INTRODUCTORY NOTE
It is with pride that the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for thePrevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI) offers to theinternational community Resource Material Series No.62
This volume contains the work produced in the 122nd International Training
Course that was conducted from 2 September to 24 October 2002. The main theme ofthis Course was, “The Effective Administration of Criminal Justice to Tackle
Trafficking in Human Beings and Smuggling of Migrants.”
Human trafficking and smuggling of migrants is increasingly a serious world-wideconcern. Many factors have led to its proliferation, including the growing disparity
between the developing and developed countries; political persecution; and naturaldisasters. At the same time rapid globalization in transport and commerce and theinvolvement of organized criminal groups have added to its growth. Trafficking andsmuggling in human beings has not only led to the disruption of establishedimmigration policies of destination countries but also poses a threat to thefundamental human rights of the persons concerned. The exploitive nature of thetrafficking often amounts to a modern form of slavery which victimizes the poorest
and weakest, namely women and children. Moreover the increasing involvement oforganized crime groups remains largely unchecked allowing them to make huge
profits which have in turn been used to finance other criminal activities.
In recognition of the gravity of the current situation the international community
has taken steps in recent years to control it. In 1999 the United Nations Center forInternational Crime Prevention and the United Nations Interregional Crime andJustice Research Institute developed the Global Programme against Trafficking in
Human Beings. In 2000 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted theConvention against Transnational Organized Crime (the TOC Convention) which wasaccompanied by two important protocols i.e. “Protocol to Prevent, Suppress andPunish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children” and “Protocol against
the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air”. This course sought to analyze thecurrent situation, identify problems in detection, prosecution and punishment andexplore effective ways to tackle trafficking and smuggling. This Course was part of
UNAFEI's continuing commitment to the general theme of transnational organizedcrime.
In this issue, papers contributed by visiting experts, selected individual
presentation papers from among the Course participants, and the reports of theCourse are published. I regret that not all the papers submitted by the Course
participants could be published. Also, I must request the understanding of theselected authors for not having sufficient time to refer the manuscripts back to them
before publication.

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I would like to pay tribute to the contributions of the Government of Japan,
particularly the Minister of Justice and the Japan International Cooperation Agency,and the Asia Crime Prevention Foundation for providing indispensable andunwavering support to UNAFEI's international training programmes. Finally I would
like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all who so unselfishly assisted in thepublication of this series; in particular, the editor of Resource Material Series No.62,
Mr. Simon Cornell (Linguistic Adviser) who so tirelessly dedicated himself to thisseries.
February 2004

Kunihiko Sakai
Director of UNAFEIvi