REPORTS OF THE SEMINARGROUP 1

EFFECTIVE MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRIME ASSOCIATED
WITH URBANISATION
Chairperson
Co-Chairperson
Rapporteur
Co-Rapporteur
Members

Mr. Nobuhiko Furuya
Ms. Chirawan Khotcharit
Mr. Nasser Al-Riyami
Mr. Conrado Reyes Sagastume
Mr. Fasihuddin
Mr. Mayoshi Kozawa
Mr. Leonard Nyombi
Mr. Vincent PeterMr. Victor Isouve(Japan)(Thailand)(Oman)(Guatemala)(Pakistan)(Japan)(Tanzania)(Marshall Islands)(Papau New Guinea)

Visiting Expert

Ms. Celia Sanidad-Leones(Philippines)

Advisers

Prof. Keisuke Senta
Prof. Takafumi Sato

(UNAFEI)(UNAFEI)

I. INTRODUCTION
The main purpose of this paper is to discuss the theme: “Effective measures for prevention of crime
associated with urbanisation”. Thus, it could be deduced from the theme that: Measures that can be taken by
the police, the prosecution, and maybe some other related agencies, to prevent the aforementioned type ofcrime, would be the main discussion.
There is no doubt that emphasising repressive measures, in combating crime, such as strengthening lawenforcement and punishment are necessary and some positive results can be expected; however, relying
solely on such measures is insufficient. One thing we have to remember is that, such measures (repressive)
do not take into account the prevention of crime and reintegration of offenders into the community. By
looking to the fact that offenders will sooner or later return to their community; then other effective
measures must be put in place.
It is important to mention at the outset, that what might work in one community will not necessarily
have the same effect in other communities, even if they are within the same country. Things may become
more complicated in countries with different cultures, subcultures and ethnic groups; that is because each
culture has its own characteristics.
The Group was inspired by the lectures of the visiting experts, especially when they emphasized theimportance of evidence based crime prevention in determining what measures are truly effective and what
measures are not.

II. MEASURES THAT CAN BE TAKEN BY THE POLICE
The Police have adopted a number of strategies, tactics and practices for reducing crime. Some of these
are to be illustrated hereunder.

A. Community Policing
1. Introduction
It is important to note that, the adopted policy, in our countries, is geared towards narrowing the gap(physical and psychological) between the Police and the community. This is because the Police have realisedthat it can never, on its own, fight against crime and disorder; hence, it has recognised that community
support is inevitable. Therefore, the Police are working on promoting this message to the community;emphasising the important role that could be played by them; and changing their mindset regarding security
and its exclusive ownership by the Police.

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2. What is Community Policing?
Community Policing has a very broad meaning; therefore, and as it is envisaged in human sciences’
topics, there is not any consensus among criminologists on a particular definition. Hence, the group does notendeavour here to come up with its own one, but rather agreed with the comments of Goldstein (1994)
mentioned in Adams, E., et. al., (2002). Goldstein argues that “in many quarters today, ‘community policing’is used to encompass practically all innovation in policing, from the most ambitious to the most mundane,from the most carefully thought through, to the, most casual” (p. vii)1. In this vein, Adams, E., et. al., quoted
Trojanowicz & Bucqueroux (1994), as they argue that “community policing is a philosophy of full service
policing, where the same officer patrols and works in the same area on a permanent basis from adecentralized place, working in a proactive partnership with citizens to identify and solve problems” (p. 401).
Whatever the definition is, community policing requires three essential features: shared responsibility;
prevention and an increase in the officer’s discretion.2
3. The Current Situation
Hence, the general public is encouraged by different means to cooperate with the police to make theircommunities better places to live. Such encouragement could be seen in a number of programmes, such as:
the neighbourhood watch scheme, voluntary work, distributing awareness pamphlets in exhibitions andother public places, television and radio programmes, informal contacts with children, contact with thecommunity in general (share their happiness and sorrow), encouraging the public to call them through a free
toll number, etc.
In Japan, for instance, the fundamental meaning of community policing is well witnessed within theimportant role played by Koban (Police Box) and Chuzaisho (Residential Police Box) system3. Important tonote that, Chuzaisho, in very simple words, is a small police box — smaller in size than the Koban, located inout-lying areas — and is characterised by its attachment to the police officer’s residence. This is to say that,the police officer in-charge of the Chuzaisho is available to the community around the clock. Tanzania has asimilar system under the name of Police Post.
Beside the normal police tasks, interesting to note that, police officers assigned to work in Kobans andChuzaishos4 will normally pay visits to people living or working within their jurisdiction. During these visits,
they will give advice on crime prevention; listen to residents’ concerns, and welcome suggestions for the
improvement of police services5. This role however, is played by the Police Officers in Papua New Guinea(PNG) as well6. Moreover, in Japan police officers will often volunteer, off-duty, to teach boys and girls
various sports, such as judo, kendo, and some other activities. This type of voluntary work that aims tostrengthen relationships with the community, especially the youngsters, is witnessed in the Marshal Islands,
Tanzania, PNG and Guatemala as well.
Important to note that, the PNG Police are executing excellent Community Projects, which support
unemployed people to start small projects, such as a sewing project for women, and grass cutting and draincleaning for men.
In Pakistan, formal community policing can be seen only in one or two major cities in the shape of the
Citizen Police Liaison Committee (CPLC). Some members of the community established this committee in
1989. Some of the CPLC activities are to be illustrated hereunder: recovery of kidnapped people, mostly for
ransom; the Neighbourhood Watch Programme; and preparation of a computer database of stolen/snatchedvehicles. The local police receive a lot of help from this data in the process of recoveries. The Federal
Government in the new police order 2004 has recently stipulated that the CPLC may be established by
1 Goldstein, H. (1994) Forward. In D. P. Rosenbaum (Ed.), The challenge in community-policing: Testing the promises ,Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2 Ibid., pp. 401-402.
3 Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department introduced the system of police boxes (Koban) in 1881; eventually, the system wasadopted by other Prefectures of the country. Seven years later, 1888, the Government ordered the prefectures to establish“Residential Police Boxes” (Chuzaisho).
4 There are about 15,000 Koban and (Chuzaisho) skirted nationwide. Singapore has adopted this system under the name of
Neighbourhood Police Post.
5 Officers are knowledgeable of the composition of families and how to contact them in an emergency.
6 This is done under a programme known as Education and Awareness, where police visit schools and settlements.

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every Provincial Government.
Another form of Community Policing in the tribal areas of Pakistan could be envisaged in the so-called“Tribal or Sectional Responsibility”. It is important to note that, people who are living in tribal areas inPakistan are generally closer to their groups (tribes) than any other socio-political structures. This is to saythat the cohesion of social fabric is very strong. In such living arrangements, there are massive amounts ofsocial doctrines, social bonds which control people’s behaviour; and thus, act as a social control against
committing offences. Therefore, when a crime is committed, and the perpetrator is known; then he/she or
his/her tribe will be held responsible before the victims tribe. A council — known as “Jirga”, will also workon getting the offender to confront his victim and ask for his pardon, compensation, forgiveness or any otheragreed formula of reconciliation (inherited form of restorative justice). This could be said to be the main
reason for the low rate of crime in the tribal areas of Pakistan7.
It will be seen subsequently that one of the problems suffered by participating countries’ police forces isunder-staffing. Tanzania is not exempted from this vital problem. Hence, voluntary groups of people,
working beside the police in reserving peace and order, are widely envisaged nationwide. Two groups are
there: the People’s Militia and “Sungusungu” or “Wasalama”. These groups have the powers of arrest andsearch, and are not paid.
Police forces, in our respective countries are using the technology of free toll telephone numbers toreceive emergency calls from the public, without the necessity of disclosing their identity. The vast majorityof these telephones are attached with a device; displaying the number and address of the calling telephone.
In Guatemala, crime prevention policy is still in its infancy; hence, the Police and Prosecution are still
focussing on repression of crime rather than preventing crime. However, in recent years, the governmental
authorities in charge of the Police force have begun a policy on community policing. Results of this policy are
not yet known, however a pilot project regarding municipal police was introduced in the city of Antigua
Guatemala.
On the other hand, the present government made efforts to establish the “National Council of Ministries forPrevention of Crime”, under the charge of the Vice President. The Council is working on the issues of youth atrisk and young offenders. The council consists of six relevant Ministers and three Secretaries of State.

B. Community Involvement
One of the most obvious examples is the neighbourhood watch scheme. Police in our respective
countries urge the general public to be good to their neighbours, and to help the police in watching theirneighbourhood, and to call them on seeing any suspicious act. These schemes can be seen in sort oforganised groups, like ‘Sungusungu’ (people of the peace) in Tanzania; also in Pakistan (neighbourhood
watch programme of CPLC, in Karachi); in the shape of Papua New Guinea; and Thailand, or the municipal(local) police of Antigua Guatemala, in Guatemala; whereas in Oman it is a sort of an inherited scheme,
whereby, neighbours — because they are mostly relatives or at least originated from the same tribe — areliving in harmony and very much closely together. They would, therefore, inform their neighbours whenleaving their houses for the week-end or so; they may leave the house keys with them for the purpose ofswitching some lights on at night and turning them off at daytime; collecting newspapers in the morning; andmaybe watering their garden. Generally speaking, they will make the house looked lived in.
It is important to note that, Tanzania has established a special unit under the name of “Crime Stoppers
Unit” to encourage members of the community to help the police in preventing crime. Members of the
public can contact this Unit through a toll free number “112” and inform the Unit about any activity that may
jeopardise peace and order, without the necessity of disclosing their identity.

C. Crime Mapping and Spatial Analysis
Crimes are human phenomena; therefore, their distribution across the landscape is not geographicallyrandom. For crimes to occur, offenders and their targets, the victims and/or property must, for a period oftime, exist at the same location. Several factors, from the lure of potential targets to simple geographic
7 This type of settling offences internally could be seen in a number of countries, namely Jordan in a wide range - urban andrural, and also Oman in some rural areas.

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convenience for an offender, influence where people choose to break the law.8
Therefore, an understanding of where and why crimes occur can improve attempts to fight crime. Maps
offer crime analysts graphic representations of such crime related issues. Crime Mapping can help law
enforcement agencies to protect citizens more effectively in the areas they serve. Simple maps that display
the locations where crimes or concentrations of crimes have occurred can be used to help direct patrols toplaces they are most needed. Policy makers in police departments might use more complex maps to observe
trends in criminal activity, and maps may prove invaluable in solving criminal cases. For example, detectives
may use maps to better understand the hunting patterns of serial criminals and to hypothesize where theseoffenders might live. Spatial data analysis and geographic information system (GIS) technology is used bylaw enforcement, and they find today an advancement of crime prevention programmes. Especially, mapping
analysis has reached out to academics and practitioners alike in the criminology, criminal justice and law
enforcement communities to bridge the gap between research and practice.
The consensus in the group is that by using maps and a system of mapping analysis we can help tovisualise the geographic aspects of crime, and it is not only limited to law enforcement, but rather includes
policy makers and other practitioners as well. Mapping can provide specific information on crime andcriminal behavior to politicians, the press and lawyers in general, the community and local authorities, and it
is a wonderful tool to prevent crime. In other words, law enforcement agencies can use crime mapping
analysis for the implementation of the Situational Crime Prevention Theory9.
The experience of crime mapping can help us to improve urban planning. Modernisation and urbanisation
has caused significant changes within all societies in our countries with advantages and disadvantages tonearly all of the communities. In the new era, crime has increased in urban areas. One of the reasons for thistrend is lack of effective and sustainable urban planning. To alleviate the problem of crime in urban areas,
proper and meaningful urban planning should be given an upper hand at all times. The Safer Cities Approachis one example. Situational crime prevention is of paramount importance. This aims to change the physicaland environmental conditions that generate crime and fear of crime, through improved urban design andplanning. This type of prevention is based on the strategic analysis of a given area. Dar es Salam City in
Tanzania, for example is one of the cities earmarked in this programme. The creation of social amenities
should be provided for people in urban areas. The youth and children for instance, need assistance from thecommunity around them in terms of proper housing, recreation, education, vocational training, employment
and any other assistance that can make their lives better so that they can avoid committing crimes andbecome law abiding citizens10. The family as a whole, the parents, guardians, local government leaders,religious leaders, etc. should get involved in the noble duty of crime prevention in general and juvenile
delinquency in particular. The cornerstone here is to educate and sensitize them to improve their morals andvalues hence the creation of self-discipline and awareness among youth and juvenile delinquents.

D. Problems Experienced by Participating Countries and Countermeasures
Police forces in our respective countries are working hard in fighting against crime and disorder.
However, in many cases, these forces are hindered by a number of factors. Some of them are to beillustrated hereunder:• Police in our countries are not able to respond to the explosion of the number and seriousness ofcrimes being committed in terms of the limitation of human resources and allocated budget.
To elaborate on the human resources problem, it should be noted that, with the exception of Oman,
where the ratio of police to the general population is one to around three hundred and fifty inhabitants, in theother countries the ratio goes up to one to over six hundred inhabitants11.
Furthermore, some of our countries are suffering from budgetary constraints, a limited number of police
vehicles and limited supplies of gasoline to run those vehicles in each police station. This will definitely
lessen the “omnipresence” of vehicle police patrols, hence leading to higher levels of crime.
8 National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/maps/index.html.
9 The theory will be dealt with subsequently.
10 Tanzania, Country Report, Mr. Advocate Leonard Nyombi, 129th Crime Prevention Senior Seminar, UNAFEI, Pg. 7-8.
11 The ratio is one to five hundred in Japan; one to six hundred in Pakistan; one to one thousand in Tanzania; and one to seventhousand in PNG.

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There is a limitation in their legal knowledge in comparison to the new pattern of crimes, brought
about by urbanisation and industrialisation. It is important to remember here that there are a numberof behaviours which were not punishable by the provisions of the conventional Penal Code; and thatlegislative measures were taken to amend the Code, hence these patterns of crimes are covered byvirtue of the law. The legislative measures, in some of our countries, did not coincide with theenhancement of police legal knowledge; this has lead to unsatisfactory prosecution in many cases.
This however, was realised by our respective police forces; hence, they adopted a variety of
programmes to enhance the legal knowledge of police officers, including university studies. In
Oman, for example, this problem was overcome by extending the “commissioned” police officers’
course in the Police Academy from two to four years; whereby they graduate from the Academy withtwo certificates: a police diploma and a bachelor of law.
In PNG there are eight hundred and fifty languages; therefore, police offices cannot communicate
with a large segment of the communities or it is difficult.
The group commented on the bad effects and the loss of confidence from society’s perception ofcorruption within the police administration. Effective measures, where necessary, must be taken by
the government to ensure that there is transparency and accountability within the police forces.

III. MEASURES TAKEN BY THE PROSECUTION
A. Introduction
The Public Prosecution services, in our respective countries, have realised the fact that imprisonment, or
merely taking the decision to prosecute a particular crime is not always the right decision in the interests ofcrime prevention. Hence, prosecutors, while dealing with a particular case, will make great efforts to touchon the actual impact of the crime on the community; and thus, react in accordance with the public interest.
This is normally accomplished by interaction with the community.
B. Current Situation
In most of our countries, the prosecution will bear in mind two major tests before taking the decision toprosecute: the evidential test, and the public interest test. Firstly, the evidential test: this means cases shallnot be forwarded to the court unless they are corroborated with sufficient evidence of guilt. Secondly, thepublic interest test: after fulfilling the first test, the decision to prosecute cannot be taken unless it is in the
public interest. The Prosecution will be deemed not in the public interest if the offence was trivial. In Oman,
prosecutors can decide to discontinue cases even if the offence is significant or classified as a ‘Felony’ if theoffender has managed to reconcile with the victim, and subsequently, the latter decides to waive the caseagainst the former. The decision of discontinuance, in such circumstances, must be endorsed by the
Attorney-General. Thus the opportunity system is adopted rather than the legality one. Needless to say
that, the opportunity system acts as a safeguard against re-offending, on one hand, and as rehabilitation andcorrective measure on the other.
Moreover, in some of our countries, prosecutors are not merely a tool for decision-making on the case;but rather, they utilise the reaction of the community that they have gathered during interacting with them,or during the police investigation and can thus present the impact of the crime on the community to thecourt. It is important to mention finally that, the Attorney General’s office in Guatemala, introduced in 2000
the so-called Assistant Victim’s Office (OAV) in the (22) principal provinces. These offices work closely withthe victims of crimes and potential victims, especially domestic violence, and provide them with the required
assistance. Prosecutors will not pursue the judicial process unless the victim is recovered and oriented by
the local prosecutors’ office.
In the case of Pakistan the prosecution has recently been separated from the police, and in Guatemala
this happened ten years ago.
It is worth noting that the prosecution, with this method of handling cases, is working on meeting thebest interests of the public (i.e. meeting the needs of the public); thus, paving the way to the so called‘Community Prosecution’.

C. What Is Community Prosecution?
According to the American Prosecutors Research Institute (APRI), Community Prosecution “focuses ontargeted areas and involves a long-term, proactive partnership among the prosecution’s office, law
enforcement, the community and public and private organisations, whereby the authority of the prosecutor’s
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office is used to solve problems, improve public safety and enhance the quality of life in the community” (p.
4).12 According to the National Research Council, “the most universal ingredient” of community prosecution
is the addition of crime prevention to the prosecutor’s mission. Under this emerging philosophy, prosecutors
are viewed not just as officers of the court who come on the scene once a crime has occurred, but rather as
members of the community who have the power to stop crime from occurring.
Community Prosecution involves the close interaction of prosecutors with the community, attending
various meeting with them, and being assigned exclusively to handle cases from a particular area; thus
accustoming themselves with the community; subsequently, with their exact needs. This particular type ofprosecution is not yet introduced in our countries, with the exception of Japan, which has recently
introduced this new concept and currently endeavours to implement it. Therefore, the group did not discuss
the problems related to this concept. However, members of the group agreed that the concept of community
prosecution could be useful to their respective countries.

IV. MEASURES TAKEN BY OTHER AGENCIES
A. Introduction
As we mentioned at the outset, the Police can never, on their own, combat crime. Thus, they haveworked vigorously to involve the community in this mission. This however, appeared to be insufficient;
therefore, the involvement of other agencies (stakeholders) became inevitable.
B. Situational Crime Prevention
In very plain words, situational crime prevention (SCP) is a way, method, or could be said to be a policythat determines different situations where crimes normally occur, and establishes the best ways to tackle
them for the benefit of crime prevention. Thus, if we want to prevent crime then we should look into thesituation where crime occurs and establish the best way to alter the situation. For instance, it is a wellknown fact that property left without relevant protection will become a target for theft. That is to say that
common-sense in this case will definitely lead a person to get rid of the motivation by not leaving his house,car, or other properties unlocked; to protect them from different sorts of crime. Furthermore, the samecommon-sense will lead a person not to leave alluring objects in his car, even if it is locked. The essence of
this could be explained by the Routine Activities Theory of Cohen and Felson (1979) in Ekblom and Tilley(2000). They mentioned in their theory that, “for a crime to occur three elements had to come together, alikely offender, a suitable target and the absence of capable guardians” (p. 377).
From this point of view, the group strongly agree with Hough, Clarke and Mayhew (1980) as they argued
that SCP is a rather elastic term, which encompass any activity intended to reduce the frequency of crime.
Furthermore, they added that many situational measures are not in themselves new, and are often little
more than common-sense precautions. This is conformed by Ekbolm (1998) as he mentioned that SCP
accords with common-sense self protection.
To shed some more light on the aforementioned theory, it is important to ask ourselves how crime
normally occurs. Jeffery (1971) argued from a scientific point of view that behaviour is a product of theinteraction of organism and environment. Human organs are constructed to receive signals or messages
from the environment and to respond to these signals via behaviour. In other words, if we want to change
criminal behaviour, we must first change the environment. As mentioned above, this could be by looking at
the situation where crime occurs and try to alter it.
The Implementation of the Theory (Measures)
Hereunder are some examples implemented in our respective countries:
Generally speaking, the alteration of the aforementioned situations (whereby crimes occur) could takedifferent measures, such as to reduce the opportunities which might lead a person to offend, and thus toreduce the risk of victimisation to individuals; increase the chances of an offender being caught, like making
the offence difficult to execute. An example of which could be seen in the case of installing better locks fordoors and windows to prevent burglary, it means that it will take a longer time to break into the house, and12 “Community Prosecution”. Prepared by the American Prosecutors Research Institute’s Criminal Prosecution Division

Cooperative Agreement Number 91-DD-CX-0036, from the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Justice Programmes, U.S.
Department of Justice.

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thus attract a neighbour’s attention. Therefore, such an act can be regarded as a measure of increasing theburglar’s risk of being caught. It is important to remember that a burglar’s decision to commit his crime, as
Ekblom and Tilley (2000) explained, is mainly based on considerations of risk, effort and reward.
Good lighting around houses can also deter thieves from merely getting close to them. In some of ourcountries, police encourage householders to use certain type of exterior lights embedded with an infrared
sensor that switches the light on, for a few moments, when it detects something within its range. Target
hardening such as installing CCTV, grills on windows and doors, and other security devices act as adeterrent to prevent the commission of crime.
There are some measures undertaken by other agencies, which could be said to be a direct
implementation of the SCP theory.

(i) Public telephones
It was realised that public telephones installed in places where they get natural surveillance, such as gas
stations, supermarkets, service stations, and rest houses suffer almost no vandalism in comparison withthose that do not get this type of surveillance, such as highways. Thus, more telephones have been installedin the former case.
(ii) Town planningBecause it was found that burglars will only target areas that they know, and where it is easy for them toescape; it was therefore concluded that we can reduce the level of crime through our design of our buildings.
Poyner (1983) explains this by saying that we should design our houses in such a way that the residents areable to gain control over the space immediately adjacent to their houses; and thus, deter strangers andpotential criminals. This is to say that a reduction of crime could be achieved through environmental design;and this is the so-called Defensible Space Theory13. Hence, the Ministry of Housing, in some of ourcountries, will sit with the Criminal Investigation Department, to discuss the planning of any housing estate
to be established; in order to get the approval of the latter from a crime prevention point of view.
These measures are normally urged by police forces, in our countries, via brochures distributed to themon different occasions, and also via television and radio programmes, broadcast normally once a week.

C. Inter-Agency Cooperation
It is observed in most of the participants’ countries that, it is difficult to ensure cooperation andcoordination amongst different agencies and governmental offices. The group discussed this and determinedthat they should discover new ways to resolve this problem. Two nations have recently started high-levelinteragency meetings in their governments (Japan and Guatemala). The meetings seek to secure a close
cooperation with related headquarters and administrative organisations and also to comprehensively andactively promote efficient and appropriate anti-crime measures. There is a need for the Government as awhole to work together to restore people’s trust, and the cooperation of the related ministers. A
comprehensive anti-crime programme should be planned in order to have many governmental organisations
as well as non-governmental organisations share information and work together14. In many countries,
government authorities have not carried out long-term plans, and they do not have the necessary financial
resources to serve the needs of law enforcement, their establishment and management for a flexible
disposition and treatment system/measures to prevent crime15. It was also determined to discuss thestrengthening of measures against various crimes and measures to prevent it, including the shoreline
measures as its pillars; the current situation with the frequent occurrence of juvenile and heinous crimes
which pose an immediate threat to people’s daily lives; the promotion of measures to develop a social
environment where crime is less likely to occur; and assistance of activities for the people to secure theirown safety. In Japan the meeting seeks to comprehensively and actively promote efficient and appropriate
anti-crime measures since its establishment in September 2003, and in Guatemala since 2005. They are
working on a National Action Plan for the Realisation of a Society Resistant to Crime, and to prevent Crime(in the second country mentioned). The aim of this meeting has been to ensure the coordination and
13 This concept was also gathered from a video film played by UNAFEI, on the 17th Jan. 2005. It was explicitly illustrated thathouses that can be broken into without the notice of the neighbours always attract burglars.
14 Japan, Country Report, Mr. Nobuhiko Furuya, 129th Crime Prevention Senior Seminar, UNAFEI. p. 12.
15 Guatemala, Country Report, Mr. Conrado Reyes, 129th Crime Prevention Senior Seminar, UNAFEI, p. 20.

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cooperation of Ministries and Other Governmental Agencies to promote active and omnibus countermeasures
to prevent or combat crime.16 National Action Plans defined the following as essential for the restoration of
public security, e.g.; i) assistance of activities for the people to secure their own safety; ii) improvement of asocial environment where crime is less likely to occur; and iii) countermeasures against various crimes
including the shoreline measures; iv) working with juveniles and minors on risk conditions; v) increasing theexchange of information and resources of interagency government authorities. The Action Plans alsoestablished prioritized issues to be tackled by the Government with the cooperation of the people, businessestablishments and local government, in accordance with the distinctive trend of the current situation ofcrime occurrence, e.g.: i) efforts to deter or prevent juvenile crime taken by the whole society, etc.
Therefore, the government took another step forward by allowing each local area or communities to create
their own governments (local government), especially in the area to prevent crime. These individual local
governments then made laws (ordinances) such as a curfew ordinance, drinking in public ordinance, etc.
With the local ordinances the crime situation has apparently decreased17. And the government needs toutilize volunteers groups as much as possible so that it can save money, and so ask for the help of local
governments in order to plan and implement effective measures to prevent crime.18 The authorities andresidents (communities) are working towards crime prevention through proper environmental design,community development, and education. It seeks proactive measures to address safety issues within theneighbourhoods besides implementing initiatives for crime prevention, the concept also aims at building astrong national identity in our multi-racial and multi-religious society. Another example is the inter-district
and inter-provincial police chiefs meetings, to discuss law and order in their respective districts orprovinces, and in some cases include the national’s or district level police and other agencies, and it iswitnessed in our countries.
The Group was thankful to the visiting expert Dr. Waller’s introduction of various interagency projects
adopted in various cities (such as the project in Bogotá, Colombia), in the world not limited to developed
countries, and was interested in his analysis of their success or failure. The participants agreed that studying
these examples carefully is very important in formulating their own projects.
The Group also discussed some of the activities carried out by some of the participating countries withregard to children’s activities. In some of our countries the Ministry of Education with the collaboration of
the Ministry of Manpower (Labour) have arranged a special pack for school children to utilise their summer
holidays. The arrangement enables students to take a referral letter from the latter Ministry to be employedtemporarily in any Ministry or company, whereby he/she will be taught some clerical work, and receive areasonable salary.19 Also the Ministry of Education organises a number of summer clubs, and other activities
during the holidays. Thus, activities like these lessen the association of school children with delinquent
peers. The meeting agreed to the statements by the visiting experts (Sir Bottoms and Dr. Waller) that one of
the most important and effective targets of an interagency crime prevention programme is the youth at risk,
and took note with interest of various projects conducted in North America, Europe and South Africa.

V. CONCLUSION
To conclude hitherto, it is important to reiterate that the Criminal Justice System can never, on its own,
succeed in combating crime and disorder, without the support of the community. Such support can begathered by introducing some sort of partnership between the police and the community; hence, by letting
the latter bear some responsibility in preventing crime. That is to say, that the establishment of community
policing is inevitable. As a step forward, introducing a close relationship between the prosecution and thecommunity is of vital importance (Community Prosecution).
Moreover, the support of other agencies is not to be neglected by any means; as it is well known thatcauses behind each crime are different and cannot be dealt with by a single governmental organisation.

16 Japan, Country Report, Mr. Masayoshi Kozawa, 129th Crime Prevention Senior Seminar, UNAFEI, p. 12.
17 Country Report from Marshall Islands, Mr. Vincent Peter, 129th Senior Seminar, UNAFEI.
18 Japan, Country Report, Mr. Nobuhiko Furuya, 129th Senior Seminar, UNAFEI.
19 This arrangement was set-up after police statistics showed that juvenile crimes increase during the summer holidays.

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REFERENCES
Adams, R., Rohe, W. and Arcury, T. (2002) Implementing Community-Oriented Policing: Organisationalchange and Street Officer Attitudes, Crime & Delinquency, vol. 48 no. 3, July 2002, pp. 399-430, Sage
publication, London.
Ekbolm, P. (1998) Situational Crime Prevention: effectiveness of local initiatives, in Goldblatt, P. and Lewis,
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