CDF実験の３０年

金 信弘（筑波大学 数理物質系）
日本物理学会 第６７回年次大会
於 関西学院大学
２０１２年３月２５日

宇宙史

２００７年度〜 宇宙史一貫教育プログラム
筑波大で素粒子・原子核・宇宙観測を統合的に教育。
CDF,RHIC,LHC,電波望遠鏡観測,宇宙赤外線観測。 2011年度 修士21名 博士15名

宇宙・物質・生命の階層と歴史
宇宙

10-15m

10-35m恒星系
恒星
生命（最大）
生命（細胞）分子（最大）
原子

インフレーション

大きさ

105m

銀河

宇宙再電離

第一世代天体1025m

10-35s

原子核
現在

107y

時間

109y 1010y

プランク・スケール

Tevatron 運転終了： 2011/9/30
Helen Edwards dumps the TeV beam

Fermilab Today 2011/10/3
http://www.fnal.gov/pub/tevatron/milestones/interactive-timeline.html テバトロン30年史

CDF と日米協力の始まり

CDF Design Report (1981)

Number of Collaborators 87

CDF collaboration
Design Report (1981)
Country : 3USAItaly
Japan# Members : 87
# Institutions : 1357 (66%)
915215 (17% )2Run I (1995 Observation of Top Quark Production)
Country : 5USA
Italy
Japan
CanadaTaiwan# Members : 436 # Institutions : 35315 (72%)
2557
447 (11%)48 ( 2%)19 ( 2%)
1Run II (2004 )Country : 11 # Members : 615 # Institutions : 58
USA376 (61%)
32
Italy
857Japan40 ( 7%)6Canada15 (2%)
1Taiwan
8 ( 1.3% )1Germany
161
Switzerland
81Russia
122UK334Spain
101Korea
12 ( 2% )1

5月12日 近藤先生 逝去

● First Collision(1985.10)● Engineering RUN(1987.1 – 1987.5) 27nb-1● RUN0(1988.9 – 1989.4) 4.4pb-1

CDF積分ルミノシティー● RUN1(1992.8 – 1996.3) 130pb-1

1994.7 Top Evidence
1995.4 Top Observation
1998.12 Bc Observation● RUN2(2001.6 – 2011.9.30)
10.0fb-1
2006.3 Precision Mtop
ΔMtop=3GeV→MH<186GeV2006.12 Observation of
Bs Oscillation
2011.7 Direct Higgs Search
Exclude MH of
156GeV-177GeV

1200010000

CDF検出器 （RUNⅠとそれ以前 ～１９９６）

日本グループの測定器製作運転への貢献
RUNI(1992～1996)以前- Superconducting Solenoid Coil
- PEM
Resistive Plastic Tube Chamber + Pb, whole Structure,
Readout- CEM
Scintillator, WLS shifter- VTPC
Readout-CMUP
Readout-DST Production- Data logger

測定器製作 Detector Construction
Superconducting Solenoid Coil

People at University of Tsukuba and KEK in
front of the CDF detector with aSuperconducting solenoid coil installed in 1984.

Superconducting solenoid coil was
made at Hitachi company in acollaboration with University ofTsukuba and Fermilab.

測定器製作 Detector Construction
Plug ElectroMagnetic Calorimeter (PEM)
The gas proportional chamber with resistive plastic
tubes for PEM was developed at Tsukuba.
Testbeam calibration of PEM was done by
University of Tsukuba and KEK members.

A whole PEM is being installed at B0 assembly
hall after the calibration of testbeam in 1986.
PEM prototype completed in 1983.

A PEM quadrant module.

測定器製作 Detector Construction
Central Muon chamber Upgrade(CMUP)
Tsukuba group has made the front-end
electronics boards for signal readout and HV
distribution. The QC system (gas, HV) wasdesigned and brought to U of Illinois.

Central ElectroMagnetic Calorimeter(CEM)
Scintillator and wavelength-shifter wereprocured and tested in Japan. The assembly ofscintillator was done based on the light yieldand thickness measured in Japan. Universityof Tsukuba and KEK worked on the cosmic ray
test and testbeam calibration of CEM.

CDF

CDFⅡ測定器 RUNⅡ
Muon System
Central Calor.
Solenoid

NewOldPartiallyNew

Muon

Plug Calor.
Time-of-Flight
Front End Electronics
Triggers / DAQ (pipeline)
Online & Offline Software

Drift Chamber

Silicon Microstrip
Tracker日本グループの測定器製作運転への貢献
RUNII（2001～2011)以前- PEM
Scintillating Tile/Fiber Unit, Structure- SVX IISilicon sensors-ISL
Silicon sensors- TOF
Finemesh PMT- CPR2Multianode PMT- DST Production- Data logger- Online monitor

CDF実験の物理成果

CDF実験 高引用数(＞200）論文 ( Before Run1)
Run 0
1. Anomalous J/ψ production 570, 223, 301, 346
Measurement of the $J/¥psi$ meson and $b-$hadron production cross sections in $p¥bar{p}$ collisions at $¥sqrt{s} = 1960$ GeV.Phys.Rev.D71:032001,2005. | Cited 570 times RUN2
Production of $J/¥psi$ mesons from $¥chi_c$ meson decays in $p¥bar{p}$ collisions at $¥sqrt{s} = 1.8$ TeV. Phys.Rev.Lett.79:578-583,1997. | Cited 223 times RUN1$J/¥psi$ and $¥psi(2S)$ production in $p¥bar{p}$ collisions at $¥sqrt{s} = 1.8$ TeV. Phys.Rev.Lett.79:572-577,1997. | Cited 301 times RUN1
Inclusive $J/¥psi$, $¥psi(2S)$ and $b$ quark production in $¥bar{p}p$ collisions at $¥sqrt{s} = 1.8$ TeV. Phys.Rev.Lett.69:3704-3708,1992. | Cited 346 times

2. W boson mass

235, 269, 279

Measurement of the $W$ boson mass. Phys.Rev.D52:4784-4827,1995. | Cited 235 times RUN1
A Measurement of the $W$ boson mass in 1.8 TeV $¥bar{p}p$ collisions. Phys.Rev.D43:2070-2093,1991. | Cited 269 times
A Measurement of the $W$ boson mass.Phys.Rev.Lett.65:2243-2246,1990. | Cited 279 times

3. Three jet events

405

The Topology of three jet events in $¥bar{p}p$ collisions at $¥sqrt{s} = 1.8$ TeV. Phys.Rev.D45:1448-1458,1992. | Cited 405 times

4. Charged particle dn/dη405

Pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles produced in $¥bar{p}p$ interactions at $¥sqrt{s} = 630$ GeV and 1800 GeV. Phys.Rev.D41:2330,1990. | Cited 210 times |5. Total cross section

287

Measurement of the $¥bar{p}p$ total cross-section at $¥sqrt{s} = 546$ GeV and 1800-GeV. Phys.Rev.D50:5550-5561,1994.| Cited 287 times

6. Top quark search

251

A search for the top quark in the reaction $¥bar{p} p ¥to e + {¥rm jets}$ at $¥sqrt{s} = 1.8$ TeV. Phys. Rev. Lett. 64:142-146,1990. | Cited 251 times

7. Charged particle pT distribution

210

Transverse momentum distributions of charged particles produced in $¥bar{p}p$ interactions at $¥sqrt{s} = 630$ GeV and 1800 GeV. Phys.Rev.Lett.61:1819,1988. Cited 210 times

CDF実験 高引用数(＞200）論文 ( Run1)
Run 1
8. Top Quark Discovery

1902, 660, 810

Observation of top quark production in $¥bar{p}p$ collisions. Phys.Rev.Lett.74:2626-2631,1995. | Cited 1902 times
Evidence for top quark production in $¥bar{p}p$ collisions at $¥sqrt{s} = 1.8$ TeV. Phys.Rev.Lett.73:225-231,1994. | Cited 660 times
Evidence for top quark production in $¥bar{p}p$ collisions at $¥sqrt{s} = 1.8$ TeV.
Phys.Rev.D50:2966-3026,1994. | Cited 810 times9. Bc Discovery 215, 203
Observation of the $B_c$ meson in $p¥bar{p}$ collisions at $¥sqrt{s} = 1.8$ TeV. Phys.Rev.Lett.81:2432-2437,1998. | Cited 215 times
Observation of $B_c$ mesons in $p¥bar{p}$ collisions at $¥sqrt{s} = 1.8$ TeV.Phys.Rev.D58:112004,1998. | Cited 203 times

10. Inclusive jet

331

Inclusive jet cross section in ${¥bar p p}$ collisions at $¥sqrt{s}=1.8$ TeV.Phys.Rev.Lett.77:438-443,1996.| Cited 331 times

11. sin 2β 266
A measurement of $¥sin(2¥beta)$ from $B ¥to J/¥psi K^0_S$ with the {CDF} detector. Phys.Rev.D61:072005,2000. | Cited 266 times

CDF実験 高引用数(＞150）論文 ( Run2 )Run 2
12. Bs oscillation 428, 232
Observation of B0(s) - anti-B0(s) Oscillations. Phys.Rev.Lett.97:242003,2006. | Cited 428 times
Measurement of the B^0_{s}-¥bar{B}^0_s Oscillation Frequency. Phys.Rev.Lett.97:062003,2006. | Cited 232 times

13. Top pair production cross section 244
Measurement of the t¥bar{t} production cross section in p¥bar{p} collisions at $¥sqrt{s} = 1.96$ TeVusing lepton + jets events with secondary vertex b-tagging. Phys.Rev.D71:052003,2005. | Cited 244 times

14. X(3872) 391
Observation of the narrow state X(3872) ¥to J/¥psi ¥pi^+ ¥pi^- in ¥bar{p}p collisions at ¥sqrt{s} = 1.96 TeV. Phys.Rev.Lett.93:072001,2004. | Cited 391 times

15. CP violaton in Bs →J/ψφ decay

235

First Flavor-Tagged Determination of Bounds on Mixing-Induced CP Violation in B^0_{s} ¥to J/¥psi ¥phi Decays. Phys.Rev.Lett.100:161802,2008. | Cited 235 times

16. Search for Bs →μμ and Bd →μμ and J/ψφ decay 211
Search for B^0_{s} ¥to ¥mu^{+} ¥mu^{-} and B^0_{d} to mu^{+} ¥mu^{-} decays with 2fb^{-1} of p ¥bar{p} collisions. Phys.Rev.Lett.100:101802,2008. | Cited 211 times

17. ttbar forward-backward asymmetry

185, 154

Evidence for a Mass Dependent Forward-Backward Asymmetry in Top Quark Pair Production. Phys.Rev.D83:112003,2011. | Cited 185 times
Forward-Backward Asymmetry in Top Quark Production in $p¥bar{p}$ Collisions at $sqrt{s}=1.96$ TeV. Phys.Rev.Lett.101:202001,2008. | Cited 154 times

18. Single top production 171
First Observation of Electroweak Single Top Quark Production.Phys.Rev.Lett.103:092002,2009. | Cited 171 times

CDF実験 重要論文 ( Run2 )Run 219. Direct Higgs Search 86, 53
Combination of Tevatron searches for the standard model Higgs boson in the W+W- decay mode.Phys.Rev.Lett.104:061802,2010. | Cited 86 times
Combined CDF and D0 Upper Limits on Standard Model Higgs Boson Production with up to 8.2 fb$^{-1}$ of Data.: arXiv:1103.3233 | Cited 53 times

20. Top Quark Mass 111
Top quark mass measurement using the template method in the lepton + jets channel at CDF II. Phys.Rev.D73:032003,2006.. | Cited 111 times

トップクォークの発見

Preparation for CDF physics analysis in Japan in 1986-1987

59 pages report on simulation study by 15 CDF Japan members
for the CDF Engineering Run in 1987.

Jet reconstruction is crucial for top quark search.

Jet energy scale
We showed that we can use γ -jet
ET balancing for the jet energy calibration.

Report on Top Quark Mass Analysis
at the CDF Collaboration Meeting

Use Likelihood of only propagator and detector resolution.
Almost the same as the present top mass fitter.

SVX b-tag 2 events.
The masses of these two events wereconsistent with those reported by LBL
group in this meeting.

Nine months later, CDF published“Evidence for Top Quark Production”.

Five months later,ＣＤＦでのトップクォーク対生成の同定● Dilepton チャンネル
t t → W + b W- b → l + l - n n b b
事象選別の信号： l +, l -, missing ET , 2 jets
◎ b tagging は要求しない。
● Lepton + Jets チャンネル
t t → W + b W - b → l± n q' q b b
事象選別の信号： l ±, missing ET , ≧3 jets, b tagging● Multi-Jets ( All Hadronic )チャンネルt t → W + b W - b → q' q q' q b b
事象選別の信号： ≧５ jets, S ET , b tagging
b tagging:◎ silicon vertex detector (SVX) で b の崩壊点を検出。

トップクォーク候補事象の一例

W（→lν）+ジェット事象のジェット数分布

トップクォーク生成の証拠
Run 1A (1992-93, 19 pb-1 ) の結果 PRL('94); PRD('94)
観測事象数
Dilepton 2 events
SVX
6 tagsSLT
7 tagsbkgd 期待値
0.56 +0.25/-0.13
2.3 ± 0.3
3.1 ± 0.3

統計的有意性
12.0%
三つを総合した
3.2%
統計的有意性：
4.1%
P = 0.26% (2.8σ)

質量分布（Lepton + 4 jets 事象の再構成）

質量分布から求めた信号の統計的有意性:
P = 2.0% (2.3σ)
Countingとmass spectra を総合した統計的有意性：
P = 0.057% (3.5σ)

M top = 174 ± 10 (統計) +13/-12(系統) GeV/c2σ( t t ) = 13.9 +6.1/-4.8 pb

トップクォーク生成の確認
Run 1A +1B ; 67 pb-1 の結果 PRL('95)
観測事象数 bkgd 期待値 統計的有意性
Dilepton
6 events
1.3 ± 0.3
3x10-3 (2.7σ)
SVX
27 tags
6.7 ± 2.1
2x10-5 (4.0σ)
SLT
23 tags
15.4 ± 2.0
6x10-2 (1.9σ)
三つを総合した統計的有意性：P = 1x10-6(4.8σ)
質量分布（Lepton + 4 jets 事象の再構成）

M top = 176 ± 8 (統計) ± 10 (系統) GeV/c2
σ ( t t ) = 6.8 +3.6/-2.4 pb

Bc中間子の発見
Bs中間子の粒子反粒子振動の初観測

Bc 中間子の発見

CDF RUN II

Bc →J/ ψπ

CDF RUN I
Observation of Bc meson in
Bc →J/ Ψlν decay mode (1998).
J/Ψ＋l invariant mass

decay modeM( Bc ) = 6287.0 ± 4.8 ± 1.1 MeV/c 2

probability of fluctuation < 0.1%

Bc →J/ Ψeν decay modeN（Bc）＝ 20.4＋6.2ー5.6
τ ( B c ) = 0.46 ± 0.18 ps+ 0.061
σ ( p p → B c X)BR( B c → J /ψlν )= 0.132- 0.052σ ( p p → B u X)BR( B u → J /ψK )J. Suzuki

PhD Thesis (1998)

M. Aoki, PhD Theses This plots assume:- flavor tagging:
add same-side kaon tagging
εD2 = 1.6 + 3.0%
- Vertex resolution:
improved by 20%- Trigger bandwidth:
utilize 50% of CDF data

5 σ observation:
L=2 fb-1 : ΔmS < 15 ps-1
L=8 fb-1 : ΔmS < 22 ps-1