycrotron(RRC) bombarded an enriched 92Mo foil of 2 mg/
cm 2 in theckness. The high energy y rays weredetected in a BaF 2 high energy y-ray detector
placed at 90 with respect to the beam axis and 15cm from the target. The detector consists ofseven hexagonal BaF 2 crystal (37cm 2x 20cm)
separated optically. Events due to neutrons werecompletely rejected by a time-of-flight method
together with a pulse shape analysis. 1) Fusionlike residues were detected in an annular Parallel Plate Avalanche Counter (PPAC, outer diameter is 12 cm) positioned 30 (40) cm from thetarget in the forward direction for Ei = 21 (26)
MeV / nucleon.
In Fig. 1 are shown y-ray spectra obtained incoincidence with the fusion residues. Data areplotted for different residue velocities represented by the ratio R of the observed velocity to theone for complete fusion residues. The excitationenergy for each value of R was estimated on asimple assumption in which whole target nucleus
merges with a part of the projectile and theremaining part of a projectile pass through with
their initial velocity. Estimated excitationenergies Ex. and the masses of a fused system A fus
are summarized in Table 1.
In spite of a huge difference in excitationenergies, observed spectra are essentially identical in shape except for a high energy region(E y >25 MeV). The observed spectrum shows
three different slopes. In order of y-ray energies,
these components correspond to the y-ray emissions after particle decays, from GDR decay
competing with particle evaporations, and from
nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung in the earlystage of the reaction. 2) The fact that the slope ofthe y-ray yield in the highest energy region
depends only on the incident energy strongly
supports this interpretation. The contributions of
the bremsstrahlung emission have been esti-

Table 1. Average excition energies and masses forvarious R value.
Beam energy

21 MeVl n

26 MeV I n

0

10'

'.
-

~

10'

'"Mo + <OAr 21J.!eV

R

Ex(MeV)

Arus

1.0
0.7
0.5
1.0
0.7
0.5

508
360
280
616
480
370

132
120
109
132
120
109

In

....

X
?: -. \.~ "'~xR:::•••: : \••••••••• R - 10

II~:\\. . ~a 10 -'~ 10'.,

-

0.7

x 100

·1"
"'",- - 0.5

10"Fig. 1. Gamma-ray spectra for various R values. Solidlines show bremsstrahlung components.

mated by assuming an exponential function as
the shape and subtracted from the data. The
extracted inverse slopes are 8. 5 MeV and 10.3
MeV for incident energy 21 MeV / nand 26 MeV /n, respectively. All the subtracted spectra arealmost identical in spite of a large difference inexcitation energies. In simple consideration the
GDR yields are expected to increase with excitation energies because of more chance for y rays
to compete with particle evaporations. Similar
inhibition of y decay in high excitation energies
are also reported by Gaardhoje et at. 3 ) For characterization of the innibition, a statistical model
calculation with using a code CASCADE is now
in progess.
References
1) T. Murakami et al.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods, A253 ,
163 (1986).
2) E. Grosse et al.: Europhys. Lett., 2,9 (1986).
3) J.J. Gaardhoje et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett., 59, 1409 (1987).

18
RIKEN Acce1. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-11.

First Observation of Spin Polarization in Projectile Fragmentsfrom Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Collision
K. Asahi, M. Ishihara, H. Takanashi, M. Kouguchi, M. Adachi,
M. Fukuda, N. Inabe, D. Mikolas, * D. Morrissey, * D. Beaumel, **T. Ichihara, T. Kubo, T. Shimoda, H. Miyatake, and N. Takahashi
NUCLEAR REACTION 197Au(14N, 12B), £=40 MeV /nucleon; measured f3-ray asymmetry of 12B nuclei; deduced
spin polarization of 12B. Comparison with predictions froma projectile fragmention model.

Spin polarization P of ejectiles 12B was measured for a projectile fragmentation reaction
induced by a 40 MeV/ nucleon 14N beam. The
result shows stimulatingly large values of P (P'"'-'5- 20%) over a wide range of fragment momentum, implying a promising prospect of polarizedradioactive isotopes to be applied to spectroscopic studies of nuclei far from stability.
The beam line used is schematically shown in
Fig. l. A 14N beam from RIKEN Ring Cyclotron
was used to bombard a 97 mg/ cm 2 thick Autarget. Fragments 12B emitted from the target in
the direction fA = 5° were transmitted through adipole magnet and implanted into a stopper
placed at the focus F. Spin polarization P was
deduced from the observed up/down asymmetry
in the beta decay of 12Bg.s. (/" = 1+, Tl/2 = 20.2 ms)
to 12 Cg .s . (/"=0+) .
8 L =5°~'-~----OB
\

Ot 02

TargetStoPPj,-§ +10-

~

'iij

a..
c::
'0.
(f)

The experimental results are presented in Fig.
2. The momentum distribution of 12B fragments
shown in the lower part exhibits a single broad
peak with a maximum located close to themomentum corresponding to the incident beam
velocity. The observed spin polarization P of 12B
fragments is shown in the upper part of Fig. 2, asa function of the 12B outgoing momentum. The
polarization P shows positive values in the* NSCL, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI

48824, U.S.A.
** Institut de Physique Nucleaire, B.P. 1, 91406 Orsay,

-

fk

+s

0

0

~~

-s
-10

~ 7S0

c::

::J

.e SOO
~
~ 2S0

>=
0

F

Fig. 1. Schematic view of the beam line used.

France.

higher momentum side of the peak whereas it
becomes negative for the lower momentum side.
The sign changes at the peak momentum. Thisbehavior well conforms to a simple picture 1.2)
based on models 3,4) of projectile fragmentation.

• •

••

~
-

••
E

(\I
Q)

.0

I

3.0

It

•

•
•

••

3.2
3.4
Momentum (GeV/c)

3.6

Fig. 2. Experimental result. The spin polarization(upper part) and the yield (lower part) for fragment
12B are shown as a function of outgoing momentum.

References
1) K. Asahi et at.: Nucl. Phys., A488 , 83c (1988) .
2) K. Asahi et at.: in preparation.
3) A.S. Goldhaber: Phys. Lett., 53B, 306 (1974).
4) J. Hilfner and M.e. Nemes: Phys. Rev., C23, 2538
(1981) .

19
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-12.

Energy Dependence of Interaction Cross Sections

S. Shimoura, 1. Tanihata, T. Kobayashi, K. Matsuta, * K. Katori, *K. Sugimoto,* D.L. 0Ison,** W.F.J. MUller,** and H.H. Wieman**
Nuclear matter distribution, secondary nuclear beamS, )( heavy-ion collisions.
In past several years, we have been measuring
interaction cross sections, 0'1 (the total crosssections for change of proton and/or neutron
numbers in a projectile) of various nuclei at 0.8
GeV /nucleon and deduced root-mean-square(rms) radii of unstable nuclei by fitting 0'1 witha Glauber-type optical model. l - 3 ) To check theaccuracy of the model, we have measured interaction cross sections of stable and exotic nuclei,
12C and llLi(8He, 14Be), on Be, C and Al targets at
0.4 (0.6) GeV /nucleon, where nucleon-nucleon(N-N) cross sections are different from those at
0.8 GeV (e.g. O'NN [0.4 GeV]~O. 7 O'NN [0.8GeV]). Experiment was performed at the LBL
Bevalac by using separated secondary nuclear
beams from a B42 line and HISS detectors.
For a 12C projectile, a Glauber model 4) using
free N-N cross sections and nucleon distributions
obtained from electron-scattering data 5 ) reproduces observed interaction cross sections at 0.4,
0.6 and 0.8 GeV/nucleon without any adjustable
1000

950

900

:0-

!

B50

b
BOO

750

700

0.2

0.4

0.6

O.B

1.2

Incident energy per nucleon (GeV)

Fig. 1. Interaction cross sections of 12C on a 12C target
at 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 Ge V / nucleon. The line shows the
Glauber-model calculation with free N-N cross sections and nucleon density obtained from electron scattering data.

• Faculty of Science, Osaka University .
•• Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, USA.

parameters (Fig. 1). In the model, interaction
cross sections are calculated from a transparency function T( b) as
0' I = 2 7t

10=(1 - T (b)) b db,

T(b)=exp [ - O'NN Pov(b)] ,where b, O'NN and Pov(b) are the impact parameter, N-N cross sections and density-overlap
between a projectile and target nuclei, respectively. Since 1- T(b) behaves like Fermidistribution (T (0) ~O and T (00) = 1), 0' I ~7tb0 2 , where T(bo) = exp [ - O'NN Pov (bo) ] = 1/ 2.
Thus smaller O'NN gives larger Pov (bo) , i. e. bocorresponds to a larger density. In other words,
by changing energy (O'NN) , the nuclear radiuswith different density can be obtained, which
provides information about the diffuseness of
nuclear density. If the radio of diffuseness andradius is small (large), the energy dependence of
0' I becomes weak (strong).
For a llLi projectile, the ratio 0'1 [0.4 GeV]
/ 0'1 [0.8 GeV]=0.91±0.02, which is almost thesame as the 12C projectile case, was observed.
Because of the large radius of a llLi nucleus(R (11 Li)/ R e2C)~1. 3) , the diffuseness is expected to be a value proportional to the radius, which
is not of a usual (stable) nucleus with a constantdiffuseness.
In summary, the energy dependence of interaction cross sections gives information on thedensity distributions of nuclei, especially for
unstable nuclei, from which one can extract radiiand diffuseness parameters.
References
1) I. Tanihata et al.: Phys. Lett. B , 206, 592 (1988).
2) I. Tanihata et al.: ibid., 160, 380 (1985).
3) I. Tanihata et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett., 55, 2676 (1985).
4) P.J. Karol: Phys. Rev., Cll, 1203 (1975).
5) H. de Vries, C. W. de Jager, and C. de Vries: At. Data
Nucl. Data Tables, 36, 495 (1987).

20
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-13.

Electromagnetic Dissociation and Soft Giant Dipole Resonanceof Neutron Dripline Nuclei*

T. Kobayashi, S. Shimoura, 1. Tanihata, K. Katori, K. Matsuta, T. Minamisono,
K. Sugimoto, W.F.J. MUller, ** D.L. Olson, ** T.J.M. Symons, ** and H.H. Wieman**
NUCLEAR STRUCTURE, radioactive beam, heavy ion J( collisions, giant resonance, neutron halo.
Electromagnetic dissociations (EMD) provide
important information on nuclei with the giant
neutron halo. For stable nuclear projectiles,
observations of the EMD process at energies
from 1 GeV to 200 GeV / nucleon have been reported, in which fragmentation due to the EMD
process has clearly been seen, in particular insingle-nucleon-removal channels on high-Z targets. This phenomenon at an energy of a few
GeV / nucleon was interpreted as being the excitation and decay of a giant dipole resonance (GDR)
of a projectile by virtual photons of the Coulomb
field from a target.
The EMD cross sections for IILi fragmentation
by a Pb target is determined to be 1. 72±0.65b at
a beam energy of 800A MeV. For comparison of
the obtained EMD cross sections of neutron-richnuclei with a typical cross section for stable
nuclei, the total EMD cross section, cr]EMD(12C+
Pb), was estimated as 90±35 mb. The value wasobtained by adding the observed EMD parts ofsingle-nucleon-removal cross sections at
1.05 GeV / nucleon, with cr_ n EMD (12C+ Pb) and
cr_/ MD (12C+ Pb) being the major contributions.
The value of cr EMD for llLi is about 20-times
larger than that for 12C. If the projectile charge
dependence 6f cr EMD is assumed to be 4roi 2, theenhancement of crEMD(lILi) compared with
cr EMD (12C) is extremely large, by a factor of 80.
Large EMD cross sections were also observed
for sHe and 14Be. Therefore, it is consideredthat the observed large EMD cross sections arerela ted to a specific nuclear property of
extremely neutron-rich nuclei.
Concerning the GDR of extremely neutron-richnuclei, Ikeda suggested the possibility that the
GDR could split into two components for nuclei
with a giant neutron halo. One component corresponds to the oscillation of the core protons
against the core neutrons with a normal fre* Condenced from RIKEN-AF -NP-76, Phys. Lett.,
B232, 51 (1989).
** Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, Ca
94720, USA.

200

~

>.

ii3

c

¥,Ny

~

]

~

100

.~

10

~
c
0

i
-;;

.g
0
30

20

>

Excitation Energy [MeV]tt@
softGDR

normalGDR

Fig. 1. Schematic pictures of the expected soft GDR
and the normal GDR in the extremely neutron-richnucleus with a neutron halo. The dipole oscillation
between protons (shaded area) and neutrons (whitearea) is shown for each mode. The E1 strength of thesoft and the normal GDR (black bar) is shown together
with the virtual-photon spectrum (solid line) seen by
the 0.8 Ge V / nucleon 11 Li projectile on a Pb target.

quency, and the other to the oscillation of thecore against the skin neutrons, as shown schematically in Fig. 1. Within the framework of thismodel, the energy of the soft GDR can be estimated. The GDR at a normal excitation energy(&lOrmal GDR::::::22 MeV estimated from the systematics) contributes to crlEMD only by about 80 mb.
Therefore, the main part of crl EMD is from theexcitation of the soft GDR. An integrated
strength of the soft GDR was estimated as 10% of
the total E1 strength, since the E1 strength isroughly proportional to the square of the numberof neutrons involved in each mode. In order toreproduce the observed crIEMD(llLi + Pb), theenergy of the soft GDR had to be Esoft GDR =0.9:::g:~MeV. Thus, the excitation energy of thesoft GDR turned out to be really low. Qualitatively, the most essential conclusion drawn here isthat the observed large EMD cross section,
together with the rapidly-decreasing virtualphoton spectrum, requires an appreciable
strength of the E1 mode to be located at a very
low excitation energy.

21
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-14. Electromagnetic Dissociation of ll8e at 0.8 A GeV
and the Giant Dipole Resonance of Neutron-Rich Nuclei
T. Kobayashi, S. Shimoura, 1. Tanihata, T. Suzuki, K. Sugimoto, K. Matsuta,
T. Minamisono, H.H. Wieman,* D. Olson,* and W.F.J. Mtiller*
Nuclear structure, radioactive beam, heavy-ion collisions, J( giant resonance, neutron halo.
The soft mode of Giant Dipole Resonance(GDR) in extremely-neutron-rich nuclei has beensuggested 1) from the observed large electromagnetic dissociation (EMD) cross sections of neutron dripline nuclei such as sHe, llLi, and 14Be. In
this report, we present a new observation oflarge EMD cross sections in the collisions of 11 Be
on high-Z targets at 800A MeV incident energy.
The experiment was carried out using secondary beams from the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bevalac. The interaction cross section (J"rand one-neutron removal cross section (J"-n of a
11 Be projectile on various targets were determined using a large acceptance spectrometer
HISS. The target mass dependences of the measured cross sections are shown in Fig. 1, in which
estimated nuclear cross sections are also shown;
the solid curve for (J"I nucr and the dotted line for(J"-n nuci. Large EMD cross sections are seen as thedifference between data points and the corresponding line. One neutron removal cross sectionof the lIBe projectile on a Pb target is found to beabout 40 times larger than that of 12C projectile 2)
after scaling the cross section by 4roj.2)
Because the EMD cross section is calculated
by folding photonuclear cross sections by a virtual photon spectrum, the energy of GDR in llBe
can be estimated if the Lorenzian shape of aphotonuclear cross section and the ThomasReiche-Khoon sum rule are assumed. 1) The estimation gives EcDR=6.5±1.3 MeV, which ismuch lower than that estimated from the systematics of stable nuclei. The available data of near
neutron dripline nuclei, the small neutron separation energy (0.5 Me V for 11 Be), the neutron halo,* Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA.

llBe 00.8 GeV/A (Preliminary)

5.0

I
Q

.,.

1.0

~rn 0.5j....t·

50
Target Yass

100

500

Fig. 1. Target mass dependence of the interaction
cross section and the one neutron removal cross sections of the llBe+Creaction at 800A MeV.

the large EMD cross section, and the soft modeof GDR, are mutually correlated. In contrast,
none of these properties are observed in stable
nuclei. It is also interesting that a preliminary
analysis shows narrow momentum distributionof a lOBe fragment from the projectile fragmentation of lIBe on a carbon target, presumablyreflecting the long neutron tail of a weaklybound neutron in 11 Be nucleus.
References
1) T. Kobayashi, O. Yamakawa, K. Ornata, K. Sugimoto,T. Shimoda, N. Takahashi, and I. Tanihata: Phys.
Rev. Lett., 60,2599 (1988); T. Kobayashi, S. Shimoura,
1. Tanihata, K. Katori, K. Matsuta, T. Minamisono,
K. Sugimoto, W. MUller, D.L. Olson, T.J.M. Symons,and H. Wieman: Phys. Lett., B232, 51 (1989).
2) H. Heckman and P. Lindstrom: Phys. Rev. Lett., 37, 56(1976).

22
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·1·15.

Inclusive Production of K+ Mesons in 2.1 A GeV Nuclear Collisions*S. Schnetzer, ** R. M. Lombard, ** M.-C. Lemaire, ** E. Moeller, **S. Nagamiya,** G. Shapiro,** H. Steiner,** and 1. Tanihata(Heavy ion collisions, K+.J

Positively charged K meson production by
2.l-GeV / nucleon Ne, d, and p projectiles on
NaF and Pb targets has been measured. The
cross sections depend exponentially upon the
kaon energy in the nucleon-nucleon c.m. frame,with an inverse slope To larger than the values
obtained from comparable proton and n - spectra. Figure 1 shows the K + spectrum from Ne+
N aF collisions together with some model calculations.
102

c'b
C\I

~

(!)

1fiJ

.0

.s
C'l""

a.

~
\:)

C'l

'tl

W""

10-2

o
PK (GeV/c)

Fig. 1. Invariant spectrum of K + mesons from the
Ne + NaF reaction at 2.1 GeV / nucleon. The histo·
gram corresponds to the results of a cascade calcula·tion (Ref. 1) and the curves to calculations with thefirestreak model (Ref. 2).

Our motivation for undertaking this experiment was to study hadronic interactions in heretofore unexplored territory. We hoped to exploit
the unique properties of K + mesons -theirstrangeness and their relatively low-interaction
cross sections- as a probe of nuclear interaction
dynamics at high energies. We wanted to takeadvantage of their long mean free path to suppress secondary interactions and thereby to get
more direct information about the early stages ofthe production process. Perhaps most of all we
wanted to know whether or not kaon production* Condenced from Phys. R ev., C40, 640 (1989).
** Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720,

USA.

in nucleus-nucleus collisions involved any interesting new phenomena, or if the measured crosssections could be explained on the basis of standard.
Our result produced no great surprises. The
mechanism for the kaon production by nuclei
seems to be quite similar to that in nucleonnucleon collisions. To be sure there arekinema tic differences. There is extra energy
available when nuclei collide (as contrasted withthe p-p case) some of which goes to the produced
kaon, resulting in exponentially falling momentum distributions. The slope of the exponential isslighty less steep in the nucleus-nucleus case thanfor p nucleus. As in the pop case the dominant
reaction is NN ~ YNK. Qualitative fits to data
can be obtained with single scattering models,either by invoking exponentially falling Fermi
momentum distributions or by colliding small
clusters of nucleons. Much more sophisticatedintranuclear cascade calculations and thermodynamic models have been published, which
are in reasonable agreement with our measurements. Quarks, compressional effects, and/ orother nonstandard mechanisms are not needed at
this stage to explain the results.
Since the completion of the experimental partof this work, there have been further speculations about how kaons might signal new phenomena. Among the topics mentioned in these papers
are (1) the role of quark cluster states, (2) compressional effects, (3) high Fermi momentum
components, (4) the quark-gloun plasma, (5) thetime evolution of high-energy nuclear reactions,(6) the nuclear equation of state, and (7) subthreshold reaction mechanisms. Although the results
obtained here have shed little, if any, light onthese issues, they seem to have at least stimulated considerable new theoretical and experimental activity.
References
1) KK Gudima and V.D. Toneev: Proc. of the 7th Inter-national Symp. on Problems of High Energy Physics
Dubna, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Rep., p.
567 (1985).
2) KK Gudima and V.D. Toneev: Yad. Fiz., 42, 645(1985), (So v. ]. Nucl. Phys. , 42, 409 (1985)).

23
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·1·16.

Evidence Against Condensed Matter Fusion Induced
by Cosmic·Ray Muons

K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, S. Sakamoto, * Y. Watanabe, *M. Iwasaki, * Y. Miyake, K. Nishiyama, * H. Kurihara, * E. Torikai,
T. Suzuki, ** S. Isagawa, ** and K. Kondo**
NUCLEAR REACTION D(D, npHe,( fusion in Pd.
It has recently been proposed that cosmic raymuons might catalyze dod fusion in condensed
matter,1) offering a possible origin for claims ofobservations of fusion neutrons from deuterated
Pd or Ti. In order to test this hypothesis, we havestudied the behavior of accelerator-produced
negative muons in Pd (D).
Experiment was carried out at the pulsed
muon facility of UT-MSL/ KEK by measuring
the following muon-induced events: a) the timingof decay electrons to see the relative fraction ofmuons stopping in D versus Pd by a lifetime
method; b) the energy and timing of neutrons
with n-y discrimination to see fusion neutrons; c)the energy and timing of X-rays to see (j.l3He)
events associated with (ddj.l) fusion as well as tosee electronic X-ray in Pd associated withcharged particle emission if it exists. All theexperimental arrangements employed here were
the same as those used for recent successful
experiments on the direct observation of alphasticking phenomena in liquid and high T 2 concentration D2/T 2 mixtures by an X-ray method. 2)* Meson Science Laboratory, University of Tokyo(UT-MSL) Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
* * National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK)
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

muon catalyzed J

Pd (D) samples used were a) a Pd rod of 5 mm
in diameter with 10 days D loading; b) a 3 mm
thick Pd plate with 60% D loading; c) a 1 mm
thick Pd plate in D20 with electrolysis in situ. As
a control, we used Pd samples without D.
So far, no differences were observed between
Pd and Pd (D) in all the above observables forthese 3 systems. In particular, the missing of a
2.2 j.l s lifetime component in a decay electron
time spectrum, placed a limit on the atomic
capture ratio (final capture ratio including D to
Pd transfer reaction) for D to Pd (below 3%).
Also, the missing of fusion neutrons placed alimit on (ddj.l) fusion rates in Pd (D) (below 0.3/j.l-). The obtained result suggests that the fusion
rate for ddj.l in Pd CD) induced by cosmic-ray
muons is below 10- 6 (S-l), which provides evidence against the extraordinarily enhanced
fusion rates assumed in the proposa1.1)
References
1) N.W. Guinan et at.: UePL Preprint, 10081 (1989).
2) K. N agamine et at.: to be publishied (1989).

24

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·1·17. X-Ray Observation of a -Sticking Phenomena in Muon Catalyzed
Fusion for a High Density D·T Mixture of High T2 Concentration
K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, Y. Watanabe,* S. Sakamoto,*
M. Iwasaki, * Y. Miyake, * K. Nishiyama, * E. Torikai, H. Kurihara, *H. Kudo,** M. Tanase,** M. Kato,** K. Kurosawa,** H. Sugai,**
M. Fujie, ** and H. Umezawa **NUCLEAR REACTION T(D, n)a, muon catalyzed fusion, J[ measured neutrons, muonic X-rays.
The most important unknown parameter to be
determined for muon catalyzed fusion is thea-sticking probability Ws in a D2/ T 2 mixture ofhigh density and high T 2 concentration Cr where
150 fusions per a single negative muon (ji-) wereobserved. The Ws strictly places an upper limit
for energy production capability. A conventional
neutron method 1,2) is an indirect method for thedetermination of Ws; various additional corrections must be done for loss processes other thanws·

As a direct measurement of w s , two new
methods have been proposed: the measurementof (jia) + ions and the measurement of muonic
X-ray from (jia) .3,4) The X-ray measurement,
which is the only method to be applied to thedirect W s measurement for a high density andhigh Cr D2 / T 2 mixture, can not be done by theconventional detection system; a huge bremsstrahlung background up to 18.7 ke V due to tritium,B-decay masks weak Ka X-ray (8.23 keV) fromsticked (jia) atom. Pulsed muons available atthe Meson Science Laboratory, University ofTokyo, located at KEK (UT-MSL/ KEK), is particularly effective to overcome this difficulty.
Following the first test experiment performedin UTMSL-RIKEN-BYU-LANL collaboration,4)
a revised experiment was carried out in
UTMSL-RIKEN -J AERI collaboration. The
experiment was carried out by using a 60 MeV /c backward ji- beam. In order to obtain thenumbers of the ji - stopping in a liquid D2 / T 2
target, we used plastic scintillation counters forjie detections from the D2 / T 2 target. A Si(Li)detector for low energy X-ray measurement aswell as a liquid scintillation counter for 14 MeV
fusion neutrons was used.
* Meson Science Laboratory, University of Tokyo,

Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
** Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai,

Ibaraki, Japan (JAERI).

From our measurements, we obtained the following results: a) the central energy of the peak,
8.234(8) keV; b) the broadening, 0.53(10) keV;c) the mean-life of the X-ray intensity, 0.61 (21)jiS; and d) the relative intensity of Kp line
compared to that of Ka line, 0.08 (9). All thesefour numbers are consistent with theoreticalpredictions and support strongly the first successful observation of an X-ray associated withthe a-sticking phenomena in jiCF for the D2 / T2
system of high c/> and high Cr.
An X-ray yield for the earliest one third datain 13 days run, which should be the safest data as
far as 3He accumulation is concerned, wasobtained as Yx = 0.121 (39) photon/ ji - . By usinga cycling rate of Ac = 112 jiS- 1 for jiCF obtainedin reported experiments 1,2), we can obtain xWs(Preliminary) = 0.00113 (36) . Our value of xWs for
Cr = 0 . 30 should be compared to a value obtainedat PSI for Cr = 2 X 10- 4 (0.0021 (5» . An effective
sticking probability is obtained by assuming
theoretical values 5 ) of x = 0.28 (photon/ initial
sticking) and R = 0.34 (regeneration probability);
Ws eff (X) (Preliminary) = 0.0026 (9) which should
be compared to a value claimed in neutron
measurements. The upper limit of an energy
production capability was derived to be 5-10
GeV / ji-.
References
1) S.E. Jones et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett., 51, 1757 (1983);
Phys. Rev. Lett., 56, 588 (1986).
2) W.H. Breunlich et at.: Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 329 (1987) .
3) H. Bossy et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett., 59, 2864 (1987).
4) K. Nagamine et al.: Muon Catalyzed Fusion, 1, 137(1987) .
5) ].S. Cohen: Phys. Rev. L ett., 58, 1407 (1987) .

25
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-18.

Ultra-Slow p - Production via Muon Catalyzed Fusion
K. Nagamine
NUC~EAR REACTION T(D, n)a', muon catalyzed fusion, J( negatIve muon beam.

So far, various ideas have been proposed forthe production of an intense slow positive muon
(J1.+) beam. Here, we propose an entirely new idea
for the source of slow J1. - which will be realizedwith the help of celebrated phenomena of muon
catalyzed fusion.
As it is known in our present knowledge on
muon catalyzed fusion at the process which takes
place at the instant of the fusion reaction inside
the muon molecule, most of the J1. - (more than99%) which is once bound to a 5He nucleus isliberated because of the disappearance of thecorenucleus and then, in the process of each J1. CF
cycle, the J1.- is liberated with an energy ofaround 10 keY. According to our knowledge, thisJ1. - liberation process could take place up to 150
times during the J1. - life time.
Then, let us consider the following situation;
MeV J1. - is stopped in a thin layer of condensed
D2/ T2 layer. The one MeV J1. - which is without
much difficulties obtained by the pion deca y inflight is now stopped in a thin layer of condensed
D2/T2 layer. Inside this thin layer, 10 keY J1. - issuccessively generated during the J1.CF processes
up to 150 times on the average during the J1. life-time. Let us define leff as a range of J1. produced at each liberation process before it iscaptured to form (J1.d) or (J1.t) atoms. Also, let us
introduce a multiplication factor a'c for the range
which is determined by the successive J1.CF
processes. When a'cleff exceeds the thickness of
the D2 / T 2 layer, the generated J1. - may have achance to be released from the surface of theD2/T2 layer. Thus, ultra-slow J1.- is produced.
The value of a'c is determined from the numberof J1.CF cycles (around 150) and from the kinetics
involved in the (dtJ1.)-J1.CF such as the slowingdown mechanism of J1. - as well as the effective
diffusion length (l/l d, lil t) of (J1.d) and (J1.t) before
the formation of a (dtJ1.) molecule. Admitting that(Pd) or (J1.t) is formed at thermal energy of theJ1. -, l/ld and lilt could be determined by the transfer reaction from (J1.d) to (J1.t) and by the forma-tion reaction to (dtJ1.) , all of which should beconsidered as a central problem in the present
J1.CF physics. Therefore, the proposed ultra-slow
J1. - generation should also be considered as a tool
to understand the J1. CF itself.
The conversion efficiency c from one Me V to
10 ke V can be estimated at c = a'cl err / R IJ (1MeV) , where R/l(E) represents the range of theinitial J1. with energy E in the condensed D2/T 2
layer. In order to obtain a qualitative estimate ofc , let us assume that the range of a low energy
charged-particle like J1. - has momentum (P)dependence like (Pp 5; R/l(1 MeV)=0.9 mm andl err= 0.3 J1.m. By using a'c obtained by Monte
Carlo calculation, for the two limiting cases 1)
l/ld, l /l t<' l eff and 2) l /l d , l /l 1err , c becomes asfollows; for Case 1, c = 0.04 and for Case 2, c =0.225.
Following this 10 ke V J1. - source, an electrostatic extraction system combined with electrostatic optics or a conventional magnetic optics
system with large acceptance like an axial focussing split-coil can be placed to transport the
produced J1. - efficiently onto an experimental
target. Thus a very bright and intense ke V J1. source will be realized.
The slow J1. - will be applied to a variety offields of scientific research. The J1. - nuclear or
atomic capture can be easily studied in a very
low pressure gas target. Moreover, the slow J1. can be stopped at the atomic surface layers ofmaterial and precise element analysis can bedone for the atomic layer on the surface and/ orintersurfaces. One of the most important example might be the analysis of a hydrogen content
on the uppermost atomic surface layer by detecting 2.0 keY muonic X-ray, where, combined witha well -known rapid transfer reaction from (J1.p)
to high Z atoms, (J1.p) signal mainly comes fromhydrogen on the uppermost layer.
Helpful discussions with Drs. K. Ishida, M.
Leon, Y. Kuno and Prof. T. Yamazaki are greatly acknowledged.
o

t

>

26
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-19.

Muon Production from Heavy Ion Reactions Detected by"Large a" Secondary Beam Course
K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, K. N agamine, H. Kitazawa,
Y. Miyake, and E. Torikai
NUCLEAR REACTION 12C(l4N, n+), E=135A MeV; J( measured muon yield.

A new type of beam transport system forsecondary light charged particles, called Largen, was used to transport positive muons fromthe decay of pions stopped at the surface skin ofa production target (surface muons) produced inheavy ion reactions at RIKEN Ring Cyclotron(RRC). The design and the first test experimentof the transport system have already beenreported. 1,2) The system is designed to accept
charged particles emitted in a large solid angle
by using the focusing property of axially symmetric magnetic field produced by three superconducting coils.
Here we report an experiment carried out by
using a 14N7+ beam of 135 MeV l u from RRC. A
graphite target of 0.9 gl cm 2 in thickness wasused. A detection system for muons was placedat the focus 2.5m apart from the target andconsisted of a stack of 4 plastic scintillation
counters with thicknesses of 0.2 mm, 2 mm, 2 mm
and 120 mm, respectively. Muons are expected tostop at the second counter and decay by emitting
positrons with a lifetime of 2.2 j1.s. Main background to the detection system are considered tobe beam positrons produced around the production target, since charged particles heavier thanmuon are stopped before reaching the second
counter. The muon event was confirmed from thepositron background due to the larger energy
deposit to the counters. Also, a measured time
spectrum of the delayed positron after muon stop
clearly showed a lifetime of 2.2 j1.S.
A number of muons were measured for various
momenta as shown in Fig. 1. The result shows apeak at 29 MeV Ic and a sharp cutoff at higher
momenta. This momentum dependence is typicalfor surface muons. The sharpness of the cutoff

30 , . . - - - - - - r - - - - r - - - - - - ,

u
'"
ClJ
(J)

20

~

8

S
....

10

20

25
Morne n t urn

30

35(MeV/c)Fig. 1. Number of detected muons as a function of
average momentum. The number is normalized by the
integrated current of the primary beam. There is an
artificial cutoff of intensity below 26 MeV Ic due tothe muons stopping at the first counter.

implies a good momentum selection by the system.
N ext, we changed the production target toaluminum and copper which have an equivalent
thickness for beam energy loss. The number ofmuons shows almost inverse dependence on themass number of the target. Since the conversion
efficiency from pions to muon is expected to bealmost independent of target materials, the resultmeans that the cross section for low energy pion
production does not depend so much on target
nuclei. A detailed analysis is now in progress.
References
1) K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, and K. N agamine: RIKEN

Aeeel. Prog. Rep., 21, 172 (1987).
2) K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, K. Nagamine, H. Kitazawa,
Y. Miyake, and E. Torikai: ibid., 22, 153 (1988).

27
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·1·20.

Search for Neutron Emission from Cold Fusion

S. N akabayashi, A. Kira, T. Ichihara, H. Kumagai, T. Suzuki,
K. Yoshida, and 1. Tanihata[ Cold fusion, neutron detection, electrolysis. J

For testing the occurence of cold fusion inelectrolysis, the emission of neutrons was measured under various electro-chemical conditions.
A pair of 8" diameter liquid scintillators (NE213)
were used for the detection. A pulse shape discrimination was applied to identify neutrons andy rays. Radiation shield consisted of poliethylene, iron, and lead combined with vetocounters made of plastic scintillators provided avery low backgorund condition. Figure 1 shows a
two-dimensional scatter plot of liquid scintillator
signals. Clear separation of neutrons and y rays
was seen. We found that the monitoring of theneutron signal in particular the separation
between y rays is extremely important for reproducibility of the data. Figure 2 shows anexample of the neutron spectrum after subtraction of the background which was measured withthe same system by turning off electrolysis. So
far no sign of neutron emission associated withcold fusion has been obseved above '"""-'2 x 10- 3 / s.
More accumulation of data under different conditions is underway.
+

128,-_____________________________- .

-128+--.----.-----.-------~------~

Neutron Energy ( MeV

0.00036 ± 0.00200
Fig. 1. A particle identification spectrum. Each signal
is plotted according to its amplitudes of the fastcomponent (abscissa) and the slow component (ordinate). Clear separation was obtained between y rays
and neutrons.

)/s neutronsFig. 2. A neutron spectrum after subtraction of background. No enhancement of neutron emission is seen.

28
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1 989 )

111-1-21.

Cou lomb Dissociation of llLi

K. Soutome, S. Yamaji, and M. Sano
(dissociation of II Li , interference, Glauber approximation. J

A recent measurement of the dissociation crosssection of a neutron-rich nucleus IILi at 0.8 GeV /A incident energy,l ) IILi+target-+ 9 Li +2n+X,
indicates that the dissociation due to an electromagnetic (EM) force is enhanced for heavy target-0.21±0.0 4b for eu and 0.89 ± 0.10 b for Pb-compared with the EM dissociation of usual
stable nuclei. Furthermore, the target-charge
dependence of the EM dissociation cross section
is quite different from Zr 2: eYEMDcx:;~· 1.41±O.22. The
aim of the present report is to examine the effectof interference between EM and nuclear forces:
our interest is how much the interference affects
the magnitude and Zr-dependence of the crosssection.
For describing the above process, we assumed
tha t II Li consists of a 9Li -core and two neutrons
around it, and the two neutrons are in the Ipl / 2
orbets of a harmonic osci lla tor (HO) potential
V = mw 2( r l 2+ r 22) / 2. Thus the dissociation crosssection can be written in a manner similar to thecase of deuteron. 2) In deuteron dissociation, aGlauber approximat ion and a static Coulomb
potential are used for targets of Gaussian-type
distribution. These prescriptions were also usedin our calculation.
Results are shown in Fig. 1. The HO parameter OA:J = (mw) - 1/2 is related to the root meansquare (rms) distance between the origin and thec.m. of two neutrons by 0A:J2 = (4/ S) <R 2) with R =(rl + r 2) / 2. There are some ways of determining
the value of OA:J: if vve adjust G{J so that the
weakly-bound nature of the two neutrons canbe reproduced, 3) OA:J becomes 8.S fm; if we use
Rrms 2(I1 Li) = (9/ 11)Rrms 2(9Li) + (2/ 11)Rrm s 2(2n) withRrms 2(2n) = 2<R2 ) and put experimental va lues 4)
to Rrms (IILi)and R rms (9Li), ao is 3.6 fm. The
magnitude of the cross section, eYe + eYCN , is fairly
sensitive to OA:J, but the Zr-dependence is almost
Zr2 insensitive to OA:J: our model cannot reproduce
the experimental Zr-dependence. To solve thisdisagreement, we would need to include an ex-(barn)

8

(b)
1 lU

6

~

+ Pb ~ 9J.j + 2n + X

at 0.8 GeV/A

4

O"C+crCN

2
EXP.
0

2

8

6

4

10

ao (1m)(barn)
1

( a)
crc /

llLi + eu ~ 9U + 2n + X/

at 0.8 GeV/A
0.5

~

/

crC+crCN_0--"

o 4-~---~~o~---r---r---r---r--~--~
2

4

6

8

10

ao (1m)Fig. 1. Coulomb and interference contributions to thedissociation cross section, 0"( and O"eN . Targets are Cu(a) and Pb (b). The oscillator parameter ~ is definedin the text.

citation process of a "soft" giant dipole resonance mode of 11 Li suggested by Ikeda. 1)
References
1) T. Kobayashi et at.: Phys. L ett. B, 232. 51 (1989).
2) G. Faldt: Phys. Rev. D, 2, 846 (1970).
3) M. Sano and M. Wakai: This Report, p. 29.
4) I. Tanihata et at.: Phys. Rev. Lett., 55, 2676 (1985).

29

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-22.

Momentum Distributions of. 9Li Produced by
Projectile Fragmentation of llLi
M. Sano and M. Wakai

nuclear fragmentation, momentum distribution, nucleus- J( nucleus collision, Glauber scattering theory.

Recent experimental results for the momentum
distribution of 9Li from the fragmentation of llLi
at 800 MeV/nucleon show two Gaussian peakstructures of different widths. 1) No simple grosstheory can explain the two-component structureof the momentum distribution. The momentum
spectrum of the fragment reflects the momentum
distribution of removed nucleons. It may be considered that the narrow component is produced
by reactions in which two weakly bound neutrons are removed from llLi. The small momentum fluctuation of the last two neutrons is also
consistent with the large size of llLi, because it
indicates a long tail in the wave function in the rspace. The broader component may be due to theremoval of normally bound neutrons. Since thenucleus becomes unstable upon the removal of
deeply bound neutrons, one has to consider thereaction mechanism in more detail for fully
understanding of the momentum spectrum.
The peripheral collision process may be
divided into a direct fragmentation and a hardscattering processes. In the direct fragmentation
process the detected 9Li comes out of the parent
nucleus llLi as a spectator without scatteringwith nucleons in the target nucleus, while in thehard scattering process it suffers a simple collision with a constituent of the target nucleus. The
cross sections for the fragment corresponding to
the processes are described with Glauber's scattering formalism.
There is another possibility to produce the 9Li
fragment by the two-step process of 11 Li + target~1°Li+X~9Li+n+X, since IOLi produced by theremoval of the last neutron is in an unboundstate and automatically decays into the groundstate of 9Li. The first step process is described by
the same formalism and the decay of I°Li into 9Li
is assumed as to be spherical symmetric in the

I

I

I

11 Li + C .. 9Li + X

100

1\1

J 't
1 l\
III
\
J
\

'='

-g

.ri

~

blM-'<
M
'0

'0

50

1/

Y

I

J

-

T \T

1_+"

1/1

.~+~ -1tIf" :{jl---- ---- --- ---- lr+o --- --..I-'"T I

-100

II ~

o

100

k.l. (GeV/c]

Fig. 1. Transverse-momentum distributions of the 9Li
fragment from the reaction II Li + c. The solid line
shows calculated results corresponding to the directfragmentation process and the dotted line represents
contributions from the hard-scattering fragmentationand two-step fragmentation processes.

rest frame of IOLi.
Figure 1 represents the momentum distributionof 9Li for two-neutron removal in the PI /2 shell. In
numerical calculations, we take a Wood-Saxon
potential so as to fit the separation energy of thelast neutrons in the PI /2 shell. The momentum
distribution is well reproduced by the calcuation
corresponding to the direct fragmentation process (solid line), The calculated cross sections forother processes (dotted line) are considerably
small compared with that of the direct fragmentation process.
References
1) T. Kobayashi, O. Yamakawa, K. Ornata, K.
Sugimoto, T. Shimoda, N. Takahashi, and 1. Tanahata: Phys. Rev. Lett. , 60, 2599 (1988).

30
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989 )

111-1-23.

Production of Energetic Particles in Heavy-Ion Collisions 1)
W. Cassing,* V. Metag,** U. Mosel,* and K. Niita(Production of Energetic Particles]

We have discussed the production of particles,
photons, dileptons, and mesons, in heavy-ion
collisions at bombarding energies ranging fromroughly 20 MeV l u up to 2 GeV l u. We haveshown that presently available data are all compatible with a picture in which observed particle
yields are ascribed to the incoherent summationof particle-production from individual nucleonnucleon collisions. This is a quite important
conclusion since it becomes now possible to use
particles produced in heavy-ion collisions as
sensitive probes for specific regions of singleparticle phase space. This conclusion is based on
two essential ingredients: one is a transport theory that can describe the time-evolution of a
one-body density matrix throughout the heavyion reaction for a wide energy range. Here weused a so-called VUU (Vlasov- U ehlingUhlenbeck) method. The other is the descriptionof in-medium particle production rates by individual nucleon-nucleon collisions.
For the production of photons we argued thatthe data in the energy-regime from about 15
MeV l u up to 125 MeV l u seem indeed to reflect atransition from a ground state interaction to afree interaction and thus an in-medium correction to the free NN635y cross section. We also
discussed that at bombarding energies roughly
above 200 - 300 MeV l u the observation of direct
photons will not be possible because these areswamped by 7l'648 decay photons. However, at
higher energies there is a possibility to use dileptons as an alternative electromagnetic probe.
We showed that the data, obtained recently at
the BEV ALAC, can be understood in terms of
NN bremsstrahlung for a light system p + Be.
For heavier systems, like Ca +Ca, there is a clear
deficiency of the bremsstrahlung cross section at
higher invariant masses of dileptons which can* Institut fUr Theoretische Physik, Dniversitat Gie13en
D-6300 Gie13en, West Germany.
* * II. Physikalisches Institut, Dniversitat Gie13en
D-6300 Gie13en, West Germany.

probably be attributed to pion annihilation radiation. This is in itself an exciting question, as. dileptons originating from this process could
contain information about the pion self-energy athigh densi ty.
For the production of mesons we have shownthat a few pion data can be described quite wellin the same theoretical framework of independent NN collisions above bombarding energiesof roughly 60 MeV l u. Below this energy theoretical cross sections are clearly too low; this points
to more cooperative effects or may require aquantummechanical treatment. In any case,pions experience strong final state interactions
and this necessitates, after the quite involved andsophisticated theories to describe the primordial
yield, the application of rather crude models withfree parameters to describe this reabsorption andrescattering. We discussed that a similar problem appears also for rJ's that can be strongly
absorbed by the N * (1535) resonance.
To a large extent K +-mesons are free of such
final state interactions. Due to their high threshold they are at most SIS energies produced after
many collisions of the colliding, K +-producing
nucleons. These kaons thus come predominantly
from an equilibrated, hot unclear medium andrepresent optimal probes for possible studies of
the nuclear equation of state. Preliminary estimates show a sensitivity of about a factor of 2
when varying nuclear compressibility. However,
we have not yet included K +-production fromsuch reactions as 7l'N ~ AK + . This obviously
necessitates a nonperturbative treatment inwhich pions are actually follo wed in their timedevelopment in the dense baryonic environment.
References
1) Phys. Rep ., (1990 ) in press.

31
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-24.

Hard Photon Production within a Selfconsistent Transport
Approach to Heavy-Ion Coli is.ions!)
K. Niita, W. Cassing, * and U. Mosel *(Hard Photon Production']

We have studied heavy-ion reaction dynamics
on the basis of a transport equation of the
Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck type with a consistent treatment of the time-dependent mean field
and the in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross section
which are both derived from the same G-matrix. 2 )For numerical applications we have employed adensity-dependent effective parametrization for
G appropriate for nuclear configurations not too
far from the groundstate where Re{ G} and 1m{G} approximately fulfill the unitary relation for
G. One of the novel features of this choice ofparametrization is that at normal density P = Po
the effective interaction can be interpreted as
being generated by scalar meson exchange only.
We can thus easily evaluate the radiative corrections to the G-matrix as well as the in-medium
NN cross section at P = Po in a selfconsistentway.
Within this approach the stationary solutionsof the VUU equation for spherical nuclei arefound to yield quite reliable shapes of the nuclear
density distribution as well as for the momentum
distribution except in the very high momentum
region due to the classical limits adopted.
Furthermore, binding energies for spherical nuclei are as accurately reproduced as for HF
calculations with the same effective interaction
and are very close to the experimental data. The
time evolution of heavy-ion collisions in phasespace in the mean field(Vlasov) limit is found tobe very close to the results from TDHF and thus
indicates a reliable reproduction of mean field
properties in the energy regime from 15 MeV I u
to 150 MeV lu. In addition, the treatment of
nucleon-nucleon collisions in the simulation
could be shown to give quite satisfying results inthe opposite case, i.e. colliding nuclei in the infinite nuclear matter limit. We thus are convincedthat our numerical simulation of the VUU equation, based on time-dependent G-matrix theory,
allows for quite realistic simulations of heavy-* Institut fUr Theoretische Physik, UniversiUit Giessen
6300 Giessen, West Germany

ion reactions at nonrelativistic bombarding
energies.
The yield of hard photons from heavy-ion
collisions has been calculated in this consistentand parameter free approach, which involves anapproximation to the G-matrix. Up to 20 Me V l ubombarding energy the experimental hard
photon yields are well reproduced with a Gmatrix paramatrization for the ground state
configuration. With increasing bombarding
energy, however, these results underestimate theexperimental photon spectra systematically. We
thus applied a different parametrization of theeffective interaction for the evaluation ofphoton-probabilities which is fitted to free highenergy p-nucleus data. The photon yields withthis NN interaction are in good agreement withthe data above 30 MeV l u, but overestimate thosefor lower bombarding energies. This may indi cate that the G-matrix changes significantly inheavy-ion collisions from 20 MeV l u to 80 MeV Iu.
At bombarding energies below 20 MeV l u wehave, furthermore, observed two sources of hard
photons, i. e. from first-chance NN collisions andfrom an excited thermal source. The yields andthe energy spectra of hard photons from the twodifferent sources for nearly symmetric systems,
contrary to very asymmetric systems, are almost
equivalent due to the high temperature achieved.
Therefore, we need a more exclusive analysis,e.g. photon angular distributions in coincidencewith heavy fragments, and their total-kineticenergy-Ioss(TKEL) to disentangle these twosources in the experimental spectra.
References
1) K. Niita, W. Cassing, and U. Mosel: N ucl. Phys., A504,
391(1989) .
2) W. Cassing, K. Niita, and S.]. Wang: Z Phys., A331,
439(1988) .

32
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·1·25. Production of Hypernuclei in Relativistic Ion Beams
H. Banda, * M. Sano, M. Wakai, and J. Zofka**
hypernucleus, nuclear collision, nuclear fragmentation, J[ pion, kaon, lambda, coalescence model.

Hypernuclear physics in the last few years ischaracterized by application of new hypernucleus producing reactions and their detailed
studies. Since various reactions reveal various
properties to a different extent, they all constitute complementary parts which then, put
together, reveal a rich variety of hypernuclear
world. It is thus very important, since ex peri ments are difficult, to make use of all data as
fully as possible and to optimize the experiments
theoretically in advance. One such example is
hypernuclear production by relativistic ion collisions. Theoretical studies!) concentrated on
introducing a reliable model and exploring
kinematics for single and double A -hypernuclei
on targets which are theoretically interesting.
There appeared, however, new measurments 2)
producing ~ H and ~ Li on a 12C target. Under
analysis are further data on ~C and ~F
hypernuclei. 3) A new calculation in the coalescence scheme is performed to pertinently
describe the above cases for the projectile (incident energy) 4He (3.7 Ge V / nucl.) , 7Li (3.0 Ge V /nucl.) , 12C (3.7 Ge V / nucl.) , and 19F (3.7 Ge V /nucl.). It makes possible to verify the model ofrelativistic ion hypernuclear production itself
and to limit the parameters entering it by using
the values for cross sections already measured. Itfurther allows one to predict the production ratesof species now under experimental study andeven more importantly, it points at hypernuclei
produced abundantly in the process employed,
but not analyzed.
The production of K- and especially of ilmesons in high-energy nuclear collisions is large.
The latter is more abundant by a factor of ~ 10 3.
Thus the secondary yields of hypernuclei* Division of Mathematical Physics, Fukui University.
** Nuclear Physics Institute, Rez/ Prague, Czechoslova·
kia.

through (Kil ) and (ilK) reactions may be quite
appreciable and reach values comparable withthe primary direct process.
The comparison of corresponding calculated
values with available experimental ones reveals
good agreement: For 4He beam, Ref. 2 gave 0.2
jJ. b of ~ H whereas our theoretical value is 0.29
jJ. b. For 7Li beam, Ref. 2 suggested an upper limit
only, which has been put there at IjJ. b. For theexperimental data under investigation,3) the present model gives 0.18 jJ. band 0.13 jJ. b cross sections for 12C( ~C) and 19F( ~F) beams(resulting
fragments), respectively. Where available, theexperimental and theoretical values agree very
well and are well below IjJ. b. Theoretical values
have however revealed that not optimal hypernuclei (the largest production cross-sections combined with still appreciable il - mesonic weak
decay) have been necessarily used. It has beensuggested that the best optimal tuning should
etect ~ H and ~ H and, after il - decay, 4He and3He nuclei.
In contrast to the secondary (K - il) hypernuclear production, the model for (ilK) production[(il +K +) and (il - KO) J4) here yielded rather appreciable contribution, constituting some 20% (and
often more) of the primary production, andshould be taken into account. It further improves
the agreement with the experiment.
References
1) F. Asai, H. Bando, and M. Sano: Phys. L ett., B145,

19 (1984) ; M. Wakai, H. Bando, and M. Sano: Phys.
R ev., C38, 748 (1988).
2) S. Avramenko et al .: JINR E1 ·87-337, Dubna (1987).
3) S. Avramenko et al .: jETP, 48, 477 (1988).
4) H. Bando, M. Sano, M. Wakai, and J. Zofka: Nucl.
Phys., A501, 900 (1989).

33
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-26.

Strangeness Production in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions
M. Sana
Strangeness, hypernucleus, H-particle, quark, gluon, QCD,][nuclear collision, lambda, sigma, kusi, coalescence model.

We have known, from experiments, that the
production cross sections of kaons and A particles are considerably large in high-energy
heavy-ion collisions even at 2.1 GeV/ nucleon.
We can expect, therefore, that high-energy
heavy-ion collisions become a possible tool forthe formation of a hypernucleus and moreover
for the formation of exotic nuclear species suchas a H-particle and hypernucleus with multi-A
particles.
Asai et al. ll have tried to apply a coalescencemodeF) to the description of hypernucleus formation and to estimate the formation cross section
at 2.1 Ge V / nucleon by incorporating various
experimental and theoretical information on
high-energy heavy-ion collisions. The calculation
has further been extended up to an energy rangeof about 5 GeV / nucleon by Wakai et al. 3 ) andestimated the formation cross section of double
A-hypernuc1eus in addition to single Ahypernuc1eus. In this report,1) calculation
methods for strange particles, H-particles, andhypernuclei are reviewed and calculated results
are discussed.
Calculations for the hypernucleus formation
were performed for projectile 3He, 4He, 6Li, 7Li,
12C, and 19F on a 12C target, which are pertinent
to recent Dubna experiments. Table 1 shows
calculated 4) and experimental results. 5,6) Whereavailable for hypernucleus production, theexperimental and theoretical values agree verywell.
The H-partic1e with spin-parity I' = 0+, isospin
I = 0, and strangeness S = - 2 is a six -quar k state
consisting of two u, d, and s quarks coupled to aflavor SU (3) singlet. In the traditional hadron
physics, one can not predict a bound state for the
H dibaryon. The H-particle is a very interesting
particle, because it becomes a good example fordemonstrating the validity of the quark modeland the QCD. Table 2 shows the cross sections of
H-particle production. An abrupt increase of the
H-particle may be expected, if the quark-gluon

Table 1.

Hypernucleus production cross sections.
Beam energy Cross section Cub)
(Ge V / nuc!.)
Th.
Exp.

Reactiono· 05 -0
+0 .05").03

3 He + C-~ H + X

5.14

0.03

4 He + C- ~ H+X

3.7

0.06 < O.P)-~H+X
6 Li + C-~ H + X

0.29

o· 4+-00 .2. 4"

3.67-~ H + X

0.09 O. 2 ~ ~ :i~36
0.20 o 3+0 . '7 Li + C-~Li + X

3.0

0.11 < 1

12C+C_12C+X

3.7

0.18

19 F + C

-~F+X

3.7

0.13

II.

·

- 0. \55)

Table 2.

H-particle production cross sections.

Collision

Beam energy (Ge V / nuc!.) Cross section

Ne+Ne
O+Au
S+Au

5
200
200

2.6,ub0.09mb0.17mbplasma phase is realized. Thus, the enhancements of the H-particle production cross section
may become a signature of a quark-gluon
plasma.
References
1) F. Asai , H. Banda , and M. Sano : Phys, Lett. , 145B ,
19 (1984) .
2) H. Sato and K. Yazaki : ibid., 98B, 153 (1981).
3) M. Wakai, H. Banda, and M. Sano: Phys. R ev. , C38,
748 (1988).
v
4) H. Banda , M. Sano, M. Wakai, and J. Zofka: Nucl.
Phys. , A501, 900 (1989) .
5) S. Avramenko et at.: JETP, 48, 477 (1988).
6) J. Lukstins : Talk at the XXIII Yamada Conf. on
Nucl. Weak Proc. and Nucl. Structure, Osaka (1989) .
7) M. Sano : RIKEN-AF-NP-77 and Proc. of the NATO
Advanced Studies Institute on "Nuclear Equation ofState" , Peniscola, Spain, May 21- June 3 (1989) .

34

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-27.

Mesonic Atom Production in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions
M. Wakai, H. Banda, * and M. Sano

(mesonic atom, nuclear collision, muclear fragment, pion, kaon, coalescence modeL]

In high-energy nuclear collisions, many kindsof particles and nuclei are produced. Previously
we used a coalescence modeI 1•2 ) to estimate thehypernucleus production probability in highenergy nuclear collisions and get a conclusionthat hypernuclei could be produced with fairly
large cross sections, of the order of magnitude of
pb in p+ Ne and Ne+ Ne collisions at 2-5 GeV1
nucleon.
As for the branching ratios of possible elementary processes, those of pion-production q" aremuch larger than that of A-particle, q", that is,q,,1 q,,~102 at 5 GeV I nucleon. This result suggests
us an unnegligible production probability of
7l'-mesonic atoms in high-energy collisions. The
purpose of this paper is to estimate a 7l'-mesonicatom production probability in nuclear collisions
by using the coalescence model. Numerical calculations are performed for p+ Ne, Ne+ Ne at 2.1
Ge V and 5 Ge V1nucleon. The model is also
extended to the case of K-mesonic atom production.
In a 7l'-mesonic atom, a negative pion is boundto a fragment nucleus F through Coulomb interaction. The Inclusive cross section of negative
pions are evaluated by a statistical phase spacemodel. The calculated 7l'- cross sections for Ne+
Ne collision at 2.1 GeV Inucleon can reproduce
the slope of an experimental curve, but the absolute values of the cross section are three-times
larger than the experimental values. We then use
theoretical values of cross sections multiplied bya factor of 1/3 as the 7l' - production cross section.
Calculated results of 7l'-mesonic atom production
cross sections are displayed in Fig. l(a) and (b)for Ne+Ne collisions at 2.1 GeV and 5 GeV I
nucleon.
We found that the cross section of mesonicatom production at 5 Ge V Inucleon is about a few
factor smaller than at 2. 1 Ge V 1nucleon, since theoverlap between momentum distributions ofpions and nuclear fragments becomes poor
although the pion production increases withincreasing beam energy. The production crosssections of K- -atoms are about 10 3 '"'-'10 4 factor* Division of Mathematical Physics, Fukui University.

smaller than the 7l' - -atom production cross sections, reflecting the difference between the magnitude of the 7l' - and K- production cross sections.

10'

10'

5

5 GeV/A
1(-

Ne. Ne .. F .X
10

1

(b)

.D

:J..

........ 10°

"
1L..

b

5

15

Fig. 1. The production cross sections of n --mesonicatoms in Ne + Ne collisions at 2.1 and 5.0 GeV / A.

References
1) H. Sato and K. Yazaki: Phys. Lett., 98B, 153 (1981).
2) F. Asai, H. Bande, and M. Sano: Phys. Lett., 145B, 19(1984); M. Wakai, H. Bande, and M. Sano: Phys. Rev.,
C38, 748 (1988).

35
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-28.

Possibility of H-Particle Production in High-Energy
Nuclear Collisions
M. Sano, M. Wakai, and H. Bando*
H-particle, quark, gluon, QeD, strangeness, nuclear J[ collision, lambda, sigma, kusi, coalescence model.

A bound dibaryon state with spin-parityJ "=0+, isospin 1=0, and strangeness 5 = - 2 waspredicted in 1977 by Jaffel} using the MIT bag
model. The predicted binding energy was
about - 80 MeV below the energy of two lambda
particles. This so-called H-particle is a six-quark
state consisting of two u, d, and s quarks coupled
to a flavor SU(3) singlet.
Since then, many studies have been performed
using relativistic quark bag models, Skyrme
models, quark cluster models, and lattice QeD.
The estimated binding energy of the H particle isquite model dependent, ranging from positive(unbound) to - 650 Me V (strongly bound). The H
particle is a very interesting particle, because it
is a very good example for demonstrating thevalidity of the quark model and QeD.
We study the production of the H particle inhigh-energy nuclear collisions by employing thecoalescence model as a formation mechanism of
the H particle. In previous work 2 ) we studied
hypernucleus production in high-energy nuclear

collisions. We find a reasonable agreement
between predicted values and recent experimental data obtained at Dubna. 3 ) This successmotivated us to extend the calculation to Hparticle production, since the H particle consisting of six quarks is expressed in terms of two
baryon configurations asI

H>=1t I AA > +/t I Na >-It I ~~ > .

The baryon production cross sections in Ne+
Ne collisions at 5 GeV / nucleon are calculated by
the statistical phase-space model and ?ire shownin Fig. l. Figure 2 shows the calculated Hparticle production cross sections and threechannel contributions (without statisticalweights) at 8 = 00 in Ne+ Ne collisions. It should
be noticed that the cross sections extend up toquite high momenta. This is due to the similar
momentum distributions of two baryons, which

5 GeV lnucleon... ---- .........

e = 0°Ne + Ne
(Y)

M

u

U
N

("'4

H

.........

>"
QJ

~

(1)

10

2

A

\::

~

.D

E

c::
"0

10

1

~-

'

c::
"0

a.

"0
N

N

Eo

0.

-

N

0.

'0
N

-

"0

w

"0

10°

10

"0
W

1

2
3
p (GeV Ie )4

L

Fig. 1. p, A, ~ - , and a- momentum
spectra at ()= 0 °.

* Division of Mathematical Physics, Fukui University.

2

4

6

8

PL (GeV Ie )Fig. 2. The H-partic1e momentum
spectra at () = 0
0 .

36

M. Sano et at.

in turn make the integrated cross section large.
The obtained total cross section is'"'-'2. 6 J-l b,
which is surprisingly one order of magnitudelarger than hypernuclear production cross sections. The magnitude of the cross section is insensitive to the binding energy of the H particle.
It is expected that the production cross sections
increase with incident beam energy since hyperon productions increase.

References
1) R.L. Jaffe: Phys. Rev. Lett., 38, 195 (1977) .
2) F. Asai, H. Bando, and M. Sano: Phys. L ett. , B145, 19(1984) ; M. Wakai, H. Bando, and M. Sano: Phys. R ev .,C38, 748 (1988) ; H. Bando, M. Sano, M. Wakai , and].
Zofka: Nucl. Phys . A501, 900 (1989).
3) S. Avramenko et al .: JET?, 48, 477 (1988); J. Lukstins: Talks at the XXIII Yamada Conference on
Nucl. Weak Proc. and Nucl. Structure, Osaka (1989) .

37
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·1·29.

Hadronic Matter at Finite Temperature

K. Soutome, T. Maruyama,* and K. Saito**[ fInIte temperature.
~q~ationof state, (J - w model, relativistic Hartree-Fock,]

The study of the equation of state (EOS) for
hadronic matter is an important subject in thecontext of heavy-ion reactions or astrophysicalphenomena. To study hadronic matter, Walecka
proposed a simple model-a relativistic (J - w
model I)-on the basis of quantum field theory.
The extension of the model to the one at finite
temperature was done within the mean-field(MF) approximation by using the imaginary-timeformalism of a finite-temperature field theory.2)
In this formalisn1, however, summation overdiscrete frequencies must be carried out inevaluating Feynman diagrams, and the calculation of exchange-term contributions seems to bedifficult because of the divergence problem. We
have thus used Thermo Field Dynamics (TFD)
formalism 3 ) to perform the relativistic HartreeFock (HF) calculation at finite temperature. 4 )TFD has many advantageous features: it isclosely related to the conventional zerotemperature field theory; the Feynman diagram
technique is available, but we need no sum overdiscrete frequencies; free propagators split into
temperature-dependent and tempera tureindependent parts from the outset, which meansthat the divergence can be eliminated by thecounterterms set up at zero temperature.
In Fig. 1 we show the resulting EOS for neutron matter at low temperature and low density.
The liquid-gas phase transition seen in the MF
approximation disappears in the HF approximation. This shows the importance of exchangeterm contributions in the neutron matter calculation at finite temperature.
The Lagrangian density we used containes
neither the self-interactions of (J-mesons nor thecontribution of pions. These terms are importantfor more realistic descriptions of hot and/ or• Institut fUr Theoretische Physik, Universitat TUbingen, D-7400 TUbingen, F.R.G .
•• Physics Division, Tohoku College of Pharmacy.

,..,

2.00

I,

I

E

NEUTRON MATTER

'+-

>Q)

1.50

I

I

/ ,I

,/,

/
/
1151 /'

~

10 I

'-./

CL

1/

I

//

{,

I I'

1.00

/ ,I
, I'
I
/1
I
/1
//

/

0.50

I
/

5

'"

5,/
1/
/1

/

1/
; / 0

",/;

0.00

-----"- - HF---- MF-0 . 50

L--_~o . 00_ _---L._ _~_ ___'

0 . 100 . 20Ps ( fm -3 )Fig.!. EOS (pressure vs . baryon density) for neutron
matter at temperatures T=O, 5, 10, and 15 MeV.

dense hadronic matter. In particular, the selfinteractions of (J-mesons can soften the nuclear
matter EOS.5) Self-consistent treatment of suchmodels may be easier in the TFD formalism thanin the imaginary-time formalism. These points
will be studied in the future.
References
1) J.D. Walecka: Ann. Phys., 80, 361 (1974); B.D. Serot
and J.D. Walecka: Adv. Nucl. Phys., 16, 1 (1986).
2) J.D. Walecka: Phys., L ett. B, 59,109 (1975).
3) H. Umezawa, H. Matsumoto, and M. Tachiki: "Thermo field dynamics and condensed states", NorthHolland, Amsterdam (1982); N.P. Landsman and Ch.
G. van Weert: Phys. Rep., 145 , 141 (1987) , and references therein.
4) K. Soutome, T. Maruyama, and K. Saito: RIKENAF-NP-74 (to be published in Nucl. Phys. A).
5) N.K. Glendenning: Phys. Lett. B, 208, 335 (1988).

38

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-30.

Self-Consistent Transport Tensors for Collective Motion in
Several Dimensions
S. Yamaji, R. Samhammer, * and H. Hofmann*
L~r~e Scale Collective Motion, Linear Response TheOry,]( FIsSIOn.

At finite intrinsic excitations nuclear collective motion can be viewed as a diffusion process
in collective phase space. This picture wasintroduced by Kramers.l) However, Markovian
behavior in his treatment is questionable since
the time scales for collective and intrinsic
degrees of freedom are not separated widely
enough. In Ref. 2, it was argued that Kramers'
picture can nevertheless be retained in its essential features if the transport coefficients arecalculated at a finite local frequency within theframework of a locally harmonic approximation.
In the present study, we generalized the one
dimensional teatment of Ref. 2 to two (and more)degrees of freedom (Q Jl: J1 = 1, "', n) . We reported details elsewhere, 3) and present only results
and remarks. We choose two collective variables
to specify the shape of fissioning nucleus 212PO.
The first one, Ql = Z, measures the distance
between the centers of the two fragments, andthe second parameter, Q2 = E, has the meaning ofa neck parameter. 3 ) In Table 1 we present values
for the tensors of inertia M JlV and friction YJlV
Table 1. Inertial tensor in units of [ (10- 23 sec) 2 ~~VJ
and friction tensor in units of [ (10- 2 3 sec) ~~V ]along fission path for T=2 MeV.
M, (O)

M,

M1.(O)

M1.

1',(0)

1',

1'1.(0)6.0

0,41 8

0.673

0.592

0.924

1.83

1,47

1.43

7.0

0.738

0.723

1.08

0.912

2.04

2.34

2.09

2.92

8.0

1. 23

1.86

1.32

1.99

2.65

2.84

2.93

4.17

References
2.77

13.0

6.55

7.90

3.71

4.23

14.6

16.0

6.86

7.11

15.8

8.30

9,49

4.43

4.67

12.7

13 .9

11.9

12.2

17.0

14.5

14.6

0.631

0.144

21.7

21.3

9.92

12.8

18.5

9.91

16.1

5.56

7.89

20.0

46.4

7.63

18.0

* Department of Physics, Tech. Univ. Munich.

calculated at a temperature of 2Me V along thepath of minimal potential energy. We introduce a
new coordinate system (80, where Qf and Q1are the collective coordinates parallel and perpendicular to the fission path, respectively. We
compare the "true" result with that of the Markov limit. 4 )In general, we can say that these results confirm the findings of Ref. 2: a) The coordinate
dependence is generally weaker than that expected from "cranking" -type calculations; b) at T =2MeV the zero-frequency limit seems to be a fairapproximation up to the barrier region, but
becomes bad behind the barrier.
We observed a new feature that along the"fission path" both tesors MJlv and YJlV are far
from being diagonal.
Finally we want to give some numbers to the
local collective equilibration time Yk1~ = M/ Y
and the dissipation strength llf = Yf / 2 / Mr I Cr I .
Physically Yk1~ defines the time relevant forrelaxation to a Maxwell distribution. Along thefission path we find: Yk1~:::::-3. 5, 2.1 X 10- 22 sec for
T = 2 ,3, 4 Me V. With increasing temperature, llf
itself increases linearly, reaching values around 4
for T:::::-4"'5 MeV. Again, this behavior is very
similar to the results discussed in Ref. 2.

1) H.A. Kramers: Physica, 7, 284 (1940) .
2) S. Yamaji, H. Hofmann, and R. Samhammer: Nucl.
Phys., A475, 487 (1988) .
3) R. Samhammer, H. Hofmann, and S. Yamaji: ibid. ,A503, 404 (1989) .
4) H. Hofmann: Phys. Lett., 6IB, 423 (1976).

39
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-1-31.

Nuclear Collective Motion: Markovian or Not?
S. Yamaji, H. Hofmann,* and R. Samhammer*[Large Scale Collective Motion, Linear Response Theory')
In nuclei collective motion exhibits itself invarious forms, ranging from vibrations aroundstable configurations to processes of large scaleas encountered in fission and heavy-ion collisions. It was only shortly after the discovery offission that Kramers 1) suggested that the nuclear
collective motion at finite intrinsic excitation
can be viewed as a diffusion process in the collective phase space. This picture, as well as theequation itself, is manifestly Markovian, requiring conditions on time scales for intrinsic andcollective degrees of freedom being widely separa ted enough.
Here, we report the study of this question.
Details are given in Ref. 2. First, we study thevibration at zero temperature. We choose adescription in terms of shape-variable Q. With
q= Q- Qm defined as the deviation of Q from its
equilibrium value Qm=Qo, the equation of
motion can be written as:
xq(t)=- f _: dsx(s)q(t-s)(1)

Here, x is the coupling constant given by x = - e( 0 ) - X (w = 0) with the first term representing
the static stiffness coefficient and the second one
the static response. The X (t) stands for the
response function. Equation 1 has typical nonMarkovian features. If, as compared to X (s), q(t - s) changes slowly with s, we approximate
the integral by expanding q (t - s). A short calculation shows that the collective frequency isgiven by w~ero = e ( 0 ) / M ( 0 ), with M ( 0 )being the cranking inertia. 3 ) This approximation
applies to low frequency vibrations, but will
geneally fail for giant resonances, since the characteristic frequency of X (w) is not large compared to the frequency of a giant resonance. Thus
the latter has to be calculated from the full
dispersion relation:• Department of Physics, Tech. Univ. Munich.

x + X (w) = 0(2)
For the generalization to large scale motion at
finite temperature,4.5) Qo can be any fixed valueof the coordinate which the system may reach.
The basic assumption consists in the hypothesisthat for a small time interval, at, actual Q (t) canbe approximately described by a harmonic
motion.
By comparing Eq. 2 with the one obtained byexpanding it to the second order in w, we findthe conditions for thezero-frequency limit:
namely I e ( 0 ) / X ( 0) I «1 and 41'/= y2 /I Me I «1. The first condition implies - x~X( 0 ). For larger friction the second condition
becomes important. It implies a violation of theMarkov-limit even for comparatively small values of 17. Clearly, in the strongly overdamped
case, i.e. for 17» 1, it will become possible toentirely neglect this term, which means to neglect any influence of the inertia. In this case it
will only be the first condition that is to beobeyed.
To summarize we believe that the approximate answer to the question raised in the title
could be: Yes, nuclear collective motion is largely non-Markovian, indeed. Nevertheless, we may
use differential equations with selfconsistenttransport coefficients to describe this motion
adequately in most cases.

References
1) H.A. Kramers: Physica, 7, 284 (1940).
2) H. Hofmann, R. Samhammer, and S. Yamaji: Phys.
Lett., B229 , 309 (1989).
3) H. Hofmann: ibid., B6t, 423 (1976).
4) S. Yamaji, H. Hofmann, and R. Samhammer: Nucl.
Phys., A475 , 487 (1988).
5) R. Samhammer, H. Hofmann, and S. Yamaji: ibid.,
A503, 404 (1989).

40

RIKEN Accel. Prog. 23 (1989)

111-2.

Atomic and Solid-State Physics
1.

Note on Symmetric Charge Exchange Cross Sections
at Low Velocity Ion Impact
L. Vegh, T. Watanabe, and S. Sakabe*

The cross section of the symmetric charge
exchange processes X ++ X ~ X + X + at low
energies as a function of the projectile velocity
can be described as(J'1 /2(V) =A -B In v
where A and B are constants determined fromthe ionization potential of atom X involved in
the collision. I) The cross section (J', a function of
the ionization potential, taken at a given projectile velocity decreases exponentially.2) All available X+ + X ~ X + X+ data show this trend except
for unexpectedly large cross sections for U+ + U~ U + U+ (by a factor of 8) 3) and for Gd ++ Gd~
Gd +Gd+ (by a factor of 5) .4)
Mizushima S ) pointed out that the large U++ U~ U + U+ cross section can be explained on thebasis of the structure of U atom. The outer-shell
configuration of uranium atom is given as
5fs/27s 26d l. Since the 5fs/2 core can be excitedvery easily, the inclusion of the contribution of
the final states of the projectile and target withexcited 5f 512 core gives an increase in the crosssection by a factor of about 4. The transfer of
one of the 7s-electrons contributes to the crosssection of charge transfer to about the same
extent as that of the 6d-electron and this produces a further enhancement by a factor of about
2; a theoretical value agrees with the measured* Osaka University, Institute of Laser Engineering.

cross section.
We note that the enhanced charge exchange
cross section for Gd++Gd~Gd +Gd+ can be explained similarly to the anomaly for the uranium
symmetric collision. Gadolinium having theouter-shell configuration 4f5124f7l26s25dl shows asimiliar structure to the uranium. Considering
very similar characters of the 7s 26d l and 6s 25d l
configurations, the contribution of 6s electrons to
the exchange Gd+ + Gd~Gd + Gd+ may havethe same importance as that for the uranium
case, and this can explain the observed enhancement.
Similar behavior can be predicted for the symmetric charge exchange for ytterbium and scandium atoms since their outer-shell configurations, 5s 24d l for the ytterbium and 4s 23d 1 for thescandium, are similar to that of the uranium andgadolinium.
References
1) D. Rapp and W. E. Francis:]. Chem. Phys., 37, 2631

(1962 ) .
2) S. Sakabe: unpublished.
3) H. Niki, Y. Izawa, H. Ohtani, and C. Yamanaka:
Trans. Inst. Electr. Eng. lPn., 102C, 45 (1982).
4) T. Naka: dissertation, Osaka University (1987)(unpublished) .
5) M. Mizushima: jpn. ]. Appl. Phys., 27, 449 (1988) .

41

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (989)111·2·2.

Recoil Ion Velocities at Very Small Scattering Angles
H. Fukuda, L. Vegh, and T. Watanabe

Dorner et al. have recently reported 1) double
differential cross sections for 0.5 MeV singly
ionizing p-He collisions. They measured thedeflection angle e of protons in a regime between
0.1 and 2 mrad in coincidence with the transverse
momentum qR .l. of the recoiled He+ ions andperformed a complete three-body transversemomentum measurement.
The kinematical limit of a scattering angle for
proton-electron scattering is, since the electron isat rest before the collision, e :=:::: sine = m/ Mp =0.545 mrad, where m and Mp are the masses of anelectron and a proton, respectively. Therefore,
the momentum exchanges in the region investigated are determined by the interplay of
proton-electron and proton-alpha particle interactions.
The minimum value of momentum q, transferred by a proton projectile to He atom is determined by energy conservation and is given as
q// = LJE/v, where q// is the parallel component of
momentum transfer, LJE is the excitation energyof the atom and v is the velocity of the projectile.
The scattering angle is given by q .l. = Mpve,
where q.L is the transverse component of the
momentum transfer.
If q .l. is very large, a recoil velocity can becalculated fromq.L + qR .L = 0, that is, theproton-alpha collision is responsible for themeasured scattering angle and the recoil velocity. In the region around 0.5 mrad both protonelectron and proton-alpha collisions play animportant role. At very small scattering angles
of 0.1 mrad the recoil due to the electron ejection

by proton-electron interaction becomes significant.
If we take the relationship between the recoil
energy ER and proton deflection angle e, ER .l.
decreases with decreasing e at large deflection
angles. However, there is saturation value ofER .l. at very small deflection angles. Using thespecial experimental equipment,1) the saturation
value is found to be about 15 me V. At very smalle, the sum of the momentum of He+ and that of
the ejected electron is considered to be zero.
Then the saturation value should be equal to theaverage momentum of ejected electrons.
To describe the behavior of the ER .l. (e) function in a wide range we apply a model based onan eikonal distorted wave method. 2 ) In thisapproximation the deflection of a charged projectile in the average field of a target atom isrepresented by the eikonal distortion factor.
Neglecting the longitudinal component of the
momentum transfer in projectile-target nucleus
collision, we expand the eikonal distortion factor
into a plane-wave series. By using this expansion, where the Fourier components can easily becalculated, the integration over the projectile
coordinate is performed making use of the Bethe
integral. The calculations are in progress.
References
1) R. Dorner, J. Ullrich, H. Schmidt·Bocl<jng, and R.E.

Olson: Phys. Rev. Lett., 63, 147 (1989).
2) F.W. Byron, Jr. and c.]. Joachain: Phys. Rep., 34c, 233(1977) .

42
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·2·3.

Theoretical Calcu lation of the Charge Transfer
in Highly Charged Ions
K. Fujill1a, F. Koike,* and T. Kato**

Recent plasma diagnostics has pointed out
growing importance of the charge transfer process between highly charge ions in tokamak. l )We have calculated the foll owing charge transfer cross sections as examples:

-18

/'
/tp

N e+6(2s 2) + Ti 21 +(ls)- Ne7+(2s) + TFo+(lsn1)
0 + 6(1s2s) + Ti 21+(ls)-0+7(1s) + Ti +2°(1sn 1).

/,oSince a detailed calculation method is statedelsewhere,2) we summarize it briefly. The potential curves of the system and radial coupling
matrices for charger transfer a re calculated byusing a Discrete Variational Xa (DV -Xa)
method. 3) On the basis of perturbed stationary
state (PSS) scheme, obtained time-dependent
coupled equations are integrated along the relative motion of ions. 4 ) We neglect rotational coupling because radial coupling is the dominantmechanism in relatively low energy collisions.
Figure l(a) shows potential curves obtainedwith a Ne+6 +Ti 21 + system. The initial channel
for the present collision is channel 10, as indicated in Fig. l. This state undergoes an avoided
crossing with a bunch of the orbitals correlated
to 5l of Ti 21 + (l = 0,1,"',5) at about 5 a.u. Figurel(b) shows partial and total charge transfer crosssections against collision energy. The total crosssection has a sharp threshold at about l. 0 ke V.
With regard to the partial cross sections, thehigher I state has the larger probability to get an
electron.
In Fig. 2(a) and (b), preliminary potential
curves and charge transfer cross sections
through radial coupling are indicated for Ti +23 +0+ 6 collision.

* School of Medicine, Kitasato University.
* * National Institute of Fusion Sciense.

10

5
I nteratom Ie 0 ; stance (a. u.)

100

Collis10n energy (KeV)

Fig. 1. (a) Potential curves of Ne 6 + (2s 2 ) + Ti 2 1 + (Is)system. (b) Solid curve indicates the total chargetransfer cross section. Dashed curves marked with s,p, ..., g are partial cross sections for charge transfer to5s, 5p,· .. , 5g of the Ti ion, respectively.

(b)

o

2
lnterato.,c Di stance (a. u.)

10

100

Call is10n energy (KeV)

Fig. 2. Potential (a) and charge transfer cross sections(b) for 0 6 + (ls2s) + Tj2 l+(ls), respectively. Probabilities
of getting an electron into 5t (l = s, p, ...,g) of the T i
ion are also indicated.

References
1) T. Kato et at.: Phys. Rev., A36, 795 (1987).
2) For example, M.R.e. McDowell, and J.P. Coleman:
Introduction to the Theory of Ion-Atom Collisions,North-Holland, Amsterdam (1970) .
3) K. Fujima et at.: Phys. Rev., A32, 3585 (1985) .
4) F. Koike et at. : ]. Phys., Btl, 4193 (1978).

43

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-4.

Hyper-radial Adiabatic Treatment of d Jl + t Collisions at
Low Energies
H. Fukuda, S. Hara, and T . Ishihara*

An adiabatic expansion method in hyperradius R has been applied to atomic three-bodysystems such as the doubly-excited states of Hand He. 1) Having no constant spurious couplings, this method has an advantage over a
conventional Born-Oppenheimer (BO) representation for molecular systems. In fact, hyperradial calculations have given better results forenergies of HD+ ion 2 ) and (dt,u) +3) than the BO
representation using the same number of expansion terms. The hyper-radial expansion is also
expected to be useful for collision processes. At
present, however, there is no practical application except for a simple e+ H elastic collision.
The present study aims to examine the applica bility of the hyper-radial method to collision
processes, taking a d,u +t system at thermalenergy as an example. This process is importantin muon catalyzed fusion research.
We have carried out numerical calculations
for the process(d,u) Is +t~ (d,u) IS+t~(t,u)ls+d+48eV(1)
at a center-of-mass incident energy Ei = 10- 3e V in
two-state approximation. In Table 1, our results
are compared with those of a perturbed stationary state (PSS) method 4) and of a distorted
atomic orbital (DAO) method. 4) Both PSS andDAO results are in a two-state approximation. In
the DAO method, basis functions for each channel are defined by eigenfunctions of the total
Hamiltonian with a relative Jacobi coordinate
fixed. Thus, they satisfy the exact boundary
conditions for both channels and, therefore, there
appears no spurious coupling. In the PSS
method,4) the reduced mass of an adiabatic
Hamiltonian is defined as that of a d,u atom.
Therefore, the dissociation energy of the incident
channel is given correctly.

* Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba.

Table 1. .Elastic and ,u-transfer cross sections (inunits of 10- 20 em2) for d,u + t collisions at a centerof-mass incident energy Ei = 1O-3e V .

Elastic
TransferPresent

DA04)

1.7
9.1

2.0
16.

2. 2
3.9

For a ,u-transfer process, the DAO results arein good agreement with variational calcudations
and with the experimental results deduced frommuon catalyzed fusion data. On the other hand,
the PSS cross sections are much smaller than the
DAO cross sections. This descrepancy is attributed to the poor description of the final channel
wave function in the PSS method. 4 ) In the present
formalism, the basis functions satisfy the correctboundary conditions as R~ oo . However, there
exist long range couplings of order l / R with thestates neglected in our two-state approximation.
Because of these couplings, improvement overthe PSS results is not sufficient. For further
improvement, more states are necessary to be
included in the expansion.
For an elastic process, there is no experimental
results to be compared with. The present results
agree very well with the DAO results. The PSS
results are also in good agreement with these
two , because the incident channel wave function
is not very bad for such low energies.
References
1) J. H. Macek: ]. Phys., Bl, 831 (1968) .
2) S. Hara, H. Fukuda, and T. Ishihara: Phys. R ev., A39,35 (1989) .
3) S. Hara, H. Fukuda, T. Ishihara, and A.V. Matveenko:
Phys. L ett. , Al30, 22 (1988) .
4) K. Kobayashi, T. Ishihara, and N. Toshima: Muon
Catalyzed Fusion, 2, 191 (1988) .

44
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·2·5.

Series of Resonances in Muonic Molecules
I. Shimamura

The d-t and d-d fusion catalyzed by muons
without the need of high-temperature plasmas
has been the subject of increasing experimental
and theoretical interest in these years. It has been
established experimentally that a single muon
can catalyze d-t fusion about 150 times on the
average during its lifetime in a dense mixture of
deuterium and tritium under certain conditions.
In each of these 150 events an energy of 16.7 MeV
is emitted as fusion energy. In pure deuterium,
less efficient muon-catalyzed d-d fusion occurs.
The clue to the mechanism of the catalysis is theformation of muonic molecular ions (dt,u) + or
(dd,u) +.
Particular attention has been paid to weakly
bound states, since they are considered to beformed efficiently in thermal collisions d +t,u (Is)~ (dt,u) ++ ~E or similar collisions between d
and d,u (Is). This is because the excess energy~E is small for weakly bound states of themuonic molecule, and is efficiently absorbed by
the vibrational-rotational motion of a hydrogenlike electronic molecule d+(dt,u) +e-e-, in which
the muonic molecule (dt,u) + has a much smaller
size than the electron orbitals and plays a role ofa pseudo nucleus in the electronic molecule.
The purpose of the present work is to study
what happens if a deuteron collides with a t,u or
a d,u atom in an excited state, say, in the staten = 2. Just as in collisions involving the groundstate atoms, the dt,u or dd,u molecules are expected to be formed efficiently, if they have states
just below the n=2 level of the muonic atom.
These levels are not really bound states but areresonance states, because their energies are in
the continuum. Therefore, our concern is in thepossibility of existence of resonance states close
to the level n = 2 of the muonic atom.
In fact, it is possible to prove that there exist
infinite series of resonances converging frombelow to the threshold for excitation of the n = 2
level of the target atom, if the total angularmomentum] is less than 7.1) For homo nuclear
systems like dd,u, there is one infinite series withthe gerade property, and one with the ungerade
property. For heteronuclear systems like dt,u,there is one infinite series below d+t,u (n=2)
and another series below t+d,u (n=2).1) These
resonances are similar to the infinite series ofresonances known in electron scattering byhydrogen a toms.
Reference 1 also derives a simple formula Aa v
for the position of the vth resonance for high v,
where a and A are constants. In other words, theknowledge of several high-lying members of theseries gives us information on the energy positions of all high-lying members of the infinite
series. Furthermore, the size of the muonic molecule in a resonance state lying at ev (e V) relative
to the n = 2 dissociation limit is estimated to be[4 /TEvTJ -1 in angstroms. Therefore, the resonance states of our interest can be of a size
comparable to the electronic molecule.
These results have been derived from thenonrelativistic Schrodinger equation. A peculiar
property of these high-lying resonances, however, is the strong influence by the relativistic
and quantum electrodynamic corrections, whichchange all the infinite series of resonances into
finite series. In spite of this change, there still
exist weakly bound resonances with ~E as small
as a fraction of an electron volt according to apreliminary calculation.
The resonances in muonic molecules studied
here may play some role as intermediate states inmuon-transfer processes such as d,u (n=2) +t~
d+t,u(n=2) or in the fusion process.
References
1) I. Shimamura: Phys. Rev., A40, 4863 (1989).

45
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-6.

Bound and Resonance Levels of Muonic Molecules andTheir Fusion Rates
S. Hara and T. Ishihara *We calculate, by a variational procedure, thebound state energies of the even-parity muonic
molecules with total angular momentum] = 1
and the energies of the (ddjL) + and (dtjL) + resonant states below the n = 2 energy level ofmuonic atoms. I ) We have found 11 resonant
states with] = 0 and 12 with] = 1 for (ddjL) + and9 states with] =0 and 10 with] = 1 for (dtjL) +.
Some of the resonant energies, relative to the n=
2 level of the muonic atoms, are less than the
dissociation energy of H2 and, therefore, thesestates may play some role in muon catalyzed
fusion.
Figure 1 gives a schematic diagram for the
adiabatic potential curves, bound (solid curve)- OllO.----.--.--- - r -- - - - ----.

- 0125 f----'j,-,,..,,..,,.,.-~..,..,..,,-----__I

Table 2. Resonant energies (ine V) of the g·type(dd,u)+, relative to the n = 2 level of d,u.

~ -0150

10

20

30

40

Internuclear distance R

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram for the adiabatic potential
curves, bound (solid curve) and resonant (dashedcurve) states of the muonic molecules in the units ofe= Ii = mJ.l (muon mass) = 1.
Table 1. Energies (ine V) of the even· parity boundstates with] = 1.
Isotopes

Energy (eV)(pp,u) +(dd,u) +-13.542-22.595-27.413-3.684-1.566-19.124(tt,u) +(pd,u) +(pt,u) +(dt,u) +* Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba,
Ibaraki 305, Japan.

J=l

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

-218.113-l35.278- 72.962- 31. 884
-12.606-5.304- 2.210- 211.926-130.348- 69.225-29.504- 11. 478
-4 .758' - 1.9l3

v

J=O

v

} =1

0

-217.892-139.724-79.095-36.567-19.124a- 17.443- 11.414-7.225- 3.565-1.600

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

-212.547-135.375- 75.674-34.233-19.161-16 .351- 10.505- 6.485-3 . 185-1. 346oa-0.175

J =O

Table 3. Resonant energies (ineV) of (dt,u ) +, relative
to the n = 2 level of t,u .

1
2
3

~
w

v

4
5
6
7
8

a Even parity bound state with] = 1.
and resonant (dashed curves) energy levels of themuonic molecule (ddjL) + below the n = 2 muon
atomic levels.
Table 1 is the results for the] = 1 even-parity
bound states, and Tables 2 and 3, the results
for the resonant states.
Fusion rates of (dtjL) + resonance states areabout 10- 3 smaller than the fusion rates of thestates related to the n= 1 levels of muonic atoms.
References
1) S. Hara and T. Ishihara: Phys. Rev., A40, 4232 (1989) .

46
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-7.

Radiative Electron Capture Cross Section for
26-MeV /u Ar 18 + Ions on a Carbon Target
Y. Awaya, A. Hitachi, T. Kambara, Y. Kanai,
K. Kuroki, and T. Mizogawa

We have obtained the total radiative electron
capture (REC) cross section, O'R EC, for the collision system of 26-MeV l u Ar 18+ ions on a carbon
target by measuring the yield of REC X rays.
The REC cross section was found in fair agreement with a theoretical value.
Ar 13 + ions accelerated by RIKEN Ring Cyclotron up to 26 Me V l u were passed through analuminum foil and Ar 18+ ions were selected,
momentum analyzed, and then led to a carbon
target; measurements for Ar 13 + ions were also
carried out for comparison. Since Ar 18 + ions have
two K holes whereas Ar l 3+ ions have no K holes
before collision, we can obtain information about
the probability of double collision concerning theK electron. X rays were measured with two Si(Li) detectors placed at 90 and 270 with respect
to the beam. The angular dependence of an REC
X-ray yield is assumed to be sin 2 (j on the basis ofprevious results. I) X -ray spectra obtained forboth ions are shown in Fig. 1. The X-ray background due mainly to secondary electron bremsstrahlung is subtracted by normalizing the calculated curve to the experimental data for energies
higher than about 23 ke V.
0Single collision seems to be realized under thepresent collision conditions for thin carbon targets. We confirmed this by studying the dependence of the REC X-ray yield on the thickness ofthe target (1l.8- 67.7 ,ug/ cm 2 ). The number ofincident Ar ions were estimated from the amountof charge collected by a Faraday cup. The mean
charge of Ar ions as a function of C foil thickness
was estimated from the results of previous
work. 2 )Finally, we obtained the O'R E C value of (l.7 ±0.5) x 10- 22 cm 2 •According to the theory of Bethe-Salpeter,3)
the REC cross section for a projectile with a K
hole on a target atom with a valence electron,
O'BS, is represented as0

cr = 2 87l' 2r02 v6 ( 1 +v2) - 2 exp{- 4 vtan- ( 1/ v) }BS
3a
1 - exp (- 2 7l'v) ,1

where ro is the classical electron radius, a is thefine structure constant, v is the Coulomb parameter of a projectile in natural unit. In the present
case, an Ar 18 + ion has two electron holes and atarget atom has N eff quasi -free target electrons;
therefore the theoretical total REC cross section(J'REC ,Th, becomesO'R EC ,Th(ke")£t~ERGY

15

10'

(1)

= 2 N eff O'Bs,(2)

By taking the value of N eff as the nuclear chargeof the target,4) 6, the value of l.82 x 10- 22 cm 2 was
obtained for the O'R EC, T h' This value agrees wellwith the experimental one, O'REC.
References

Fig. 1. X-ray spectra obtained for Ar 18 +and Ar 13 + ions on a C target.

1) Y. Awaya et al .: High-Energy Ion-Atom Collisions(ed. D. Berenyi and G. Hock) , Springer-Verlag,
Berlin Heidelberg p. 185 (1988 ) .
2) Y. Kanai et al.: RIKEN Aeeel. Prog. Rep., 22, 54(1988) .
3) H. A. Bethe and E. E. Salpeter: Quantum Mechanicsof One- and Two-Electron Atoms, Plenum Publishing
Corp., New York (1 977) .
4) K. Hino and T. Watanabe: Phys. Rev. A39, 3373
(1989) .

47
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-8.

Scaling Law of MO X Rays

K. Ishii, K. Maeda, Y. Sasa, M. Takami, M. Uda, and S. Morita *In order to investigate the contributions ofatomic bremsstrahlung (AB)!) and molecularorbital X ray (MO)2) to continuum X-ray spectra,
we have measured continuum X rays from thetargets of atomic numbers Z T = 6-29 bombarded
with Si3+ ions accelerated at l. 4 MeV / amu by
the RIKEN RILAC.
The production cross sections of continuum X
rays can not be compared straightforward witheach other by the Anholt's scaling law because ofplural parameters. Hence, we have studied amore simple formula as expressed bydO'MO

dn(Q) oc f((Q)ao/( vp(Z p + Z T) ) )where ao is the Bohr radius and Vp is the projectile velocity. Our scaling law includes only one
parameter (Q)ao/ (vp (Z p + Z T) ) . Figure 1 shows ascaling representation of continuum X rays

6

0 (B.OJoAI

where the ordinate represents the production
cross section of continuum X rays expressed by
dO'B

dnwdS2

1

N x S(Ep ) x Ep

where N is the intensity of continuum X rays inunits of photons/ (keV ·sr) and S(Ep) is the stopping power for the projectile with an energy E p •As seen in this figure, the experimental results
are quite well scaled by this method. This fact
implies that the continuum X rays are emitted
from united atoms. Figure 2 shows the intensityof continuum X rays as a function of the targetatomic number. Here, we can recognize a dip at
symmetric collision. We will try to interpretthese dips which are expected to result frominterference between the AB and MO processes.

• S,
..

CalCoC01 J•

CoICaF.)

•
•

T,
C,

+ '.

• c,

'0'

10'

10'

Fig. 2. Intensity of continuum X rays as a function of
the target-atomic number.

References
Fig. 1. Scaling representation of continuum X rays.

* Laboratory for Materials Science and Technology,
Waseda University.

1) K. Ishii and S. Morita: Phys. R ev. A. 30, 2278 (1984) .
2) R. Anholt: Rev. Mod. Phys.. 57, 995 (1985).

48

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-9. Measurements of Anisotropic K X-Ray Emission with Respect
to the Scattering Plane in 10 and 26 MeV Ne-Ne Collision Systems
T.Kambara, Y.Awaya, Y.Kanai, T.Mizogawa, M.Terasawa,
H.Schmidt-Bocking, R.Dorner, and H.Vogt
We have measured angular correlations
between a K X-ray and scattered particle in
Ne-Ne collisions. The purpose was to get information of the magnetic substate population of
K-shell excited states after the collisions for theinvestigation of the excitation mechanism. We
obtained the probability of K X-ray production
as a function of the charge state of the scatteredions q, scattering angle f) and the angle between
the scattering plane and the X-ray emission
direction ify. The geometrical relation is shownin Fig. 1.

In each f) and ify region, the number of thecoincidence events was normalized by the total
number of scattered particles to get the probability of X-ray emission. The efficiency and thesolid angle of an X-ray detector were corrected.
An impact parameter b was calculated from f)with a screened Coulomb potential after correction for focusing with the charge-state analyzing
magnet.
The ify-dependence of X-ray emission probabilities in the different b regions were fitted to afunction Asin 2 ify + B by the least-squares method.
From obtained values of A and B, an anisotropy
parameter R = A / 2B was calculated. In Fig. 2,
examples of the b-dependence of R are shown.
The value of R is positive at b < 6000 fm at anincident energy of 26 MeV. However, the value issmaller at 10.5 MeV. At a larger b, the value of
R approaches zero. Further investigation is inprogress.
1.5

I

I

I

I

I

x 10 KeV¢ 26 KeV 'Fig. 1. Geometry of the measurement. b is the impact
parameter, (j is the scattering angle, and cP is the angle
between the scattering plane and the emitted photon.

S
II

~

Measurements were performed at RILAC with
Ne+-ions (Li-like) of 10.5 and 26 MeV. The
experimental setup was almost the same as thatreported previously.l) A collimated Ne-beam was
led to a gas target of Ne. Scattered ions werecharge-state analyzed and detected by aposition-sensitive detector. The analyzed charge
states of the scattered ions were from 4+ to 8+
at 10.5 MeV and from 5+ to 9+ at 26 MeV.
Coincidence events between the scattered particles and N e K -X rays from the target region
were recorded. The analyzed scattering angle f)ranged up to 4 X 10- 3 rad with angular resolutionof 8 x 10- 5 rad.

1.0

t-

-

0,5

t-

-

II:I

0.0

-0.5

•
1

o

2000

I

I

I

I

4000

6000

8000

10000

Impact Parameter b (1m)

Fig. 2. Impact parameter (b) dependence of theanisotropy parameter R = A / 2B averaged over the
charge states of scattererd projectiles.

References
1) T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, Y. Kanai, H. SchmidtBoching, and H. V ogt: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22,
72 (1988).

49

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-10.

Coincidence Measurements of Recoil Ions with Projectile Ions in
1.05 MeV/amu Ar q + -Ar Collisions
T. Matsuo, T. Tonuma, H. Kumagai, and H. Tawara

We measured the partial ionization cross sections of recoil Ari+ ions in follwing collisions of
1.05 MeV /amu Ar q+:
ArQ+(q=4,6,8,10,12,and 14) + Ar
~Ar q'+ +Ari ++ (q'-q+i) e(1)

Projectile Ar q+ beams were provided by RILAC.
Cross-sections were measured using a projectile
ion-recoil ion coincidence technique whichenables us to distinguish pure ionization, electron
loss, and electron transfer ionization of projectiles from each other.
Fig~re 1 shows cross sections cr~,q' for pureionization q'=q (k = q'-q=O), loss q' > q (k >0) and transfer q' < q (k < 0) ionization for Ar12+
projectiles. The cross section for pure ionization(k = 0) decrease rapidly with increasing recoilion charge i, indicating that low charge state
recoil ions are mainly produced through collisions at large impact parameters. The production cross sections of recoil ions in collisions
where projectiles change their charge are foundto be strongly correlated with the projectile final
charge q' and show quite different featurescompared with those due to pure ionization.
Similar results were obtained for other projectile
charge states.
In analyzing pure ionization processes, weapplied the independent electron approximationand found that this model to be a good description of the present data, cr ~, q' in low-charge recoil
ions from i = 1 up to i = 5-6 in all Ar q + + Ar
collisions investigated.
In order to see the general trends on the target
ionization, we introduce the average charge,<i >q,q' , which is obtained from the measured
cross sections through<i >q,q' = ~i icr ~,q'/~i cr ~,q'(2)

Figure 2 shows average charges <i > as a function of the incident projectile q with the numberof k = q' - q as a parameter. The average charges
for pure ionization (k = 0) increase only slightly

~

-..
~

'j'" 10-17oU

Recoil ion charge state i

Fig. 1. Cross sections, (5':','1" for the production of recoil
ions in 1. 05 MeV / amu Ar 12 + + Ar collisions.

12• k=-4,. _ _ ". k=-3~~~;:::~~:

k=4
k=3

~

~;;/~
u

/

k=2 /

k=1

k=O

x_

x-

x-

x-x.-----o<

10

12

14

Projectile charge state q

Fig. 2 . Average recoil ion charge <i>versus the projectile charge in Ar q + + Ar- Ar ql + Ar i + collisions.

from 1.19 to 1.62 with increasing projectile
charge from 4 to 14, indicating that the recoil
ions of low charge states are produced mostdominantly in the pure ionization process. On theother hand, in electron loss and capture processes, the values of <i> are considerably larger
than those in pure ionization processes and they
increase significantly with projectile charge.

50
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·2·11.

Multiply Charged Carbon Ions Produced in MeV/amu
Arq+(q=4-14) + CH 4 Collisions
H. Tawara, T. Tonuma, H. Kumagai, and T. Matsuo

Collisions between 1.05 MeV / amu Ar q+ ion andCH 4 molecule have been investigated using a
final charge-selected projectile-recoil ion timeof-flight technique.1) A typical charge spectrumof Ar l 4+ ions after collisions with CH 4 moleculesand mass/ charge spectra of recoil ions areshown in Fig.I. In pure ionization (Fig.1 (b) ),undissociated CH 4 + ions are the most intense andan enhancement in the production of CHm + (m =0-2) is observed. It should be noted that C+ ionsbecome more intense than CH m +(m = 1,2) ions.
On the other hand, electron capture processes arefound to result in significant enhancement of the
production of multiply charged carbon ions (Fig.
1 (c) and (d)) and C3+ and C4+ ions become mostintense, with a trace of C6+ ions, suggesting thatcollisions involving electron capture or loss ofprojectiles are violent, followed by complete
dissociation of all molecular ions produced incollisions.
After normalizing the present observed spectra
to total ionization cross sections determined by
Mahli et at.,2) the final cross sections have beenobtained for the recoil ion production. Furthermore, by summing up these cross sections overrecoil ions with various charges, total cross sections for pure ionization, electron capture, andelectron loss processes of Ar q+ ions are determined and are found to be in reasonable agreement with previously observed results using a
different technique in Fq+ + CH 4 collisions. 3 )In all other collision system investigated in thepresent work, pure ionization processes arefound to be far dominant over other processes
including electron capture or loss of projectiles.
This can be understood from the fact that thevelocity of a 1 MeV / amu projectile is equivalent
to that of electrons of a kinetic energy of 572 e V
which is well above the binding energy of carbon
L-shell as well as K-shell electrons. Thus, in the1.05 MeV/ amu A'~+ +CH,d).
2-electron

la' capture

la'

b)
pure.

100lzation

100t-'-~_~_~_~_

10 2 a)projectile
charge10'Fig. 1. a) Projectile charge spectrum, b) recoil ion
charge spectrum in pure ionization, c) that in oneelectron capture, and d) that in two-electron capture
processes in 1.05 MeV /amu Ar l 4++CH 4 collisions.

present collision energy, the most important rolein electron transfer is played by K -shell electrons, whereas in ionization processes the distantcollisions playa role and the outer-shell electron
ionization still dominates the innershell ionization, which is estimated to be more than twoorders of magnitude smaller than the outershellionization.
References
1) T.Tonuma et at.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 21, 84(1987) .
2) N.B.Mahli et at.:]. Chem. Phys., 87, 6502 (1987).
3) T.R.Dillingham et at.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys.
Res., B40/ 41, 40 (1989).

51
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·2·12.

Excitation of Convoy·like Electrons by Impact ofGlancing·Angle Incident Fast Xe Ions
H. Ishikawa, A. Koyama, and Y. Sasa

In a previous report,I) we showed the energy
spectra of convoy-like electrons emitted atangles less than 20° to the surface of an Al target
by impacts of fast heavy ions, N2+, N7+, Ar4+, andAr l2+ at the glancing-angle to the surface of the
Al target; we named these convoy-like electrons"Surface-Stimulated-Convoy (SSC) electrons."
The peak energies of the SSC electrons inducedby these ions are higher than those of usual
convoy electrons emitted from a thin foil in theforward direction by fast ion bombarding andare maximum at emission angles of 4-6°. In thepresent report, we show the energy spectra ofelectrons emitted from an solid Al surface by
impact of glancing-angle incident o. 98 MeV / amu
Xe 9 + and Xe 2 7+ ions.
Figure 1 shows the energy spectra of electrons
emitted at small angles ( a) Qe = 1. 5°, b) Qe = 2.0°,
and c) Qe = 2 . 5°) to the beam direction on theimpact of Xe 9 + incident at an angle of 0.8° to thetarget surface. These spectra have double peaks.
A sharp peak (peak 1) in the low energy range
has almost the same value (533 eV) as that forusual convoy electrons. The intensity of peak I
markedly decreases with increasing of emission
angle (Qe). These results suggest that the electrons of peak I correspond to usual convoy electrons induced by fast highly charged Xe ionsfrom the microscopic projections of the target
surface. On the other hand, a broad peak (peakII) in the high energy range shows a large value
compared with that for usual convoy electrons,
and is considered to be the peak of SSC electrons.
Figure 2 shows the emission angle dependence ofpeak II energy for Xe 9 + and Xe 2 7+ impact at anincidence angle of 1°. An energy difference
between SSC electrons and usual convoy electrons is large for Xe ions compared with for N or
Ar ions. This result suggests that the SSC electrons are electrons in the continuum states ofincident ions accelerated by image potential induced by the projectile on the target surface.

.
':
~

0.15

0.10

Xe" -> Al

PEAK I

•

0.10

>~
iii
z
LU
~

~ 0.05

LU

~
~

«

...J

b)

LU

a:

c)

0.00 L . . -_o_

- - ' - '_ _ _..........._ _ _...........J

500

1000

ELECTRON

ENERGY

1500
CeV)

Fig. 1. Energy spectrum of electrons emitted at anglea) 1. 5°, b) 2.0°, and c) 2.5°, to the beam direction. Xe 9 +ions 0 . 98Me V / amu impact on the Al target surface at
an incidint angle of 0.8°. The dashed line shows theenergy of usual convoy electrons, 533e V.

800
9i = 1.0·

~

~

700

..~.

0-

Xe" -> Al. - Xel ,. -> Al

600

a.

500'--_ _-'--_
O·

_

10·

......&.-_ _- - - - ' - _ - - - '

20·

30'

EMISSION ANGLE TO BEAM DIRECTION

Fig. 2. Emission angle dependence of the maximum
energy for peak II induced by Xe 9 + and Xe 27 + ions
incidence at an angle of 1. 0°. The dashed line shows avalue expected for usual convoy electrons.

References
1) A. Koyama, H. Ishikawa, and Y. Sasa: RIKEN Accel.

Prog. Rep., 22, 88 (1988).

52
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·2·13.

Incident·Angle Dependence of Peak Energies of AI· and Si·LVV
Auger Electrons for Ar 12 + Ion Impact
A. Koyama, H. Ishikawa, K. Maeda, Y. Sasa,
O. Benka,* and M. Uda**

Energy spectra were measured for AI- and
Si-LVV Auger electrons emitted by the impact of
1.3 Me V / amu Ar 12 + ions at incident angles of 39°
and 4° with respect to the surface of a target. Theenergy spectra measured at 4° show a decrease inpeak energy and a broadening in line widthcompared with those for the 39° incidence. These
spectral changes at 4° may be caused by electron
holes in a valence band induced by projectiles.
We analyzed the data to get the lifetime of theseholes, Th, on the assumptions that the peakenergy decreases in proportion to the number ofthe holes produced by secondary electron emission, and that the number of the holes decreases
exponentially with time. Thus, the change in theenergy decrease with time evolution is given by£1E(t) = £1 Eoe -t/-rh , where £1 Eo is the energy
decrease just at the time of hole creation and isconsidered to be proportional to the yield of SE
emission. The number of Auger electrons emitted
per unit time interval changes according to
e -t/-r" where TA is the relaxation-time of an L-shellhole. From a simple algebra, an energy spectrumof the Auger electrons influenced by the holes
concerned, I(E), is given by
I(E)= Aj

E+ tJ E,E
10(E')

x {(E'-Eo)/ £1Eo}a- 1 dE',
(1)
where A is the normalization factor, 10 (E') is theenergy spectrum of the Auger electrons withoutholes, and a = Th / TAO 10(E') is approximated by
the spectrum for 39 incidence because of a verysmall energy decrease for this incident angle.
Figures 1 and 2 show the results of calculation.
The solid curves show the experimental spectra.
The spectra for 39° incidence are approximatedby the dotted curves in Figs. l(a) for Al and 2(a)for Si. The spectra for 4° incidence are calculated* University Linz, A-4040 Linz·Auhof, Austria.
* * Waseda University, Kiku-icho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162,
Japan.

1.0 "'-----,r-----,.........-.........,.------.
(b)
Al-4"

1.0 ,----r----r---7""IP<""r---,(a)AI-39°~c:::I.ri 0.5
~

4) '

w

z
0.0 1.-----1---:'60'------''-----'70
50

Electron Energy(eV)

0.0 '---'---60'------"'------1
50
70

Electron Energy(eV)Fig. 1. Energy spectra for AI-LVV Auger electrons
induced by fast Ar 12 + ions incident at 4° relative to thesurface of the target. Solid curves represent experi·mental spectra and dotted ones those calculated. (a)for 39° incidence and (b) for 4° incidence.

(a)Si-39"

Electron

Energy(eV)Electron

Energy( eV)

Fig. 2. Energy spectra of Si-LVV Auger electrons induced by Ar l2+ ions incident at 4°. Solid curves represent exprimental spectra and dotted ones those calculated. (a) for 39° incidence, and (b) for 4° incidence.

by a parameter fitting method. The dotted curves
in Figs. l(b) and 2(b) are spectra calculated withparameters; £1 Eo = 4.8 e V, a = 0 . 33 for AI, and£1Eo=7.0 eV, a=0.3 for Si. For AI, TA is approximated to be 1. 6 x 10- 14 s, and Th ~5 X 10- 15 s is
obtained. This is the first experimental deduction Qf the life-time of holes in the valence bandof a nearly free electron metal such as AI.

53
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-14.

High Resolution L-Auger Spectroscopy of Na-Like Su Ifu r
Excited in 63-MeV S5+ + He Collisions

N. Stolterfoht,* K. Kawatsura, M. Sataka,** Y. Nakai,** H. Naramoto,**Y. Yamazaki, K. Komaki, Y. Kanai, T. Kambara, and Y. Awaya
The method of zero-degree Auger spectroscopyl) was used to measure high-resolution LAuger spectra of S5+ excited in collisions with
He of an incident energy of 63 MeV. This method
is well suited to avoid Doppler broadening
effects normally causing problems in fast ion
spectroscopy. The light target atom He and therelatively high projectile energy were chosen to
establish the conditions for 'needle excitation',1)i.e., the excitation of the inner shell without
disturbing the outer shell. Previous studies of Ar
1500
Vl

::J

<
Q.

"'0

81000
0

63-MeVSs++He

x1/2/....c:\4-

ion 2 ) show that rather high resolution is needed
to resolve individual lines in L-Auger spectra.
Since, in the present Auger spectroscopy, resolution is primarily limited by counting statistics, ahigh-quality ion beam is indispensable. An
intense beam of sulfur ions was provided by theTandem accelerator at JAERI in Tokai. A typical high-resolution Auger spectrum shown in Fig.
1 shows line groups attributed to the configuration Is 2 2s 2 2p 53snl where n = 3, 4, 5,···.

Vl

OJ;'

It...

0.

OJ
.0

0

80

Vlrn
'-D
VI
Vl
0.
rn
N
"'o.r--w

::J
Vl
OJ
It...

OJ

~~__~~~ _ ___d1AAl'}~~ ~

~·LVc
90

Vlrn
rn'"
'"
0.
o.N
N

~

E

~i ~

a.

N

N

3 500 ~/2
Z

....

"'0

Vl

a.

N

P'/2

rn
Vl
rn

0.
rn
Vl
rn
VI

N

100

140
120
130
110
Electron Energy reV]

150

160

170

Fig. 1. L-Auger spectrum of S5+ produced in 63-MeV S5++ He collisions. Electronenergies are transformed to the projectile rest frame.

As expected the most intense group is attributed to the configuration Is 2 2s 2 2p 53s3d due todipole transition 2p~3d. However, the group due
to quadrupole transition 2p~3p was also foundsignificant. Identification of line requires further
theoretical work including atomic structure calculations.

* Hahn-Meitner-Institut, Berlin, F.R.G.
Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai.

**

References
A. Itoh, T. Schneider, G. Schiwietz, Z. Roller, H.
Platten, G. Nolte, D. Schneider, and N. Stolterfoht:].
Phys. B , 16, 3965 (1983).
2) Th. Schneider, P. Focke, 1. Kadar, D. Schneider, G.
Schiwietz, H. Platten, A. Itoh, J. E. Hansen, and N.
Stolterfoht: Abst. of 16th Int. Conf. on the Phys. of
Elec. and Atom. Collisions, New York, p. 506 (1989).
1)

54
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-15. Angular Momentum Distribution of Autoionizing Rydberg States
Produced by 64-MeV S Ions in Collisions with Carbon Foi.ls
K. Kawatsura, M. Sataka,* H. Naramoto,* Y. Nakai,*Y. Yamazaki, K. Komaki, K. Kuroki, Y. Kanai,
T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, and N. Stolterfoht**
We have measured the spectra of electronsejected from the autoionizing Rydberg state at
an observation angle of zero degree with respect
to the incident beam direction. The electrons dueto the Coster -Kronig transi ti on 1s22p nl ~ 1s22s +el' (n ~ 9) in S12+ ions were produced in the
64-MeV sq++C foil collisions (q = 5-15) as wellas in the Sl2+ + He collisions under similar experimental conditions. The experiments were
performed at the Tandem accelerator facility at
JAERI in Tokai by using high-resolution zerodegree electron spectroscopy. The thickness oftarget carbon foils ranged from 2 to 30 ,ug/ cm2.
Figure 1 (b) shows the electron spectra associated with the configuration 1s22p91 produced in thecollisions of 64 MeV S12+ on a carbon foil. The
Coster-Kronig electron energies (ls 22p91 ~1s22s+ El) calculated for 1=0, 1, 2, 3, and higher
are indicated respectively as s, p, d, f, and g in
Fig. 1. The energies were transformed to theprojectile rest frame. The prominent peak seems
to be associated with higher angular momenta(l =2, 3, and higher). Comparing the spectra for. the carbon foil with those for a He target shownin Fig. 1 (a), we may say that higher angularmomentum states of the autoionizing Rydberg
state are selectively enhanced in the case of S12+
on a carbon foil collisions. This enhancement ismore prominent than that for carbon projectiles
obtained experimentallyl) and theoretically.2)
Further study is in progress.

* Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Tokai.
* * Hahn-Meitner-Institut, Berlin, F. R. G.

20.

(0) He•I 64MeV S12~ He,! •! !t,-(getc
~r

C

2

Vl

,J~'!'.\-r• • .;,.-r.

:!:: 10

c

:::>

•

& r-'

\.

~

t !(",g etc

.

.

~ I

I

(b) C-foil

w
(/)

,
5

~ 20

5 ..
10

:.,

df

z

o 0
U

1s 2p91-,.1 . .,• ..•••
,

!
~

P

•

•

1 ••

:•

r~ ':~~."\,..

-°O~~~~-L~I~--L-~~~

1.0

2.0

ELECTRON ENERGY (eV)Fig. 1. Spectrum of the electrons associated with theconfiguration 1s22p9l produced in the collisions of
64-MeV S 12+ ions (a ) on He, and (b) on C foil. Electron energies are transformed to the projecti le rest
frame .

References
1) Y. Yamazaki, N. Stolterfoht, P. D. Miller, H. F.

Krause, P. L. Pepmiller, S. Datz, 1. A . Sellin, ]. N.
Scheurer, S. Aridriamonje, D. Bertault, and ]. F.
Chemin: Phys. Rev. L ett. , 61, 2913 (1988).
2) ]. Burgdorfer and C. Bottcher: ibid., 61, 2917 (1988).

55

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-16.

High-Resolution Measurement of Ejected Electrons from
Helium-Like Carbon Ions (2131')
H. Sakaue, Y. Kanai, T. Inaba, M. Kushima, K. Ohta, *S. Ohtani, K. Wakiya, H. Suzuki, T. Takayanagi,*
T. Kambara, A. Danjo, M. Yoshino, and Y. Awaya

We carried out high-resolution measurementsof electrons ejected from the autoionizing stateof doubly-excited He-like carbon ions. Projectiles, 67- ke V 13C6+, made by the RIKEN ECRIS
were analyzed with a 90° analyzing magnet andthen allowed to collide with a target He in a gas
cell. Doubly-excited He-like states were
produced by double-electron eapture from thetarget He atoms. Emitted electrons were measured by zero-degree electron spectroscopy. 1)
High resolution spectra of the ejected electronfrom the (2/3/') states are shown in Fig. 1. Few
calculations of these peaks have beenreported. 2 - 4 ) Considering these calculations, we
identified each peak as denoted in Fig. 1.
Our experiment results are listed in Table 1, in
which each state is designated using a correlated

67keV

C6+-Hec"+( 2l3[')
C
::J

.n
L.

Cl

>-

t:
If)

z

W

I-

Z

324

326

328

ELECTRON ENERGY

330

(eV)

Fig. 1. Ejected electron spectra of the (2 131') states.
Peaks are identified as shown.

Table.1 Energies of electrons ejected from the 0 + (2l3[') . The uncertainty of the absolute energy
values is ±0.2 eV. Energy values corrected for the PCI effect are given in parentheses.
Our result

2s+IL"(eV)323.7(323.7)
324 . 7(324.9)
325.5(325.5)
327 (327 )
327.5(327.7)
328.7(328.8)
329.9(329.9)
330 . 2(330.2)
331.2(331.2)

IpO
Ise
Ipe
IDo
IDe
IpO
IDe
IFo
IpO

1,
1,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,

0) 0) +
1) 1)0
0) +
1) +

1)0
0) 0
(- 1, 0) 0

classification scheme. Since our measured values
are shifted by a post-collision interaction (PCl)effect, they are corrected for the energy shiftusing theoretical lifetimes 6) as shown in parentheses in Table 1. The absolute values of ejected
electron energies from IS and Ip states in our
measurements are in good agreement with theoretical values. 3,4) More accurate calculations of
ID and IF states are needed to ascertain our
results.

* Department of Physics, Sophia University.

Theory (eV)

(K,T)A
Refs. 2 & 5

Ref. 3323.91
325.16325.71327.56328.17329.41330.34330 .71331.70323.88324.96

Ref. 4325.65328.90331. 36

References
1) H. Sakaue, K. Ohta, T. Inaba, Y. Kanai, S. Ohtani, K.
Wakiya, H. Suzuki, T. Takayanagi, T. Kambara, andY. Awaya: RIKEN Aeeel. Prog. R ep., 22, 74 (1988).
2) L. Lipsky, R. Anania, and M.J. Conneely: At. Data
Nucl. Data Tables, 20, 127 (1977).
3) Y.K. Ho: Phys. Rev. A, 23, 2137 (1981).
4) E. Hol4>ien and J. Midtdal:]. Phys. B, 4,1243 (1971).
5) C.D. Lin: Phys. Rev. A, 39, 4355 (1989).
6) u. I. Safronova: Phys. Ser., T26, 59 (1989).

56

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-17.

Spectrum of Highly Ionized Titanium Atoms
in Beam-Foil Experiment

K. Ando, S. Kohmoto, Y. Awaya, T. Tonuma, and S. Tsurubuchi*
Using the LINAC, we plan to measure the3s-3p transition probabilities of Ne-like Ti ion.
To this end the spectral lines of these transitions
must be identified. Spectra were measured oftitanium ions of 21, 29, and 38 MeV. The wavelengths of spectral lines were determined byreferring to known spectral lines. A part of thespectrum is shown in Fig. 1 with identified spectral lines.

Ne-like ions are important in the X-ray laser
experiment, because the intensity of their 3s-3ptransitions is amplified in a laser-produced
plasma. Although many theoretical calculations
predict this amplification on the basis of theoretical transition probabilities, the levels of thepredicted transition which showed laser amplification differ in total angular momenta fromobserved one. Thus, the transition probabilities
should be determined experimentally.
~~70.00"'4.00HB.OO

482 . 00

486.00HO.OO~RVELENG TH( R)

494 . 00

<198.00 502,00

S06 . 00

510.0051".00518.00 522,00

526.00 530.00

TI 38MEV A
a:> a:>O
N

M

M.,. .,.

~

r- r-

co ·

><><

~

H H
HH
HH

~E

........

>-m

E-< E-<

~:

\I

Zn

'"

r-

a:> ~
~

~

H
H
H

><

....E-<ra:>N ~ r-

r-a:> r. a:> •

~ ~~
H
H
HHH
HHH

><><><.... ........
E-<E-<E-<'"'"...E-<

a:>
H

!

~

'"

'"

0

H

><

H

E-<

H

'"
H

H
H

>< ><

.... ....
E-< E-<-~\

I~~~~~g::~ ~~:x ~;; ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~:!O~~..... f\,I.,. -""1'1'1' II)

1O"'00t'l.,.

QQ OOl ..... 'I() . . . . .

.,.,.". ..... 'Of\,I'I()~..

~ ~~~~~ ~~ti~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~Fig. 1. Spectrum of highly ionized titanium atoms obtained in a beam-foil experiment. The numbers shown
under the abscissa are shifted from the true wavelengths by about O.lA.

* Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,
Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184, Japan.

57
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-18.

Efficient Resonance Ionization of Lu I BY
Two Step Laser Excitation

H. Maeda, * Y. Matsumoto, A. Suzuki, * and M. Takami
For applying resonance ionization spectroscopy (RIS) to the study of sh ·rt-lived nuclei,
efficient ionization of the relev nt atoms is of
crucial importance since the num ler of available
atoms is usually very small. In the present work
we studied the ionization characteristics of highly excited Lu I atoms by two different methods,
electric field ionization of highly excited Rydberg atoms and direct ionization by excitation of
autoionizing states.
The field ionization threshold for highly
excited Rydberg atoms decreases as the principal
quantum number n increases. However, the laser
excitation cross section also decreases as nincreases. As a compromise for efficient ionization, therefore, one has to excite the levels
around n = 15 and to field-ionize with rather
strong electric field of the order of a few k V / cm.
We found, however, that a previously reported
weakly perturbing statel) was an excellent candidate as the final state for field ionization. This] = 3/ 2 doubly excited state, located 45 cm- 1
below the first ionization limit among dense
highly-excited Rydberg states, can be easily ionized with the field strength over 100 V / em owing
to a small fraction of the mixed character ofRydberg states. 2 ) Furthermore, the perturbing
state has a large excitation cross section since it
still retains the character of valence states. A
preliminary measurement on the ionization characteristics from this state shows that the excitedatoms are completely ionized before spontaneousemission under an electric field of the order of
100 V / em. This ionization scheme has advantages that an atom is excited with a moderatelaser fluence and subsequently field-ionized witha weak electric field.

* Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engi·
neering, University of Tokyo.

---------------+---+--+-----+--+ --, +

,

o
c
en
(/)

c

o

+
Loser Fluence (orb. units)

Fig. 1. Laser power dependence of ionization signal
when an autoionization level 70 cm- 1 above the firstionization limit is excited. The laser beam diameter isapproximately 1 mm. The maximum laser power isabout 1 mJ. Note that the ion signal is completely
saturated at a moderate laser fluence.

As a second ionization scheme, we examined
an autoionizing level approximately 70 cm- 1
above the ionization limit. Figure 1 shows thelaser power dependence of the ionization signal
where the maximum laser power was around 1
mJ/ pulse. The result indicates strong saturationof the ion signal intensity, i.e., almost 100%
ionization with the laser power well below 1 m].
Because autoionizing states are frequently foundin heavy transition metal elements like lanthanides, efficient ionization will be easily realized
wi th a moderate laser power.
References
1) H. Maeda, Y. Mizugai, Y. Matsumoto, A. Suzuki, and

M. Takami: RIKEN Aeee!. Prog. Rep. , 22, 77 (1988) .
2) H. Maeda, Y. Mizugai, Y. Matsumoto, A. Suzuki, and
M. Takami: ]. Phys., B22 , L511 (1989).

58

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-19.

Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy ofOrganic Molecules

T. Mionowa, H. Katsuragawa, and T. Inanlura
1, 4-Dioxane, methanol, ethanol, and acetone
added into argon considerably improved themultiplication gain of a proportional counter. I)
However, the addition of these organic molecules
produces extra spectra in the near UV region,
where we carried out resonance ionization
spectroscopy (RIS) of Al and Fe. 2 ) Since thespectra obscure atomic spectra, we carried out astudy to make clear what molecules are responsible for the spectra.
We carried out RIS on the organic molecules
listed above. The experimental setup was similar
to that described in Ref. 2. The filling gases forthe proportional counter were as follows (totalpressure 1000 mmHg): Ar + 1, 4-dioxane (60mmHg), Ar + methanol (40 mmHg), Ar + ethanol (20 mmHg), and Ar + acetone (50 mmHg).
A typical spectrum observed is shown in Fig.
1. The most puzzling is the spectrum observed
for all the filling gases. This result suggests thatthe spectrum is attributed to an impurity molecule contained in the organic compounds in common, or to a reaction product produced by irradiation of a pulsed dye laser, or to an unstabletransient molecule appearing during chemical
reactions. Chemical reactions in a gas phaseproceed by collisions between transient molecules, or transient molecules and stable mole-cules. Therefore RIS under the collisionless condition is helpful to see the origin of the spectrum.
We carried out RIS of molecular beams of theorganic molecules in a vacuum chamber evacuated to lower than 10- 4 Torr, where collisions
between molecules were ruled out. The experimental setup was similar to that described inRef. 3 . Ion-electron pairs produced by irradiation of a pulsed dye laser were detected by two
CERA TRON detectors and the differences in thetime of flight (TOF) between the ions and elec;; 30
E-<

H

Z

::>

II

&li

Il:

:: 20
I

E-<

z

::>

0

{)

z

10

0

H

0
4

2

0

TIME OF FLIGHT (ps)Fig. 2. Observed time-of-flight spectrum.

20

-~ 3
H

Z

::>

~ 2
H

~

Ul

Z
fiI

10

co
co

M

E-<

Z

H

E-<
Z

::>

0

{)

z

0

H

o

0
395

385

390

WAVELENGTH

380

(nm)

Fig. 1. Observed resonance ionization spectrum forargon containing 1, 4 dioxane, methanol, ethanol, andacetone.

398.1

387.6
WAVELENGTH (nm)Fig. 3. Ion counting rate against the wavelength of apulsed dye laser. The ions were counted whose TOF
coincided with C2 ion.

T. Mionowa et al.

trons were recorded in a TOF spectrum (Fig. 2).
Peak I and II seem to be due to C 2 and C4 ions,
respectively. These peaks were seen for allorganic molecular beams (it is not clear how C4ions were produced by photoionization of methanol (CH 3 0H) and ethanol (C 2 H s OH)).
The counting rate of ions whose TOF coincidewith that of C2 ion was recorded against the
wavelength of the pulsed dye laser (Fig. 3). Thisis a kind of resonance ionization spectrum if theC2 ion is the dissociation product following resonance ionization of any molecule. The spectrum
shown in Fig. 3 coincides with that shown in Fig.
1. Thus, we conclude that the molecule resonantly ionized is not a reaction product due to a laser

59

beam.
Sharp lines were observed in resonance ionization spectroscopy of organic molecules. The lines
seem to be due to photoionization of impurity
commonly containing in the samples, or due tothat of transient molecules produced by photodissociation.
References
1) H. Katsuragawa, T. Minowa, and T. Inamura: This
Report, p.94.
2) H. Katsuragawa, T. Minowa, and T. Inamura: Nucl.
Instrum. Methods B, 43,259 (1989).
3) H. Katsuragawa, T. Minowa, M. Shimazu, and T.
Inamura: ibid., 26, 440 (1987).

60
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-20.

61Ni Mossbauer Studies of a New Ferromagnetic Heusler
Alloy, RuFe1. sNi o.sSi
T. Okada, Y. Kobayashi, M. Katada, * H. Sana, *M. Iwamoto, and F. Ambe

For clarification of the magnetism of intermetallic systems, Mossbauer studies of the hyperfine magnetic fields at the nuclei of constituent
atoms is very useful. Heusler alloys are a class offerromagnetic ones having a general composition of X 2 YZ; its structure is designated as L2bwith X atoms forming a simple cubic matrix and
Y and Z occupying alternate body centers in the
cubic structure.
We have already performed 99Ru Mossbauer
studies on a magnetically ordered Heusler alloy
system with a chemical formula RuxFe3_xSi.1-3)
Recently, a progressive study has been carriedout on a new system RuFe2-xNixSi by 61Ni_
Mossbauer spectroscopy. In a Heusler alloy system containing Ni, the magnetic moment and theelectronic state of Ni atoms have not been thoroughly determined yet because of the experimental difficulty in 61Ni Mossbauer measurement. In
spite of many experimentally undesirable
nuclear properties, 61 Ni can be a powerful probe
in solid-state physics and chemistry as a sale
Mossabuer nuclide other than 57Fe in the irongroup transition elements.
A source nuclide 61CU (T1/2 = 3.5 h) was
produced by an (a, p) reaction in the cyclotron.
The experimental procedures of the source production and Mossbauer measurements were reported previously.4) It is nessesary to maintainboth a source and an absorber at low temperatures because the Mossbauer y-ray energy(67.5 keY) is rather high and the Debye-Waller
factor is low.
In Fig. 1 is shown a 61Ni Mossbauer spectrumof a RuFe1.5Nio.5Si specimen below the Curie
temperature. This is the first Mossbauer observation of magnetic Ni atoms in the Heusler* Tokyo Metropolitan University. .:>::.:.~;~:;:".":~~::~~
." .

..

z

....

o

.' ...-:

en
en 99

.~

....

L

en
z

CI

0::
f-

o

-10
VEL~CITY10

CMM/5EC)

Fig. 1. 61Ni Mossbauer spectrum of RuFe1. s Ni o.s Si at
liquid-helium temperature.

matrix. The computer analysis shows that the
spectrum consists of two components with different hyperfine magnetic fields and that Ni atoms
are substituted for Fe atoms in the [A,C] and[B] sites, respectively, at a ratio of 2 to 1. This
assignment of the two components is based on
the magnetic moment of N i itself and the magnetic contribution from the first-near-neighborshells of Fe atoms. More detailed discussion will
be described elsewhere along with the results of
57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetization
measurements.
References
1) Y. Kobayashi, M. Katada, H. Sano, T. Okada, K.
Asai, and F. Ambe: ]. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett.,
136, 387 (1989).
2) Y. Kobayashi, M. Katada, H. Sano, T. Okada, K.
Asai, M. Iwamoto, and F. Ambe: Hyperfine Interact.,in press.
3) Y. Kobayashi, M. Katada, H. Sano, T. Okada, K.
Asai, M. Iwamoto, and F. Ambe: This Report, p.73.
4) T. Okada, Y. Kobayashi, M. Katada, H. Sano, M.
Iwamoto, and F. Ambe: ibid., 22, 122 (1988).

61
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-21.

57Fe Mossbauer Study on Bi 2 Sr 4 Fe 3 012

T. Okada, N. Sakai, K. Asai, and T. Yamadaya*
The mechanism of superconductivity in highTc copper oxides still remains undetermined, andthe study of related materials may contribute to
the development of a viable theory. A superconductor Bi 2Sr 2Ca 2Cu 3012 (a so-called "2223" superconductor) is well known to have a high Tc of 108
K. Recently, iron oxide Bi2Sr4Fe3012 wassynthesized and analyzed to be isostructural with
"2223" . 1) One main difference between the ironand the copper oxides is the higher oxygen content of the iron oxide, resulting in the formationof mainly trivalent iron with an octahedral oxygen coordination. This iron oxide is semiconductive at low temperatures. We report the
Mossbauer spectroscopic properties of Bi 2Sr 4Fe3
0 12 oxide measured at various temperatures to
elucidate the electronic and magnetic states of
the iron ions. 57Fe Mossbauer spectra were takenwith a conventional driving system, and analyzed with a FACOM780 computer. The X-ray
powder analysis was performed using a RIGAKU powder diffractometer with a Cu-Ka radiation.
For the preparation of the samples, Bi 20 3,
SrC0 3, and Fe203 were mixed, heated in a corundum boat in air at 850°C and quenched at room
temperature. The reaction was interrupted several times for regrindings. Although Bi 2Sr 4Fe30 12 is hard to be prepared in a perfect single
phase, we are succeeded in perparing a nearly
single phase at 850°C after a total firing time 96
h. The presence of a small amount of a perovskite of SrFe03 type was just detectable in an
X-ray diagram in addition to the diffraction
pattern of Bi 2Sr4Fe 3012. The average structureof Bi 2Sr 4Fe3012 is tetragonal with a = 5.475 A,
c = 37 . 02 A . Figure 1 shows the Mossbauer spectra of a Bi 2Sr 4Fe3012 specimen at various temperatures. The spectra at 298 K and 80 K are composed of an asymmetric doublet arising from thepure electrical quadrupolar interactions and asmall amount of sixtet arising from magnetic
hyperfine interaction. The computer analysis of
the spectra shows that the doublet consists of
two doublets having different quadrupole split-• Faculty of Literature and Science, Yokohama City
University.

f'"" '"\ f{~~ (\Y. ~ V Y \j \;
96

I,

-1 0

,,

0

5K

+10

VELOCITY (mm / s)Fig. 1. Mossbauer spectra of Bi 2 Sr 4 Fe 3 0 12 at 5, 80 ,and 295 K.

tings, and positive and negative isomer shifts
relative to iron metal. The positive isomer shift
val ue (IS = 0 . 20 mml s) leads to the presence ofthe trivalent iron ions. The negative one (IS = 0.12 mm/ s) suggests the presence of tetravalentor pentavalent iron ions. The spectrum measured
at 5 K shown in Fig. 1 consists of a broadened
sixtet and a small amount of a narrow sixtet.
The value of the hyperfine magnetic field (Hh f )of broadened sixtet is about 480 kOe, which issimilar to the value for trivalent iron ion incovalent sites. The value of Hh f of the narrow
one is roughly 290 kOe. This value is as large as
one of pentavalent iron ions observed in aperovskite-type (Sr, Ca) Fe0 3 _ X • 2 ) This resultclearly demonstrates the presence of two statesof iron ions in Bi 2Sr 4 Fe 3012 which is magnetically ordered at low temperatures.
References
1) R. Retoux, C. Michel, M. Hervieu, N. Nguyen, and B.
Raveau: Solid State Commun., 69, 599 (1989 ) .
2) M. Takano, N. Nakanishi, Y. Takeda, S. N aka , andT. Takada: Mater. Res. Bull., 12, 923 (1977 ) .

62
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989 )

111·2-22.

Evolution of Krypton Precipitates in Kr-Implanted Aluminium
E. Vagi

It has been demonstrated that heavy inert gas
atoms (Ar, Kr, and Xe) implanted into metals atambient temperature precipitate into a solid
phase (solid bubbles).1,2) The evolution of suchbubbles has been investigated mainly by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by xray diffraction.
The channelling analysis is a very useful
method to study the phenomena inaccessible by
TEM or X-ray diffraction, such as bubble nucleation in the early stage of implantation, i. e., in therange of a low implantation dose. In the present
study the behaviour of Kr atoms implanted in Al
at room temperature was investigated by an
ion-channelling method with a 1 MeV He+ beam.
Experiments extended to a lower Kr concentra tion, l X 10 14 Kr/ cm 2, than that covered in previous studies 3 - 5) demonstrated that Kr atoms are
distributed over substitutional (S) sites, random(R) sites (in the form of precipitates), tetrahedral(T) and octahedral (0) sites. The T- and O-site
occupancies can be interpreted as a result of themultiple trapping of implantation-introduced
vacancies (V) by a Kr atom; the Kr atoms trap
multiple vacancies and, accordingly, are displaced to the T - and O-sites to form KrV4 andKrV 6 complexes, respectively. The fraction of
the T -site coccupancy decreases with increasing
implantation dose, whereas that of the O-site
occupancy once increases between 1 x 10 14 and4 x 10 14 / cm 2 and then decreases above 4 x 10 14/
cm 2 (Fig. 1). In accordance with the decrease in
the T- and O-site occupancies, the fraction of the
R-site occupancy (precipitates) increases. This
result indicates the growth of KrV 4 to KrV6
complexes by trapping still more vacancies during implantation, and that the complexes such as
Kr V 4 and Kr V 6 are formed in the early stage ofKr implantation and act as trapping centres for
Kr atoms and vacancies, i.e., nucleation centres
for Kr precipitation.
The effect of annealing was investigated on a

1.0..---------- - -- - o • R

.5

o

z
o
~os
«
0::

o • 0
6. • Tl

Lannealed•R

593K 30min
os-implantedlL.

Fig. 1. Dose dependence of the fractions of Kr atoms
located at various kinds of sites.

1 X 1015 Kr/ cm 2 implanted speCImen. Afterannealing at 683 K for 30 min, a channelling
Kr-dip about l. 5 times as broad as the AI -dipcame to be observed for the <no) channel,
indicating the formation of an epitaxiallyaligned solid Kr phase on annealing. This change
was not observed in electron diffraction. In somecase, the channelling method is more sensitive
than the electron diffraction method for thedetection of the epitaxially grown Kr solid
phase. More detailed descriptions are given in
Ref. 6.
References
1) A. vom Felde, J. Fink, Th. Mliller-Heinzerling, J.

PlUger, B. Scheerer, G. Linker, and D. Kaletta: Phys.
Rev. L ett ., 53, 922 (1984 ) .
2) C. Templier, C. Jaouen, J. -Po Riviere, ]. Delafond,and]. Grilhe: C.R. A cad. Sci. Paris, 299, 613 (1984) .
3) E. Yagi: Phys. Stat. Solidi, AI04, K13 (1987) .
4) E. Yagi, M. Iwaki, K. Tanaka, 1. Hashimoto, and H.
Yamaguchi: Nucl. Instrum. Methods, B33, 724 (1988) .
5) E. Yagi: ibid., B39, 68 (1989).
6) E. Yagi, ( Hashimoto, and H. Yamaguchi: ]. Nucl.
Mater., 169 , 158 (1989) .

63

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-23.

Lattice Location of B Atoms in Nio.7sAlo.lsTio.lo Intermetallic
Compounds as Observed by a Channeling Method
K. Tanaka and E. Yagi

It has been observed that the ductility of polycrystalline LIz-type Ni3Al intermetallic compounds is improved even at room temperature bydoping a small amount of B atoms. For theoretical studies on the mechanism of this phenomenon, the lattice location of B atoms is indispensably determined. In the present study, the location of B atoms in 0.5 at%B-doped Nio.7sAlo.lsTi o.1o was investigated by a channeling method.
To overcome the difficulty in preparing a juststoichiometric Ni3AI single crystal, Ti wasselected as a ternary addition. Channeling experiments were carried out at room temperature
with a 720 ke V H+ beam accelerated with a
T ANDETRON. The B atoms were detected bymeasuring a-particles generated by a reaction
11 B (p, a) sBe. Proton-induced characteristic Xrays from Ni, AI, and Ti atoms and backscattered protons were measured simultaneously. aAngular profiles shown in Fig. 1 indicate that theB atoms occupy octahedral (0) sites. Figure 2
shows the <100) and <Ill) angular profiles
for Ni Ka.p and Al Ka X-rays. The angular fullwidths (2VIt,z) of the <100) and <Ill ) channeling
dips are summarized in Table 1. The agreementof the values of 21/1'1/2 between Ti Ka./3 and Al Ka
X-rays directly demonstrates that the Ti atoms
substitute the Al atoms in Ni3Al. The values of
21/1'1/z for the <Ill) .a-particle dip is approximately the same as that for the Al X-ray dip, andsmaller than that for the Ni X-ray dip, indicatingthat the B atoms are not shadowed by Ni atomic
rows, but Al atomic rows in the <111> channel.
There are two types of O-sites in the Ni3AI
structure: the sites surrounded by six nearest
neighbor Ni atoms (type-I) and those surroundedby four Ni atoms and two Al atoms (type-II).
From the present results we concluded that in
Nio.7sAlo.15 Ti o.1o most of the B atoms occupy
O-sites of type-I. More detailed descriptions are
given in Ref. 1.

Table 1. Summary of full angular width (deg.) of
channeling dips (2YI /2) for' a-particles, X-rays andbackscattering protons.

Channel

<111>

AI

Ti

Ni

(X·rays)(X-rays)(X-rays)(backscatteredprotons)

Ni

1.18

1.09

1.12

1.29

1.60

0.81

0.80

0.80

0.91

1.05

v·

j::v V
1.5

(1001

(110)

(11 1)

• Ni

o

-2

2

-2

Angl . (degre.)Fig. 1. Channeling angular profiles of backscatteredprotons (e ) and emitted a-particles ( 'Y ) across(100 ) , ( 110 ) , and <1 11> axes for the Ni o.7s Al o,lsTio,l ocrystal.

(100)

(11))

• Ni (p)o Nio AI,, 1.0
-;:;

';;"

"..

o

§ 0.5

~

-2

-1

1
-I
Ang l.(degre. )Fig. 2 . Channeling angular profiles of Ni K a.,a X-rays(0 ), Al Ka (0) and backscattered protons (e )across the (100 ) and <1 11> a xes for the Nio.7s Alo.l s
Ti o.lo crystal.

References
1) T. Tanaka, E. Yagi, N. Masahashi, Y. Mizuhara, K.
Tatsumi , and T. Takahari: Nucl. Instrum. Methods
Phys. Res. B, in press.

64

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·2·24.

Crystallographic Polarity of Ideomorphic Faces on
a Cubic Boron Nitride Single Crystal

T. Kobayashi, O. Mishima, * M. Iwaki, H. Sakairi, and M. Aono
A Rutheford backscattering spectroscopy(RES) method can determine the crystallographic polarity of ideomorphic {Ill } faces of
c- EN composed of light elements.
The large front and back faces (indicated inFig. 1) are {lID } planes as revealed by X-ray
diffraction.
----- str I at I on

(111)

T.

BACK FACE[1' OJ

o

{110}

08
• N

I. +3d .1

(a I

(b I

d

([,'>12~8i' 31~r
N B

'"'
I

=
=

=

N B

Fig. 2. Top views of the atomic arrangements of thefront and back {llO } faces' of a c-BN crystal shown in
Fig. 1 (a and b) and their side views (c and d).

H

1.5,-_-O.5mmFig. 1.

® [1101o--- i/

(Y)

1

®
{110}

Sketch of a single crystal of c-BN.

---,

o

< 110>< 110>

...J
W

I

I

-

* National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials.

_ __ __(b) FRONT FACE>-

We carried out RES-channeling experimentswith a l.5 MeV 4He+ beam for the front and back{lID } faces (not for the {Ill } faces themselves)
illustrated in Fig. l. The top view of the atomic
arrangements of the front and back {lID } faces
are shown in Figs_ 2a and 2b. Figures 2c and 2d
are the side views of Figs. 2a and 2b, respectively, in which each string of atoms is shown with athick bar. The structures shown in Figs. 2c and2d have no vertical mirror plane perpendicular tothe plane of these figures. Therefore, an asymmetric channeling dip will be observed. The
direction of channeling angular scan was shownin Figs. 2c and 2d.
Figure 3 shows the channeling angular profilesof 4He particles scattered with nitrogen atoms
around the <lID) channeling axes for the front
and back {lID } faces. The channeling dips
observed for the front and back {lID } faces areasymmetric and the asymmetry is reversed_ _ _ __
(0) BACK FACE

1. 0

o

W

-

...J
<0:
:::E

a:

0.5

..

•

' '"

I
I

:

o

..
.

" '.

- 1

-2

II

• N

...

N

;+

......

..........

I

I

•

z

o

- 1

-2

2

1

0

T I L T (DEGREES)

Fig. 3. Channeling angular profiles of 4He particles
scattered with nitrogen atoms in a c-BN single crystal
around the <llO) channeling axes for the front andback {llO } faces.

between the front and back {lID } faces. We
conclude that the front {lID } face corresponds to
Figs. 2b and 2d and the back {lID } face to Figs.
2a and 2c. The crystallographic polarity of theideomorphic {Il l} faces a and c shown in Fig. 1
is, therefore, determined from the crystal structure of c-EN as follows: the {Ill} faces a and c
in Fig. 1 are both terminated with a nitrogenplane_

65

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-25.

RBS Investigation of 14N+ -Implanted
Ti, Cr, Fe, Zr, and Nb Sheets

T. Fujihana, Y. Okabe, K. Takahashi, and M. Iwaki
The nitrogen concentration profile as a function of depth is one of the most important subjects in the research of N -implanted layers 1,2) andhas been investigated by means of SIMS, AES,
and so on. However, these analyses are accompanied by ion beam sputtering which presents the possibility that selective sputtering,cascade mixing, etc. would take place. It is
important to compare the results of these analyses with the RBS measurements, which have nosuch effects of sputtering.
We describe the results of the RBS measurements on the compositions of N -implanted metal
surface layers.
The implantation of 14N+ into Ti, Cr, Fe, Zr,
and Nb sheets was performed to a dose of 1 x 10 18
ions/cm 2 at 100 keY and at 20 °C. The RBS
measurement was carried out using 1.5 Me V
4He+ ions. Backscattered particles weredetected at an angle of 150 degrees.
Figure 1 shows the RBS spectra for unimplant~
ed and N -implanted specimens. The backscattered yields from implanted N atoms were hardly
observable, because the N -yields were muchsmaller than the yields from metals and theenergy spectrum of N -yields was superposed onthat of metal-yields. Thus, the yields of N atoms
cannot be used for the calculation of atomic
concentrations. By comparing the spectra for
unimplanted and implanted specimens, however,
the N -depth profile can be derived from a
reduced backsca ttered yield from host metalatoms. The height of the spectrum of the backscattered yield from metal-atoms in implanted
layers can be determined by assuming the atomic
ratio of N-metal compounds and by using the
stopping cross section factor calculated from
Bragg's rule and the surface energy approximation. The depth dependence of the N -atomic ratio
for all specimens shows a trapezoidal distribution. Compounds having the N/ Metal atomic
ratio profile given by the flat topped plateaux
are indicated in Fig. 1.
From these results we conclude that, in highdose N -implantation into metals, the N / Metal

8000
(j)

C::J

0
~

0
.-J
lJJ

>=
@
0::

--Zr

'b~ -

4000
0
6000

ZroANQ6

'\
1.0

1.1

1.2

1.4

1.3

..0,.._

4000
2000

-

lJJ

I-

5 600000.8

0.9

if)

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

~

~

CD

b.=. ...-

4000

~

.

000

•

:.I'e_--,~\-cro.4sNO.55

2000>0 0.8
6000
4000

---Cr

~o~

' " , ,_
-_

.

•

0.9

1.0

0Q-..

1.1

12

.

1.3

.&

2000

~~_
...,-

~--Ti
-

~A

-

~""

Tio.45 N0.55

0L--0~.8~--~0~~-----1.~0----~1.-1~--1~2--~

BACKSCATTER ED 4He ENERGY (MeV)

Fig. 1. RBS spectra for unimplanted and N -implanted
Ti, Cr, Fe, Zr, and Nb to a dose of 1 x 10 18 ions/ cm 2 •ratio cannot exceed a certain value and N atoms
can migrate toward the surface during the implatation at as low as 20°C. The depth profile ofthe implanted N atoms becomes a trapezoidal
distribution, consequently.
References
1) T. Fujihana, Y. Ok abe, and M. Iwaki: Nucl. Instrum.
Methods, B39, 548 (1989).
2) T. Fujihana, Y. Okabe, and M. Iwaki: Mater. Sci.
Eng., A115, 291 (1989).

66
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·2·26.

RBS Investigation of N-implanted AIN x Films on Glassy Carbon
K. Kobayashi, S. Namba, T. Fujihana, T. Kobayashi, and M. Iwaki

The possibility of modifying the compositionalratio of AIN x (0.2~x~l.4) films by nitrogenion implantation was studied.
AIN x films with four compositional ratios
were deposited on glassy carbon (GC) by activated reactive evaporation (ARE) in a nitrogen
atmosphere at deposition rates of 30, 4, 0.8, and
0.7 nm/ min. The thickness of as-deposited films
measured by a Dektack was about 120 nm.
N -implantation into the AIN x thin films was
performed to a dose of 5 x I0 17 N+ / cm 2 at 40 keY
and at 1 x 10- 6 Torr. This energy was chosen so
as to make the average range of nitrogen tallwithin the thickness of the films.
Figure 1 shows the RBS spectra before andafter N -implantation for four kinds of AIN x
films deposited on GC. The surface edges of AI,
N, and 0 are indicated by short lines; the positionof GC is also indicated.
We calculated each of N / Al in the films by asurface energy approximation, by assuming theshaded area of the yields of nitrogen to be thereal yields of nitrogen to eliminate backgroundfrom oxygen signals.
The ratios, N/ AI, in the as-deposited films are
0.2, 0.8, l.2, and l.4 for (A), (B), (C) and (D),respectively. The ratios in the implanted films
are approximately 0.7, 1.0, 1.0, and 1.1 forsamples (a), (b), (c), and (d), respectively. Comparison between the ratios of N/ Al in un-implanted
and implanted films indicates that Nimplantation into AI-rich films causes anincrease in the ratio but it does not exceed thestoichiometric ratio of AIN; for N rich films,
N -atoms move out of the surface and the ratio
approaches the stoichiometric ratio of AIN con-After Implant

Pristine

AI

360
~AI

240

: ' (A)
120

~

(a)

N

10

NO

O~~.=I=..I~~:~' ~~-r~~t~. ~~~~~~

I- 360

z

:J

o 240

(s)

U

o 120
~

~

>-

~a

0 !-'---..J.....:.::=:.....1...-.'---'..'----'--L-+-L......:...J.
. .:..::.
... :=..=::.............."--'-."----'~--i

o 360
w

ffi 240

(c)

I-

~ 120

U

~

( c)

. ~

. ..

O~~·~~··~·~~~~~~:..=~~}~,~~~~

~ 360
OJ

240

r(D)

120
2:
. .'---:

. - :

o~~
:· ~
· --···~· ~~~~~~··~-~/~·~~~~

0.4

0.8 1.2

1.6

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

BACKSCATTEREO 4He ENERGY (MeV)
Fig. 1. RBS spectra for four kinds of AIN x films on GC
before and after N -implantation. The surface edges ofAI, N, and 0 are shown by the short lines.

sequently.
Thus, we concluded that N-implantation isuseful for preparing stoichiometric AIN films
from AIN x (x*I).

67
RIKEN Acce1. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-27.

Depth Profile of Tb Implanted in CaF2
K. Aono, M. Iwaki, and S. Namba

Energy levels created by impurities (rare earth
elements) in CaF 2 single crystals are used as alaser source. We previously studied luminescenceduring ion-implantation and the radiation damage or depth profiles of Eu implanted in CaF 2 by
RBS-channeling using 1.5 Me V He+.1,2) In thesestudies, some results are found to be very different from those of implantation into other insulators; thus, ion implantation into CaF 2 has beenstudied with various ions.
In the present study, the depth profile of Tb
implanted in CaF 2 was investigated by the same
method as that previously1,2) used. Terbium was
implantated in CaF 2 to a dose of ------4 x 10 14 ions/
cm 2 at 100 keVin random directions at room
temperature.
Figure 1 shows random and <lID aligned
spectra observed for CaF 2 and Tb. The random
spectra give the same shape as unimplanted
specimens, indicating that no out-diffusion of Ca
and F atoms has occurred through the surface.
The Tb depth profiles in the random and <lIDaligned spectra of implanted specimen are of a
Gaussian-type. A difference is seen between the
random and aligned spectra of the as-implanted
specimen. On implantation, the scattering yieldin the aligned spectrum shows a strong reduction
compared with that in the random spectrum.
Figure 2 shows the angular scans for the host Caand impurity Tb-yields around the <Ill ) direction. Terbium has the same angular profile asCa, suggesting that most of the Tb atoms occupy
substitutional lattice sites. The depth corresponding to the Tb peak in the spectra is about
40 nm, which is a little larger than the projected
range of Tb of about 31 nm predicted from thecalculation by an E-DEP-1 code. The standard
deviation calculated from the FWHM of the Tb

0.5

1. 0

1. 5

ENERGY (MeV)

Fig. l. Random (.) and <lID aligned (0) spectra
for Tb-implanted CaF2 with '""--'4 x 10 14 ions/ cm 2 •

''"""

'"
....
'"

'" 0 . 5
;::

j
-2.0

2 .0
ANGLE( deg)

Fig. 2.

Channeling angular profiles of Ca ( • ) - and Tb<l1D direction.

(0) - yields for the Tb-implanted

spectra is about 8 nm, which is in good agreement with the predicted value of about 9 nm. The
calculation by E-DEP-1 code is effective for specimens implanted to a high dose. We concluded
therefore that the experimentally observed range
of Tb atoms implanted in CaF 2 to a high dose
may be in fairly good agreement with the predicted value.
References
1) K. Aono, M. Iwaki, S. Namba: Nucl.

Instrum.
Methods, B32, 321 (1988).
2) K. Aono, M. Iwaki, and S. Namba: ibid., in press.

68
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-28.

Correlation of Particle-Induced Displacement Damage
in Si and GaAs. II
K. Kuriyama,* H. Takahashi,* N. Hayashi, H. Watanabe,
I. Sakamoto, and I. Kohno

Recently, irradiation effects on semiconductors, particularly on GaAs, have been investigated by several authors. We studied the effect ofhigh-energy proton irradiation on GaAs, as apart of investigations on the effects of radiationof different projectiles. And we have found theenhanced quenching of photoconductance.
Samples were undoped semi-insulating GaAs
grown by liquid-encapsulated-Czochralski (LEC)
method with an etch-pit-density (EPD) of 10 5 /cm 2. The thickness was 400-460,um. Irradiation
was performed by using the cyclotron at room
temperature with I5-MeV protons, which have amean range of about 760,.um over the sample
thickness. Photoconductance was measured attemperature ranges of 80 to 300 K in the samemanner as in a gamma-ray irradiation study on
GaAs.l)Figure 1 shows the temperature dependence ofphoto conductance at different doses. The
quenching of photoconductance near 100 K isenhanced markedly with increasing proton dose.
Irradiated sample E was annealed in a N 2-gas
flow for 15 min at 200, 250, 300, and 350°C. The
photoquenching was completely recovered byannealing around 350°C, but the photoconductance stayed at a lower value than that before
irradiation. In the time-dependence of photoconductance on the irradiation dose, we observed alarge time constant after more than 8 X 1012p+ /cm 2 irradiation, while a single small time constant before irradiation. The large time constantafter irradiation disappeared by annealingaround 350°C for 15 min. We suggest that thelarge time constant is related to the defects
created by proton irradiation. The mechanism of
the enhanced quenching is not due to the increaseof EL2 (the midgap electron trap center) concentration by proton irradiation, but to the decreaseof EL2 compensated by proton-irradiationinduced defects. Since shallow donors created byirradiation provide electrons to the compensated* Hosei University, Koganei

Proton irradiation
undoped GaAs 5 -2
EPD: IO em

Label
A
B

Dose (p+/em 2)
unirradiated
5xlO l2

C

8xIO

D

~

I2

3XIO:~

t~gl4(K)......

9 1(J5
W
U

Z

~

U

:J
0
Z

0
U
0

b
:r:

lcr7

0..

Fig. 1. Temperature dependence of photoconductancefor samples irradiated to different doses.

EL2, EL2+, these EL2+ defects become quenchable neutral EL2° defects. Therefore, the transition from the normal EL2° to the metastable
EL2* state is enhanced.
Experiments of proton irradiation of Si crystals are also being carried out to obtain damage
factors 2) and to elucidate the correlation of thedisplacement damage produced by protons andneutrons.
References
1) K. Kuriyama, H. Kawahara, M. Satoh, and T. Kawa-

kubo: Appl. Phys. Lett., 53, 1074 (1988).
2) N. Hayashi, N. Watanabe, 1. Sakamoto, K. Kuriyama, H. Kawahara, and 1. Kohno: RIKEN Accel.
Prog. Rep., 22, 105 (1988).

69
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-2-29.

Diagnostics of ECR Plasma for Carbon Film Production
K. Yano, H. Oyama, K. Shimizu, M. Yanokura,Y. Abe, H. Kokai, and Y. Sakamoto

A recent topic of materials produced byplasma CVD is carbon films, including diamond.
ECR plasma with a high electron temperature
was used for production of carbon films. An
electron temperature of ECR plasma producedby means of Electron Cyclotron Resonanceranges from several to several tens of electron
volts depending on discharge conditions, and is
extremely higher than the temperatures of ionsand gas molecules. For this reason, ECR p1asmacan effectively produce chemically active species
via dissociation of material gas molecules.
Furthermore, a feature of the ECR plasma is tooperate under rather lower pressure (..-......-10- 4Torr), which allows dissociated species to arrive
onto a substrate without collision.
To clarify the relation between the characteristics of the carbon films and the discharge conditions of plasmas, species in the plasma were
investigated by using a time-of-flight method; it
is difficult to use a QMA near the plasma owing
to the existence of strong magnetic fields in the
ECR plasma device.
The present ECR plasma device has been described in Ref.I. For mass analysis of charged
particles coming out of the plasma along amagnetic field, a chamber was connected to theend of the discharge tube through an aperture of
1.5 mm in diameter. Deposited carbon films on a
Si substrate were mainly investigated with
Raman spectroscopy and ERD (Elastic Recoil
Detection) by using an Ar4+ beam of about 50
MeV. The former was applied to the morphological studies of produced carbon films, thelatter to the measurement of a hydrogen content
in films and their thickness at the same time.
Carbon deposition experiments were carriedout using mixed gas ECR plasma of methane andhydrogen. The feed gas pressure was usually
fixed at 2.5 x 10- 4 Torr throughout the experi-

10
III

=E 8
~

.a
~6

1:

01

'Qi 4

.c
~

~ 2

a..

OL-..J-LJ-----L--LJ-LJ--1.-L..J.--L---'---':::-:---'-----'---::-::--'--

17

33
44
Percent of CH4

Fig. 1. Histogram of mass analysis results relating tohydrogen. The total feed gas pressure was 2.5 x 10- 4
Torr.

ments. The ratio of CH 4 in the mixture wasvaried from 0.17 to 0.55. The electron densities
ranged from 1 to 3 X 10 10 cm- 3 and the electron
tempera tures ranged from 3 to 4 e V. Figure 1
shows the histogram of the results of mass analysis relating to hydrogen when ratio of CH 4 waschanged. These results show that H3 + molecules
were predominantly produced compared with H+
and H2 + under every discharge condition. The
mass analyses relating to hydrocarbon are in
progress. Carbon films deposited when the ratiosof CH 4 are 17, 33 and 44 % were revealed to be
mixtures of amorphous and graphite from
Raman spectra. The hydrogen content in films
deposited was found by ERD to be 20 - 30% andfilms were several hundreds of nanometers inthickness.
References
1) K.Yano, H. Oyama, K. Shimizu, M. Yanokura, Y.
Abe, H. Kokai, and Y. Sakamoto: ISPC-9, 3, 1444
(1989) .

70
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (989)111-2-30.

Application of PIXE Analysis to Materials Sciences (II)Y. Sasa, K. Maeda, and M. Uda

1) Comparison of PIXE and EPMA
Correct determination of the concentrations ofcoexisting trace elements is indispensable for thedevelopment of advanced materials. This can be
executed by X-ray spectroscopy with a Si(Li)semiconductor detector. An electron-probe microanalysis method (EPMA) is widely used tomap the distributions of elements in the surface
region. However, its sensitivity is not so high, at
most 0.1%, owing to its high backgroundoriginated from the electron bremsstrahlung, andtherefore this system is rather suitable for major
and minor, but not trace elemental analysis. By
contrast, a particle-induced X-ray emission
method (PIXE) is expected to have multiple
merits over EPMA such as a very low background, high sensitivity of detection, almost thesame sensitivity for a wide range of concentration and elements, and moreover, the method canbe used in any atmosphere. Up to now, however,data showing the superiority of PIXE over
EPMA on the sensitivities or on the detection
limits are scarce. Thus, we tried to show evidence for the advantage of PIXE over EPMA for
trace analysis. Figure I-a shows a PIXE spectrum of NBS Al alloy (SRM 1241a) obtained with
1. 6 MeV protons. The same target was irradiated with 15 keY electrons to give an EPMA spectrum shown in Fig. I-b). In spite of a long acquisition time of 30, 000 seconds for the EPMA spectrum, only Mn and Fe Ka X-ray peaks are
discernible due to its high background. On one
hand, the PIXE spectrum measured for 1, 700
seconds shows many intense X-ray peaks with avery low background. Signal to noise ratios (S/N) at the Mn Ka peak were estimated as 1/ 3 and150/ 1 for the electron and the proton excitation,
respectively. These results show that PIXE issuperior to EPMA for trace element analysis.
2) Applications of PIXEi) on the basis of the numerical analysis of
PIXE spectra obtained with Al materials, wedemonstrated that the intensity of continuous
X -ray background can be used as a normalizing
parameter to estimate the total amount of inci-

CHANNEL N1118ER

106+0_ _1......
00 _ _
20'-0_ - - - 3I00
_ _......
«)()_ _......
5oo1050) 1. 6 MeV H+

10

106
10

12

14

16

18

+0 _ _2.....
00 _ _4......
00 _----'69'-(0_--.....&
80_0_-=1~
000

5

b)

15 keY e-

!~

:::

i.

..' .i.'tJ.l'1

100 +--r--'-T----,--.----r-~--,.-~--r-.......

o

8

10

ENERGY

12

14

16

18

20

(keY )

Fig. 1. X-ray spectrum of NBS Al alloy (SRM 1241a)
irradiated with (a) protons and (b) electrons.

dent ions for quatitative trace analysis. The
comparison of a spectrum for Al irradiated withl. 6 MeV H + and that with 2. 4 MeV He2+
revealed that the latter gives a better sensitivity
for trace elements of Z :;:::: 32.
ii) Optimum conditions required for X-ray
absorbers (kind of elements, thickness, and geometrical alignment) was inspected to analyze
trace elements of atomic numbers adjacent tothose of matrix elements in the analysis of impurities in Ga-As matrix electronics devices.
iii) We surveyed fundamental conditions for
non-vacuum PIXE measurements on art, archaeological, and biological targets with a newly
installed equipment. In these specimens, the overheating of s~mples and/ or evaporation of components due to ion beam impacts in vacuum areserious problems. The analyses of letters written
on paper sheets or on wooden chips with Chinese
ink, colors on a figured paper, and saliva takenfrom young men with and without physical andmental stimulations are now being developed.

71

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·2·31.

PIXE Analysis of Human Spermatozoa Isolated from
Seminal Plasma by a "Swim" Technique
K.Maeda, Y.Sasa, H.Kusuyama, K.Yoshida,* and M.Uda

A great effort has been made to determine thechemical compositions of semen and seminal
plasma for the elucidation of the mechanism of
fertilization. Horever, little work has been performed on the chemical compositions of spermatozoa themselves. The analytical data of spermatozoa reported in the literature were obtained
from spermatozoon samples separated from seminal plasma by centrifugation,l) or by centrifugation and washing. 2 - 4 ) In this report we describe
the PIXE analysis of human spermatozoa isolated from semen by letting them swim into akind of physiological saline, Tyrode's solution. 5)
The 'swim' technique is generally adopted forselection of motile spermatozoa from semen of alow sperm quality, and is sometimes used for
artificial fertilization.
Five semen samples were taken from patientsafflicted with infertility. Half of each semen
sample was used for the determination of spermatozoon density and motility of spermatozoa insemen and for the PIXE analysis of seminal
plasma. The another half of each sample was put
into a tapered plastic tube. Tyrode's solution
containing NaCI as a major component waspoured gently over the semen layer to keep thetwo layers separated. After allowing the spermatozoa to swim into the Tyrode's solution for 1 h,
the upper layer was sucked out with a plastic
pipet and transferred into another tapered tube.
A spermatozoon-rich portion then was obtainedby centrifugation, deposited on a 0.5 ,urn-thickMicrofilm ( (H 9 C5 0 3 ) n), and dried in a vacuum
desiccator, and subjected to PIXE analysis. A
beam of l.6 MeV H+ions obtained from theTandetron was used for excitation.
Since the target samples are composed of• Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical School.

Tyrode's solution and spermatozoa, the chemicalcompositions of the spermatozoa were estimatedafter subtraction of peak intensities in the PIXE
spectrum of pure Tyrode's solution from those of
the samples. Here, the chlorine K X-ray peakintensity was used for evaluating the amount of
Tyrode's solution contained in samples, because
only N a and Cl are the major components of thesolution.
The relative concentrations of P, K, Ca, Ti, Fe,
Zn, and Br in the motile spermatozoa thus determined were compared with those in the seminal
plasma. The compositions of spermatozoa werequite different from one sample to another, while
the differences in the compositions of seminal
plasma were not so large. The concentration
ratios, CalK and Fe / K, in spermatozoa wereconsiderably higher than in seminal plasma (afactor of l. 3- 7 for Cal K and of 2- 14 for Fe / K).
The concentration ratios of P/ K, Zn / K, and Brl
K in spermatozoa were not different from thosein seminal plasma, i.e., at most factor of 3. Thisis the first attempt to determine the chemicalcompositions of motile spermatozoa free fromcontaminations of seminal plasma and loss ofcomponent elements during washing.
ReferencesP.]. Quinn, LG. White, and B.R. Wirrick:]. Rep rod.
Fertil., 10, 379 (1965).
2) P.A. Pleban and D. Mei: Clin. Chim. Acta, 133, 43(1983) .
3) G.S. Hall and R.M. Shelden: BioI. Trace Elem. Res.,12, 323 (198'7) .
4) K. Maeda, Y. Sasa, H. Kusuyama, K. Yoshida, and M.
Uda: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep . , 22, 119 (1988).
5) K. Maeda, Y. Sasa, H. Kusuyama, K. Yoshida, and M.
Uda: Nucl. Instrum. Methods, in press.
1)

72
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·3.
1.

Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry
Emission Mossbauer Spectra of 57Mn Formed in Chromium Compounds
K. Kubo, K. Mishima, T. Tominaga, M. Nakada, Y. Watanabe,
K. Endo, H. Nakahara,* Y. Kobayashi, H. Sano,* M. Iwamoto,
T. Okada, and F. Ambe

We previously reported an irradiation/ measurement system for the Mossbauer study using ashort-lived nuclide 57Mn (1.45 min) as a suorce. 1,2)
In this period we have measured emission Mossbauer spectra of 57Mn formed by 54Cr (a, p)5 7Mn
in a few chromium compounds.
An instrumental setup was described before. 2 )In order to minimize the temperature drift in apiezoeletric bimorphtransducer, a temperature
controller was installed, which kept the transducer slightly above ambient temperature.
Irradiation-measurement was repeated with thefollowing cycle: 90-s irradiation, 13-s migration
to the measuring position, and 90-s Mossbauer
measurement. A programmable controller
repeated the cycle, operating a beam shutter anda signal gate. 54Cr-enriched compounds used
as targets were prepared from 54Cr metal and
54Cr 2 0 3. 54Cr-enriched Cr0 3 was synthesized byalkali-fusion of Cr 2 03, oxidation with H 2 0 2 ,removal of unnecessary ions, and evaporation ofwater. Target materials were fixed on a graphite
sample holder and irradiated with 22-MeV aparticles from the Cyclotron.
Target temperature was observed to rise during irradiation by several tens of Kelvins and tobe slightly higher than room temperature at thetime of measurement. The half-life of a 14.4 keY
y-ray was found to be an expected value, though
repeated irradiation built up long-lived nuclide (s),leading to a poor Mossbauer SI N ratio. The
typical counting rate was 0.5-2.0 counts/ ch/ minfor 200 nA/ cm 2 a flux. Figure la shows theMossbauer spectrum of 57Mn formed in metallic
chromium. Because of its small thickness we
could not obtain a good SI N spectrum, but ananalysis assuming a single component gave an
isomer shift of 0.32±0.13mm/ s. In Cr 20 3 twocompontets were identified: an Fe (II) doublet
with a large quadrupole splitting and an Fe (III)doublet (Fig. Ib). Although an earlier work 3)• Tokyo Metropolitan University.

102
101

'~~'::":.':'" . :.;.

100

~ ~... ~'...-:.

99

J'

.

98

'.:: .....

'.

••••••

.'

.98
u

-:;;

.-

96

~

.-

-:;
oc

94

100

\.::~".~:-" .. .. - .';_:.. l .... ..- ..... -

99
98
97
96
95

- IQ

-5

10

Velocity! . . /.)Fig. 1. Emission Mossbauer spectra of 57Mn formed inchromium compounds against a SS absorber. a) Cr
metal, b) Cr Z 0 3, c) Cr03 .

concluded that the Fe (III) component was abroad singlet, a doublet is clearly observed in our
better resolved spectrum. There is no indicationof the presence of Fe (V) or Fe (VI) species in
Cr0 3 (Fig. Ic): the spectrum can be explainedwith an Fe (III) doublet alone. Measurements are
now in progress to improve the Mossbauer SI N
ratio and obtain spectra with better statistics.
References
1) Y. Watanabe, M. Nakada, K. Endo, Y. Kobayashi, H.

Nakahara, H. Sano, K. Kubo, K. Mishima, Y. Sakai,
T. Tominaga, T. Okada, K. Asai, N. Sakai, 1. Kohno,
M. Iwamoto, and F. Ambe: RIKEN Aeee!. Prog. Rep.,
22, 121 (1988).
2) Y. Ikegami, K. Nishi, Y. Watanabe, K. Endo, K.
Kubo, M. Iwamoto, and F. Ambe: ibid., 22, 152 (1988) .
3) R.S. Preston and B.J. Zabransky: Phys. Lett., 55A , 179(1975) .

73

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-3-2. 99Ru Mossbauer Spectroscopic Studies of Heusler Alloys (II)Y. Kobayashi, M. Katada, H. Sano*, T. Okada,K. Asai, M. Iwamoto, and F. AmbeIn this period, 99Ru and 57Fe Mossbauer
spectroscopic and magnetization measurements
were continued in order to clarify the complicated magnetic properties of ternary intermetallie compounds RuxFeg-xSi (x = 0.5, 1, l.5, 2) withga disordered Heusler structure. 1 - ) A 99Ru Mossbauer source nuclide, 99Rh ( Tl/2 = 15.0 d), wasproduced by irradiating a target of 97% enriched
99Ru metal powder with 12 MeV protons accelerated by the cyclotron. 4 )Compounds with x=0.5 and 1 revealed very
interesting and remarkable magnetism. 99Ru
Mossbauer spectra obtained with these compounds at 5 K (Fig. 1) can be analyzed with twocomponents of magnetically split 18 lines. The
results of X-ray studies support this observation.
On the basis of a first-near-neighbour (Inn)model, assuming that most of the hyperfine fieldat the 99Ru nuclei is caused by the Inn Fe atoms
and is related to the product of their number andmagnetic moments, we found, from the ratio of
the intensities of the two components, that Ru
atoms occupy both [A,C] and [B] sites, butpreferentially the [B] site.
On the other hand, two hyperfine magnetic
fields (220 and 300 kOe) were observed in 5 7 Fe
Mossbauer measurements. These magnetic fields
were considered to be those for 57Fe in the [A,C] and [B] sites in the Heusler structure,
respectively, referring to the result on FegSi. For
the magnetic field distribution of Fe atoms, wefound that the peak intensity at 300 kOe associated with Fe [B] increased and the intensity at
220 kOe associated with Fe [A,C] decreased withincreasing Ru concentration (x) from 0 to 1. If
the hyperfine magnetic field at 57 Fe on both sites
in these compounds remains almost unchanged
by introducing Ru atoms into FegSi, the peakintensity at 300 kOe should not exceed that at 220
kOe irrespective of the site distribution of Ru
atoms.

* Tokyo Metropolitan University.

100 :.:: -:-..:.

-4

Fig. 1.

\0
VELOC r TY (NN/SEC)

99Ru Mossbauer spectra at 5 K of RuxFe3-xSi(x=O.5, 1, 1.5,2), against the 99Rh-Ru metal source atthe same temperature.

Consequently, it is concluded that the hyperfine magnetic field of a part of Fe [A,C] goesup to 300 kOe in the compounds with x = 0.5 and1. This increase at Fe [A,C] is expected to becaused by the introduced Ru atoms of the Innshell, assuming no magnetic moment on Ru
atoms. This possible increase in the moment of
Fe [A,C] is consistent with a larger meanmagnetic moment per Fe atom in RuFe2Si thanin FegSi and the site assignment of Ru atoms.
References
1) V. S. Patil, R. G. Pillay, A. K. Grover, P. N. Tandon,and H. G. Devare: Solid State Commun., 48, 945(1983) .
2) Y. Kobayashi, M. Katada, H. Sano, T. Okada, K.
Asai, and F. Ambe:]. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett. ,136, 387 (1989).
3) Y. Kobayashi, M. Katada, H. Sano, T. Okada, K.
Asai, M. Iwamoto, and F. Ambe: Hyperfine Interact.,in press.
4) Y. Kobayashi, M. Katada, H. Sano, T. Okada, K.
Asai, M. Iwamoto, and F. Ambe: RIKEN Acce!. Prog.
Rep., 22, 122 (1988).

74
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-3-3.

Emission Mossbauer Studies on the Chemical States of
119Sb an d 119mTe in S, Se, and Te
S. Ambe and F. Ambe

The chemical states of diluted Sb and Te impurity atoms in S, Se, and Te were studied by
119Sn-emission Mossbauer spectroscopy employing no-carrier-added 119Sb (half-life 38.0 h) and
119mTe(half-life 4.68 d).
119mTe was produced by bombarding a metallic
tin plate with a-particles accelerated in thecyclotron. No-carrier-added 119mTe was coprecipitated with S or Se by a reducing reaction.
The precipitates were fused in an Ar atmosphere
after purification by sublimation. No-carrieradded 119Sb was precipitated together with Te byadding Cr 2+ to a 119Sb5+ -Te4+ solution. The emission Mossbauer spectra of the samples were
measured at 78 K by using a BaSn0 3 absorber.
The Mossbauer spectra of S (I19mTe) andSe (I19mTe) consist of a broad line with a shoulder, and are decomposed into a singlet and adoublet (Fig. 1) . Comparing the parameters withthose of tin sulfides or selenides, we ascribe thesinglet to Sn (IV) and the doublet to Sn (II) surrounded by S or Se.
The Mossbauer spectra of coprecipitated, sublimed, and fused Te (I19Sb) samples consist of aslightly broadened asymmetric peak (Fig. 2).
Fitting of the peak with two singlets gave a100>-:: 99.8
(f)
z

. .

.·
. ...

~
'
...: ' ,'OJ ,.tf!1-.v,.~.-ep .....,. iI\"a,fl",,_ ,"":', " ' . "
II

:.'

II'

• ",

( R)

,''''',_.11:'

.....

W
f--

Z

~ 100

6: 99.8
-.J

w

0::

-4

o

4

8

RELR TIVE VELOCITY
CMM/5 VS BRRIUM STRNNRTE)

-4

0

4

8

RELRTIVE VELOCITY(MM/5 VS BRRIUM ST RN NRTE)
Fig. 2. Mossbauer spectra of (A) Te(119Sb)
precipitated, (B) sublimed, and (C) fused.

co-satisfactory x2-value, yielding isomer shifts at
2.90-2 .94 mmls (compoment I) and 3.26-3.44
mml s (component II). Both isomer shifts aredifferent from that of 119Sb in Sb metal (2.68 mml
SI»), indicating that 119Sb atoms are not segregated as Sb metal in Te. Similarity of the isomer
shift of the component I to that of 119mTe metaP)suggests that 119 Sb atoms are present as isolated
single atoms. The isomer shift of the component
II is in good agreement with that of 119Sb in Sb 2
Te3 (3.39 mm/ s2 »). The intensity of the component II is foqnd to increase by fusion. Thus, weconclude that a greater part of 119Sb atoms isdispersed in the coprecipitated or sublimed Te
metals and on fusing most of the dispersed 119Sb
atoms come together to form 119Sb 2Te3.
References
1) F. Ambe, S. Ambe, H. Shoji, and N. Saito:]. Chem.

Fig. 1. Mossbauer spectra of (A) S (119mTe) and (B)Se (119mTe).

Phys ., 60, 3773 (1974).
2) F. Ambe and S. Ambe: ibid., 73, 2029 (1980).

75
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-3-4.

Perturbed Angular Correlation of 'Y Rays of 99Rh in a-Fe203
Y. Ohkubo and F. Ambe

Perturbed augular correlation (PAC) measurements are a powerful method to study hyperfine
interactions. The lllCd 5/2 + level (t1/2 = 85 ns)
produced by the decay of 111In (t1/2=2.8 days) has
extensively been used for PAC measurements,
mainly because of several technical reasons. 1)
However, in applying the PAC technique to solidstate physics and chemistry, it is desirable tomeasure PAC for a variety of chemical elements.
In this period, we started to measure PAC for the
99Ru 3/2 + level (t1/2 = 20.5 ns) in a-Fe 203, using
99Rh (t1/2=15 days) as its parent. a-Fe 203 is
antiferromagnetic below and paramagnetic
above 960 K (the Neel point). It is expected fromits crystal structure that there is an axially symmetric field gradient at 99Ru.
About 80 mg of isotopically enriched (96.63 at.
%) 99Ru powder was irradiated with 12-MeV
protons available from the cyclotron. An
irradiated Ru target was dissolved in KOH solution. Ru was oxidized to Ru0 4 by Cl 2 and separated with a solvent extraction. The solution
containing 99Rh was treated with coprecipitaion
and ion-exchange methods. 2 ) Fe 3 + was added tothe solution. 99Rh was coprecipitated with ferrichydroxide by adding NH 4 0H. The ferric hydroxide containing 99Rh was dried in vacuum with
P 2 0 S at 298 K and then fired in air at 1023 K for
2 hours.
A PAC spectrometer consisted of two BaF 2(1.5 in if> x 1 in) detectors, standard NIM modules, and, an ADC and an MCA connected to apersonal computer. Coincidence counts for detector combinations of 90 and 180 degrees were
measured as a function of delay time between theemissions of 353 and 90 ke V y rays.
Measurements were made at 298 K, 873 K, 923
K, and 1023 K. The last temperature was chosen
to be higher than the Neel point, above which
only an axially symmetric electric field gradientis expected to cause perturbation. Measured
time-differential PAC spectra are shown in Fig.
1. Perturbation due to magnetic interactions isseen clearly at 298 K and 873 K, not so at 923 K,

0.15

£r

873 K

\

[

0.10

\

I

~I/~~ \

0.05

II

N
N
t.!)

-0.05

N
N
I(

I

I

\/ti

0.00

1023 K

~

1\

298 K

I

~W~I~\II~0.10 II

923 K

I
II

\l¥\,f~\ \~~\~~I~
I

0.05

0.00

I

50

100 0

50

100

TIME (ns)Fig. 1. Time·differential PAC spectra of 99Ru (3/ 2 + )in a·Fe 2 0 3 measured at below and above its magnetictransition temperature.

and almost disappears at 1023 K. In the time
range in Fig. 1, the second prominent peak due
to electric quadrupole interactions is not seen
because the quadrupole moments of the 99Ru
3/ 2 + is not sufficiently large (the first prominent
peak is at time= 0). These spectra are only
preliminary. In order to make the data moreaccura te and extend the time scale to see thesecond prominant peak, we are setting up a PAC
measurement system with 4 detectors. A Mossbauer emmision measurement of 99Ru on a-Fe 2 03
is also in progress.
References
1) K. Asai, F. Ambe, S. Ambe, T. Okada, and H. Seki·zawa: Phys. Rev. B, in press.
2) D.F.C. Morris and M.A. Khan: Radiochim. Acta, 6,

110 (1966).

76
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-3-5.

Angular-Momentum Effect in Heavy lon-Induced Fusion Reactions
H. Baba, H. Kobayashi, H. Kusawake, Y. Ohkubo, T. Saito,
A. Shinohara, and N. Takahashi

Among various theoretical approaches concerning excitation functions for heavy ioninduced fusion reactions, the Bass model isknown to describe their reaction mechanisms
definitely. 1) Fused nuclei heavier than those in
the medium-weight region decay via either of
two competitive channels, fission or particle
evaporation. In the region higher than a specificenergy, the cross section for the latter channel
was predicted to be proportional to the reciprocal of energy. This is established experimentallyfor nuclei lighter than lead. Much lighter fusedsystems, however, show no such energy dependence, when a cross section for particle evaporation is deduced by subtraction of an experimental fission cross section from a fusion cross section predicted by the Bass model. Thus, we aim
to directly measure the cross sections for particle
evaporation, and its dependence on energy, by anuclear-chemical method. Reaction systems to bestudied are combinations of various heavy ionsand the targets of mono isotopic elements aroundlanthanoids. Furthermore we intend to considera reaction mechanism in detail, especially anangular-momentum effect, in heavy ion-induced
fusion reactions as described by the Bass model.
In the first experiment, we studied the reactionof a 141Pr target with a 26-MeV l u 4°Ar beam. The
target was a 6.3-mg/ cm 2 thick Pr metal of 99.9%
purity, sandwiched by two thin Al foils which
served as catchers for reaction products withrather small momenta. Another Al foil 6f 13.5
mgl cm 2 in thickness was placed in the forward
direction to catch the products escaping from thetarget with large momenta, products which
would result from the fusion reaction. The projected linear momenta of the products are obtainable from the residing ratio between the target

and the catcher. In case when beam energy wasdegraded, Al foils with appropriate thickness
were placed upstream of the target. A stack of
the target was mounted in an Al falling-ball andwas irradiated at a falling-ball irradiation system installed in the E3 beam course. 2 ) At twoenergies, short- and long-term irradiations werecarried out for 30 min, favorable for the detection of short-lived radioactive reaction products,
and for 200 min for the detection of long-lived
products, respectively. The projectile energies atthe center of the target were calculated as 25 and24 MeV l u. Beam intensities were monitored witha current integrator connected to a Faraday cup,
and was typically 100- 300 neA. After irradiation
the falling balls were transferred to the hot labora tory in a few minutes, and the target and themost-downstream catcher were separately sealed
for further gamma-ray spectrometry. Nondestructive gamma-ray spectrometry of the reaction products was carried out with three Ge
spectrometers with resolutions of approximately
2 ke V and relative efficiencies of 18%, 13%, and10%. Counting efficiencies were obtained atseveral geometries by use of a calibrated standard source. We found radioactivities such as
2.1-h 138mpr. Detailed analysis of the gammaray spectra is in progress.
In the next experiment, we will study the reaction of a 165Ho target with a 35-MeV l u 14N
projectile.
References
1) R. Bass: "Nuclear Reactions with Heavy Ions",
Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1980).
2) M. Yanokura, Y. Ohkubo, S. Ambe, M. Iwamoto, and
F. Ambe: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22, 150 (1988).

77

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-3-6.

Preparation of a 48V Sou rce for the Measu rementsof Positron Lifetimes in Metals
S. Tanigawa, T. Kurihara, Y.-K. Cho, K. Watanabe,
T. Kubota, and Y. Itoh

The studies of lattice defects by positron annihilation have been successfully expanding. Twotypes of measurements are now in general use inthis field. Positron lifetimes in materials aremeasured by using radioactive nuclides of aparticular type that emits gamma radiation coincident in time with the emission of positron. The
Doppler broadening of annihilation radiation due
to the electr'on momentum distribution in materials is also measured by using positron emitting
nuclides. When lattice defects are present,
positrons trapped by them have a lifetime different from a normal value due primarily to the factthat trapped positrons sample a different population of electrons in the process of annihilation
than do free positrons. The trapped positrons
also sample a different distribution of the electron momenta and hence the Doppler broadeningchanges accordingly.
Regarding the choice of a proper positronemitting nuclide and preparation of a source for
lifetime measurement, some problems persist. It
is highly preferable that the fraction of annihilation in a source itself or a material which supports the source is negligible. Furthermore, thephysical and chemical state of the source should
remain stable against various environmental
changes which the specimen-source hybrid may
experience during heat treatments, e.g., quenching and annealing, or measurements of the lifetime as a fuction of temperature from cryogenic
to high temperatures. One way to obtain a stablesource of a negligible self-annihilation fraction isan internal-source method, where a properamount, say 10 5 Bq of positron emitting nuclides
are induced within a specimen itself by using aproper nuclear reaction. For lifetime measurements this method has great advantages of stability and absence of s.e lf-annihilation, but is only

applicable to a few limited cases because it israre to find a suitable nuclides to be induced in a
specimen of interest by any nuclear reactions.
Another difficulty is the effect of incident particles on a target specimen. The effects of radia·
tion damage and gas bubbles become a serious
problem. Particularly, in the case of a or 3He
irradiations, it is very hard to completely remove
helium gas bubbles from a specimen without
melting. We have developed a more convenientand practical type of thin foil source for the
lifetime and lineshape measurements, using 48V
as a positron emitting nuclide. 48V was induced ina I ]Lm Ti foil with 48Ti(p,n)48V by the cyclotron.
A stack of ten sheets of commecially available
Ti foil of I ]Lm in thickness was irradiated with aproton beam of 16 MeV. The yield of 48V per
sheet was 6 x 10 3 Bq / ]LA· h ·cm 2 • After cooling
off for a few days, the Ti foil containing 48V wasused in positron experiments. For a positron
lifetime measurement, the birth signals of
positrons are required, so that all the Ir -decay
nuclides cannot be used as a positron source forthe measurement. Fortunately, the disintegration
scheme of 48V enables one to perform the lifetime
measurement. As the birth signal, one of two
gamma-rays with energies of 1.31 and 0.98 MeV
is available.
From preliminary lifetime measurements, thefollowing superior points of the developed source
were found: (1) the negligible fraction of annihilation in the source itself, (2) no mixing of longlived components, (3) very high stabilities for theuse at high temperature, in liquid metals and soon. The present development of a new source will
expand the utility of positron techniques to various types of materials and environmental conditions.

78
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-3-7.

No-Carrier-added Radiobromination with 75Br and 77Br and Their
Application to Neuro-Receptor Imaging in Nuclear Medicine
M. Suehiro* and M. Iwamoto

We have been studying various no-carrieradded-radiobromination methods for labeling of
neuro-receptor-imaging agents.
Of these methods, a Gattermann reaction was
successfully applied to the synthesis of aneuroleptic drug bromoperidol. A small amountof freshly-prepared copper powder plays a keyrole to allow a tracer-amount of no-carrieradded radiobromine to react very efficiently
with diazonium salts of aminoperidol and to givea high radiochemical yield with high reproducibility. This is interesting because theGattermann reaction with stable bromine usually
gives a lower yield than a Sandmeyer reaction,
whereas use of the Sandmeyer reaction for nocarrier-added radiobromination was found to be
unsuccessful. 1) This difference is worth of further
investiga ti on.
Electrophilic no-carrier-added radiobromination by Chloramine T has also proved to be agood method for such a practical purpose: thereaction proceeds fast and irreversibly. However, chlorination occurs simultaneously, resulting in the formation of chlorinated compounds
which have similar chemical structure and similar biological activity to no-carrier-addedradiobrominated compounds. We carefully studied the two reactions, i.e. bromination andsimultaneously-occurring chlorination by Chlo-* Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospitalramine T, found the factors which regulate therates of these reactions, and could determine theoptimal conditions where bromination proceeds
fast while chlorination occurs slowly.
Using this electrophilic radiobromination
method, we succeeded in labeling a buthyrophenone neuroleptic drug, spiperone with 75Br
and 77Br. 2 )These no-carrier-added-radiobrominated compounds were applied to the neuro-receptor imaging in nuclear medicine. Animal studies were
performed to obtain the imformation on a
structure-activity relationship. While bromospiperone gave high striatum-to-cerebellum
retios, bromoperidol, which is also a buthyrophenone drug, failed not only to give highstriatum-to-cerebellum ratios but also to show a
wash-out effect by a large amount of unlabelled
spiperone. However, unlike radioiodinated amphetamine analogues, the radiobrominatedbromoperidol showed a dose-dependent saturation in terms of the brain-uptake.
References
1) M. Suehiro, F. Yokoi, T. N ozaki, and M. Iwamoto: ].
Label. Compo Radiopharrnaceut., 24, 1143 (1987).
2) M. Suehiro, F. Yokoi, 1. Arai, T. Nozaki, and M.
Iwamoto: Int. ]. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, Submitted for
publication.

79
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·3·8. Production of Tracers, Their Application, and Search for
New RI Probes Using a RIKEN Ring Cyclotron Beams. Ambe, Y. Ohkubo, M. Iwamoto, Y. Kobayashi,
M. Yanokura, and F. Ambe
Radioactive tracer technique is widely used invarious fields of science, technology, and medicine. However, there are not a few elements forwhich radioactive nuclides suitable as a tracer
can not be produced with conventional accelerators and reactors. A wide variety of radioactive
nuclides can be produced by irradiation with ahigh-energy heavy-ion beam available fromRIKEN Ring Cyclotron.
We aim to establish radiochemical methods forthe production of tracers and multi tracers and to
employ them in solving various environmental
and medical problems of the day.
As the first experiment along this line, AI, Cu,
and Ag foils mounted in a ball were irradiatedwith a 26 MeV lu 4°Ar 13 + beam in a falling-ball
irradiation system installed in the E3 beamcourse. I) After irradiation, balls were transported down to the hot laboratory. Non-destructive
y-ray spectra of reaction products were taken

wi th Ge detectors, and then eu and Ag targets
were dissolved in nitric acid. The target elements
were removed rapidly by precipitation as CuSCN
and AgCI, respectively, to give solutions containing a number of carrier-free radioactive nuclides
ready to be used as tracers.
The adsorption isotherms for the tracers wasstudied as follows. The solutions adjusted togiven pH's were added with a-Fe 2 03. After shaking the suspensions, a-Fe 2 0 3 was removed bycentrifugation. An aliquot of the supernatant
was subjected to y-ray measurement. Thus, theadsorption isotherms of a number of elements
were determined simultaneously under the same
experimental conditions. Results are now being
analyzed.
References
1) M. Yanokura, Y. Ohkubo, S. Ambe, M. Iwamoto, and

F. Ambe: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22, 150 (1988).

80
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-3-9.

Segregation Coefficient of Carbon, Boron, and Oxygen
in GaAs Crystal
Y. Itoh, Y. Kadota, H. Fukushima, and K. Tachi

It is important to control and suppress residual
impurities such as carbon, boron, and oxygen ina LEC (liquid encapsulated Czochralski)-GaAs
crystal. l ) In the LEC method, where molten GaAs
is covered with a boric oxide encapsulant in apyrolytic boron nitride crucible, and heated by agraphite heater. In this case, carbon, boron, andoxygen get into or out of the GaAs melt, and are
not segregated into the GaAs crystal according
to the normal freezing prosess. Therefore it isdifficult to estimate the equilibrium segregation
coefficients based on the distributions of these
impuri ty concentra ti ons.
Since the equilibrium segregation coefficientsare indispensable to control the concentrationsof these impurities in LEC GaAs crystal, we
carried out the present study. Samples wereprepared as follows. The GaAs ingot was cooled
down rapidly at the solidified fraction of 0.5 andcut from the tail portion of the GaAs single
crystal ingot and the remainder. The equilibrium
segregation coefficient (ko) can be obtained fromthe impurity concentrations of the tail portion(Cs ) and the remainder (CL ) , i.e. ko = Csi CL •The concentrations of carbon and boron were
measured by infrared spectrophotometry andsecondary ion mass spectroscopy, respectively.
Calibration factors were obtained with standard
samples in which carbon and boron concentrations were known from deuteron activation
analysis. 2 - 4 ) Oxygen concentration was determined directly by charged particle activation
analysis. 5 ,6) Table 1 shows the results of the impurity analysis and the equilibrium segregation
coefficients.
Recently, Clemans and Conway reported 2.1 ±o.6 for ko of carbon using GaAs crystal grown by
a vertical gradient freeze (VGF) growth

Table 1. Equilibrium segregation coefficients of carbon, boron and oxygen in LEC-GaAs.
Impurity

MethodConcentration(atoms/ em 3 )CrystalCarbonFTIRRemainder

CrystalBoron

SIMS
Remainder

Oxygen1. 0 X 10 14
0.4 x 10 1s
0.5 X10 1s

2

2.8 X 1016
2.9 X 1016
6.1 x 1015
2.2 X 10 16

1'""'-'4

Crystal

7.2 X101s
1.1 X 10 16

Remainder

8.6 X1016
9.1 X 1016
1.3 x 10 17

CPAA

Segregation
coefficient

0.06'""'-'
0.13

method. 7 ) The good agreement of the value forcarbon suggests that our method for the determination of ko-values for boron and oxygen in
LEC-GaAs crystal is reliable.
References
1) L.B. Ta, H.M. Hobgood, A. Rehatgi, and R.N.

Thomas:]. Appl. Phys., 53, 5771 (1982).
2) T. Nozaki, Y. Itoh, Y. Ohkubo, T. Kimura, and H.
Fukushima: jpn. ]. Appl. Phys., 24, L801 (1985).
3) Y. Itoh, Y. Kadota, T. Nozaki, H. Fukushima, and K.
Takeda: ibid., 28, 210 (1989) .
4) Y. Kadoto, K. Sakai, T. Nozaki, Y. Itoh, and Y.
Ohkubo: Semi-Insulating III-V Materials, Ohmusha,
Tokyo, p. 201 (1986).
5) T. N ozaki:]. Radional. Chem., 72,527 (1982).
6) H. Fukushima, T. Kimura, H. Hamaguchi, T. Nozaki, Y. Itoh, and Y. Ohkubo:]. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.
A rtric. , 112, 415 (1987) .
7) lE. Clemans and lH. Conway: Semi-Insulating III-V
Materials, Ohmusha, Tokyo, p. 28 (1988) .

81
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-3-10.

Improved Chemical Procedu re for the Determination of
Oxygen in Gallium Arsenide
H. Kirita, H. Fukushima, Y. Itoh, and K. Tachi

Charged-particle activation analysis is one of
the most sensitive methods for trace carbon,
nitrogen, and oxygen. We have assayed trace
amounts of oxygen in a high purity gallium
arsenide semiconductor. l ) When the oxygen concentration in gallium arsenide exceeds 10 17
atoms/cm 3, we can ignore the radiochemical
impurity. For the samples of lower oxygen concentrations of about 10 I5 atoms/cm 3, however,
we cannot ignore the radiochemical impurity.
We thus improved our chemical procedure to
give satisfactory results.
To this end, the nuclear reaction, 160(3He,p)l8F,
was used. The chemical procedure for I8F separation is shown in Fig. 1, where double parentheses
represent improved procedures. A suction pumpis used for filtration.
Since 70 As, 72 As, and 76Br are considered to beradiochemical impurities, the following points inour old method were improved. In order to prevent the adsorption of 70 As and 72 As on
precipitated KBF 4, arsenite as a hold-back carrier was added. For fear that the microparticles
of AgBr precipitate would leak to a filtrate, afilter paper, TOYO No. 5C, was replaced with amembrane filter of O. 45Jlm pore size.
As a result, the decay of the activity inprecipitated KBF4 agreed with the half life of
I8F, 109.8 min. Moreover no difference between
the background activity and the activity 24 hours
after the start of measurement was observed.
Therefore we conclude that enough radio-

GaAs (bombarded with 3He)
etching~ F- carrier (0.1 mol), KBr
dissolve in hot HCl-HN03~H3B03,KCl

ice-coolingfiltrate with TOYO No. 5C
ppt.(KBF4 )dissolve in hot water~HN03,KBr+ ( As carrier).--------l

filt.

~AgN03warming and ageing
filtrate with TOYO No. 5C ~( 0. 45,um membrane filter)
ppt.
(AgBr)

filt.
~H3B03,HN03

warming~KN03

ice-coolingfiltrate with TOYO No. 5C
ppt.(KBF 4 )...-------l

filt.

I

y-ray measurement() new method

Fig. 1. Chemical Separation of 18F.

chemical purity
obtained.

of KBF4

precipitate

wasReferences
1) H. Fukushima, T. Kimura, H. Hamaguchi, T. Nozaki,
Y. Itoh, and Y. Ohkubo: J Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.,
Artie., 112, 415 (1987) .

82
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·3·11.

Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis of the Hydrogen Contents
in Diamond·like Carbon Films
M. Minami, M. Aratani, M. Yanokura, and S. Okada

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films are deposited on the surface in C-containing gases by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Their physical properties are similar to those of a diamond: highhardness, high thermal conductivity, high electrical resistivity, optical transparency, and low
friction coefficient. Attention has been paid on
relationships between the hydrogen contents inthe DLC films and their properties.
Measurement of hydrogen contents was madeon the DLC films (150-500 nm) prepared frommethane and ethylene by using electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma CVDl) on silicon
substrates. Elastic recoil detection analysis(ERDA) was performed for measuring hydrogencontents with argon ions accelerated at 50 MeV
with RILAC. 2 )A scattering chamber (100 cm in diameter) on
the RILAC A-I beam line was used. At the centerof the chamber, the specimens were set up at anangle of 30° to an incident beam. Tow surfacebarrier semiconductor detectors (SSD) werearranged at an angle of 35° (SSD-1) and at 50°(SSD-2) to the incident beam. In front of theSSD-1, an aluminium foil (10 ,.urn) was located todetect only carbon and hydrogen ions by stopping recoiled silicon and scattered argon ions in
the foil. The spot size of the incident ion beam
was 2 mm x 2 mm on the specimen.
Figure 1 shows the yields of recoiled carbon
and hydrogen as a function of recoil energy.
Contents were calculated from these yields byusing scattering cross sections. 3 ) Results for threekinds of samples shown in Table 1 show that thehydrogen content in the DLC films is lower thanthose in soft polymer-like carbon films. We have

10 5
..::I

~

Z
Z
<C

:I:
U

........
CI)

E-<

10 4
10 3

H
C

10 2

Z

;:J

0

u

10 1
10°
0

~~
CHANNEL NUMBER

Fig. 1 . ERDA spectra of recoiled carbon and hydrogenions (SSD-1).
Table 1.

Hydrogen contents in carbon films.
Startinggas

Polymer·likecarbon films
Diamond-likecarbon films

H
Deposit Hardness
Contents
rate(at%)(nm/ min) (kg/ mm2)

CH 4

15.5

100

35-----45

CH 4
C2 H 4

7.5
22

2,150
2,300

20-----26
16-----24

concluded that the hydrogen content in the DLC
film prepared from ethylene is lower than thatfrom methane.
References
1) S. Okada, M. Hayakawa, S. Morishima, and S. Kuni ·shima: 11th Int. Vacuum Congr. Koln, Sep. (1989).
2) H. Nagai, S. Hayashi, M. Aratani, T. N ozaki, M.
Yanokura, 1. Kohno, O. Kuboi, and Y. Yatsurugi:
Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 28, 59 (1987).
3) J.F. Ziegler (Ed.): Handbook of Stopping Cross Sec·
tions for Energetic Ions in All Elements, Pergamon
Press, New York (1980) .

83

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-3-12.

Multielement Depth Profiling of Multilayered Systems
M. Aratani, M. Yanokura, M. Minami, and K. Saito*

Multilayered systems have recently been usedwidely for electronic devices, for example, ohmic
contacts and Schotoky barriers. Material distributions in such systems are fairly complicated to
be examined by conventional analytical techniques.
We applied a heavy-ion probe Rutherford scattering method to the study of the material distributions in multilayered systems Cu/Pd/Ni/Ti/Si(substrate). Detectors were located at both forward and backward angles for ions recoiled andscattered by ~ 10 nA 50-MeV ArH incident ionsfrom RILAC. Nine samples mounted on aladder-type holder were installed at the center ofa scattering chamber at angles of 20°-30° against
the incident beam. The present report describes
the change in the material distribution of thissystem after heat treatment at medium temperatures.
After heat treatment the initial spectrum of
forward scattered ions (Fig. la) changed to thatshown in Fig. lb. In both spectra the scatteredions from the Cu surface appear at the same
scattered energy, i. e., at a channel number of 334
ch, because no energy loss takes place at thesurface. Therfore, the high energy side of thesecond peak (around 340 ch) corresponds to theoutermost Cu surface, and the low energy side of
the peak corresponds to the Cu/Pd interface. The
Pd layer under the Cu layer is observed as thefirst peak (around 395 ch), the high energy ofwhich corresponds to the Pd/Cu interface. Therefore, the Cu/Pd interface phenomena such as
atomic mixing and interfusion would be observed through the changes at these two positions in* R&D Center, Toshiba Corporation.

(a)

..J
W

:z
:z
<

:I:
U

.....

"

§5

,,'

~

o

(C~

•

eu Pd

u

(b)

(d)

...J

W
Z
~

:r:
u

....

~
z
o

;:)

u

10

..
..

eu

Pd

V ~----~~-J~2S~6~_~' ~'-~----~~~51~2'~'
CHANNEL NUMBER

CHANNEL NUMBER

Fig. 1. Energy spectra for forward (75°) scattered ions
before (a) and after (b) heat treatment, and for forward (50°) recoil hydrogen ions (15 pm Al absorber)
before (c) and after (d) heat treatment form Cu/ Pd/
Ni/Ti/Si (20°).

the spectra. After heat treatment, the highest
energy of the peak shifts to a higher channel. A
standard sample of Pd foil reveals that the position corresponds to the Pd surface. Consequently
we conclude that Pd atoms diffuse through the
Cu layer and reach the Cu outermost surface, but
no Pd atoms diffuse into the Pd layer.
Hydrogen atoms are also observed as an impurity. Hydrogen profiles before and after heat
treatment are shown in Fig. lc and Fig. Id.
Before treatment, hydrogen atoms distribute in
the three layers, but after treatment, no hydrogenatoms are observed in the Pd layer.

84

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·3·13.

A New Technique for Preparation of an Enriched looMo Diskof Very High Purity
I. Sugai, * M. Aratani, H. Kato, * * M. Minami, and M. Yanokura

Neutrino physics requires enriched looMo foilsof very high purity to study double beta decay.
The foils should not be contaminated with such
radioactives as U, Th, and K.
We have developed a simple technique forpreparation of a looMo disk target with 50-SO mg/
cm2 in thickness and 30 mm in diameter. Chemicallyrefined Mo powder was packed uniformly in astainless-steel mold of 30 mm in diameter andcarefully pressed in a vacuum. The Mo solid disk
was then sintered in an electrical oven at
2S0-330°C for 13 hours in air.
The weight of the Mo disk increased by oxidation with heating temperature. We found that thequality of the Mo disk depends greatly on the
degree of oxidation. After repeated sintering andpressing tests, we found that a Mo disk containing 3 % oxygen is mechanically strong. The key
point in producing a pure and uniform looMo disktarget is also to use powder as fine as possible
with rustling properties.
We measured the purity of Mo in the disks by
an ERDA technique using a 50 MeV Ar4+ ion
beam from the RILAC. Figure 1 shows the 'energy spectra of Ar ions scattered and lightelement ions recoiled from various disks. We canobserve no elements other than oxygen and carbon on the curve shown in Fig. 1.
The Mo disks prepared by the present tech-* Institute for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo.
* * Faculty of Education, Yamanashi University.

Mo[j ,.'
z
z
< ,.
x
~

U)

II

H

Z
:J

o

U

CHANNEL NUMBER
Fig. 1. Energy spectra of Ar ions scattered and lightelement ions recoiled from various disks. E(Ar4+) = 50
Me V and 8Lab = 52 Natural Mo disk targets preparedfrom metallic powder of 99.999 % purity not by sintering [curve (a)] and by sintering at 280°C [curve (b)] ,and from metallic powder of 99.95 % purity by sintering at 330°C [curve (c)]. An enriched looMo foil
obtained from Oak Ridge National Laboratory was
also examined for comparison [curve (d)] .
0•nique show extremely low contamination: 1.3
ppb U, 0.5 ppb Th, and 3.5 ppb K for the looMo
disk and < 0.5 ppb U, < 0.5 ppb Th, and < 0.5
ppb K for the natural Mo disk. Five disk targetsof enriched looMo and natural Mo prepared by
the present method were successfully used for
double-beta -decay neutrino experiments.

85
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·3·14.

Measurement of Light Element Contaminants inSuperlong·Lived Carbon Stripper Foils
I. Sugai, M. Aratani, M. Minami, and M. Yanokura

Carbon stripper foils with long lifetimes arevery important for cascade-type heavy ion accelerators. We have been developing long-lived
carbon stripper foils by various methods aiming
at high reproducibility and creditability.
Among many methods, controlled AC and DC
arc-discharge (CADAD) method and an ion beam
sputtering (IBS) method were found to be usefulfor the preparation of foils with very long lifetimes compared with an electron beam (E/ B),commercialy available carbon foils (CM), and an
old arc-discharge methods. 1•2 ) In particular, foils
prepared by the IBS method showed as long alifetime as 55 hours, which is about 110 times ofthat of a CM foil.
We call this special foil a supperlong-lived
carbon stripper foil (SLLC). The lifetimes prepared by the IBS method, however, were widelydistributed from maximum 55h to very short.
The short lifetime results in very rapid ruptureby irradiation.
We suppose that a main reason for the great
difference in the lifetime of foils may be causedby the contamination of light elements such ashydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, and tried tosearch for such contaminants by ERDA (elastic
recoil detection analysis) and RFS (Rutherford
forward scattering) using a 50 MeV ArH beamfrom the RILAC. In the present study carbon
foils of 10-15 J1.g/ cm 2 in thickness prepared by
IBS and E/B were used, and CM foils are also
used for comparison.
Figure 1 shows the typical spectra of thesefoils. We can clearly see the difference in theamounts of contaminations (oxygen and nitrogen) between foil (c) and foil (d) made by IBS
using Kr+ ion. No noticiable contaminations areseen between E/ B (a) and CM (b) foils. Foil (d)was prepared from spectroscopically pure car-

....
....

:z
:z
:z:

1'0'

CHAIIIIEL HUMBER

Fig. 1. Spectra of the particles scattered and recoiled
from carbon foils ((a), E/ B foil: (b), commercial foil :(c), IBS foil ; and (d), IBS foil) at E(Ar4+ ) = 50 MeV and()L ab = 45° .

bon rods and foil (c) from a standard pure carbon
rod used as a supportor of a sputtering specimen.
From the measurments the contaminations (oxygen and nitrogen) in foil (c) are estimated as
approximately 3 J1.g/ cm 2 for oxygen and 2 J1.g/
cm 2 for nitrogen in thickness.
These contaminations strongly affect the lifetime of carbon foils against the irradiation ofhigh-intensity heavy ion beam. We also foundtraces of Fe and Ta, which come from the cavityof an ion-source and a thermal filament.
These results suggest that the foils preparedby IBS using Kr+ present a clue for the preparation of superlong-lived carbon stripper foils.
References
1) I. Sugai et at.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods, A236. 576(1985) .
2) I. Sugai et al.: ibid., A251 , 596 (1986).

86
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-3-15.

Analysis of Deuterium in Palladium Electrodes by Heavy-Ion
Rutherford Scatteri ng
M. Yanokura, M. Minami, S. Yamagata, S. N akabayashi,
M. Aratani, A. Kira, and 1. Tanihata

Deuterium contents in palladium electrodes
during or after electrolysis are crucial for socalled cold nuclear fusion in a test tube. 1, 2 ) Electrodes used as a cathode for electrolysis of heavy
water (D 2 0) were analyzed by a heavy-ion Rutherford scattering method 3 ) in order to determine
the deuterium content and the depth profile.
A hydrogen (H) signal prodominated in theelectrodes etched with sulfuric acid and electrolyzed in a D2 0 solution of PdC1 3 , although thesolution contained H 2 0 of less than 1 per cent.
This finding indicates that hydrogen atoms canpenetrate inside, but deuterium atoms cannot
under this condition of surface teatment.
The successful method for surface treatment
and pre-loading of deuterium is as follows. Electrodes were heated to 420°C in a vacuum of 10- 6
torr for 2 h, equilibrated with 1 atm deuteriumgas at 420°C for 1 h, and left for cooling forseveral hours. The electrodes were kept in heavy
water after the treatment and also after electrolysis.
The electrodes thus treated showed a deuterium signal which was not accoumpanied by ahydrogen signal. Figure 1 shows the contents ofdeuterium as a function of the depth from thesurface. The atomic ratio of deuterium to paradium is about unity in the electrode before
electrolysis. After electrolysis for 120 h, the ratio
increases to about 1.5, indicating that electrolysis promotes the accumulation of deuterium in• • ! ; a• ! • $

'"0
0..

"'0
....0

¢

Q

0

.~

0.5

.§

0.3

~
¢

~ ~ ~ ~ + ++++

• • ... ... •

!

¢

¢

¢

9

¢
+ + + + +

+

0

-<

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Depth in Palladium

0.5

0.6

0.7

( rng/ ern' )Fig. 1. Depth profile of deutirium in palladium plates.
D pre-loaded with D2 gas before electrolysis.
•
kept in vacuum for 1 week.
•
kept in heavy water after electrolysis.
6
kept in the atomsphere after electrolysis.

palladium. The data for the unelectrolyzed electrode kept in a vacuum give a rough estimation
for a loss of deuterium atoms from the surface
layer due to diffusion.
References
1) M. Fleischmenn, S. Pons, and M. Hawkins: ].

Electroanal. Chem., 261, 301 (1989).
S.E. Jones, E.P. Palmer, J.B. Czirr, D.L. Decker, C.L.
Jensen, J.M. Thorne, S.F. Taylor, and J. Rafelisk:
Nature, 338, 737 (1989) .
3) H. Nagai, S. Hayashi, M. Aratani, T. Nozaki, M.
Yanokura, and 1. Kohno: Nuc!. Instrum. Methods
Phys. Res., B28, 59 (1987).
2)

87
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·4.

Radiation Chemistry and Radiation Biology
1.

High-Density Excitation by Heavy Ions: Track-Depth Resolved
Emission Measurement Using a Micro Track Scope
K. Kimura, S. Yanagishita, and F. Sano

Stopping power data is only one knowledge bywhich one can estimate the extent of change inmatter produced by ion iradiation. However, thestopping power give us neither knowledge on thedensity effect of intermediates nor the change of
excitation processes with the change in ion
energy, though this knowledge is decisively
important in the low-energy region near the
track termination where high-density excitationand new excitation processes may play an important role. We developed a micro track-scope
which enables us to obtain the stopping power
dependency of excited states, their interaction
and dynamics, particularly near track termination.
Previously, we have measured track depthresolved emission spectra, specific emissions(dL / dx) and efficiencies (dL / dE) , and theirdecays along a 5 MeV / amu N-ion ion track indense helium gas at 4.00 Torr and 5 K (density ofhelium was 0.006 g/ em3 and the track length was
11 mm) .1 ,2) Helium gives relatively high emission
yields under high-density excitation and hence isthe most appropriate sample. One of results isthat dL / dE increases still along the track withdercreasing stopping power after its maximum
value. Is this result explicable by dE / (r 2 dx) or byincrease in the probability of direct excitationand charge exchange? Is this correlated withnew emission bands observed ?3) From what excitation density does the quenching begin? The
depth resolution of about 0.1 mm of the previous
methods was too crude to analyze the region
near the maximum stopping power in detail.
Thus, we developed a new simple track-scope
for the precise observation of UV- and UVUemission intensities with much denser samples.
The scope is composed of a square bundle of
10,000 quartz fibers of 2 X 2 mm2 in diameter. The
terminal of the array was set close (0.1 mm)
laterally to the tracks of collimated ions of across section of 0.1 X 2 mm. The image was measured at another terminal by a position-sensitive
photoncounter connected with an on-line com-

d1000
~ 500
d

E

Fig. 1. Density dependences of dL / dX vs . track -depth
and dL / dE vs. dE / dX 5 MeV N·ion tracks in helium.
A junction of a lateral bar and the curve indicates anincident point of ions. All the curves are adjusted into
the equal peak height.

puter. An experimental system was already reported in a previous report. 4 )Figure 1 illustrates dL / dE vs. dE / dx for visible emission as a function of the density ofhelium (helium is liquefied at 0.12 g/ em3 at present
temperature). It is a remarkable phenomenon
that dL / dE has a plateau or increases near the
track termination, considering that usual scintillators are quenched thoroughly in the corresponding range. In addition, dL / dE was dependent on the helium density and maximum near
0.06 g/ cm3 • These results indicate that effective
excitation processes other than what arecontained in the calculation of the stopping
power become important. These effective processes seem to be direct excitation and charge
exchange processes.
References
1) K. Kimura:]. Chem. Phys. , 84, 2002 (1986).
2) K. Kimura: ibid., 84, 2010 (1986) .
3) K. Kimura, M. Kataoka, T. Azuma, Y. Ito, Y.
Tabata, and Y. Aoki: Phys. Lett. A, 133, 91 (1988).
4) K. Kimura, T . Yoshida, S. Imai, T. Nakamura, and
N. Hamada: RIKEN Aeee!. Prog. Rep. , 21,137 (1987 ).

88
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-4-2.

Production of Makrofol Microfilters by 14N Ion Irradiation
N. Nakanishi, Y. Kaneta, and S. Wakasa

Energetic charged particles give radiation
damage to materials and, at the same time, leavelatent tracks in them. The nuclear tracks registered in plastics have been used for identificationof particles and their energies by chemical etching.
It is also known that pierced pores are observed in thin polymers bombarded with ions after
chemical etching. We have applied the phenomenon to form microfilters, which are widely usedin various fields such as chemical, food, medical
and other industries.
Although fission fragments or accelerated
heavy ions have been used for microfilter formation, we used 22 and 15 MeV 14N beams fromRILAC, because these beams are also available
using a compact cyclotron. Polycarbonates,
Makrofol of 10 and 20 Jim in thickness were
irradiated and chemically etched in a 6 N N aOH
solution at 70°C. No satisfactory results havebeen obtained because of a relatively low Z/ f3 ofFig. 1. Scanning electron micrograph of etched poresin a 10 J.lm MAKROFOL irradiated by 15 MeV 14N3+
ions. Magnification x 5000.

around 130. However, it was recognized that UV
exposure after irradiation was very efficient inmaking pores in Makrofol films. One of goodresults is shown in Fig. l.

89
RIKEN Accel. Prog. 23 (1989)

111·5.

Instrumentation
1.

A Proposal for Collinear Laser Spectroscopy of Refractory Elements
T. Murayama, M. Azuma, T. Inamura, T. Ishizuka, H. Katsuragawa,
M. Koizumi, S. Matsuki, Y. Matsumoto, K. Morita, I. Nakamura,
K. Shimomura, I. Sugai, and M. Takami

Collinear fast-beam laser spectroscopy has
been very successful in studying nuclear radiiand nuclear moments for the long isotopic chainof various elements in combination with isotope
separators. I) However, refractory elements suchas Hf, W, and Os, which are of interest to study
because of their high spin isomers and possible
shape transitions, are currently inaccessible byusing isotope separators with thermal ion
sources.
Recently an ion-guided isotope separator(IGISOL) has been constructed at the Ring Cyclotron facility.2) This machine easily provides theisotope-separated radioactive beams of refractory elements. We have designed an apparatus
for the collinear laser spectroscopy, which will
be installed at the straight section of one of the
IGISOL beam lines. The schematic arrangementof experimental setup for the collinear laser
spectroscopy is shown in Fig. l. The apparatus
is composed of a charge exchange cell, an LIF(Laser Induced Fluorescence) detection region,
and an RIS (Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy)
detection region. A laser beam will be deliveredfrom the laser facility 3) to the experimental vault
through a 160 meter-long optical fiber. The setup
is designed to utilize a coincidence techniquewith atomic beams. 4 )First we shall study the energy spread of
isotope-separated beams from the IGISOL bychanging its skimmer potential. For this purposea spark-type ion source is installed in the target
chamber of the IGISOL. We measure the energy
spread by observing the Doppler broadening of
the flurescence spectrum of the transition(3d'2G9/2~4p2F7I2' it=611.6nm) of meta-stable
Ar+l ion beams. The other candidate of test ion
beams is lithium. In this case the strong transition (lS2S 3S I F = 5 / 2~ Is2p 3P 2 F = 7/ 2, it = 548.5

ion beams
Relardation Charge exchange cellelectrodes
Spherical mirror CapacilDr-L

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup
of collinear laser spectroscopy at the Ring Cyclotron
facility.

nm) of meta-stable 7Li+ l . ion can be used.
References
1) E.W.

Otten: "Treatise on Heavy-Ion Science",
Plenum Press, New York, Vol. 8, p. 517 (1989).
2) K. Morita, T. Inamura, K. Valli, T. Noumura, J.
Tanaka, H. Miyatake, K. Sueki, Y. Hatsukawa, M.
Fujioka, T. Shinozuka, K. Taguchi, H. Kudo, Y.
Nagai, T. Tomiyama, H. Hama, M. Yoshii, and K.
Furuno: RIKEN Aeee!. Prog. Rep., 21, 155 (987).
3) T. Murayama, M. Takami, Y. Matsumoto, and T.
Inamura: ibid., 21, 174 (1987).
4) D.A. Eastham, P.M. Walker, J.R.H. Smith, J.A.R.
Griffith, D.E. Evans, S.A. Wells, M.J. Fawcett, and 1.
S. Grant: Opt. Commun., 60, 293 (1986) .

90
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1 989 )

111·5·2.

Low Energy Radioisotope Beam Channel "SLOW" forSurface Studies
T. Matsuzaki, K . Ishida, and K. N agamine

A new type of low energy radioisotope beam
channel "SLOW" has been developing in the E7
experimental area of RIKEN Ring Cyclotron(RRC). We will be able to use the SLOW beam
channel for the studies of emission mechanismsof various low energy radioactive atoms fromcharacterized surfaces and for the extraction of
usefu l radioactive ions for surface-physics
studies.
A heavy ion-induced nuclear reaction can produce many kinds of radioisotopes in a target atthe same time. Part of the radioisotopes moderate to be rest in the target and could reach to thetarget surface by thermal diffusion . At the sur face, the radioactive atoms could evapor ate int oa vacuum and could be ionized through various
ionization mechanisms deepl y correlated to thesurface conditions.
The details of the basic design, its construction, and experimental program are described in
Ref l. Almost all the construction work of
SLOW has been finished. At present, we aremaking a fine tuning of SLOW.
In order to decrease a residua l magnetic fi eld
to less than 0 . 1 gauss, a magnetic shield arounda SLOW beam line was constructed. A low
magnetic field along the SLOW beam line isnecessary for beam opt ica l tuning using a thermal electron. The thermal elect ron w ill be
produced by a hot tungsten filament and be
accerelated to 10 keY. T he beam line components will be tuned by the 10 ke V electron beam.
As described in Ref. 1, SLOW is composed ofelectrostatic lenses, and the beam optical conditi ons depend upon not a mass but only an electriccharge for transporting ions. Therefore, we cando a beam tuning for negative-charged ions by
this tuning and can get an optimum condition
also for positive ions after changing the polarities of all electrodes of the components. In addtion, the experi mental r oom "E7" is locatedbeside the RRC accerelator room and beneath

the A V F cyclotron injector room. The maximum
magnetic field was found to be about 2 gauss for
one direction at a SLOW beam channel, when the
RRC was operated.
A high vacuum of 4 X 10- 9 Torr was attained
after long evacua tion w ith a turbo-molecularpump and cryo -pump, wi thout an outgassing
procedure by baking. A baking heater wasa lready wounded around the SLOW beam line.
We have made a temperature control system forthe baking procedure to keep the temperature of
vacuum components by on/ off control. A final
vacuum test is scheduled after the baking procedure.
Slow is equiped with several instruments forsurface characteri zation and treatment: aLEAD / AUGER spectrometer , a 5 keY Ar ion
gun and a n elec t r ic quadrupole mas s
spectrometer. T hey are installed above the target position of SLOW. T hese instruments wereoperated to prove their specifications.
At the end of SLOW, a multi-channel plate(MCP) w ill be installed to detect ions transpoted
through the SLOW beam line. We have made avacuum chamber to check an MCP by using athermal electron beam. A test experiment of
MCP is now in progress.
For the remote control of high voltage forelectrodes of the beam line components, we have
improved fi ve main high voltage power supplies
and newly bought six main power supplies. The
ren10te control will be realized by supplying DC
voltage (O- lOV) to a main power supply from thecontrol room.
We are now designing a pre-chamber, where
we can treat and chracterize the surface of samples, independent of the main vacuum of the
SLOW beamline.
References
1) T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, and K. Nagamine: RIKEN

Aeee!. Prog. R ep., 22 , 155 (1988).

91

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-5-3.

Thickness Uniformity Measurements of Large Area SSDs
for Cosmic Ray Heavy Ion Telescope
T. Imai, T. Kohno, K. Munakata, A. Yoneda, and C. Kato

We have developed a cosmic ray heavy ion
telescope having a very large geometric factor.
The objectives of our observation are elemental
and isotopic aboundances of galactic cosmic raysand solar energetic particles up to Fe/ Ni nuclides. For our first experiment using RIKEN
Ring Cyclotron, a N -beam of 42 Me V l u was used
for the detector array shown in Fig. 1. The first
two PSDs (Position Sensitive Detector) are twodimensional charge division type SSDs. FourPIN type energy detectors follow them.
In use of a LlE x E method for particle identification, the thickness uniformity of a LlE detector
is essential for the resolution of the telescope. We
used a penetrating N-bean1 to measure the thickness uniformity. of the detector. Because therange of N -ions with an energy of 42 Me V l u is
2.6 mm in silicon, all N -ions entering the telescope
shown in Fig. 1 stop in the last detector, PIN4.
PSO 621Ml x 62 mm . D. 4mm t~'!~

14 ~ 42Me VI u

PIN 8Smm cp.D. S mm t ~Fig. 1. Detector array for the experiment.

[JJ[][]D[][]D]O[][]DJDJ[][][]]U~ .1~rTln[l')\IU .. [,IE
~UEU[][J!

§1\ If-

:\ I

t:

I

~

50

80

I

50

80 50

80

50

c

f-

r

80 50

8

Fig. 2 . Pulse height distributions of PINI in each meshfor 1/ 4 of the whole area.

Since energy straggling after PIN3 is large, wesurvey the pulse height distribution of PIN1 here.
Using the information of PSD, we divided theposition in the PSD into 10 X 10 meshes with eachmesh size of 6.2 mm x 6.2 mm.
Shown in Fig. 2 are the pulse height distributions of penetrating N -ions in each mesh for 1/ 4
(5 x 5 meshes) of the whole area. The peakenergies in each mesh are shown in Table 1.
They are shown in % value of deviation from themean value of the whole area. The pulse height

Table 1. Peak energies of whole meshes represented by percent value deviationfrom the mean of the whole area.
X to-100.00
0.28
0.39
0.54
0.33
0.27
-0.07
-0.09
-0.44
-100.00

AV. Energy
0.20
0.30
0.22
0.32
0.31
0.04
-0.01
-0.16
-0.32
-0.22

= 89.09 MeV
0.27
0.11
0.18
0.22
0.22
0.19
-0.08
-0.19
-0.37
-0. 74

0.19
-0.01
0.04
0.21
0.19
0.08
-0.03
-0.24
-0.33
0.07

-0.42
0.07
0.05
0.14
0.18
0.15
-0.07
0.00
-0.28
-0.32

distributions shown in Fig. 2 correspond to 114 of
the upper-left of Table 1. The meshes where no
sufficient events was obtained due to a beamprofile are indicated as 100 %.
If these values represent the typical detector
thickness in each mesh, almost all the meshes arewithin 0.5 % in thickness (standard deviation is
0.23 %). Our requirement for the thickness

0.02
0.08
0.05
0.16
0.10
-0.09
-0.30
-0.37
-0.39
-100.00. -100.00
0.14
0.08
0.09
-0.01
-0.07
-0.38
-0.33
-0.42
-100.00-100.00
0.19
0.27
0.02
-0.09
-0.16
-0.45
-0.73
-0.23
-100.00-100.00-100.00-100.00
0.45
0.00
-0.15
-0.53
-0.63
-100.00-100.00-100.00-100.00-100.00-100.00-100.00-100.00- ., .00.00-100.00-100.00-100.00

uniformity to indentify Fe isotopes is less than
0.5 % in FWHM. The width of each distribution,
however, is about 30 % wider than the value
expected from theoretical energy straggling. We
consider that these distributions are not due tofine non-uniformity in each mesh, but due tosome other reason.

92
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-5-4.

Development of a Mu Itiwire Drift Chamber for the
Measu rements of Proton Spectra
Y. Yashiro, H. Shimizu, M. Yosoi, and H. Ohnuma

We have made a new detector to measureenergy spectra of protons. This detector featuresgeneral-purpose utility, a large solid angle, andeasiness of repair.
An exploded view of the detector is shown in
Fig. 1. It consists of four anode frames (B, D, F,
and H) and five cathode frames (A, C, E, G, andI), all made from aluminum. Each anode frame is
55 x 55 cm2 in area and 2em in thickness, and eachcathode frame is 3mm in thickness, 62 x 62 cm2 inarea for A and I and 57 x 57 cm2 for C, E, and G. All
frames have an active area of 47 x 47 cm2 • The two
external frames (A and I) are covered, on theouter surface, with 25 ,urn thick aluminized
Mylar windows, and the inner surfaces of theseframes and the both surfaces of other threecathode frames (C, E, and G) are covered with
12.5,um thick Kapton films on which copper andchromium were deposited. Twenty-four anodewires and 24 field-shaping wires were connectedto each anode frame alternately with a 1 em
spacing with a feed through (plastic connector).
The anode wires are 20 ,urn gold-plated tungsten
and the field-shaping wires are 80 ,urn gold-plated
molybdenum. The anode wire plane spaced 1 emfrom two cathode planes.

Fig. 1. Multiwire drift chamber.

A mixture of 50% argon and 50% ethane wasused. To keep the cathode planes flat (for theuniformity of the electric field between the cathode and the anode plane), the gas is allowed toflow around all cells separated by the cathodeplanes. (For a similar multiwire chamber system,
see T.D. Ford, G.A. Needham, F.P. Brady, J.L.
Romero, and C.M. Castaneda: Nucl. Instrum.
Methods, 228, 81 (1984)).

93

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·5·5. Timing Property of a Fast Timing Detector Using an
Electron Mu ItiplierK. Yuasa-Nakagawa, T. Nakagawa, S.M. Lee, and I. Tanihata
We have made a simple timing detector which
is very useful for a time-of-flight telescope. The
detail of the mechanical construction of thedetector system has been reported last year. 1)
The timing character of this detector was measured by using 16 0(5.3 MeV l amu), 35CI (3.4 MeV Iamu), and BIBr (l.5 MeV l amu) beams from the
12UD tandem accelerator in the University ofTsukuba. Ions elastically scattered by a gold
target ('"'-'60 pgl cm 2 ) were detected by the TOF
telescope at 10 degrees. The electron multiplier
was located at a distance of 103.5 cm behind an
Au-target. The flight path between this detector
and the stop one is 10 cm. The stop detector is astandard silicon surface barrier detector (SBD
100 mm 2 , 150 pm thick).
Figure 1 shows time resolution performancefor 160 beams as a function of the acceleration
voltage between the foil and the grid (Vacc ) . The
time resolution rises with increasing Vacc andthen saturates. The total transit time spread
mainly consists of two components: (1) the
spread of transit time between the foil and thefirst dynode and (2) the transit time spread in theelectron multiplier. For overall time resolution
we should also take into account the componentof the SBD. Furthermore we can say that thecomponent (1) is proportional to I I Vacc. 2) The
solid line in Fig. 1 shows ; (kt! VacJ 2 + (460) 2, (k1'"'-'50). Gatti and Svelto 3 ) have shown that thevariance of fluctuations in the arraival time of a
total current pulse at the anode of the electron
multiplier is proportional to II /N. In Fig. 2,
the best time resolutions for three particles areplotted as a function of /N . The solid line
shows the relation, tt = ! (~ I /N) 2+ tSBD 2 ,where k2 = 3,300 and !sBD = 120ps which we determined from other experimental results. We usedthe values determined in recent measurements 4 )for the number of secondary electrons N. The
time resolution rises with increasing N. Fromthese results, we should use this type of detector

I
I
I

:z:
o

H

~
....l

600

\

I

I

\

o

f:3 400
~

\

\
\

til

;S 200I-<o" " .........

0.2---- -----

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

ACCELERATION VOLTAGE (V acc )Fig. 1. Performance of time resolution for an 84.8
Me V 16 0 beam as a function of the acceleration
voltage V acc .
~800r---~---.----.---~
IIIb:z: 600oH~

c3 400
til

til
~

til

::;::

200

H

I-<

o

5

10

15

20

NUMBER OF SECONDARY ELECTRONSv0V

Fig. 2. Total time resolution as a function of the num·
ber of secondary electrons ( .jN) .

with a foil, that emits a large number of secondary electrons, and that by applying high Vacc
good total time resolution can be obtained.
References
1) T. Nakagawa, K Yuasa-Nakagawa, and I. Tanihata:
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. , 22, 159 (1988) .

2) L.K Anderson et at.: in "Advances in Microwaves"(Ed. L. Young), Vol. 5, No.1 (1970) .
3) E. Gatti et at.: Symp. Nuclear Instruments (Ed. J.B.
Birks), p. 35 (1965) ; F. de la Barre: Nucl. Instrum.
A1ethods 102, 77 (1972).
4) H.G. Clerc, H.J. Gehrhardt, L. Richter, and KH.
Schmit: ibid., Ill , 325 (1973).

94

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-5-6.

Improvement of the Sensitivity of a Proportional Cou nterby 1,4-Dioxane
H. Katsuragawa, T. Minowa, and T. Inamura

A proportional counter is capable of detecting
a single electron-ion pair produced with highenergy particles and X rays, and by photoionization. Recently, using a proportional counter, we
carried out resonance ionization spectroscopy ofseveral metal elements. 1) In this study we foundthat, in spite of its high sensitivity, a proportional counter filled with a gas such as P-I0 (90%Ar + 10%CH 4 ) is insufficient for observation of
atomic spectra where the number of Al and Fe
atoms in the ionization area is less than 10.
We studied the sensitivity of a proportionalcounter filled with gas mixtures (total pressure
1,000 mmHg): Ar + methanol (40 mmHg), Ar+ethanol (20 mmHg), Ar + acetone (60 mmHg), andAr+ 1,4 dioxane (40 mmHg). The proportionalcounter was made of stainless steel; the innerdiameter was 10 cm and the diameter of an anodewire was 100 ,urn. At bias voltages lower than 1
kV, a source for electron-ion pair production wasa particles from 210PO (5. 3 MeV), and at bias
voltages higher than 1 k V X rays from 55Fe (5.9ke V). Output signals from the proportionalcounter were amplified and stored in a multichannel analyzer (MCA). The multiplication gain
was measured in the peak channel of MCA.
Figures 1 and 2 show the gain curves for bias
voltages lower than 1 kV and higher than 1 kV ,respectively.
The multiplication gains increase slowly in the
low bias region and increase exponentially in the10~-------------------,

200

400

600

800

1000

BIAS VOLTAGE I V)

Fig. 1. Multiplication gains of a proportional counter.
a, Ar+ l,4-dioxane; b, Ar+methanol; c, Ar + ethanol;d, Ar + acetone; e, pure Ar.

10 4

<>

0

10 3

<>

..

0

z

"z

10 2

<>

0

...
~

~

0

0
0

0
0

0
10

0
0

900

1000

1'00

'200

1300

BIAS VOLTAGE IV)

Fig. 2. Multiplication gains of a proportional counter.
Ar + l,4-dioxane; 0 , Ar+methanol; 0 , pure Ar.

<>,

high bias region. Because electron avalanche
starts in an exponential region, electrons are
only collected without multiplication in the lowbias region, where, except for l,4-dioxane, thegain curves almost coincide with each other. The
difference in the gain curve appears to be due tothe loss of electrons depending on the propertiesof organic molecule. ·At higher biases the slopesof the multiplication gains are almost equal. The
ratios of the multiplication gains were determined to be gd l ga = 10 2 and ge l ga = 10, where gd,
ge, and ga denote the multiplication gains for
Ar+l,4 dioxane, Ar+ethanol, and pure Ar gas,
respectively.
The improvement of the multiplication gain
can be explained qualitatively in terms of penning ionization, that is, collisional ionization
between Arm and an organic molecule, where
Arm denotes argon in the metastable state (11. 5e V). Part of argon atoms colliding with electrons
in electron avalanche are excited to a metastablestate.
The efficiency of penning ionization is greatly
increased when the ionization energy (IE) of amolecule or an atom is slightly lower than theenergy of its metastable state, and decreased
rapidly as the difference between the two energy
increased. For a Xe-filled proportional counter
dimethylamine was reported to exhibit a pronounced penning effect. 2) The energy of the firstmetastable state of Xe is 8.3 eV, which is very

H. Katsuragawa et al.

close to the IE of dimethylamine. We also foundthat l,4-dioxane considerably improved the multiplication gain of the Ar-filled proportionalcounter. The exact IE of l,4-dioxane is notknown but the experimental result obtained heresuggests that the IE is close to the energy of themetastable state of argon.
Since IE of ethanol is 10.5 e V and that ofacetone is 9.7 e V, the penning ionization due toArm will take place more efficiently for ethanol

95

than for acetone. In fact Fig. 1 shows that themultiplication gain for ethanol is larger than thatfor acetone; this result can be explained qualitatively in terms of penning ionization.
References
1) H. Katsuragawa, T. Minowa, and T. Inamura: Nucl.
Instrum. Methods B, 43, 259 (1989).
2) B.D. Ramsey and P.e. Agrawal: Nucl. Instrum.
Methods A, 278, 576 (1989) .

96
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·5·7.

Dosimetry by Means of a Liquid and a Gas Ionization Chambers. Konno, T. Takahashi, K. Nakano, and F. Yatagai
Precise determination of doses at a given pointis very important in radiation biological studies
and is carried out usefully, especially for highdose rate, by observing ionization currents generated in ionization chambers. We investigated
two types of ionization chambers filled withliquid and with gas.
Type I chamber is filled with 2,2,4trimethylpentane (isooctane) and has a sensitive
volume of 0.63 ml. The distance between a collector electrode (anode) made of stainless-steel
disk of 1.0 em in diameter and a front window(cathode) made of aluminum of 0.2 mm in thickness is 2 mm. The chamber was irradiated with
60CO y-rays at room temperature.
Ionization currents are plotted against applied
electric fields in Fig. 1. For reference, the ionization currents of 1 atm air in the same chamber
are shown (A and C) in Fig. 2.
Type II chamber is equipped with twoparallel-plate electrodes (anode and cathode)made of aluminized Mylar of 4 ,.urn in thickness.
The shielding electrode made of the same material is arranged outside the anode. The chamberhaving a sensitive area of 12.57 cm2 is filled with
1 atm air as an ionizing medium.

Absorber thickness (rnrn. AI) for N ion

o

15
;i;.
N ion / \

3.0

I

+"

,,/

/

,

" ,,

,+

I
I
I
I
I

,
~,
I

I

00
Absorber thickness (J./rn; AI) for Ar ion

Fig. 2. Plots of ionization currents against applied
electric fields for type I and II chambers filled with 1
atm air irradiated with 60Co y-rays. A and C, for type
I chamber at dose rates of 0.35 Gy/ min and 1. 75 Gy/
min, respectively; Band D, for type II chamber at dose
rates of 1.23 Gy/ min and 2.82 Gy/ min, respectively.
Electric field (kV /crn) for curves B and D

o

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

I

12

~

~

2S u 8

I,_----+----C.........+

i:."

~;

.~

f.)

c::....

~.B 00- 4.0 -: Q

al1l
B~'"

/'

I.

<

~
X

+_- -

-

~ ~ 4 ~/
l

o ~
.~ ~

- 6.0 ~

D

.~~

T

- 2.0

_

...o-_----o-----~~.,...A

"....

100

150

N

U

]~

I

50

~~

." E
='

~

0

Electric field (V / cm) for curves A and C

20

Fig. 3. Bragg curves obtained with type II chamber
filled with 1 atm air for 26 MeV / u Ar ions and 135
MeV / u N ions.

?T
~

2S

I

10

c
0

.~

·s
~

Electric field (VI crn )Fig. 1. Plot of ionization currents against applied electric fields for type I chamber filled with 2,2,4trimethylpentane (isooctane) irradiated with 60Co
y -rays.

Saturation currents for type II chamber
irradiated with 60CO y-rays are shown (B and D)
in Fig. 2. Bragg curves shown in Fig. 3 werepreliminarily obtained for 26 MeV l u Ar ions and
135 MeV l u N ions from RIKEN Ring Cyclotron.
Relative ionization yields were measured byusing two type-II chambers filled with 1 atm air,which were set at the upstream and downstream
positions of the beams with aluminum absorbers
placed between them.

97

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989 )

111-5-8.

Multiple Sampling Ionization Chamber

K. Kimura, H.S. Xu, Y. Tanaka, * 1. Tanihata, and M. Yanokura
Since a multiple sampling ionization chamber(MUSIC) has been shown by a group at
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratoryl} to be very
powerful for particle identification of relativistic
heavy ions up to an atomic number of Z = 57, weconstructed a MUSIC for RIPS heavy-ion experiments.

thinner ones. As for energy resolutions, however,an ionization chamber mode should be better
than a proportional chamber mode.
100 00 ,----~-~-~-~---,

%
2::

6000

....

8

4000

I~

.00

600

800

1000

CHANN EL

Fig. 1. Schematic view of MUSIC.

A schematic view of this chamber is shown in
Fig. 1. It consists of a field c~ge (8 cm x 8 cm x
50 cm) and a multi-wire chamber (0.8 cm x 8
cm x 50 cm). These two parts are separated by agrid plane made of 1 mm spaced Cu-Be wires(l00 j.lm4». The anode plane of the multi-wirechamber is made of 4 mm spaced Cu-Be wires(l00 j.lm4» , which run in parallel to incident
particles. The cathode plane is divided into 10
pads (5 cm x 8 cm) arranged along the anodewires. Total energy loss signals are obtained
from the anode wires and multiple sampling ofdE l dx-values can be done by the cathode pads.
This counter is capable of not only measuring
the energy loss of heavy ions passing through afield cage but also ray tracing using timing signals from the cathode pads. For the ray tracing it
might be better to operate the chamber as aproportional counter because better timing signals can be obtained. Such conversion is rather
easily done by replacing the anode wires with

*Department of physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812.

Fig. 2. Energy spectrum of deuterons observed by
MUSIC. Deuterons, Ed = 10 MeV, were scattered at{1=30 from a Havar·foil and traversed about 30 cm ofair before entering MUSIC.

We have tested the MUSIC using low-energy
deuteron beams, Ed = 10 MeV, from a Tandem
accelerator at Kyushu University. The counter
was filled with P-10 gas (Ar + CH 4 10%) of 1
a tmospheric pressure. In order to see energy
resolutions, deuteron energy was selected so that
deuteron ranges do not exceed the counter
length. Figure 2 shows an energy spectrum of
deuterons scattered from a Havar-foil placed at
the exit window of a scattering chamber. Theenergy resolution of this spectrum, 5%, is largely determined by the spreading of target masses
in the Havar-foil and energy loss stragglings ofdeuterons in the air between MUSIC and Havarfoil, about 30cm. The intrinsic resolution of thecounter is expected to be better than this value.
References
1)

W.B. Christie et at.: Nucl. Instrum. Methods , A255,
466 (1987).

98

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111-5-9.

Calcu lation of the Injection Scheme for Muon (g-2)
Experiments at BNL
K. Ishida and K. N agaminedifficulty in storing muons into the ring. Two
injection schemes have been considered; they arepion injection and muon injection. Schematic
diagrams are shown in Fig. l(a) and l(b). We
proposed pion injection with a kicker as shownin Fig. He) as another injection scheme, whichaims to trap pions in a ring using a kicker. In
standard pion injection, pions are lost in lessthan one turn in the ring and have little chance todecay. By trapping pions we can expect all pions
to decay in the ring yielding muons.
The efficiency of the muon storage was calculated by a Monte Carlo method using a calculated phase space of pions and muons at an
injector as input. Table 1 shows that the efficiency of the pion injection with a kick is the bestof the three. But, we have to estimate experimental errors due to beam backgrounds before final

Since the discovery of muon in 1947, the muong-2 value has played an important role in establishing modern quantum electrodynamics, and inestablishing that the muon behaves like a heavy
electron. A series of experiments carried out at
CERN was dedicated to increasingly precise
determination of g-2 for muon. I ) Now a newexperiment is in preparation at the Brookhaven
National Laboratory (BNL) to establish themuon g-2 value to O.35ppm. 2 ) A muon storage ring
will be built with a shape of 14m in diameter,with a homogeneous magnetic field produced bysuperconducting coils in a C-shaped iron yoke
and with a quadrupole electric field. The newexperiment will provide a test of the electroweak
theory and could also suggest new particles suchas new generations of leptons up to 4 TeV.
Among many challenging issues, there exists a
(a)

(c)

(b)

decay
inflector

muon
bend

/

r in gkickerFig. 1. Three injection schemes. (a), standard pion
injection; (b), muon injection; (c), pion injection with akick.
Table 1.

Result of a Monte Carlo calculation of the efficiency of the muon storage.

Number inflected/ proton interaction
Capture efficiency
Number stored
Proton bunches
Muon polarization
Relative gain in statistical accuracy

choice is made on the injection scheme.
References
1) J. Bailey et at.: Nucl. Phys., B150, 1 (1979).

Pion injection

Muon injection

Pion injection with a kick

92.7 ppm
100 ppm
9.3 X 10- 920.15 ppm
0.33
49.5 X 10- 9
1
1
2.7

92.7 ppm
1050 ppm
97.3 x 10- 9

1

1

1

0.79
3.3

2) V.W. Hughes et at.: AGS Proposal for g-2 experiment
E821.

99
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

111·5·10.

Target Chamber for the Muon Catalyzed Fusion
T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, K. Nagamine,
E. Torikai, and S. Sakamoto*

The liquid hydrogen (D 2/T 2) target system
was constructed for the direct measurement of
the muon to alpha sticking probability in themuon catalyzed fusion process, by observing 8.2
keV muonic X-rays from (uHe) atom. I)
The crosssectional view of the target chamberis shown in Fig. 1. A hydrogen gas container(-----1,000 cc) is held in a vacuum space, enclosed
by a secondary target chamber. The gas container, made of SUS316 stainless-steel suppliedby Mill Sheet, is equiped with a tube and valve
section for charging a target gas to be isolated
from a gas filling system. A possible crackaround the weldered parts is inspected by taking
an X-ray photograph. The outside of the gas
container is gold-plated to minimize hydrogen
permeation. The container was degassed by baking, evacuating, and D2 gas purging, and risidual
gas components were determined with an electric
quardrupole mass spectorometer.

[.~,w~,.,.
sus Window
IlmmiiFig. 1. Schematic view of the target chamber for themuon catalyzed fusion experiment; the vertical view
(above) and the horizontal cut·view along the muon
beam plane (below).

Hydrogen is introduced into a liquid target cellthrough a 4 mm4> stainless-steel tube. The target* Meson Science Laboratory, University of Tokyo.

cell made of a cupro-nickel alloy has a beryllium
window (12 mm4> and 0.5mm thick) for low
energy observation using a Si(Li) detector. The
beryllium window is hard-soldered on the window frame in a hot vacuum furnace. The innersurface of the target is coated with a 0.2 mm Ag
sheet to absorb a photon background of eu electronic X-rays from the wall.
The target cell is thermally attached to acopper heat-conducting rod and the other end of
the rod is thermally contacted to a speciallydesigned helium flow cryostat. The temperatureof the cryostat head is monitored with a Rh-Fe
thermometer and is automatically controled withan aid of a heater installed in the head. The
target cell is surrouned by a copper thermal
shield to prevent radiation loss. The shiled iscooled with a returning helium gas. The cryostat
is evacuated separately and sealed. By using thiscryostat, the target cell is cooled down to hydrogen liquification temperature and a Icc liquid
target can be formed.
Before final target gas loading, the fatigue andbrittleness of beryllium windows and welderingparts of the target cell were carefully examinedas making temperature cycles. A pressure proofing upto 2 atm and vacuum tightness were also
checked for the target cell by using a helium leakdetector as changing temperatures. A drop test
was performed from a height of 9. I m to theground in order to assure the strengh of thetarget, where the target was packed into a transportation vessel. After the drop test, vacuum
tightness and pressure proofing were reexamined.
Hydrogen gas (70%D2 and 30%T 2 ) was loaded
into the target at Japan Atomic Enetgy ResearchInstitute. 2)
References
1) K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida et at.: Muon
Catalyzed Fusion, 1, 137 (1987) and to be published.
2) M. Tanase et at.: to be published.

100

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

IV.

NUCLEAR DATA
1.

Status Report of the Nuclear Data GroupA. Hashizume, Y. Tendow, Y. Ohkubo, K. Kitao, and K. Sueki
The Nuclear Data Group has continued, as its
last year's activities,1) the following four items.
(1) The compilation of charged-particle induced reaction cross section data in cooperation
with Nuclear Data Section in International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) , a Data Centerat Kurchatov Institute in Moscow, and others.2)
For the compilation of new EXFOR (Exchange
Format for Experimental Data) files, we areconcerned with the reactions of which products
are used for mediobiological applications. The
cross sections of the reactions producing thefollowing isotopes were compiled in the EXFOR
file: llC, 13N, 150, 18F, 28Mg, 52Fe, 67Ga, 68Ge, 68Ga,
74As, 77Br, 82Br, 77Kr, 81Rb, 82mRb, I11In, 123Xe,
123CS, 127Xe, 123 1, 124 1, and 125 1 nuclei. 1) In producing
these isotopes, impurities are produced bycompeting reactions. We also compiled the reaction cross sections for various combinations ofincident particles and target nuclei to produce
these impurities.
An effort was made to complete the collectionof the data 3- 5) on the production of 18F, 28Mg,
67Ga, 81 Rb, 1231, and 123Xe nuclides. We almost
completed a set of data files of the cross sectionsof the reactions producing above nuclides. A
computer code for least squares fitting has beendeveloped and successfully applied for the
124Te (p, 2n), 1271 (p, 5n), 122Te (d, n), 127I(d, 6n),127I(d, p5n), and 121Sb (a, 2n) 1231 reactions.
The compilation of the integrated and differential reaction cross-section data originated inJapan in the EXFOR files is continued.

(2) We are evaluating the details of collectedcross-section data on the 12C (p, pn) llC, 27 Al (p,3pn) 24Na, 63CU (p, 2n) 62Zn, and 65CU (p, n) 65Z n
reactions to propose standard cross sections formonitor reactions.
(3) For the mass chain evaluation of nuclear
structure data, the evaluation of the nuclear
structure data on the A = 177 mass chain is inprogress.
(4) The references of annual reports and quarterly reports published in Japan during 1988 werecompiled in the form of Nuclear Structure References Coding. This work is connected to thecompilation of recent reference files at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). We have
responsibility of the compilation of references
published in Japan and all references published1987 and 1988 were sent to the BNL Data Center.
All compiled references are published periodically as 'recent references' in Nuclear Data
Sheets.
References
1) A. Hashizume, Y. Tendow, Y. Ohkubo, K. Kitao, andK. Sueki: RIKEN Aeee!. Prog. Rep., 22, 187 (1988).

2) A. Hashizume: Invited talk and proceedings of 'The
International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology', Mito, May (1988).
3) K. Kitao, A. Hashizume, Y. Tendow, and Y. Ohkubo:This Report, p. 103.
4) A. Hashizume, Y. Ohkubo, Y. Tendow, and K. Kitao:
This Report, p. 10l.
5) Y. Tendow, A. Hashizume, and Y. Ohkubo K. Kitao:
This Report, p. 105.

101
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

IV-2.

Cross-Section Data for 18F Production

A. Hashizume, Y. Ohkubo, Y. Tendow, and K. Kitao
Fluorine-I8 has gained large needs in the fieldof radiopharmaceuticals for in vivo function
studieds with positron emssion tomography. For
evaluation of cross sections of charged particle
induced reactions, we have investigated the status of the experimental excitation functions andcross sections for the production reaction of 18F.
Collected data were tabulated in Table 1.
For 19F(p, pn) + 19F(p, 2n) reactions, Gusakow
measured an excitation function in the energy
range 19- 154 MeV. The maximum cross section
is 230±30 mb at 34 MeV. Lambrecht reported
I1.8±1.0 mCi/,uAh with incident 31.7 MeV
protons on a 11. 5 m-mole F 2 target.
For 160eHe, p) + 160eHe, n) reactions, the peakof the excitation curve is located at 7 MeV; theTable 1 .

cross section is 390 mb. Threre is a discrepancy
of about a factor of two between Nozaki's and
Fitschen's results in the energy range 30- 40 MeV.
For 160eHe, p) and 160(3He, n) reactions, thefollowing reactions causing impurities must be
taken into account: (1) 160(3He, 2a) llC with
13
Tl / 2 = 20.3 min, (2) 160eHe, 6Li) N with Tl /2 =9.96 min, and (3) 160(3He, 3a) 7Be with T l/ 2 = 53.6
days.
Fluorine-IS is generally produced by 2°Ne(d,a) 18F or 160eHe, p)18F reaction. Moreover, six
kinds of reaction cross sections for a target 2°Ne
have been studied as shown in Table 1. The
productions via the short-lived precursor 1. 67 s
18N e have also been studied.

List of measured cross sections and yields of 18F production.
Reference

Beam e nergy

Coll ec ted data

ReactionFirst author

19 F (p,pn)18 F

B.L.Cohen

Phys.Rev.,99,723(1955)

21.5 MeV

H.P.Yule

Phys.Rev.,118,1591(1960)

82-426

excit.func .

M.M.Gusakow

J.de Phys.Rad. ,22,636(1961)

19-154e x c i t .func. {(p,pn)+{p,2n)}cross sec.{(p,pn)+(p,2n)}

L.Valentin

Nucl.Phys. ,62,82( 1965),Phys.Lett.7,163(1963) 155,5700

c ross sec.

J.B.Cumming

Ann.Rev.Nuclear Science,13,261(1963)

82-2800

ex c it.func .(review)
yie ldR.M.Lambrecht

Int.J.Appl.Radiat.Isotopes,29,175(1978)

31. 7

19 F (p,2n)18 Ne

R.M.Lambrecht

Int.J.Appl.Radiat.Isotopes,29,175(1978)

31.7

yi el d27 Al (P,d2o()18 F

N.M.Hintz

Phys.Rev.,88,19(1952)

21-118e xci t.func.

1. R. Williams

Phys. Rev.,162,1055(1967)

40-60

e xcit.func .

20 Ne (d,o< ) 18 F

R.M.Lambrecht

Int.J.Appl.Radiat.Isotope s,29,175(1978)

11

yield

20 Ne (d,x)18 Ne

H.BackhausenRadioch.Acta,29,1(1981)

24-76

excit.func.

e xc it.func .

16 0 (3 He ,p)18 F
t160(3He,n)18Ne

S.S.Markowitz

Analyt.Chem.34,329(1962)

5-30

O.D.Brill

J.Nucl.Phys.(USSR),1,37(1965)

11-29

e xcit . fun c .

T.NozakiInt.J.Appl.Radiat.Isotopes,25,393(1974)

2.4-42e x cit.func.

J.Fitschen

Int.J.Appl.Radiat.Isotope s,28,781(1977)

14-29

e xcit.func.

20Ne(3He.x)18F

R.M.Lambrecht

Int.J.Appl.Radiat.Isotopes.29,175(1978)

10-55.7yield

20 Ne ( 3 He • 0: n) 18 Ne

H.BackhausenRadioch.Acta,29,1(1981)

18-31

excit.func

20 Ne ( 3 He , 0. p) 18 F

H.BackhausenRadioch.Acta,29,1(1981)

17-32

e xcit.func

20 Ne (0<' , O(pn) 18 F

M.Furukawa

J.Phys.Soc.Japan,16,129(1961)

21-39

e x c it.func.

R.M.Lambrecht

Int.J.Appl.Radiat.Isotopes,29,175(1978)

33-45

y i eld

R.M.Lambrecht

Int.J.Appl.Radiat.Isotopes.29,175(1978)

33 - 45y i eld

20 Ne (o(.0( 2n) 18 Ne

102
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

IV-3.

On Nuclear Reaction Data for the 28Mg Production
A. Hashizume, T. Tendow, K. Kitao, and Y. Ohkubo

As a part of the compilation of nuclear reaction data concerning radioisotope production for
medical applications, the excitation functions
and production yields reported for 28Mg werecompiled and reviewed
A radionuclide 28Mg (Tl /2 = 20 . 9 h) is one of themost useful radiotracers in life science and otherapplied fields. Other magnesium radioisotopes
have shorter half-lives. Although 28Mg is practically supplied via the 26Mg(a, 2p) or 27 Al(a, 3p)
reaction, eleven other reactions have been studied as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. 28Mg Production reactions.

ReactionFirst author

30Si(p,3p)
31 P{p,4p}natS(p,5p)
natFe(p,x)
natCu(p,x)

D.L. Morrison
D.L. Morrison
D.L. Morrisonc.J. Orthc.J. Orth
J. AlstadT. Nozaki
T. NozakinatU(p,spall.}
27 Al(t,2p)
nalMg(t,p}27AI(a,3p)

26Mg(a,2p}

J. Hudis
D.R. N ethaway
U. Martens
T. Nozaki
H.J. Probst
R.H. Lindsay
T. Nozaki
H.J. Probst
T. LundReference
(1)

(1)
(1)

(2)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(4)
(8)

(9)
(4)
(8)
(10)

Beam
energy(MeV)
130- 425
130- 425
130- 425
590
590
170
6- 24
3- 19
41
33, 1130- 10233-45
30- 156
13- 156
22 - 40
19- 36.7
86 MeV l u

Reactions induced by alpha particles: As
shown in Table 1, 26Mg(a, 2p) and 27Al(a, 3p)
reactions were studied. Threshold energies ofthese reacti ons are 15. 4 MeV and 24. 8 MeV,
respectively; the excitation curve have the maximum value of 3.0 mb at 40 MeV for the 26Mg(a,2p) reaction and the maximum value of 0.16 mb
at 56 MeV for the 27 Al(a, 3p) reaction, respectively. Because of lower threshold energy and larger
value of cross section, the 26Mg(a, 2p) reaction isfitted for the production with a small cyclotron.
Although the cross section of 26Mg(a, p)29AI isstill larger in the 40 MeV region than that of the(a, 2p) reaction, the half-life of 29AI is only 6.6
min; therefor there is no problem produced withthis impurity after one hour. Major impurities
produced when magnecium or aluminum is bombarded with alpha particles are 24Na, 22Na and7Be. When aluminum is bombarded at 140 MeV,
the activity yield of 24N a icreases two order ofmagnitude; therefore chemical separation is dispensable. Probst 8) reported that the yield of
26Mg(a, 2p) and 27Al(a, 3p) are 155 j1.Ci/ j1.Ah and
20 j1.Ci/ j1.Ah for an incident alpha-particle energyof 140 MeV.
Tritium induced reactions: The excitation
functions of 26Mg(t, p) and 27 Al(t, 2p) reactions
were studied by N ozaki. 4) It should be noted thatthe peak values of these cross sections are about
80 times larger than that of 26Mg(a, 2p) reaction.
An yield of about 0.15 mCi/ j1.Ahr was reported 4)
at an incident trition energy of about 20 MeV.
Other reactions: The cross sections induced byhigh-energy protons were measured as shown in
Table 1. These reactions were studied mostly to
examine reaction mechanism, not from the practical viewpoint. The cross sections of the 3°Si(p,3p), 31P(p, 4p), and S(p, 5p) reactions are 2.0,0.2,
and 0.05 mb, respectively, in the energy region ofincident protons from 130 to 425 MeV. The crosssections increase slightly with increasing energy.
When the iron and cupper are bombarded with
590 MeV protons, the spallation reaction crosssections to produce 28Mg are 0.056 and 0.0251
mb, respectively.
References
1) D.L. Morrison and A.A. Caretto, Jr.: Phys. Rev. , 127,
1731 (1962).
2) c.J. Orth, H.A. O'Brien, Jr. , M.E. Schillaci, and B.J.
Dropesky, J.E. Cline, E.B. Nieschmidt, and R.L.
Brodzinsky: ]. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 33 , 13 (1976).
3) J. Alstad, 1.R. Haldorsen, A.C. Pappas, and M.
Skarestad: ]. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 37, 873 (1975).
4) T. Nozaki, M. Furukawa, S. Kume, and R. Seki: Int.
]. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes, 26, 17 (1975).
5) J. Hudis:]. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 4, 237 (1957).
6) D.R. Nethaway and A.A. Caretto, Jr.: Phys. Rev ., 109,504 (1958).
7) U. Martens and C.W. Schweimer: Z Phys., 233, 170(1970) .
8) H.J . Probst, S.M. Qaim, and R. Weinreich: Int. ].
Appl. Radiat. Isot. , 27, 431 (1976).
9) R.H. Lindsay and RJ. Carr: Phys. Rev., 118, 1293
(1960) .
10) T. Lund and D. Molzahn, B. Bergersen, E. Hagebo, 1.
R. Haldorsen, and C. Richard-Serre: Z Phys., A306,
43 (1982).

103
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

The Nuclear Cross Sections for 81Rb Production

IV-4.

K. Kitao, A. Hashizume, Y. Tendow, and Y. Ohkubo
For the evaluation of cross sections of charged
particle induced reactions, we have investigated
the status of the experimental excitation functions and cross sections for the production reactions of 81Rb (Tl/2=4.S8 h). The short-lived
daughter 81mKr (T1 /2= 13.3 s) of 81Rb has become
important in the field of nuclear medicine
because of its suitable characteristics as follows:(1) 81mKr is an inert gas; (2) It is a single photon
Table 1.

emitter; (3) The energy of the photon of 190 keY
is not so high as to give rise to collimator difficulties in a scintillation camera; and (4) 81mKr
has a short physical half-life and a short biological half-life.
Hitherto, the production of radionuclide 81Rb
has been studied for the development of a
81Rb_ 81m Kr generator system, and many different
reactions were proposed for 81Rb production: I - 14)

List of measured cross sections of 8 1 Rb production.

Reaction

Ene rgy

Comments(target, monitor

range

react i on,~tc.)

Ref e r e nces

(MeV)
79 Br (a,2n)81 Rb

40-12

81Br(3He,3n)81Rb*

40-12

85 Rb (p , p4n)81 Rb

70-43

Natural KBr, 2.1mg/cm 2 .
Natural KBr, 2.1mg/cm 2 .

11)99.78% 85RbCI , mixtur e with 99.99% AI.

8)

11 )

Mon i tor:27AI(p,3pn)24Na,65Cu(p,pn)64Cu.
Rb,Br(p,spall)81 Rb 800

Na t u ral RbBr; c umulative y ield was given . 15)
Monitor:27AI(p,spall)22Na,24Na,7Be.

90 Zr (p,4p6n)81 Rb

86-56

99.8% 90 ZrO , mi x tu ie with CuO. Monitor:

16)

63 Cu (p,n),65 Cu (p,pn) ,90 Zr (p;2pn).
90 Zr (p,4pxn)81 Rb

1000

96.8% enriched, on-line mass sep.

17)

91 Zr (p,4pxn)81 Rb

1000

81.3% enriched, on-line mass sep.

17)

94 Zr (p,4pxn)81 Rb

1000

91.2% enriched, on-line mass sep.

17)

* Including the

±+-

ri--

•

(0) 81Rblo ti.1

I

~.9 ?

I

ALI CEt~. (b) 81m R b.• '7,

,

v

(e)

." "
,

el Rbg ,ound =

1

I'T

.0

E

fd

§

/ f

I

I

~ 10 '
til
1/1
1/1

II

o

n

L

U

80,8 2Kr(p, xn), 82Kr(p, 2n), 82Kr(d,3n), 85Rb(p, p4n),
85Rb(p, Sn), 81,79Br(3He, xn), and 79,81Br(a, xn).
These reports are mostly on thick target yields,
and only a few experimental data are available
for our purpose. Table 1 shows a list of experiments which reported cross sections. Someexperimental data were compared with the calculations using a code ALICE/ Livermore82.
These experimental cross sections are shown in
Fig. 1 together with the calculation results. For
critical evaluation, further experimental studies
are needed.

~tReferences

10'1

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

ENERGY (MeY )Fig. 1. Excitation functions for the (p, p4n) reaction on
85Rb. 8) (a), The reaction leading to the ground state of
81Rb: (b), leading to the isomeric state; (c), (a) plus (b).
Calculations by an ALICE code are included.

1) TJ . Ruth et at.: Int. ]. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 31, 51(1980) .
2) R.M. Lambrecht et at.: ibid., 31, 343 (1980).
3) E. Acerbi et at.: ibid., 32, 465 (1981).
4) JJ.L. Mulders et at.: ibid., 34, 717 (1983).
5) J.F. Lamb et at.: ]. Nucl. Med., 18, 609 (1977).
6) A. Hanser et at.: Int. ]. Appt. Radiat. Isot., 32 , 775(1981) .
7) J.E. Gindler et at.: ibid., 27, 330 (1976).
8) T. Horiguchi et at.: ibid., 31, 141 (1980).

104

K. Kitao et at.

9) N.F. Peek et at.:]. Nucl. Med. , 15, 522 (1974).
10) R.]. Schneider et at.: Int. ]. Appt. Radiat. Isot., 27,189(1976).
11) Y. Homma et at.: ibid., 30, 345 (1979 ) .
12) Y. Yano et at.:]. Nucl. Med., 11, 674 (1970) .
13) L.G. Colombetti et at.: ibid., 15, 868 (1974).
14) ].c. Clark et at.: Radiochem. Radioanat. L ett., 25, 245(1976) .

15) P .M. Grant et at.: Int. ]. Appl. Radiat. Isot. , 33, 415(1982) .
16) M.V. Kantelo et at.: Phys. Rev ., C14, 64 (1976) .
17) B.N. Belyaev et at.: Izv. A cad. Nauk USSR, Ser. Fiz .,42, 2392 (1978).

105
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

IV-S.

Excitation Fu nction Data for 67Ga Production

Y. Tendow, A. Hashizume, Y. Ohkubo, and K. Kitao
As a part of continuing efforts to compile
nuclear reaction data relating to the radioisotope
production for biomedical applications, the crosssection or excitation function data for 67Ga formation appearing in publications to date arereviewed.

,e.,
:c

100

o
o

e.,

o

!

o

c:

Table 1. Excitation functions for 6 7Ga.
Reaction
67Zn(p,' n)68Zn(p,2n)
69Gl!{Q, p2n)7lGa(p, p4n)66Zn(d, n)
65Cu(3He, n)
65Cu(a,2n)64Zn (a, p)
natZn(a, x)

Energy(Me V)
2.34 - 6.37
1.845 - 5.34
15 - 85
20 - 56
41 - 55
1.5 - 15.5
4.5 - 11.3
8.4 - 23.7
8.1 - 70
16.4 - 36.6
15.2 - 40.1
11.3 - 26.5
18.4 - 60
13.4 - 39.6
9.1 - 36.9
14 - 36(J

max(mb at Me V)

Reference>420(at 6.37)>130(at 5.34)
430(at 20)
372(at 35.9)>84(at 55)
450(at 8.5)225(at 8)12.5(at 11.9)
7.9(at 12.4)
520(at 27)
630(at 28.1)
973(at 26.4)
897(at 26.7)
515(at 18.5)452(at 19.6)
280(at 19)

1)

2)
3)
4)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)

i'"
II)
II)

E

u

10

1 - - - - - - - - - - ., Raf.10) eRaU)

o RaUl)

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Energy (MeV)

Fig. 1. Excitation functions for the 65Cu(a , 2n) 67 Ga
reaction.

10)

7)
11)
12)
13}
14)

A 67Ga isotope (EC decay, Tl/2 = 3 . 261 d) has
been used in medical diagnosis for the localization of malignant human tumors. Various targets
and reactions have been used to produce 67Ga. In
Table 1,1-14) the types of reaction, incident
energy ranges, and maximum cross sections forthe excitation functions measured so far are
summarized. In consequence that natural zinc or
copper targets are commonly used in a practicalpoint of view, a reaction such as 66Z n (d, n),65Cu(a, 2n), or 64Zn(a, p) will be a choice. The
only possible interfering gallium activity as animpurity is 66Ga (TI /2= 9.4 h), which is easily
cooled off owing to its short half-life. As for66Zn(d, n) excitation cross sections, there is adiscrepancy of about a factor of two between
existing two measurements. 5,6) For the 65Cu(a,2n) reaction, the largest values of cross sections
are obtained with less discrepancies between
measurements. 7.9-11) For the 68Z n (p, 2n) reaction,
there are two reports on its cross section at
single energy points. 15,16) Single point cross sections for As(p, spall) and Rb + Br(p, spall) 67Ga
reactions are reported to be 28.4 and 41 mb,
respectively, at a proton energy of 800 Me V.l7)
Calculations of excitation functions based on a

statistical theory have been extensively carriedout in this mass region.
References
1) ].P. Blaser, F. Boehm, P. Marmier, and D.C. Peaslee:
Helv. Phys. Acta, 24, 3 (1951).
2) C.H. Johnson et at.: ORNL- 2910, 25 (1960).
3) T. McGee, c.L. Rao, G.B. Saha, and L. Yaffe: Nucl.
Phys., A150, 11 (1970).
4) N .T. Porile, S. Tanaka, H. Amano, M. Furukawa, S.
Iwata, and M. Yagi: Nucl. Phys., 43, 500 (1963).
5) D.c. Williams and ].W. Irvine, Jr.: Phys. Rev ., 130, 265(1963) .
6) S.]. Nassiff and H. Munzel: Radiochim. Acta, 19, 97(1973) .
7) E.A. Bryant, D.R.F. Cochran, and J.D. Knight: Phys.
Rev., 130, 1512 (1963).
8) N.W. Golchert, ]. Sedlet, and D.G. Gardner: Nucl.
Phys., A152, 419 (1970).
9) K.G. Porges: Phys. Rev., 101, 225 (1956).
10) N.T. Pori Ie and D.L. Morrison: ibid., 116, 1193 (1959).
11) H.P. Graf and H. Munzel: ]. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 36,3647 (1974).
12) N .T. Pori Ie: Phys. R ev., 115, 939 (1959).
13) F.H. Ruddy and B.D. Pate: Nucl. Phys., A127 , 305(1969) .
14) Y. Nagame, M. Dnno, H. Nakahara, and Y. Murakami: Int. ]. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 29, 615 (1978).
15) B.L. Cohen and E. Newman: Phys. Rev., 99, 718 (1955).
16) L.B. Church and A.A. Caretto, Jr.: ibid., 178, 1732
(1969) .
17) H.A. O'brien: IAEA Consultants' Meeting on Nuclear
Data for Medical Radioisotope Production, April(1981) .

106
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V.

DEVELOPMENT OF ACCELERATOR FACILITIES
1.

Ion Accelerator Development
1.

Initial Operation of the Injector AVF Cyclotron

A. Goto, K. Hatanaka, M. Kase, Y. Yano, T. Kageyama,
S. Kohara, M. N agase, H. Isshiki, * R. Abe, * S. Otsuka, *H. Akagi, * T. Ishikawa, * and R. Ichikawa *The injector AVF cyclotron was completed at
the end of March 1989 on schedule. We thensuccessfully extracted the first 14N5+ beam with 7
MeV / u in April. In July we began to transport
the nitrogen ion to RIKEN Ring Cyclotron (RRC)
and succeeded in accelerating and extracting theion with 135 MeV / u, at its maximum. Routine
operation started in October; so far upon coupling with RRC two kinds of ions, 135MeV / u
14N7+ (7 Me V l u 14N5+) and 102 MeV / u 18 0 8 + (5 .5
MeV / u 180 6 +) have been used for experiments.
Characteristic features experienced in the lasthalf-year operation are summarized as follows.
Isochronization: Signals from six pairs of nondestructive phase probes suggest that, after ini-tial field setting, the fine adjustment of only amain coil current can give the phase excursion ofless than ±5°. By further adjustment with one
trim coil current, we can easily get a nearly ideal
isochronous field.
Compression factor with a beam buncher: A
single gap buncher producing a sawtooth-likewave by an optimal combination of la, 210, and
310 provides a compression factor of 5- 6.
Transmission: The ratio between currents
before injection and after extraction is 20 to 30%
at a typical beam current of several eJ1A. It isnoted that in this case part of a beam is cut witha slit at the upstream of the cyclotron.
Single turn extraction: The beam profile mea-

7 MeV/u 14Ns+ ion beam

100

400
300
Radius (mm)

200

600

7C(1

Fig. 1. Example of orbit pattern of 7 MeV l u 14 Ns+ ions measured with a mainradial probe. The number of revolutions is about 110 .
7 MeV/u 14Ns+ ion beam

540

660

680

700

720

740

Radius (mm)Fig. 2. Example of orbit pattern of 7 MeV l u 14Ns+ ions
measured with a deflector probe placed in front ofdeflector. A small peak adjacent to the final orbit
peak shows that in this case single turn extraction is
not achieved. This small peak disappears by finetuning of the dee voltage.
*Sumijyu Accelerator Service, Ltd.

sured with a profile monitor placed downstreamof the cyclotron indicates that single turn extraction can be achieved by careful tuning.
Stability: The cyclotron has been operated in avery stable condition. Retuning of the cyclotron,
mainly readjustment of the main coil current, isnecessary at most once in one-week operation,
despite that the stability required for the coupled
operation with RRC is severe.
Reliability: The tuning of the machine including the beam transport can be completed by aslight adjustment of the parameters that were
determined in the previous run. The isochronous
field distribution is reproduced well in every run.
Vacuum pressure: The pressure of 1 x 10- 5 Pa
is achieved with two cryopumps of 4,000 and
6,500 l / s.

A. Goto et al.

Although the cyclotron has worked successfully as mentioned above, there are still someopen problems. They are:
The beam pattern measured with a radial
probe is slightly different from the calculation.
Extraction efficiency is not so good (60 to 70%) despite that the beams at extraction are
separated quite enough for single turn extraction.
Transmission of a beam of high intensity (sev-107eral tens of eJi Amperes) that is deliverd when aslit at the upstream of the cyclotron is fully open
is less than 10 %. We expect that this is due
mainly to insufficient tuning of the injection
beam transport.
Figure 1 shows an example of beam orbit
pattern measured with a main radial probe forthe 14N5+ beam. An example of beam orbit pattern measured with a deflector probe placed in
front of deflector is shown in Fig. 2.

108
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V·l·2.

Status of the RF System of RIKEN Ring Cyclotron
T. Fujisawa, S. Kohara, 1. Yokoyama,
M. Nagase, Y. Taniguchi,* and Y. Kumata**

The RF amplifier system of RIKEN Ring
Cyclotron consists of a series of three amplifiers;
the pre-amplifier is of a wide-band solid-statetype and the driver and final amplifiers are of
tuned tetrode types.!) The two amplifier systems
have been operated without serious trouble since
they were installed in 1986. 2 ) Recently, differences in operation parameters, such as RF output
powers and DC tube currents, became noticeable
between the two RF systems which were supposed to operate at the same state. Because
accuracy of the meters of the system wassuspected at first, they were recalibrated. The
results are: the final output-power meter for theNo. 1 system indicated 50% of actual output
power and that for the No.2 did 75%; the outputpower meters of the wide-band amplifiers indicated reasonable powers; the dee voltage meterof the No.2 system showed right values but themeter of the No. 1 showed 85% of actual dee
voltage. After the calibrations, however, operating conditions were different from each other togenerate the same dee voltage. Hence we measured the static characteristics of the final(RS2042SK) and driver (RS2012CJ) tubes. Figure
1 shows the results together with the characteristics delivered by the maker SIEMENS. From thefigure, we conclude that the difference in theoperating conditions were due to lowering oftube function in No. 1 system. Finally, we in-(a)

RS 2042SK

•

Nol

t:;

No2 It'900A.

t\D2 It' 810A~~~\neristics It ·920A/

20

It'920A

. •

'"

. •
t:;

10

•
- 2:D

- 3X)

-15)

Cmtro Srid Vdta8e

Cb)

RS 2012CJ•(V)

ED fHJJVt\Dl It '78 A

E~

..

OCDV

t\D2 IU?D A••

Fig. 1. Static characteristics of final (RS2042SK) anddriver (RS2012C]) tubes of the RF amplifiers for
RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. The solid lines show thecraracteristics delivered by SIEMENS.

Table 1. Typical operating conditions of the amplifier systems of the RIKEN ring cyclotron at 28 MHz foran output power of 100 kW. The plate DC voltages are 10 kV for RS2042SKs and 6 kV for RS2012C]s.
No. 1 amplifier system

No. 2 amplifier system

165 kV
260 W

169 kV
150 W

Dee voltage
Output power of WBA
Filament voltage
Filament current
G1 DC Voltage
Gl DC Current
G2 DC Voltage
G2 DC Current
Plate Current• Denki Kogyo, Ltd .
•• Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd.

RS2012C]
9.1 V
A
81
V
123
220 rnA
V
900
57 rnA
2.4 A

RS2042SK
8.3 V
A
890
V
340
1,160 rnA
1,200
V
rnA
220
A
19

RS2012C]
8.6 V
A
78
V
123
219 rnA
V
810
rnA
33
1.9 A

RS2042SK
8.1 V
A
820
V
340
1,100 rnAV1, no230 rnA
16.1 AT. Fujisawa et at.

creased the filament currents and screen grid DC
voltages of the tubes of the No.1 system in orderto generate the required dee voltage stably.
Table 1 shows typical operating conditions after
these adjustment. The stable operation has been
restored and the dee voltages of the two
resonators are consistent with each other within
3% at an input power of 100 kW.

109

References
1) K. Ogiwara, S. Kohara, Y. Kumata, Y. Taniguchi,

and T. Fujisawa: RIKEN Aeeel. Prog. Rep., 22, 196(1988) .
2) T. Fujisawa, K. Ogiwara, S. Kohara, I. Yokoyama, Y.
Oikawa, M. Nagase, 1. Takeshita, Y. Chiba, and Y.
Kumata: Proc. European Accel. Con£., Rome 1096

(1988) .

110
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V·l·3. Status of the RF System for the Injector AVF Cyclotron

s. Kohara, A. Goto, M. N agase, and Y. Kumata *The RF system of the injector A VF cyclotron
for RIKEN Ring Cyclotron (RRC) was installedat the A VF cyclotron vault and its characteristics were tested in March 1989. Because thedetails of the characteristics were already measured last year at Sumitomo Heavy Industries,
Ltd. (SHI) , !,2) the test at RIKEN was simply
made with respect to the following items:
1) characteristics of a resonator,
2) characteristics of an amplifier and thefinal power test, and3) stabilities of an accelerating voltage andripple factors of power supplies of a tube.
Resonant frequencies and Q-values wereremeasured to check the characteristics of areassembled resonator. The results reproduced
well the values measured!) at SHI.
A grounded-cathode tetrode (EIMAC 4CW
50,000E) amplifier is capacitively coupled to theresonator with a fixed vacuum coupling
capacitor. The load impedance of the tube varies
as the frequency is varied. The required accelerating voltage (33 kV) could not be obtained at
the maximum frequency of 23 MHz when the
fixed capacitor of 12 pF was used for the coupling capacitance in the power test at SHI. 2)
Therefore the coupling capacitor was replaced
from 12 to 16 pF to increase the load impedanceof the tube. The load impedance at 23 MHz wasincreased from 450 to 700 n by the replacement.
In the power test the required accelerating voltages (32-50 kV) have thus been obtained over thewhole frequencies (12-23 MHz).
A photograph of the final amplifier is shown in
Fig. 1. The input and the output circuits of the
final amplifier are separated in upper and lower
sides with an aluminum partition board so as not
to interfere with each other.
The stabilities of the accelerating voltage andthe ripple factors of the power supplies of the
tube were within the specifications. The ripple
factors of measured output voltages of the plate,* Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. (SHI).

Fig. 1. Photograph of the final amplifier.
A: Tetrode (EIMAC 4CW50,000E),
B: Input circuit, C: Coupling capacitor.

the control grid, and the screen grid power supplies were 4 x 10- 3 , 2 X 10- 4 , and 3 x 10- 4 , respectively. The stabilities of an amplitude and aphase of the maximum accelerating voltage (50kV at 16 MHz) were measured to be within 2 x
10- 4 and 0.2°, respectively. The results at a beam
test shows that these stabilities were sufficient toaccelerate a beam of good quality.
The RF system has been working well without
serious trouble since the first beam test. 3)
References
1) S. Kohara, A. Goto, and Y. Kumata: RIKEN Aeeel.
Prog. Rep. , 22, 209 (1988).
2) S. Kohara, M. Nagase, M. Saito, T. Kageyama, A.
Goto, T. Fujisawa, and Y. Kumata: ibid., 22, 211(1988) .
3) A. Goto et al.: This Report, p.106.

111
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-1-4.

Beam Rebuncher between the Injector AVF Cyclotron and RIKEN
Ring Cyclotron
A. Goto, M. Saito, S. Kohara, R. Abe, * A. Matsumoto,T. Sasamoto, T. Watanabe, and Y. Yamada

A beam rebuncher system has been completed
and set up in the course of the beam transportline from the injector A VF cyclotron to RIKEN
Ring Cyclotron (RRC). Figure ·1 shows a cutaway view of the rebuncher resonater. The
design of the resonator was given in Ref. 1.
Figure 2 gives the results of measurement ofresonant frequencies, Q values, and shunt
impedances. The measured shunt impedancesindicate that the maximum required voltage of
40 kV at 65MHz (for 7MeV lu 14N7+ ion; the firstbeam from the cyclotron) can be obtained withthe power consumption of about 2 kW. For excitation of the resonator, a 3 kW wide-band

Bee m

Tu ne rCh,mber(AI

100

(a)
90

.

Freaquency
Q value
Shunt
Impedance
d~115

.
<l>

::>

~

(mm)

.

100

~
0

80

~
I§
c:

::>

(b)
90

~

Freaquency
Q valuex
Shunt
Impedance

Q)

0

c:

"0

~

§

::>

S=850 (mm)

0

80

e..

1
70

x x x

x

t

0

0

x

10000

1000

0

0

0

o 5000

40
400

70

.

500

..

50

50

c:

::>

en

60

60

~

.t::.

~

en

J:

'"

Q)

•

10000

1000

.

500

5000

40
600
S (mm)

800

0

50

100

d (mm)

Fig. 2. (a) Measurements of resonant frequencies, Q
values, and shunt impedances against the position of a
movable shorting plate (5) for the maximum distance(d = 115 mm) between a frequency tuner and drift
tubes.
(b) The same as Fig. 2 (a) against the position of afrequency tuner (d) for the maximum 5 (5=850 mm).

amplifier of all-solid-state type is used that isdelivered by THAMW A Y Co., Ltd. The control
system of the RF oscillator is similar .to that of
the rebuncher between the injector RILAC and
RRC.2)
The whole system has been working successfully for the last half a year since the first operation' though the wide-band amplifier once had atrouble due to transistors' breakdown.

.lloy)

References
Trimmero+118mmPower

feeder0+93 .. ",Fig. 1. Cut-away view of the rebuncher resonator.

* Sumijyu Accelerator Service, Ltd.

1) A. Goto, M. Saito, S. Kohara, and R. Abe: RIKEN
Aeeel. Prog. Rep., 22, 215 (1988) .
2) A. Goto, T. Fujisawa, I. Takeshita, T. Urai, Y.
Ikegami, and Y. Yamada: RIKEN Aeeel. Prog. Rep.,
20 , 176 (1986) .

112
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (989)

V-l-S.

New Beam Current Monitor System at RILAC
M. Kase, T. Aihara, * and 1. Yokoyama,

Electronics of RILAC beam current monitor
system with beam slits and Faraday cups were
replaced with a new-designed system which uses
an intelligent interface circuit DIM (Device Interface Module)!) as a sequensor. A block diagram
is shown in Fig. 1.
The new system can be divided into three
sections, i. e. DIM, a control desk monitor, and agroup of circuits called as BDI (Beam Diagnostic
InterfaceF) and BDU (Beam Diagnostic Unit).
The BDI circuits are connected to DIM via a 50
bit digital bus line, and the BDU circuits areconnected to the EDI circuits. The both kinds ofcircuits are built in plug in modules accordingwith an Euro card standard, DIN41494. The
contorol desk monitor has status lamps, fiveanalog meters, and push buttons on its front
panel.
The operation at the control desk monitor
follows those of the former system,3) except thatbeam currents from slits are displayed on ameter in a log scale to avoid a troublesome
process of current-range selection. For example,
if an operator push one button on the control
desk monitor, then DIM is interrupted and starts
following sequential actions. DIM sets the corresponding Faraday cup on a beam line, turns on abias voltage to its supressor electrode, displays
the beam current from it on an analog meter andremoves all the Faraday cups laid upstream outof beam line. A micro-processor (Intel 8031) in
DIM controls every function above according toa program written in a memory.
A main improvement in the new system is that
it is connected to the RILAC control computer(Mitsubishi M60) via DIM-CIM-CAMAC in thesame way as the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron control
system.!) The exactly same function as done on
the control desk monitor can be executed fromthe control computer and also from a Ring Cyclotron control computer via a local area network.
Furthermore the system has some automaticfunctions, programed in the control computer,such as automatic beam-current logging of all
the slits and Faraday cups, automatic test of a

• Sumiju Accelerator Service

I Contorol desk monitor

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the RILAC beam current
monitor system. DIM has a processor (Intel 8031),
memories (8 kb RAM and 8 kb ROM), 32 bit digital
input/ output, and 16 channel analog inputs. Fortyeight digital signals of DIM are used as a bus, BDI bus.
BDI-VAC is a register I/O. BDI-ALG is a log amplifier
with four inputs. BDI-VBS is a voltage supply
000- 600 V). BDI-KEY is an interface between DIM
and 64 key inputs. BDU-4SW is an analog switch (4 to1) with high electric isolation. BDU-FCP is a controller of four pneumatic actuators of Faraday cups.
BDU -AMP is a gain controllable linear amplifier for
current signals from Faraday cups. BDU-16S is ananalog signal selector for five analog meters of thecontrol desk monitor. The figures shown nearby circuit denote the number of use in this system. BDUFCP, BDU-4SW, BDI-ALG and BDI-VBS are connected to Faraday cup (FC), beam slits (SL), and beam
attenuator (A TT).

Faraday cup actuator and electric isolation of
signal line of slits and Faraday cups, and finallyautomatic beam tunning.
References
1) T. Wada, J. Fujita, 1. Yokoyama, T. Kambara, and H.
Kamitsubo: Sci. Papers I.PC.R. , 79, 28 (985).
2) M. Kase and 1. Yokoyama: Proc. 6th Symp. Accel.
Sci. Tech., p. 219 (1987).
3) M. Kase, 1. Yokoyama, and M. Hemmi: I.PC.R.
Cyclotron Prog. R ep. , 14, 115 (1980).

113
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-I-G.

Development of a I083-nm Laser for a Polarized
3He Ion Source Based on Optical Pumping
A. Minoh, T. Fujisawa, and Y. Taniguchi

A powerful 1083-nm laser is indispensable to
make a polarized 3He ion source based on opticalpumping for RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. I) The best
candidate for a lasing material at 1083nm is thelanthanum neodymium hexa-aluminate (LNA).2)
As shown in previous experiments,3) the 514-nm
line of an Ar+ laser is best for pumping LN A. We
develop a laser system consisting of an LN A rod
and an Ar+ laser. High efficiency of fluorescence
yield to a pumping power is very desirable tolaser action.
The fluorescence spectrum of an LNA laser
rod excited with an Ar+ laser (514 nm) was
measured in a wavelength region of 1020-nm to1110-nm. The LNA laser rod made by Union
Carbide Co. Ltd. was 5mm in diameter and 20mm
in length. The crystal c-axis was set in the longitudinal direction. The Ar+ laser beam was
focused on the laser rod longitudinally. The fluorescence on the same direction was analyzed
with a monochromator (JASCO CT-25) into
which a 1083-nm light from 4He gas discharge
was introduced to calibrate the wavelengthes,and the Ar+ laser beam was cut with a infraredtransmission filter.
The obtained fluorescence spectrum shown in
Fig. 1 exhibits two fluorescence peaks and theyield of 1054-nm light is larger than that of1082-nm. The laser oscillation at the 1054-nm
wavelength should be suppressed in a cavity toobtain 1083-nm laser oscillation.
In order to design a laser cavity, the dependence of fluorescence intensities of 1082-nm on
the Ar+ laser power was measured on the Ar+
laser beam line with a detector of a circular
aperture subtending angle of 2 degree. Results
are shown in Fig. 2, which indicates that thefluorescence intensities increase linearly with
Ar+ laser power and no induced emission effectappears at an input power up to 300 m W. The
threshold pumping power for 1cm LN A laser
crystal is reported to be 160mW. 2) These facts
suggest that loss of the cavity should be as small
as possible to obtain the laser action.

Inpu.t power (mW)

Fig. 2. Fluorescence intensities of the l082nm as afuncion of the Ar+ laser power.
He: 2S-2P

References
Y. Taniguchi, S. Ishii, K.
Hatanaka, and Y. Oshiro: RIKEN Aeeel. Prog. Rep.,
22, 222 (1988).
2) L.D. Schearer, M. Leduc, D. Vivien, A. Lejus, and J.
Thery: IEEE Quant. Electron., QE-22, 713 (1986).
3) T. Fujisawa, A. Minoh, Y. Taniguchi, S. Ishii, and K.
Hatanaka: RIKEN Aeeel. Prog. Rep., 22, 225 (1988).
1) T. Fujisawa, A. Minoh,(nm)

Fig. 1. Fluorescence spectra of Nd 3 + in LNA and 4He2S- 2P transition.

114

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-1-7.

Magnetic Field Measuring System for the RIPS Magnets
H. Takebe, T. Kubo, K. Yoshida, and T. Nakamura

A new magnetic field measuring system using
X- Y driving components was developed for the
RIPS's* dipole, quadrupole, and sextupole
magnets. 1) This X -Y moving system (Fig. 1) issold as a robot component arm (Shibaura PH106), which consists of two-directional pulse
motors, drivers, and a control processor with an
RS232C communication port.
A Hall element (Seiments SBV601s1) is connected to a DVM (FLUKE Co., 8502A) and aconstant current supply as shown in Fig. 2.2) The
output data of an NMR gaussmeter (METRO
Lab. 2050) and the DVM are fed into a personal
computer (NEC PC9801 vx) through a GPIB interface. The power supply for the magnet is also
controlled by this computer using an interface
which is the same as the DIM 3 ) system.
Figure 3 shows an example of the map data of
the quadrupole magnet. Mechanical X-position
errors along the V-position were measured andthe data were compensated by the computer.
Figure 4 shows contour lines and a profile of thet

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Iii i i f I 1! ! ! ~ I I i j X
•

•

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+

:.

•

•••

!.~~j ~~=~~:~,
Fig. 3. Plot of raw data of the quadrupole magnet (Q2).
The diameter of the Q2 is 172mm. X'position errors
were compensated along Y·positions.
CONTOUR LINESX

PROFILEB ( kG )10750

Y STEP
10 rom x 76 points-5-10 0·u...........w......<.L...L90~'-'--'--'-~1.J.<'"80 rom 0

Fig. 1. X·Y driving components and a RIPS quad·rupole magnet.
Hall Probe

X

Fig. 4. Contour lines and a profile of map data of thequadrupole magnetic field.

SBV60lSI

obtained map data. The measuring program iswritten in a BASIC (MSDOS, N88BASIC), andthe programs for plotting contour lines and profiles in a C-Ianguage.
References
~M'9"
POWer
Supply50 FlalCaDle

Fig. 2. A magnetic field measuring system for RIPS
magnets.

* RIPS: RIKEN Projectile·fragment Separator.

1) T. Kubo et at.: RIKEN Acce!. Prog. Rep., 21. 168(1987) .
2) H. Takebe et at.: Sci. Papers I.PC.R., 77, 20 (1982).
3) H. Takebe, S. Motonaga, and T. Wada.: RIKEN
Accet. Prog. Rep. , 19, 174 (1985).

115

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2.

Synchrotron Radiation Source Development
1.

Status of the Synchrotron Radiation Project
H. Kamitsubo and M. Hara

The design study of the 6 Ge V synchrotron
radiation (SR) source was pursued in the past
two years l ) and the lattice structure of 6 GeV was
almost fixed. The R&D work on vacuum chambers, magnets, and RF cavities have been performed. In October 1988, RIKEN and Japan
Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI)
groups organized a joint team to promote thedesign and R&D work efficiently. The RIKEN
group is in charge of the design study of a storage ring, and the JAERI group in charge of thatof an injector linac and synchrotron. In May
1989, the advisory committee for this project had
its first meeting.
In order to prepare the final proposal of the
project, we again discussed the most desirable
energy of the storage ring and led to a conclusionthat the electron energy should be increased from
6 GeV to 8 GeV, because 6 GeV is not enough toTable 1.

Major parameters of the injector linac.
1.0GeV
60 Hz
2856 MHz

EnergyRepetition rate
Frequency
Multibunch mode (e")
Peak current
Pulse lengthSingle bunch mode(e")
Peak current
Pulse length
Multibunch mode (e+)
Peak current
Pulse lengthSingle bunch mode(e+)
Peak current
Pulse length

Table 2.

100mA
1~

300 mA
1 ns
10mA
10 ns

get 20 ke V X rays from a conventional undulator
fundamental mode. We accordingly began thedesign studies of the 8 Ge V storage ring andre-examined the design of injectors.
The injector consists of three linacs and asynchrotron. A 250 MeV linac is used to produce
positrons, which are accelerated up to 1 Ge V by
the main linac. At the first stage of commissioning, we will inject electrons to the storage ring,so that we need to add another injector linac tothe main linac. The synchrotron accelerates electrons (positrons) from 1 GeV to 8 GeV, and thelattice is of a FODO type. The major parametersof the injector linac and the synchrotron arelisted in Tables 1 and 2.
The storage ring lattice is based on the
Chasman-Green type and has 48 cells. A unit cellis composed of two bending magnets, ten quadrupoles, and seven sextupoles. The length of thestraight section for an insertion device is 6.5 m
and the circumference of the ring is 1436 m. The
superperiodicity of the ring is 24, because thering is operated in a mode that alternatively has
high and low betatron functions at the straightsections.
After we fixed the lattice parameters, theadvisory committee recommended us to modify
the lattice structure so as to have several longer
straight sections. It is not easy to introduce a few

10mA
1 ns
50

2.0

40

1.6

Major parameter of the injector synchrotron.

Injection energy
Maximum energy
Currents
Emittance horizontal
vertical
Energy spread
Lattice
Periodicity
Circumference
Repetition rate
Radiation loss per turn
Nominal tunes{vx.vz)
Natural chromaticities
Momentum compaction
Bending radius
Bending field
Damping time('tx''tz'te)
1.83/1.83/0.92 ms (8 GeV)
Frequency
Power source
Operation

1.0GeV
8.0GeV
10mA
1.9210-7 m.rad
1.9210"8 m.rad
1.1 10"3 (at 8 GeV)
FOOD 40 cells

2396.0 m1 Hz
11.55 MeVlturn
11.73/8.78

~

z

0

~

30

1.2

20

0.9

10

0.4

gj

~

<

>LU

CD

~....l>....---1----'-_.1..-.....J....--'-_L-.-'----'-----'_a.......--,

C

10

IC

20

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30

36

0.0

40

PATH LENGTH [MJ"15.3/"12.7

9.5310- 3
31 .385 m
0.106 T 1 0.85 T
937/938/469 ms (1.a GeV)
508.58 MHz
Thyristor
On-axis injection
8 pulse injection

Fig. 1. Lattice functions over a straight cell. Bending
magnets are extracted from the position indicated byarrows. Betatron functions are matched and tunes percell are adjusted with a normal cell.

116

Table 3.
Ring.

H. Kamitsubo et al.
Summary of Major parameters of the Storage
EnergyCurrent(multi-bunch)
Current(single-bunch)
Circumference
Dipole magnetic field
Bending radius
Number 01 cells
Length of straight section
normallong
Natural emittanceCritical photon energy
Tune

E(GeV)

Synchrotron tuneva

Momentum compaction
Natural chromaticityaEnergy loss In the arcs
Energy spreadDa"lling timeUO(MeVlrev)
Ge/E

1(mA)

l(mA)
C(m)
B(T)
p(m)

Nc
L(m)
L(m)
en(~mrad)£c(keV)
Vx
Vy

Cx
Cz
tx(msec)tz(msec)te(msec)hVrt<MV)
fl1(MHz)

Harmonic number
R.F.voltage
R.F.frequency

8100
51435.95
0.665
40.09848(44+4)
6.5
36.42
7.18¥10-9
28.32
50.78
17.84
0.010198
1.49¥10-4·113.168-43.3199.04
0.00108
8.473
8.481
4.242
2436
17
508.58very long straight sections without deteriorationof beam quality. We decided to make four 30-m
straight sections. In the first phase of operation,
four normal cells are changed to straight cells by
extracting bending magnets. We can optically

get almost the same betatron functions at thestraight cell because the focusing force of thebending magnet is negligible. Magnet arrangement and betatron functions are shown in Fig. 1.
At each straight cell, four long straight sections
are on a line so that four different insertion
devices can be installed on one beam line. In thenext phase of operation, we can produce four
entirely free 30 m straight sections by rearranging quadrupoles and sextupoles at the straightcells without changing the electron orbit. The
final parameters of the storage ring are given in
Table 3.
Prototypes of the bending, quadrupole, andsextupole magnets are under fabrication. The
cold model of an RF cavity is also being fabricated. The R&D work on the vacuum chambers is inprogress.
The site of the SR facility was decided at
Harima Science Garden City in Hyogo prefecture. Ground breaking will start next February
and the ground will be available for us in 1992. A
tentative campus and accelerator arrangement
are illustrated in Fig. 2.

Campus in Harima Science Garden City

Fig. 2.

Accelerator arrangement of the SPring-8 and the construction site.

117

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V·2·2.

A Preliminary Study on the Storage Ring Commissioning
R. N agaoka, K. Tsumaki, H. Tanaka, K. Yoshida, and M. Hara

For low-emittance synchrotron light sources,
the problem associated with magnet alignment
errors becomes above all serious. In particular,
the misalignment of quadrupoles leads to thegeneration of large closed-orbit distortion (COD)
which may exceed vacuum chamber dimensions
even if the rms value is only few tenths of amilimeter. It is thus of great importance to set up
a strategy to commission the low-emittance ring.
Two possible strategies were examined. One is
to attempt commissioning in the low-emittancemode directly, by reducing the magnitude of COD
by means of "first turn steering" to the extent
that at least stationary revolution of the beam isguaranteed. Once this is done, one can proceedwith the ordinary COD correction using normal
pickup monitors and correctors, to make further
refinements on the suppression of the residual
COD. 1) The first turn steering is to detect thebeam position in the very first turn at somepositions in the ring and to steer the beam to thenominal positions with correctors located upstream. This process is iterated around the ring,
the number of iteration depending on the sensitivity of the machine. To enable this operation,
however, monitors must either be screens orE

8 0 . - - - - - - -(a) Horizontal

~

60

.§.

----,

highly sensitive pickups which are also capableof identifying the beam position in a single pass.
We should note that this procedure does notstrictly correspond to the correction of COD ofthe machine, since the beam would inevitably
have an unknown betatron amplitude.
Another strategy is to commission the machine
firstly in so-called detuned modes which are lesssensitive to misalignment. One can expect thecommissioning of detuned modes to be muchfacilitated. The idea is to perform the COD correction to the maximum extent, and then, by
keeping the determined corrector strength,
switch over to lower emittance modes. In designing the detuned optics modes, one should therefore take into account that the patterns of generated COD to be closely related to that of low
emi ttance modes.
In both approaches, we turn off all sextupoles.
The primary reason is to be free from dynamic
aperture restrictions. 2) Moreover, there should
be a considerable deterioration in the role of
sextupoles itself under seriously distorted optics.
Fortunately, the correction of COD should not be
spoiled by adding the sextupoles in later steps.
On the other hand, we may suffer from the weak
E
i)

J:

0

60.------------,(b) Vertical

.§.
40

(,)

(,)

5E

40

E

:;J

20

:;J

E 20

';(

';(

7iI

<II

.c

.c

<

<

12345678910

12345678910

Number of Error Seed

Number of Error Seed

Fig. 1. Effect of first turn position steering, Maximum COD in a ring with quadrupole misalignment of 0.2
mm rms is calculated for 10 cases. Optics mode: Hybrid. 2) Dark bars, without steering; White bars, withsteering at every high f3 section. 2)
40

40
(a)
~

~

30

>

E

20

)(

';(

<II

.c

<

20

E

'E

:;J

Vertical

30

o(,)

J:

o(,)
E

(b)

Horizontal

10

:;J

l

:1

12345678910
Number of Error Seed

7iI

.c

<

10

]

l

l~

12345678910
Number of Error Seed

Fig. 2. Commissioning via detuned modes. Maximum COD in a ring with quadrupole misalignment of 0.2
mm rms is calculated for 10 different cases, Optics mode: Hybrid, 2) Dark bars, without correctors; White
bars, with correctors whose strengths are determined by COD correction in the high f3 mode. 2)

118

R. Nagaoka et al .

beam intensity due to worsened chromatic behavior.
A simulation study was performed to examine
the validity of two schemes described above. A
computer code RACETRACK3) was used by including a routine to simulate the procedure offirst turn steering. In the direct commissioning
scheme, we found that first turn steering is vitaland greatly reduces the COD of the machine (Fig.
1). However, for machines with quadrupole
misalignment of 0.2 mm rms, position steering at
every two unit cells was not adequate to achieve
the stationary revolution of the beam. In theindirect commIssIOning scheme using detuned
modes, the performance of COD correction in
detuned modes turned out to be effective in suppressing the COD of the low-emittance mode as
much as to enable the commissioning (Fig. 2) .
References
1) H. Tanaka, R. N agaoka, K. Tsumaki, K. Yoshida,

and M. Hara: RIKEN Aeee!. Prog. Rep. , 22 , 231(1988) .
2) R. N agaoka, H. Tanaka, K. Yoshida , K. Tsumaki,
and M. Hara: ibid., 22, 227 (1988) .
3) A. Wrulich: DESY Rep., 84- 026 (1984 ) .

119

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2-3.

Lattice Design for a Storage Ri ng with Long Straight Sections
R. N agaoka, H. Tanaka, K. Tsumaki, K. Yoshida, and M. Hara

The lattice of the SPring-8 storage ring previously reported is composed of 48 identical Chasman Green (CG) cells with 6.5 m free straightsections. 1) During the last year, there appeared astrong opinion from the user's group to incorporate into the ring, some very long free straightsections of"'-'30 m for which there are many
attractive uses with the future synchrotron radiation technology. To meet this requirement, several proposals were made for the lattice structure. From the beam dynamics point of view, themost serious difficulty that must be overecome is
the reduction of a dynamic aperture due to thebreakdown of optics symmetry.
What finally came up as a compromise is toconstruct long straight sections by just taking
away dipoles from some of CG cells. The idea
behind this is that the distortion of optics due tothe absence of dipoles should be so small that the

optimized sextupole field would not be
deteriorated. 1) Within this modification, there isthus a large advantage that most of the studies
made heretofore for the previous design can be
kept valid. Optics modes such as hybrid (Fig. 1)
or high j3 can be equally well operated, 1) and as
an ultimate option, we can operate the machine
in a long straight section mode (Fig. 3) by further• taking away all the magnets from cells without
dipoles.
Table 1 lists the major paramters of the storage ring designed for this purpose. As before, thering consists of 48 CG cells, from which dipoles
are extracted from 4 cells preserving the 4-foldsymmetry. It results in an increase in the dipole
field by------9%, and in the emittance by------30%.
Optics functions and dynamic apertures for the
hybrid mode and the long straight section modeare shown in Figs. 1- 4.

Hybrid Mode'

Long Straight Section Mode:
Emittance - 8.5 nm" radEmittance - 7.2 nm" rad~ 30

Fig. 1. Optics functions of the hybrid mode. A cellwithout dipoles is shown in the center. Optics matching is made at both ends of this cell to normal cells.

30

Fig. 3. Optics functions of the long straight section
mode. High f3 mode is employed for normal cells.
Optics matching is made at the center of adjacentachromatic arcs.

-----------;- -----------j-------·----i------------ j----------]

20 ------~----.

.

:

:

:

.

.'-'- - " - I-----?------- , --- -- -

-40

-20

0

X Imml40

Fig. 2. Dynamic aperture of the hybrid mode calculated at a high f3 section (Squares). Compared withtriangles is that of the ring composed of 48 normal
cells.

-20

-10

0

X Imm)

1040

Fig. 4. Dynamic aperture of the long straight section
mode. Squares: Calculated at the center of a longstraight section. Triangles: Calculated at the center ofnormal straight section which is in the farthest position from long straight sections.

R. Nagaoka et at.

120

Table 1.

Parameter list of the SPring-8 storage ring.
E (GeV)I (rnA)I (rnA)C (m)
Lc (m)B (T)EnergyCurrent (multi-bunch)
Current (single-bunch)
Circumference
Normal cell length
Dipole magnet field
Number of dipoles
Bending radius
Energy loss in the arcs
Critical photon energy
Momentum compaction
Harmonic number
R.F. voltage
R.F. frequenc y
Synchrotron tune
Damping time

Nb
p (m)

Vo (MeV/ turn)ec (keV)ah

Vrf (MV)frf (MHz)
lis

Tx

(ms)

T z (ms)
Te (ms)Energy spread<Ye / E

Hybrid Mode
N umber of cells
Length of free straight section
NormalLong
Natural emittance
Betatron tune

L (m)
L (m)
en (n-m • rad)Vy

Natural chromaticity~x~yReferences
1) R. Nagaoka, H. Tanaka, K. Yoshida, K. Tsumaki ,8100
51435.95
29 .9160.665
8840 . 098
9.04
28.32
1. 49 X 10- 42436
17508.580.010198
8.478
8.481
4.242
0.00108
Long Straight
Section Mode

48

36

6.5

6.5
28.096
8.49 X 10- 9
39.22
13.16
-71. 591-29.431

7.18 x 10 ~950 . 78
17.84-113 .168-43.319and M. Hara: RIKEN Aeeel. Prog. R ep. , 22, 227(1988) .

121
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2-4.

Recent Developments in the Computer Code "CATS"

R. N agaoka, H. Tanaka, K. Tsumaki, K. Yoshida, and M. Hara
Some large improvements were made in thecapability of the computer code "CATS", a code
initaited to optimize the sextupole strength inenlargening the dynamic aperture .of electron
storage rings. 1)
In the lattice designing for a ring with longstraight sections, 2) the previous analysis within aunit cell structure became totally unsatisfactoryand optimizations in a larger structure became
essential. Accordingly, the style of input file of
CA TS has been entirely modified. Following the
fashion adopted in RACETRACK, 3) the input
structure is divided into separate blocks which
specify the desired type of execution. In particular, information on the ring is given in threeblocks: A block defining the single elements
which are characterized by their names, element
types, lengths and strengths etc. A block defining
magnet arrangement in a superperiod of the ring,
characterized by element names. As in RACETRACK, this block also takes account of therepetition of the lattice structure. Finally, a
block that defines the total ring structure interms of number of superperiods and of reflecti ve
symmetry as to the initial point. This block also
selects the option of using the initial values of
optics functions. In case the initial values are notgiven, they are generated by the code from transfer matrices of the ring. The pre-defined initialcoordinates are nevertheless useful in fitting thelinear optics in a non-circular section of thelattice (see below).
Improvements are made also on fitting procedures. Beside the original routine to fit the sextupole strengths, two additional routines areincluded either to fit the linear optics or to fit the
bumped orbit for injections. The fitting mode is
specified in the input block. As before, by providing the necessary quantities, such as Twiss
parameters or betatron tunes in the common
blocks, an appropriate function to be leastsquare fitted is defined in the subroutine "MODLFN." Specification of the fitting parameters ismade in the single element block. Also important
to mention is the specification of the parameter
range in the single element block, which is now
taken into account in the fitting procedure. Thisis especially helpful in the sextupole optimization where one wishes to suppress the sextupole
strength as weak as possible. As regards the
sextupole optimization mode, a routine is added
to correct the higher-order chromaticity4) whichmakes a serious contribution in some of the
optics modes. This correction can be used in
combination with the correction of linear
chromaticity or with that of geometric aberration.
There are still many other new features notreferred here. With the new structure of the code,
we wish further to extend the capability of
CATS.
References
1) R. N agaoka, H. Tanaka, K. Yoshida , K. Tsumaki,
and M. Hara: RIKEN Aeee!. Prog. Rep., 22, 248(1988) .
2) R. N agaoka, H. Tanaka, K. Tsumaki, K. Yoshida,
and M. Hara: This Report, p. 119.
3) A. Wrulich: DESY Rep., 84- 026 (1984).
4) H. Wiedemann: PEP-220 (1976).

122
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (989)

V-2-S.

Linear Coupling Compensation for the Storage Ring of SPring-B
H. Tanaka, K. Yoshida, * R. N agaoka, K. Tsumaki, and M. Hara

We investigated linear coupling in the storage
ring of SPring-8 and its compensation.
We calculated a coupling coefficient X/,2)
defined by Eq. 1 in two different ways, statistic
calculation 3 ) and calculation with a tracking
data,4) and estimated the strength of the coupling.
o 27r
xqei</Jq= 217tfo + d8ks .; /3x/3yei['l'x- 'l'.,. - (Qx - Q, - q)0 ] (1)where 'It i ,. /3i, and Qi (i = x, horizontal plane; y,vertical plane) are the Floquet phase, the betaron
function, and the betatron tune, c/>q is the phase ofq harmonics corresponding to the strength ofsine and cosine terms of X q , ks is the strength ofskew quadrupole components, and 8=27tsl L (s,azimuthal length; L, ring circumference) denotes
the time variable. The parameter q represents
the differential resonance condition and the resonance to be compensated often satisfies the condition that o(o =Qx - Qy- q) is minimum. The
parameter 0 denotes the distance from the resonance. In our case, because the workpoint (Qxand Q) of a normal hybrid mode is composed of
51.22 and 19.16, the resonance to be compensated is Qx - Qy = 32 and 0 is 0.06.
The data obtained in the two ways are:X 32 by sta tistic calc.

tion point to be about 20% - 50% .

r = x/I (Xq2+ 0 2 )From the viewpoint of beam stability, it is difficult to make 0 bigger than 0.10. This means thatsharp reduction of the linear coupling is impossible without any coupling compensation (reduction of X q). As photon-beam users demand awide tunability of the coupling ratio (about 1% 100%), we should compensate the coupling to0.60...----------------,
0.45
0.30

~ g:~~- -0.15
X -0.30-0.45-0.60 +---,---,,---,------,.---r---,-----r-....----,----l(A)* Mitsubishi Electric Corp.

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900 1000

700

800

QOO 1000

SUCCESIVE TURN N

100

200

300

400

500

600

SUCCESIVE TURN N
0.60...--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _----,
0.45
0.30

~ g:~~- -0.15
X -0.30-0.45-0.60 +---,---,,---,------,.---r---,-----r-....----,-- - !

(8)

0.07

For above calculations, we used the foll wing
magnetic error conditions; a root mean squarevalue (RMS value) of misalignment of a magnet
is 0.2 mm, RMS values of a field and gradienterror are 5 X 10- 4 , and RMS value of a magnet
tilt error is 0.5 mrad. The average value of X 32
obtained by the calculation with tracking data is
about 0.03 and this is slightly lower than thevalue obtained by the statistic calculation which
gives an expected value. This may be because allkinds of magnetic errors used in tracking simulation are cut off at the double root mean squarevalue, and because a population is too small (10rings). We presumed for the calculation of thecoupling ratio of emittance that the expected
val ue of X32 exists in the range 0 . 03 - 0 . 055. WithEq. 2 which relates the coupling coefficient Xq
and the distance from the resonance 0 to thecoupling ratio of lateral emittance r, we foundthe expectet coupling ratio at the normal opera-

0a= 0 . 05 - 0 . 055

X 32 by calc. with tracking = 0.006 -

(2)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

gOO 1000

700

800

gOO 1000

SUCCESIVE TURN N

a

100

200

300

400

500

600

SUCCESIVE TURN N

Fig. 1. Horizontal and vertical emittance beat. This is
the result of linear coupling compensation for No.1 inTable 1. X and Y represent horizontal and verticaloscillation amplitudes. (A) and (B) denote before andafter the coupling compensation.
Table 1. Simulation result of the coupling compensation.
a is 0.06 and lattice is the normal hybrid mode.

No.

Before compensation
Coupling ratio
)(

1
2

3
4

0.070
0.039
0.039
0.047

(%)
53
30
30
39

After compensation
Coupling ratio
)(

0.012
0.015
0.021
0.020

(%)

3.9
6.5
11

10

H. Tanaka et ai.

control the coupling ratio at the low value.
We tried to compensate the linear couplingwith only two skew quadrupoles which satisfy
the special phase relation that the resonancephase difference is exactly n / 2. The resonancephase denotes an argument of the function in theright-hand side of Eq. 1. Theoretically, we canachieve the perfect compenstion with .these twomagnets. For 4 rings of relatively large }(3z'S, thelinear coupling compensation was simulatedwith RACETRACK5) including special fitting
routine for it. We show the results in Table 1 andan example of the beam oscillation before andafter the linear coupling compensation in Fig. 1.
We can find remarkable improvement in both123

coupling coefficient and coupling ratio in Table
1, but find that this method can not achieve alower target, 1% coupling ratio. We should analyze the cause for this imperfect compensationand establish a new compensation scheme tosatisfy our requirement.
References
1) F. Willeke et at.: AlP Conf. Proc. 184, 1, 758 (1987 ) .
2) G. Guignard et ai.: CERN 76- 06 (1976).
3) J.P. Koutchouk et ai .: Proc. of Particle Accel. Conf. ,Washington, D.C., U.S.A., March (1987) .
4) H. Tanaka et al.: Presented at the 7th Symp. on
Accel. Sci. and Tech., Osaka, Japan (1989 ) .
5) A. Wrulich etal .: DESY Rep., 84- 026 (984) .

124
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2-6.

Study of Injection for the Storage Ring of SPring-8

H. Tanaka, R. N agaoka, K. Tsumaki, K. Yoshida, and M. Hara
In spite of many studies for improvement ofdynamic stability, the dynamic aperture of thestorage ring of SPring-8 is now only 15 mm forhorizontal plane, as shown in Fig. 1, at worst in
the presence of practical errors. 1) Owing to two
sextupole magnets on the bump orbit, thisdynamic aperture is further reduced to about
10mm at injection. In order to inject the beams
into this sensitive ring with high efficiency, weinvestigated the dependence of injection efficiency on the following 5 kinds of errors andparameters which are suspected to be dominant,because the problem is too complicated to treat
all errors and parameters simultaneously.
(a) Injected beam emittance;(b) Injection trajectory errors;(c) Twiss parameter matching errors;(d) Septum leak field; and(e) Bump magnet residual field.
The Parameter (a) determines the spread of an
injected beam, (b) and (c) enlarge the amplitude ofcoherent betatron oscillation at injection, and (d)and (e) reduce the dynamic aperture by nonlinear
perturbations. Our design goal is to determine
the tolerance level of each error achieving theefficiency higher than 50%, which means thatthe worst efficiency in all case studies goesbeyond 50%.
Table 1.

In decision of the tolerance of each error, we
tried to make the contribution of each error as
low as less than 10% of the efficiency decrease. If
we could keep this criterion, we could easily
achieve the goal. But the dependence of the injection efficiency is so different that we could not
keep the above criterion on all errors and parameters. Within current limits of hardware design,30~-----------------'

20

E
5
>-

....

S...
-.,:
•

10

0
-40

•••••
- 20

-30

Twiss parameter matching errors
Septum leak field
Bump magnet residual field *< 200 nm rad
Angle 0.2 mrad
Position 0.2 mm/3 > 25%a±0.3. . . . . 30 G.m on bump orbit. . . . . 1 C.m on reference orbit
Damping coefficient> 10 5 S - 1

in the case of amplitude coefficient < 5%Damping coefficient> 10 7 S-1
in the case of amplitude coefficient < 50%* B residual = A X Fo X exp( - Bt) X sin(wt)
Fo: Design magnetic field strength
A: Amplitude coefficient (-)
B: Damping coefficient (S-I)

0Fig. 1. 8 Ce V hybrid lattice dynamic aperture.
The tracking revolution number is 200 turn, theinitial phase is 180 deg. (this is injection side),and the calculation point is at the beam injection point.
The Cross and dark square denote the dynamic
perture without error and of 10 different rings
with standard errors. 3 )Tolerance

Injection beam emittance
Injection trajectory errors-10

x (mm)

Tentative tolerance for the injection errors.

Item

t'

125

H. Tanaka et at.

we found that the injection trajectory error(angle error) and septum leak field mainly reducethe injection efficiency. 2) Therefore, these twotolerances become severe and make the specifications of hardware designs difficult. Consequently, we determined the tentative tolerancesby adjusting the criterion so as to totally obtain
the efficiency higher than 50%. The tolerances
are shown in Table 1. Figure 2 shows the distribution of injection efficiencies for 80 machines
under the error conditions that only twiss parameter matching is almost perfect and others havethe same tolerance values. We can see from Fig.
2 that the worst efficiency is 60% and the average efficiency is about 90%. As we found byparameter search that the efficiency reduction
due to the twiss parameter matching errors isslight, about several percent, we can expect toobtain sufficient efficiency (> '"'-'50%) at tentative tolerances.
We should investigate the following two things
as soon as possible to estimate the tolerances
correctly. One is injection trajectory matching toenlarge the effective dynamic aperture, which
can make the tolerances of injection trajectory
errors easier than what they are. The other islong life tracking to find the effect of the septum
leak field correctly. Actually, there is possibility
that the present results do not reflect on the slow
damping effect of the septum leak field because

60-r-- -- - - - . . . . . . . ,Case No. = 80

__ 50

~
~

Min. Em. = 60 %Ave. Em. = 89.6 %

40

~30
...
.c

~ 20

Q.,

•

l00·91~•9O-81~•

8O·71~~ 70-61~

10o 6O·S1~oInjection Efficiency (%)

Fig. 2. Distribution of the practical injection effi·
ciencies. Calculation is performed at the injection
error that only twiss parameter matching is almost
perfect and others have the same tolerance values.
The tracking revolution number is 20 turn, the numberof tracking particles are 200, and the ring errors is
standard ones. 3 )of a small tracking revolution number, 20 turns.
For this investigation, we should calculate thetime structure of the septum leak field.
References
1) H. Tanaka, R. Nagaoka, K. Yoshida, K. Tsumaki,
and M. Hara: RIKEN A eee!. Prog. R ep., 22, 235(1988) .

2) H. Tanaka, R. N agaoka, K. Tsumaki, and K. Yoshida:in preparation.
3) H. Tanaka, R. N agaoka, K. Tsumaki, K. Yoshida,
and M. Hara: RIKEN Aeee!. Prog. R ep. , 22 , 231(1988) .

126
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2-7.

Design of a Quadruple Bend Achromat Lattice
K. Tsumaki, R. N agaoka, H. Tanaka, and M. Hara

Generally, electron beams in a low-emittancestorage ring are strongly focused to achieve low
emittance. This fact generates many problems
which are not principal difficulties for a highemittance storage ring: The dynamic aperture ofsuch a low-emittance storage ring is too small
and the sensitivity against field errors is veryhigh. Thus, we need to design a storage ringwhich overcome these problems.
A Chasman-Green lattice with two bending
magnets in a cell and a Triple Bend Achromat
lattice with three bending magnets in a cell are
well known as a low-emittance lattice for asynchrotron radiation source. In addition tothese lattices, we designed a Quadruple Bend
Achromat lattice (QBA) to obtain a better understanding of the dynamic characteristics of a lowemittance storage ring. This paper describes thelattice design of the Quadruple Bend Achromat
lattice.
We imposed the following conditions in designing the lattice.
-Electron energy is 8 GeV and a bending magnet field strength is 0.6 T.
-Emittance is less than 10x10- 9 morad.
-Circumference is less than 1500 m.
- The number of straight sections is more than32.
- The length of the straight section is 6.5 m.
- A horizontal beta function is alternately highand low.
Under these conditions, our effort was focusedon the designing of a lattice with a large dynamic
aperture. To obtain a large dynamic aperture,
the lattice should be detuned, but emittance also
increases with detuning. On the other hand, theco

1.2 '"
~

o
20

0 .6

10

0.4

Fig. 1. Lattice functions of the QBA lattice.

emittance decreases as the number of bending
magnets increases. Accordingly, to obtain thelarge dynamic aperture with keeping the low
emittance, we need to detune the lattice byincreasing the number of bending magnets. On
the basis of above idea, we designed a latticewhich have four bending magnets in a cell (QBA
lattice). Figure 1 shows the lattice functions andTable 1 shows the ring parameters.
Table 1.

Major ring parameters.
5.0

co (nm-rad)Emittance~y49.6 (3 . 10)
19.6 (1. 23)
-80
-47

N
C (m)

32
1477

{ lIx (lIxc )TunelIy (lIyc ){Chroma tici ty
No. of cells
Circumference

~x

.

.
20

--- - ---.-------

,

I

•

- - - - - _.'-. - - - - - -r - - - - - - -!:10---- -- ~----- -­

!

o -~o

.30

i

----- -,--------r------- ------,, -----.--,---- -D!

•- - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - -, - - - - - -

•

•

20

30

D

-20

-10

0

10

~O

X (mmJ

Fig. 2. Dynamic aperture of the QBA lattice. D,
without harmonic sextupoles; ... , with harmonic sex tupoles.

The dynamic aperture obtained by particle
tracking is shown by square marks in Fig. 2 .
These small dynamic apertures are mainly
dominated by the first and third-order resonances induced by the strong sextupole fields ofchromaticity correction sextupole magnets. To
avoid these resonances, the amplitude dependent
tune shift should be suppressed to be low.
To this end, sextupole fields were expanded toharmonics 1) and the contribution of each harmonics to amplitude dependent tune shift werestudied. As a result, two harmonics were foundK. Tsumaki et al.

to have a large contribution to the amplitudedependent tune shift and limit the dynamic aperture. To suppress these harmful harmonics, additional sextupoles (harmonic sextupole) wereplaced in the non-dispersive section. We failed,however, to enlarge the dynamic aperture. If wesuppress these harmonics to the extent where
they are not the main source of a dynamic aperture limitation, the other harmonics grow andthe dynamic aperture could not be enlarged. In
this case, any definite single resonance does not
limit the dynamic aperture, but a compound
resonance limits the dynamic aperture. Conse-

127

quently, the dynamic aperture cannot be enlarged by harmonic sextupoles. But dynamic
aperture without harmonic sextupoles of the
QBA lattice was larger than the Chasman-Greenand the Triple Bend Achromat lattices. 2)
References
1) R. N agaoka, H. Tanaka, K. Yoshida, K. Tsumaki,
and M. Hara: RIKEN Aeeel. Prog. R ep., 22 , 248(1988) .
2) K. Tsumaki , R. N agaoka, H. Tanaka, K. Yoshida,
and M. Hara: Proc. 1989 Particle Accel. Conf.
Chicago, March 20- 23, 1989 (in press).

128
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989 )V-2-8.

Design of a Detu ned Lattice

K. Tsumaki, R. N agaoka, H. Tanaka, and M. Hara
Contrary to high-emittance storage rings, lowemittance storage rings have small dynamic
apertures and high sensitivity against errors.
Accordingly, the commissioning of such rings ismore difficult than high emittance storage rings.
This difficulty leads to the idea that at first weshould do commissioning with a detuned highemittance lattice instead of direct commissioning
with a final-goal lattice. To this end, we designed
a detuned lattice.
Table 1.

Design criteria: The lattice functions of adetuned lattice need to be similar to that of a
final lattice, 1) because the generation pattern ofa closed orbit must be similar to that of a final
lattice. Thus it is desirable to detune the latticewithout breaking the achromat condition of bothstraight sections in a cell. However, the latticefunctions of a detuned lattice designed by keeping this condition has different behavior, andstrong sextupole magnets for chromaticity cor-

Ring parameters of Detuned Chasman Green lattice.
DCG1

DCG2

DCG3

DCG4

DCG5

Emittance (nm.rad)

16

23

37

53

82

Tune Vx

33.20

31.20

28.20

25.20

22.80

Vy

21.15

21.15

21.15

21.15

20.85

v xc

1.38

1. 30

1.18

1.05

0.95

Vyc

0.88

0.88

0.88

0.88

0.87

rection are required. Therefore, we decided tobreak the condition of achromat of one straightsection in a cell; we detune the lattice with twocells.
The betatron functions of straight sections are
decided to have a medium value. On the basis ofthese criteria, we designed a detuned lattice ofthe emittance ranging from '"'-' 10 nm orad to '"'-'80
nmorad.
Lattice functions and dynamic apertures: Lattice functions and dynamic apertures are shownin Fig. 1 and lattice parameters are shown in
Table 1. These dynamic apertures are dominated by the first- and the third-order resonances
driven by strong sextupole fields forchromaticity correction. The square mark is
dynamic apertures only with sextupoles forchromaticity correction. The solid line is enlarged dynamic apertures by additional sextupoles (harmonic sextupoles) placed in a nondispersive section. Figure 2 shows the operating
point of each lattice on a tune diagram. Tunes oflIxc and lIyC are for one superperiod.
The dynamic apertures of lattices having
emittaces from an 80 nm. rad level to a 50 nm
rad level (DCG5, DCG4) are limited by the resonances of lIxc = 1 and 311xc = 3. However the driv0

ing term of these resonances can be easily canceled by only one harmonic sextupole. For ala ttice having emittance of 30 nm rad level(DCG3), the operating point is the middle ofresonance lines lIxc = 1 and 311x c = 4. As a result,the dynamic aperture is not small even though
the emittance is smaller than the former twola ttices. Tune of the lattice of 20 nm rad level
emittance (DCG2) approaches the resonance lineof 311xc = 4 and the dynamic aperture is not large
enough. Main driving terms are lIx c = 1 and 311xc =4. In this case it is difficult to cancel both driving
terms by harmonic sextupoles. If the emittancereaches a 10 nm. rad level (DCGl), tune becomeslarger than the resonance line of 3l1xc = 4. In thiscase, the dynamic aperture could be enlarged by
two kinds of harmonic sextupoles. Dynamic apertures of these detuned lattices are large enoughfor injection of electron beams from thesynchrotron.
Sensitivity against the errors: Figure 3 shows
closed orbit distortions arising from random
quadrupole displacements. XCOd and Ycod areclosed orbit distortions and dX and dY are
expected values of alignment errors. Thus, we
can find that expected values for closed orbit
distortions are 3.5 mm and 4.1 mm for O. 1 mm
0

0

129

K. Tsumaki et at.

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n

40
,~

30

J'

'0

P.II th Lenq~h tmJ

n

0.0

50

) .0

_0

I.e

J
(d) DCG4 £=53 nm.radg:!., )0

.

I.)

~
~

c5

CD

n

0 ••

10

0.'

0.0

~

2.0

_0

\.II

:!

g

(e) DCG5 £=82 nm.radui:!., '0
...

c5

(Xl

'0

0 ••

10

0.'

o 0

n

's

J. .

Po~h L.nq~h

0.0

t.. J

Fig. 1. Lattice functions and dynamic apertures.

10

100

130

K. Tsumaki et al.
100-r------------,

90
1 . 5...---~--"..,..,...--..--~

80

::-

:~
C/l

~ 1.0

~
en

70
60
50
40

30

final lauice20

10

0.5 +---L~----=~_~.l---1
0 .5
1.0
1.5
Nuxe

Fig. 2. Operating point on a tune diagram.

alignment errors of a quadrupole magnet for the
ring of 80 nmerad emittance. These values
become 8.8 mm and 6.0 mm for the ring of 5 nm.
rad emittance. Sensitivity of horizontal direction
increases steadily when emittance decreases
from 80 nmerad to 16 nm. rad and changes from41 to 88 for the final lattice. This shows that we
may not need step-by-step commissioning from

20

40

60

80

100

Emittance (nm.rad)Fig. 3. Closed orbit distortions arising from random
quadrupole displacements.

the ring of 80 nm erad emittance to the final
lattice, but only need to do it for the ring of 16
nm. rad emittance.
References
1) M.Hara et at.: XIV Int. Conf. on High Energy Accel.,to be published in Particle Accelerators.

131
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V·2·9.

Study of the Effect of Vibrations on Beam Stability
K. Tsumaki, R. N agaoka, H. Tanaka, and M. Hara

If there are vibrations in magnets, the particles
feel error fields, which deflect particle orbits.
This effect becomes serious in low-emittancestorage rings. Especially the closed orbit distortion (COD) due to quadrupole magnet vibration isremarkable. When the frequency of vibration is
not so high, COD can be corrected by a feedback
system, but when the frequency is high, feedback
correction is not effective. As a result, growing
beam size is observed as if emittance becomeslarge. If this "emittance growth" can not be
neglected compared with intrinsic emittance, themeaning of low emittance is reduced. Thus, westudied the emittance growth due to the vibrationof quadrupole magnets.
The cause of COD is due mainly to the displacement of the center of a quadrupole magnet
by vibration. There are two types of vibration
sources. One is the vibration of component equipments such as magnets and vacuum pumps andthe other is the ground vibration. The former isfurther divided into two cases: all quadrupole
magnets vibrate randomly and one specific quadrupole magnet vibrates. The ground vibration istreated as a plane wave and is assumed to propagate directly to a quadrupole magnet without
attenuation.
The emittance growth is calculated using the
expected values of COD originated from thesevibrations. For single quadrupole vibration, theemittance growth due to vibration of a quadrupole magnet which has the strongest field was
calculated since this gives the largest emittance
growth. For plane-wave vibration, having notstudied the power spectrum of vibration, we
cannot calculate the emittance growth; thus, only
magnification factor M = COD/ ~d was calculated, where ~d is the amplitude of vibration.
Figure 1 shows the emittance growth ~c normalized by the intrinsic emittance co due torandom quadrupole vibration. The coupling ofhorizontal and vertical betatron oscillation isassumed to be 10 %. As seen from Fig. 1, we
need to suppress the random quadrupole vibration to be less than 0.15 J.lm for keeping thehorizontal emittance growth within 10 %. For
the vertical emittance growth of 10 %, the vibration of 0.05 J.lm amplitude is allowable. Figure 2
shows the emittance growth due to single quad-

100 , - - - - - - - - - - - - .

---

ex

10

i

~

CI

"
II

.1

c:

~

E
w

. 01

10

Random quadrupole vibration (Ilm)Fig. 1. Emittance growth due to random quadrupole
vertivibration. -0- . horizontal emittance;
cal emittance.

- +- .

---

10

g
<l

.c

i

ex

.1

~

CI

.01

"

II

c:

~

.001

E

w

.0001
. 01

10

Single quadrupole vibration (Ilm)Fig. 2. Emittance growth due to single quadrupole
vibration. -0- . horizontal emittance;
verti.
cal emi ttance.

- +- .

80,-------------,

c:

40

.!!

i
~

c:

20

CI
II

:::I
O~~_r~~~~~~_.~__;

o

20

40

60

80

100

f (Hz)

Fig. 3. Magnification factors due to ground vibration.

rupole vibration. In this case, the vibration
amplitude should be less than l. 2 J.lm for 10 %horizontal emittance growth and 0.7 J.lm for 10% vertical emittance growth. Figure 3 shows themagnification factors due to ground vibration on
the assumption that the propagation velocity ofplane wave is 1,000 m/ s. As seen from the figure,the magnification factor increases with increasing vibration frequency.

132
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V·2·10.

Vacuum System for the SPring·a

S.H. Be, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, T. Nishidono,
Y.P. Lee, * and Y. Oikawa
The vacuum system consists of two differently
shaped aluminum alloy (A6063- T5 whosestrength is equivalent to that of T6) chamber
extrusions, two types of absorbers, and various
chamber components such as bellows, flanges
and valves.
To achieve a beam lifetime of approximately
24 hours, the vacuum chamber with its pumping
system should be designed so as to maintain the
beam-on pressure of 1 nTorr or less. The main
pumping system!) is based on non-evaporable
getter (NEG) strips, which are used in both thestraight and bending chamber. In addition to the
NEG strips, a distributed ion pump (DIP) is installed in a bending magnet chamber. A lumped
NEG pump, a sputter ion pump, and a titanium
sublimation pump are installed at a crotch and

.

00

=--

'-1.-J.
_____ : .

.. .... ' ." .. lli2. __;1.--___ ~=-=~ ~-L--

an absorber which are placed just downstream
and upstream of a bending magnet, respectively.
Figure 1 shows a section of a unit cell withelectron beam injection, showing the crotch (CR),absorber (AB), and magnets (QM, SM, KM). In anormal cell, there is no kicker magnet (KM). The
details of the vacuum chamber,2) crotch,3) andothers are described below.
In designing chamber components, a special
effort must be made to minimize their impedance
characteristics because, in a storage ring, themaximum achievable beam current depends
greatly on their impedance. Therefore, the components must be designed so as to make thechange in the cross secstion as little as possible.
To minimize the impedance of the chamber components, the gaps between flanges must be... " "
. " 7"- -.

~,~r-~'----_

lro~~~~ RIM; (Spring 8 I Only In;ecl ion
80.65 r

1<----".6,,,-10 -----.i-'-"!<---L!.'

CLL NO 48-4
gNO~¢q. r.OIXAI.IA."- -- - - - - - - -_.- '}.

·- - - - - - d ; --'~~Fig. 1_ A section of a unit cell with electron-beam injection, showing a crotch (CR),an absorber (AB) and magnets (QM, SM and KM).

* On leave from RIST, Pohang, Korea.

S. H. Be et at.

reduced, and the bellows must be shielded withan RF contact. A step change in the cross sectionof the vacuum chamber must be provided bymeans of a tapered transition, too. Our policies
for the design of the vacuum system are: 1) The
number of flanges and bellows should be as small
as possible; 2) Monitors are mounted directly on
the vacuum chamber without any special monitor chamber; 3) The connection between a kicker
chamber and main vacuum chamber should bedone by welding; 4) Crotches are fixed to haveadvantages in the mounting of the chamber; 5)
The NEG assembly and DIP should be exchangeable for maintenance; 6) Welding around thering should be kept down to the least.
The chamber for a straight section is installedwith free mounts 4 ) and crotches as shown in Fig.
1. The crotch is completely rigid, not to allow
chamber movement in any direction even during
bakeout cycles. The free mount allows chamber's thermal expansion or contraction only in theelectron beam direction, but not the vertical bymeans of a special mechanism. This mounting
method should ensure the displacement of thevacuum chamber within the accuracy of less than
0.1 mm required for a beam position monitor(BPM).
Furthermore, the deformation of the chamber
due to the pressure difference between atmosphere and vacuum is to be kept less than O. 1
mm. Therefore, the respective thicknesses of thebeam chamber and a slot designed previously5)
are changed from 11 to 15 mm and from 6 to 10
mm, respectively. Thus we can keep the displacement to be less than 0.1 mm at the position of the
BPM (see Fig. 2), which is to be installed
between a sextupole magnet (SM) and a quadrupole magnet (QM). Figure 2 shows chambergeometries at the respective locations of SM (atupper part of the chamber) and QM (at lowerpart). The beam chamber and slot to bepositioned in the SM and QM are cut by machining because of a special limitation.
The vacuum chamber for photon-beam extraction is shown in Fig. 3. An extraction chamber

133

Fig. 2. Geometries of the vacuum chamber at the positions of quadrupole and sextupole magnets.

Fig. 3. Geometry of the chamber for extraction of aphoton beam.

and an antechamber is connected with an electron beam welding.
References
1) S. Y okouchi, H. Sakamoto, Y. Morimoto, and S.H.
Be: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22 , 279 (1988).
2) H. Sakamoto, T . Bizen, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto,T. Nishidono, Y.P. Lee, and S.H. Be: This Report, p.
145.
3) Y. Morimoto, Y. Yokouchi, T. Nishidono, Y.P. Lee,and S.H. Be: Proc. of 7th Meet. on Ultra High Vacuum Techn. for Accel. and Storage Ring KEK, (by G.
Horikoshi and M. Kobayashi) March, p. 68 (1989).
4) T. Nishidono, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, Y.P. Lee,and S.H. Be: This Report, p. 143.
5) T. Nishidono, H. Kakui, S.H. Be, H. Sakamoto, S.
Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, and Y. Oikawa: RIKEN
Accel. Prog. Rep., 22, 281 (1988).

134
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V·2·11.

Outgassing Rates of 4 m·Long Model Chamberswith and without NEG Strips

S. Yokouchi, H. Sakamoto, T. Nishidono, Y. Morimoto,
Y.P. Lee, * and S.H. Be
We test-manufactured two kinds of AI-alloy
vacuum chambers for the R&D of the vacuum
system I ) of SPring-So One is modeled for astraight-section chamber (SSC) and the other fora bending magnet chamber (BMC), both made of
extruded Al alloy2) and 4m long.
We measured their outgassing rates (q) which
are very important to achieve ultra-high vacuum
for a required beam lifetime. Figure 1 shows asystem for measuring q, which were obtained bya throughput method making use of
q = C (PI - P2) / A(1)
where C is the conductance of an orifice (2.32
li s for N 2 ) , PI and P2 the pressures in Torr at IG
1 and 2, respectively, and A the total surface
area of a sample in cm2 •Figure 2 shows q vs. the pumping time for SSC
without NEG strips. 3) We obtained q of theorders of 10- 10 Torr o ll s o cm2 after ""--'100 hour
evacuation without baking. After a baking at
140°C for 40 hours, q was measured and found tobe as low as 10- 13 Torr ll s·cm2 •The q-value of BMC was also measured with
NEG strips in it (Fig. 3). In this case, we haveoanother source of q from the surface of NEG
strips and their supports (SUS 304 and ceramics)
as well as the chamber itself. The contribution
from the NEG strips will, of course, vanish after
activation. Since indifferent evaluation of q foreach material was very difficult, we got an overall q by using Eq. (1) with overall A. q was ""--' 10- 10
Torr o Zl s o cm2 after pumping for tens of hours
without baking, almost the same as for SSC. On
to Fore pump

1

!_
,~~
~L ~
® ~D--SAMPLE--------- T"~~ DNEG~
I
IG3
::'

VI

TMP 2

IG 2

IG 1

__

EJ'~

I

® I
PG

to Fore pumpIG t, 2. 3, 4 : Ionization gauge
NEG*: Non·evaporable getter strip
V2 : Right angle valve
QMA : Quadrupole mass analyzern________

n_nu.

~I J;

J)

QMA

IG 4

TMP 1,2 : Turbo·molecular pump
V 1 : Pneumatically operated gate valve
VV : Venting valve
PG : Pirani gauge

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a setup for measurementof outgassing rates. NEG strips were not installed in
SSC, but in BMC. V2 is open for TMP 2 only when thechamber pressure is too high.
Outgassing rate

Outgassing rate.--- .._-.

Temp.
10. 7

Temp

- - V20PEN

10· 8

V2 OPEN
10. 9

~r

V

r-------.. "10. 9

h ....

E 10. 10
0

.!!!
~

N
E

300

0

(;,

6
Q)

IGOEGAS

(;

~

n

tG

200

It Q~An.--..

---~- .-

It

150

100

~ .~~

E
:l

-;
lii
0.
E
Q)

I-

~

(;

350

.)G DEGAS
300

10 . 10-r
OMA~~:""'-.-

10. 11~ ....,

~

0)

c

u;
(/)

200

!

0)

r

10. 14- .-.--.--_._----_... M • • _• •• _

I

E
~

2
ISO

~

100

~

Q)

("'i

10 . 13

."

0

250

I'"

t:.
2 10 ' 12

'5

50

400

r-t

.!!!

~

ACTlVAllON

,j,

Q)

250

10. 11t:.

.........

OMA

350

C\I~

450

400

0.

E

(

I L-... .-__

50

. .........

10 2

Pumping time (hour)Fig. 2. q vs. the pumping time of SSC without NEG
strips.
A=3,000 cm2 •* On leave from RIST, Pohang, Korea.

Pumping time (hour)Fig. 3. q vs. the pumping time of BMC with NEG
strips.
A = 56,000 cm2 (30,700 cm2 for the chamber itself, and
8,700 and 16,600 cm2 for NEG strips and their supports,
respectively).

S. Y okouchi et al.

the other hand, q was higher an order of magnitude to be low 10-12-high 10- 13 Torrel l s·cm2 after
baking under the same condition as SSC. Thiscan be interpreted in terms that the bakeout was
not enough for the NEG strips and their supports.
No problem is foreseen in a real storage ringwhere NEG is working as far as thermal outgassing from chambers is concerned, because wewere able to get q smaller than 5 x 10- 12 Torrell
s·cm2 (the required value for our vacuum system),

135

only by a baking at 140°C for 40 hours.
References
1) S.H. Be, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, T. Nishidono,
Y. P. Lee, and Y. Oikawa: This Report, p. 132 .
2) H. Sakamoto, T. Bizen, S. Y okouchi, Y. Morimoto,T . Nishidono, Y. P. Lee, and S.H. Be: This Report, p.
145.
3) Y. P. Lee, S. Yokouchi, and S.H. Be:]. Vac. Sci.
Technol. (to be published).

136
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2-12.

Test of OFHC Flanges

S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, T. Nishidono, Y.P. Lee,* and S.H. Be
Oxygen-free high-conductivity copper (OFHC)
has been chosen as material for the crotch of themain storage ring of SPring-8. We are considering flanges of the same material because of its
easy work and low cost, together with OFHC-AI
alloy hybrid flanges. OFHC flanges were prepared, and their sealing characteristics have been
investiga ted.
Figure 1 shows a completed flange. The material is OFHC of class 1, and Ag is added by
0.19% to enhance the hardness. The hardness
was found to be Hv (5 kg) = 112- 124 at a reduction of 55%. A Helicoflex (HN200-H15048) was
employed as a gasket, whose tube diameter,
inner and outer diameters are 4.5, 101. 8, and110.8 mm, respectively. The surface is coatedwith pure Al in two layers. The required sealing
force (F) was suggested to be 10,600 kgf for thisflange pair. The material of the bolts used is SUS
304.
We studied the relationship between sealing
force (Fr) and leakage. Fr can be obtained fromthe stress (O"b) on the bolts identified by installedstrain gauges. A He-leak test indicated no leak atroom temperature (the minimum detectable leakrate (qmin) = 1 X 10- 10 Torr-lis) after fastening
torque (T)=100 kgfocm, where Fr=9,840 kgf(Fr I F = 93%) and O"b=15.2 kgf/cm 2 • When T
was raised further to 120 kgf cm, Fr and O"b werechanged to 14,600 kgf (Fr l F = 137.32%) and 22.5
kgf/ cm 2 (above proof strength of the bolts),
respectively, and still no leak shown at qmin = 2 X
10- 10 Torrol l s even after baking at '"'-' 150°C. The
relationship between Fr and leakage is not clear
yet to be concluded even if we have some results
including the aforementioned. We are continuing
study on it.
The flanges under test were disassembled tomeasure the roughness of the surface, and were
subjected to optical microscopy of the sealed
surfaces. The surfaces of flanges were replicatedfor the measurement and observation. Figure 2
are photographs of the sealed surfaces of flange
A and B, and those of the corresponding Helicoflex gaskets in Fig. 3 (a) and (b). Figure 3
includes another photographs to show the surface of an unused Helicoflex in (c). The measured
results of surface roughness are also shown in
Fig. 4 (a) and (b) for flanges A and B, respectively. It should be noticed that the surface of Helicoflex is changed to replicate that of the flange
since the Helicoflex is softer pure-AI layers on
the surface. Therefore, leakage paths 1) between
flanges and gasket becomes tremendously small,in particular along the cross-sectional direction
to provide an exellent sealing action againstleakage.

015-M8:::::::~=..--------~

I 1~9' . _'"
+-'
11 .X

FlangeB~q"",,/

I '

,~

Detail of 'X'

sus chamber)

Fig. 1 . Drawing of a completed flange.

* On leave from RIST, Pohang, Korea.

Fig. 2. Photographs ( x 62.5) of the sealed surfaces offlanges (a) A and (b) B.

s. y okouchi et at.

137

Fig. 4. Results of surface roughness measured forflanges (a) A and (b) B.

References
1)Fig. 3. Photographs ( x 62.5) of the sealed surfaces of
Helicoflex gaskets (a) A and (b) B. (c) for the surface
of an unused Helicoflex.

A. Roth: "Vacuum Technology",
Amsterdam, p. 395 (1982 ).

North-Holland,

138
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2-13.

Manufacture of a Lumped NEG Pumps. Y okouchi, Y. Yamano, * T. Nishidono, Y. Morimoto,
Y.P. Lee, * * and S.H. Be
We test-manufactured a lumped NEG (nonevaporable getter)! ) pump for the crotch ofSPring-B. The lumped NEG pump was designed
to have large pumping speeds for CO and H2 inthe ultra-high vacuum range. Figure 1 shows aschematic drawing of the lumped NEG pump.
The housing is made of Al all oy. A Helicoflex

Section A·A

I.,i~

U~\ ~1HElICOF LEX

J

A22t9·T852

0460

Fig. 1. Schemati c drawi ng of the lum ped NEG pump.

~

--0-

ro

_

H'

2500

//
1/
v

o(J
-c
Q)
Q)

gO>

c:
'a'
E
::l

a.

SOO

.--"'-

/

~

~
/(

-c

c1

a.

<l>
<l>
C.

'"

0>

c:
'0.
E
::l

,,'

o

,,0

Sticking c oeffic ient of NEG

Fig. 2. Pumping speeds vs. the sticking coefficient for
CO and H2 at the inlet of the lumped NEG pump.

* Osaka Vacuum, Ltd.
** On leave from RIST, Pohang, Korea.

gasket is used between 4> 460 flanges whose
sealing surfaces are ion-plated with TiC.
Fourteen NEG modules are mounted concentrically in the housing. We calculated pumping speeds for CO and H2 at the pump inlet by aMonte-Carlo method. The results are shown in
Fig. 2. Since the required pumping speed for CO
is.more than 1,500 l / s, the sticking coefficient on
NEG should be larger than 1.5 x 10- 2. The pumping speed of NEG per unit area for CO (5) isrelated with the sticking coefficient (s J by 5 =11 . Bsc 1/ s · cm2 • Therefore,S turns out to be larger
than O.I B l / s·cm2 , which can be achieved practically according to experimental results!) on
NEG.
Copper tubes of 10 mm in diameter are attatchedon the outer surface of the housing to eliminate
the power generated during heating NEG. Since
Cu cannot be welded or brazed to AI, the Cu
tubes are bonded with an electrecally and therma lly conductive binder (Silbest SIR 04) composed of epoxy resins, Ag powder, and volatile
ingredients. We estimated a temperature rise in
the housing to be lower than 40°C, assuming thatgenerated power, water telnperature, and a flowrate of water are 4.7 kW, 20°C , and l.5 mi s,r estecti vel y.
The housing should be baked at 150°C to get
the required ultra-high vacuum. Micro heaters,
whose electric power is 1.3 kW , are also installedon the outer surface of the housing. The heater
power is enough to rise the housing temperature
up to 150°C with a few heat-insulation layers ofpolyimide film on which pure Al is vapordeposited and embossed in a hemisphericalshape.
Weare planning to test and evaluate the performance of the lumped NEG pump for the R &D of SPring-B.
References
1) Y. P. Lee, S. Y okouchi, and S.H. Be:].

Technol. (to be punlished).

Vac. Sci.

139
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V·2·14.

Surface Analysis of AI·Mg·Si Vacuum Chamber

Y.P. Lee,* T. Nishidono, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, and S.H. Be
The extruded A6063- T5, whose strength isequivalent to that of T6, has been found to beappropriate as ultra-high vacuum material, especially for accelerators. The outgassing rate anddesorption induced by high-energy photons andtheir photoelectrons are known to have correlation with the surface conditions. We have analyzed the surface of an extruded AI-Mg-Si model
chamber for SPring-8 by Auger Electron
Spectroscopy (AES) and Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) in mind for the gas loads.
Furthermore, since some unexpected specks ofextra corrosion were seen on one of our cleaned
test chambers, we also figure out their natureand origin.
EXPERIMENT ALS: AES and SEM were carried out with a lEOL lAMP 30 Auger Microprobe. For AES, ~ = 5 ke V and ie = 500 nA.
When ion bombardment was required for depthprofile, an ion sputter gun was used at V;on = 3
keV and ijon =30 nA with a homogeneous rasterof 300,um x 300,um
RESUL TS AND DISCUSSION: Three distinct
samples were prepared from the model chamber.
Sample A and B represent the ordinary surface
before and after cleaning process, respectively. 1,
l,l,-trichloroethane was employed as the cleaning solvent. Sample C was picked up to include
the extraordinary corrosion specks which didn't
exist on the orginal extruded surface.
The intensity (1) of Al KLL peak is only 0.333
times that of Mg KLL peak on Sample A. Thismeasured ratio is much smaller than the limit forbulk (89.941), suggesting a Mg oxide-rich layer
for the top 30 A as in Ref. 1. On Sample B, all I's
were decreased compared with Sample A, suggesting a less dense oxide and contamination at
the top. This may be attributed to the cleaning
procedure. On the other hand, the top 30 A is
found more Mg oxide-rich than A to be fA] KLL /fMG KLL = 0.206. Three characteristic points were
investigated for Sample C. Point C-1 was pickedup from the speck on the left in Fig. 1. Point C-2
is on the top smaller speck of the right side one,which looks another phase of corrosion-growth.
The other probing point is on a heavily-oxidized
particle of small size in the border itself for theleft speck. All the points revealed no Mg KLL,
* On leave from RIST, Pohang, Korea.

and furthermore no oxidized Mg LVV on C-3,
contrary to the aforementioned two samples.
Even on C-1 and C-2, I ratios of oxidized Al LVV
to oxidized Mg L VV are very large to be 7.983
and 20.045, respectively. These facts are interpreted by the predominancy of Al oxide throughthe top 30 A of the surfaces. On the other hand,the fo I<YY 's are smaller than even Sample B,
indicating a less dense oxide.
The AES depth-profiles of Sample Bare
shown in Fig. 2. Four characteristic zones are
identified in Figs. 2 and 3. First of all, a superficial contamination zone (Zone 1) up to the oxygen maximum, and the Mg oxide-rich layer (Zone2). This is followed by Zone 3, an Al oxide-richlayer at the beginning and then a mixed state ofoxide and metal, and finally substrate (Zone 4) .
The durations of sputtering for the first 3 zones
are defined by 7"], 7"2 and 7"3, respectively. Zone 1
is not seen for sample B, which is probably aneffect of cleaning. 7"3= 23.667 min :> 7"2, and thetotal sputter-time at 1 / e fo max == toxide = 4.0 min.
This corresponds to thickness ( == Zoxid e ) of------80 A. All the values turn out to be only
51 - 65% with espect to Sample A. This can beunderstood by the aforementioned fact that we
had a more Mg oxide-rich layer at the top before
depth-profile than A. Figure 3 is for Point C-1
showing quite different behavior. 7"j was foundagain to be 1.5 min, but no Zone 2 seen in agreement with the analysis on its natural surface.
7"3=168.5 and toxide= 34 .571 min (zoxid e------691 A),
which are 7. 1 and 8.6 times the corresponding
values of Sample B, respectively. This relatively

C-1

C-3

C-2

Fig. 1. A low-magnification ( X 15) SEM picture to see
an overview of Sample C.

140

Y oang Pak Lee at at.

l

ne 4

~-\-----zone3------oIt-''-oI

2000

I
CI l.VV20
SPU TTER TI ME (MI N )Fig. 2. AES depth-profile of Sample B.

zone 4~----- zone 3 - - - - - . . j . - . ! ./--

'w"
;:

~

a:
w

~

r:

:.:
w

2000

"

0..

SPUTTER T IME (MI N)

Fig. 3. AES depth-profile of Point C-l on Sample C.
Two nearly constant curves at a very low intensity
are for Cl L VV and Mg KLL Auger peaks.

porous and thick oxide will provide a source
itself of synchrotron-induced desorption as well
as a channel for outgassing from the bulk ofchamber wall.
When the alloy material goes through extrusion, Mg can be segregated or evaporated
remarkably through an initial thin AI-oxide
layer 2) owing to high temperature (480-520°C)

during the process. 1,2) Therefore, Mg oxide isgrown preferentially. Nevertheless, the amountof Mg is limited near the surface immediately
before and during oxidation because its bulk
composition is only 0.62 at.%. Consequently, theMg -rich layer at the top should be thin,2) andseparated by a Mg-depletion layer from theordi~ary bulk. Additional Al oxide-rich layer isgrown beneath the initial Al oxide-rich layer.
Nevertheless, the total thickness is smaller withthe top Mg oxide-rich layer than that without it
owing to the nature of Mg oxide-rich layer as amodifier. 3)
If the formed oxide layer at the top is broken
away after extrusion, Al itself is exposed directly to chemical attack (especially during cleaning)
and atmosphere. The grown Al oxide is lessdense as already pointed out in terms of smaller
10 KVV'S for every point on Sample C than even B,
and accordingly thicker than oxidation at extru- .
sion. The cleaning procedure is thought to be thestrongest interaction with the surface after
extrusion. A small amount of strong acid like
HCI can be dissociated from the cleaning solvent(CH3CCI3~CH2 = CCl 2+ HCl), especially under
the conditions of bright light, heat, water mixed,
and catalytic metal mixed. 4 ) It can, then, etch out
the superficial oxide at some places, particularly
where the oxide layer has been shaken duringhigh temperature and other preceding processes.
References
Kato, K. Tsukamoto, E. Lsoyama, and T.
Uchiyama:]. Vac. Soc. lPn., 28, 785 (1985).
2) B. Goldstein and]. Dresner: Surf Sci., 71, 15 (1978) .
3) F.P. Fehlner: "Low-Temperature Oxidation", WileyInterscience, New York, pp. 29, 116 (1980).
4) S. Tsuji ed.: "Fine Cleaning Technology Manual",
New Technology Development Center, Japan, p. 27.
1) Y.

141

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2-15.

Performance Characteristics of a St 707 Non-evaporable
Getter Strip
Y.P. Lee, * S. Y okouchi, Y. Morimoto, H. Sakamoto, * *T. Nishidono, and S.H. Be

A non-evaporable getter (NEG) can be
manufactured even in a long linearly distributed
shape for the conductance-limited vacuum chambers of particle accelerators including storagerings to provide a high pumping speed and large
capacity in a simple, cheap, and flexible way. St
707 NEG strips are under consideration to be
used as the main pump in both straight andbending chambers of this ring. We present theexperimental characteristics at room temperature of the St 707 NEG strip in mind for our ring.
The work includes a series of measurements ofthe pumping speeds (S) with respect to gases
such as H 2 , CO, N 2, and CO 2 • The covered gas
quantity sorbed (Q) is from as small as -----2 X 10- 8
to-----2x10- 3 Torr-llcm 2 • We also demonstrate
the dependence of the pumping speeds of H2 andCO on the parameters such as initial gas loading(Qo) , gas injection-rate (q), and reactivation temperature (Tact) and time (tact) .
Experimentals: The experimental setup isessentially the same as in previous Progress
Report. 1) The base pressure was in the range ofhigh 10- 11 Torr after a baking at -----150°C for 37 h.
The NEG was activated at 450°C by means ofresistance-heating in a controlled way according
to Sieverts' law 2 ) for H 2 • For the other gases, Qo
is regarded as zero after a reactivation at-----450°C for 0.75 h. As soon as the reactivation
had been done, the gate-valves to pumps wereshut down and conductance adjusted for 20 li s
SIP, followed by the introduction of high-purity(~99.9%) gas at a constant throughput. S was,then, measured periodically by the conductancemethod.
Results and discussion: Figure 1 shows thecomparison of S for H2 at different Qo's and thesame q= 1 x 10- 5 Torr-l i s. In general, a larger S
is seen at a smaller Qo, especially in the region of
low Q although all the curves down to S= 0.2 I I
s e cm 2 at Q=10- 3 Torr-I l cm 2 • The sorption of
H2 is carried out by bulk-diffusion mechanism aswell as surface kinetics, and the results are coincident with a theoretical development on bulk
gettering by Knize and Cecchi. 3 ) The Q's atbending (~) in the first two and at the concavein the last curve are almost identical in the
Figure. These Q's are considered as the transition point from surface-limited to bulk-limited
mechanism. This process is, of course, competedwith the adsorption process to the inner surfacesof the voids. 4 ) A simple transformation of Q in
Fig. 1 to "Q" by "Q"=Qo+Q makes us toacquire a general curve from (S, "Q") = (0.34 I I
s e cm 2 , 3x10- 4 Torr e l l cm 2 ) down to (0.2, 4 X
10- 3 ) , which governs every Qo case (Fig. 2). S

lOa . . . - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - ,.00 = 2 . 65x 1 0·4Torr .ll c m 2.00=5 . 3 x 1 0·4Torr .l/ cm2.00= 9.8 x 1 0·4r 0 " .l / c m 2

,

'"

N

E

I'ln

u

•

~

(Torr.l/cm 2 )"a"Fig. 1. Comparison of the pumping speeds for Hz at
different Qo's and the same q.

lOa;----r-----,-----.------~
o 00=2.65x1 0·4Torr .l/ cm2• Q 0=5 .3x 1 0-4Torr .l/cm2.00=9.ax 1 0-4Torr .l/ c m2aa• •• ~ ....
--

"""

"'

.

• ••• .:.,.r:oa. q,..

. .. -.. .
•

I~

~.

-~.--

a (Torr.l/cm 2 )* On leave from RIST, Pohang, Korea.
** Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

Fig. 2. "Q" version of Fig. 1.

142

Y. P . Lee et al.

for H2 was also compared at different q's and thesame Qo to show little q-induced difference in S.
In Fig. 3, H 2 , CO, CO 2 , and N 2 are comparedat the same q. Qo for H2 is 2.65 x 10-4 Torrol l
cm 2 , and the reactivation for CO, CO 2 , and N 2
performed at 450°C for 0.5 h. 5 of H2 was constant (LI S=0.21 I s o cm 2 from Q ~ 10 -7 to 10- 3
Torr oll cm 2 ). On the other hand, that of CO
decreases very rapidly to 3.3 X 10- 3 50 at Q = 4 X
10- 4 with respect to 4 X 10- 8 Torrol I cm 2 • So's of
CO and CO 2 are fairly large, but that of H2 islower by an order of magnitude and smalleranother order for N 2. The order of H 2 > N 2 "'-'CO~ C0 2 is seen with respect to ~. The physicalmeanings of ~'s for N 2 , CO and CO 2 are interpreted in a different sense. Since the bulk diffusion of these gases is not likely to happen atroom temperature, this point indicates only thetransition to the aforementioned adsorption
mechanism 4 ) onto the inner surface. CO was also
compared after different T act and tact'S, and atdifferent q's. The efficiency of a NEG turned out
to be ~40% after Ta ct = 280°C . It was noticed
that the full reactivation at 450°C can be completed only for 0 . 5 h, and the little dependence on q
confirms only the surface relevant to the pumping for CO.4).
0.0" ,...
. . ..

~

0

0

0

m

)~cq,.., c 01lJ9

.0:,

N

E

~ 1 0' 1
II)

.

0

I--

.
0

.
0

·8

H2

'\.

-~

.

(l)

CO2
N2
1 0 ·7

10 ·6

o

·5

.

,

""IP~

\.,....,

.""
.,

10 3

(Torr .l / cm 2 )Fig. 3. Comparison of the pumping speeds for H 2 , CO,
CO 2 , and N 2 at the same q.

References
1) S. Y okouchi, H. Sakamoto, Y. Morimoto, and S.H.

Be: RIKEN A ccel. Prog. Rep., 22, 283 (1988 ) .
2) C. Boffito, B. Ferrario, and D. Martell i:]. Vac. Sci.
Technol., AI, 1279 (1983).
3) R.J. Knize and J.L. Cecchi: ]. Appl. Phys., 54. 3183
(1983) .
4) C. Benvenuti and F. Francia:]. Vac. Sci. Techno!.,A6, 2528 (1988 ) .

143
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2-16.

Mounts of Vacuum Chambers

T. Nishidono, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto,
Y.P. Lee, * and S.H. Be
Aluminum alloy extrusions (A6063-T5) are
employed for the vacuum chambers of theSPring-8 storage ring, since the chambers are to
be baked out at about 150°C to minimize their
thermal outgassing rate, chamber mounts should
be designed to be protected from thermal expansion during baking, and to keep the location ofbeam position monitors (BPM) unaltered after
baking.
On the other hand, in the straight sections of
the storage ring, the space are narrow between
magnets; therefore bellows can not be used tocompensate the thermal expansion of chambers,
and BPM can not be mounted directly on themagnets. We are considering two types ofmounts to overcome these difficulties. One isrigid and allows no chamber motion in any
direction at the point of support "rigid mount" .
The other type of mount allows the chamber
motion only in the longitudinal direction "freemount". The location of BPM can be fixed bythis mount connected to a magnet at a given
distance.
The schematic drawings of the mounts areshown in Fig. 1. We plan to use one rigid mountand two or three free mounts in a straight sectionof the storage ring. 1) We can adjust the BPM
back to its original location with an accuracy ashigh as 0.1 mm after baking. The deformation ofa chamber is induced by a temperature differenceof a chamber during baking,"resulting in a force
4000

TI

i

3000

w

T2

a

~
Gl
t)

L.900

W: Force

L.950
L. l000

2000

6T=TI - 1"20

L. 1500

U.

L. 2000

1000

O+-~+-~+-~~~r-~r-~
60
40
50
30
20
10
o

Temperature

difference(Oe)

Fig. 2. Relationship between temperature difference
and generated force.

Haunt(al Free mount(a )Free mount

510
Chamber"~(b) Rigid mountFig. 1. Schematic drawings of the mounts.

* On leave from RIST, Pohang, Korea.

l J - t - i + - - , l ll---l-----.I I--+--H---I

5uppon----'-/(bl

Rigid .. aunt

Fig. 3. Schematic drawings of the model mounts. The
surface in contact with the chamber is coated with
MoS 2 in free mount.

144

T. Nishidono et at.

against it at the mount. We calculated the force
based on a model of simply supported beam. The
relationship between temperature difference andcorresponding force is shown in Fig. 2. We mustdesign a mount which accommodates this force.
The temperature difference was 10°C at baking.
We are on the way of the fabrication of mountmodels to check the restorability of BPM withdesired accuracy. The schematic drawings of themodel mounts are shown in Fig. 3.
References
1) S.H. Be, S. Yokouchi, Y Morimoto, T. Nishidono,

YP. Lee, and Y Oikawa: This Report, p. 132.

145
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2-17.

Fabrication of Vacuum Chamber, and Installationof the NEG Strips for SPring-8
H. Sakamoto, * T. Bizen, * S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto,T. Nishidono, Y.P. Lee,** and S.H. Be

Prototype vacuum chambers for SPring-8 werecompleted, and their fabrication process wasestablished at the same time. The structure andcross-sectional view of the aluminum-alloy vacuum chamber are shown in Figs. 1 and 2 for thestraight and bending section, respectively. The
both chambers have a length of 4 m.
Bakeout of the chambers is achieved with SUS
304 sheathed heaters (5 Di m Ni-Cr insulatedwith MgO) fixed on the surfaces, which can bring
the temperature up to 150°C. The chambers are
insulated thermally with three layers of laminated Kapton films (25 pm thick, aluminized, andembossed) to reduce heat losses. A thermal load
at NEG activation is designed to be removed bymeans of water cooling at a flow rate of about 2
mls in two channels of 10 mm in diameter.
The fabrication process of the chambers isshown in Fig. 3. The aluminum-alloy (A6063)
chamber was extruded in a mixture gas of O2 and
Ar to build up a fine non-porous and dense

NeG strip(Zr-V.Fe alar)(b).:....
Pumping chamber

C.,.n>cs~NEGSI'ip(c)insulator: Suppott:J':;.;, ." :"'"-:'~ ":' . : . : .::Sase-plate

Fig. 1. Schematic drawings of the aluminum-alloy
straight chamber. The structure (a) and crosssectional view (b) of the chamber with NEG strips andthe cross-sectional view of the NEG strip (c).

Pumping chamber

Fig. 2. Cross-sectional view of the bending chamberwith NEG strips.
• Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.
•• On leave from RIST, Pohang, Korea.

(l I(2 I PunchingI

IBending-aagnet chaaber I(llNo aodification of surface due to aoisture(2 ) Punching (oll-free)(3)Oll-free(4)Freon flushing after l,l,l-trichlorethane(5)In a clean rooa

Fig. 3. Fabrication process of the aluminum-alloy vacuum chamber. Full lines indicate the fabrication process of the straight chamber, and dashed lines that ofa bending chamber.

oxide-film on the surface. After T5 heat treatment, the strength of T5 became equivalent tothat of T6. The chemical composition andmechanical properties of aluminum-alloy A6063
are shown in Table l. The inner surface roughness Rmax is 8 pm along the transverse direction.
Deflection and torsion turned out to be within thetolerance based on the ]IS H 4100 special class.
The surface roughness and dimension tolerance
are shown in Fig. 4. The flange material isaluminum-alloy A2219T852. The seal surface iscoated with a film of TiC by an ion plating
method in order to increase its hardness andcorrosion resistance. The BMC has double line
pumping slits (4 mm wide, 40 mm long, and 60
mm pitched) between the electron beam chamber
and the DIP pump chamber. These slits weremachined by oil-less punching. Oil-less machinTable 1. Chemical composition and mechanical properties of A6063 alumimum-alloy for the vacuum chamber.
Chell i ca I COlPOS i t i ons (%)~

Si

Tensi Ie strength(kgf)

Proof stress(kgfl

Elongation

26.0

23.2

11. 4

Fe

CU

Hn

Kg

Cr

In

Ti

AI

A6063-T5 0.45 0.2

0.0

0.0

0.56 0.0

0.0

0.02

R.

~

Hechan ica I propert i es

A6063-T5_2 )H. Sakamoto et ai.

146

Unit:mmNo.

Designedvalue

Tolerances
(JIS)

value

1

311

±2.13

2

40

3

11

4

5

Heasured110.

Designed
value

315.8

8

20

±0.~6

±1.12

39.9

9

20

±0.46

19.80

±1.65

10.92

10

20

±0.46

20.46

11

±1.65

10.96

11

2.5

±0.36

2. 77

6

±0.9

5.74

12

10

± 0.51

10.11

Tolerances Heasured
(JIS)
value
18.86

6

6

± 0.9

5.88

13

80

±0.86

79.35

7

80

±1.12

80.35

14

10

±2.13

9. 14

Deflection

4.0

0.3

Torsion

9.5

4.0

Fig. 4. Surface roughness and dimensional tolerance ofthe straight chamber. The chart shows the surface
roughness along the transverse direction.

ing was widely employed to reduce contamination in the aspect of ultra-high vacuum.
Dust and machine oil were removed by 1,1,
I-trichloroethane jet-cleaning (liquid pressure
was 5 kgf/cm2) in a bath followed by freon flashing. The chambers were dried by blowing N 2
after cleaning. No particles over 100 ,urn in size
were observed, and an analysis of the last solvent
used indicated that oil contamination was lessthan 10 ppm. Unexpectedly, however several

spots of heavy oxidation or corrosion were foundon the surface of one chamber.
The flanges were welded (AC- TIG) to thechambers in Ar-shield gas. All assembly andwelding were carried out in a clean room.
The structure of the NEG strip shown in Fig. 1(c) was designed to be protected fromsynchrotron radiation, considering the limited
space in a pump chamber. Thermal deformationis relaxed through the initial deflection of the
NEG strip. On the other hand, the chamber geometry itself regulates a further deflection in case ofactivation at 450°C. The relationship between
deflelction and temperature is shown in Fig. 5.
We designed the initial deflection to be 5 mm forboth chambers and the support distance to be 160
and 80 mm for the straight and the bending
chamber, respectively.

EE

8+---~--~~~+--'~~~

x

."

..
..
c
...

O+-~-r~--~~~~-+--~

o

100

200

300

400

500

Temparatuu ('C)

Fig. 5. Rerationship between temperature and deflection of the NEG strip.

147
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V·2·18.

Deformation of Vacuum Chambers During Evacuation and Bakeout
T. Nishidono, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto,
Y.P. Lee, * and S.H. Be

Aluminum-alloy chambers for the SPring-8
storage ring must be designed so as to stand thepressure difference between the atmospheric andvacuum. We estimated the stress and corresponding deformation of the vacuum chambers
by means of a code based on a finite element
method,l ) and also measured the deformation
with dial-gauges as shown in Fig. 1. Calculations
show that the maximum displacement takes
place at the slot for either straight-section or
bending-magnet chamber. No significant difference was found between calculated and measured values (Table 1) when we considered thatthe actual thickness of the chamber wall is0.1- 0.2 mm thinner than a designed value.

Table 1. Displacements at the slots of vacuum cham·bers.
Straight-section chalber

8endi~-.agnet chalber

0.45.

0.1 .

0. 6 •

0.2.

Table 2. Measured displacement of a straight chamber
during bakeout and during evacuation from the atmospheric pressure
At evacuation

location(I'00I te.p.)1

At bake out( --140 "C)Heasured
calcu tated ~31 ~sured
value(.p'value(.}3)
value(.) ,. -0. 1
+0. 04- 0. 2A+0. 23+0. 1
B-0. 53
-0. 6
-0.45
C
+0. 64+0.44
D..
Hote' II Locations are snown belOW. . 2 Va'lues estiiaied tiy using a sv-etrical half lOde!.
3 All values with respect to the top of a support.
a
+

t

A

c

I@!W
B

a-a Section

Fig. 1. Photograph of the measuring setup for the
displacement of a straight·section chamber.

We also measured the displacement of astraight-section chamber (SSC) during bakeout.
Measured values are shown in Table 2, together
with values for evacuation from the atmosphericpressure. We presumed that the chamber was
displaced only with respect to a fixed support.
(BPM) areSince beam position monitors
planned to be mounted on SSC, the displacement* On leave from RIST, Pohang, Korea.

of SSC must be less than 0.1 mm for the sake ofmonitoring accuracy.
We are considering a thicker wall only for theregion of BPM to permit the displacement to beless than 0.1 mm. 2 ) A bending-magnet chamber
has been fabricated and subjected to investigation.
References
1) T. Nishidono, H. Kakui, S.H. Be, H. Sakamoto, S.
Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, and Y. Oikawa: RIKEN
Aeeel. Prog. Rep. , 22, 281 (1988).
2) S.H. Be, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, T. Nishidono,
Y.P. Lee, and Y. Oikawa: This Report p. 132.

148
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V·2·19. Leakage Test for Aluminum.Alloy Flanges
T. Nishidono, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, Y.P. Lee, * and S.H. Be
leakage, which was correlated closely to themeasurements of the outgassing rate of extruded
aluminum-alloy chambers, and the pumping
speed of NEG strips. We also made a large-size
aluminum-alloy flange (ICF406) and investigated.
We baked out the experime'ntal setup 11 times
for a year from June '88 to May '89. Sixteen
flanges out of forty in the setup showed leakage.
Most of these leaking flanges were heterogeneous pairs of aluminum-alloy and stainless-steel
as shown in Table 1. All flanges in the setup

We are considering to use extruded aluminumalloy chambers for the SPring-8 storage ring.
Since the chambers should be baked out at about
150°C to minimize their thermal outgassing rate,
aluminum-alloy flanges as well as stainless-steel
flanges are required to be leakless even after
many cycles of baking. Furthermore, the flanges
are large in size because of the large cross section of the vacuum chamber.
We investigated how many flanges leak in anexperimental setup and what is the origin of
Table 1.

Leak statistics for the experimental setup.
Haterial of flange
Total

AI+AI

AI+S.S.

-tity

leak

% -tity leak% -tity leak

leak
% ~n
-tity

%

034

--

--

--

2

1

2.5

3

0

0

5

1

2.5

070

7

3

7

10

4

10

1

0

0

18

7

7.5

--

--

2

2

5

--

--

--

2

2

5

2.5

1

1

2.5

1

0

0

3

2

5

Flangesize Quan

114~n

S. S. +S.S.
~n

152

1

1

203

5

0

0

6

4

10

1

0

0

12

4

10

4

10

21

12

30

6

0

0

40

16

40

Total

13

Note:
1) leak rate is above 2---- 3xl0- IO Torr· I/s .
2) The specifications are shown as follows: Bolts:
Flange:Hater al is aluliool alloy (A2024-T4).
Haterial is aluliool alloy (A2219-T852). Gasket
SUreface treatlent is erN ion plating.
Hater al is aluliool alloy (A105OH18).

Table 2. Specifications of an ICF406 flange.
FlangeHaterial

Aluliool Alloy(AI-Si. AIlS-TS)

Oilension()Jtside Oialeter : 406 _:32
Thickness

SUreface
Treatlent

TiN Ion Plating

Bol tsHaterial

Fig. 1. Photograph of the experimental setup for alarge-size flange.
* On leave from RIST, Pohang, Korea.

Aluliool Alloy(A2024-T4)

Size

Hl0

OUanti ty

30 pieces

GasketHaterial-

Aluliool Alloy(Al0Sotl24)

were assembled with aluminum-alloy (AI050HI8)
gaskets. Not extra-tightening gaskets, but newsofter gaskets (AI050H24) were found effective
to protect the flanges from leakage. It is also
worth pointing out that aluminum-alloy flanges
and gaskets should be standardized for avoiding

149

T. Nishidono et at.

Table 3.
Baking Heat up
Speed

r

t40

Results of leakage tests after baking cycles.

Holding
Teap.

Cool down

1st

12t Ih

115t
x1h

Aired
in I'0OI

No leak(<8.9X10- 1I Torr lis)

2nd

15t Ih

145 t
x2h

Aired
. in I'0OI

No leak(<8.6XlO- 1i Torr lis)

3rd

19t Ih

155 t
x2h

Aired
in I'0OI

No leak«1. 4x 10- 10 Torr liS)

4th

18'C Ih

150 t
x2h

Aired
in 1'00II

No leak«1.8xl0- 10 Torr lis)

5th

29t Ih

140 t
x14h

Aired
in I'0OI

No leak(<2.4xl0- 10 Torr lis

6th

29t Ih

140 t
x19h

Aired
in rOOlNo leak«1. 9xl0- 10 Torr lis

&

p~.

BoIt

1+41

Fling.

E

.§.

.1

c:

o

~

g>

0.2 +--t---+--j-----:;>/L--~,;4-_l___l

.Q

w

--0--

5thBU..

·····... ···6thBak.

o.o+-...-lf--...-+~-+-~+-..--j~-+_--l-............jo

20

leak of [CF406 Flange

60

Notes

Speed

80

Temperatur!l (Oe)Fig. 2. Relationship between baking temperature andbolt elongation. Tightening force is calculated fromthe elongation.

Gasket changed

problems arising from their scattered dimensions.
We constructed another experimental setup(Fig. 1) for large sized aluminum-alloy flange(ICF406), the specifications of which are listed
in Table 2. The flange showed no leakage evenafter six baking cycles (see Table 3). The profile
of gasket was round and the flange edge wasabout O.05mm in depth. The flange was tightenedwith aluminum-alloy (A2024T4) bolts. We also
found that tightening force was lowered withrepeating baking; this may be caused by material
or heat treatment of bolts (see Fig. 2).
We conclude that aluminum-alloy flanges havesome problems, particulary in the case of baking.
We continue the test to find whether they could
be used safely for the SPring-8 storage ring.

150
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2-20.

Hybrid Material Flange by Explosion Bonding

Y. Morimoto, H. Fukuyama, * K. Yamada, * S. Y okouchi,
T. Nishidono, Y.P. Lee,** and S.H. Be
A crotch is required to be connected to thevacuum system of the storage ring with flanges
for easy maintenance and for unalteration of theother vacuum system. However, the material(copper) of the crotch is different from that (aluminum alloy) of the vacuum chamber, and ultrahigh vacuum cannot be achieved by using flangesof these materials having different thermal properties. In addition, copper cannot be used as thematerial of the conflat flange because of its lesstensile strength and hardness than those of aluminum alloy (A2219- T87). Hence, we have developed a hybrid material flanges to be mounted on
the crotch.
Figure 1 shows the cross-sectional view of thehybrid material flange. One side is made of copper (OFHC CLASS 1) and the other side ofaluminum alloy (A2219-T87). These two materials were bonded by an explosion-bonding
method. A thin intermediate layer of pure aluminum (AI050-H24) serves to strengthen the bonding at the interface. We chose the explosionbonding method because aluminum-copper welding is impossible and the bonding temperature is
not allowed to be high. Since A2219- T87 is hardened by artificial aging at about 180°C, heating
above 180°C reduces the hardness. The bonded
piece was machined to the shape of a conflat
flange, and the aluminum-alloy surface was coated with titanium nitride by ion plating. Finally,
the copper side of the flange was welded to themain body of a crotch by using an electron-beam.
We investigated the adhesion at the exploded
interface and the effect of heating during
electron-beam welding. Figure 2 shows the crosssection of the interface. The shearing strength at
the interface was found to be 7.1""--'10.1 kg /cm2 ,which exceeds 7 kg/cm2 of pure aluminum AI050H24. The changes in hardness, size, and leak rate
at the interface were also measured after welding, and found to be -1""--' - 2 Hb, less than 0.1 mm
on copper and 0.15 mm on aluminum alloy, andless than 3 X 10- 11 Torr· lis, respectively. The* Kobe Steel, Ltd.
** On leave from RIST, Pohang, Korea.

Electron beam wel dingA1 urn! nUIIl alloy(A2219T87+ion plating)Interface of----=::!=:z:z:zjz::==#====f~Pur e aluminum(AI050H24)

Copper (OFHC CLASS 1)

t---t---Main body of c r otch
(OFHC CLASS 1)

Fig. 1. Cross-sectional view of the hybrid material flange.

(a)Interface between A2219 and AI050 (xlOO)

o

'"o

'"

(xl0)

(b) Interface between OFHC a nd AI050 (xl00)

Fig. 2. Photograghs of the cross section at the exploded interface.

temperature of aluminum alloy during welding
momentarily increased to 200°C. The depth of
welding was only 2.4 mm, instead of anticipated 4
mm. We also noticed that the hybrid material
flange was capable of withstanding heat cycles
of baking (one cycle: 150°C for 24 h).

151
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V·2·21.

Machining of OFHC with and without Oil

Y. Morimoto, H. Fukuyama, * K. Yamada, * S. Yokouchi,
T. Nishidono, Y.P. Lee,** and S.H. Be
The main body of a crotch should·be machinedfrom an oxygen-free copper (OFHC) block to thedesigned size and shape. The crotch is preferred
to be machined with oil-free since crotches areused in ultra-high vacuum of a low 10- 10 Torr or
less. On the other hand, the oil-free machining
ends up with a rougher surface than that with oil(see Table 1) . It is required, therefore, to reduce
the roughness to make its outgassing rate fromthe surface as low as possible.
Prior to the manufacture of a prototype crotch,
we investigated the effect of oil on sample pieces
prepared in the following ways to notice theeffect: a) with the normal machine oil (Sample
A), b) with the rust-free oil (Sample B), and c)without oil (Sample C). The difference between
the normal and rust-free oil is in a boiling point:
the former has a boiling point higher than thelatter.
Figure 1 shows auger electron spectroscopy(AES) depth-profiles for Samples A, B, and C.
The samples were cleaned carefully with trichloroethane and freon 113 immediately before
analysis. The results indicate that the surface ofSample B was less contaminated with carbon (C)than that of Sample A and C. The contaminateddepth in Sample A is five times thicker than thatin Sample B.
Table 1 shows the roughness of the sample
pieces which are machined by the same cutting
methods as used in machining of the crotch. The
Table 1.

Roughness of machined surfaces.
Direction of
measurement

With rust·freeoilWithout oi l

Cutting method

Rm ax( pm)

Rmax(pm )Contouring by milling

Longitudinal

4.9

8.4

(racetrack shape)

Circumferential

5.6

6. 3

Slotting

Longitudinal

10.6

2 .4

Boring (small dia.)Longitudinal

13.9

11.9

Boring (large dia.)Longitudinal

14.8

5.7

Contouring (edge)

X direction

2.2

7 .2

Y direction

2.6

11.4
4.1

Milling (slit)

Side cutting

X (outside)

5.0

Y (outside)

5.5

4.7

X (inside)

6.1

12.7

Y (inside)

9.5

26 .3

Circumferential

3.9

5.8

• Kobe Steel, Ltd .
•• On leave from RIST, Pohang, Korea.

100 r--t--+--+-i--+--+--,I--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--:tul-+-+--+--+--t

so
80
70

.0
V

50

<0

100 A

10

t-----i

20

10

CI

01 CI
0.0

1.6

2.0

1.0

<.0
5.0
G.O
SPUTTERlIME.KIH.

7.0

8.0

u

10.0

a) Sample A
100 ,-t--+--+--+--+--+--+-+--CU' l--+-+--+--<Ul~l
CU I

90

100 ,-t-'--+-i--+--~1--+--+--+--+---+---:t--;--+--+--CU1-+--+--+--+--t

so
80

70

Fig. 1. AES depth-profiles for Sample A (normal
machine oiI), Sample B (rust-free oiJ), and Sample C(without oil).

roughness is correlated strongly with the cutting
method. No quantitative tendency is seen, but, as
a whole, when the rust-free oil is used, the roughness is somewhat lowered compared with thatwhen oil is not used.
A prototype of the crotch was machined withthe rust-free oil in accordance with the above
results. Since OFHC is easy to be oxidized, themachining with oil should be cautiously chosen
to prevent contamination and oxidation duringmachining.

152
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V·2·22.

Vacuum Performance Characteristic of the Crotch

Y. Morimoto, S. Yokouchi, T. N ishidono, Y.P. Lee, * and S.H. Be
The crotch is a component which absorbs
synchrotron radiation (SR) from a bending magnet (BM) other than that supplied to the experimental facility. The geometry of the crotch andthermal analysis against an SR beam waspresented in a previous report. 1) Since then, aprototype model of the crotch was fabricated,
and we performed experiments to confirm thevacuum characteristics of the prototype model.
Since 96 crotches are to be installed in the 8 Ge V
storage ring, it is important to learn their vacuum characteristics because ultra-high vacuumof a low 10- 10 Torr or less is required for the
storage ring to allow a beam lifetime greaterthan 20 h.
The crotches are made of OFHC (Oxygen-freehigh conductivity copper) CLASS 1, which has avery high purity of 99.996wt.% Cu or greater anda low outgassing rate. The low outgassing rate isgiven in manufacturing processes by vacuum
treatment, which reduces the amount of gas
containing in the metal. OFHC CLASS 1 also has
a low outgassing rate due to SR-induced desorption, approximately fifty times less than that ofaluminum alloy.
The schematic diagram of a test device isshown in Fig. 1. The test stand made of stainlesssteel (SUS 304) is connected to a crotch with aflexible tube. A 360 I Is turbo molecular pump(TMP), a orifice of 5 mm in diameter, and two BA
nude gauges (BAG3, BAG4) are installed in the
SIP: Sputter ion pump
TSP: Titanium sublimation pump
TMP: Tuba molecular pump
QMA: Quadrupole mas. analyzer~c-:J~50RIPICEl~
X ~BAG2

QMA MY!

GY

PEG: Penning gauge
PG : Pirani gauge
GY : Gate valve
MY 1.2.3 : Metal valve~
PG
torore pump

TSP
TEST STAND

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the test device.

* On leave from RIST, Pohang, Korea.

test stand. The outgassing rate for the crotch
was measured by a throughput method using theorifice. The TMP is used for initial pump-down
and baking. A 400 li s sputter ion pump (SIP), atitanium-sublimation pump (TSP), and two
extractor-type BA nude gauges (BAG1, BAG2)
are also mounted on the crotch. During themeasurements of the pressure in the crotch, thetest stand is isolated from the crotch by closing a
metal valve (MV3).
The measured pressures in the crotch are
shown in Fig. 2 as a function of the pumping
time. After two cycles of baking (150°C X 24 h),
the pressure decreased to 2.8 X 10- 11 Torr. Under! 0 -4 . . . . - - - - . , - - - - - . - - - - - - - - , 10 -12
10 -s

10 -6

0

10 -7

t::
,.,
..: 10 -8

~

..:
10 -9
p"
1 0 -10
10 - 11 +----r----+--~--+--___._--+ 10 -13
500
1000
1500
0
PUMPING TIME (hr)Fig. 2. Variations in pressure for the crotch withpumping time.

the same baking conditions, the outgassing rateof the crotch including SIP and TSP which are
made of stainless steel was found to reduce to
2.1 X 10- 13 Torr-l l s-crn2 • These values are fairly
low compared with our anticipated pressures andoutgassing rate of a low 10- 11 Torr and 5 X 10- 12
Torr-l l s-crn2 , respectively. Residual gas spectra
obtained after the bake out were typical of aultra-high vacuum system, i.e., approximately
70% H 2 , 20% CO. The remaining 10% was due to
CH 4 , CO 2 , and H 2 0.
References
1) Y. Morimoto, S. Y okouchi, H. Sakamoto, S.H. Be,
and T. Shirakura: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22, 292(1988) .

153
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V·2·23.

Calibration of Nude Ionization Gauges
with a Spinning Rotor Gauge

H. Dalbo, Y.P. Lee, * S. Yokouchi, T. Nishidono,
Y. Morimoto, and S.H. Be
Bayard-Alpert nude ionization gauges (BAG)
are usually employed for the pressure measurements in various kinds of ultra-high vacuum
systems including storage rings. Nevertheless,the measurement accuracy and reliability are far
from perfect, and varied as manufacturers andeven individual gauges. A spinning rotor gauge(SRG) is known as very reliable and accurate tohave a fluctuation of only ± 1% in the pressure
range of 10- L 10 Pa even for a long term. 1,2) We
checked the performance of our SRG, (SRG-2, 'MKS Instruments, Inc.), and calibrated BAG'sand extractor gauges (EG) with the SRG in therange of 10- L 10- 2 Pa. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the calibration setup.
First of all, we have to understand the detailed

behavior of offset (OFS) in order to use this SRG
as a standard for other gauges, especially in apractical and extended pressure range of ::=:;: 10- 4
Pa, because the lower limit of a measuring range
is governed by the pressure resolution (L1 p) of
OFS and its stability. OFS is the residual pressure indication due to magnetic friction, and its
fluctuation determines L1 p. We investigated theeffects on OFS of chamber pressure and kind of
dominant residual gas as well as measurement
parameters like sampling interval (51) and measurement number (N). We also checked theeffects of various input corrections, for example,
chamber temperature (T) and temperaturecorrected viscosity (r/). Furthermore, the correlation between OFS and the time after SRG on
1.7 6,------.-------r----~VLV

1.7S+--- - --f--- - - + -- - -----l

BAG"-J.~:-.: :-.:.~.~-.::·-:. .~:.+f~", .:7:?.'!TEG{ 1.74 +-----,,-.,,:-:'+,..

1.73t-'------:.;-.-'-t---- - t -- - - - - - 1o.. :~t:. .
~...\..,

P:. ,1.71 f - - - - - - + - - - -- + - -- - - - - - lo

BAG : Bayard-Alpert gauge

100

EG : Extractor gauge

300

(min)

Fig. 2. Measurement of OFS behavior with respect tothe time following the start of SRG operation. 51 = 30
sec and N = 1, and the chamber pressure was ---""'2 x
10- 8 Pa.

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the calibration setup.
1.4

200
TIM E

SRG : Spinning rot'" gauge
QMA : Quadrupole mass analyzer
TMP : Turbo molecular pump
RP : Rotary pump
VLV : Variable leak valve

o

1.3

o -

;
}

BAG

6 -EG

1.2

1.1

o

1.0

0.9

o

8

o

0.8

0.7
10-&

10.5

10-'

10-J

N2 PRESSWRE (Pa)Fig. 3. Pressure comlJarisons between SRG and a BAG, and an EG. Horizontal lines are drawn at P SR G / P BAG-----0.951, and P SRG / PEG ""-'0.855 to indicate the correction factors for BAG and EG.
* On leave from RIST, Pohang, Korea.

154

H. Daibo et al.

was understood to turn out that SRG is not stable
for the first few hours (Fig. 2). Finally, theoptimum OFS for N 2 was determined to be
1. 7414 X 10- 3 Pa on the average and .d P in theorder of 10- 6 Pa, ------ 3 hours after SRG on at abase pressure of ------2 x 10- 8 Pa without any manipulation of the residual gases. The OFS was
measured at S1 = 30 sec and N = 10 after inputcorrections for T and r; T.
Once this quantity of OFS had been input, thepressures between SRG and a BAG, and an EG(Fig. 3) were compared in the pressure range of
10- L 10- 2 Pa. The chamber pressure wascontrolled by means of N 2 through a variableleak valve (VL V in Fig. 1). We found that thepressure ratios are nearly stable and close tounity above high 10- 5 Pa. The correction factors
for BAG and EG were acquired to be ------0.951 and
0.855, respectively, for the region giving stableratios.
References
1) G. Reich:]. Vac. Sci. Technol., 20, 1148 (1982).
2) M. Hirata, H. Isogai, K. Kokubun, and M. Ono: ].
Vac. Soc. jpn., 28 , 898 (1985).

155
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2-24.

Design of RF Cavities for the SPring-8 Storage Ring
T. Kusaka, T. Yoshiyuki, T. Moro, * and M. Hara

The SPring-S storage ring has been determined
to use 508.6 MHz cavities, which are located infour 6.5-m straight sections with low betatronfunctions. We examined two types of RF systems
and compared the RF characteristics of a singlecell cavity and a 3-cell cavity. 1,2) Because thetransverse impedance of a TMlll-like mode wasso high, threshold currents due to transverse
coupled bunch instabilities in both RF cavities
were lower than the desired beam current of 100
rnA.
Therefore, we decided the following design
policies of the cavities for the SPring-S storage
ring and chose an RF system using thirty-two
single-cell cavities.
(1) Intrinsic higher-order mode impedances of
the cavities are reduced as low as possible.
(2) Shunt impedance in the accelerating mode
is more than 6.S Mol cell in order to suppress
excessive thermal load in the cavity.
(3) Cavity structure is made simple for easy
fabrication, cooling, and maintenance.
The designed RF cavity, shown in Fig. 1, is aspherically shaped cavity similar to superconducting cavities now widely used. Several ports
are prepared for an input coupler, a frequency
tuner, a monitor, and damping couplers which
suppress higher-order modes. Computed
impedances for the axially-symmetric structure
are shown in Fig. 2 and compared with those ofa re-entrant model cavity . 2) The impedances arecalculated for cavities made of Oxygen-FreeHigh Conductivity copper. Shunt impedance inthe accelerating mode is 7.4 MO, which is about
20% lower than that of the re-entrant cavity.
However, the maximum transverse impedance
decreases by approximately one-half; thus,
coupled-bunch instabilities are suppressed and athreshold current is raised above the design
current 100 rnA.
We are going to fabricate a model cavity andconfirm its RF characteristics and plan highpower tests using a 1-MW klystron to determine
the detailed specification of practical cavities.
~ l O- r - - - - - - - - - - ,

~
5 65

[lJ

A

c:

~

6

e-

4

.-

Sphericall Y'sh aped
cavityRc ·entran t cavity·'.

Fr equ ency(a)(MH z);

O~-~~~U-~·o~

~

100 0

0

Frequency

2 0 00(MHz)(b)

Fig. 2. Comparison of computed impedances between
two types of cavities. (a), in longitudinal impedances;(b) in transverse impedances.

References
Fig. 1. Cross section of the designed sphericallyshaped cavity.

* College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University.

1) T. Yoshiyuki, T. Kusaka , and M. Hara: RIKEN
Aeee!. Prog. Rep. , 22 , 265 "(1988) .
2) T. Kusaka, K. Inoue, T. Y oshiyuki, A. Miura, and M.
Hara: ibid., p. 268 (1988) .

156
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (989)

V-2-2S.

Thermal Analysis of the Cavity for the SPring-8 Storage Ring
T. Kusaka, K. Inoue,* T. Yoshiyuki, and M. Hara

It is important to calculate the temperature
distribution and thermal deformation in the cavity structure and to estimate the loss in shunt
impedance resulting from the decrease in electrical conductivity. In the RF system of the SPring8 storage ring, an RF power of 40 kW will bedissipated in the wall of the single-cell cavity. 1)
The power is distributed as shown in Fig. 1.
A general-purpose computer code, ABAQUS, 2)
based on a finite element method was used to
calculate the thermal characteristics of the cavity. The cavity is cooled with eight parallel thinchannels around the beam axis. The conditionsof the calculation are listed in Table 1. The
temperature distribution is shown in Fig. 2 (a).
Table 1.

: (W/cm2]

Fig. 1. Power distribution at a total power of 40 kW I
cell.

Conditions of calculation.

Cavity material
Thermal conductivity
Cooling water
Velocity
Temperature
Surface heat transfer coefficientLinear expansion coefficient
Young's modulus
Poisson's ratio..J 100 J.l.m

OFHC
9.2 X 10- 1 5 (kcal/mm· oC·s)
l. 5 (m / s)
24 (OC)
1.9 x 10- 6 (kcal/mrnz.oC·s)
1.7 x 10- 5 o t C)
12,000 (kg l mmZ)

0.33

The surface temperature of the cavity is uniformly about 36°C. Therefore, the shunt impedance isabout 3.4% lower than the theoretical value atroom temperature. Figure 2 (b) shows deformation due to thermal stress. The calculated resonant frequency change is about 80 kHz, which
can easily be compensated with a frequency
tuner. The cavity for high power tests will be
designed on the basis of the computed results.

(b)References
Fig. 2. (a) Temperature distribution of the cavity; (b)deformation of the cavity; the dashed lines show theoriginal mesh and the solid lines show the displacedmesh.

* Kobe Steel, Ltd.

1) T. Kusaka, T. Yoshiyuki, T. Moro, and M. Hara:

This Report, p. 155.
2) Hibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen, Inc., "ABAQUS User's
Manual" (1988).

157
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2-26.

Impedance Calcu lation of RF Cavities with aThree-Dimensional MAX3D Code
T. Kusaka, T. Moro,*and M. Hara

In designing RF accelerating cavities in lowemittance storage rings, it is important to calculate the longitudinal and transverse coupling
impedances of RF cavities in resonant modes,
because the growth rate of coupled-bunch instability is dependent on the value of impedance inhigher-order modes. I) Thus, we extended thefunctions of three-dimensional MAX3D code 2 ) to
impedance calculation.

The RF characteristics of a cylindrical cavity
were computed to check the accuracy of calculation. A test cavity, 46 cm in diameter and 30 cm
in length, was divided into 18 elements along theradial direction and 15 elements along the longitudinal direction. The results are listed in Table
1. Computed impedances are good agreementwith analytical ones below a frequency of 1 GHz.

Table 1. Comparison of calculated results with analytical ones for a cylindrical cavity.
Impedance (MD or MD/ m)

Q-valueFrequency (MHz)Modecalculated analytical error (%) calculated analytical error (%) calculated analytical error (%)
TM010

498.74498.88- 2 .8X 10- 2

44,29944,039

TE111
TM011
TM110
TE211
TM111

627.58706.86794.54806.86940.34628.94706.07794.89806.92938 .88-2.2 X 10- 1
1.1 x 10- 1-5.5 x 10- 2-7 .8 X 10- 3-1.6 X10- 1

49,172
36,79455,40950,51842,85049,77836,53755,59050,61042,13215/~ . ..,..
~

~

'-- .

~

I~

·10
·15
·15

-10

-5

---e--

0

19.03

l.7

10

Ez

1-.....,.

/

--

~
~

----Q) -5

u:

~

15

.-

~

'0

10

7 .5 X 10- 1

0
3.697
6.666

4.8 X 10- 1
- l.0

0
19.55

- 2 .6

I

(b)

Er
Hr

~

~

8.630

15

I

(a)
10 I~

5.9 X 10- 1 8.694
2.2 X 10- 3-1.2
1
7.1 X 10- 3.715-3.3XlO- 1 6.597- l.8 x lO- 1 2.9 X 10- 5...r.L

•

~

~

-10
-15
-15

-10

---1!t--

-5

~

Er
Hr.

Ez

~ ...

~

10

15

z (em)z (em)

Fig. 1. Electromagnetic field distributions along the beam axis;(a), with no tuner; (b), with tuner insertion of 5.1 cm.

We investigated the effect of a plunger-type
ferquency tuner. 3 ) The tuner with a sectional
area of 60 cm 2 changes the field distributions ofresonant modes, when the electric field exists inthe tuner position. The comparison of the electromagnetic fields in a TMIll-like mode is shown in
Fig. 1. A longitudinal electric field is produced
at the beam axis by tuner insertion. This meansthat a beam is coupled to the TMIlI-like modeeven if the beam passes through the center of the* College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University.

cavity. We will study the effect of a tuner on
impedances and beam stability in a practicalcavity structure.
References
1) H. Kobayakawa , Y. Yamazaki, Y. Kamiya, and M.
Kihara: jpn. ]. Appl. Phys., 25, 864 (1986).
2) M. Hara, T. Wada, K. Mitomori, and F. Kikuchi:
Proc. 11th lnt. Conf. on Cyclotrons and their Applications, p. 337 (1987).
3) T. Kusaka, A. Miura, T. Wada, and M. Hara:
RIKEN Aeee!. Prog. Rep., 22, 268 (1988).

158
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (989 )V·2·27.

Loss Parameter Measurements of a Model Cavity for
the SPring·8 Storage Ring
T. Y oshiyuki, T. Kusaka, M. Hara, and S.H. Be

Beam coupling impedance is an importantparameter to evaluate beam instabilities. I) Since
RF cavities have a large contribution to theimpedance, we first measured the loss parameterof a model cavity with nose cones 2 ) to estimate
the impedance. A coaxial wire method 3 ) is widelyused for bench measurements of the impedance.
A measurement setup is shown in Fig. 1. By
introducing a thin wire into vacuum chambercomponents, the surface current distribution on
the inner surface can be obtained, which corresponds approximately to the current distribution
produced by a bunched electron beam. A nearly
Gaussian pulse generated with a pulse generator
travels through a thin wire at the axis of a beam
either in a reference chamber or in a component
under test of the same mechanical length. Bothreference signal io(t) and object signal 4n(t) arerecorded sequentially, and stored in a sampling
oscilloscope. The data stored in the oscilloscope
are sent to a controller and then a longitudinalloss parameter k ll (0\), which represents theenergy 10ss4) and is related to the beam coupling
impedance,S) is calculated byk ll (0-1 )Figure 2 shows the recorded output pulses
from the reference chamber and the ca vi ty. The
measured loss parameters, together with thecalculational results by TBCI,6) are plotted inFig. 3 as a function of the bunch length. The loss
parameters were obtained for four pulse widths;
about 50, 100, 150, and 200 ps. The measured
data are overestimated somewhat, but the measurements and calculations show the same distribution properties. Overestimation is considered
to be due to that the generated pulse had no
perfect Gaussian distribution and the coaxial line
in a tapered chamber didn't match well with a 50
n cable and connectors.
Next we have to improve the measurement
precision by increasing the number of measured
data and keeping the connections between
flanges, connectors, and a wire and a connector.
After that we measure the loss parameters of avacuum chamber with an antechamber, Conflat
flanges, and an RF contact, aiming to minimze
the energy loss of the SPring-8 storage ring.

= 2~f io(t)(io(t) - 4n(t))dt / [f io(t)dt J2(1)

where ~ is the characteristic impedance of thereference chamber ( = 276 n) and 0""1 the length ofa Gaussian pulse.

l~· '1•..••"• • •.'/:'.·iy ;,'---:-- -~--+ .

i - .....'.._ . I. _ ~:

30.7900 ns

Fig. 2. Recorded output pulses Io(t) for the referencechamber and Im(t) for the RF cavity.
Cavity under test

~

~

.

~(t)

CavityCavity: cl> 436

Reference chamber: cl> 100

Reference chamber

~t)
- -~

I. ;;:1.

- 50 ps.A 1

420

longitudinal

0a.

~

0.6

Q;

0.5

Q)

~[:;oo JE

ro 0 .4
Cii
a.
(fJ
(fJ

Pulse
ge nerator

few volts

K

0 .7

0.3

0
--l

rise lime
time resolution< 20 ps< 1 psFig. 1. Setup for the measurement of the loss parameter.

0 .2
0

10

20

30

Bunch length

(mm)

40

Fig. 3 . Loss parameters of the RF cavity for measurements and numerical simulations.

T. Yoshiyuki et al.

References
1) T. Yoshiyuki, T. Kusaka, J. Ohnishi, and S.H. Be:
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22, 276 (1988).
2) T. Kusaka, K. Inoue, T . Yoshiyuki, A. Miura, and M.
Hara: ibid., 22, 268 (1988).

1593) M. Sands and J. Rees: SLAC-report PEP-95 (1974).
4) T. Yoshiyuki, T. Kusaka, M. Hara, and S.H. Be: This
Report, p. 160.
5) B. Zotter: CERN LEP-TH / 87-34 (1987).
6) T. Weiland: Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 212,13 (1983).

160
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989 )V-2·28.

Impedance Calculations of the SPring-8 Vacuum Chamber
T. Yoshiyuki, T. Kusaka, M. Hara, and S.H. Be
impedances can be calculated from loss parameters by using a broad-band resonator mode1. 3 )The simulation was carried out for longitudinal (monopole fields) and transverse impedance(dipole fields) independently, and applied to RF
cavities, bellows, flanges, and transitions toinsertion device (ID) chambers.
As far as RF cavities are concerned, the calculation w.as carried out for single-cell cavities
with nose cones, which were designed before, andfor those without nose cones, which are underdesign as a low impedance cavity in higher-ordermodes (HOM) for the storage ring. 4 ) The loss
parameters for both cases are plotted in Fig. 1 asa function of the bunch length. The loss parameters of the cavity without nose cones are larger
than those of the cavity with nose cones in the

An important ingredient to evaluate beam instabilities is impedance, which is usually employed to describe the interaction of a beam withenvironment. 1) An electromagnetic field, which is
generated by a electron bunched beam circulating through a given section of the vacuum chamber, can be computed numerically by means of a
two dimensional code TBCI. 2 ) It computes wakepotentials as a function of delay with respect tothe head of a bunch, together with a loss parameter K which represents an energy loss LJ U by acharge Q in a 10 gitudinal case as follows: LJU= KQ2 , when a Gaussian-distributed rigid bunchis traveling in structures. The loss parameters ofdifferent vacuum chamber components arecomputed as a function of the bunch length andsummed for the whole storage ring. Broad-band
CavityCavitylongitudinal

K

0.

~ 0.6

K

transverse

oE 5.0 . , - - - - - - - - - - - - ,

00.7

0.

~ 4.5
(a)

Q3 0.5
Q)

with nose cones(b)~l' . .' '_. ~a> 4.0
3.5
Q)
E 3.0

~ 0.4

ro

without nose conesro0. 0.3

~ 2.5

(j)
(j)

.3 0.2 +--.----r-...,.....----r----,r--,.----.------1
o

10

20

30

Bunch length

(mm)

40

~

~

2.0 -t--..----,,--r--,-.....--,---..--j
0
10
20
30
40

Bunch length(mm)Fig. 1. Loss parameters for cavities with and without nose cones: (a) , longitudinal case; (b) , transverse case.
Calculation geometry
FlangeCavities
Flanges

Step change

8~:-Beam li~noK___ d = 150 mmbI---- -

longitudinal

50...,.....----------~

(a)

~ 40

d = 20.33 mm

transverseKE

00. 600
~

(b)

a>

Q)

~. 20

E 200
ro

ro0.

10

(j)
(j)

~

b = 30.15 mm

d

400

a> 30
Q)

0.

Step changes x 96

~=lmm

0.

ro

x 32
x 912

O+---.----,--r----,.--,.---,---,.- - !

o

10

20

30

Bunch length

(mm)

40

(j)
(j)

0

..J

0
0

10

20

Bunch length

30

40

(mm)

Fig. 2. Total loss parameters of the whole storage ring for typical components: (a ) , longitudinal case; (b),transverse case.

T. Yoshiyuki et al.

region of the short bunch length. This is because
while the HOM impedances which exert a harmful effect on a beam, below cut-off frequency ofthe beam chamber connected to the cavity, aresuppressed in the cavity without nose cones,4)
other HOM impedances which have little effecton the beam become large, especially above
cut-off frequency.
Figure 2 shows the total loss parameters of thewhole ring, when only the elements which havelarge contributions to the impedance are taken
into account. Bellows themselv~s have large loss
parameters, but the loss parameters are steeply
reduced by screening with RF contacts. It turns
out that, in a longitudinal case, step changes givea large effect on the impedance, and the stepchanges and flanges do in a transverse case. As
far as the step changes are concerned, however,as the transitions to ID chambers consist of
tapered parts, the loss parameters are, in fact,
reduced further.

161

In conclusion, the contribution to impedance ismainly attributed to flanges and RF cavities. In
particular, the impedance of flanges needs to be
decreased more. In the next step, we calculate theloss parameters of asymmetric geometries
using a three dimensional (3D) code MAFIA,5)
because TBeI is only used for geometries with arotational symmetry. There is yet room for
improvement, since the 3D simulation has many
limitations such as the number of meshes, theminimum bunch length, and computational time.
References
1) T. Yoshiyuki, T. Kusaka, ]. Ohnishi, and S.H. Be:
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep., 22, 276 (1988).
2) T. Weiland: Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 212, 13 (1983) .
3) B. Zotter: CERN LEP-TH / 87-34 (1987).
4) T. Kusaka, T. Yoshiyuki, T. Moro, and M. Hara:
This Report, p. 155.
5) R. Klatt et al.: Proc. of the 1986 Linear Accel. Conf.,
SLAC (1986).

162
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (989)

V-2-29.

Design of Magnets for the 8 GeV Storage Ri ng
S. Motonaga and J. Ohnishi

Basic design of dipole, quadrupole, and sextupole magnets for the 8 Ge V storage ring has
been finished, and their prototypes are being
fabricated at factories. The unit cell of the storage ring is of so-called Chasmann-Green type andcomposed of 2 bending, 10 quadrupole, and 7
Table 1. Required field quality of the dipole, quad·rupole, and sextupole magnets.
t-1a9!,}et

DiE2leQuadruE2le

SextuE2leMaximum fieldstrength
Gap distanceor bore radius
Effective field
lengthField uniformity

0.665 T

18 T/m36.0 T/m-

65 rrm

45 mm

55 Il'JlI

2.863 m0.5, 0.6,
1.1m
6Gl/G1<5 x 10- 4
x=±35 mm
y=±lS mm0.6, 0.45 m

6B1/B1<5 x 10- 4
x=±40 mm
y=±17 mmTable 2.

.)

6G1/Gl<1 x 10- 3
x=±35 ,:un
y=±15 nun

sextupole magnets. The ring has 48 cells andthe circumference is 1436m. There are 4
symmetrically-located long straight sections of
34 m and 44 short straight sections of 6.5 m in thering. The long straight section is realized byremoving two bending magnets from the unit
cell. Then total numbers of dipole, quadrupole,and sextupole magnets are 88, 480, and 336,
respectively. For closed-orbit distortion (COD)
correction, dipole and sextupole magnets havecorrection coils which can produce additionalvertical and horizontal correction fields. In addition to these, 192 steering magnets are installed.
The field quality required for these magnets isgiven in Table 1, and parameters designed forthem are listed in Table 2. Magnetic field havebeen calculated by using a 2-D program code
LINDA and TRIM.

Designed parameters for lattice magnets.
QuadruEole

Di~leNumber of magnets
Maximum strength
Effective length
Gap or Bore radius
Magnetomotive force
Turns per pole
Conductor size
Current
Current density
VoltagePower
Cooling water circuits
Water flow
Pressure drop
TemEerature rise

(m)
(nun)
(AT)
(nun)
(A)
(A/nun 2 )
(V)
(KW)

88
0.665 T
2.86
65
3.5xl0 4
14
14x23-¢l10
1250
5.1
20.3
25.3
2

(l/min)
(bar)
{0C}

18.1
5.0
20

All magnets are made by laminating 0.5mm
thick silicon steel plates to guarantee the field of
all magnets as identical as possible.
Dipole magnets: The dipole magnet has a
C-shaped rectangular configuration as shown in
Fig. 1 and its designed parameters are listed inTable 2. The pole is flat over a horizontal rangeof 200 mm and has radial shims of 2 mm inthickness at both ends. The calculation of themagnetic field predicts that L1 Bl / Bl will be lessthan 1 X 10- 4 over a horizontal range of 100 mm.
Quadrupole magnets: The cross-sectional viewof the quadrupole magnet is shown in Fig. 2. All

192
0.5

10.8
10.2
4
7.3
2.0

192
96
18 Tim0.6
1.1
45
1. 5x10 4
16
11.5x16-$S
940
5.8
13.0
23.8
12.2
22.4
4
8
8.7
16.0
3.2
2.6
20

Sextu~le288

48

300 T/m 2 360 T/m 2

0.45

0.6
55
7.0x10 3 8.3x10 3
22
8x8-$3.5, $4.0
. 380
320
7.0
5.9
27.2
18.3
10.3
5.9
6
6
7.4
4.2
2.3
4.1
20

magnets have the same pole contour. The structure was designed to remove parts of the yoke on
both radial side at a median plane, because anenlarged vacuum chamber having a photon beam
channel is to be installed. There are three different lengths provided; 1.1 m, 0.6 m, and 0.5 m.
Designed parameters are given in Table 2. Calculated field gradients are shown in Fig. 3. The
region of a uniform field gradient within 1.0 X
10- 3 is expected to be in a radius of 35mm.
Sextupole magnets: Two types of magnets
having different yoke structures have been
designed: one is completely six-hold symmetricand the other is asymmetric. All magnets have

163

S. Motonaga et at.

oR~dialedgp. shim

I\.
B

C

0

£

Fig. 1. Cross-sectional view of a prototype dipole
magnet.

X(.... lr( ..... )

0.00
10.96
16.71
19.13
22.88
45.00

55.00
57.10
50.94
61.13
67.62
135.68

A2~~
x

3T

Fig. 4. Cross-sectional view of a sextupole magnet.
Two different types have been designed: one is completely symmetric (a solid line) and the other is asymmetric in the yoke structure (a dotted line). Auxiliary
coils for COD correction were wound on the sextupole
magnets; 'H' and 'V' indicate coils for providing a
vertical and horizontal dipole fields, respectively.

I

I

I

I

~I

1.005

W
>
i=

«
-l

W

a:

~

660

Ol

Fig. 2. Cross-sectional view of a prototype quadrupole
magnets. The top and bottom halves are jointed
through a non magnetic material to keep a space for
inserting of a vacuum chamber. Field calculations
were carried out on two types of yoke structures withand without a magnetic circuit in the yoke at medianplane. The field gradient was found to be the same inboth types.

1.005
1.004 I - - - e - -~ 1.001-' 1.000W
0 .9990.998'-------

\.

1.001
1.000

"-

0.999
0.998
0.997
0.996
0.995

I

t=6cm
t-Scm

A

~
~
....-:;-

.A.

.

~

J

I
- 6

1
- 4

-2

0

2

4

6

X{cm)

Fig. 5 . Calculated field distributions of the sextupole
magnet having an asymmetric yoke structure. Disagreement in the radial field distribution occuringfrom the center toward two sides (+ . -) results fromthe quadrupole component. The maximum value ofthe component is equivalent to the gradient errors of
the quadrupole magnet and will exert no serious influence on a beam.

~

~ ~~
~
\1

18 TIm
20 TIm~1!:S

in 0 .997
0.996
0.995

o

1'''-

1.002

•

----e--

15 TIm

W 1.003 1 - - 16 TIm>1.002

-

..

1.004
1.003

2

3

4

5

X (em)

Fig. 3. Radial distribution of the field gradient (B') of
the quadrupole magnet. The B' is designed to beintensified along the radial direction for compensationof the reduction in the longitudinal integrated gradient
field over the magnet due to the fringing field.

the same pole contour shaped with r 3 cos 3 q witha radial shim as shown in Fig. 4. The designed
parameters are given in Table 2. The region ofa uniform field gradient within 1.5 X 10- 3 is
expected to be in a radius of 35mm from a calculation. Figure 5 shows the field distributions
caluculated for a sextupole magnet having an
asymmetric yoke structure.
Correction magnets: The maximum fieldstrength of 0.02 T. m is required, which gives 0.8
mrad kick to a beam.

164

S. Motonaga et at.
1.10
1.08

---

W 1.06 -I----G-> 1.04i= 1.02~ 1.00I
horiz. steer
vert. steer"1:t--1 .~~ 0.98-0.96
OJ 0.94
0.92
0.90

I

I

/
/

I

I
!

I

~

i

~.

.................

"-

~

i
!
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

...A'

\t
2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

X. Y (em)Fig. 6. Calculated field distributions of horizontal andvertical dipoles produced in the sextupole magnet.
Bx( y) on a x = 0 plane is plotted for the horizontal fieldand B y(x) on a y = 0 plane for vertical. The uniform
region of field less than 2% is expected over a radiusof 20 mm.

Vertical correction field for horizontal steering are provided with individual small magnets.
Six of 7 families of the sextupole magnets provide a vertical or a horizontal dipole correction
field. Ninety-six individual correction magnets
prrovide both horizontal and vertical correction
fields. Other small magnets also provide a horizontal dipole field. The detailed design of individual correction dipole magnets is now in progress. Figure 6 shows calculated distributions of ahorizontal and a vertical dipole field produced by
the streering elements added to the sextupole
magnets.
The prototypes of the lattice main magnets areunder construction. Real magnets will be
designed by taking account of the results of the
field measurements in prototypes.

165
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2-30.

Design of Power Supplies for SPring-8 Storage Ring Magnets
H. Takebe, S. Motonaga, and H. Kamitsubo

On the basis of the machine parameters decided for the SPring-8 storage ring, the fundamental
design of a power supply (PS) system and theconnection (Fig. 1) of magnets were investigatedthis year. Table 1 shows a required strength forseven operating modes (two cell mode, hybridmode, and Detuned Chasman -Green (DCG)
modes) of the SPring-8 decided by the Latticegroup. The Currents for the magnets were calculated from these values, using magnetic effective
field lengths and excitation factorsY The maximum currents, voltages, stabilities, ripple currents, and power consumptions for the magnets
are listed in Tables 2-5. Since a magnetic field
ripple induced by a current ripple is reduced by aaluminum vacuum chamber, the allowance of theripple current is about three times larger thanthe current stability. The number of the PS's
located in PS-rooms A,B,C and D are indicated inthese Tables.
The maximum current of a bending magnet(BM) for 8 GeV (0.66 Tesla) is 1320A. All the
BM's are connected in series, and excited by oneA) ·Series Type(For 04-7.51-6)~8 Cell, Seriq/l PS

~

D§!DD

Cell-l

B)

~I

CaU-2
00-2

O~DD

Cell·300-3D~SerlesNoltage Oevlde Type
~8 Cells Saies /2 PS Voltage Devide.(For Bt.A )Cell-lCell-2_I _2

Cell-48_1_2

D~,____~~.....
.p's-.tC) Series I Bypass Type(For 01,3.8-10)

12 Cells Series/1 PS
Cell-lCall-2Cell-120) Independent Type(For Correction Mag nets)

Cen-l

Cen-2

Cell·3Cell-4

Cell·S

I
I
I

.,,,
I

'.. _-_..PS.Room-A ---_.

Fig. 1. Four connection types of the magnets andpower supplies.

Table 1. Required strength of Q and Sx magnets forseven operation modes.
Ma'O!nCl

P.S

QDI QPIQF2 QP2QD3 QP3
QP4
Q4
Q5
QP5
QP6
Q6
QP7
Q7
QD8 QP8QF9 QP9
OFlO QP10
SI
S2
S3-5
S4
S5
S6
57

HvbridmiddleG-0.2422 -0.4354
0.3759 0.4121-0.3905 -0.2531-0.5077 -0.6000
0.5555 0.5799
0.5555 0.5799-0.5077 -0.6000-0.25310.5749 0.4121-0.4 309 -0.4 354

I11a

3.5463 0.0000
SPI-4 .0383 0.0000
SP2-4.3757 -3.3593
SP3
SP4
7.7652 2.9091
SP5 ~ -3.3593-3.0021 0.0000
SP6
4.8322 0.0000
SP7

Min MinIMax
DCG 8 DCG6 DCG 4 DCG3 Max
AbsolUle Value
Deluned Chasman Green-0.2348 -0.3365 -0.2829 -0.2992 -0.3005 0,4354 0.2348 54%
0.3711 0.4077 0.3720 0.3409 0.3140 0M-21 0.3140 76%-0.3906 -0.4094 -004081 -0.3552 -0.3319 0.4094 0.2531 62%-0.5077 -0.3870 -OAt05 -0.3765 -0.3581 0.6000 0.3581 60%
0.5555 0.4213 0.3334 0.3165 0.2969 0.5799 0.2969 51%
0.3213 0.2970 0.5799 0.2970 51%
0.s555 0.3850 0.3608-0.5077 0.4074 -0.2877 -0.3095 -0.3074 0.6000 0.2877 48%-0.3906 -0,4536 -0.4412 -0.4489 -0,4237 0.5297 0.2531 48%
0.3711 0.3506 0.3632 0.3591 0.3489 0.5749 0.3489 61%-0.2348 -0.2875 -0.3467 -0.3234 -0.3091 0.4354 0.2348 54%

hi~h G

2.0800 0.0000-2.0616 0.0000-3.5308 -1.4909
3.1285 1.9722-3.5308 -1.4909-2.0616 -1.4909
2.0800 1.9722

0.00000.0000-2.0060
2.4202-2.0060-2.0060
2,42020.00000.0000-1.1570
1.4021-1.1570-1.1570
1.40210.0000 3.5463
0.0000 4.0383-1.2709 4.3757
1.5019 7.7652-1.2709 4.3757-1.2709 3.0021
1.5019 4.8322

0.00000.00001.15701.40211.15700.00000.0000

0%
0%

26%
18%
26%
0%
0%

PS (Fig. I-B). The total resistance of 97 magnets
is 1.57 ohm and cable is 0.095 ohm; thus, thetotal voltage of the PS is 2233V. Table 2 lists
these parameters for the BM PS. In order toreduce the terminal voltage of the magnet andcable against the earth, the PS is divided into
two devices and the voltage is divided into four(---550V). The current stability and the ripple are1 x 10- 5 and 3 X 10- 5 , respectively. Temperature
controlled cooling water (25 ±O. 5°C) is supplied
for the PS's shunt resistance. The reference
voltage for the current control is given by ahi-precision 16 bit DAC (Digital to Analog Converter). This DAC and amplifier are enclosed ina temperature controlled housing.
Required maximum currents and voltages for
quadrupole (Q)-magnets are listed in Table 3. To
reduce the number of the PS's and power consumption, the same Q-magnets of the cells areconnected in series (Fig. I-A). Q4, Q5, Q6 and Q7
magnets are connected in series with 48 cells.
Other same named Q-magnets, (QI, Q2, Q3, Q8,
Q9, and QIO) are connected in series, but are
adjusted by bypass control circuits 2 ) to correct
the insertion device distortions (Fig. I-C). The
current corrections for the insertion devices areneeded for 0.2% (Q2, Q3, Q8 and Q9), 4% (Q1) and
2% (QIO) to the maximum current. 3 ) Table 4shows required currents, voltages, resistances,and others for the sextupole (Sx)-magnets. Magnets for the Sx -1 to 6 are connected in series in allcells. Two SD magnets are operated at the same
current (the same PS).

H. Takebe et at.

166
Table 2 to 5.

Required parameters for B, Q, Sx, Co-magnets.
v (PS)

Stability Ripple

2233

1.0E~5

Table 3 Ouadruoole Mamet
Max.Curr.
PS
Ma~t
·(A)
Name
Name
676.3
QDI
QPI
QF2
QP2
640.8
636.0
QD3
QP3
QD4
QP4
932.8
901.9
QF5
QP5
QF5
QP6
901.9
QP7
QD4
932.8
QD6
QP8
823.8
QF1
QP9
893.8
676.3
OD8
OPIO

V (PS)
V
121.5
216.6
131.1
638.7
712.1
112.1
638.7
162.8
294.6
121.5

Stabilitv Rinnle

Table 4 Scxtuoole Mal!T1ct
MagnetPS
Max.Curr.
·(A)
Name
Name
SI
SPI
577.0
S2
sn
656.8
S3-5
SP3
710.5
SP4
948.4
S4
S6
SP5
489.0
S7
SP6
787.2

V (PS)
V
359.6
409.3
811.4
670.3
304.8
490.6

Stability Ripple

Table 5 Com:ct/Steerin~ Ma~t
MagnetPS
Max.Curr. V (PS)
(A)
V
Name
Name
CPl
SI
20.0
16.3
S2
cn
20.0
19.1
S3
CP3
20.0
16.3
CP4
S5
20.0
16.3
S6
CPS
20.0
19.1
CP6
20.0
16.3
I
CP7
40.0
14.4
C1V
CP8
40.0
14.4
C2
CP9
40.0
14.4
CPIO
40.0
14.4
C3
C4H
40.0
CPll
14.4
C4V
CPI2
40.0
14.4
BoCl
CPI3
15.0
16.6
CP14
B-C2
15.0
16.6

~17H

3 .0E~5

Powee
(kW)
82.2
138.8
83.4
595.1
642.8
642.8
595.7
134.1
263.3
82.2

No.PS Total PoWCl Connect No.of PS in Room
(kW)
("ypc
A
B
C 0
4
329
C
I
I
I
I
4
I
I
555
C
I
I
4
1
333
C
I
I
I
I
596
A
I
A
1
1
643
1
643
A
1
A
I
1
596
4
1
1
536
C
1
I
4
1053
C
I
1
1
1
4
329
C
1
I
1
I
I 28 I 5613

3.0E-04
3.0E-04
3.0E-04
3.0E-04
3.0E-04
3.0E-04

Power
(leW)
207
269
576
636
149
386

No.PS Total POWCl Connect No.of PS in Room
(leW)
Type
ABC D
I
207
A
I
I
A
269
1
I
576
A
I
I
636
A
1
I
149
A
1
1
A
I
386
I 6 I 2224

Stability Ripple

Power

No.PS Total Power COMect No.of PS in Room
(kW)
Type
A
B
C 0
48
0
12 12 12 12
15.6
48
18.3
0
12 12 12 1248
15.6
0
12 12 12 1248
0
12 12 12 12
15.6
48
0
12 12 12 12
18.3
48
15.6
0
12 12 12 1248
12 12 12 12
27.6
D
48
27.6
0
12 12 12 1248
0
12 12 12 12
27.6
48
27.6
0
12 12 12 12
48
27.6
0
12 12 12 12
48
27.6
D
12 12 12 12
48
11.9
0
12 12 12 12
48
11.9
0
12 12 12 12I 672 I 288.4

1.0E-04
1.0E-04
1.0E-04
1.0E-04
1.0E-04
1.0E-04
1.0E-04
1.0E-04
1.0E-04
1.OE-04

l.OE-04
1.0E-04
l.OE-04
1.0E-04
1.0E-04
1.0E-04

3.0E-04
3.0E-04
3.0E-04
3.0E-04
3.0E-04
3.0E-04
3.0E-04
3.0E-04
3.0E-04
3.0E-04

Ocw)
I.OE~33.0E~3

1.0E'{)3

3.0E~3l.OE~33.0E~3

1.0E~33.0E~3

1.0E'{)3

3 .0E~3

1.0E~33.0E~3

I.OE'{)3 3.0E'{)3
I.OE~33.0E~3

I.OE~3

3.OE~3

I.OE~33.0E~3

I.OE~3

3 .0E~3

I.OE~33.0E'{)3

1.0E~33.0E~3

1.0E~33.0E~3• Max.Curr is a a 110% of the calculated value.
4 PS room TypeAll the coils for correction (Co) magnets have
independent PS's (Fig. I-D), including Sx installed correction coils. Six horizontal correction
coils in one Sx magnet are connected in series;
thus, the total number of Co-PS's are 672.
A reference voltage to a transistor regulator is
supplied from a 16 bit DAC, which is controlledby 15 or 12 bit registers through isolation
davices. This register is strobed in a local processor (L-CPU) which communicate to the hostprocessor. 4 ) A 24 bit status (power on/ off, fuse,transistor break down, temperatures, oven,polarity, ext-interlocks, door, water flows, etc.) isread by this L-CPU. An actual current (shunt
voltage) is monitored by an ADC (Analog to
Digital Converter) and checked by the L-CPU
every few tens of seconds. If the difference

0.33
0.38
0.33
0.33
0.38
0.33
0.57
0.57
0.57
0.57
0.57
0.57
0.25
0.25

IAII 707
PS.N1

between the ADC and DAC values exceed someallowance or an error occurs in the status, anerror flag is send to the host computer.
The total power consumption of the magnetsof the storage ring is about 11.1 MW.
References
1) J. Ohnishi et at.: Accelerator Science Symposium,
Osaka, Japan, Dec. 12- 14 (1989).
2) H. Takebe, S. Motonaga, and T. Wada: RIKEN
Aeeel. Prog. Rep., 19, 174 (1985).
3) Effect of Insertion Devices on Beam Dynamics of the
8 Ge V Light Source Storage Ring. R. N agaoka et at.:Particle Accelerator Conference in Chicago, U.S.A.,
Mar. (1989).
4) M. N agase, H. Takebe, T. Wada, and K. Shimizu:
11th Int. Conf. on Cyclotron and Their Applications,Tokyo, Oct., p. 410 (1986).

167
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V·2·31.

Development of Field Measurement Systems for SPring·a]. Ohnishi, H. Takebe, and S. Motonaga

The storage ring of SPring-8 contains a great
number of magnets (88 dipoles, 480 quadrupoles,
336 sextupoles, and about 192 correctors), whichhave to be satisfied with very stringent field
quality. I) Before installation, we have to measure
the magnetic field of all the magnet in order toensure that they are satisfied with requiremeN.t
and to acquire individual characteristics of eachmagnet. On the other hand, the magnetic fieldmeasurement is significant in development of themagnets. At present, full-scale prototypes of adipole, quadrupole, and sextupole are under construction. Their field measurement will be performed for the verification and improvement ofdesigns.
We construct several kinds of facilities for themeasurement:(1) Hall probes and search coils are used forthe measurement of 3-dimensional field distribution (mapping). The 3-dimensional scanning is
performed with a moving table (4 m XO.3 m X
0.3 m).

(2) A long flip coil, as shown in Fig. 1, mea B (x) dl in asure the integrated dipole field
dipole magnet. The coil is wounded by two turnsfFig. 1. Side view of the long flip coil, and the coilconfiguration.

Fig. 2. Schematic of the harmonic coil located in a
Quadrupole magnet.

around a rod made from glass-fiber-reinforced
epoxy, which is supported with an aluminium bar
and can be adjusted horizontally. When we makethe coil flipped (rotated in a half turn for about asecond) in a dipole magnet, a current is induced.
We can measure a quantity proportional toB (x) dl by integrating the induced current
during flipping. An absolute value of the field
integral can be acquired from a measurementwith a Hall probe.
(3) We use a rotating coil for the measurementof higher-order multipole fields in a quadrupoleand sextupole magnet. When it is rotated continuously in the magnet, as shown in Fig. 2, acurrent is induced with periodicities and has
multiple components of a revolution frequency(about 16.7 Hz), which correspond to multipole
components of magnetic fields. Therefore, we
can measure each strength of multipole fields
from an FFT analysis of output from the rotating coil.
We have completed the construction of asearch, long flip, and rotating coil. At present, weare adjusting and testing them.

fReferences
1) S. Motonaga and]. Ohnishi: This Report, p. 162.

168
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2-32.

Injection Devices for the SPring-8

H. Miyade, H. Tanaka, J. Ohnishi, and S. Motonaga
The first and the second septum magnets havethe same specification. These magnets are operated with a direct current. The third is a passive
typel) and is operated with a pulsed current.
When a pulse width is 40 J1. s, a stray field is
expected to be ""'-'40 G·m on a bump orbit.

A beam from the synchrotron is injected into
the storage ring at one of the 6.5 m long straightsections, where the horizontal betatron function
has large value. Figure 1 shows the beam injection section. The injection devices are composedof three septum magnets and four bump magnets.

1st. Septum Magnet~_ _~*-BumpMa~.I_~. ,Q·Magnet

1400
6500

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the injection section.

Table 1.

Parameters of the septum and bump magnets.
SeptumLength (m)Bending angle (mrad)
Peak field (T)N umber of turns
Inductance (J.I. H)
Current waveform *Peak current (A)Pulse width (J.l.s)
Repetition rate (Hz)*DC: Direct current,

Bump

1st, 2nd

3rd

BPI

BP2

1
34.91
0.931
4
70.4
DC
1,480

1.5
45.38
0.807
1
2.64
HS
6,420
40
60

0.2
0.58310.0777

0.4
2.26
0.151
1
0.91
HS
7,450
4
60

0.45
HS
3,830
4
60

HS: Half sine wave.

There are two types of bump magnets: one
type of magnets are installed in the both ends ofthe injection section and the others are besidebending magnets. The magnets are operated by
the pulsed current with a pulse width of 4 J1.S. The
core is made of ferrite and a vacuum chamber ismade of ceramic.

The parameters of the septum and bump magnets are listed in Table 1.
References
1) N. Marks and M.W. Poole: IEEE Trans. Mag.,
MAG-17, 1579 (1981).

169
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

V-2-33.

Commissioning of a Multipole Wiggler, MPW#13

S. Sasaki, M. Hara, S. Yamamoto, * T. Shioya, * M. Kato, * and H. Kitamura *The construction of a multipole wiggler, MPW#13, has been completed at the Photon Factory(PF).1,2) Machine studies are necessary for obtaining the parameters for stable opertion of the PF
storage ring, before providing synchrotron radiation from the MPW#13 for experimental use. The
most significant influences of the device on thering are tune shift and closed orbit distortion (C.
O.D.). We report these items successively.
Tune shift measurement: An insertion device(LD.) may shift the tune number of betatronoscillation to such an extent that the tune moves
to the stop-band of a destructive resonance line.
Therefore, the tune shift must be measured sothat correction parameters are obtained not toshift the tune value prior to the operation of theLD. for providing synchrotron radiation.
The tune shift comes from the focusing forceof an LD., arising from the edge focusing effect ofeach magnetic pole. The tune shift is caused evenby an insertion device which has on error field.
An insertion device having vertical magnetic
field such as MPW#13 causes a vertical tune
shift, L1 Vy • For such a device the tune shift can be
expressed as,
L1 vy'::::::::l3yL ID /87!Pw 2(1)
where py is the beta function at the device position, LID is the length of the insertion device, and
Pw is the radius of curvature of the electron orbit
corresponding to the peak magnetic field. 3 ,4)We measured the tune as a function of themagnetic field of MPW#13: we observed thefattening of a beam image on the monitor screenof synchrotron radiation in the visible region
while we were varying the frequency of a perturbator, so that we could detect the resonancefrequency of betatron oscillation. Actually, by
this method we could obtain the fractional partof the tune when a measured resonance frequency was divided by a revolution frequency.
Figure 1 shows the fractional tune as a function of the peak magnetic field of MPW#13 witha value calculated from Eq. 1. Agreement
between the calculated values and the measured
values is fairly well; the small discrepancies canbe attributed to the measurement errors of the* Photon Factory, National Laboratory for HighEnergy Physics (KEK-PF), Oho 1- 1, Tsukuba,Ibilraki
305, Japan

0.18
CIl

c:::

.a
CIl

S
'0
t:

0.17

0.16

«I

Co

coc:::

.2
U
«I

.t

0

e
0.15

P

0

e DO

0
~

0

0.14

?
0.13
U.O

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

field / T

Fig. 1. Fractional part of the tune against the peakmagnetic field of MPW#13. Closed circles, measured
values of a vertica l tune, Vy ; open circles, calculated
values of a vertical tune, VyCaIC ; open squares, measured value of a horizontal tune subtracted by 0.25,
vx -O.25.

resonance frequency, the deviation of magnetic
field distribution from that assumed in deriving
Eq. 1, and the uncertainties of the values for fly
and the effective length of the insertion device
taken in the calculation; the py value used in thecalculation is the designed value in linear optics.
C.O.D. Correction: C.O.D. arises from the finite
value of the field integral of an LD. along thedevice axis. Usually an LD. is designed so as not
to have a net integral field along the axis. Therefore C.O.D. can not occur unless field error,
which is the deviation from the designed field
distribution, exits.
Among the influences of C.O.D. to a storage
ring, the shift and/ or tilt of photon beam axes ofsynchrotron radiation is more serious than the
beam dynamics aspect of the electron beam in
the storage ring. If an insertion device generates
any C.O.D., a cure should be made so as not tomove the axes of photon beam lines around thestorage ring during the change of the gap of thedevice.
In our case C.O.D. is corrected by controllingthe currents of electromagnets attached to bothends of MPW#13.
C.O.D. correction parameters have beenobtained in the following way. (1) We selected
two sets of position monitors whose discrepancies were largest between two different gap
settings. (2) We measured the beam position
values of the position monitors selected at agiven gap as reference. (3) The gap was set to one

170

S. Sasaki et at.

of the measurement points. (4) Three sets ofcurrent values were selected, and for each set ofthe current values position monitor values were
measured. (5) At this stage we obtained information to solve the linear equation for zero deviations of the position monitor values from the
1.0

«
i:

0.8

~

0.6

CJ
I:

0.4

:;
.2

'U
~

(5

0.2

0

100

200

3 00

reference va lues. (6) T he currents obtained instep (5) w ere a pplied to correction magnets, andposition deviations were measured to confirm
whether the deviation of the position monitor
values were satisfactory small. (7) If the position
monitor deviation were not sn1all enough, newest
three sets of current va lues were used for step(5), and the procedure was repeated. These procedures were applied to both x - and y -directions.
Figure 2 shows the correction currents for the
C.O.D. correction as a function of the gap.
T his device has been funded in part by the
Science and Technology Agency with Special
Coordination Funds for the Promotion of Scienceand Techno logy.
References
S. Sasaki, M. Hara , S. Yamamoto, T. Shioya, and H .
Kitamura: RIK EN Aeee!. Prog. R ep., 21 , 252 (1987) .
2) S. Sasaki, S. Yamamoto, T. Shioya, and H. Ki tamura:
R eI). Sci. Instrum., 60, 1859 (989).
3) K. Halbach: "Field of Undulators and W igglers" ,Workshop on Magnetic Errors, Brookhaven (1986) .
4) L. Smith: "Effect of Wigglers and Undula tors on
Beam Dynamics", EGS Technical Note-24 (1986).
1)

Gap / mmFig. 2. C.O.D. correction current applied to the correction electromagnets of MPW#13 against the gap. Opencircles, correction currents of the electromagnet
attached upstream of MPW#13 for the horizontal
direction; closed circles, downstream horizontal correcti on currents; open squares, upstream vertical correction currents; closed squares, downstream verticalcorrection currents.

171

RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

VI.

RADIATION MONITORING
1.

Routine Monitoring of the Cyclotron, RILAC, and TANDETRON
1. Sakamoto, S. Fujita, M. Yanokura, T. Kobayashi, K. Ogiwara,

T. Katou,Y. Matuzawa, M. Miyagawa, S. Kagaya, S. Shinohara,
M. Iwamoto, and 1. Kohno
The present report describes the results ofroutine radiation monitoring carried out for the
cyclotron, RILAC, and T ANDETRON from J anuary to December 1989.
The Aspects of leakage radiation from thecyclotron are described in a succeeding report. 1)(1) Contamination in the cyclotron building. The surface contamination has been kept
below 10- 1 Bq/cm2 on the floors of the cyclotronbuilding. The contamination was wiped off twicea year. Immediately after this decontamination,
the activities on the floor of most of the above
places were reduced below 10- 2 Bq/ cm 2 •When radioactive substances were handled in
the hot laboratory and chemical laboratories, theair in a draft chamber was activated. The air inthe draft chamber was exhausted, and the radio~
activity in the exit was found to be 10- 8 Bq/ cm 3 •(2) Drainage
Radioactivities in drain water from the cyclotron and the linac buildings were found to be of
the order of 10-L 10- 3 Bq/ cm 3 . The total activity
in aqueous effluents was 38 kBq.
(3) Radiation monitoring for RILAC andTANDETRON
The leakage radiation during operation of
RILAC was measured outside the linac building
every three months. No leakage of y rays andneutrons from the linac buiding was detected. No
contamination due to residual activities wasfound on the floor of control area and conditioning air in the linac building.
X-ray monitoring was carried out for TANDETRON, when a niobium target was bombarded with 2.0 MeV 11B+ ions of 0.2 nA, and the
maximum irradiation dose rates measured
around T ANDETRON was 0.012 mSv / h No

leakage X-rays were detected around the target
chamber and outside the T ANDETRON room.
(4) Personnel monitoring
The number of RIKEN accelerator workers
increased to l. 4 times of that in the preceding
period.
The external exposure dose for personnel were
measured by using y ray and neutron film
badges. The dose received by accelerator
workers from January to December 1989 areshown in Table 1. The external doses weredetected for two nuclear chemists; 0.4 and 0.1
mSv, respectively. The collective dose owing tothermal and fast neutron exposures was below
the detection limit.
Table 1. Annual external exposure doses received by
RIKEN accelerator workers from January to Decem·ber 1989.
Collective

Huabe r of persons
Workers!eeelera tor phys ieis t8
and Opera tors •

Dose

0.1-1

>1

Total

undetectable

(aSv)

(aSv)

47

0

0

47

dose
(aSv)

0

Nuclear phys icis ts

113

0

0

113

0

Researchers in other fields

148

2

0

150

0.5

TANDETRON workers

12

0

0

12

0

Health phys icis 1$

7

0

0

7

0

327

2

0

329

0.5

Total

• Operators: For Ring cyclotron. Cyclotron, and RILAC.
Average annual dose per person, 0.0015 aSv; Maxia .. indiv idual annual dose was 0.4 aSv.

References
1) I. Sakamoto, S. Fujita, and I. Kohno: This Report,

p.l72.

172
RIKEN Accel. Frog. Rep. 23 (1989)

VI-2.

Leakage-Radiation Measurements in the Cyclotron Building
1. Sakamoto, S. Fujita, and 1. Kohno

Leakage radiation was measured at various
points in the cyclotron building in September
1989, when a target placed on the beam line No.
2 was bombarded with 18-MeV helium-3 ions at abeam intensity of 2 pA.
y-Ray dose rates were measured with an ionization chamber survey meter, and doseequivalent rates for fast and slow neutrons were
measuered with a "rem counter" * . The results
are shown in Fig. l.
The leakage doses measured during January
and December 1989 with y -ray and neutron film
badges placed at two positions (points A and B
in Fig. 1) on the underground passage are shownin Table l.
Of the dose values measured every month atpoint A, the maximum total dose of 7 mSv wasobserved in September, when the values for
y-rays and thermal and fast neutrons were 5.6,
0.2, and 1.2 mSv, respectively.
High fast-neutron doses observed at point A in
September, November, and December were 1.2,
0.8, and 2.0 mSv, respectively. At point A, thehigh fast-neutron doses were due mainly to activation analysis and radioisotope production carried out on the beam line No. 2 during these
periods.

Table 1. Leakage-radiation doses (I cm dose-equivalent in mSv) on the underground passage of the cyclotron building during January and December 1989.
Point ,"
ooth

7

ray.

Poiot B"

Theria!

Fastneutrons

neutrons

Total

7

ray.

ThornlFast

neutrons

neutrons

I

Total

(ISV)

(ISV)

(ISV)

(ISV)

(ISV)

(ISV)

(aSv)

1.89'

0.4

0

0.1

0.5

0

0

0

0

2

1.9

0.1

0.2

2.2

0

0

0

0

3

2. 3

0.2

0.5

3.0

0

0

0

0

4

~. 7

0.1

0.3

3.1

0

0

0

0

5

2.1

0.1

0.4

2.6

0

0

0

0

6

2. 8

0.1

0.7

3.6

0

0

0

0

7

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

8

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

9

5.6

0.2

1.2

7.0

0

0

0

0

I

(ISV)

0

2.2

0.1

0.7

3. 0

0

0

0

0

1

5.4

0.2

0.8

6.4

0.4

0

1.5

1. 9

2

4.4

2. 0

6.6

0

0

0

I

0

38

0.4

0

1.5

,

1.9

otal

29. 8

II
I

0.2

1.3

!
I

6.9

I

I

• See Fig. 1~

012345m

Basement

: 0

lQ

--'

D

Hand foot cloth monitor

ray

:

"S./b

MeutroD:,.S./a (uDderlhed Hlvel

7

Ground plan

Fig. 1.

00,. uDH

Operlli., condlllon,

Control room

8.,.. lin.

: Mo. 2Tar,et: GoAlLeakage-radiations (neutrons and y rays) in the cyclotron building.

* A Neutron Rem Counter NSN1 manufactured by Fuji

Electoric Co. , Ltd. Japan.

173
RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 23 (1989)

VI-3.

Radiation Monitoring in the Ring Cyclotron Facility

s. Fujita, I. Sakamoto, T. Inamura, and H. Kamitsubo
The Radiation Safety Control System worked
steadily from January to December, 1989, performing radiation monitoring continuously andauto rna tically.
Additional beam lines became available forexperimental vaults E4, E5, and E6. Figure 1
shows the indoor monitoring positions and thebeam lines in the Ring Cyclotron facility. An
injector A VF Cyclotron was also installed in
April.

D OSE

UNIT

.uSv/h~ a i n ProbeI

Fig. 2. Detection points around the injector AVF
Cyclotron. Dose rates are indicated in units of .uSv/ h.
~103~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

"~
>

1 0

2

~lOI~~~~I~O/~16~~~~I~O/2~6~~~~II~/05
Date

co

-3
1 0

~

(1989)

~~

(a)

/'-

c

o

Fig. 1. Plan view of the Ring Cyclotron facility as of
1989. Monitoring positions are denoted by x .
Residual-activity detection points on the beam lines
are denoted by alphabets.

When a routine overhaul was made in August,the dose rates due to residual activities of the
Ring Cyclotron and the A VF Cyclotron were
measured with aNal-scintillation survey meter(NaI) and an ionization-chamber survey meter'(IC) . (Measurements were made about one
month after the operation of the machine wasstopped) . The results are shown in Fig. 2
together with detection points. For the Ring
Cyclotron residual activities were found as low
as last year. 1)
From October 16 to November 5, experiments
were carried out with a 14N beam of 135 MeV lu

10/16
D ate

10/26
(1989)

11/0( b)

Fig. 3. Daily variations in the radiation level measured
in the Ring Cyclotron facility. Detectors are (a ) an
ionization-chamber in the Ring Cyclotron vault, and(b) a BF3 counter in the computer room_ The beam
current at the highest dose rate was about 30 nA.

in experimental vaults E1, E3, and E5, and withan 180 of 100 MeV lu in E6. Figure 3 shows thedaily variations in dose rates recorded during
this period: (a) with an ionization chamber in the
Ring Cyclotron vault; (b) slight leakage neutrons of about 5 X 10- 4 ,uSv Ih were recorded in
the computer room above a bending magnet toguide beams from the Ring Cyclotron vault to theS. Fujita et al.

174~104n1TnTnlTnTnT~~~~~~~~~

"

> 1 0

3

til

::tl 02.. 1 0'., 1 0°c:.

Table 1. Summary of residual activities measured
along the beam lines in units of j.lSv/ h. Alphabets
indicate detection points. (See Fig 1.)
Dp stands for detection points. N aI stands for a
NaI-scintillation survey meter; and IC for an Ionization survey meter.

~ 1 01~ 1 02

Dp~ 103~~~~~~LU~~~~~~~All
D ate
~

" 10

,

f"TTTnTnlTnTnT~TTTTr1"TTlrTTrrr~TTT""T""n>til::t 1 0

0

c:
-2
o 1 0

~ 103
11>

z l04~~~~~~~~~~~

NaI

IC

Date

a 11
4.6
b 17
7.6
c
5.3
0.8
d 23
11
-e
9. 1
-91
f
g
-9. 1
-h
1.5
-i
0.8
-j
30
-- 30
k
1 -15
-m 12

Nov. 04
Nov. 04
Nov. 04
Oct.23
Oct.23
Nov. 04
Oct.23
Oct.26
Oct.26
Oct.23
Nov. 04
Nov. 04
Oct.23

Dp

NaI

IC

Date

n

38
1.8
17
3.8
7.6
6.8
9.1

23
1.8
3.8
2.4
3.0
4. 1

----

38
61
76
13
9. 1
5.3

Nov. 04
Oct.26
Oct.26
Oct.28Oct.28Oct.28Oct.23
Nov. 04
Nov. 04
Nov. 04
Nov. 04
Nov. 04
Nov. 04

0

p
q

r

s
t
u

v
w
x
y

z

14
12
4.6

--

D ate

Fig. 4. Daily variations in the radiation level measured
in the Ring Cyclotron facility. Detectors are (a ) a BF3
counter in the experimental vault E3, and (b) a BF3
counter in the experimental vault E4. The beam cur·rent at the highest dose rate was about 30 nA.

beam disutribution corridor. No leakage gamma
rays and no neutrons were detected with environmental monitors standing outside the building.
On October 19 an experiment was carried out
with a 14N beam of 135 MeV l u, the highest
energy used this year, in the experimental vault
E3. Figure 4 shows the daily variations in dose
rates recorded in the neighboring vault E4 aswell as in E3: (a) with a BF3 counter in theexperimental vault E3; (b) leakage neutrons

were recorded in the experimental vault E4.
Leakage neutrons due to beam tuning in the
beam disutribution corridor were also recorded:on October 18 and at midnight of October 20.
However, its level is well below the safety limit(1 mSv I week).
From October 23 to November 4, residual
activities were detected along the beam lines
with a NaI-scintillation survey meter and an
ionization-chamber survey meter. Table 1 summarizes the measured dose rates.
References
1) S. Fujita, 1. Sakamoto, T. Inamura, and H. Kamitsubo: RIKEN A ccel. Prog. Rep., 22, 307 (988).

175

VII.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

1 . Accelerator development and accelerator
physics
1) K. Hatanaka and H. Nonaka: "Status of
the RIKEN ECRIS", Proc. Int. Conf. on
the Physics of Multiply Charged Ionsand Int. Workshop on E.C.R. Ion
Sources, Grenoble, p. Cl-827 (1989).
2) H. Kamitsubo, S. H. Be, M. Hara, R.
Nagaoka, S. Sasaki, and T. Wada: "6GeV Synchrotron Radiation Project",Rev. Sci. Instrum., 60, 1719 (1989).
3) S. Yamamoto, T. Shioya, S. Sasaki, andH. Kitamura: "Construction of Insertion
Devices for Elliptically Polarized
Synchrotron Radiation", Rev. Sci. Instrum., 60, 1834 (1989).
4) T. Shioya, S. Yamamoto, S. Sasaki, M.
Katoh, Y. Kamiya, and H. Kitamura:"Construction and Operation of theMultipole Wiggler, MPW#16, at the
Photon Factory", Rev. Sci. Instrum.,60, 1855 (1989).
5) S. Sasaki, S. Yamamoto, T. Shioya, andH. Kitamura: "Construction of aMultipole Wiggler, MPW#13, at the
Photon Factory", Rev. Sci. Instrum.,60, 1859 (1989).
6) G. Isoyama, S. Yamamoto, T. Shioya, H.
Ohkuma, S. Sasaki, T. Mitsuhashi, T.
Yamakawa, and H. Kitamura: "Construction of a Multiundulator, Revolver
No. 19, at the Photon Factory", Rev.
Sci. Instrum., 60, 1863 (1989).
7) Y. Morimoto, S. Yokouchi, H. Sakamoto, Y. P. Lee, Y. Oikawa, and S. H.
Be: "Design of Crotch and its Thermal
Analysis for 8 Ge V Stovage Ring",
Proc. 7th Meeting on Ultra High Vacuum Techniques for Accelerators andStorage Ring, KEK, March, p. 68 (1989).
8) H. Sakamoto, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, Y. P. Lee, Y. Oikawa, and S. H.
Be: "Vacuum System of 8 GeV Storage
Ring", Proc. 7th Meeting on Ultra High
Vacuum Techniques for Accelerators
and Storage Ring, KEK, March, p. 74(1989) .
9) S. Yokouchi, H. Sakamoto, Y. Morimoto, and S. H. Be: "Vacuum Characteristics of NEG Strip", ]. Vac. Soc.jpn.,
32, 385 (1989).

2. Nuclear physics and nuclear instrumentation
1) M. Oshima, E. Minehara, S. Kikuchi, T.
Inamura, A. Hashizume, H. Kusakari,and M. Matsuzaki: "Rotational Perturbation to the Natural-Parity Rotational
Band of 163Dy", Phys. Rev. C, 39, 645(1989) .
2) M. Yasue, H. Sato, H. Hasegawa, J.
Takamatsu, T. Terasawa, T. Nakagawa, K. Hatori, and R. J. Peterson:"Deformed Nature of the 6- States in
26 Al Observed by the (a, t) Reacti on" ,Phys. R ev. C, 39, 2159 (1989).
3) K. Saito, T. Maruyama, and K.
Soutome: "Collective Modes in Hot and
Dense Matter", Phys. R ev. C, 40 , 407(1989) .
4) H. Tamura, T. Yamazaki, M. Sano, Y.
Yamamoto, M. Wakai, and H. Bando:"Compound Hypernucleus Interpretation of the 4H Formation Probabilities
in the Stopped K-Absorption", Phys.
Rev. C, 40, 483 (1989).
5) M. Oshima, M. Matsuzaki, S. Ichikawa,
H. Iimura, H. Kusakari, T. Inamura, A.
Hashizume, and M. Sugawara: "Electromagnetic Transition Probabilities in the
Natural-Parity Rotational Band of
173Yb", Phys. R ev. C , 40, 208 (1989).
6) M. Wakai, H. Bando, and M. Sano:"Mesonic Atom Production in HighEnergy Nuclear Collisions", Z. Phys. A,
333, 213 (1989).
7) W. Yokota, T. Nakagawa, M. Ogihara,
T. Komatsubara, Y. Fukuchi, K. Suzuki,
W. Galster, Y. N agashima, K. Furuno,
S. M. Lee, T. Mikumo, K. Ideno, Y.
Tomota, H. Ikezoe, Y. Sugiyama, and S.
Hanashima: "Energy Damping Featurein Light Heavy-Ion Reaction", Z. Phys.
A, 333, 379 (1989).
8) T. Yanagimachi, T. Doke, H. Hasebe, T.
Imai, T. Kashiwagi, J. Kikuchi, T.
Kohno, W. P. Liu, K. Munakata, T.
Motobayashi, H. Murakami, K. Nagata,
A. Nakamoto, and H. Yamaguchi:"New Two-Dimensional Position Sensitive Silicon Detector with Good Position
Linearity and Resolution", Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 275, 307 (1989).

1769) N. Koori, M. Hyakutake, M. Matoba, H.
Ijiri, Y. Fujita, Y. Uozumi, S. Shirato, T.
Motobayashi, T. Ohsawa, and K. Sagara: "High Resolution Measurement ofProtons Emitted From Medium-Energy
Neutron Induced Reaction by Means of
a Magnetic Spectrograph", Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 278, 737 (1989).
10) K. Masuda, T. Doke, H. Ichinose, J.
Kikuchi, E. Shibamura, and T. Takahashi: "Energy Resolution for Alpha
Particles in Liquid Argon Doped with
Allen", Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 279,
560 (1989).
11) T. Motobayashi, M. Louvel, S. M. Lee,and S. J oeng: "Particle Identification of
Heavy Ions with Large Silicon Detectors", Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 284,526 (1989).
12) S. Kubota, T. Motobayashi, M. Ogiwara, H. Murakami, Y. Ando, J. Ruan
(Gen), S. Shirato, and T. Murakami:"Response of BaF 2, BaF 2-Plastic, and
BGO Scintillators to Neutrons with
Energies between 15 and 45 MeV",
Nucl. Instrum. Methods A, 285, 436(1989) .
13) H. Katsuragawa, T. Minowa, and T.
Inamura: "High Density Atomic Beam
Source by a Laser Ablation Method",
Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 43, 259(1989) .
14) T. Nakagawa and K. Yuasa-Nakagawa:"Timing Properties of Time-of-Flight
Detector", lPn. ]. Appl. Phys., 28, 498(1989) .
15) M. Yasue and Y. Fuchi: "Calibration of
the Detection Angle in the Magneticl
Spectrometer System", lPn. ]. Appl.
Phys., 28, 943 (1989).
16) M. Yasue, M. Ikeda, M. Sakurai, K.
Yoshida, and M. Tsukahara: "CAMAC
Data Taking System for Experiments
Using Continuous Ion Beams from a
Cyclotron", lPn. ]. Appl. Phys., 28, 945(1989) .
17) K. Niita, T. S. Biro, W. Cassing, A. L. de
Paoli, and U. Mosel: "Particle Production within a Selfconsistent Transport
Approach to Heavy-Ion Colliaions",(Proc. Int. Workshop on Nuclear
Dynamics at Medium and HighEnergies, Bad Honnef, W-Germany, Oct.
1988), Nucl. Phys. A, 495, 91c (1989).
18) H. Bando, M. Sano, J. Zofka, and M.
Wakai: "Production of Hypernuclei in

Relativistic Ion Beams", Nucl. Phys. A,
501, 900 (1989).
19) R. Samhammer, H. Hofmann, and S.
Yamaji: "Self-Consistent Transport
Tensors for Collective Motion in Several Dimensions", Nucl. Phys. A, 503,
404 (1989).
20) K. Niita, W. Cassing, and U. Mosel:"Hard Photon Production within a Selfconsistent Transport Approach to
Heavy-Ion Collisions", Nucl. Phys. A,
504, 391 (1989).
21) A. Manabe, I. Arai, M. Ninomiya, H.
Nunokawa, M. Tanaka, K. Tomizawa,
K. Yagi, T. N agae, H. Sano, S. Sasaki,
K. Tokushuku, J. Chiba, and T. Kobayashi: "Polarization and Cross Sections of
A Hyperons Produced at Backward
Angles in the Reaction n+ 12C~A + X at
4 GeV I c", Phys. Rev. Lett., 63, 490(1989) .
22) A. L. De Paoli, K. Niita, W. Cassing, andU. Mosel: "Eta Production in Heavy Ion
Collisions", Phys. Lett. B, 219, 194(1989) .
23) M. Sano, M. Wakai, and H. Bando:"Possibility of H-Particle Production in
High-Energy Nuclear Collisions", Phys.
Lett. B, 224, 359 (1989).
24) H. Okamura, A. Sakaguchi, S. Hatori,
H. Sakai, N. Matsuoka, M. Fujiwara, T.
N oro, T. Motobayashi, S. Satoh, T.
Yamaya, O. Satoh, and S.-I. Hayakawa:"Excitation of Spin- and Isospin-Flip
States with the (d,ds=o) Reaction", Phys.
Lett. B, 227, 204 (1989).
25) K. Hagel, A. Peghaire, G. M. Jin, D.
Cussol, H. Doubre, J. Peter, F. SaintLaurent, G. Bizard, R. Brou, M. LouveI,J. P. Patry, R. Regimbart, J. C. Steckmeyer, B. Tamain, Y. Cassagnou, R.
Legrain, C. Lebrun, E. Rosato, R. Macgrath, S. C. Joeng, S. M. Lee, Y. Nagashima, T. Nakagawa, M. Ogihara, J.
Kasagi, and T. Motobayashi: "Incomplete Fusion in Nucleus-Nucleus Central
Collisions. Study of 40 Ar on 27 Al from 25
to 85 MeV l u", Phys. Lett. B, 229, 20(1989) .
26) H. Hofmann, R. Samhammer, and S.
Yamaji: "Nuclear Collective Motion:
Markovian or Not?", Phys. Lett. ·B, 229,
309 (1989).
27) T. Motobayashi, C. Perrin, J. Carbonell,
C. Wilkin, S. Kox, F. Merchez, Nguyen
van Sen, D. Rebreyend, G. Guillaume, J.

177

Arvieux, J. Y onnet, B. Bonin, A.
Boudard, M. Garcon, J. Guillot, and G.
Gaillard: "Measurements of Tensor
Analyzing Powers in the IH(d, 2p)nReaction at 200 MeV", Phys. Lett. B,
233, 69 (1989).
28) K. N agamine: "Muon Catalyzed Fusion:
Basic Understandings and Application", Proc. Int. Symp. on Advanced
Nuclear Energy Research-Near-Future
Chemistry in Nuclear Energy Field -,JEAR-Report, Tokyo, p. 265 (1989).
29) K. N agamine: "Muon Catalyzed
Fusion", Chemistry, 44, 653 (1989) (inJapanese).
30) K. Asahi, M. Ishihara, T. Ichihara, M.
Fukuda, T. Kubo, Y. Gono, A. C. Mueller, R. Anne, D. Bazin, D. GuillemaudMueller, R. Bimbot, W.-D. Schmidt-Ott,and]. Kasagi: "Spin Alignment in Projectile Fragmentation at Intermediate
Energies", Proc. Int. Symp. on Heavy
Ion Physics and Astrophysical Problems, Tokyo, July 21- 23, 1988 (World
Scientific, Singapore), eds. S. Kubono,
M. Ishihara, T. Nomura, p. 173 (1989).
3. Atomic and solid-state physics
1) H. Fukuda, T. Ishihara, and S. Hara:"Application of Hyper-spheroidal Coordinates to HD+", Phys. Rev. A, 39, 35(1989) .
2) K. Hino and T. Watanabe: "Theory of
the Relativistic Radiative Electron Capture Incorporating Effects of the Internal Conversion Process", Phys. Rev. A,
39, 3373 (1989).
3) S. Hara and T. Ishihara: "X-ray Spectrum due to the Deexcitation of a
Muonic Molecule pa,u", Phys. Rev. A,
39, 5633 (1989).
4) N. Toshima, T. Ishihara, A. Ohsaki, andT. Watanabe: "Impact-parameter
Treatment of Classical TrajectoryMonte Carlo Calculations for Ion-Atom
Collisions", Phys. Rev. A, 40, 2192
(1989) .
5) S. Hara and T. Ishihara: "Bound andResonant States of Muonic Molecules
Below the n=2 Level of MuonicAtoms", Phys. Rev. A, 40, 4232 (1989).
6) 1. Shimamura: "Series of ResonanceStates of Muonic Molecules", Phys.
Rev. A, 40, 4863 (1989) .
7) R. Kadono, ]. Imazato, T. Matsuzaki, K.
Nishiyama, K. Nagamine, T. Yamaza-ki, D. Richter, and J. M. Welter: "Quantum Diffusion of Positive Muons in
Copper", Phys. Rev. B, U39, 23 (1989).
8) E. Yagi, S. Nakamura, F. Kano, T.
Kobayashi, K. Watanabe, Y. Fukai, andT. Matsumoto: "Hydrogen Trapping by
Solute Atoms in Nb-3at%Mo Alloys as
Observed by the Channeling Method",Phys. Rev. B., 39, 57 (1989).
9) K. Kobayashi, S. N amba, T. Fuj ihana,
Y. Dai, and M. Iwaki: "Effect of Incident
Angles of N Implantation on Recrystallization of AIN x Films", Nucl. Instrum.
Methods B, 37/ 38, 704 (1989).
10) E. Yagi: "Lattice Location Study on
Krypton Atoms in Aluminium by Meansof the Channelling Method", Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 39, 68(1989) .
11) T. Fujihana, Y. Okabe, and M. Iwaki:"Effects of Implantation Temperatureon The Hardness of Iron Nitrides
Formed with High Nitrogen Dose",
Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 39, 548(1989) .
12) T. Watanabe and L. Vegh: "Scattering
Correlation in Multiple Ionization by
Electron-, Proton-, Antiproton-, andMulticharged Ion Impact", Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 40/ 41, 89(1989) .
13) T. Watanabe and K. Hino: "Theoretical
Study of Radiative Electron Capture in
Ion-Atom Collisions", Nucl. Instrum.
Methods Phys. Res. B, 42, 494 (1989).
14) H. Katsuragawa, T. Minowa, and T.
Inamura: "High Density Atomic Beam
Source by a Laser Ablation Method",
Nucl. Instrum. Methods B, 43, 259(1989) .
15) K. Ando, S. Kohmoto, Y. Awaya, T.
Tanuma, and S. Tsurubuchi: "Analysisof Mg IX 2s3d-2s4f Transition of BeamFoil Spectra", Chin. ]. Phys., 26, 303(1988) .
16) T. Watanabe, K. Hino, Y. Awaya, T.
Kambara, and Y. Kanai: "Studies of
Heavy Ion-Atom Collisions at the
RIKEN Cyclotron (RRC)", Chin. ].
Phys., 27, 140 (1989).
17) H. Yamaguchi, 1. Hashimoto, H. Mitsuya, K. Nakamura, E. Yagi, and M.
Iwaki: "The Random Motion of Bubbles
in Kr-Implanted Aluminum", ]. Nucl.
Mater., 161, 164 (1989).
18) Y. Sakamoto, K. Yano, H. Oyama, H.

178

Kokai, S. Itoh, and A. Miyahara: "Deterioration of Molybdenum Disulphide(MoS z) by Hydrogen Plasma Irradiation", ]. Nucl. Mater., 162-164, 932(1989) .
19) E. Vagi, I. Hashimoto, and H. Yamaguchi: "Evolution of Krypton Precipitates in Kr-Implanted Aluminium", ].
Nucl. Mater., 169, 158 (1989).
20) K. Shimizu, K. Yano, H. Oyama, H.
Kokai, and Y. Sakamoto: "The High
Speed Measurement of Plasma Parameters", Proc. 9th Int. Symp. on Plasma
Chemistry, II, 831 (1989).
21) K. Yano, H. Oyama, K. Shimizu, M.
Yanokura, Y. Abe, H. Kokai, and Y.
Sakamoto: "Diagnostics of ECR Plasma
for Carbon Film Production", Proc. 9thInt. Symp. on Plasma Chemistry, III,
1444 (1989).
22) V. Zoran, A. Enulescu, I. Piticu, R. Nes,
G. Wintermeyer, T. Kambara, M. Gabr,and R. Schuch: "Enhanced Inner-Shell
Double Ionization of Heavy Elements in
Closed, Asymmetric Collisions",
Spectroscopy and Collisions of FewElectron Ions, World Sci. Pub. Co., p.
410 (1989).
23) Y. Awaya, Y. Kanai, T. Kambara, T.
Mizogawa, A. Hitachi, and B. Sulik:"The Multiple Inner-Shell Ionization of
Target Atoms by O. 8- 26 MeV / u Heavy
Ion Impact", Spectroscopy and Collisions of Few-Electron Ions, World Sci.
Pub. Co., p. 462 (1989).
24) T. Minowa, H. Katsuragawa, and T.
Inamura: "Neutral Atomic Beam Generated by a Spark Discharge Method",Rev. Sci. Instrum., 60, 3280 (1989).
25) H. Maeda, Y. Mizugai, Y. Matsumoto,
A. Suzuki, and M. Takami: "Highly
Excited Even Rydberg Series of Lu I
Studied by Two-step Laser Photoionisation Spectroscopy", ]. Phys. B: At. Mol.
Opt. Phys., 22, L511 (1989).
26) K. Hino and T. Watanabe: "Angular
Distribution and Linear Polarization of
X-Rays Induced by Radiative Electron
Capture Processes", Atomic Physics
11, ed. S. Haroche (World Scientific,
Singapore), 11, 653 (1989).
27) T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, Y. Kanai, R.
Schuch, K. Shima, and D. Trautmann:"Impact Parameter Dependent Probability of Au L 3 -Shell Ionization by 40.7
MeV Ar Ions", ]. Phys. Soc. lPn., 58,

3929 (1989).
28) K. Ishii, H. Hamanaka, S. Morita, M.
Ohura, Y. Yamamoto and Y. Awaya:"High Resolution PIXE with Crystal
Spectrometer and Position Sensitive
Proportional Counter", Vacuum, 39, 97(1989) .
29) P. H. Mokler, S. Reusch, Th. Stohlker,
R. Schuch, M. Schulz, G. Wintermeyer,
A. Muller, Y. Awaya, and T. Kambara:"Resonant Transfer and Excitation in
Swift, Heavy Few-Electron Projectiles", Radial. Efl Del Solids, 110, 39(1989) .
30) E. Vagi: "Lattice Location Study on
Hydrogen in Metals by Means of Channelling Method Using a Nuclear Reaction 1H (i1 B, a) aa", Ion Beam Interactions with Solids, Report of the Special
Project Research Supported by the
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Researchfrom the Ministry of Science, Education
and Culture of Japan 1985-1987, p. 327(1989) .
31) T. Fujihana, Y. Okabe, and M. Iwaki:"The Relationship Between Crystal
Structure and Hardness of Nitrogen
Implanted Iron Surface Layers", Mater.
Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 128, 415 (1989).
32) H. N arumi, F. Shimizu, H. Hasegawa,and T. Watanabe: "Report on the 11th
Int. Conf. on Atomic Physics", Butsuri,(in Japanese), 44, 343 (1989).
33) H. Tawara and T. Tonuma: "Production of Highly Charged Secondary Ions
by Energetic, Heavy Ion Impact: Features and Applications", Butsuri, (inJapanese), 44, 740 (1989).
34) T. Watanabe, A. Ohsaki, K. Nakanishi,
and K. Iguchi: "Classical-TrajectoryMonte Carlo Calculation for Collision
Processes of Coulomb-Interacting
Three-Body Systems", Indian]. Phys.,
63B(1) , 114 (1989).
35) H. B. Gilbody, A. Salin, R. Aumayr, A.
Barany, Dz. S. Belkic, F. ]. de Heer, R.
Hoekstra, R. K. Janev, Y. Nakai, R. D.
Rivarola, H. Tawara, and T. Watanabe:"Review of the Data Base for Collisionsof cq+ Ions with H, Hz and He", Phys.
Scri., T28, 8 (1989).
36) I. Shimamura: "Intramolecular Nuclear
Fusion in Hydrogen-isotope Molecules", Prog. Theor. Phys., 82, 304(1989) .
37) I. Shimamura: "Cross Sections for Colli-

179

sions of Electrons with Atoms andMolecules", Sci. Papers 1. P. C. R., 82,
1 (1989).
38) E. Vagi, T. Kobayashi, K. Watanabe, Y.

Fukai, and T. Matsumoto: "Trapping ofHydrogen by Solute Atoms in Nb-Mo
Alloys as Observed by the Channelling
Method", Proc. jpn. Acad., 65, Ser. B,
38 (1989).
39) K. Ando: "Beam-Foil Spectroscopy",

Frontier in Physics, 25, Kyouritu Pub.,p. 1 (1989) (in Japanese).
40) E. Vagi, S. Nakamura, F. Kano, T.
Kobayashi, K. Watanabe, Y. Fukai, andT. Matsumoto: "Hydrogen Trapping by
Solute Atoms in Nb-Mo Alloys as Observed by the Channelling Method", Z
Phys. Chern. N. F., B163 , 201 (1989)(Extended abstract).
41) D. Herlach, V. Claus, K. Ftirderer, ].
Major, A. Seeger, L. Schimmele, M.
Schmolz, W. Staiger, W. TempI, and E.
Vagi: "Positive Muons as Light Hydrogen Isotopes: Location and Motion of
Positive Muons in a-Iron Studied overFive Temperature Decades", Z Phys.
Chern. N. F., B164, 1041 (1989).
4. Radiochemistry, radiation chemistry andradiation biology
1) M. Yanokura, M. Aratani, S. Saito, K.
Tanaka, and B. G. Yu: "Heavy Ion
Scattering Analysis Applied to the Electronic Materials Part 2", Proc. of theSymp. on Ion Beam Technology, Hosei
Univ., p. 123 (1988).
2) K. Tachi, M. Aratani, T. Kato, M. Yanokura, T. Sato, M. Otsuka, and M. Tsujiguchi: "Light Element Depth Profilingby RILAC Applied to the Study on the
Composition of Anodic Oxide Films on
Titanium", Proc. of the Symp. on Ion
Beam Technology, Hosei Univ., p. 151(1988) .

3) Q. Qiu, E. Arai, M. Aratani, M. Yanokura, T. Nozaki, Y. Ohji, and R. Imura:"Application of Deuterium Analysis by
Means of the DeHe,p)4He Reaction",
Proc. of the Symp. on Ion Beam Technology' Hosei Univ., p. 167 (1988).
4) Y. Kobayashi, M. Katada, H. Sano, T.
Okada, K. Asai, N. Sakai, S. Ambe, and
F. Ambe: "Mossbauer Spectroscopic
Studies of Ruthenium Trichlorides",Hyperfine Interact., 41, 487 (1988).
5) M. Aratani: "Heavy-Ion Beam Analysis

Applied to Surface Characterization forMaterial Study", Radioisotopes, 37 , 43
(1988) .

6) M. Aratani, M. Yanokura, B. G. Yu, Q.
Qiu, and T. N ozaki: "Hydrogen and
Alkali Depth Profiling of the SodaLime-Silica Glass Surface by 50 MeV
Ar Probe Rutherford 27r Scattering",
Proc. of Sino-Japanese Symp. on Desert,
1, 85 (1988).

7) M. Suehiro, F. Yokoi, T. Nozaki, and M.
Iwamoto: "No-carrier-added Radiobromination Via the Gattermann Reaction", ]. Labelled Cornpd. & Radiopharm., 24, 1143 (1988).
8) T. Nozaki, Y. Itoh, and Q. Qiu: "Dissolution of Hydrogen and Nitrogen in Silicon", ]. Radioanal. Chern., 124, 341(1988) .
9) 1. Kaneko, K. Eguchi-Kasai, T. Kosaka,

K. Nakano, A. Maruhashi, and T. Takahashi: "DNA-Lesion and Cell Deart bya-Particles and Nitrogen Ions", Adv.
Space Res., 9, 73 (1989).
10) 1. Sugai, et al.: "Hybrid-Type LongLived Carbon Stripper Foils", Nucl.
Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 282, 164(1989) .
11) M. Yanokura, M. Minami, S. Yamagata,

S. Nakabayashi, M. Aratani, A. Kiraand 1. Tanihata: "An Approach to theCold Fusion Through Hydrogen Isotopes Analysis by the Heavy Ion Rutherford Scattering", Chem. Lett.,
CMLTAG (12), p. 2197 (1989).
12) S. Ambe: "Adsorption of No-CarrierAdded 119Sb(V) Ions onto Metal Oxide
and Hydroxide Surfaces from Aqueous
Solutions", Radiochim. Acta, 46, 145(1989) .
13) S. Ambe, T. Okada, and F. Ambe:"Mossbauer and Tracer Studies ofMetal Oxide/ Aqueous Solution Interface" , Proc. Int. Symp. Advanced
Nuclear Energy Research- N earFuture Chemistry in Nuclear Energy
Field-, p. 407 (1989).
14) T. Takahashi, T. Kosaka, K. Kasai, K.
Nakano, F. Yatagai, and 1. Kaneko:"Recent Topics on the Effect of HighLET Radiation on Microorganisms andCultured Mammalian Cells", Radiation,
16, 146 (1989) (in Japanese).
15) Y. Kobayashi, M. Katada, H. Sano, T.
Okada, K. Asai, and F. Ambe: "99Ru and
57 Fe
Mossbauer Spectroscopy of a

180

Ruthenium Alloy, RuFe2Si", ].
Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Lett., 136, 387(1989) .
16) Y. Itoh, Y. Kadota, T. Nozaki, H. Fukushima, and K. Takeda: "CP AA Study on
Carbon, Boron and Oxygen in LECGaAs", Jpn. ]. Appl. Phys., 28, 210(1989) .
17) Y. Itoh, Y. Sugita and T. Nozaki:"Effect of Carbon and Oxygen Precipitation on Gold Diffusion in Silicon",Jpn. ]. Appl. Phys., 28, 290 (1989).
18) K. Kimura: "Effects of High Density
Excitation by Heavy Ion Irradiation",
Ion. Radiat., 16, 131 (1989).
19) K. Kimura, T. Matsuyama, and H.
Kumagai: "High-density Excitation by
Heavy Ions: Techniques of Fast Measurements of Emission Decay of BaF 2
Single Crystal", Radiat. Phys. Chem.,
34, 575 (1989).
20) K. Nakagawa, A. Ejiri, M. Nishikawa,
and K. Kimura: "Density Effect on
Structures in Photoconductivity Excitation Spectra of Supercritical Xenon
Doped with Anthracene Molecules",Chem. Phys. Lett., 155, 278 (1989).

(Papers Presented at Meetings)
1 . Accelerator development and accelerator
physics
1) S. H. Be, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, H.
Sakamoto, Y. P. Lee, and Y. Oikawa:"Vacuum System for the 8 Ge V Storage
Ring", 1989 IEEE Particle Accelerator
Conf., Chicago, U.S.A., Mar. (1989).
2) A. Goto, S. Kohara, M. Nagase, T.
Kageyama, K. Hatanaka, M. Kase, Y.
Yano, M. Saito, H. Takebe, K. Ikegami,
N. Nakanishi, Y. Kumata, and T. Tachikawa: "Injector A VF Cyclotron at
RIKEN", 12th Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons
and Their Applications, Berlin, May(1989) .
3) Y. Yano: "Status Report on RIKEN
Ring Cyclotron", 12th Int. Conf. on
Cyclotrons and Their Applications, Berlin, May (1989).
4) T. Watanabe, H. Iwasaki, M. Matsuoka,
and H. Yokomizo: "A New X-Ray SR(SP Ring) Project at Harima (Japan)",Workshop on High Heat Load X-Ray
Optics, Argonne, USA, Aug. (1989).

5) S. H. Be, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, H.
Sakamoto, T. Nishidono, Y. P. Lee, andY. Oikawa: "Conceptual Design of Vacuum System for 8 Ge V Storage Ring",
30th Annu. Meeting J pn. Vac. Soc.,
Tokyo, Oct. (1989).
6) Y. Morimoto, S. Yokouchi, H. Sakamoto, T. Nishidono, Y. P. Lee, and S. H.
Be: "Manufacture of Crotch for 8 Ge V
Storage Ring", 30th Annu. Meeting J pn.
Vac. Soc., Tokyo, Oct. (1989).
7) T. Nishidono, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, Y. P. Lee, and S. H. Be: "Test of
Aluminum Alloy Flange", 30th Annu.
Meeting Jpn. Vac. Soc., Tokyo, Oct.
(1989) .
8) S. Yokouchi, H. Sakamoto, T. Nishidono, Y. Morimoto, Y. P. Lee, Y. Hirano, and S. H. Be: "Manufacture of Vacuum Chamber for 8 GeV Storage Ring" ,30th Annu. Meeting J pn. Vac. Soc.,
Tokyo, Oct. (1989).
9) Y. P. Lee, S. Yokouchi, T. Nishidono, H.
Morimoto, N. Hinako, H. Sakamoto,and S. H. Be: "The Performance Characteristics of a St 707 N on-Evaporable
Getter Strip for 8 Ge V Storage Ring",
30th Annu. Meeting J pn. Vac. Soc.,
Tokyo, Oct. (1989).
10) H. Miyade, H. Tanaka, J. Ohnishi, and
S. Motonaga: "Study of Injection Magnets of 8 Ge V Light Source Storage
Ring", 1989 Fall Meeting Phys. Soc.
Jpn., Miyazaki, Oct. (1989).
11) A. Goto, K. Hatanaka, M. Kase, Y.
Yano, T. Kageyama, S. Kohara, M.
N agase, H. Takebe, K. Ikegami, M.
Saito, N. Nakanishi, Y. Kumata, and T.
Tachikawa: "Status of Injector A VF
Cyclotron at RIKEN" , 1989 Fall Meeting Phys. Soc. J pn., Miyazaki, Oct.
(1989) .
12) H. Miyade, H. Tanaka, J. Ohnishi, and
S. Motonaga: "Study of the Injection
Devices for SPring-8", 7th Symp. on
Accelerator Science and Technology,
Osaka, Dec. (1989).
13) S. H. Be, S. Yokouchi, Y. Morimoto, T.
Nishidono, Y. P. Lee, and Y. Oikawa:"SPring-8 Vacuum System", 7th Symp.
on Accelerator Science and Technology, Osaka, Dec. (1989).
14) S. Yokouchi, Y. P. Lee, T. Nishidono, Y.
Morimoto, and S. H. Be: "Constructionand Surface Analysis of the AI-alloy
Vacuum Chamber for SPring-8", 7th181

Symp. on Accelerator Science and Technology, Osaka, Dec. (1989).
2. Nuclear physics and nuclear instrumentation
1) T. S. Biro, W. Cassing, U. Mosel, K.
Niita, and G. Wolf: "Non-Equilibriumy-Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions",
Int. Workshop on Gross Properties of
Nuclei and Nuclear Excitations XVII,
Hirschegg, Austria, Jan. (1989).
2) K. Niita, T. S. Biro, W. Cassing, A. L. De
Paoli, U. Mosel, and M. Schafer: "Particle Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions
from 20 MeV l u to 2 GeV l u", 26th Int.
Winter Meet. on Nuclear Physics,
Bormio, Itary, Jan. (1989).
3) T. Inamura: "Storage Ring and Laser
Nuclear Spectroscopy", Symp. on
Study of Nuclei Far from Stability,
Tanashi, Jan. (1989).
4) K. Asahi: "Towards Spectroscopic
Studies of Exotic Nuclei Using Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion Beams",
RIKEN Symp. on Scientific Results at
RIKEN Ring Cyclrotron, Wako, Mar.
(1989) .
5) K. Asahi: "Reaction Products in Heavy
Ion Reactions at Intermediate Energies
and Their Application to Condensed
Matter Physics", RIKEN Symp. on
Chemical Applications of Nuclear
Methods, Wako, Mar. (1989).
6) T. Inamura: "Storage Ring and Laser
Nuclear Spectroscopy", Warkshop on
TARN II, Tanashi, Mar. (1989).
7) A. Hitachi, E. Otobe, H. Ichinose, T.
Sano, T. Doke, K. Masuda, and T.
Takahashi: "Photoionization Efficiency
of Organic Molecules in Liquid Argon" ,44th Annu. Meeting Phys. Soc. J pn.,
Hiratsuka, Mar. (1989).
8) K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, K. Nagamine,
H. Kitazawa, and E. Torikai: "TestExperiment of a Large Solid Angle
Secondary Beam Cource Using Axially
Symmetric Magnetic Field", 44th Annu.
Meeting Phys.Soc. Jpn., Hiratsuka,
Mar. (1989).
9) K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida,
Y. Watanabe, Y. Miyake, K. Nishiyama, M. Iwasaki, S. Sakamoto, H.
Kurihara, E. Torikai, H. Umezawa, H.
Kudo, M. Tanase, K. Kurosawa, M.
Kato, M. Sugai, and M. Fujie: "X-ray
Measurement of the a-sticking Proba-

bility in Muon Catalyzed Nuclear
Fusion for D-T Mixture I, II", 44th
Annu. Meeting Phys. Soc. J pn., Hiratsuka, Mar. (1989).
10) K. Soutome, T. Maruyama, and K.
Saito: "Relativistic Hartree-Fock Calculation of Finite-Temperature Nuclear
Matter", 44th Annu. Meeting Phys. Soc.
Jpn., Hiratsuka, Mar. (1989).
11) M. Fukuda, M. Adachi, M. Koguchi, N.
Inabe, M. Ishihara, K. Asahi, T. Ichihara, T. Kubo, H. Kumagai, 1. Tanihata,
and T. Nakagawa: "Measurement ofInteraction Gross Section at Intermediate Energies", 44th Annu. Meeting
Phys. Soc. Jpn., Hiratsuka, Mar. (1989).
12) M. Koguchi , K. Asahi, M. Fukuda, M.
Adachi, A. Tamura, H. Takanashi, T.
Suzuki, T. Ichihara, and M. Ishihara:"Development of a Rotating Catcher
System for Beta Decay Studies in the
Region Far from Stability", 44th Annu.
Meeting Phys. Soc. Jpn., Hiratsuka,
Mar. (1989).
13) M. Koizumi, T. Inamura, M. Takami, K.
Matsumoto, T. Murayama, and 1. Sugai:"N uclear Spectroscopy by a Resonance
Ionization Method", 44th Annu. Meeting Phys. Soc. Jpn., Hiratsuka, Mar.
(1989) .
14) S. Yamaji and H. Hormann: "SelfConsistent Transport Theory for Collective Motion", 44th Annu. Meeting
Phys. Soc. Jpn., Hiratsuka, Mar. (1989).
15) M. Sano: "Strangeness Production in
High-Energy Nuclear Collisions", The
NATO Advanced Studies Institute on'Nuclear Equation of State', Peniscola,
Spain, May (1989).
16) K. Asahi, M. Ishihara, H. Takanashi, M.
Koguchi, M. Adachi, M: Fukuda, N.
Inabe, D. Mikolas, D. Morrissey, D.
Beaumel, T. Ichihara, T. Kubo, T.
Shimoda, H. Miyatake, and N. Takahashi: "Production of Spin-Polarized
Radioactive Beams Using Projectile
Fragmentation at Intermediate Energies",
23th Yamada Conf. on N uclear Weak
Process and Nuclear Structure, Osaka,June (1989).
17) K. Asahi, M. Ishihara, H. Takanashi, M.
Koguchi, M. Adachi, M. Fukuda, N.
Inabe, D. Mikolas, D. Morrissey, D.
Beaumel, T. Ichihara, T. Kubo, T.
Shimoda, H. Miyatake, and N. Takahashi: "First Observation of Spin Polar-

182

ization in Projectile Fragments fromIntermediate Energy Heavy Ion Collision", 1989 Int. Nuclear Physics Conf.,
Sao Paulo, Aug. (1989).
18) K. N agamine: "Proposal for Slow J1.Production via Muon Catalyzed
Fusion", Int. Workshop on ,uCF,
Oxford, Sep. (1989).
19) K. N agamine: "X-ray Observation of
a-Sticking Phenomena in Muon Catalyzed Fusion for Liquid and High T z
Concentration Dz/ T z Mixture", Int.
Workshop on ,uCF, Oxford, Sep. (1989).
20) M. Fukuda, K. Asahi, T. Ichihara, N.
Inabe, M. Ishihara, T. Kubo, H.
Kumagai, T. Nakagawa, I. Tanihata,
M. Adachi, M. Koguchi, H. Sagawa, andS. Shimoura: "Measurement of Reaction
Cross Sections Using IlBe Beam", 1stInt. Conf. on Radioactive Nuclear
Beams, Berkeley, Oct. (1989).
21) K. Asahi, M. Ishihara, H. Takanashi, M.
Koguchi, M. Adachi, M. Fukuda, N.
Inabe, D. Mikolas, D. Morrissey, D.
Beaumel, T. Ichihara, T. Kubo, T.
Shimoda, H. Miyatake, and N. Takahashi: "Spin-Polarized Radioactive Beams
from Intermediate Energy Heavy Ion
Collision", 1st Int. Conf. on Radioactive
Nuclear Beams, Berkeley, Oct. (1989).
22) H. Ichinose, T. Doke, ]. Kikuchi, A.
Hitachi, K. Masuda, E. Shibamura, andT. Takahashi: "Energy Resolution of
Liquid-Xenon Photoionization Detector", 1989 Fall Meet. Phys. Soc. lpn.,
Miyazaki, Oct. (1989).
23) K. N agamine: "Muon Catalyzed
Fusion", 1989 Fall Meet. Phys. Soc.
lpn., Miyazaki, Oct. (1989).
24) T. Nakagawa, K. Yuasa-Nakagawa,and W. Bohne: "Timing Properties ofSurface Barrier Detector and Channel
Plate Detector with Central Hole", 1989
Fall Meet. Phys. Soc. lpn., Miyazaki,
Oct. (1989).
25) K. Soutome, S. Yamaji, M. Wakai, and
M. Sano: "Coulomb Dissociation ofllLi", 1989 Fall Meet. Phys. Soc. lpn.,
Miyazaki, Oct. (1989).
26) T. Takei, K. Ieki, N. Iwasa, and K.
Yoshida: "Angular Momentum Transfer in Incomplete-Fusion Reaction",
1989 Fall Meet. Phys. Soc. lpn.,
Miyazaki, Oct. (1989).
27) H. Okuno, K. Asahi, and M. Ishihara:~~Momentum Distribution of Projectile

Fragments at Intermediate Energies",
1989 Fall Meet. Phys. Soc. lpn., Miyazaki, Oct. (1989).
28) K. Asahi, M. Ishihara, H. Takanashi, M.
Koguchi, M. Adachi, M. Fukuda, N.
Inabe, D. Mikolas, D. Morrissey, D.
Beaumel, T. Ichihara, T. Kubo, T.
Shimoda, H. Miyatake, and N. Takahashi: "Spin-Polarized Secondary Beams
from Projectile Fragmentation at Intermediate Energies", 1989 Fall Meet.
Phys. Soc. lpn., Miyazaki, Oct. (1989).
29) K. Morita, T. Nomura, ]. Tanaka, N.
Ikeda, Y. Hatsukawa, Y. Nagai, A.
Yoshida, K. Kunihiro, K. Ornata, T.
Toriyama, M. Fujioka, T. Shinozuka,
H. Kudo, T. Inamura, M. Koizumi, andK. Yoshimura: "On-line Test of RIKENISOL II", 1989 Fall Meet. Phys. Soc.
lpn., Miyazaki, Oct. (1989).
30) K. Yoshida, ]. Kasagi, H. Hama, M.
Sakurai, M. Kodama, K. Furutaka, T.
Kubo, M. Ishihara, K. Ieki, W. Galster,and A. Galonsky: "High Energy y rays
Observed in Ti, 9zMo, lZ2 S n + 40 Ar Reactions at 26 MeV / nucleon", 1989 Fall
Meet. Phys. Soc. 1pn., Miyazaki, Oct.
(1989) .
31) K. Yoshida, l. Kasagi, H. Hama, M.
Kodama, K. Furutaka, M. Sakurai, T.
Kubo, M. Ishihara, K. Ieki, W. Galster,and A. Galonsky: "Neutron Emissions
from Ti, 92Mo, 122S n + 40 Ar Reactions at
26 MeV/ nucleon", 1989 Fall Meet.
Phys. Soc. lpn., Miyazaki, Oct. (1989).
32) K. Yoshida, ]. Kasagi, H. Hama, M.
Sakurai, M. Kodama, K. Furutaka,
T. Kubo, M. Ishihara, K. Ieki, and W.
Galster, and A. Galonsky: "2 7l: BaF 2
Detector", 1989 Annu. Meeting Phys.
Soc. lpn., Miyazaki, Oct. (1989).

3. Atomic and solid-state physics
1) H. Katsuragawa, T. Minowa, M. Otsuki,
and T. Inamura: "Laser Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy-on Laser Ablation Method-", RIKEN Symp. on
Laser Nuclear Spectroscopy, Wako,
Dec. (1988).
2) T. Fujimoto and I. Shimamura: "State
Densities and Ionization Equilibrium ofAtoms in a Dense Plasma", Sympqsium
on the Studies of Elementary Processes
in X-Ray Lasers, Arima, lan. (1989).
3) Y. Aikawa, K. Ando, S. Kohmoto, Y.
Awaya, T. Tonuma, S. Tsurubuchi, S.

183

Hashimoto: "Analysis of Mg IX 2s3d2s4f Transition of Beam-Foil Spectra" ,1989 Spring Meeting Phys. Soc. J pn.,
Hiratsuka, Mar. (1989).
4) K. Kobayashi, S. Namba, T. Fujihana,
K. Yabe, and M. Iwaki: "Relation
between Composition of AIN x Film andRecrystallization of AIN by NImplantation", 20th Symposium on Ion
Implantation and Submicron Fablication, Tokyo, Mar. (1989).
5) T. Kambara: "Atomic Physics Researchwith an Ion Cooler Ring", Workshop on
T ARN2, Tanashi, Mar. (1989).
6) H. Sakaue, Y. Kanai, K. Ohta, T. Inaba,
S. Ohtani, H. Suzuki, K. Wakiya, T.
Takayanagi, T. Kambara, and Y.
Awaya: "Electron Spectroscopic
Studies by Using RIKEN ECRIS",
Workshop on Highly Charged Ions:
New Physics and Advanced Techniques, Berkeley, Mar. (1989).
7) Y. Awaya, T. Kambara, and Y. Kanai:"Facilities and Experimental Studies ofAtomic Physics at RIKEN Ring Cyclotron", Workshop on Highly Charged
Ions: New Physics and Advanced Techniques, Berkeley, Mar. (1989).
8) I. Shimamura: "Introduction: Symposium on Two-Electron Excited States",
44th Annu. Meet. Phys. Soc. Jpn., Hiratsuka, Mar. (1989).
9) M. Otsuki, T. Hosino, T. Minowa, H.
Nakahama, H. Katsuragawa, and T.
Inamura: "Resonance Ionization
Sectroscopy of Neutral Atoms Generated by a Spark Discharge Method", 44th
Annu. Meet. Phys. Soc. Jpn., Hiratsuka,
Mar. (1989).
10) T. Suzuki, T. Minowa, H. Horibe and H.
Katsuragawa: "Detection of Laser Cooling Effect by Resonance Ionization
Spectroscopy", 44th Annu. Meet. Phys.
Soc. Jpn., Hiratsuka, Mar. (1989).
11) E. Vagi: "Behavior of Kr Atoms in
Aluminium", 44th Annu. Meet. Phys.
Soc. Jpn., Hiratsuka, Mar. (1989).
12) Y. Kanai, T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, N.
Stolterfoht, and B. Sulik: "N KLL
Auger Electrons Emitted from N2+-He
Collisions", 44th Annu. Meet. Phys. Soc.
lpn., Hiratsuka, Mar. (1989).
13) K. Kawatsura, M. Sataka, H. N aramoto,Y. Nakai, T. Yamazaki, K. Komaki, K.
Kuroki, Y. Kanai, T. Kambara, Y.
Awaya, and N. Stolterfoht: "Zero-

Degree Auger Electron Spectroscopy byHigh Energy Heavy-Ion Impact (I)",44th Annu. Meet. Phys. Soc. Jpn., Hiratsuka, Mar. (1989).
14) Y. Hibino, T. Mukohyama, H. Adachi,
Y. Sasa, M. Tachibana, K. Fuwa, andM. Uda: "Calculation of the Emission
Probability of F Ka Satellites", 44th
Annu. Meet. Phys. Soc. Jpn., Hiratsuka,
Mar. (1989).
15) P. H. Mokler, S. Reusch, Th. Stohlker,
R. Schuch, M. Schulz, G. Wintermeyer,
Z. Stachura, A. Warczak, A. Muller, Y.
Awaya, and T. Kambara: "Resonant
Transfer and Excitation in Swift,
Heavy Few-Electron Projectiles", 1stInt. Symp. on Swift Heavy Ions in
Matter, Caen (France), May (1989).
16) Y. Awaya: "Reports on Activities of theUser's Sub-Group of "Atoms and Molecules", 1989 1st Meeting of the Soc. for
Next Generation X-Ray Synchrotron
Radiation, Kobe, May (1989).
17) K. Aono, M. Iwaki, and S. Namba:"Luminescence During Eu, Fe and Cr
Implantation into CaF 2", 5th Int. Conf.
on Radiation Effects in Insulators,(Abstracts, p. D4), Hamilton, Canada,
1un. (1989).
18) K. Aono, M. Iwaki, and S. N amba:"Radiation Damage in Eu Implanted
CaF 2 Observed by the Channeling
Method", 9th Int. Conf. on Ion Beam
Analysis, (Abstracts, p. 13), Kingston,
Canada, Jun. (1989).
19) K. Tanaka, N. Masahashi, K. Tatsumi,
Y. Mizuhara, T. Takahari, and E. Vagi:"Lattice Location of B Atoms in
Nio.7sAlo.ls Ti o. l Intermetallic Compounds
as Observed by the Channelling
Method", 9th Ion Beam Analysis Conf.,
Kingston, Canada, Jun. (1989).
20) T. Fujihana, Y. Okabe, K. Takahashi,
and M. Iwaki: "RBS, AES and XRD
Investigations of Nitrogen Implanted
Ti, Cr, Fe, Zr and Nb Sheets", 9th Ion
Beam Analysis Conf., Kingston,
Canada, Jun. (1989).
21) H. Sakaue, K. Ohta, N. Inaba, Y. Kanai,
S. Ohtani, K. Wakiya, S. Suzuki, N.
Takayanagi, A. Danjo, M. Yoshino, T.
Kambara, and Y. Awaya: "Ejected Electron Spectra from Doubly-Excited
Helium-Like Carbon Ion (2lnl')", 16th
Int. Conf. on the Physics of Electronicand Atomic Collisions, New York, Jul.

184

(1989) .
22) H. Tawara, T. Tonuma, H. Kumagai,
and T. Matsuo: "Production of Highly
Charged Recoil Ions under Electron
Stripping and Capture Processes of
Ne q+ Projectiles in Collisions with Ne
Atoms", 16th Int. Conf. on the Physics
of Electronic and Atomic Collisions,
New York, Jul. (1989).
23) K. Hino and T. Watanabe: "Cross Section for Radiative Electron Capture
Calculated by a Relativistic Impulse
Approximation; Total and Differential
Cross Section and Linear Polarization", 16th Int. Conf. on the Physics ofElectronic and Atomic Collisions, New
York, Jul. (1989).
24) K. Hino and T. Watanabe: "Cross Section for Radiative Electron Capture
Calculated by a Relativistic Impulse
Approximation; Formulation", 16th Int.
Conf. on the Physics of Electronic andAtomic Collisions, New York, Jul.
(1989) .
25) S. Reusch, P. H. Mokler, A. Warczek, Z.
Stachura, T. Kambara, R. Schuch, M.
Schultz, G. Wintermeyer, and A. Muller:"The Two-Photon Decay of the ISO
State in 32Ge 30 + Produced by Resonant
Transfer and Excitation", 16th Int.
Conf. on the Physics of Electronic andAtomic Collisions, New York, Jul.
(1989) .
26) S. Reusch, P. H. Mokler, A. Warczek, Z.
Stachura, T. Kambara, R. Schuch, M.
Schultz, G. Wintermeyer, and A. MUller:"Resonant Transfer and Excitation in
Hydrogenic Ge-Projectiles", 16th Int.
Conf. on the Physics of Electronic andAtomic Collisions, New York, Jul.
(1989) .
27) T. Kambara, Y. Kanai, Y. Awaya, H.
Vogt, and H. Schmidt-Backing: "Impact
Parameter Dependence of K X-Ray
Asymmetry in 10 and 30 MeV Ne-Ne
Collisions" ,16th Int. Cont. on the
Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions' New York, Jul. (1989).
28) Y. Awaya, A. Hitachi, T. Kambara, Y.
Kanai, K. Kuroki, and T. Mozigawa:"Radiative Electron Capture Cross Section for 26 Me V l u Ar 18 + Ions on Carbon
Target", 16th Int. Conf. on the Physics
of Electronic and Atomic Collisions,
New York, Jul. (1989).
29) Y. Kanai, T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, B.

Sulik, and N. Stolterfoht: "High Resolution K-LL Auger Spectra of Nitrogen
Projectiles", 16th Int. Conf. on the
Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, New York, Jul. (1989).
30) H. Fukuda and T. Ishihara: "Quantum
Mechanical Calculation of Slow He+++
H Collisions", 16th Int. Cont. on the .
Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions' New York, Jul. (1989).
31) I. Shimamura: "Intramolecular RoomTemperature Nuclear Fusion in
Hydrogen-Isotope Molecules", 14th
Meet. of the Soc. for Atomic Collision
Research, lpn., Sagamihara, Aug.
(1989) .
32) I. Shimamura: "Series of Resonance
Levels of Muonic Molecules", 14th
Meet. of the Soc. for Atomic Collision
Research, ]pn., Sagamihara, Aug.
(1989) .
33) K. Kanai, T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, H.
Sakaue, K. Ohta, K. Wakiya, H. Suzuki,
T. Takayanagi, N. Inaba, S. Ohtani, A.
Danjo, and M. Yoshino: "Two-ElectronTransfer Process in C6+, B5+-He Systern", 14th Meet. of the Soc. for Atomic
Collision Research, Sagamihara, Aug.
(1989) .
34) Y. Awaya: "A Plan of 8-GeV
Synchrotron Radiation Facilities by the
Science and Technology Agency", 14th
Meet. of the Soc. for Atomic Collision
Research, Sagamihara, Aug. (1989).
35) A. Koyama: "Incident AngleDependence of Peak Energy of AI-LVV
Auger Electrons for ArI2+ Impact", 13th
Int. Conf. on Atomic Collisions in
Solids, Aarhus Aug. (1989).
36) K. Kawatsura, M. Sataka, Y. Yamazaki,
K. Komaki, Y. Kanai, H. Naramoto, K.
Kuroki, T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, Y.
Nakai, and N. Stolterfoht: "AngularMomentum Distribution of Autoionizing Rydberg States Produced by 64MeV S Ions in Collision with He andC-Foils", 13th Int. Conf. on Atomic
Collisions in Solids, Aarhus, Aug.
(1989) .
37) E. Vagi: "Materials Science Researches
by Using Ion Beams in the Institute ofPhysical and Chemical Research(RIKEN Institute)", Symp. Applicationof Ion Beams to Materials Research,
Tokyo, Aug. (1989).
38) Y. Awaya, T. Kambara, Y. Kanai, T.

185

Mizogawa, M. Terasawa, H. SchmidtBacking, H. Vogt, and R. Doner:"Impact Parameter Dependence of K
X-Ray Asymmetry in 10 and 26 MeV
Ne-Ne Collisions", 11th Int. Seminar of
Ion-Atom Collisions, Manhattan (Kansas State), Aug. (1989).
-39) Y. Sasa, K. Maeda, and M. Uda: "Application of PIXE Analysis to Materials
Science", 5th Int. Conf. on Particle Induced X-Ray Emission and Its Analytical Applications, Amsterdam, Aug.
(1989) .
40) H. Takahashi, H. Kawahara, K. Kuriyama, N. Hayashi, 1. Sakamoto, and 1.
Kohno: "Photoquenching Phenomena of
Photoconductance in Proton IrradiatedSemi-Insulating GaAs", Fall Meet. ]pn.
Soc. Appl. Phys., Fukuoka, Sep. (1989).
41) 1. Shimamura: "Series of Resonances in
Muonic Molecules dt,u and dd,u", Int.
Symp. on Muon-Catalyzed Fusion, Oxford, Sep. (1989).
42) Y. Awaya: "R & D Plans of the User's
Sub-Group of Atoms and Molecules",Symp. on How to Use 8-GeV
Synchrotron Radiation Facilities,
Tokyo, Sep. (1989).
43) K. Shimizu, K. Yano, H. Oyama, H.
Kokai, and Y. Sakamoto: "The High
Speed Measurement of Plasma Parameters" , 9th Int. Symp. on Plasma Chemistry, Pugnochiuso, Sep. (1989).
44) K. Yano, H. Oyama, K. Shimizu, M.
Yanokura, Y. Abe, H. Kokai, and Y.
Sakamoto: "Diagnostics of ECR Plasma
for Carbon Film Production", 9th Int.
Symp. on Plasma Chemistry, Pugnochiuso, Sep. (1989).
45) 1. Shimamura and T. Fujimoto: "State
Densities and Ionization Equilibrium ofAtoms in Dense Plasmas", 7th TopicalConf. on Atomic Processes in Plasmas,
American Physical Society, Gaithersburg, Oct. (1989).
46) E. Vagi: "Lattice Location Study on
Hydrogen in Metals by Means of the
Channelling Method", 1989 Fall Meet.
Phys. Soc. ]pn., Kagoshima, Oct. (1989).
47) K. Ishii, Y. Sasa, K. Maeda, M. Uda, S.
Morita, and M. Takami: "Study on the
Production of Continum X Ray by
Heavy Ion Impacts", 1989 Fall Meet.
Phys. Soc. ]pn., Kagoshima, Oct. (1989).
48) K. Kawatsura, Y. Yamazaki, M. Sataka,
Y. Kanai, K. Komaki, H. Naramoto, K.

Kuroki, T. Kambara, Y. Awaya, Y.
Nakai, and N. Stolterfoht: "Zero-DegreeAuger Electron Spectroscopy by HighEnergy Heavy-Ion Impact (II) ", 1989
Fall Meet. Phys. Soc. ] pn., Kagoshi ma,
Oct. (1989).
49) H. Sakaue, K. Ohta, M. Hisajima, N.
Inaba, Y. Kanai , S. Ohtani, K. Wakiya,
T. Takayanagi, H. Suzuki, A. Danjo, M.
Yoshino, T. Kambara, and Y. Awaya:"Emitted Electrons from 21nl' Excited
States Caused by Two-Electron Capturein 13C6+, 11 B5 ++ He Collisions", 1989
Fall Meet. Phys. Soc. ]pn., Kagoshima ,Oct. (1989).
50) M. Mogi, T. Mukohyama, H. Adachi, Y.
Sasa, M. Tachibana, Y. Hibino, K.
Fuwa, and M. Uda: "Production Mecha nism of Chemical Effects on Satellite
Spectra of F Ka" , 1989 Fall Meet. Phys.
Soc. ]pn., Kagoshima , Oct. (1989).
51) T. Minowa, M. Kubota , E. Endo, M.
Otsuki, and H. Katsuragawa: "Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy Organic
Molecules", Fall Meet. Phys. Soc. ] pn.,
Kagoshima , Oct. (1989).
52) T. Kambara, Y. Kanai , Y. Awaya, T .
Mizogawa, M. Terasawa, H. Schmidt Backing, H. V ogt, and R. Doner:"Impact Parameter and Azimuthal
Angle Dependent X K Ray Emissi on
Probability in 10- 30 MeV Ne-Ne Collisions", 1989 Fall Meet. Phys. Soc. ] pn.,
Kagoshima , Oct. (1989).
53) Y. Awaya, M. Kimura: "Reports on theWorkshop on Atomic Physics andRelated Studies by Using 8-Ge V
Synchrotron Radiation Facilities", 1989
Fall Meet. Phys. Soc. ]pn., Kagoshima,
Oct. (1989)
54) T. Okada, N. Sakai, K. Asai , Y. Sasa
and T. Yamadaya: "Orientation of
YBa2Cu3(Fe)07-Y" , 1989 Fall Meet.
Phys. Soc. ]pn., Kagoshima, Oct. (1989) .
55) T. Okada, N. Sakai, K. Asai , and T.
Yamadaya: "Mossbauer Study ofBi 2Sr 4 Fe 3012", 1989 Fall Meet. Phys.
Soc. ]pn., Kagoshima , Oct. (1989).
56) 1. Shimamura: "Series of Resonances in
Muonic Molecules", RIKEN Symp. on
the Basis and Applications of the
Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Phenomena,
Wako, Nov. (1989).
57) 1. Shimamura: "The Use of Super computers for Atomic Physic s
Researches at Daresbury Laboratory",

186

RIKEN Symp. on Large-Scale Computations in Science and Technology ,Wako, Dec. (1989).
4. Radiochemistry, radiation chemistry andradiation biology
1) M. Aratani: "Hydrogen Depth Profilingof the Hydro-thermally Treated Surfaces", RIKEN Symp. on Fundamental
Studies Using a Few MeV/ nucleon
Heavy-Ions and Applications to theHigh Technology Material Characterization, Wako, Mar. (1988).
2) M. Aratani, M. Yanokura, I. Sugai, S.
Osada , and H. Kato: "SimultaneousMultinuclide Depth Profiling by Meansof Argon Probe Rutherford Scattering" , 32th Symp. on Radiochemistry,
Tokai, Oct. (1988).
3) M. Aratani, M. Yanokura, B. G. Yu, Q.
Qiu, and T. Nozaki: "50 MeV Ar Probe
Rutherford 27Z' Scattering Applied to the
Simultaneous Multinuclide Depth Profiling for Material Characterization",10th Conference on the Application of
Accelerators in Research and Industry,
Denton, Texas, Oct. (1988 ).
4) M. Aratani, M. Yanokura, B. G. Yu, Q.
Qiu, and T. Nozaki: "Hydrogen and
Alkali Depth Profiling of the SodaLime-Silica Glass Surface by 50 MeV
Ar Probe Rutherford 27Z' Scattering",
Sino-Jpn. Symposium on Desert, Urumqi, China, Nov. (1988).
5) Q. Qiu, E. Arai, M. Aratani, M. Yanokura, T. Nozaki, Y. Ohji, and R. Imura:"Application of Deuterium Analysis by
Means of the DeHe,p)4He Reaction",
Symp. on Ion Beam Technology, Hosei
Univ., Koganei, Dec. (1988).
6) M. Yanokura, M. Aratani, S. Saito, K.
Tanaka, and B. G. Yu: "Heavy Ion
Scattering Analysis Applied to the Electronic Materials Part 2", The Symp. on
the Ion Beam Technology, Hosei Univ.,
Koganei, Dec. (1988).
7) S. Ambe, T. Okada, and F. Ambe: "Mossbauer and Tracer Studies of Metal
Oxide/ Aqueous Solution Interface",
Int. Symp. Advanced Nuclear Energy
Research - Near-Future Chemistry in
Nuclear Energy Field- , Oarai, Feb.
(1989) .
8) M. Aratani: "Sammary of Applicationof RILAC to Recent Material Studies" ,RIKEN Symp. Heavy Ion Linear Accel-

erator Applied to the Study of HiTechnology Material Characterization,
Wako, Feb. (1989).
9) K. Kimura: "High Density Excitation of
Matter by Heavy Ion Irradiation",
Yayoi Symp. Tokyo Univ., Tohkai , Feb.
(1989) .
10) M. Minami: "Host-Guest Profiling of
Diamond-like Carbon Films", RIKEN
Symp. Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator
Applied to the Study of Hi-Technology
Material Characterization, Wako, Feb.
(1989) .
11) Y. Kobayashi, M. Katada, H. Sano, K.
Asai, T. Okada, M. Iwamoto, and F.
Ambe: "Mossbauer Studies on Heusler
Alloys" , Int. Symp. on Advanced
Nuclear Energy Research, Oarai , Feb.
(1989) .
12) K. Kimura, K. Uehara, T. Suzuki, K.
Watanabe, and T. Matsuyama: "Emission Spectra of Heavy Ion IrradiatedBaF 2", 44th Annu. Meet. Phys. Soc.
Jpn., Hiratsuka, Mar. (1989).
13) K. Kimura: "Effects of High Density
Excitation Induced by Heavy Ions" ,RIKEN Symp. Interaction of Heavy Ion
with Matter, Wako, Mar. (1989).
14) H. Doumoto, K. Maeda, Y. Sasa, and M.
Uda: "Elemental Analysis of Human
Saliva by PIXE" , 1989 Spring Meet.
Jpn. Soc. Appl. Phys., Chiba, Apr.
(1989) .
15) H. Miura, Y. Sasa, K. Maeda, and M.
Uda: "Application of PIXE Anlysis to
Decoding of Old Manuscripts", 1989
Spring Meet. J pn. Soc. Appl. Phys.,
Chiba, Apr. (1989).
16) S. Ambe, Y. Ohkubo, M. Iwamoto, and
F. Ambe: "Preparation of No-CarrierAdded IllmCd for the Measurement ofy- y Perturbed Angular Correlation",
58th National Meet. Chern. Soc. J pn.,
Tanabe, Apr. (1989).
17) T. Takahashi, F. Yatagai, T.
Katayama, Y. Suzuki, K. Watanabe, T.
Kasuya, and T. Doke: "Inactivation of
B. Subtilis Spores by Ar, Fe, and U
ions" ,7th Track Detector Symp.,
Tokyo, Apr. (1989).
18) M. Yanokura, K. Yoshida, I. Tanihata,
M. Aratani, M. Minami, S. Nakabayashi, and A. Kira: "Ion Beam Analysis of
Pd Electrodes After Electro-Chemical
Reactions in D2 0", Workshop on Cold
Fusion Phenomena at Santa Fe, Santa

187

Fe, May (1989).
19) K. Kimura: "Study on the Primary
Processes of Ion Irradiation", Symposium on Chemical Reactions Viewed
Through Pico-Nanosecond Time Windows, Chern. Soc. J pn., Kanto Section,
Wako, Jun. (1989).
20) H. Kusuyama, K. Okada, K. Yoshida, K.
Maeda, Y. Sasa, and M. Uda: "Trace
Elemental Analysis of Washed Human
Spermatozoa", 2nd Meet. of the Int.
Soc. for Trace Element Research in
Humans, Tokyo, Aug. (1989).
21) K. Maeda, Y. Sasa, H. Kusuyama, Y.
Yoshida, and M. U da: "PIXE Analysis
of Human Spermatozoa Isolated from
Seminal Plasma", 5th Int. Conf. on
Particle Induced X-Ray Emission and
Its Analytical Applications, Amsterdam, Aug. (1989).
22) T. Takahashi, H. Kumagai, T. Kosaka,
K. Kasai, K. Nakano, F. Yatagai, S.
Konno, 1. Kaneko, K. Hatanaka, and T.
Kanai: "Dosimetry in the RIKEN Ring
Cyclotron Biology Facility", 32th Annu.
Meeting Jpn. Radiat. Res. Soc.,
Kitakyushu-shi, Aug. (1989).
23) K. Kimura: "High Density Excitation
Induced by Heavy Ions", Symp. Res.
Found. B of Minis. Edu., Tokyo, Aug.
(1989) .
24) M. Minami, M. Aratani, M. Yanokura,and S. Okada: "Characterization of
Diamond-like Carbon Films by ERDA",
50th Fall Meet. J pn. Appl. Phys., Fukuoka, Sep. (1989).
25) T. Takahashi, F. Yatagai, Y. Suzuki, K.
Watanabe, and T. Tabata: "Analysis of
Inactivation Cross Sections for Heavy
Ions of B. subtilis Spores and E. coli
K-12", 3rd Annu. Meet. Jpn. Soc. for
Biological Sciences in Space, Tokyo,
Sep. (1989).
26) H. Kirita, H. Fukushima, Y. Imazawa,T. Ooishi, Y. Kobayashi, M. Koshikawa,T. Miura, Y. Itoh, and K. Tachi: "Determination of Oxygen in Gallium
Aresenide by Charged-Particle Activation Analysis", 33th Symp. on Radiochemistry, Hiroshima, Oct. (1989).
27) S. Ambe, and F. Ambe: "Mossbauer
Studies on Chemical States of 119Sb and
119mTe in S, Se, and Te", 33th Symp. on

Radiochemistry, Hiroshima, Oct.
(1989) .
28) M. Aratani, M. Yanokura, and M.
Minami: "Heavy-Ion Scattering
Spectroscopy Using RILAC Applied toCharacterization of Multi-Layered
Films Containing Heavy Elements",
33th Symp. on Radiochemistry, Hiroshima, Oct. (1989).
29) K. Niisawa, M. Aratani, M. Yanokura,and T. Nozaki: "Rutherford Scattering
Analysis for Exchange of Environmental Water with D-substituted Soda-Lime
Glass", 33th Symp. on Radiochemistry,
Hiroshima, Oct. (1989).
30) M. Yanokura, I. Tanihata, M. Aratani,
M. Minami, A. Kira, S. N akabayashi,and S. Yamagata: "Quantitative Depth
Profiling of Hydrogen Isotopes Analysis by the Heavy Ion Rutherford Scattering", 33th Symp. on Radiochemistry,
Hiroshima, Oct. (1989).
31) M. Yanokura, 1. Tanihata, M. Aratani,
M. Minami, A. Kira, S. Nakabayashi,and S. Yamagata: "Quantitative Depth
Profiling of Hydrogen Isotopes Analysis in Electrode by The Heavy Ion
Rutherford Scattering", 33th Symp. on
Radiochemistry, Hiroshima, Oct.
(1989) .
32) Y. Ohkubo, Y. Yanagida, and F. Ambe:"Measurements of y- Ray Perturbed
Angular Correlation for Ru-99 Using
Rh-99", 33th Symp. on Radiochemistry,
Hiroshima, Oct. (1989).
33) K. Kimura, F. Sano, and S. Yanagishita:"Depth Resolved Emission Profile of N
Ion Impinged Condensed Helium", 32th
Meet. Radiat. Chern. J pn., Hiroshima,
Oct. (1989).
34) K. Kimura, F. Sano, and S. Yanagishita:"Depth Resolved Emission Measurement of N Ion Tracks in Condensed
Helium", Fall. Meet. Phys. Soc. Jpn.,
Miyazaki, Oct. (1989).
35) 1. Sugai and T. Hattori et at.: "Development of Long-Lived Carbon Stripper
Foils-II", Autumn Meet. of Phys. Soc.
Jpn., Miyazaki, Oct. (1989).
36) T. Takahashi: "Track Structure Theory
and Lethal Effect of Heavy Ions", 2nd
Symposium of Advanced Radiation
Research, Tokyo, Nov. (1989).

188

VIII.

SUBJECTS UNDER CONTRACT(Jan.-Dec. 1989)

1) "Radiochemical Analysis of 160, 14N,

and 12C in Si Crystal and GaAs"

H. Kirita
Japan Chemical Analysis Center

2) "Radiation Damage of Solar Cells"

T.OhgaNippon Telephone Telegram Co., Ltd.

3) "Improvement of Thyristors by

K. Tomii
Semiconductor R&D Lab.,
Matsushita Electric Work Co., Ltd.

Proton Irradiation"4) "Improvement of Thyristors byProton Irradiation"5) "Improvement of Thyristors byProton Irradiation"

6) "Improvement of Thyristors byProton Irradiation"

7) "Improvement of Thyristors byProton Irradiation"

8) "Radiation Damage of Cover Glass fora Solar Cells"

H. Akiyama
LSI Lab., Mitsubishi Electric Co., Ltd.
M. Kitagawa and A. Ohsawa
Toshiba Co., Ltd.
Y. Shimizu
Hitachi Co., Ltd.
K. Muraoka and S. Sasaki
Toyo Electric Co., Ltd.
T. Hayashi and A. Ohnishi
Institute of Space and Astronomical
Science

189

IX.

LIST OF SEMINARS(Jan.-Dec. 1989)
Ion Accelerator

1) G. Mlinzenberg, GSI (West Germany), 22
February"The New . Experimental Facilities for
Relativistic Heavy Ions and the Projectile
Fragment Separator at GSI"
2) D. Mikolas, Michigan State Univ. (USA), 28
February"Recent Developments at NSCL, Michigan
State University"
3) T. Nomura, Institute for Nuclear Study(Tokyo), 2 March"Production of Super-Heavy Nuclei by the
Reaction (HI, a xn)"
4) H. Delagrange, GANIL (France), 15 March"Photons from 1 MeV to 1 Ge V and TAPS
Project"

12) T. Numao, TRIUMF (Canada), 13 July
"Search for the Rare Decay K ~ 7W ii "13) K. Ikeda, Niigata Univ. (Niigata), 18 July
"Studies of 11 Li with a 9Li + 2n Cluster
Model"
14) Y. Tosaka, Niigata Univ. (Niigata), 18 July
"Structure of llLi in the Cluster Orbital
Shell Model"
15) H. Sagawa, Univ. of Tokyo (Tokyo), 18 July
"Analysis of Loosely-Bound Neutrons
with a Direct Reaction Model"
16) S. Nagamiya, Columbia Univ. (USA), 20 July
"Heavy-Ion Experiments at BNL and
CERN - N ow and Future"5) T. Shimano, Tokyo Institute of Technology(Tokyo), 15 May"Signature Inversion due to y- Vibrations"17) ]. S. Chan, The Univ. of Tsukuba (Ibaraki),
26 July"Production of Intermediate-Mass Fragments in Medium Energy Heavy-Ion Reactions"6) A. C. Mueller, IPN Orsay (France), 8 June
"Experiments with Secondary Fragments
Beam at LISE and Future Developments"

18) K. Katori, Osaka Univ. (Osaka), 7 September"Production of Light Elements and Their
Structures"

7) H. Enyo, Kyoto Univ. (Kyoto), 9 June
"High-Energy Nuclear Collisions
CERN-SPS"

19) H. T. Duong, Aime Cotton Lab., Orsay(France), 19 September"Experiments on the Bohr-Weisskopf
Effect at ISOLDE, CERN"

at8) I. S. Towner, Chalk River Nuclear Lab.
(Canada), 16 June
"Quenching of Spin Matrix Elements in
Finite Nuclei"20) C. Signorini, INFN and Salerno Univ. (Italy),
23 October"The LNL Recoil Mass Spectrometer"

9) K. Niita, Giessen Univ. (West Germany), 22
June"Hard Photon Production in Heavy-Ion
Collisions"21) F. Chojnacki, Warsaw Univ. (Poland), 25
October"Warsaw Ion Guide System and Study of
Unstable Nuclei"10) O. Klepper, GSI (West Germany), 22 June
"Gamow-Teller ,B-Decays of Even-Even
Nuclei near lOOSn"

22) M. Di Toro, Catania Univ. (Italy), 26 October"Reaction Mechanisms in Medium Energy
Heavy-Ion Collisions"11) T. Watanabe, Osaka Univ. (Osaka), 7 July
"2v ,B,B-Decays of IooMo Studied by an
Ultra-Low Background ,B-y Spectrometer
ELEGANTS-IV"

23) H.]. Kluge, Mainz Univ. (West Germany), 2
November"A Laser Ion Source and Its Application
for Trace Analysis"

19024) A. Ohnishi, Kyoto Univ. (Kyoto), 9 November"Production of High-Energy Photons in
Medium Energy Heavy-Ion Reactions"25) N. Carjan, Centre detudes Nucleaires de
Bordeaux-Gradignan (France), 14 November"Macroscopic Models for Asymmetric
Fission and De-Excitation of Compound
Nuclei by Complex Fragment Emission"26) Y. Hama, Sao Paulo Univ. (Brazil), 21
November"Hadron Interferometry""Simulation and Control in Accelerators"
6) A. Jackson, LBL (USA), 17 August"Status on LBL ALS Project"
7) A. Jackson, LBL (USA), 18 August"Beamdynamics Calculation of ALS"8) K. Kim, LBL (USA), 18 August"Brightness and Coherence
Wigner Function Formulation"

through9) T. Okano, Inst. Industrial Science (Tokyo),
27 October"Vacuum System in Synchrotron Radiation Source"

Synchrotron Radiation
1) J. A. Niederer, Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA), 29 March"More Madness; Accelerator Physics, Control & Computer Science"10) G. Saxson, Daresbury (England), 1 November"Design of RF System in Electron StorageRing"2) K. Yoshida, Inst. Nuclear Study (Tokyo), 28
June"l.3 GeV Electron Synchrotron at INS"

11) A. Wrulich, Synchrotron Trieste (Italy), 7
November"Design of Synchrotron Trieste"3) H. Sasaki, Kawasaki Steel (Tokyo), 26 July
"Magnet Design for Synchrotron and Storage Ring"

12) T. Katsura, KEK (Tsukuba), 21 November"Monotor System at Photon Factory"4) R. Schmitz, DESY (West Germany), 11
August"Accelerators and Control System at
DESY"5) H. Nishimura, LBL (USA), 11 August13) T. Yamakawa, KEK (Tsukuba), 8 December"Injection System Design in Storage Ring"
14) E. Forest, LBL (USA), 26 December"Hamiltonian Free Theory in
Dynamics"

Beam

191

x. LIST OF PERSONNEL
Steering Committee
AMBE Fumitoshi Ji::g~ X 1fJ!x:
CHIBA Y oshiaki T ~ iff fY3
HASHIZUME Akira ~ Jl\
AA
ISHIHARA Masayasu :0 1* lE ~ *KA TSUMA T A Koichi Mj X *;fI. KOHNO Isao 101 my
Jj]
NAGAMINE Kanetada 7)< ~ ~ J~'
T ANIHA T A Isao ~ tffi ~ 7:.
Y ANO Y asushige ~!f Ji:

AWAYA Yohko ~ ~ ~ T
HAN AOKA Fumio 1t IU{j X fLit
INAMURA Takashi trB *1~
KAMITSUBO Hiromichi L PjZ 7.i. J1[
KIRA Akira "5 .5!
~
MA TSUOKA Masaru t'~ [mj~~T AKAMI Michio r%J J! J1[ 1:W AT AN ABE Tsutomu 1!f:g~
11** Chairman

Cyclotron Operation and Maintenance GroupFU JIT A Shin § 83
~JT
KAGEY AMA Tadashi ~ LlJ
OGIWARA Kiyoshi -g3( JJi(

IKEGAMI Kun1io
KOHARA Shigeo
T AKEBE HidekilEmtiliL n =:5J5*;J\ 1*~
ft\ :g~ ~ tlt

Linac Operation and Maintenance GroupCHIBA Y oshiaki T ~ iff fY3
IKEZAWA Eiji tili tR ~KASE Masayuki~~ t!§ Z
Y ANOKURA Minoru ~Jf~

no

HEMMI Masatake ~ J! 1& 1t\
INOUE Toshihiko it ~ 1fJ!x: Iff
MIY AZA WAY oshitoshi g ¥R 111i!x:=*

Scientific and Engineering Personnel
Cosmic Radiation Laboratory
IMAI Takashi ~ it~
KOHNO Tsuyoshi iPJ Jf&It

MUNAKATA Kazuoki* -(Visitors)
HASEBE Nobuyuki ~~:g~{§1j- (Fac. Gen. Educ., Ehime Univ.)
MURAKAMI Hiroyuki *1 ~ 1* Z (Fac. Sci., Rikkyo Univ.)
NAGAT A Katsuaki 7k 83 MJ s)j (Fac. Eng., Tamagawa Univ.)
NAKAMOTO Atsusi cp /.$:
1¥ (Fac. Sci., Rikkyo Univ.)
NISHIJIMA Kyoshi E§!l!~ ~ ~ (Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)
YANAGIMACHI Tomoki WP lET ~}j f!fJ (Fac. Sci., Rikkyo Univ.)(Student)
KASHIWAGI Toshisuke ffi

* flJ

11'"

(Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)

Cyclotron Laboratory
BE Suck Hee ~~ ~FU JISA W A Takashi § ¥R r%J iit

DA TE Shin 1ft i¥
FUJITA Jiro § 83

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GOTO Akira if Hi
HATANAKA Kichiji
cP 5
INAMURA Takashi fiS t1!j[
KAMITSUBO Hiromichi ~ P¥ 7Z. ~MA TSUO Masayuki t~ ~ IE Z.
NAGAOKA Ryutaro ~1U3J~::t~~
NAKAGAWA Takahide cp]l[ ~NAKANISHI N oriyoshi cP [§~SAITO Motozo
Hi ~fs -=:SHIKA T A Takashi rz:g 15 ~ ~T AKEBE Hideki ftt fi~ ~ tit
Y AMAJI Shuhei Lli ~ 11~ ¥YOKOYAMA Ichiro ti Lli - ~B

FUJITA Shin Hi B3~
HARA Masahiro JJjf
~ sf"
IKEGAMI Kumio 1fg~fL -=: ~KAGEY AMA Tadashi ~ Lli
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KOHARA Shigeo IJ\ JJjf .m x
MORIT A Kosuke ~ EB 1i5 1rNAGASE Makoto ~ iW~~
NAKAJIMA Shunji cP'§% ~OGIW ARA Kiyoshi
JJjf
SASAKI Shigeki ~l< *a~f
SOUTOME Kouichi If-Zft]1[;W ADA Takeshi tD B3!Lit
Y ANO Y asushige ~ mf 3( ~

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(Visitors)
ANA YAMA Hiroshi 1\. Lli(Reliability Cent. for Electronic Components of Japan)
ARAI Eiichi ~ it(Res. Lab. Nucl. Reactors, Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
EJIRI Hiroyasu iI m 1Z. ~ (Dep. Phys., Osaka Univ.)
FUJIOKA Manabu Hi IU3J
(Cyclotron Radioisot. Cent., Tohoku Univ.)
FUKUMOTO Sadayoshi mi /.$: ffi[ ~ (KEK)
FURUNO Kohei r5 H JJ ¥ (lnst. Phys. Tandem Accel. Cent., Univ. Tsukuba)
GOKA Tateo 3i}t x (N ASDA)
H. T. Duong (Lab. Aime Cotton, Orsay)
f,E; (Reliability Cent. for Electronic Components of Japan)
HARADA Minoru JJjf B3
HA Y ASH I N obuyuki
1$ ij (Electro Tech. Lab.)HIRAO Yasuo ¥ ~ ~ 515 (N atl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
HORIGUCHI Takayoshi W! 0 ~.Et (Dep. Phys., Hiroshima Univ.)~ (Dep. Phys. , Kyoto Univ.)
HORIUCHI Hisashi #ill ~~ (Dep. Phys., Niigata Univ.)
IKEDA Kiyomi ttE B3
IKEGAMI Hidetsugu 1fg ~JiL (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
1~ (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
INOUE Makoto it L
ISHIZUKA Takeo 15 ~ :tt\ ~ (Dep. Phys., Saitama Univ.)
IWAMOTO Akira :E /.$:Bij (Japan Atomic Energy Res. Inst.)
IW ASHIT A Yoshihisa :E T 75 A (Inst. Chern. Res., Kyoto Univ.)
KANMURI Testuo Ja:gr x (Dep. Phys., Osaka Univ.)
KASAl Shunichi 101 [§ 13r (Japan Atomic Energy Res. Inst.)
KA T A Y AMA Ichiro Jt Lli - ~~ (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
KA TORI Kenji 1m!& ~(Dep. Phys., Osaka Univ.)
miRJ (Dep. Phys., Toho Univ.)
KA TSURAGA W A Hidetsugu 11} II
KAWAI Mitsuji 101 ~ ]1[; ~ (Dep. Phys., Kyushu Univ.)
KIKUCHI Fumio ~ j:ili ::st ~ (ColI. Arts Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
KISHIMOTO Teruo J¥ /.$: !Wi(Dep. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
KOBA Y ASHI Shinsaku IJ\
fF (Dep. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
KOHMOTO Susumu 101 /.$:Ji (Univ. Electro-Commun.)
KONDO Michiya ill Hi ~ ili (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
KOSAKO Toshiso IJ\~r5~j[tt (Atomic Energy Res. Cent., Univ. Tokyo)
KOWAT A Mitsuyoshi IJ\ *~ ]1[; ~ (Reliability Cent. for Electronic Components of Japan)
KUDO Hisaaki I Hi A Bij (Dep. Chern., Niigata Univ.)
KUROYANAGI Tokihiro ~fJjD~~* (Dep. Phys., Kyushu Univ.)
MA TSUKI Seishi t~
1.IE ~ (Inst. Chern. Res., Kyoto Univ.)
MINOW A Tatsuya ~ ~ it ~ (Dep. Phys., Toho Univ.)
MIURA Iwao .=. 1m:E (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
MIY A TAKE Hiroari '§ ftt f ili (Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
MORIO Atsuo ~ ~ ~:1<2:. (Reliability Cent. for Electronic Components of Japan)
MUKHOPADHYAY, N.K. (V.E.C. Cent., B.A.R.C., India)
MURA YAMA Toshiyuki t1 Lli flj ¥ (Tokyo Univ. Mercantile Marine)

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NAGAI Yasuki 7k #W (Dep. App!. Phys., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
NAKAHARA Hiromichi cP 1m 5[" ~ (Dep. Chern., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)(KEK)
NAKAI Koji cP # ~NAKAMURA Ichiro cP t1 m~~ (Dep. Phys., Saitama Univ.)
NAKAMURA Shinya cP t1 t~ ii1 (Reliability Cent., Electronic Components of Japan)
NAKAMURA Takashi cP t1 rED I§j (Cyclotron Radioisot. Cent., Tohoku Univ.)(Japan Atomic Energy Res. Inst.)
NAKAMURA Yoshiteru cP 11 ~NARA Takayuki ~ $ ~ ¥ (Japan Atomic Energy Res. Inst.)
NIITA Koji {-=#831*= (Dep. Phys., Univ. Giessen, Giessen)
NISHII Masanobu i?§ # IE {~ (Japan Atomic Energy Res. Inst.)-7 (Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
NOMURA Toru Jf t1[9 rn: ~ (Dep. Phys., ColI. Gen. Educ., Univ. Tokyo)
ONISHI Naoki
OT A Shigemi ::t EB iYl it (KEK)P. E. Hodgson (Dep. Nucl. Phys., Oxford Univ. England)
P ARK Eng Soo (POSTECH, Korea)
SAKAI Hideyuki ~ it ~ 1T (Dep. Phys., Univ. Tokyo)
SAKAMOTO Isao tj~;$:~ (Electro Tech. Lab.)JII IN. 51]\ (Dep. Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
SASAGAWA Tatsuyat§: ~ (Japan Atomic Energy Res. Inst.)
SASUGA Tsuneo :I:"
(Div. Phys., Tohoku ColI. Pharm.)
SA TO Kenichi ftc Hi ~ SHIMANO Yosuke ~ Jf ~ 1)'- (NASDA)*iJ (Cyclotron Radioisot. Cent., Tohoku Univ.)
SHINOZUKA Tsutomu ~ ~@f 1)'- (Inst. Nuc!. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
SUEKI Keisuke~ (Inst. Nuc!. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
SUGAI Isao rg #SUNAGA Hiromi ~ 7k 1W ~ (Japan Atomic Energy Res. Inst.)
T AKEMASA Tadashi it 1& j=t ± (Dep. Phys., Saga Univ.)
T AMAGAKI Ryozo 3i:f:l[ ~.=. (Dep. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
TANAKA Jinichi EB cP {-= m (Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
TOM II Kazushi I.' # fD ~ (Lab. Diod. Matsushita Electric Ind. Co.)TOMIMASU Takio I.'~~%~ (Electro Tech. Lab.)TONG Shao-Ming ~S~ ~ (Inst. Mod. Phys., Acad. Sinica, China Univ.)
1¥ (Dep. Appl. Phys., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
TORIY AMA Tamotsu ,~ LlJ
TSUKIJI Masaru ~ till
1?f (NEC Corp.)
TSUNEMOTO Hiroshi '111 JC
1W (N atl. Inst. Radio!. Sci.)
WAKAI Masamichi 55 # IE ~ (Dep. Phys., Osaka Univ.)
J1t (Reliability Cent., Electronic Components of Japan)
W AKISHIMA Susumu 1m ~WATANABE Hiroshi *~tw: ~ (Electro Tech. Lab.)(Lab. Diod, Matsushita Electric Ind. Co.)
YAMADA Kouichi LlJ EB
YAMANOUCHI Mikio LlJ p:g ~ fti (Tandem Accel. Cent., Univ. Tsukuba)
YAMAZAKI Takashi LlJ UffiJ
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YOSHIDA N obuaki "5 EB W ~ (Dep. Phys., Univ. Tokyo)
YOSHIDA Shiro "5 EEl I~' ~~ (Dep. Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
YOSHINAGA Naotaka "5 7k rED ~ (Comput. Cent., Univ. Tokyo)

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AZUMA Mitsuhiro:W: 5[" (Dep. Phys., Toho Univ.):I:" Z (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)
KOBAYASHI Takayuki ;J\
KOIZUMI Mitsuo ;J\ ~ :W: ~ (Dep. Phys., Hiroshima Univ.)
KUNIHIRO Kazuaki 00 5[" fD fY3 (Dep. Appl. Phys., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
MARUY AMA Toshiki 11 LlJ 1J¥!;( ~ (Dep. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
NISHINAKA Ichiro i?§ r::p - ~~ (Dep. Chern., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)
SHIMOMURA Koichiro Tt11*-~~ (Dep. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)~ (Dep. Appl. Phys., Tokyo Inst. Techno!.)YOSHIDA Atsushi "5 EB194Linear Accelerator Laboratory
CHIBA Toshiya -T ~ flj ij!t
FU JIMAKI Masaki gj:§ IE fM
INOUE Toshihiko # L ~!z g
KUBO Toshiyuki !:Z 1:* ~!x: ¥MIY AZA WAY oshitoshi '§ ¥R 11 ~!z
T ANIHA T A Isao ~ ~ffi ~W ADA Takahiro fD EB M: 7X
YOSIDA Koichi B EB 7't -x

CHIBA Y oshiaki -T ~ iff sA
HEMMI Masatake ~ ~ 1& ~KASE Masayuki 110 ~~ ~ Z
KUMAGAI Hidekazu fl~ ~5fD
SUZUKI Takeshi ~fJ
Jt
TONUMA Tadao p ¥B IE :ILl
Y ANOKURA Minoru ~,:y~ ~* *(Visitors)
BAI Xi Xiang B:ffi- ff (Inst. Atomic Energy, China)
FUJIWARA Ichiro gj ITf( - ~~ (Inst. Atomic Energy, Kyoto Univ.)
FUJIWARA Mamoru gj ITf(
~ (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
ITO N oriaki 133" gj '!§ B13 (Dep. Cryst. Mater., Nagoya Univ.)!I~ (Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)
KIKUCHI Jun 1iij tiS
KIMURA Kikuo *iff:g!:ZtLl (Fac. Sci., Kyushyu Univ.)
KOBA Y ASHI Toshio /J\ # 1?5t tLl (KEK)
SAKAI Hideyuki ~ # ~ 17 (Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
SHIMOURA Susumu T rm
Jjr (Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
SUDA Toshimi ~Ji EB flj ~ (Fac. Sci., Tohoku Univ.)
SUGA W ARA Masahiko rg ITf( ~ g (Fundam. Sci., Chiba Inst. Technol.)
YAMAGUCHI Hiromi W 0 fa. ~ (Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)(Student)
ITO Tatsuya

133" Hi Ji ill(Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)

Radiation Laboratory
ASAHI Koichiro 11.§. *#- ~~HASHIZUME Akira frt m AA
ISHIHARA Masayasu 15 J]{ IE
KONNO Satoshi ~!T~
OKAMURA Hiroyuki 1m] *1 5[. Z
TENDO Yoshihiko T.. ~ J!j g*

GONO Yasuyuki ~~. ~ Z
ICHIHARA Takashi
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IZUMO Koichi tfj ~ 7't NOMURA Izumi !T iff 5fD 7~
TAKAHASHI Tan ~ ~E!.

(Visitors)
ABE Yasuhisa /!iiI ff~ ~!:Z (Res. Inst. Fundam. Phys., Kyoto Univ.),. (Dep. Appl. Phys., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
ADACHI Minoru fE"fL
ANDO Yoshiaki !Ji: ~ ~ ~ (Dep. Phys., Rikkyo Univ.)
BEAUMEL Didier (Inst. Phys. Nucl., Orsay, France)
CHOJN ACKI Slawomir (Warsaw Univ.)
DOKE Tadayoshi ~I~ ~ (Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)
ENDO Saburo ~ gj = ~~ (Fac. Eng., Sci. Univ. Tokyo)
FUCHI Yoshihide ~~iff(Inst. Nuc!. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
FUJIOKA Manabu ~ jtDj
~ (Dep. Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
FUKUDA Mitsunori
EB 7't !I~ (Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
HAMA Hiroyuki 1~
rt. ¥ (Dep. Phys., Tokyo Inst. Techno!.)
HASEGAWA Takeo ~:fr.} II:lttx (Inst. Nuc!. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
HITACHI Akira Jj tfj~ (Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)
ICHIMURA Munetake m*1~ (ColI. Arts Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
IEKI Kazuo *:Jm 5fD x (Fac. Sci., Rikkyo Univ.)(Radioisot. Cent., Univ. Tokyo)
IJIRI Kenichi # JtL ~ ISHIKAWA Masanobu 15}l1 ft *'2 (Tokyo Univ. Fisheries)
1% ~ (Inst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
JEONG Sun Chan #B

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KAGEY AMA Mayumi ~ LlJ ~ ~ (Hoya Corp.)
KASAGI Jirota ~*tEl~~* (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Techno!.)KASAl Kiyomi ~ it~ (Nat!. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
KATO Norihisa
J1i !f ~ (Dep. Phys., Kyushu Univ.)
KATO Seigo
J1i ~.:g. (Fac. Educ. Yamagata Univ.)
KA TORI Kenji J.t: 1& ~(Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
KAWAKAMI Hirokane }l1.L *- ~ (Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
KAWASHIMA Hideo }II ~ ~ 11:t (Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
KITAO Kensuke ~~~~WJ (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
KUBONO Sigeru ~1*mT(Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
KUBOTA Shinzou ~ EEl {~-= (Fac. Sci., Rikkyo Univ.)
KUSAKARI Hideshige 1jr jJJ ~ 5R (Fac. Educ., Chiba Univ.)
LEE Sang Mu
f§(Inst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
MAEDA Kazushige M EEl ~D(ColI. Gen. Educ., Tohoku Univ.)
MASUDA Kimiaki ~ EEl 0- ~ (Saitama ColI. Health)
MIKOLAS David (Dep. Phys. Astron., Michigan State Univ.)
MIY AT AKE Hiroari '§:Lt\ f m (ColI. Gen. Educ., Osaka Univ.)
MORINAGA Haruhiko ~ 7]< Bff g (Sec. Phys. Tech. Univ. Mlinchen)
MORRISSEY David (Dep. Phys. Astron., Michigan State Univ.)
MOTOBA Y ASHI Tohru~ (Fac. Sci., Rikkyo Univ.)
MULLER Alex (Inst. Phys. Nucl., Orsay, France)
MURAKAMI Takeshi f1.L~ (Dep. Phys., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)NAGAI Yasuki 7.k. it ~ W (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)NAGASHIMA Yasuo :Bt ~ ~(Dep. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
NAKAYAMA Shintarou $LlJ{~*~~ (ColI. Gen. Educ., Univ. Tokushima)
OHNUMA Hajime
ffi (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
ORIHARA Hikonojo ~JJiigZ7R (Cyclotron and Radioisot. Cent., Tohoku Univ.)
OSHIMA Masumi~ !l! ~ (Japan Atomic Energy Res. Inst.)
OSHIRO Takashi ~:lW:~ (Tokyo Univ. Fisheries)
OY AIZU Mitsuhiro IJ\1PP1$JEJ.t (Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
RUAN (GEN) Jian-zhi ~JG
Jt ¥f5 (Dep. Phys., Rikkyo Univ.)
SAKAGUCHI Harutaka :f;& 0 tEl ~ (Dep. Phys., Kyoto Univ.)
SA TO Hiroshi {tc J1i
lift. (Seikei Univ.)
SAW AMOTO Takeyuki~ Z (Hoya Corp.)
SHIBAMURA Eido ~ M ?Jf ~ (Saitama ColI. Health)
SHIMIZU Hajime
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SHIMODA Tadashi T EEl
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SHIMOURA Susumu T 1m-¥- (Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
SHIRA TO Shoji B ± ~/J\
(Dep. Phys., Rikkyo Univ.)
SUGAW ARA Masahiko ;g JJii {§ g (Fundam. Sci., Chiba Inst. Technol.)
TAKAHASHI Noriaki ~ ~ 11 ~ (ColI. Gen. Educ., Osaka Univ.)
TAKIGAWA Noboru ~}l1
ff- (Dep. Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
TANAKA Masahiko EEl $ ~ ~ (Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
TOKI Hiroshi ± tl!tiW (Dep. Phys., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)
XU Hushan 1~$f fiiJj (Inst. Mod. Phys., Acad. Sin. China)~ (Dep. Phys., Tohoku Univ.)
Y AMAYA Takashi W 1¥.
Y ASUE Masaharu !fi: ¥I IE tEl (RCNP, Osaka Univ.)
YOSHIDA Kazuo E EEl ~D(Hoya Corp.)
YOSHIZAW A Yasukazu E ¥R ~ ~D (Dep. Phys., Hiroshima Univ.)YOSOI Masaru W~it 1~ (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)

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FUJIWARA Hideaki J1i JJii ?Jf ~ (Inst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
FUNATSU Yoshinori 11J'd 1$ ~ 1& (Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
FURUT AKA Kazuyoshi il ~ ~D fj[ (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
FUT AMI Yasuyuki~ ~ Z (Inst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)

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HAT A Kazuhiro ~fD iW (Dep. Phys., Rikkyo Univ.)
ICHINOSE Hideo m .:;~~j¥l*x (Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)
INABE Naohito frs ill r11D A. (Fac. Sci., Kyoto Univ.)
ISHIDA Nobumichi 15 EB 1$ j!! (Sch. Sci. Eng., Waseda Univ.)
ITO Tatsuya itt § Jt it2 (Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Waseda Univ.)
IW ASA N aohito ;fi 1tr: @: 1= (Dep. Phys., Rikkyo Univ.)
3S. i~ F~ (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Techno!.)
KODAMA Masakado
KOGUCHI Masanari ~ 0 ~l RX, (Dep. Appl. Phys., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)KUGO Harumi A ~~ B~ ~ (Inst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
KUWAHARA K5ta ~ 1* 7};(Sch. Sci. Eng., Waseda Univ.)
MATSUI Hiroshi ;f'~ #iW (Sch. Sci. Eng., Waseda Univ.)
MIZOT A Takeshi r~ EB ft\ ~ (Inst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
NAKAGAWA Keiko r:p }II ~ r (lnst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
NAKAMURA Takashi r:p *11lt PJ (Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
OGIWARA Masahiro -g)( 1* .1E ~L (Dep. Phys., Rikkyo Univ.)
OGIW ARA Mitsuhiko -g)( 1* 7't jffg (lnst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
OHNO Mariko *!f~f][r (Radisot. Cent., Univ. Tokyo)~ (lnst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
OKUMURA Susumu ~ *1
OKUNO Hiroki ~!f JZ. W (Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
OTOBE Eiichiro Z:g~~-~~ (Sch. Sci. Eng., Waseda Univ.)
PU Y. H. ¥l~ dE (lnst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
SAKURAI Mikio ~ # ~ x (Dep. Phys., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)(Dep. Phys., Rikkyo Univ.)
SHIBUY A Shinji f>Z ~ ~TAKANASHI Hidehiko ~ ~ ~ jffg (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)~ ~ (Dep. Phys., Rikkyo Univ.)
T AKEI Taro ft\ #TAMURA Akitoshi EB *1 ~ 1tiJ[ (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)
IDII (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Techno!.)TOYOKA W A Hidenori ~} II
TSUDA Shoko 1$ EB :fF r (Radiosot. Cent., Univ. Tokyo)
UTSUMI Motoharu I*J 00 ~ :lC (Sci. Eng. Res. Lab., Wasada Univ.){i; ~ f! (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Techno!.)YASHIRO Yoshinori
YOSHIDA Hiroshi a EB r15 PJ (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Inst. Technol.)

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ANDO Kozo ~ ~ ~U -=:.
FUKUDA Hiroshi 1i EB
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KANAI Yasuyuki ~ # 1:* Z
SHIMAMURA Isao ~ M ~*AWAYA Yohko ~ El?fI. r
KAMBARA Tadashi :t$ 1*.1E
NISHIDA Masami Iffi EEl ft ~W A T AN ABE Tsutomu ¥Jl fm
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AZUMA Toshiyuki
1~ f f (ColI. Arts Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
DANJO Atsunori mL ~ f,t (Dep. Phys., Niigata Univ.)
DORNER Reinhard (Kernphys. Inst., Frankfurt Univ.)
FUJIMA Kazumi ~ FI3' - ~ (Fac. Eng., Yamanashi Univ.)
1~ ~ (lnst. Phys., Univ. Tsukuba)
HARA Shunsuke 1*(Univ. Electro-Commun.)
HINO Ken-ichi B!f {}! HITACHI Akira Jj tfj
jj[ (Inst. Sci. Techno!., Waseda Univ.)
ICHIMIY A Ayahiko - '§ df2 jffg (Dep. Eng., Nagoya Univ.)
ISHII Keishi 15 it ]I! Z (Dep. Eng. Sci., Kyoto Univ.)
ISOZUMI Yasuhito E+ff*A. (Radioisot. Res. Cent., Kyoto Univ.)
ITO Shin 1ft ~~ (Radioisot. Res. Cent., Kyoto Univ.)
ITOH Yoh itt ~~ (Fac. Sci., Josai Univ.)
IWAT A Yasushi ;fi EEl ijt i!J (ColI. Arts Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
KARASHIMA Shosuke m~ J3R ~ (Dep. Electron. Eng., Tokyo Univ. Sci.)~ (Kyoto Inst. Techno!.)KA W A TSURA Kiyoshi }II 1m

197

**

KOBAYASHI N obuo ;J\{§:;R (Dep. Phys., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)
KOIKE Fumihiro ;J\ ttB Jt 11 (Sch. Med., Kitasato Univ.)
KOIZUMI Tetsuo ;J\ 7~ 1!f:;R (Dep. Phys., Rikkyo Univ.)
KOMAKI Ken-ichiro ;J\~W~~~ (ColI. Arts Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
KUROKI Kenro ~1Jt ~~ (Natl. Res. Inst. Police Sci.)
MATSUO Takashi r~ ~(Dep. Pathol., Tokyo Med. Dent. Univ.)
MATSUZAWA Michio r~ ~ ~ ~ (Dep. Eng. Phys., Univ. Electro-Commun.)OHSAKI Akihiko
IDtrr S)j ~ (Inst. Mol. Sci.)
OHT ANI Shunsuke *:fr 1~ 1l' (N atl. Inst. Fusion Sci.)
OKUNO Kazuhiko ~ If fD Jft (Dep. Phys., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)
PAPP Tibor (Inst. Nucl. Res., Hungarian Acad. Sci.)
SATO Hiroshi fi ~ ¥~ ~ (Dep. Phys., Ochanomizu Univ.)
SHIBATA Hiromi ~ EH m~ (Res. Cent. Nucl. Sci. Technol., Univ. Tokyo)
SHIMA Kunihiro ~*~ iW (Tandem Acce!. Cent., Univ. Tsukuba)
SHIMAKURA N oriyuki ~ it me Z (Gen. Educ. Dep., Niigata Univ.)¥$ (Dep. Phys., Sophia Univ.)
SUZUKI Hiroshi ~N 7F (Dep. Phys., Toho Univ.)
TAKAGI Shoji ~TAW ARA Hiroyuki {~iW Z (Nat!. Inst. Fusion Sci.)TERASAWA Mititaka ~ ¥R {ffif # (Himeji Inst. Technol.)
TRAUTMANN Dirk (Inst. Phys., Basel Univ.)(Fac. Techono!., Tokyo Univ. Agric. Technol.)
TSURUBUCHI Seiji -U ¥Jm ~URAKAWA Junji 00 JIIII~ m (Nat!. Lab. High Energy Phys.)
VEGH Laszlo (Inst. Nuc!. Res. , Hungarian Acad. Sci.)
W AKIY A Kazuyoshi ~:fr ~ ~ (Dep. Phys., Sophia Univ.)
YAMAZAKI Yasunori LU ~m (ColI. Arts Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
YOSHINO Masuhiro "5 If :Jii ~L. (Lab. Phys., Shibaura Inst. Techno!.)

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INABA Takayuki fIB ~ :I:" Z (Inst. Laser Sci., Univ. Electro-Commun.)
KUSHIMA Masahiro ::z ~~ ~ iW (Dep. Phys., Sophia Univ.)
Z (Dep. Phys., Sophia Univ.)
SAKAUE Hiroyuki :f:)j Lm

Metal Physics Laboratory
ISHIDA Katsuhi.ko 15 EB MJ Jft
MATSUZAKI Teiichiro r~~t~m~~
SHIOT ANI N obuhiro ;tg:fr s ~L.

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KOY AMA Akio ;J\BB ;fLt
NAGAMINE Kanetada 7]< ~ ~ J~'
YAGI Eiichi J\~**(Visitors)
FUJIOKA Manabu ~ IiQJ
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MINAMISONO Tadanori mIII J~' ~U (Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
MIYAKE Yasuhiro .=:. ~ ~ iW (Meson Sci. Lab., Univ. Tokyo)
TANAKA Koki EB r:p ~ ~ (Nippon Steel Corp.)
TORIKAI Eiko J~ ff ~ -T (Fac. Eng., Yamanashi Univ.)(Student)
ISHIKAWA Hiroshi

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Magnetic Materials Laboratory
OKADA Takuya

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SAKAI Nobuhiko:f:)j it {§ Jft(Visitors)
YAMADA YA Tokio LU EH:fr~:;R (Fac. Lit. Sci., Yokohama City Univ.)
ASAI Kichizo ~ it -a- ijI (Fac. Technol., Univ. Electro-Commun.)

198

Plasma Physics Laboratory
ISHIBE Yukio E:g~ fr ftt
Y ANO Katsuki ~!H 1m ~(Visitor)
SAKAMOTO Yuichi

OY AMA Hitoshi

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Semiconductor Laboratory(Visitor)
AONO Keiko

W my t! y(ColI. Lib. Arts, Kitasato Univ.)

Inorganic Chemical Physics Laboratory
AMBE Shizuko 'fi::g~ D y
MAEDA Kuniko M" EB *~ y
T AKAMI Michio ~ J! J1[ ~KAWAI Jun tPJ ~1flj
SASA Y oshihiko fi J:< ~ g(Visitors)
ISHI Keizo E # ~ @ (Cyclotron Radioisot. Cent., Tohoku Univ.)
KUSUYAMA Hiroyuki 1m LlJ "5[. Z (Saitama Med. Sch.)~ (lnst. Chern. Res., Kyoto Univ.)
MUKOY AMA Takashi ~ LlJ
UDA Masayuki f EB J;t Z (Dep. Mater. Phys., Waseda Univ.)
FUKUDA Yukio
EB 1T ~ (ColI. Lib. Arts, Kobe Univ.)mRadiochemistry Laboratory
AMBE Fumitoshi 7:i:g~ X 1ftJ.
ITOH Yoshiko 1jt
7f +KOBA Y ASHI Yoshio /J\
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ARA T ANI Michi J[ ij. ~ ~IWAMOTO Masako :E
IE +OHKUBO Yoshitaka A7-.1*~r%'J(Visitors)
BABA Hiroshi I%:f:~Ji;. (Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
CHO Yang-Koo~ fL (lnst. Mater. Sci., Univ. Tsukuba)
ENDO Kazutoyo i! ~ *0':' (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)
FUKUSHIMA Hiroto~~ 115 A (Japan Chemical Analysis Cent.)
FURUKAWA Michiaki [j JII If! E!fj (Fac. Sci., Nagoya Univ.)
IMAI Masato ~ # IE A (Komatsu Electronic Metals Co., Ltd.)IMURA Ryo # M
7C (Cent. Res. Lab., Hitachi, Ltd.)KADOT A Yoshinori ft£J 83 1* *1 (Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd.)KA T ADA Motomi h 83 jC(Fac. Sci., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)
KA TO Hajime TID ~(Fac. Educ., Yamanashi Univ.)
KIRIT A Hiroshi 00 El3 tw: 5e (Japan Chemical Analysis Center)
KOJIMA Sadao /J\ ~ ~ ~ (Nucl. Med. Cent., Aichi Medical Univ.)
KUBO Kenya 7-. 1* ~ ~ (Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
KUBOTA Takeshi 7-.1*EB [jijW (Inst. Mater. Sci., Univ. Tsukuba)
KURIHARA Toshikazu@: 1~ (Inst. Mater. Sci., Univ. Tsukuba)
NONAKA Nobuhiro my cP 1B" tw (Japan Chemical Analysis Cent.)
OKADA Shigenobu IinJ EB ~ 1B" (RID Eng., Shimadzu Corp.)
OOHIRA Shigeo A:5:fZ:m ~ (Nikkei Techno Res. Co., Ltd.)SAITO Kazuo~ *0 ~ (Toshiba Corp., R&D Cent.)
SAITO Tadashi if ~@ (Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
SHIBATA Seiichi ~ 83 ~ (Inst. Nucl. Study)
SHINOHARA Atsushi ~ @:W. (Fac. Sci., Nagoya Univ.)

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SUGAI Isao '§f if~ (Inst. Nucl. Study, Univ. Tokyo)
TAKAHASHI Naruto [ljPX A (Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
T AKAI Mikio foij if ~ ~ (Fac. Eng. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
TANIGAWA Shoichiro 1:j-)lIJ±-~~ (Inst. Mater. Sci., Univ. Tsukuba)
T AZAKI Kazue ill ~ ~O rI (Fac. Sci., Shimane Univ.)
TOMINAGA Takeshi ~ 7kf)t (Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
WATANABE Kazuhiro itt JZl (Inst. Mater. Sci., Univ. Tsukuba)
WATANABE Yasuo v.t JZl~ (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)

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HA YANO Syuichi iF- 1H 11~ (Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
KOBAYASHI Hiroshi IJ\ ff# (Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
KUSA WAKE Hiroaki !Jl~:5t 7Z. ~ (Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
MINAMI Masaki r¥IT
lE ~i (Dep. Metal Eng., Shibaura Inst. Technol.)
MISHIMA Kenji .::. ~~ ~(Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo)
NAKADA Masami cP ill 1£ ~ (Fac. Sci., Tokyo Metrop. Univ.)
NAKAJIMA Yoshiaki cP ~~ ~ ~ (Fac. Sci., Nagoya Uiliv.)
NARITA Midori mG EE*~ (Fac. Sci., Nagoya Univ.)
OHKUBO Masaaki "*!A..15f1:~~~ (Dep. Metal Eng., Shibaura Inst. Technol.)
SHINTAI Junichirou ?fJT1ih~:-AA (Fac. Sci., Nagoya Univ.)
iJb W (Dep. Metal Eng., Shibaura Inst. Technol.)T ACHI Kouju ~'§TANIGUCHI Yujin 1:j- 0 ~ 1= (Fac. Sci., Nagoya Univ.)
YANAGIDA Yasuo tPp EE 1* 1Ll (Fac. Sci., Toho Univ.)
YUKAWA Naoki ~)l 1 @: W (Fac. Sci., Osaka Univ.)
YUY A T ANI Masanori ~*1:j-~~1J (Dep. Metal Eng., Shibaura Inst. Technol.)=Chemical Dynamics Laboratory
KIMURA Kazuie* 1'1 -

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ITO Yasuo 1Jf Hi *!15~

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SANO Fumihiko 1tC 1H X ~ (Dep. Phys., Chuo Univ.)
YANAGISHITA Sensuke fPP T 1llJ 11- (Dep. Phys., Chuo Univ.)

Radiation Biology Laboratory
KANEKO Ichiro :ii T - ~~NAKANO Kazushiro cP 1H ~D ~KIT A Y AMA Shigeru ~t UJ
YATAGAI Fumio 1:j-EEffi!X~(Visitors)
BA VERSTOCK Keith F. (Rasiobiol. Unit, Med. Res. Counc., U.K.)
FUKUMURA Akifumi mi 1'1 ~ 5:::. (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)(Nat!. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
HOSHINO Kazuo .£ 1H KANAI Tatsuaki 3i # Jt f!!j (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
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KA W ACHI Kiyomitsu 101 pg
KAWASHIMA Katsuhiro JII ~ MJ: iJb (N atl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
KOBAYASHI Yasuhiko IJ\ ff~ (Japan. Atomic Energy Res. Inst.)
McINTYRE Cindy L. (Radiobiol. Unit, Med. Res. Counc., U.K.)
NAKAI Hirokazu cP if iJL ~D (Dep. Agric., Shizuoka Univ.)
OHARA Hiroshi "* @:iJL (Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci.)
SOGA Fuminori ~ lit Jt W (Inst. Nucl. Study, Tokyo Univ.)
SUZUKI Keiji tt~"8] (RI Cent., Fac. Med., Yokohama City Univ.)

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W A T AN ABE Hiroshi VJt J21(RI Cent., Fac. Med., Yokohama City Univ.)
W A TANABE Masami r1t J21 IE
YAMASHITA Shoji W I§ '.(J\. (Natl. Saitama Hospital)cr(Student)
KOSAKA Toshifumi/J\:I:.& 1~ Y:.

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KA TOU Takeo no Hi :Itt tLit
MA TSUZA WAY asuhide f'~ ¥R ~SAKAMOTO Ichiro :l:.&;;$: - ~~SHINOHARA Shigemi 1i ffi{

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FUJIHANA Takanobu(Student)
KOBAYASHI Kenzo

KOBAYASHI Takane

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KAMITSUBO Hiromichi .L:t¥ 7.i J]l
OIKAWA Yosifumi 13 JII ~ 1m
T AKEBE Hideki :Itt fm ~ w
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NAGAOKA Ryutaro ~f5Jj~*~~
SASAKI Shigeki fi:k
TAN AKA Hitoshi B3 cp
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KUSAKA Takuya B r .Ej[ m (Kobe Steel, Ltd.)~ E3
LEE Young Pak
MIY ADE Hiroki '§ tJj 7.i(Sumitomo Heavy Ind., Ltd.)MIZOGA W A Tatsumi m}ll ~ 8 (Fac. Sci., Saitama Univ.)
MORIMOTO Yoshihide ~;;$: 1~(Kobe Steel, Ltd.)MOTONAGA Syoshichi :lC 7.k BlS --t:; (Science Service)
NISHIDONO Toshiro Iffi W& mil AA (Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Ind. Co., Ltd.)OHNISHI Jun-ichi *- Iffi *~(Kawasaki Heavy Ind., Ltd.)T AKESHIT A Isao 11 T ~ ~ (Irie Koken Co., Ltd.)TSUMAKI Kouji ~~ m (Hitachi, Ltd.)YOKOUCHI Shigeru m ~a (Osaka Vacuum, Ltd.)YOSHIDA Katsuhisa E B3 ~ 7. (Mitsubishi Electric Corp.){l! (Toshiba Corp.)
YOSHIYUKI Takeshi E {f

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HINAGO Nobuaki B -ij-r-1$E!Jj (Fac. Sci. Eng., Chuo Univ.)
HIRANO Yoshiki ¥!Y 7J W (ColI. Hum. Sci. Nihon Univ.)$ (Fac. Sci. Eng., Chuo Univ.)
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MORO ToshiyaaAUTHOR INDEXABE RyoIi5J {i~~GALSTER W.

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AKAGI Hiroyasu 7ffi
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AM BE Fumitoshi 3i: {i~ X fi¥J: 60,72,73,74,75,79
AMBE Shizuko 3i: $ ~ T 74,79
ANDO Kozo 3i: § ~U = 56
ANDO Yoshiaki 3i: § ~ ~ 16
AONO Keiko w!lf tt T 67
AONO Masakazu w!lf 1E fD 64
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M 14,100,101,102,103,

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HOFMANN H.

38,39

IEKI Kazuo

2, 5 ,106!f-}l 1 13i:-fl~{$ 11"tI:l

HITACHI Akira

~

9,10

68

3
46

mIn{

£¥i 18,27

mil l ~~ = 2,106

ICHIKAWA Shinichi

145

mill J1t -14*:tm fD:;R 9,10,12,13 , 15,16,17*

IIMURA Hideki j& f1*2 14
IKEZAWA Eiji tIB ¥R 5i:.
3, 5

8

CARBONELL Jaume

fD tw 16

HATANAKA Kichiji mI
HAYAKAWA Shun-ichiro

ICHIHARA Takashi

8

=

8

IMAI Takashi

30,31

CHIBA Y oshiaki

15,17

126,128,131,155,156,157,158,160,169

ICHIKAWA Ryuji

BOUDARD Alan

a:. ¥

~

HEMMI Masatake ~ ~ i& Jtt

52

CASSING W.

8HAMA Hiroyuki

HEUSCH Bernarl 12, 13

18

BIZEN Teruhiko fjfij M ~ ~BONIN B.

GUILLOT J

2,106,110,111

8

32,34,35

143,145,147,148,150,151,152,153,158,160

BEAUMEL Didier~

GUILLAUME G.

HA YASHI N obuyuki;f;fm~ 132,134,136,138,139,141,~

GO TO Akira 1& §89

76

BANDO Hiroharu :f:.&
BE Suck Hee

8

HA T A Kazuhiro ~

18

61,73

~ J¥. ~ T

AZUMA Mitsuhiro

GARCON Michel105~ it E ~AWAY A Y ohko

15,17

T ~ iff BA

~ it

~

91

INABA Takayuki liS ~ .. Z

355

IN ABE N aohito liS Jll ri16 A

18

DAlBO Hidemi *- f*~ 153
DANJO Atsunori :l:.I..t. ~ t! 55

INAMURA Takashi liS f1£¥i 14,58,89,94,173

DORNER Reinhard

INOUE Toshihiko it..t. fi¥J: ~3

ISAGAWA Shigeru ~ i ll
ISHIDA Katsuhiko :0 B3 Jm ~23
23,24,26 ,90,98

ISHIHARA Masayasu :0~

CHO Yang-koo iffIENDO Kazutoyo

~. 1L

*

77

INOUE Koji it..t. ~ EJ

48

~ §

FU JIE Makoto § ¥I*

fD:I': 72~

24

1£ ~ ~
Fe' - ~ 42

FUJIHANA Takanobu §FUJIMA Kazumi§

FUJISAWA Takashi § ¥R ~ $

156

65,66

ISHIHARA Takeshi :0108,113'* 1E'* JttISHII Keizo :0 it ~ @ 47

ff 171,172,173
FUJIWARA Hideaki §5i:. £tI3 12,13)6
FUKUDA Hiroshi :fi B37]; 41,43
FUKUDA Mitsunori
B3 7't JIW! 18

ISHIKAWA Hiroshi :O} II

FUKUSHIMA Hiroto

ITOH Yoshiko

FUJITA Shin § B3'*m
m~~ ~ A 80,81

m 51,52
ISHIKAWA Toshiyuki :0 }1113i: 11" 2,106
ISHIZUKA Takeo :0 ~ Jtt:!J5 89
ISSHIKI Hiroshi - 15
1W 2,106*:'6- * 1E:'6- * 1E T

{Jt

FUKUY AMA Hirofumi :fi LlI 11 X

150,151IWAKI Masaya

FURUT AKA Kazuyoshi il ~ fD:ttl

15

IWAMOTO Masako

GAILLARD Gerard
GALONSKY A.

15

816,17,18
43,45

)5= T

ijlt

77,80,81
64,65,66,67
60,72,73,78,79,171:'6- ftc ~ 1= 15,16
IWASAKI Masahiko :'6- Mrr ~ ~ 23,24
IWASA Naohito

JEONG S.C.

~

1~ ~

:JJOjt~KAGA Y A Satoru

KUDO Hiroshi

12,13,16,t~

I Ii 1W ~~ LlJ.IE 6,106
t$ @: IE 46,48,53,54,.55
KAMITSUBO Hiromichi .r.:PfL 7R:@: 115,165,173
KANAI Yasuyuki ii:J:t: 1* Z 46,48,53,54,55
KANET A Yasumasa 31i EEl 3i: IE 88

ft~ EElKUMATA Yukio

KAMBARA Tadashi

KURIHARA Hideki

3t*m~~*

15,17

KASE Masayuki :JJO itQ ~ Z

2, 3 ,106,112

Jt EEl 5t C 60, 73
KA TO Chihiro tID Ii -=f ~ 91
KA TO Hajime :JJO Ii- 84
KA TO Masahiro :JJO fi IE 1W 169
KA TO Mineo :JJO fi
1:. . 24
KA TO Takako :JJO Ii ~ T 42
KA TORI Kenji J1g 1& ~19,20
KA TOU Takeo DO Ii jg; a 171
KATSURAGAWA Hidetsugu :f! }II ~ IfflllJ 58,89,94
KAT ADA Motomi*=

KAWATSURA Kiyoshi

~

}II @

53,54

12,13

ft~ t:I- ~ fD

KUMAGAI Hidekazu

171

KAGEY AMA Tadashi

KASAGI Jirota

24

KUGOH Harumi 7-. ~ HW ~%3 EB {~*I 80

KADOT A Yoshinori

27,50"* 1:. 108,110-* @: ~ W 23,24
KURIHARA Toshikazu -* @: {~- 77~ LlJ -KURIY AMA Kazuo

~

*

68

KUROKI Kenro ~f}t 1l!~ 46,54
KUROSAW A Kiyoyuki ~ YK.
1T 24

m

B T .$: itt

KUSAKA Takuya

155,156,157,158, 160*

14

Jll~ 7t 7Z. ~76

KUSAKARI Hideshige 1ji )(IJ ~KUSA WAKE Hiroaki

KUSHIMA Masahiro ~ ~~ ~ 1W 55

tm LlJ "5L Z

KUSUY AMA Hiroyuki
LEE S.M.

* tEl aLEE Young Pak

71

12,13,16,93

*

~ E3

132,134,136,138,139,141,

143,145,147,148,150,151,152,153

LEMAIRE M. C.

22

LOMBARD R. M.

22

MAEDA Haruka

trIEEI ~j: ~ iJ)

57

trI EEl *~ T

47,52,70,71

KIMURA Kazuie*;f1 - f

87

MAEDA Kuniko

KIMURA Kikuo*ttg~a97

MARUYAMA Tomoyuki .1L LlJ ~"* 37

KIRA Akiraa.&~

KIRIT A Hiroshi .f!IIJ EB tt

se. 81~t l1 ~:!J5

KITAMURA Hideo

g:g, ~J!(WJKITAO Kensuke

MA TSUKI Seishi f'l
MATSUMOTO Akira

27,86

KIT AZA W A Hideaki

169

100,101,102,103,105~t ¥R. ~ flj3

26** 1$ 76** 66
KOBA YASHI Takane** U1$ 7,64,66,171
KOBAYASHI Toshio**
19,20,21
KOBAYASHI Yoshio** R 60,72,73,79

BE 111
MATSUMOTO Y oshiyasu f'l:2$: a
57,89

*

MA TSUO Takashi f'l ~MATSUTA Kensaku f'l ~ f}l

14
23,24,26,90

Ij\

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MA TSUZAWAY asuhide f'l ¥R. 3i:
MERCHEZ Fernand 8

Ij\

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m35. ~ r~ 15

KOHARA Shigeo Ij\ @:m7(

KOHNO Isao rilJ 1I!f

Jj;

rilJ 1I!f

6,106,108,110,111

METAG V.

30

MIKOLAS David 18

MINOH Arimichi~

MINOW A Tatsuya

91

MISHIMA Kenji

KOIZUMI Mitsuo Ij\ 7'R :J'[; 1:. 89

MISHIMA Osamu

Ij\ #Jj ~ W 69~

96

~ 0 ~ RX:18

~ liJ:,

a 51,52~ 1* ~ ~KUBO Toshiyuki
KUBOTA Takeshi

~ 1*

~U

58,94

{~64

168

'§ JII ~ §MIYAKE Yasuhiro~ £is ~ 1W

MIY A TAKE Hiroari'§ jg; f

171
23, 24 , 26

itt 18MIY AZA WAY oshitoshi '§ YR {t m)[
MIZOT A Takeshi~ }II ~ 8

~ EEl jg; it,

3

46,48

12,13,16

MOELLER Echard 22

72m)["* 15,17,18,114

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= 72

'§ tf:l 7Z. me

MIYAGAWA Makoto

20,21

113

~ $ffij Ji ~~ ~~ ~MIZOGAWA Tatsumi

8

KOYAMA Akio Ij\ LlJ BE
KUBO Kenya

53,54

23

KOUGUCHI Masanari
KOX Serge

MIY ADE Hiroki

Ij\!f)l:1Vf-~~

KONNO Satoshi 3i: 1I!f~ BE 1£:@:

68,171,172

j[[Hif}t{):~~.IE tw 82,83,84,85,86i¥i

MIN AMI Masaki

KOIKE Fumihiro Ij\ ttH )( 1W 42

KONDO Kenjirou* 171

MINAMISONO Tadanori i¥i iii ,~JlU

Jit 56

KOHMOTO Susumu rilJ:2$:

KOMAKI Ken-ichiro

50

m 19,20,21

MATSUZAKI Teiichiro f'l~t~m~~

Ij\

KOKAI Hideki*

MA TSUZAKI Masayuki f'l ~ ~ Z

Ij\

KOBAYASHI Kenzo

KOHNO Tsuyoshi

89

H~:2$:f}t ~KOBAYASHI Hiroshi

KODAMA Masakado* fIE se.

77

MORIMOTO Yoshihide~:2$: {t ~132,134,136,138,

139,141,143,145,147,148,150,151,152,153

MORITA Kosuke~ EE ~ iI'

89

OKADA Takuya

MORITA Susumu

~ EE

47

OKUMURA Susumu ~ *1

MORO Toshiya;;b

1lt!x t!1 155,157~ g

OLSON D. L.

[U3j EE ~ ili

MOTOBA Y ASHI Tohru*#

8

OYAMA Hitoshi

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MOTON AGA Shoushichi

JC 7k SB -t; 162,165 ,167,168

PERRIN Claude

8

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MOSEL U.

OTSUKA Shozo

MULLER W.F.J.

~

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Ym

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14

~

69

* ~ ~:= 2 ,106

PETERSON R.J.

19,20,21

9 ,10,11

MUNAKATA Kazuoki{~- ~ 91
MURAKAMI Hiroyuki M...t ~ Z 16

PUY.H.

REBREYEND Dominiq

8

M Lli flJ $ 16,89
N AGAMINE Kanetada 7k. ~ ,'is', 23,24,25,26,90,98
NAGAMIYA Shoji 7k '§ IE m 22

RUAN (GEN) Jian-Zhii

1%

MURAYAMA Toshiyuki~[U3j~:7,\:~~NAGAOKA Ryutaro

117,119,121,122,124,

126,128,131~

NAGASE Makotowi~

106,108,110*

NAGASHIMA Yasuo ~ ~~ 16
NAKABAYASHI Seiichiro CP#~-~~

cp EE IE ~NAKADA Masami

72

~JJE

SAITO Kazuo
SAITO Koichi
SAITO Motozo
SAITO Tadashi

12,13,16* Hi * Hi

12,13,93
11

cp W- iJI.. ~72

cp # 1$:7,\: 53,54
cP M m~~ 89
NAKAMURA Takashi cP M ~ J§j 114
NAKANISHI Noriyoshi cp IZ§% 88
NAKANO Kazushiro cP lIlY fD:IP.X 96

83

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37

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III
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SAKABE Shuj i ~,& 1}~ fflJ

61

SAKAIRI Hideo :f;& A ~ 1i:l

7,64

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*-

68

SAKURAI Mikio~ # ~ 7<;:

SAM HAMMER R.

38,39

NGUYEN Van Sen
NIITA Koji

:ii 66,67
53,54

1$

8
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132,134,136,138,

w~ 23,24

IZ§ M ~:g:NISIMURA Keigo

OGAWA Kengo 11\ JII ~:g:

9 ,10
9
16

m 6 ,171~]J.ff.

~ W- IE"5I..

OGIWARA Masahiro* * 1D

OHKI Tomonori
OHKUBO Yoshitaka

J:liJ

16

3

*~{;\ft~~* IZ§ ~ -[U3j 1}~

J§j

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75,76,79,100,101,111

fi ~ IE 1i:l 53,54
ftr: Hi ~Jt 9,10,11

SA TAKA Masao
SA TO Hiroshi

48

SCHNETZER Steve 22
SHAPIRO Gilbert 22
SHIBUY A Shinji~ 1§- ~

=

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16
44

SHIMIZU Hajime

m71<

SHIMIZU Kazuo

m71< fD ~ 69

~

T EE

9,10,92

SHIMOMURA Kohichiro

55

SHIMOURA Susumu T 1m

1§- {~1r

55

SHINOHARA Atsushi 1i W-

J!j.

76

132

SHINOHARA Shigemi 1i W- ~a

171

~ J 1/ B ff~

OKADA Shigenobu

169m

SHIMODA Tadashi

OIKAWAY oshifumi
OKABE Yoshio

fil:< *~W

SASAMOTO Tetsuji

9 ,10,92

OHT ANI Syunsuke

OHTA Ken :7,\: EE

47,51,52,70,71

162,167,168

*m m
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OHNUMA Hajime

SASAKI Shigeki

SHIMAMURA Isao

102,103,105

OHNISHI Jun-ichi

fi lIlY )l: ~ 87
SANO Hirotoshi ftr: lIlY tw 1lt!x 60,72,73
SANO (MURAOKA) Mitsuo fi lIlY )It ~ 28,29,32,33,

SANO Fumihiko

SCHMIDT-BOCKING Horst

OGIHARA Mitsuhiko ~ W- )It ~OGIWARA Kiyoshi

15,17

SA SA Yoshihiko fi I:< B ~30,31

139,141,143,145,147,148,150,151 , 152,153

NISHIY AMA Kusuo

69

mZ 55

34,35

1=#EE~=NISHIDONO Toshirou

23,24,99* m-:f;&...tm*

134,141,145

171, 172, 173~

SAKAMOTO Yuichi :f;&

rn vt

~~

* 1.tk* -SAKAMOTO Isao :f;&
SAKAMOTO Shinichi :f;&
SAKA UE Hiroyuki

N ARAMOTO Hiroshi

~ $

t,&

tJiZ

SAKAMOTO Ichiro

NAKAMURA Ichiro

NAMBA Susumu

40

SAKAI N obuhiko :f;& # {§" ~NAKAI Yohta

*c

m 16

~

~ Hi fD ~SAKAMOTO Hiroyuki*

NAKAGAWA Takahide cP JII ~N AKAGA W A Takemi cp]ll ft\ ~NAKAHARA Hiromichi

27,86:ii 16

19,20,21

MORRISSEY David 18
30,31

60,61,72,73

7J. 65[U3j EE ~ {§"SHIOY A Tatsuro
82

SHIRA TO Shoji

IE

18

T*1~-~~~

j:g J¥. Ji ~~ 169
B ± ~J\
16=

89

19,20,21=

STEINER Herbert 22

TSURUBUCHI Seiji • mM ~56
UDA Masayuki f EE /it Z 47,52,70,71

STOLTERFOHT Nikolaus 53,54

UMEZAW A Hirokazu

SOUTOME Kouichi -9!z,!z.j6- 28,37* JZ. T

SUEHIRO Makiko~**

URAl Teruo 1m:#.;k
VEGH Laszlo 40,41

78

SUEKI Keisuke~ 11- 100
SUGAI Hiroyuki ~ ffi! 7.i. Z 24~

SUGAI Isao ;g:#

WAKASA Shuichiro
W AKIY A Kazuyoshi-= 19,20,21

WAT AN ABE Hiroshi***

SUZUKI Atsuyuki ~~ Z

SUZUKI Hiroshi ~1$

SUZUKI Takenori ~t

*

55

1J

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18.E!. 96~ ~ ~"ff

WIEMAN H.H.

19,20,21

WILKIN Colin

8

XU Hushan

TAKAMATSU lun ~ f'~if~ 11
TAKAMI Michio ~ ~ ~ ~ 47,57,89
TAKANASHI Hidehiko

111

21,27

~ ~ ;;: ~~ ~68

WATANABE Yasuo tN ill. 1ft;k 72
WATANABE Yasushi

TAKAHASHI N oriaki~*m ~ iW;tWATANABE Tsutomu

TAKAHASHI Hirokazu ~ ~ ~ *D 68
TAKAHASHI Katsuo ~ ~ MJ ~ 65
TAKAHASHI N aruto ~ ~ pj(; A 76
TAKAHASHI Tan~ 1j- -

23

"5L W 80,81

T ACHI Kouju tB

88

WATANABE Tokuji tfJt ill.f!: tEl

55

f}I

;fi~*-f!~

W AT AN ABE Kazuhiro tN ill. - 1ft 77

57f}I WI!

SUZUKI Takeshi n
SYMONS T. J. M. 20

7

W AKAI Masamiti ;g::# iE ~ 29,32,34,35

84,85,89~;;$: f}I

24

VOGT Hans 48

SUGAW ARA Masahiko ;g w- ~"ff 14
SUGIMITSU Tsuyoshi ~ j6
5$ 12,13
SUGIMOTO Kenzo~ tR "5L -1~J)l/} 1M

* *-

~

23,24

97

YAGI Eiichi J\
YAMADA Kaneo

UJ EE ~ j(

YAMADA Yutaka

UJ EE

YAMADAYA Tokio

40,41

7 ,62,63
150,151

II 111UJEE1j-~;k*61

YAMAGAT A Sadamu UJ
k 86
YAMAJI Shuhei UJ ~ {~~ 28,38,39

18

T AKEBE Hideki ftt tm ~ W 114,165,167

UJ;;$: :mt 169
YAMANO Yoshiyuki UJ 'f ~ Z 138

T AKEI Taro ftt:# *- f!~ 15
TANABE Tetsumi EE ill.f~ ~9,10

YAMAZAKI Yasunori UJ ilffiJ
53,54
YANAGISHITA Sensuke WP T {ill 11- 87

117,119,121,122,124,

YANO Katsuki~ WP {~~TAKAYANAGI Toshinobu

EE l:fJ

TANAKA Hitoshi

Jg

55

YAMAMOTO Shigeru*m*- 'f MJ:j: 69*- 'f y; ~ 2,106
YANOKURA Minoru *-!l!f1t ~ 3,69,79,82,83,84,

YANO Yasushige

126,128,131,168

TANAKA Koki EE l:fJ ¥ £ 63
TANAKA Masahiko EE l:fJ *E g

9,1085,86,97,171

TANAKA Yoshito EE l:fJ ~ A 97
TAN ASE Masakazu 1M 1fJj .IE fD 24
TANIGAWA Shoichiro 1j-JIIJ±-f!~ 77

YASHIRO Yoshinori *- {-\; ~ ff& 92
YASUE Masaharu 3l: tI.IE
9,10,11YATAGAI Fumio 1j-EE~Jt;k 96

TANIGUCHI Yoshiki 1j- 0 ~ W 108,113

YOKOUCHI Shigeru

TANIHATA Isao 1j-

m~ j( 12,13,19,20,21,22,27,86,
iW Z

TAWARA Hiroyuki{~

TENDOW Yoshihiko~ ~ 7i"ff

TERAKAWA Atsuki~ JII

TERASAW A Michitaka
TOMINAGA Takeshi
TONUMA Tadao:I':mt100,101,102,103,105
11~ ¥R fiHf ~

~ 7k

48

72

f}I

pi ¥t3 .IE $~ ff ~ T

*

50

50,56
23,24,26,99

TOYOKAWA Hidekuni :ft JII*TSUMAKI Koji ~117,119,121,122,124,126,

128,131

* m
~

WI!

9 ,10

mP'1

7J.

132,134,136,138,139,

141,143,145,147,148,150,151,152,153

YOKOYAMA Ichiro

93,97

TORIKAI EikommUJ - f!~ 108,112

YONEDA Akira
EE~ 91
YON NET J. 8
YOSHIDA Katsuhisa E EE 5l)...

117,119,121,122,124

YOSHIDA Kenichiro EEE~-f!~ 71
YOSHIDA Koichi E EE j6 15,17,27,114
YOSHINO Masuhiro E If ~ 51:. 55
YOSHIYUKI Takeshi E fr{§t 155,156,158,160
YOSOI Masaru

lj~:#

11

92

YUASA-NAKAGAWA KeikoZOFKA Jean 32

l:fJ JII ~ T

12,13,93

lIKEN Accelerator Progress Report
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fnX: 2 ~ (1990)

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IT fnX: 2 ~ (1990)

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理化学研究所
埼玉県

和光市

広沢