〈日本知財学会誌〉Vol. 14 No. 2― 2017 : 44 53-

Geographical Indication Expert
Stephane Passeri（Consultant for the UN FAO Regional Office for the Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand and Coordinator of the FAO-AFD Project for the Promotion of Rural Develop-

ment through Development of Geographical Indication in Asia）【Abstract】 The protection and development of Geographical Indications (GI) in the ASEAN and Asian region at large
has witnessed impressive developments in the past 15 years with over 200 national GI currently registered in the
ASEAN alone and already several thousand in Asia.
The successful development of a GI System and therefore GI products have to be considered as an Interlinked
Process.
Building on the recent experiences in South East Asia countries, in particular through the implementation of the
FAO-AFD Regional project for the Promotion of Rural Development through the Development of Geographical
Indications at regional Level in Asia, this article aims to present on lessons learnt reflecting on the key elements toconsider for the successful development of a Geographical Indication system and strategy. It also emphasize the crucial
importance of public-private partnerships in order to optimize GI sustainable development and benefits for inclusive
value-chains, rural development, trade but also tourism.
【Keywords】 Geographical Indications

sustainable development

Agriculture

In practice, the TRIPS Agreement, by specifically

1. Introductionreferring to the Geographical Indication as one the key
intellectual property rights to be internationally pro-

When the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects oftected under the Agreement, has given a higher expo-

Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) entered into

sure to the importance of Geographical Indications

stforce on 1 January 1995 as a founding agreement ofworldwide.

the World Trade Organization (WTO), it emphasized

In addition, the Agreement provides an international

the importance of Intellectual Property Rights as key

definition1 for GI as well as minimum standards for thepart of the modern international trading environment.

protection and enforcement of GI for the benefit of all

Geographical Indication (GI), as part of this intellec-

WTO member countries aiming to avoid misleadingtual property right environment, was still relatively ob-

the public and to prevent unfair competition. As for all

scure at the time, implemented and developed mostly

WTO rules, compliance by all members is compulsory

in Europe where the legal protection of Geographicaland may be subject to complaints and sanctions if dis-

Indications emerged in France at the beginning of theregarded. As a result, all founding members of theth

20 century, named at the time “Appellation d’Origine”

WTO but also later on all new members needed tothen later “Appellation d’Origine Controlee” or A.O.C,

consider the protection of Geographical Indication interm still visible today in the label of GI French wines.

their agenda at one point.

44

ISSN 1349-421X

© 2017IPAJ

All rights reserved.

Geographical Indication Expert

But if 20 years ago, the need to comply with the

Therefore the use of a GI may act as a certification that

Agreement was often the primary reason for countries

the product possesses certain qualities, is made ac-

to incorporate GI protective provisions in their legisla-cording to traditional methods, or enjoys a certain rep-tion to become “TRIPS-compliant” countries haveutation, due to its geographical origin. This is the casesince understood that GI could become an interestingin the region for example to Thung Kula Rong-Hai

and innovative tool for development and trade. From

Hom Mali rice (Thailand), Kampot Pepper (Cambodia),

India to China, Thailand to Vietnam, Cambodia to Japan

Darjeeling Tea (India), Longjing Tea (China), Nuoc

or Indonesia to Afghanistan, countries engaged in de-

Mam Phu Quoc (Vietnam), Lamphun Brocade Thai silkveloping Geographical Indications systems are gaining(Thailand), etc.) Kobe beef (Japan) to give few exam-

momentum and successes, ranking currently Asia asples.

the most dynamic region of the world in term of GI

GIs promote diverse agricultural, food and handicraft

registration after Europe and also paving the way for

products anchored to a particular region from which

important GI development at regional and international

they originate, which in many cases, can led to socio-

levels.

economic well-being of these regions. The associated2

3

Based on the experience of the FAO -AFD regional

market linkages and definition of relevant standards

Project for the promotion of Rural Development

enable producers and manufacturers to dedicate them-through the development of Geographical Indications

selves to the commercialization of traditional products

at regional level in Asia implemented in the region

in response to the demands of quality-conscious con-since 2013, some lessons can be learnt and some ele-

sumers as well as promoting the development of thesements be emphasized in analyzing the current dynamic

regions alike. Therefore, GIs can also contribute to theof GI development in the region but, more importantly,

conservation of natural resources and the preservationin trying to perceive the possible way forward.

of native traditions and cultural heritage often reachingback to distant ancestors, representing an important

2. Geographical Indications, a link between sustainable rural development and trade issues

instrument for local wisdom preservation and tourism
development in the modern trade environment.
An increasing number of quality-conscious customers are willing to pay a premium for such products forthe reasons exposed above and the demand for such

As the copyright, trademarks, or patents are gener-

products is predicted to grow rapidly globally but inally associated to the protection, and therefore promo-

particular in the Asian region to accompany the rapid

tion of creativity, business and innovation, the Geo-

growth of local middle classes, tourists and expatriates

graphical Indication itself demonstrates also particularwhich, once properly informed, have both the purchas-values in promoting sustainable rural development,

ing power and natural interest for these GI productspreservation of bio-diversity and local wisdom. The GI

being seen as products of quality and origin in compari-

instrument endeavors to ensure producers’ rights andson of other categories of products lacking such inter-obligations by defining reliable processes for the defini-est or trust.

tion, control and protection of GI products. It also pro-

We can already observe that some GI products in thetects the rights of consumers by providing reliable andregion, also at an early stage of their protection and de-verifiable information on the specified attributes of thevelopment and regardless of the level of economic de-

GI products, which can be linked and traced to a specif-

velopment of their country of origin, have already man-ic geographic location and certain other attributes.

aged to capture a niche in the international market
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〈日本知財学会誌〉 Vol.14 No.2― 2017

through a verifiable product differentiation ensuring

The GI system development also provides a goodhigh standards and quality products. This is for exam-

opportunity to improve regional and international ex-

ple the case of the Kampot pepper from Cambodia.

posure, establishing trading and product differentiation

Since its registration as first Cambodian Geographicalnetworks and access to technical knowhow and infor-

Indication in 2010, it has gained international fame.

mation in different markets. Experiences in GI legisla-

The price of Kampot Pepper black pepper, at farm gate,tion, policies, producer group formation, capacity de-originally at 4.5 USD/kg in 2009 was in 2016 of 15

velopment, product identification, control, quality

USD/kg4. This success in capturing price premium has

assurance, verification and certification are all part ofalso been accompanied by an increase in production

the GI system, which can benefit from experiences inand investments in region, including through bio-tour-

other countries. Development of GI in a country has a5ism, attracting new farmers and producers . From 2009

significant potential to improve international trade andto 2016 the total area of cultivation of the GI Kampot

income, which could cover a large number of food andpepper went from 9.45 to 184 hectares and the total

agricultural products, handicrafts and other types ofquantity produced increased from 9.6 to 60 tonnes

6

during the period.

products (i.e stones among others).
GI products are not new products, they have been

The GI uniqueness and consumers recognition has

often produced and traded for generations, carrying

also allowed GI stake-holders to resist better to com-within themselves strong cultural messages and pride

modity markets external shocks. In 2017, the global

to which population are also attached and willing to be

price of pepper has faced important challenges in thepreserved for future generations should these produc-world market but the producers of Kampot pepper

tions remain economically viable. In addition to finan-

have been able to maintain high prices as demand forcial and economic benefits and significant poverty alle-such trustful GI product continues to increase.

viation potential, the development of GI could also

The Kampot Pepper Promotion Association which isencourage bio tourism, which is a significant source of

the GI right-holder, representing the interests of GI

income as well as cultural exchange for communities.

value-chain from farmers to traders, is also a key rea-

The success of Kampot Pepper, as briefly presented

son of this success as we will further explain in this ar-above, has been made also possible due to the quality

ticle, and is taken interesting actions to further protectof the Cambodian GI legal system which was built tak-and promote the GI in local, regional and internationalen in full consideration the Interlinked Process that GI

markets obtaining protection in the European Union asis. It is important to fully consider the various key

Protected Geographical Indication in 2016 as well as insteps in establishing a GI system to overcome someneighboring countries, Vietnam (December 2016) andchallenges at institutional and operational levels which

Thailand (March 2017) allowing Kampot Pepper stake-may otherwise limit countries and GI stake-holders inholders both to fight against unfair competitors and in-maximizing GI development and benefits.

crease further GI product visibility.
In an increasing number of countries across the region, the development of GI products and the national

3. Establishing a GI systems, an Interlinked Process

GI system capacities are now considered critical formarket access, improving product value chain efficien-

Establishing a national GI system takes time and re-cy and improving income to various participants in thesources, which maybe beyond the capacity of produc-

product value chain, such as producers, processors anders. At an early stage, it may not appear to be financial-traders.

ly viable for the private sector, in particular in the46

Geographical Indication Expert

Figure 1

GI System, an Interlinked Process

Protection in
local & Foreign
Markets

Control

Promotion

Consumerconﬁdence
and Productvalorization
Administration
andmanagement

Enforcement(GI Registration,
GI organizations)

Legal
Framework

agricultural sector to establish the required GI andproper consideration of a list of interlinked processes

bear relevant necessary costs. Reliable and verifiable

incorporating a legal and institutional framework that

identification, promotion and certification of GI prod-

jointly define, promote, protect and control a product’s

ucts are costly and often require public sector support

particular characteristics linked to a geographic loca-

and intervention at the early stage of GI developmenttion.

to allow members of the value chains to be informed,

The GI system could therefore be summarized instructured, properly trained, to gain momentum andthe Figure 1 below, which highlights the various key

later become self-sustainable in managing such costs.

elements and associated strategy to be considered

Lack of awareness among consumers in a number ofbased on the experiences gained from a number ofmarkets/countries may also limit the demand for GI

countries, particularly in Europe and Asia.

products and therefore the interest and engagement of
the private sector.

3.1. Step 1 : Legal Framework

Therefore public authorities, in partnership with de-

The preparation of a legal framework in compliancevelopment partners, often need to get involved to es-

with the WTO-TRIPS agreements as well as national

tablish the system, provide training, expertise, public

development priorities is the first necessary step forawareness activities, etc. and motivate the first GI na-

the development of a national GI system. At this stage

tional applications. Based on experiences in the region,

it is important not to try to simply transpose GI related

2 to 3 years in average are usually necessary for a GI

provisions of the TRIPS to the national legal frame-application to be prepared and registered in the coun-

work but also analyze the particularities and benefits

try of origin once the national legislation allows such

relevant sectors of the country’s economy (i.e. agricul-

the procedure to take place.

ture, handicraft, bio-tourism) could take of such legis-

A well-built GI system can be associated to thelation on the national and foreign markets alike. For
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〈日本知財学会誌〉 Vol.14 No.2― 2017

example granting additional protection to wines andsystem functionality and providing a trustworthy andspirits as requested by TRIPS may need to be extend-

verifiable accreditation and control system.

ed also to other categories products which also play an

In this regard in each country key public institutions

important role in each individual country economy (i.ewith relevant roles and responsibilities need to be rap-

Silk and Rice in Thailand legislation) or simply apply toidly identified.

all type of products, this legislation becoming then
“TRIPS-plus”.

In the region, the Ministerial responsibility for GI
registration varied among countries. In the ASEAN

In addition, certain rules and regulations may havecountries, for examples, the responsible national agen-to be further developed or clarified to facilitate imple-

cies in charge of GI registration are the national Intel-

mentation of the law and foresee its implementationlectual Property Offices, under the Ministries of Com-

therefore emphasizing the following :merce in Cambodia or Thailand, of Ministries of- the national GI competent authorities and its attri-

Science and Technology in Lao PDR or Vietnam, or

butions in regards to GI administration (i.e. con-

Ministry of Law and Human Rights for examples andsidering practical issues related to the substantive

apply to a broad category of GI products (from agricul-

examination for GI applications or control) ;ture to handicraft and others). In Japan or China, com-- the status of the GI applicant (the GI is a collective right) ;- the importance of the control system and its administration ;petence for GI administration is given the Ministries ofAgriculture which also implies that the categories of
GI products protected may here be more limited as applying purely to their area of expertise.

- the proper cohabitation/complementarity with oth-

As a result, it is important to identify the strengths

ers IP rights (i.e trademarks or plant varieties) ;and possible weaknesses that may appear in the imple-- practical and deterrent provisions for enforce-

mentation of national systems based on the selection

ment.

of the competent Public Institution(s) in charge of GI
administration. For example, an IP Office will have as

3.2. Step 2 : GI administration: Institutional

strength the understanding of the IP environment in

Arrangements and Capacity Development

general, interaction with other IP rights, administra-

When considering the administration of a GI system

tive, legal and judicial procedures attached but as aand subsequently necessary institutional arrangements

weakness will have limited capacity/technical expertiseand capacity building for GI administration two levelsin specific products environments and associated skills

need to be considered :linked to agriculture, food or handicrafts products by- at public level ;example. On the other hand, Ministries of agricultures,- at private sector level

although fully competent in Agricultural linked prob-

Developing proper GI administration and manage-

lematic and technical capacity may also find somement capacities at both public and private levels are at

weaknesses when facing other type of products (i.ethe heart of the GI system development and sustain-

handicrafts, industrial products) or when it refers toability.

the IP general environment.
In practice, as there are often not a perfect ad hoc

Public Institutions :institution available to cover GI alone, the solution may

This relates to the roles and responsibilities of pub-

result in implementing inter-ministerial coordination

lic institutions in assessing and preparing for GI appli-

with the capacities of various institutions being sharedcations, control procedures, monitoring and validating

on a non-permanent basis (i.e. experts provided by48

Geographical Indication Expert

technical ministries to IP offices when proceeding theto as the “GI Inter-professional organizations”. GI in-

GI application substantive examination), or more per-ter-professional organizations regroup the members ofmanently through the possible creation of a “GI board”

the GI product value chain (from farmers to traders)(as foreseen per example in the Cambodian legisla-

willing to participate to the GI and therefore commit-tion), allowed to contribute to substantive (examina-

ted to fulfill GI specifications and management rules,

tion, in particular) issues related to GI administration.

including related to control and promotion.

Relevant capacities building and training capacities

Capacity development for the GI inter-professional

will have then to encompass the elements presentedorganizations is crucial if the GI system is to function

above but also to cover both central administration andeffectively and sustainably. These include appropriate

local/provincial offices which should play also the role

definition of GI products, production according to spec-of both public awareness office and first technical sup-ifications, packaging and labelling according to market

port to help local GI applicants in their process of na-

needs, internal control mechanisms, and legal support

tional GI applications.

for registration and protection of rights and obligations
as well as marketing support. Such capacity develop-

Private Institutions :ment efforts are best considered as part of the private

If the Public sector play the essential role of launch-

sector sustainable institutional development efforts at

ing and administrating the GI system it should not benational and sub-national levels as part of the GI sys-

the case of the GI products themselves. An organiza-

tem development. Only with the full involvement oftion representing the all GI value chain should be ide-

the GI value-chains through such structure can the GI

ally created and be the one initiating the GI application

products may reach their full potential and self-sus-

process and managing the GI in the long run on a sus-

tainability.

tainable way.
The private GI stakeholder institutions are referredFigure 2

GI administration

GI administration structure
Central Administrationcompetent for GI (IP Oﬃce,
Ministry of Agriculture, etc.)

Administration at
local/provincial level

Collective organization(Association, Inter
profession Organization)

GI Value-chain
stake-holders

Producers/
farmerstransformers

retailers

Quality Control
Agencies/organizations(Public control body or
private certiﬁcation)

traders49

〈日本知財学会誌〉 Vol.14 No.2― 2017

3.3. Step 3 : Control capacities

of product, destination market and the type of control

This refers to the control, verification and certifica-

and analysis the system is expected to provide. Intion functions as part of quality assurance in line withsome cases for example, when the targeted market

the quality and origin claim of the registered GI prod-

consumers are highly health and quality conscience, auct. This capacity may be developed at both the publicmore reliable and internationally recognized certifica-and private sectors to ensure the availability of ade-tion process may be necessary. Nevertheless, national

quate and timely service provision.

capacities development in control, verification and cer-

The figure 3 below describes the GI control system
or “GI control Scheme” available in Thailand.

tification is vital for the development and sustainabilityof the GI system.

Consumer trust and the capability of a value chain toMarket requirements for standards, specificationscommand such trust is a major part of sustainable mar-and other aspects should be carefully considered whenketing system, which is vital for a GI product to be rec-drafting GI product applications. The control, verifica-

ognized and generate the expected price premium.

tion and certification process should be an integral part

Therefore, quality assurance, traceability to origin,of the product definition. These consideration would

certification and verification of GI products (in shortalso play a major role in defining a product as GI.

control) is vital for the development and success of the
GI system. Based on the level of development of each

3.4. Step 4 : GI Product Registration in the

country, the control system may be done by national orcountry of origin and in foreign markets.

international entities, public control and/or private cer-

Following the identification, specification and estab-tification. The choice would also depend on costs, typelishment of an effective and credible control system,

Figure 3

Geographical Indication Control System (Thailand)

Accreditation Body (AB)External Control (third party)

ACFS
DUTY : Accredits CB

Scheme Owner＝accreditation

According to :-the norm ( ex: ISO 17065)
and

By Control Body
orCertiﬁcation Body
(CB)

Competent Authority (CA)DIP/Ministry ofCommerce
GI oﬃceapproval

DUTY

DUTY : to perform GI control on-Speciﬁc requirements

1. Validation of Speciﬁcations andbehalf of the CAﬁcrti

the running of autocontrols- ｠on the group to check the running of
the internal controls.

ncewith speciﬁcations laid down + check

io
at

at

ion

- ｠on producers to verify compliance

ﬁc
rti
ce

deﬁned by CA

Internal Control ( GI organisation)
DUTY : to check the running of auto control on the
producers processors farmers industries.

Self Control / Autocontrol(Producers Processors / Farmers )DUTY : to control their product according to peciﬁcation (manual)
which can be modiﬁed by group members

50

Inspection method(control manual)
2. Approve & Supervise CB

Geographical Indication Expert

the GI product needs to be registered, initially at the3.5. Step 5 : Promotion

country of origin and subsequently in the relevant for-Prior to any promotional endeavors, a product needs

eign markets. Without registration, protection of theto go through the various stages of quality assurance-

GI product may not legally available. The registration

definition of the product attributes, traceability, verifi-

allows the rights and obligations of the stakeholders

cation and credible certification. Product promotion(those involved in the production-marketing chain) tofollowing a credible quality assurance is necessary to

be legally binding wherever the product is registered.

introduce and generate demand for a product that can

Registration/recognition of GI in other countries

establish a reputation and true to its attributes. It is

could be through direct application, mutual recognition

therefore advisable not to engage in promotion activi-or activation of international/multilateral agreements.

ties before prior to the preceding four steps. However,Institutional capacity development in registration ofother aspects of the GI system promotion to attract

GI products within the country and abroad is an impor-political support and necessary investment are neces-tant endeavor in the development of GI system. The

sary and may begin in parallel with the GI system de-registration will also allow the enforcement of rights

velopment process.

and obligations of stakeholders for registered products.

GI promotional initiatives, as demonstrated in the

These activities also give the opportunity for capacity

region, have already shown GI singularity and public-

development and relevant guidelines, could play a cata-private partnerships potential. Public authorities, in an

lytic role in the development of Intellectually Property

increasing number of countries in the region, have cre-practitioners involvement in GI development and pro-ated National GI label allowing to collectively promote

tection in international markets.

national GI products nationally but also internationally(bilingual labels). A sample of these national labels ispresented in Figure 4 below.

Figure 4: D
Developmen
nt of Nation
nal GI labeels in Asia
Figure 4

Development of National GI labels in Asia

Creation of National labels for GI
ThailandIndonesia (2015)

Cambodia

Malaysia

Japan (2015)

China

Lao PDR (2016)51

〈日本知財学会誌〉 Vol.14 No.2― 2017

These GI national labels demonstrate the growing

growth in products perception and valorization. For theimportance of GI products for the visibility and percep-

country of origin of the GI products, it may also con-tion of the countries involved, including through poten-

tribute to its reputation as origin of quality and uniquetial tourism implications, but it also create an higher

products which may act as Ambassadors of excellence

responsibility for the authorities to ensure that these

for the category of products involved (food, agrcilture,

flagship products remain a symbol of excellencehandicraft,etc.) reaching beyond the GI itself.

through proper control and enforcement of the GI.

The importance to consider the GI system throughIn addition, at GI stake-holders level, the higher ex-

this Interlinked Process presented here allow for the

posure given to GI products and the increase in the

consumers to have access and interest on these prod-

products premium allow also to generate more interest

ucts which is the pre-condition for sustainability andand resources in developing more creative packaging

other implied benefits.

and individual branding strategy to target specific customers and markets.
3.6. Step 6: Enforcement

4. The way forward
As mentioned earlier, the development of GI legisla-

Geographical Indication, as it is the case of other in-tions and GI products is growing in the region. In thetellectual property rights, if appropriately implemented

ASEAN, after Malaysia, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laoand enforced, can protect consumers from counterfeit

PDR, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam, it should be

products, protects the rights of legitimate producers,

soon the turn of Myanmar and the Philippines to con-

avoid unfair competition and hold producers account-sider GI protection and development in the coming

able to the standards and product specifications. Suchyears. In other parts of Asia, Bhutan, Sri Lanka andrights and obligations can only be defended if they are

Nepal have shown interest in considering the benefits

appropriately attributed, owned and internalized asof GI development joining on this way China, India, Ja-part of a system. Therefore, GI product definition,pan, Mongolia and Afghanistan already actively in-specification, registration and control mechanism (i.e.

volved in GI developments. GI registrations (both na-

Steps 1-4) are necessary before rights and obligations

tionals and foreigns) in the region are in the rise andcan be enforced. The expenditure on promotion, Step

expected to rise further through direct registration or

5, without registration may trigger illegitimate claims,

FTAs and bilateral exchanges of GI lists. Intra-regional

free riding and not yield any benefits to the actual own-

registrations of Geographical Indications is also a rela-ers.

tively new trend but accelerating with the registration

Capacity development of relevant national privateof the Vietnamese GI Buon Ma Thuot Coffee in Thai-and public institutions such as enforcement agencies,

land in September 2014, the Cambodian GIs Kampot

GI professional entities, IP practitioners and private

pepper and Kampong Speu plam Sugar registered in

sector companies among others are necessary to en-

Vietnam in December 2016 and in Thailand in Marchsure a credible and effective enforcement mechanism.

2017, the Vietnamese Shan Tuyet Moc Chau and Van

Enforcement activities have to cover both national

Yen Cinnamon awaiting final registration in Thailand.

and foreign GI protected.

As for handicrafts, Thai Lamphun Brocade Silk became

Proper enforcement of GI allows GI stake-holders toin February 2016 the first handicraft GI obtaining GI

reduce unfair competition, maintain the quality of prod-

registration in another country than its country of ori-

ucts available in the market and maintain the operators

gin in February 2016 when obtaining GI registration inand consumers’ trust, guarantee of a sustainable

Indonesia and is currently awaiting for final registra-52

Geographical Indication Expert

tion in India.

portunity for further develop regional cooperation and

The current increased registration of GI across theexchanges at various levels including mutual recogni-

region, the improving knowledge of operators and con-tion procedures. Further harmonization of legislations

sumers alike as well as increased insertion of GI intoand procedures should then also emerge to facilitate

national products promotion and rural development

the examination and mutual recognition of examination

7

strategies at national but also sub regional and region8

and grant report of geographical indications in the re-al level demonstrates of the current dynamic. In addi-

gion. At a later stage, the first basis of regional regis-tion, the rapid increase of purchasing power through a

tration GI systems, also concurring to the increased

growing middle class in the region the middle classes

visibility of ASEAN and the ASEAN Economy Com-but also intra-regional tourism and exchanges offers tomunity visibility within and outside its borders, could

GI a perfect opportunity to find their market answering

start to be considered together with a regional promo-

to the increasing demand of more quality and origin

tion strategy of regional ASEAN GIS, including poten-

aware consumers who want to be able to trace wheretial regional GI label as it is currently in place in the

products come from for safety issues but also personal

European Union.

values reason ( i.e fair trade, sustainable development,
protection of local wisdom, bio diversity, etc.).
For policy makers, the GI products could here offer aperfect “low hanging fruit” opportunity to experimentstrategies of rural development, including through increased public private partnerships. Additional capacity
building and joint public private in control and promotional activities should provide what both producers
and consumers are requesting together with additional
benefits associated to the GI concept.
The development of intra-regional GI registrations
among ASEAN countries, the current costs associatedfor comprehensive intra-region registrations coupledwith the implication of public authorities into supporting GI developments should rapidly provide a good op-

NOTE
1 Ref. WTO TRIPS Agreement–art.22 :“Geographical indications are, for the purposes of this Agreement, indications which identify a good as originating in the territoryof a Member, or a region or locality in that territory, wherea given quality, reputation or other characteristic of thegood is essentially attributable to its geographical origin”.
2 FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations.
3 AFD : Agence Française du Developpement/French Development Agency.
4 Source : Kampot Pepper Promotion Association 2016.
5 Source : Kampot Pepper Promotion Association 2016.
6 Source : Kampot Pepper Promotion Association 2016.
7 Ref. Promoting Safe and Environment-Friendly Agrobased value-chains in the Greater Mekong Sub region–
Strategy and Action Plan 2018-2022 ; Greater Mekong
Sub region Core Agriculture Support Programme ; July
2017.
8 http://www.asean-gidatabase.org, ASEAN Secretariat
online regional GI database.

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