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DESIGN

UNIT 2

YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Work with a partner. Discuss the questions.
1 What is happening in this picture? Do you think this is the mostimportant technological advance of recent years? Why / Why not?
2 Do you think that the products we use every day are better now
than in the past? Is there any way in which products in the past weresuperior?
3 What types of shopping (clothes, shoes, electronics, householditems, etc.) would you avoid doing if you could? How much
extra would you be willing to pay to avoid it or them?
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WATCH AND LISTENPREPARING TO WATCH
ACTIVATING YOURKNOWLEDGE

1 You are going to watch a video about bicycle design. Before you watch,circle the statements you think are true about cycling in your country.
Explain your answers to a partner.
1 Cycling is more popular today than it used to be.
2 Cycling is a fashionable way to travel.
3 Cycling is the best way to get around a city.
4 People care what their bicycles look like.
5 There are too many different bicycle designs to choose from.

USING YOURKNOWLEDGE TO
PREDICT CONTENT

2 Look at the diagram and discuss the question with your partner.
How could a designer make each part of a bicycle special or luxurious?
handlebars

seatframe

saddlebags

water bottle
chainpedals

GLOSSARYfashion statement (n) something that you own or wear in order to attract attention andshow other people the type of person you areclassic (adj) having a simple, traditional style that is always fashionable
gap in the market (n) an opportunity for a product or service that does not already exist
personalize (v) to make something suitable for a particular person
accessory (n) something added to a machine or to clothing that has a useful ordecorative purpose
status (n) the amount of respect, admiration, or importance given to a person,organization, or object
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WHILE WATCHING
3

Watch the video. Number the main ideas in the order you hear them.

UNDERSTANDING
MAIN IDEAS

A Japanese designer has started making luxury bicycles insteadof boats.
Hermès have launched two designer bicycles.
Hermès’ designer bikes are extremely popular.
People are using bicycles to show how much money they have.
Shops in Paris sell a variety of expensive cycling products.
4

Watch again. Complete the sentences.

UNDERSTANDING
DETAIL

1 Hermès started making designer bicycles because there was a.
2 The Japanese artisan thinks it is the first time that the whole world.
3 Paris shops are increasing their sales by.
4 These days bicycles are becoming a showcase for.
5Watch again. Answer the questions.
1 What are the special features of Hermès’ ‘Le Flâneur Sportif’?
2 How much does Hermès’ ‘Le Flâneur Sportif’ cost?
3 How much do some designer bikes cost in Tokyo?
4 What material does the Japanese artisan make bicycles from?
5 What examples are given of cycling accessories sold in Paris?

DISCUSSION
6 Work in a small group. Discuss the questions.
1 What kind of people do you think buy the designer bicycles you saw inthe video? Why?
2 What other kinds of cycling accessories do you think that cycling shops
sell? How might they be made luxurious or personalized?
3 Do you think that the bicycles you saw in the video would sell wellwhere you live? Why / Why not?
4 Think of another type of product that people use to show off theirwealth. What are the features of an expensive model of this typeof product?
5 Are status symbols important to you? If so, which one(s) would you liketo have? Why? If not, why not?
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LISTENING
LISTENING 1
PREPARING TO LISTENUSING YOURKNOWLEDGE

1 You are going to listen to a presentation on current and future uses for
3-D printing. Before you listen, work with a partner. Discuss which of
the items in the photos you think were produced by a 3-D printer. Thendiscuss the questions below.

1 All these items were made with a 3-D printer. Does that surprise you?
Why / Why not?
2 What kind of objects cannot be created with a 3-D printer today?
UNDERSTANDING
KEY VOCABULARY

2 Read the definitions. Use the correct forms of the words in bold tocomplete the sentences below.
customize (v) to make or change something to fit a user’s needs
downside (n) disadvantage
drastically (adv) severely; with very noticeable effectfabric (n) cloth; material for making clothing
foundation (n) the thing on which other things are based
junk (n) things of no use or value
mass production (n) the process of producing large numbers of one
thing in a factory
rejection (n) the failure of the body to accept a new body part thathas been put in during surgery
1 When computers go out of date, they becomethat has tobe thrown away.
2 You canthe software so that it only includes the functions
that you need.
3 Early 3-D fashions used a flexible plastic instead of theyou
find most clothing is made of.
4 With a 3-D printer, I can print just about everything. The,however, is that it is much more expensive than a traditional printer.

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5 The maths skills that you acquire in secondary school provide afor the more advanced work you do at university.
6 Kidney transplants have a very high success rate these days; thechances ofduring the first year are only seven percent.
in the early
7 The market for compact disc players dropped
years of the 21st century, as the public switched to MP3 players, andlater to streaming.
of cars began in the early twentieth century. Prior to8 The
that, cars had been produced to order.
3 Work with a partner. Look at the diagram of a supply chain. Discuss what
happens at each stage.

USING YOURKNOWLEDGE

WHILE LISTENING
4

2.1 Listen to the presentation. Circle the best summary of each mainidea in the presentation.

LISTENING FOR
MAIN IDEAS

1 a Replacement body parts are routinely printed.
b Methods of printing replacement body parts are in development.
2 a Fashion designers are using 3-D printing in their collections.
b 3-D printing is widely used in the production of fashion items.
3 a Mass production will be more profitable with 3-D printing.
b Manufacturing small quantities could be profitable with 3-D printing.
4 a 3-D printing will totally change the manufacturing process.
b 3-D printing will benefit everybody who works in manufacturing.
5 a We do not know if 3-D printing will increase or decrease waste.
b 3-D printing will reduce the amount we throw away.

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SKILLS

Using a table to take notes on main ideas and detail

TAKING NOTESON MAIN IDEAS
AND DETAIL

When a speaker makes the structure of upcoming information clear, it can be
helpful to use the same structure as you take notes. Using a table to capture
this structure helps you separate the main ideas from the detail. This makes
it easier to review and study your notes later. Listen for signposts likenumbers (e.g. There are two … .), and phrases that indicate that a main idea iscoming (e.g. the most important … .). Don’t try to write down everything you
hear. You want your table to provide an outline of the talk, not everything
the speaker said.
2.2 Listen to an excerpt from the presentation and complete the table.

5AM (Additive Manufacturing) disrupts two elements of manufacturing:
(1)

(2)

parts made as a single piece

won’t need (5)or (6)
fabricated on demand
reduce (7)short supply chains(3)stronger–
reduced fuel consumption =cost savings(4)

LISTENINGFOR DETAIL

6

2.1 Listen to the presentation again. Write T (true), F (false)
or DNS (does not say) next to the statements. Then correct thefalse statements.
1 3-D printing is a very new technology.
2 3-D printing can create body tissue which is a perfect match forthe patient.
3 Clothing is printed using natural fibres, like cotton.
4 Most 3-D fashions will probably be printed in developingcountries.
5 There has been a lot of opposition to 3-D printing frommanufacturers.
6 One man printed several parts of an aeroplane and assembled
them himself.

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7 3-D printing will reduce the need for companies to hold items
in stock.
8 3-D printing may help criminals to escape from prison.
7

2.1 Listen again. Take more detailed notes on the presentation.

POST-LISTENING
SKILLS

Reviewing and organizing your notes

8

After a lecture, while the information is still fresh in your mind, rewrite yournotes in an outline structure. This helps you understand the main ideas anddetails of the lecture. Doing this can also help you reflect critically on thecontent of the lecture, which is difficult to do while you are listening.

2.1 Use your answers from Exercises 4–7 to make a set of notes.
Start by listing the main ideas (1, 2, 3, etc.) and supporting details for eachmain idea (a, b, c, etc.). Leave space to add more details. Listen to thepresentation again. Check that your notes are accurate and add more detailif necessary.
1. Methods of printing replacement body parts are in development.
a. can create body tissue …
b.

2.
a.
b.
3.
9 Work with a partner. Complete the tasks.
1 Use your notes from Exercise 8 to recap the talk on 3-D printing.
Include only the main points and important details. Present it aloud toyour partner.
2 As you listen to your partner’s presentation, write down any importantdetails that your partner included that you missed. Add them to yournotes.
3 Whose recap do you think was more accurate and complete? Does theorder of main points make a difference? Were the details presented
with the relevant main points?
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PRONUNCIATION FOR LISTENING

SKILLS

Word stress
In words with more than one syllable, one syllable is stressed more than theothers. A stressed syllable is generally longer, louder, and higher in pitch thanan unstressed syllable.
down-side (n) ad-vance (v) con-sum-er (n)Although stress is sometimes difficult to predict, there are some rules. For
example, always stress the syllable that comes directly before these suffixes:-ical, -ion, -ity, -logy.
tech-no-log-i-cal cog-ni-tion poss-i-bil-i-ty tech-no-lo-gy
10 Underline the stressed syllables in the words below.
1 a tech-no-lo-gy
2 a com-pu-ter
3 a dra-ma-tic
4 a at-tracts
5 a pro-duc-tion
6 a el-e-ments
7 a en-tre-pre-neur
11b pro-cessb soft-wareb bi-o-med-i-cal
b pos-si-bil-i-ty
b fa-cil-i-ties
b foun-da-tionb fac-to-riesc ob-ject (n)c sce-nar-i-os
c re-search (n)c cus-tom-iz-ing
c in-dus-try
c man-u-fac-tur-ing
c as-sem-bled

2.3 Listen to the excerpts from the talk to check your answers inExercise 10.

DISCUSSION
12 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions.
1 The speaker mentions the disruptive power of AM several times. Whatdo you think the long-term consequences might be for the clothing
industry? For example, what would happen if all clothing could beprinted at home?
2 Use your imagination to think of an application for 3-D printing thatwas not discussed by the speaker. Share your ideas with another pairof students or the class.

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LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENTUSING CAUSE-AND-EFFECT PHRASESVOCABULARY

To express a cause using a phrase
What’s more, by printing it as one piece, he created a part that wasfive times stronger than the original part and 83% lighter.
What’s more, he created a part that was five times stronger than theoriginal part and 83% lighter by printing it as one piece.
Notice that, although the subject is not expressed in the cause-and-effectphrase, you can infer it. Such phrases can only be used if the inferred subject isthe same as the subject of the whole sentence – in this case, he printed it as
one piece.
To express an effect using a phrase
The blouses appear on shelves the following week, encouraging the trend.
This is a reduction of a non-defining relative ‘comment’ clause:
The blouses appear on shelves the following week, which encourages
the trend.
1 Complete the sentences with a phrase that explains the cause.
1, manufacturers ensure that consumers buy
new items on a regular basis.
2, clothing companies encourage people to buy
new clothes more often.
3, the team completed the project just before
the deadline.
4, they were able to find a better design forthe product.
5, manufacturers can print small quantities andkeep costs low.

2 Rewrite each non-defining relative clause as a phrase expressing the effect.
1 Clothing can be made very cheaply today, which makes it
psychologically easier to throw things away.
2 AM makes it easier to complete all production steps in one place, whichleaves assembly plants in developing countries out of the process.
3 AM even has the potential to be used to print human organs, which
gives hope to those on transplant waiting lists.

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3 Complete the sentences with a phrase that expresses an effect. Use yourown ideas.
1 Clothing companies respond immediately to consumer preferences,.
2 Thousands of people throw away their mobile phones every year,.
3 Many resourceful consumers have made their own repairsindependently,.
4 The cost of consumer electronics has dropped significantly,.
4 Write three sentences using phrases for cause and/or effect about asituation in your own life. The sentences can be on any topic.
By working on my essay last weekend, I was able to hand it inon time.
.
.
.

GRAMMAR

DEGREE EXPRESSIONS
Sometimes you need to measure the amount or degree of something againsta standard. When the amount or degree does not match the standard, use theadverb too + an adjective or adverb for the degree and the to + infinitive formof the verb for the standard.
The cost of printing is too high to make this practical.
degree standard
When the amount or degree does match the standard, use an adjective,adverb, or verb + enough for the degree and the to + infinitive form of theverb for the standard.
The costs have fallen enough to make these scenarios more than a dream.
degreestandard
5 Complete the degree expressions in the sentences with your own ideas.
1 My phone is too old.
2 Some consumer electronics are cheap enough.
to be used with the latest software.
3
4
are not comfortable enough to wear all day long.
5 Some video games are too complicated.

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