The 3rd EAJS Conference in Japan
第三回EAJS日本会議

book of abstracts
The University of Tsukuba
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
14 - 15 September 2019

Supported by the Japan Foundation

Contents
Section A - Anthropology / Social Sciences /Urban & Environmental Studies.........................................................3
Section B - Visual & Performing Arts, Film &Media Studies.................................................................................34
Section C - History.................................................................................63
Section D - Language, Linguistics, Translating &Teaching.........................................................................................96
Section E - Literature............................................................................126
Section F - Politics, International Relations & Economics.......................165
Section G - Religion & Philosophy........................................................174
Section H - Other Disciplines / Interdisciplinary.....................................190

Anthropology / Social Sciences / Urban & Environmental Studies

Section A - Anthropology / Social Sciences /Urban & Environmental Studies
Section Convenors: Jun‘ichi Akashi (University of Tsukuba), Alyne Delany(Tohuku University) & Hidehiro Yamamoto (University of Tsukuba)
A-1-1 Zuzanna Baraniak-Hirata (Ochanomizu University)
consuming the “world of dreams”: narratives of belonging in takarazuka
fan culture

Recent fan culture studies have often focused on formation of fan communities in cyberspace and much has been written about fan culture that develops
around popular cultural texts. Similarly, studies of Japanese fans often analysecharacteristics of community-specific fan behaviour and address social aspectsof fan interactions. This has also been the case with existing research on fans of
the Takarazuka Revue – a popular all-female Japanese theatre company boasting over 100 years of history. As a self-proclaimed “world of dreams”, Takarazuka is well-known for glamorous productions which attract a steady following
among a predominantly female audience. It has been debated that Takarazuka
owes its commercial success to the popularity of otokoyaku (male role players)
and their distinct relations with zealous fans. However, so far little attention has
been paid to individual and collective fan behaviour that is not limited to enjoying theatrical performances or activities performed strictly within the organization of actresses’ personal fan clubs. This paper expands discussion on modern
fan cultures by presenting a study of Takarazuka fan behaviour specific to the
local fan community of the Revue’s birthplace – the Takarazuka city. Informed by
3 months of immersive fieldwork and in-depth interviews with Takarazuka fans,
this paper explores narratives of belonging and affect while investigating theprocess of personal fan identity formation of Kansai-located Takarazuka fans.
By examining differences in individual fan experiences, I demonstrate how local
Takarazuka fans’ practices highlight complex fantasies of spatial belonging andillustrate how urban landscapes can be utilised in fan community formation.

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A-1-2 Oksana Kakin (Ochanomizu University)
analysis of idol development and commodification of “immaturity” in fan
community formation process

Informed by semi-structured interviews with Japanese fans of male and female
idol groups, this paper focuses on the commodification of “immaturity” and idol
development within Japanese idol fan practices, and examines them as potential key factors behind the formation of an “imagined community” (Anderson
1983) out of seemingly separate groups of idol fans.
The commodification of “immaturity” is a unique phenomenon that can beobserved in Japanese culture. Within traditional Japanese arts, audiences haveenjoyed observing the process of growth and maturing of performers. They
would support students with potential to become skilled performers while actively consuming their process of “becoming”. This phenomenon is illustrated
in the “newcomer matches” in traditional sport sumo, where fans would be on
the lookout for possible future star athletes. In contemporary Japanese idol fan
culture, a similar process can be observed as well. Idol groups (e.g. AKB48) organize election systems that become platforms for fans to observe and actively
participate in the process of growing and training young idols.
Despite the wealth of literature on idol fan culture there has been little academic work undertaken on this process of commodifying “immaturity”, or thetheoretical analysis of factors behind fan community formation methods. The
purpose of this study is to fill these gaps in our understanding of Japanese idols’
fan culture.
The results show that idols give fans an illusion of taking part in idols’ growthand let fans consume their “immaturity” as a product, which in turn helps theformation of an “imagined” fan community.

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Anthropology / Social Sciences / Urban & Environmental Studies

A-1-3 Sayako Ono (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies)looking for intimacy: hip hop dance in japan

Could not attend the conference due to force majeure.
The majority of Japanese youth are less interested in hip-hop music compared toyouths of the 1990s. Hip-hop music is often categorised as being anti-authority
or anti-injustice, thus it might be seen as the most fitting genre of music in theuncertain Japanese economic and post-3.11 situation. Indeed, since the 2010s
several musicians have rapped about being poor or about anti-nuclear. However, it is uncommon for ordinary Japanese people to voice their political views
publicly. Thus, in post 3.11 people might feel intimacy with idols who support
victims by organising free live concerts and charity events to collect donations,but do not endorse hip-hop musicians who have expressed strong political beliefs.
However, unlike the underground situation of J-rap, the current popularity of
hip-hop dance is increasing. Breakdancing has been popular among Japaneseyouth since the 1980s, and people showed off their dancing abilities in the pedestrian zones or on TV programmes. The most significant change in people’s
perceptions of hip-hop dance, however, came in 2008 when hip-hop dance
was included by the government as one of the genres of the nation’s new compulsory school subject of dance. Since then hip-hop dancing has almost lost its
rebellious spirit, but it gained new meaning as a form of somewhat familiar oreven state-controlled institutional dance. Therefore, this paper explores how
young Japanese enjoy this once anti-authority but now familiar form of dance
to feel intimacy with others.

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A-1-4 Christian Goehlert (LMU Munich, Japan Center)between folkorism and identity: japanese museums of everyday life

The number of Japanese museums that feature sizable exhibitions of everyday
scenes and objects has increased sharply in the 1970s and 1980s. At present,
the Folklore Society of Japan, the national association of folklorists (minzokugakusha) who have traditionally claimed the study of everyday culture as one of
their core territories, lists more than one hundred such institutions all over Japan. The listed museums range in scope from large, national institutions, to tiny
regional ones. All of them serve important cultural, political, economic, andacademic functions, both for Japan as a whole and for their respective regions.
What Gottfried Korff and Martin Roth have said about historic museums in general holds true for them as well: The are “laboratories, playhouses, and identity
factories”.
In defining what it means to be Japanese as well as how individual regional
identities relate to “Japaneseness” as a whole, museums get to speak from aunique position of authority. Their authority however, is also subject to economic necessities, a complex legal framework that regulates them, and the need tobalance the interests of their various groups of stakeholders.
Based on an analysis of exhibitions and interviews conducted in March and April
2019 at the National Museum of Japanese History in Sakura (Chiba Prefecture)and the Tôno Municipal Museum in Tôno (Iwate Prefecture), this presentation
examines how museums of different sizes negotiate these issues and what strategies they employ in dealing with them.

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A-1-5 Sabrina Waegerle (University of Bonn & University of Tsukuba)
too much of a bother: dissecting sexlessness in japan from a discourse
analysis perspective

Entering post-bubble Japan, along with the thriving economy, sex seems to takea leave of absence in marriages. So-called セックスレス・カップル sexless couples, a neologism by psychiatrist 阿部輝夫 Abe Teruo, become focus of scientificdiscourse when Abe introduced his first case study on a significantly rising number of patients in counseling on their lack of sexual intercourse. The Japanese
Association for Sexual Science stimulates the discourse by defining and monitoring セックスレス sekkusuresu (or レス resu). Since the middle of the 1990s theterm has spread into society, even prompts a Japanese government worrying
about declining birth rates to surveil its citizen‘s bedrooms. The Japanese media
landscape shows a spike in publications, surveys controlling for frequency ofmarital intercourse report steadily increasing numbers of sexless relationships,
all proof of a new sexless-ified normal?
This paper is an attempt to understand and trace ‚sexlessness‘ via discourse
analysis from its beginning in medical sciences to its reception in a wider socio-political frame. This topic has yet to gather scientific attention; the few available studies concentrate on why people are sexless, leaving unanswered why
this term is successful in changing Japan’s discourse on sexuality. The knowledge production of sexlessness mirrors Foucault‘s analysis in the west, making
for an interesting case to understand sexuality and its social construction andpreconditions. Lastly, it reflects seemingly similar developments in South Korea,
China, the US and Germany.

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Anthropology / Social Sciences / Urban & Environmental Studies

A-1-6 Michael Drewing (LMU Munich & Waseda University)
the human-scaled tokyo. urban redevelopment and citizen’s movements inshimokitazawa

Could not attend the conference due to force majeure.
The city of Tokyo is often described using superlatives. Enormous, endless, chaotic, random and so on. But embedded in this sprawling urban conglomeration
are countless small spaces that are loved and protected by residents and visitors
alike. One of those small-scale and human- sized urban spaces is Shimokitazawa
in Setagaya ward, where urban redevelopment was initiated by placing the train
tracks of the Odakyu railway line underground. This project was accompaniedby new and wide roads, a new station building and the destruction of the oldmarket in front of the former station, provoking long-lasting opposition fromcitizens through the means of symposiums, cultural activities and even litigation.
After more than ten years of struggle, construction progresses. The new stationbuilding opened in March 2019 and plans for the space above the railway line
were made public. Involvement of citizens has considerably shaped some partsof the further development of the station area, most significantly by stopping
the planned 26-meter-wide road that threatened to cut the area in two. Butchange is imminent: the distinctive station market is gone, and a bus rotary will
be built in its place. Shimokitazawa continues to evolve. What are the characteristics of the area and how will they be affected by ongoing urban redevelopment?
In this paper I will present my fieldwork and interviews with activists, locals andvisitors who paint a multi-layered picture of the area while trying to answer theold question, which kind of city is appropriate for whom.

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A-2-1 Natalia Novikova (Tamagawa University)
slow violence of the post-fukushima reality

More than eight years have passed since the Fukushima Dai`ichi Nuclear Power
Plant accident on March 11, 2011. Damaged infrastructures have been partiallyreconstructed, financial aid has been paid, and the preparation to the 2020
Summer Olympics in Tokyo is in full swing conveying the image of the country`s
success in dealing with one of the greatest calamities in modern Japanese history. Nonetheless, imperceptible to human senses and delayed in time acts of radiation “slow violence” (Nixon, 2011) remain untelevised and underrepresented
in policy-making as well as in human memory.
This paper analyses the work of the fund organized by parents, primarily mothers, to provide annual thyroid cancer screening for children from the Kanto
region. Through the analysis of semi- structured interviews with Kanto region
activists and physicians as well as participant observation of the fund`s activities,
the paper uncovers complex hierarchies of radiation risks recognition. By drawing on the concepts of environmental (Schlosberg, 2007) and testimonial (Fricker, 2007) justice, this paper reveals how social groups that had been constantly
excluded from the decision- making process and deprived of opportunities toparticipate in the spread and production of scientific knowledge were able toaddress the representational challenges of radiation pollution and counter theviolence of radiation exposure risks. Furthermore, the paper enhances our understanding of environmental justice realms and sheds light on challenges inherent in citizen science.
Key words: environmental justice, citizen science, risk society

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A-2-2 Shunsuke Takeda (The University of Shiga Prefecture)sustaining rural community against nuclear power plant:
conflicts and cooperation between residents and amenity migrants in
iwaishima island, japan

This research investigates how one of overaged rural communities have continued their rural lifestyle against construction of nuclear power plants and protect
their livelihood through cooperation between residents and amenity migrants.
The research case is the community in Iwaishima island, Japan. In this island,
most of the inhabitants have been opposed to the construction of nuclear power plants on the other side of the island since 1982 and continued to live mainly
on fishery and agriculture. After the Great East Japan Earthquake and the accident of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in 2011, the island attracted
attention of people in Japan. Some people who sympathize with residents andare longing for living in rural areas immigrated to the island.
Through interviews and participation observation of daily lives, communal
events, and anti-nuclear movements in the island, this research analyzes how
the residents and migrants have cooperated and sustained their communities.
Firstly, it makes clear that there are some cultural differences and conflicts between residents and migrants and how they have been solved. Secondly it investigates how the residents sustain their lives, events and movements with thehelp of the migrants, and how the migrants get the means and social bonds to
get live on in this island. The migrants also can provide residents with resources
such as new sales channel of products and activists’ network outside the island.
This research provides the understanding the possibilities that overaged ruralcommunities can sustain themselves against demographic shrinkage and exploitation by external major enterprise.

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A-2-3 Cecile Laly (CREOPS, Sorbonne University & International Research Center for Japanese Studies)from “hamamatsu kite flying” to “hamamatsu matsuri”:
let’s invite tourists to celebrate the birth of (y)our children!

In Hamamatsu, it is said that the custom of flying kite to celebrate the birth ofthe children – initially the first sons – date back the middle of the 16th century,
while at the occasion of the birth of Yoshihiro, the first son of Iio Buzen-no-kami
who was ruling the Hikuma Castle (Hamamatsu), someone flew a kite with thechild name written on it. With time, more and more people started to fly kites
around tango no sekku (Boy‘s Day celebration, May 5) to celebrate the birth offirst sons. This custom later led to the establishment of the “Hamamatsu kiteflying”, which started being an organized event at the beginning of the 20th
century. Therefore, after the war, the event changed name from “Hamamatsukite flying” (Hamamatsu tako-age) to “Hamamatsu Festival” (Hamamatsu matsuri), and thus it also changed shape. The idea of making it a touristic event
for both domestic and international tourists grew along the last decades and iseven more prominent now that the Tokyo Olympics are getting closer. During
this presentation, we will analyze the place which is still given to the private
activities related to the celebration of the local newborns during a festival which
now aim to be a show open to anyone.

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A-2-4 Fernando Ortiz-Moya & Marco Reggiani (Institute for Global
Environmental Strategies)
surviving at the edge of japan: community adaptation mechanisms to a postgrowth society in imabetsu town

Low birth rates, restrictive immigration policies, and decades of economic stagnation are marking Japan’s transition to a post-growth society. All levels of government have hurried to address the new challenges ahead. In this desperate
run for survival, the development of new high-speed railway lines in peripheral
areas has been met with high expectations for a new prosperity. The case of
Imabetsu Town, Aomori Prefecture, well exemplifies this tendency. Located at
the northernmost tip of Honshu, its population has more than halved since the1950s and, in 2016, it became the smallest municipality in the country to join
the Shinkansen network with the opening of the Okutsugaru-Imabetsu Station
along the new Hokkaido Shinkansen line. Local authorities have devised a hostof policies to take advantage of the development promised by high-speed railways and revitalise the town’s economy. However, initial data about the usageof the station do not seem encouraging. This paper explores the policy andsocial responses to the town’s decline while questioning the hoped positiveeffects of the opening of the Shinkansen station. It argues that even though the
Shinkansen improved accessibility, the station in and of itself does not have thepotential to solve the structural problems of the town. By taking Imabetsu Town
as case study, the paper calls for a careful re-evaluation of the still accepted progrowth discourse within post-growth Japan.

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A-2-5 Guzel Ishkineeva (University of Tsukuba)transformations of urban management under centralized states: cases ofjapanese and russian cities

In the post-war period Japanese government was prioritizing economic development above all. Scholars call it ‘rich Japan poor Japanese syndrome’, which
was characterised by degraded urban environments, expensive and cramped
housing, shortage of public spaces and parks, etc. Although not named thesame syndrome could be attributed to Russian cities. Before recent initiatives on
improving the quality of life in cities, creating more public spaces or rendering
them back to citizens, launching projects aimed at improving liveability and security in cities, the situation was quite similar.
In communist USSR as well as in capitalist Japan approach to urban development was mainly economy oriented. Soviet government saw its cities as hubs forpromoting industrial development. This resulted in various problems inherited
by Russia, such as mono-cities, extremely polluted and non-liveable cities, etc. In
the same way for a significant period development of Japanese cities followed
the construction of roads, JR lines and shinkansens, prioritizing overall economic
development over the development of localities. However, this has changed withmachizukuri initiatives of citizens in Japan and volunteer movements in Russia.
Local governments stepped aside from mere economic development starting to
improve their cities, including liveability, affordability of housing, public spaces,
raising the attractiveness of their cities (partly by responding to the demandsof creative society and globalization challenges), introducing various concepts
starting from garden city up to smart and resilient cities.
Present research follows the path of urban transformations in two countries,
triggered by similar challenges of urban development in the past, centralized
approach to city development remaining to great extent in present and implementation internationally acknowledged concepts for the future. Therefore, theaim is to analyse the characteristics of these changes, their real drivers, actors
involved and their interactions, lessons two countries can learn from each other.

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A-2-6 Julia Gerster-Damerow (Tohoku University)
the integration of negative heritage in collective memory:bosai tourism after 3.11

The disasters of March 11 2011 washed away whole villages at the coast of
Northeast Japan and destroyed the lives of thousands. Meskell (2012: 558) describes such places as “negative heritage, a conflictual site that becomes therepository of negative memory in the collective imaginary.” The scholar emphasizes the dual role of such places, as they can be either used for positive didactic
purposes as it has been done Auschwitz or Hiroshima, or they are to be erased“if such places cannot be culturally rehabilitated (…)” (Meskell 2012: 558). In
Japan as well, how to remember the disasters has been recognized as an important task. This paper investigates the efforts of several communities in Iwate
and Miyagi Prefecture to integrate the negative experiences in their collective
memory with Bosai Tourism (Disaster Risk Mitigation Tourism). By listening to
the stories of survivors (kataribe) and visiting places directly affected by the2011 tsunami, visitors are promised not only to learn about the impact of thedisasters but also about appropriate behavior in case of earthquakes or tsunamis. I argue that Bosai Tourism is part of a cultural rehabilitation process to copewith the 3.11 triple disasters.
This paper is part of a larger study in which I plan to compare the integrationof negative heritage within cultural rehabilitation processes in Iwate and Miyagi
Prefectures with such in Fukushima Prefecture.

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A-3-1

Panel

renewable energy policy and policy communications injapan

Chair: Leslie Tkach-Kawasaki (University of Tsukuba)
Japan has seen major shifts in the relationship between citizens and government
in the past three decades, particularly in terms of renewable energy policy. Certain shifts have occurred in response to major events, including natural disasters
such as the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, and the political, social,and environmental repercussions of the Fukushima Dai’ichi Nuclear Power Plant
accident. Other shifts have involved the expanding role of civil society in renewable energy policy governance, energy security, as well as domestic energy
actors and their relationships. In addition, most recently, growing attention to
SDGs (sustainable development goals), including renewable energy targets, hasbeen a focus of attention.
The papers in this panel reflect these critical themes in Japan’s renewable energy policy with a focus on communications and information provision flows.
Examining attitudes towards renewable energy policy in the past through different actor perspectives, including political parties, industry, and civil society,can provide valuable information about how to approach renewable energy inthe future. Analysis of Japan’s energy self-sufficiency mix in a comparative perspective, as well as how the future prospects through SDGs are communicatedby local governments, also point to prospects for a resilient Japan in today’scomplex renewable energy situation.

Junku Lee (University of Tsukuba) & Yutaka Tsujinaka (Tokai University)
potential and actual influence of civil society organizations in the german
and japanese environmental policy network

Since the associational revolution (Salomon, 1994) in the late 20th century, evaluating the role of civil society actors in democratic countries is increasing continually and they are acquiring significant influence in various areas. However, inthe policymaking process, as a fundamental task of governance, the influence15

Anthropology / Social Sciences / Urban & Environmental Studies
and power of civil society are questioned from various perspectives. Therefore,
investigating the influence of civil society in the policy network provides an opportunity to estimate and prove the actual role of civil society in national policy
governance.
Governance theory states that horizontal and autonomous network forms are
more effective at solving various and complex social problems without hierarchical government control. Network governance can enhance policy outcomes,
strengthen democratic aspects in the policy decision process, and create alternatives. These outcomes occur because the cooperation and negotiation processes
are emphasized in achieving common purposes and are revealed in the processof producing public goods and services via network governance. To accomplishthese purposes in network governance, independent and autonomous actors
interact and cooperate through exchanging resources while maintaining relationships. Social network analysis can identify these mechanisms more clearly andis a useful methodology for analyzing connections, relationships, and influenceamong main actors in the environmental policy networks.
This study investigates the relationship between the potential and actual influence of civil society organizations participating in Japan’s environment policy network. Starting with analyzing the network structure and network characteristicsof the information flow in the policy network, then using the evaluation influenceof every actor and indicators of social network analysis of information flow network, the relationship between the potential and actual influence is examined.
The data for the analyses is drawn from the J-GEPON-2 and G-GEPON-2 Surveys,
two datasets of the GEPON (Global Environmental Policy Network) Survey whichwere conducted in Japan and Germany in 2012-13 and 2016-17, respectively,
among organizations related to environmental policy. Such survey data allows us
to examine the position and role of civil society actors in the environmental policy
process by analyzing their potential and actual influence. Such analysis can reveal
more details about the role civil society actually plays in the policy network at the
micro level of governance.

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Hiroyuki Tagawa (University of Tsukuba)
political conflict management of actors in japanese electric power system
reform after 3.11: dis-communication between elites and public opinion in
the process

After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, the Japanese government embarked onelectric power industry reform. However, a reform characteristic is that the powerindustry’s business model changed from being vertically integrated to horizontally specialized with the expansion of renewable energy, In addition, the Japanese
government maintained focus on nuclear power owing to energy security andclimate change impact.
In fact, although the power industry is gradually becoming competitive, it isdoubtful whether the reform benefits Japanese people as power consumers. Expanding renewable energy with solar power lead to an increase in renewableenergy levy to over 2 trillion JPY (over 18 billion USD) in 2017, which is a large
burden. In addition, power utility efficiency is questionable because nationwide
grid investments have not expanded. Oligopolic power companies nowadays aim
to resume operation only at profitable nuclear plants. The Japanese government
maintains a passive attitude towards such decisions and market order.
However, have such issues activated political conflict or controversy in Japan?
Why has the electric power issue not become a critical agenda item even after
3.11? This study focuses on this „do not become in dispute“. Public opinion after
the Fukushima disaster has certainly established that nuclear power is unpopular. Nevertheless, elite management of the political process, involving oligopolic
power companies, business groups, the Liberal Democratic Party, and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry is still alive. Their conflict management mechanism deters the issue from becoming critical.
The study suggests that such major actors carefully work to keep the public calmin the political process by excluding them from the process, allowing them tomaintain a manageable situation throughout the qualitative process tracing description. In other words, there is a state of dis-communication under elites andpublic opinion for the sakes of elites’ manageability. This research investigates theactor‘s logic of conflict management behind the dis-communication.

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Keiichi Shirakawa (Land Institute of Japan) &Yohei Kobashi (Watashi-ha)energy mix and economic resilience: an international comparison

Since the 1973 oil shock, Japan has emphasized diversification in power generation methods, balancing energy sources for an optimal mix of energy supply, including nuclear power, hydroelectric power, and thermal power. Energy
policies based on such an energy mix may provide economic stability against
soaring fossil fuel prices and improve energy self-sufficiency. However, whether
this approach is sufficient to enhance economic resilience against sudden andinfluential crises such as wars or oil shocks remains questionable.
The complexity of a supply chain, drawing on the concept of a “resilient supply
chain” (Christopher, 2004), guards against normal price fluctuation influences
and assumes that the impact of unexpected risks such as natural disasters, war,or terrorism will spread through a global network. Thus, given such crises, it isbelieved that the global economic impact will exceed normal price fluctuations
throughout the world. Although it is possible to enhance resiliency against ordinary price fluctuations by advancing such an energy-mix policy, it has not beenverified whether such a policy suppresses the impact on the economy undercrisis.
In this paper, we compare and analyze the relationship between fluctuations ofoil prices and GDP among 26 OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development) countries with their corresponding energy mix policies. As
a result, under such crisis situations, in addition to the effects oil price fluctuations, we discovered more serious impacts on these economies. Moreover, we
discovered that lowering the ratio of thermal power generation within the energy mix did not have an impact on suppressing the influence of crises in sucheconomies, yet increasing the ratio of renewable energy (as opposed to that ofnuclear power) did demonstrate a suppression effect.
On the other hand, during non-crisis periods, even if the rate of thermal power
generation is reduced within a country’s given energy mix, we could not discern
any effect on suppressing the economic impact of fluctuations in oil prices.
Viewed from the perspective of the complexity of the supply chain, despite rises

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in the cost of thermal power generation as one source of energy, in addition toelectricity being merely one of the input resources in production activities, we caninfer that direct effects may be diminished, as alternative power sources can be
secured through a wide range of networks.

Leslie Tkach-Kawasaki (University of Tsukuba)
communicating public policy: social media and sustainable development goals(sdgs) in japan

With Internet populations increasing—and public service budgets decreasing—throughout the advanced industrial world, governments at various levels are
re-examining the means by which they are communicating with and the informing the public about policy initiatives and endeavors. One promising area for
combining public policy, social development, and ICTs involves the set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) determined by the United Nations General
Assembly in 2015. With an agenda of achieving measurable and sustainable development by 2030, these goals and their accompanying targets are providing a
blueprint for social development in various countries throughout the world.
In Japan, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Promotion Headquarters
was created in 2016 and 29 areas throughout Japan have been formally designated as model areas for SDGs development, including Tsukuba City in Ibaraki
Prefecture. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches, thispaper investigates the similarities and differences among these 29 designated areas in terms of communications and information exchange with the public about
SDGs. Two questions guide this exploratory research: First, how are these designated areas addressing SDGs in general through Internet-based media, including
social media channels? And second, can certain similarities and differences be
discerned in terms of the topics covered, for example, SDGs related to the environment and renewable energy? Answering these research questions will yield
important results in investigating how public policy is communicated in generalwith today’s multi-channel ICTs and identify the major actors and areas of policyemphasis. Furthermore, this exploratory research will provide a benchmark forfurther comparative research concerning SDGs and social development.

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A-4-1

Panel

geographies of the night in japan

Chair: Mariko Ikeda (University of Tsukuba, Japan)
As a special issue of Urban Studies noticed in 2015, night-time was for decades
neglected in the fields of sociology, planning as well as geography, despite theexistence of an intense academic attention and obsessiveness towards spacetime or temporal-spatial transformation (van Liempt et al. 2015). The previous
academic research also implies a discussion of the definition of night and nightspace; night-time as a time defined by the meridian or the absence of a day-light(darkness), and night-space as a given objective space or socially, economicallyconstructed space. Now in the era of global cities, there exists an increasing attention towards urban night, especially in countries hosting mega-events. In thelight of Tokyo Olympic Games in 2020 and Osaka Expo in 2025, each presentation in this panel could give (i) General overview of urban night and “night-life
tourism” in Tokyo, (ii) The difference of Day-time space and Night-time Space inthe bordering area between Okubo Korean Town and Japanese Night-life District, (iii) ghost-tourism in Tokyo Metropolitan Area, (iv) theoretical approach oflandscape for night and darkness, and (v) astro-tourism in natural area, which will
followed by the academic discussion about night in Japan.

Mariko Ikeda (University of Tsukuba, Japan)night becoming legal? the rise of „night-time tourism“ in tokyo

With the vitalization of urban tourism in the wake of the forthcoming Tokyo
Olympic Games in 2020, there is an increasing focus on research about night-lifein Tokyo. This paper clarifies the impact of mega-events on the urban transformation through the focus on the vitalization of the night-time economies. The research data is based on interviews with the city’s administration and other related
actors. The results show that there is an increasing focus on night-life tourism,
such as pub crawls, visiting music clubs and live music venues, and that this nightlife tourism is mostly concentrated in the three wards Shibuya, Shinjuku, andMinato, located in the inner-city area of Tokyo. Especially in Shibuya and Minato, new entrepreneurial services relating to night-life tourism for foreign tourists
have been newly established. In addition, with the amendment of the so-called20

Anthropology / Social Sciences / Urban & Environmental Studies“Entertainment Business Law” (Act on Control and Improvement of Amusementand Entertainment Business) in June 2016, Shibuya has first released the official
promotion for night-life tourism in Japan. This night-life tourism and relating
services may be further developed in urban spaces, and a restructuring of nightlife businesses itself would be further expected. This means that mega-events
promote not only the restructuring of the city’s built environment, but also its
socio-economic and cultural environment, attempting to maximize the capital
investments even at a night- time.

Kim Yeonkyung (University of Tsukuba) & Sachi Nakagawa (Universityof Tsukuba)nightscape in the bordering area between okubo and kabukicho

Okubo Korean town in Shinjuku-ward, an ethnic town located in the inner cityof Tokyo, has been formed mainly since the 1990s with an increasing number of
Koreans, and the area started to become a tourist destination for Japanese since2004. Although Kabukicho, known as Japanese night-life district, is located next
to Okubo, the relationship between these two areas has not been explored inprevious research. Therefore, this paper will discuss how the geographical scalein the daytime differs from that in the nighttime, by examining the bordering
area between Okubo ethnic town and Kabukicho night-life district, where ordinary/daily experiences are provided for employees working in these areas.

Taiyo Yagasaki (Tokyo Metropolitan University) & Akira Uehara (Tokyo
Metropolitan University)
fear and curiosity in the darkness: ghost tourism in japan

Darkness in the night brings about fear for human. Whereas the Japanese ghost
called yokai and yurei is manifestation of fear of darkness, ghost tourism has
been a popular recreational activity since ancient times in Japan. Participantsin ghost tourism feel not only fear but also curiosity in haunted places. This
paper discusses the human feelings and attitude toward night and darkness by21Anthropology / Social Sciences / Urban & Environmental Studies
examining ghost tours organized by a taxi company in the Tokyo Metropolitan
Area. Haunted places, defined as the site where a certain number of people experienced mysterious and supernatural phenomena, can be found anywhere at
the outskirt of the urbanized area. Ghosts live in the place where people feel fearof darkness in the night.

Yuki Sakamoto (University of Tokyo) & Mariko Ikeda (University ofTsukuba)landscape at night: invisible night and experienced darkness

Since the arrival of modernity in the industrialised cities, “Night (night-time)” hasstarted to be redefined in industrialised societies in European countries: light andshadow (darkness), civilised and non-civilised, safe and danger etc., which apparently are connected to a difference of nightscape in European countries, in which
historic centres are illuminated during night, and Japan. This paper will intend todevelop the terminology of landscape (Landschaft), one of the key concepts in
geography, through the perspectives of night (invisible) time.

Takuya Uda (Meio University) & Takumi Isono (Mie University)night in eco-tourism of okinawa: a case of astro tourism in ishigaki island

In academic discourses, “night” or “night-life” tend to be connected to the urban
and urbanity. Therefore, academic research and discussion about night in non-urban, namely natural or rural areas is in demand. Astro tourism in Ishigaki Island
is a practice of commodification of night in a natural area and was started to bepromoted by the city administration since 2014, contributing to the setting of a“preservation area of for astro-sightseeing” in 2018. This paper will examine hownight tourism exists in a Japanese natural area.

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A-5-1 Christopher Bondy (International Christian University)
minority issues in textbooks: content vs. desire

Materials covered in textbooks act to legitimize knowledge and values of a society in a very concrete manner. Information in history and social studies textbooks are inherently contentious, as debates regarding textbook adoption, historical memory, religious issues and scientific contents demonstrate. This study
will examine minority representations in Japanese education and show they domatter in terms of how knowledge is legitimized and how students respond.
This paper explores two interrelated issues surrounding minority education in
Japan. First, through a content analysis of junior high school textbooks, I showthat discussions of minority issues, if discussed at all, highlight a passive rather
than active focus. Despite the relative lack of contemporary engagement withminority issues in textbooks, a preliminary survey of university students showsthat there is an active desire to learn more about minorities in Japan. The manner of addressing such issues, I argue, is in large part due to the absence of
these issues in entrance examinations. The changing structure of entrance exams may change how teachers can approach these issues, though the level ofsuch change remains to be seen.

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A-5-2 Yuka Sasaki (University of Tsukuba)from tabunka kyosei (multicultural coexistence) to integration – expansionof immigrants and the necessity of shifting concept –Although the number of foreign workers is steadily expanded, there is only theimmigration policy in Japan currently. It means Japan doesn’t have an integration policy yet. Many foreign workers show a tendency to settle down in Japan,
and it’s demanded that Japan changes many policies in relations to the immigrant’s living situations. In this context, this paper focuses on the concept of
Tabunka kyōsei (multicultural coexistence). It is a distinctive expression in Japanand used mostly by the local government approaching the issues. The terminology and the guidelines are, however, not clearly defined.
In the case of European countries, policies with a keyword “integration” havemade progress under each social background. I intend to clarify similarities anddifferences between Tabunka kyōsei and integration, based on the actual casesby comparison.
Furthermore, I examine the question of why the term “integration” hasn’t been
accepted in Japan. In order to make it possible, the cases of the “oldcomers”
from Korea (immigrants by Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910) and the “newcomers”
from South America (immigrants of Japanese descent) are studied in detail. It isrevealed that Japanese society still considers them foreigners.
Finally, I conclude that Tabunka kyōsei concept lacks consideration of basic human rights and the indicators; such as cultural capital and economic capital.
Therefore it has a limit in operation.

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A-5-3 Paul Capobianco (Hokkaido University)
space, immigration, and identity: a spatialized understanding of japanese
identity

Japan’s demographic changes have brought to attention numerous issues thatthe nation is struggling to reconcile. One of the most pressing of these has
been Japan’s future as it relates to immigration. The role of foreigners in future
Japan remains a contested topic, about which there exists a plethora of different viewpoints. Of the most pressing of these is the question of how and towhat extent foreigners will affect domestic notions of identity and belonging.
The debates surrounding biracial celebrities like Asuka Cambridge and Ariyana
Miyamoto have already brought attention to these issues and as Japan’s demographic changes deepen, we can expect more serious discussions to ensue.
This presentation examines the potential roles foreigners and biracial people willplay in future Japan and does so in relation to notions of national identity andspatiality. It considers whether a spatialized understanding of Japanese identity– as opposed to one based on race, ethnicity, or some other variable – is mostappropriate for understanding Japanese identity and its future in relation to thisongoing diversification. Drawing from a mix of archival and ethnographic data,
this research suggests that by using contemporary spatial theory, we can better
understand the ways Japanese identity functions and how it might proceed toincorporate or reject foreign and biracial people in the near future.

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A-5-4 Liliana Morais (Tokyo Metropolitan University)
western potters in japan: imagination, adventure and self-realization intransnational mobility

As a material cultural product with universal and regional features, Japanesepottery condenses a set of meanings, values and ideals later essentialized as“Japanese culture”, exported abroad through a network of transnational contacts. Feeding aestheticized representations of the country dominant in theWest since the nineteen century, which have often focused on “romanticized”
ideas of craftsmanship and spirituality, Japanese pottery has become a reference
for artists, intellectuals and designers worldwide. Since Meiji Restoration, Westerners have looked at the “exotic” East for self-invention and creative stimulus.
Some of those have come to the country to search in Japanese pottery culture
for something beyond the normative patterns of their societies.
This paper looks at the trajectories of Western artists, potters, and students
who crossed national borders to practice ceramics in Japan since the 1960s until today. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth qualitative interviews
following the ethnosociological method of life-story (Bertaux, 1997), I look at
the role of imagination, myth and cultural narratives in their stories of mobility,
which often blend into migration. Marked by lifestyle orientations and culturalaspirations, their trajectories shed light on an often overlooked aspect of transnational migration in the contemporary world. Going beyond the dichotomy between low-skilled and high-skilled migrants, their life-stories highlight the roleof a search for self-realization, a sense of adventure and a quest for radicallydifferent experiences through the culture of “Other” in migration and mobility
today.

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A-5-5 Anamika Sultana (University of Tsukuba)
between three worlds: the experiences of bangladeshi muslim migrants in
japan

The Clash of Civilizations is a famous theory of Samuel Huntington (1996), whichclaims that Muslims do not undoubtedly integrate with the cultures of a receiving country. The Islam has always been a misinterpreted subject. Since the 9/ 11
attacks, people all around the world assume that all Muslims are extremist andwill not hesitate to kill innocent people in the favor of their beloved God. In thissituation, I found the article from the Japan Times titled “Can Japan show theWest how to live peacefully with Islam? In this article, Nicolas Gating writes, “It
has been striking to see Japan’s efforts to make this minority feel at home”. On
the contrary, Japan is described as a zero-immigrant country and Muslims migrants usually are considered to be lower than Western people. Recently, Japan
has gradually become a dream country for Bangladeshi Muslims. This thesis is
an ethnographic research and a qualitative study, conducted in numerous cities
during the years of 2015 to 2017. The result is Bangladeshi Muslim in Japan areculturally, linguistically, and racially unique from the society of Japan. “Perfect”
social adaptation is nearly impossible. Firstly, Bangladeshi Muslim group attempt to create tight knit autonomous communities operate in a modus vivendi
structure for retention of their root culture identity. Secondly, Bangladeshi makealliances with local citizens and other migrants groups developing businesses
and opportunities. I have termed this construction, multicultural symbiosis ties.
Some elements of diaspora are also visible in the Bangladeshi Muslim community in Japan.

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A-5-6 Sergey Grishachev (Russian State University for the Humanities)
memory of japanese presence in landscape of modern sakhalin

The period of 1905-1945 in history of Sakhalin island is known for establishment of Japanese governorship Karafuto. Although the significant part of vestiges of Japanese presence was demolished after 1945, yet some constructions
aimed to be used for civil and cultural purposes were kept because they played
an important role in economic life of that time. Like, for example, Karafuto governorship museum, some office and bank buildings, lighthouses, meteorologicalstation and even ruins of Shintoist shrines – intentionally or accidentally they
were kept and became important part of social memory of Russian people on
Sakhalin.
What is more, some of them are currently being used in accordance with their
original purpose. The building of the Karafuto governor museum and significant
part of its exhibition has been preserved and are being used even today. Functions of some other constructions have changed though. For example, there is
Sakhalin regional art museum in the former building of “Takushyoku” bank now,and we can see soviet stars next to late modern bas-relief.

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A-6-1 Sonia Ewa Czaplewska (Univeristy of Gdansk)
foreigners in japanese 1st grade elementary school textbooks

Statistics show that the number of long-term and permanent foreign national
residents increased from 2,049,123 in 2013 to 2,637,251 in 2018. Moreover,in the same five year period the number of tourists from abroad almost tripledfrom 10,363,904 to 28,560,119. Consequently, foreigners are assuming an important role in everyday life in Japan.
The main aim of this study is to analyze how foreigners are portrayed in Japanese textbooks aimed at the 1st grade of elementary school. Additional questions are also investigated: 1) How are the non-Japanese and non-Japanese cultures presented? 2) Do the foreigners depicted in textbooks belong to specificcultures or are they labeled simply as “foreigners”? 3) Are there any differencesin the portrayal of foreigners depending on the subject for which a given textbook is used?
To answer these questions a content analysis was conducted of both text andimages, identifying sentences and images in which the non-Japanese or non-Japanese cultures were presented. For the research material twenty-two textbooks
were chosen, as used in 2018/19 for six subjects. In addition, eighteen textbooks used in 2010-11, 2001-02, 1988-89, and 1991-92 were also analyzed.
The results show that depiction of foreigners in textbooks differs depending
on textbook subject and can be categorized into four groups: 1) authors ofbooks and stories presented in textbooks; 2) non- Japanese as part of Japanesesociety; 3) non-Japanese and Japanese as members of the human race, and 4)
foreigners presented as moral role models.

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A-6-2 Daesung Kwon (Doshisha University)
ryugakusei in japanese universities: another name for passing presences,
temporary sojourners, transnational bridge-builders

In recent years, the number of international students (Ryugakusei) has beenon the rise continuously, hitting a record high. Among them, the majority belongs to Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), and as a result they become akey component of the Internationalization of Higher Education (IHE) in Japan.
Notably driven by the two common but powerful discourses as ‘aging society’and ‘knowledge based economy’, the government and HEIs all strive to lure
more and best international students. Given that student migrants essentially traverse various boundaries and categories in the spaces of migration with
unclear identities both as students (language, degree, exchange students) andworkers (irregular, temporary, potential skilled workers) in their destination societies, the way they will be treated varies according to various legal, economic,
cultural and political conditions and factors. In the Japanese society, then, howinternational students are currently viewed? Are they in a category of ‘wantedand desired’ foreign residents? or otherwise? Are they actually considered as
valuable human capital for the Japanese economy? or Are they just being imported as a source of revenue for Japanese universities’ shrunken coffers? orornaments sort of in order to decorate the big wall of ‘Internationalization ofHigher Education’? This paper attempts to critically review the process of recruitment, retention, and settlement of Ryugakusei with a specific focus on foreign students in English-taught programs. In doing so, this paper seeks to dispel
the perceived ambiguity, superficiality, and contradictions in policy directions,objectives, and implementation in Japan’s immigration and IHE policies toward
international students.

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A-6-3 Yuka Hasegawa (Tokyo Gakugei University)
tedate: pedagogical technology for fostering student agency

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) recently
put forth the need to foster student agency among its member countries’ K-12
curricula.
According to OECD, agency is defined as “the human capability to act intentionally, to initiate and control one’s behavior and interactions with others” (EDU/
EDPC(2018)29/ANN2: 66). However, OECD also notes that agency is interpreted
differently between countries: “For example, the concept of self-regulation in
Asian culture aims to keep harmony in society, whereas in European American
culture, it aims to fulfill personal goals” (ibid: 72).
In this paper, I ask the question: How is agency learned and demonstrated by
students in Japan? While lacking an explicit reference to agency, the Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) suggests that theneed to foster student agency is already stipulated in the Basic Act on Education. In Tokyo Gakugei University attached junior high school science, art, andhome economics classes, the students are encouraged to notice and improvethe banal aspects of their everyday lives. Based on a video study of these classes, I will explain how agency is fostered in Japan so the students may become
global citizens capable of achieving harmony in society while fulfilling personalgoals. I argue that the everyday not only helps the students frame a collective
purpose and identify actions to achieve individual goals, but doing so can also
help the students exercise agency by taking control over their behavior and interactions that shape their everyday lives.

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A-6-5 Eiko Saeki (Hosei University)
sexuality education in japan: responses by college students

In Japan, sexual images and materials are widely available both online and invarious public spaces. Yet, in educational settings, sexuality is treated as if it
does not exist. This paper explores the experiences and reflections of sexuality
education held by those who graduated from high school in recent years. Sexuality education has been stagnant in Japan for the last two decades.
Textbooks only reluctantly mention mechanisms of reproduction and issues surrounding sexuality, and the discussions in classrooms tend to be limited. Startingwith the backlash against the attempts to provide more comprehensive sexuality
education in the 1990s, conservative forces have been attacking teachers who
engage in sexuality education. Especially since the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education intervened such programs in a special education
school in 2003, teachers limit the engagement with such issues in fear of negative consequences. This incident resulted in a court case where the Supreme
Court refused to hear an appeal by the Board of Education in 2013. Despite thelegal outcome, educators remain cautious, as the threat remain serious. Drawing on the analysis of the data based on the survey of college students in Tokyo,
this study examines how young adults view the education they have received asthey spent their adolescent years and entered adulthood. Results highlight theways in which the lack of engagement affect how college students understandand express sexuality in their everyday lives.

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A-6-6 Jennifer M. McGuire (Doshisha University)
difference and intimacy at home: ‘dis/ability’ in contemporary japanesefamilies

This ethnographic study explores the relationships between deaf and hard-ofhearing children and their families. While the family is often assumed to be asphere of intimacy, familiarity, and shared understanding, research has revealed
complex intimate practices in contemporary Japanese families (e.g. Alexy, Cook2019). The birth of a child with a ‘disability’ may introduce unexpected difference while complicating a taken-for-granted, inherited identity. In the case of adeaf or hard-of-hearing child, parents are faced with making critical decisions
regarding language and education. Most parents today decide to raise theirchild using the oral communication method (kōwa hō). Non-verbal communication methods, such as ‘skinship’, may facilitate early childhood bonding but
cannot overcome obstacles to intimacy that appear in late childhood and adolescence due to (oral) communication barriers. Despite sharing the same ethnic
and social background as their family members, many deaf and hard-of-hearing
participants describe experiencing ‘otherness’ and ‘difference’ at home. On theother hand, in families where strategic measures are taken to bridge physicaland emotional gaps, participants report a sense of belonging. This paper discusses how parents, siblings, and deaf and hard-of- hearing youth negotiate
relationships among ‘dis/abled’ family members while attempting to create andmaintain familial intimacies across difference.

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Visual & Performing Arts / Film & Media Studies

Section B - Visual & Performing Arts, Film &Media Studies
Section Convenors: Barbara Geilhorn (German Institute for JapaneseStudies) & Ken‘ichiro Shirato (University of Tsukuba)
B-1-1 Yuko Kawahara (Kyoto University)
the power to generate norms and order in japanese female fan-fiction communities

In the past, Japanese otaku have been described as a human way of being characteristic for today’s individualized and atomized society because the otaku so
imagined does not value involvement with other people and composes his or
her world of only what they are interested in.
Without question, members in fan-fiction communities constituted by suchotaku display a remarkably high level of mobility. Fan-fiction (nijisōsaku, derivative works) refers to creations, such as comics or novels, by fans using charactersor worlds of already-existing fictions; a practice that also concerns the violationsof intellectual property (copyright) in modern society. Members of such groups
move frequently without “settling” in one community. In Japan, women otaku
communities are extremely large and are said to have millions of members. It
is interesting to note that despite the aforementioned high levels of fluidity or
the “self-absorbed” image of otaku, they maintain order within their communities carefully and efficiently, and create common norms. They make, share andcomply with norms in environments where there are no organizations, leaders,
written rules or penalties.
Based on long-term participant observation and deep interviews in the “fan-fiction” community of female otaku, the purpose of this report is to elucidate thatthe otaku community shows one way of cooperativity in modern society, by
analyzing the mechanisms of generating norms and order in such an informal
community with its high level of individualization and fluidity.

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B-1-2 Pablo Figueroa (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies)
the dissipation of the real: alienation and ahistoricism in japanese photography during the heisei era

Photographic trends in Japan during the Heisei Era have been multiple and complex. However, despite the sheer number of artists and produced works, thesurveys to date have tended to emphasize certain narratives related to just a
handful of well-known photographers. Established figures in the industry, alongwith critics, have dominated the academic discourse leaving the significance ofinnumerable other artists vastly underexplored.
This paper will focus on photographic representations of alienation and ahistoricism in Japanese photography during the first two decades of the Heisei Era. I
will discuss the sense of historical forgetfulness that permeated Japan at the endof the 20th century and beginning of the 21st. My aim is to interrogate images
made by art photographers such as Imai Tomoki, Sasaoka Keiko, and Sanai Masafumi in order to untangle views of social and affective space. As Yoneyama(1998) points out, the reality of postwar in late modernity was characterized bya sense of history that tends to dissipate, “even when the desires of the real andthe original are intensified”. In the same light, critic Sawaragi Noi claims that theJapan of the 1990s was “enclosed in a vicious circle of ahistoricism” (Sawaragi1998).
I will argue that these processes are imbricated in the cultural representationsof late 20th century capitalism and its logic, where Japan struggles with thesense of alienation brought about by hyper consumerism, phantasmatic urban
spaces, and the dialectic between a forgotten/imagined past and a visual searchpunctuated by the affective dimension of desire.

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B-2-1 Sean O‘Reilly (Akita International University)”it’s exactly the same!”: how recent japanese cinema uses cuisine to spice up
warring states history

Japan’s Warring States period, needless to say, was a very different era than
today’s Japan. Perhaps precisely due to these dramatic differences from thepresent, especially as regards a perceived emasculation of contemporary men
compared to the hyper-masculine heroes of the past, the Warring States period
is enjoying a recent boom in the realm of Japanese popular culture. But significant problems remain for anyone seeking to render films about Japan’s war-torn
past appealing to the peace-loving viewers of today. How to make this savage
period of Japan’s history palatable to twenty-first century audiences?
The answer is “culinary continuity.” The 2017 hit Honnoji Hotel makes a powerful continuity argument, fueled by konpeito and aburamochi (whose flavors areallegedly unchanged), offering a dangerously distorted view of Japan’s cultural
heritage. The radical revisionism of this re-mythologization of Japan’s warring
states period is an ominous sign of a larger trend that has emerged in Japanesecinema in recent years. The savagery of the bloody past is stripped away, replaced with saccharine-sweet sentiments like “I want to create a world full ofsmiles.” The film’s 1.5 million viewers might well be convinced by this film’s (mis)characterization of Japan’s heritage.
In this paper, I analyze Honnoji Hotel’s reimagining of history, arguing that thefilm’s box- office success happened because of this food-fueled ‘de-clawing’ of
warring states Japan, not despite it. Contemporary Japanese audiences appear
to reward films who claim a comforting continuity between Japan’s war-torn
past and peaceful present, a position which must not go unchallenged.

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B-2-2 Leena Elina Eerolainen (University of Helsinki)
scientific masculinity in japanese speculative cinema

This presentation is a brief exploration into the world of the Japanese cinematic extraordinary with three main objectives. First, I want to promote Japanese
kaiki eiga as an umbrella term under which it is possible to analyze works that
contain both the supernatural and the scientific. I will then shed light on two
previously overlooked aspects within Japanese film studies: the study of men in
weird cinema, and the study of films that deal with scientific narratives.
At the very root of this study is the assumption that mediations of national anxieties are represented in kaiki cinema as embodiments of scientific masculinity.
Science and technology, kagaku gijutsu, enabled Japan’s industrialization, its
economic growth and its emergence into the world as a technological superpower. It is closely intertwined with the nation’s history, prevalent in the images
projected by the nation.
I will demonstrate how fictional portrayals intersect with real-life policies, incidents and the general history of science. Scientific masculinity allows for the exploration of the shift from soldiers to demobilized soldiers to corporate soldiers.
This shift is representative of particular images of nationhood: militarist, pacifist,
economically and technologically superior, or “Lost”. I argue that in kaiki eiga
these images are actively highlighted, dissected and subverted, many a time
contrasting within one film. The fantastic and the weird provide a framework
within which a role of Japan in the world can be questioned and gender roles
reconsidered.

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B-2-3 Kelly Hansen (Kumamoto University)
liminality and gender in the occupation films of hara setsuko

Hara Setsuko (1920-2015) is one of Japan’s most admired actresses from its
golden age of cinema. Frequently dubbed the “eternal virgin,” her legacy today
draws largely on post-war films which are readily available on DVD or streaming
platforms, primarily roles in which Hara portrays the quintessential self-sacrificing Japanese woman who must set aside personal feelings, or ninjō, in the faceof family pressures, or giri. In the public imaginary, Hara is a woman frozen intime, a nostalgic embodiment of traditional values unsullied by modern society.
This paper offers a re-examination of Hara’s legacy reflected in a collection ofless-discussed films from the occupation period: Temptation (Yuwaku, 1948),
Woman in the Typhoon Zone (Taifuu-ken no onna, 1948) and The Idiot (Hakuchi,1951). Although often considered highly flawed from a cinematic perspective,these works highlight the roles of marginalized female characters who exist in aliminal space outside the framework of conventional social roles such as daughter, sister, wife or mother. Legal changes in women’s status in the early years of
the occupation period, including the right to vote and legal rights granted in the1947 constitution, further contributed to this liminal state in which the possibility, if not the actuality of female agency, was brought into public discourse. This
paper concludes by considering why these liminal female characters vanished socompletely from Hara’s later post-occupation films.

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B-2-4 Timo Thelen (Kanazawa University)foreign wife and japanese whisky: multiculturalism and japaneseness in the
nhk morning drama series “massan”

The story of the NHK morning drama series (asadora) Massan (2014/15) is loosely based on real events and deals with the Japanese whisky pioneer Massan andhis Scottish wife Ellie in pre- and postwar Japan. During the 150 episodes, Ellie
assimilates into the Japanese society and grows into the role of a ‘good wife
and wise mother’ (ryôsai kenbo), while her husband succeeds in producing thefirst authentic whisky made in Japan.
In my paper, I will analyze the series’ narrative from the perspective of multiculturalism in contemporary Japan. I will argue that the series falls into thetrap of representing the heroine as a stereotypical foreigner, resembling figures
who perform their otherness in Japanese TV shows (e.g., Iwabuchi 2015; Yano
2010). Ellie acts as a self-fulfilling prophecy in praise of Japan’s uniqueness andreinforcing clichés of foreign residents. By doing so, this morning drama series
establishes an imagined and exclusive national community for its audience, inwhich a serious discussion of foreigners living in Japan remains absent.
In addition, I will draw on the theme of whisky production, which becomesthe protagonist Massan’s main achievement both on a personal and a national
level. His whisky entrepreneurship thus serves as a symbol for Japan’s postwar
economic success, also reflecting several tropes of national ideology and fostering them, such as the belief in a particular Japaneseness.

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B-2-5 Maxime Boyer-Degoul (Université Libre de Bruxelles)
documentary’s theatricality and theatricality’s documentary: japanese filmmakers’ counter-vision of models and exotism

Since its origins, cinema has a documentary value. Early film pioneers filmed thedaily activities and then more distant and exotic cultures such as Japan. Overtime, Western gaze itself has influenced this culture and has gradually led it on
the path of modernization. Cinema itself is a symbol of this modernization. In
attempting to appropriate this filmic device, some Japanese filmmakers understood the artificiality of its process of reproducing a reality and considered films
as an artificial representation.
After the Second World War, there was a opposition between these two waysof thinking. On one hand, films such as Ichikawa Kon‘s documentary about the1964 Tokyo Olympiad were explicitly presented as icons of the socio-economic
model of reconstruction. On the other hand, filmmakers concerned with thepreservation of Japanese identity threatened by the American occupier, heavily
rejected an approach in order to propose a counter-vision. Ironically, Ozu Yasujiro, the “most Japanese” of Japanese filmmakers embodies this counter-visionat the dawn of post-war propaganda discourses. He who gave films that theWestern eyes would see as testimonies of the traditions of Japan, was actually
the perfect example of the anti-Western sense of realism.
More contemporary filmmakers are in the continuity of this idea that is to conceive cinema as a mean to question identity and the place of the modern Japanese individual. These concerns sound even more necessary at a period in his
history when the Japanese model so much vaunted through propagandist pictures suffer a frightening decline.

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B-2-6 Francisco Javier Lopez Rodriguez (Aichi Prefectural University)the „working comedy“ in contemporary japanese cinema

Despite its lack of international recognition, every year many comedy films areproduced and released in Japan. These films, aiming to make audiences smileand laugh through gags, jokes, parodies or satires, usually make fun of well-established institutions or social values. Particularly, this paper will focus on Japanese comedies set on workplaces and the term “working comedy” will be used
to identify a corpus of films that portray in a comical way the labor conditions
and activities carried out by workers of specific fields.
The presentation will be divided in three sections. First, a brief literature review
of previous research on Japanese comedy films will allow us to recognize different types of humor and the main characteristics of these works. Secondly, thenotion of “working comedy” will be defined and exemplified through the discussion of several contemporary Japanese films. And, to conclude, special attention will be paid to the strategies used by filmmakers to reinforce or undermine
the dominant ideology regarding work in Japan. The methodology will combine
discourse analysis with concepts from Cultural Studies and Japanese Studies inorder to determine in which ways values such as authority, hierarchy or corporate indoctrination are portrayed. Several comedy films dealing with different
work areas such as healthcare, transportation, or the media will be analyzed.
Keywords: Japanese cinema, comedy, work culture, ideology, Japanese society.

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B-3-1 Christopher Smith (University of Florida)“otoko no ko desho?”: the queer masculinity of shinji ikari
Shin seiki evangerion (English title: Neon Genesis Evangelion) became massive
phenomenon when it was originally aired in 1995, and is still an important fixture in Japanese pop culture nearly a quarter century later, with multiple spinoff
manga, games, and movies, and another movie scheduled for release next year.
The series famously problematizes the giant robot genre and features Shinji Ikari,a fourteen-year- old boy who must pilot a giant robot but is uncomfortable withthis role and has trouble believing in his own self-worth. Many analyses haveattributed this to his fragile adolescent psyche, but this paper argues that Shinji
exhibits a kind of queer masculinity, and much of the despair he feels relates to
his inability to conform to hegemonic masculinity. As the series opens Shinji isimmediately asked to perform masculinity; to do violence on behalf of society
by piloting a giant robot. Unlike other mecha protagonists, Shinji is unsuited tothis task and unwilling. When he refuses, he is upbraided by other characters for
his failure to live up to normative, hegemonic masculine ideals with the phrase“otoko no ko desho?” (“aren’t you a boy?”). This foreshadows the rest of the series, in which Shinji is regularly pressured to perform normative masculinity, andis largely unsuccessful. Aside from his halfhearted robot piloting, he also proves
unable to participate in male bonding through violence and objectification of
women. Shinji internalizes hegemonic society’s scorn of his queer masculinity,
causing him to devalue himself. He repeats a mantra of his failures to performhegemonic masculinity, which justify his self- hatred: he is “cowardly, timid,
sneaky, weak.” Evangelion, then, amidst confusing apocalyptic events, shows
Shinji grappling with the violence of social gender policing and ultimately learning to accept his own queer masculinity.

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B-3-2 Sari Kawana (University of Massachusetts Boston)ancient china in contemporary japanese manga: heroes inhara yasuhisa’s kingudamu

Although Chinese civilization has exerted a profound influence on Japanese culture across the centuries, the emphasis on modernization and Westernization in
post-Meiji Japanese history has shifted educational attention away from Ancient
China, especially in the decades after Pacific War. Today, most Japanese school
curricula have relegated the study of Ancient China to instruction in kanbun(Japanese-annotated classical Chinese) and rudimentary mentions in world history classes.
As such, many contemporary Japanese are more likely to encounter the wealthof Chinese civilization through personal interest than formal education. A
number of high-quality manga representations of ancient Chinese classics andpersonae have been published in recent years as though to compensate for thislack of curricular coverage.
The arduous project of rendering Sangokushi (Romance of the Three Kingdoms)
into manga was carried out by Yokoyama Mitsuteru (1934–2004) over sixteen
years (1971–87). Sôten kôro (Beyond the Heavens, 1994–2005; story by Yi
Hagin, 1945–98; illustrations by King Gonta, 1962–) offers a different take on
Cao Cao, the King of Wei. Currently, one of the most popular manga series—not
only in this genre but also in overall manga—is Kingudamu (Kingdom, 2006–;
by Hara Yasuhisa, 1975–), the story of two boys: one who grows up to become
the famed general Li Xin, the other the First Emperor of Qin.
This presentation offers preliminary findings from analysis of mostly Kingudamu, and considers their meaning in the history of Sino-Japanese cultural relations in the postwar period.

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B-3-3 Yusuke Suzumura (Meijo University)
is the concept of kami still alive in japanese animation? a relationship between contemporary japanese thought and popular culture

What is Shintoism in contemporary Japan? Can it be seen or experienced in
popular culture, in comics and animation for example? The main purpose of thispresentation is to examine the influence of Shinto in contemporary Japanese
animation, especially after 1980’s. Shinto is a folk religion like attitude in Japan
which expresses respects to gods and an ancestor, and enshrines them. Oneof the most important characteristics of Shinto is the polytheistic in which uncountable number of gods exist. In this presentation, several significant works
that featured the polytheistic element will be analyzed especially the influenceof Shinto-like attitude on the concept of kami (god). I argue that this concept
does not have religious meaning in most animations or comics. One animation,for example Densetu kyoshin Ideon (Space Runaway Ideon, 1980) uses the term
kami or god in the title, but there is no religious meaning but an implication
like “something passes human understanding”. In Kaze no Tani no Naushika(Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, 1984) there is a weapon named kyoshinhei,
but its character is not a god but a huge artificial life form with god-like power.
My conclusion tries to show that in Japanese animations the concept kami isapplied in relation to some sort of symbol or cryptograph creation in the story.
It implies that authors or producers of animations appropriate the Shinto structure, the polytheistic attitude in their works, but one is not sure whether they
are conscious of the religious significance.

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B-3-4 Dalma Kalovics (Yokote Masuda Manga Museum)
exploring the potential of genga in relation to manga media

While in the Western world manuscripts of comics, so-called comic art, have become the object of desire for collectors, in Japan manga manuscripts, so-called
genga, have been considered merely materials necessary to make comics, nevermeant for the eyes of readers, usually ending up in storages, if not disposed ofafter release. However, in recent years manga manuscripts have gained attention with the increasing number of manga related exhibitions, and they havealso been recognized as an important part of manga culture to be collected andprotected in museums. Regarding genga the role of manga in exhibitions andthe preservation of materials have been the main points of interest, but whatelse can manga manuscripts offer to manga discourse?
After a short overview of how the position of genga has changed from disposable materials into institutionally protected properties, I will explore thepotentials and limitations of research on genga. The most obvious significanceof genga is, that they contain information about the process of manga making
from drawing techniques to printing, but they also provide information regarding publication history and the media of manga. In relation to this I will examine
how genga relate to the final print products of manga, including the occasional
edits between the initial serialization in manga magazines and subsequent publication in paperbacks due to different publishing practices and the materialityof manga.

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B-4-1

Panel

the popular meets the political in mid-century
japanese genre film

Chair: Lauri Kitsnik (Kyoto University / Hiroshima University)
As a popular medium that defined the previous century, cinema at best oscillates between the industrial imperative to provide entertainment for mass audiences and the imaginative impulse to employ the very same appeal to forge amore critical stance towards ideological trends in the society it seeks to depict.
In Japan, this double movement is particularly fascinating when observed duringcertain periods in the nation’s history as it underwent a rapid shift towards a
new socio- political order, whether descending to military totalitarianism in thelate 1930s or embracing free- market capitalism in the late 1950s.
Arguably, it is precisely by working within the confines of the studio system andin the mold of es- tablished genres that individual filmmakers were able to makeforays into laying bare contempora- neous discourses. By taking popular genre
film as a yardstick, this panel is invested in exploring the various ways that Japanese filmmakers sought to overcome the boundaries imposed by the industry
standards and genre conventions in order to make a critical contribution by displaying and dis- cussing societal issues commonly averted in popular entertainment. At the same time, the capacity for intervention of such approaches will
have to be carefully balanced by an acknowledgment of its limits and potential
pitfalls. This panel seeks to address some of these questions and more by accommodating four papers that range from prewar cinema to the peak of thestudio system and present a number of cases of popular genres meeting often
radical political agendas on the screen.

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Iris Haukamp (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies)
the boundaries of radicalism: itami mansaku’s trajectory from nonsense tohumanism in transwar japan

Jidai eiga, period films, were an integral part of Japanese popular culture fromthe birth of cinema in Japan until the genre’s gradual decline in the postwar era.
Set before the Meiji Restoration of 1868, by implication these films depicted an
imagined Japan free of foreign influence. The adven- tures of their charismatic
heroes, beginning with Japan’s first film star Onoe Matsunosuke, and the spectacular climactic sword-fight made them immensely popular with children andadults alike.
From the late 1920s, director and scriptwriter Itami Mansaku (1900-1946)
quickly made his way to becoming one of the most highly regarded creatives
in the genre. Paradoxically, however, he voiced a continuous criticism of jidai
eiga, and his films deviated from the genre’s previous permutations. In line withthe tradition of using the past to critically comment on present conditions andthrough his detached but humorous style, they questioned social trends that
Itami was suspicious of.
This paper considers Itami’s simultaneous disdain and pursuit of the genre in
the context of increas- ing nativist/militarist discourse from the 1930s. His films,
popular because of their “nonsensical” (nansensu) appearance, contained a radical potential precisely because of their lack of an overt message, and Itami rereads the term into the radicalness of the erotic-grotesque-non- sense triptychof the Taishô period. However, with the official discourse’s radicalization, Itami’s
cinematic means of expression became limited. Arguably, Itami’s work delineates both the drive to and the boundaries of radicalism in the popular cultureof transwar Japan.

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Alo Jõekalda (Meiji Gakuin University)in the shadow of the sun: backlight (1956) and the taiyozoku film

The taiyôzoku (sun tribe) film, a short-lived cycle of youth films produced, mostly, in the summer of 1956, is often cited as a major turning point in postwar
Japanese cinema. Indeed, the immense popularity of the adaptations of Ishihara
Shintarō’s novels depicting reckless youth marked several important shifts incinematic expression, from a newly discovered fascination with aggressive masculinity — taboo since the end of the war — to a general loosening of onscreen
morality and exper- imentation with film style, all of which signified the beginnings of the Japanese New Wave.
My focus, however, is on a film generally excluded from discussions on taiyôzoku film. Based on the writings of Iwahashi Kunie and marketed as the female version of Ishihara’s Season of the Sun that had initiated the cycle threemonths earlier, Backlight (1956, Furukawa Takumi) admittedly does not havemuch in common with Ishihara‘s masculine visions. The film features a female
protagonist whose rebellion is largely directed against gender inequality, andinstead of aimless bourgeois youth spending their time at beach houses andnightclubs, Backlight is populated with working students who flirt with Soviet
culture and frequent the politicised spaces of utagoe kissa. In this paper, I aim
to take a closer look at Backlight‘s various historical contexts and reframe thetaiyôzoku cycle in light of this oft-neglected film, arguing that it merits further
attention precisely because of its departures from the earlier formula.

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Lauri Kitsnik (Kyoto University / Hiroshima University)
no subjectivity for an itinerant filmmaker: studio system and labour relations in guys of the sea

At Yokohama harbour, a rebellion breaks out among underpaid Japanese dockworkers while unloading a foreign cargo ship. This is a brief summary of Guys of
the Sea (1957), a little-known film which marks the only collaboration between
the independent film director Shindô Kaneto and one of Japanese cinema’s
most enduring stars, Ishihara Yûjirô. While being part of Nikkatsu’s youth film
and action genres, Guys of the Sea also manages to address societal issues suchas labour relations and by so doing implicitly draws parallels with the agency of
the filmmaker within the Japanese film industry itself.
This paper seeks to contextualise Guys of the Sea within the early careers of bothits director and star, while remaining attentive to its genealogies in film history.
For Ishihara who was at the verge of becoming the biggest-grossing actor inJapan, this film points at star image in transformation from a bourgeois rebel toa working-class hero. For Shindô, a filmmaker known for his leftist leanings, thethematic focus resonates with his independently produced work while underlining his often self-referential mode. Besides its gritty albeit somewhat schematic
depiction of labour relations, Guys of the Sea is also notable for placing this ina markedly international context. In particular, it is the multinational ship crewthat contributes to decentring the perception of foreigners as a homogenous
mass during the period of enhanced American presence in Japan, thus effectively undermining any neat separation between the oppressor and the oppressed.

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Yutaka Kubo (Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum &Waseda University)
dismantling the politics of ageing and family in kinoshita keisuke’s films of
the 1950s

Sociologist Amano Masako has argued that an embodiment of the imagination for a longer life course became possible in Japanese cinema only after theend of World War II. As exemplified by Ozu Yasujirô’s Tokyo Story (1953), therepresentation of ageing and aged characters indeed started to appear more
frequently on the screen from the late 1940s and proliferated in the 1950s.
Reinforcing ideals of marriage and family, the body of such films illustrates theJapanese film industry’s response to the public’s desires for longer, prosperous
lives, establishing a new genre called home drama. This genre became one of
the hallmarks for the Shôchiku Studios and notably included films of Kinoshita
Keisuke who offered various forms of ageing through the representation of thefamily on the screen.
This paper focuses on Kinoshita’s cinematic exploration of ageing in his 1950s
films as a response to socio-economic changes in Japan that allowed individuals to seek ways to fulfill the life course. By examining Kinoshita’s popular film
adaptations of novels and newspaper articles such as Times of Joy and Sorrow(1957), this paper will analyse Kinoshita’s careful rendering of desires for ageing
found in the original works as it evokes affective experiences of the audiences asa marketing strategy. Moreover, in order to bring this study to the intersectionof queer film studies and ageing studies, this paper will also investigate effectsof Kinoshita’s parodying of the home drama / family melodrama conventions asa critique of the heteronormative society.

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B-5-1 Iku Sonoda (Research Centre for Japanese Traditional music,
Kyoto City University of Arts)
the contact zone of premodern and modern styles on popular entertainment around the 1900s: music and dance in genji-bushi onna-shibai

Genji-bushi Onna-shibai, a women’s theatre and dance show accompanied bynarrative music Genji-bushi is one of the most popular entertainments createdin the late 19th century.
It was initially widely performed in Nagoya, and then its popularity spread allover Japan during 1890-1910. However, because of the extremely sexual natureof the show, the performances were prohibited and were soon unheard of. As aresult, it has been labelled as a vulgar show in modern times.
In this presentation, I focus on the fact that Genji-bushi Onna-shibai gained
popularity due to its dance and music style. I will elaborate on the characteristicsof these two aspects that consisted of both premodern and newer styles, which
are different from the traditional forms.
I will also discuss the reasons for the popularity of Genji-bushi Onna-shibai
around the 1900s.
Two of the aspects discussed in this respect are as follows: First, the performancestyle and the content of the program were quite similar to that of other traditional women’s plays such as Musume-Gidayu, Onna-shibai, and Geigi-shibai.
Second, the dance style using popular songs indicates the affinity with modern
culture such as the Asakusa and Takarazuka revue.
Considering these aspects by going through some of the performances saved
on SP records (78rpm records) and the performers’ discourses, I will elucidatethat the performance style of Genji-bushi Onna-shibai included the representative form of performing arts seen in popular entertainment at that time and that
this was the primary reason of its explosive popularity.

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B-5-2

Panel

rakugo: surviving the meiji restoration

Chair: Sarah Stark (Ghent University)
Whether in academic research or in the media, when talking about Japanesestage-arts rakugo does not find much attention, possibly also due to its comedic character. Rakugo has however had a great influence on Meiji-literature andhas been the topic of many recent TV series. In 2019 there are more rakugo
performers than ever in the history of the art.
In order to fully understand what influence rakugo has had past the Meiji Restoration, we must understand the mechanisms that have propelled the art toits current status: In this panel we will present a thorough analysis of rakugo’s
post-Meiji history.
The first rakugo boom occurred shortly before the turn of the 19th century
with transliterations in newspapers and magazines, which made the art widely
known and immensely popular and influenced many authors of the time.
The arrival of TV sets throughout Japan in the 1950s created a second boom:
rakugo stories were now broadcast into homes across Japan and many young
men endeavoured to take up the profession.
Finally, at the start of the 21st century, various TV and print media utilised rakugo as a topic to carry their stories, triggering the interest of new audiences that
previously had not been in contact with the art.
We intend to show how rakugo managed to graduate from its cosy neighbourhood venues at the end of the Edo-period, evolving into an art whose most
famous performers can today fill venues entertaining thousands of audience
members.

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Nobuaki Miya (Waseda University)
the sokkibon-boom of the meiji 20-30s (1887-1906) and its influence on
rakugo and other arts

In 1884, Tôkyô Haishi Shuppansha published San’yûtei Enchô’s Kaidan
Botandôrô (A Ghost Story: Tales of the Peony Lantern) as transcribed by thestenographer Wakabayashi Kanzô. It was Japan’s first shorthand book: sokkibon. Seeing Kaidan Botandôrô’s great success, not publishers started to publish
transliterated stories of only Enchô but other rakugoka such as Danshurô Enshi
I, Shunkintei Ryûô I. Yamato Shinbun, which had featured a serialization of Enchô’s Matsu no misao bijin no ikiume (Buried Alive: The Chaste Beauty of thePines) from its first edition on October 7th, 1886, became one of the newspapers with the highest circulation. In order to keep up, other newspapers also
started featuring sokki-transliterations. In 1889, Kinransha published Hakkyaen,
a journal solely dedicated to sokki-stories. With Hyakkaen’s success, similar journals such as Hanagatami, Azuma Nishiki popped up and Bungei Kurabu, themost influential literary journal of the Meiji Period featured sokki in every issue
post September 1897.
This paper looks into the sokkibon-boom of 1887-1906, explaining their distribution and analysing their influence on the rakugo and kôdan artists at the time.
Keywords: Sokkibon, rakugo, kôdan, reading, listening, performance

Sarah Stark (Ghent University)
the 1960-70 rakugo boom and its consequences

The time between 1955 and 1975 is often referred to as the Golden Age ofrakugo. With more and more radios and TV sets installed in households nationwide, the art became popular in all of Japan. A side effect was that rakugoka
rather earned money with broadcasting stations than performing at the yose
for a handful of coins. Many skilled performers did only appear at the yose for
New Year shows and consequently, the quality of yose performances declined.

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Seeing rakugo on TV, more and more young men wanted to take up the profession and eventually the number of newcomers was so high that masters(shin’uchi) were ordered to no longer take in new apprentices (deshi). By theearly 1970s, there were so many performers, that the Rakugo Kyōkai’s chairman Kosan V decided that promotions to master (shin’uchi) should no longer
happen in solo shows, but in groups of ten. Enshō and his disciples opposed
mass-promotion, asserting that skills where more important than the numberof years in the job.
Kosan V’s decision caused the biggest schism in the history of rakugo, but also
was a trigger for performers to rethink their approach to the art.

Tatsuo Abe (Hitotsubashi University)
the post-2000 rakugo-boom

In the 1990s, Tokyo’s rakugo world was stagnating to the degree that media
reported in 1997 Shinjuku’s Suehirotei was in danger of closing.
At the time, there were few opportunities of exposure to rakugo on radio or TV,
and it seemed as if rakugo’s decline steadily continued. However, the situation
gradually changed in the 2000s.
This change was not caused by the media broadcasting rakugo stories, it was
rather prompted by the advent of media contents which had integrated rakugo
into their storyline that played a significant role in the revival of the art.
Stories focused on rakugoka and the people surrounding them, such as the2005 TV series Tiger and Dragon, the 2007 NHK Renzoku Terebi Shōsetsu Chiritotechin as well as the expansion of the 2010s manga Shōwa Genroku Rakugo
Shinjū into other media - in this case an anime television and life-action series
adaption - all triggered audiences’ interest in rakugo and enticed them to frequent rakugo performances.
The rakugo world continued to proactively integrate new audiences which had
no connection to the Golden Age of rakugo in the Shōwa era. Concurrently, thenumber of rakugo performers reached an all-time high.

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This paper will investigate a new generation of rakugo productions, using the
Shibuya Rakugo series as an example of how new audiences were generated
from among a part of the public with potential interest in rakugo.

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B-6-1 Mariko Hirabayashi (University of York)the sir robert leicester harmsworth collection of japanese colour prints inearly 20th century britain

Sir Robert Leicester Harmsworth (1870-1937) was a British politician, businessman, and art collector. My paper will focus on the Harmsworth collection of Japanese colour prints (ukiyo-e prints) to examine private collections of Japanese
prints and British people’s perception of them in the early 20th century.
Following the Great Exhibition in 1851 and the International Exhibition in 1862,
which exhibited Japanese artefacts, interests in Japanese art in Britain quickly
grew, and collections were built up by both museums and individuals, particularof Japanese prints. Harmsworth collected key prints by Sharaku, Utamaro, andHokusai, lending more than three hundred Japanese prints to the V&A, for its
Japanese prints exhibition of 1913 to 1914. Because of his high-quality collection, the exhibition was a conspicuous success, and, in 1922, Japanese prints
from his collection again appeared in the Japanese theatrical art exhibition at
the museum.
Although the Harmsworth collection contained a wide range of prominent Japanese prints, compared with great Japanese art collectors in Britain such as
William Anderson and Arthur Morrison, Harmsworth and his collection have notbeen examined sufficiently because his collection was scattered after his death.
Through the analysis of exhibition catalogues, reviews, and auction catalogues,
my paper will explore the scope of the Harmsworth collection, and illuminate
the significance of the collection as one of the proofs of Japanese prints’ strong
presence in Britain in the early 20th century.

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B-6-2 Atsuko Uda (Tokyo University of Arts)
kami-shibai representation theory

The aim of this research is to uncover new possibilities for the Japanese cultural
entertainment called “kami-shibai” through the use of the representation theory.
Kami-shibai has two types of genres, namely street kami-shibai and educational
kami- shibai. I will study educational kami-shibai from its birth to the present,
as street kami-shibai ended as a business practice in 1961. In this paper, kami-shibai refers to “educational kami-shibai.”Kami-shibai is a paper-based medium, but it is influenced by moving images. In
particular, it is influenced by the animation production process. The kami-shibai
script has distinct differences from scripts for cinema or theater, and the style issimilar to storyboards.
Kami-shibai uses several pieces of card stock with illustrations printed on thefront and the text printed on the back. They are put in a portable theater with athree-panel door. The performer stands beside it, facing the audience. The performer reads the script and slides the illustrated boards. Each illustrated board
is like a frame in a motion picture, so the performer pulls out the illustrated
board as if creating an in-between frame. Kami-shibai is a kind of motion picture screened through the motions of the performer’s hands in a live show. It
is a unique format that is portable and requires no power source, which makes
it an example of minimalist entertainment. It is not just not nostalgic culture. I
will collect and interpret works to discover new representations for kami-shibai.

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B-6-3 Yukie Niwa (Showa University of Music)
melody ingenuity to convey the story in noh theatre

Noh, which was established in the late 14th century, is classified as an art thatconveys the story of narratives by singing. At the same time Noh is the firstfull-scale theater art in Japan. Before the establishment of Noh, narrative performances were mostly for a small audience in the room. Noh needed a device
to convey the story properly as the performance space expanded. In this presentation, it is inferred that the Noh melody has achieved a certain level of patternmaking it easy to reach the audience.
First, by comparing with various music established before Noh, for example,
Utahikou, the singing of Waka and the Buddhist singing, Koshiki, etc. It is pointed out that the melody before Noh has not been clearly patterned through one
song.
Next, we examine the way of thinking about Noh‘s melody in the philosophyof Noh in the Edo period. The poetic form of Noh‘s lyrics basically consists ofseven letters of upper phrasing and five letters of lower phrasing. On the basisof Yin and Yang thought, it is said that the upper phrase has the yang characterand the lower phrase has the negative character. This philosophy is considered
to be useful in achieving the simplification that the melody of Noh is easy toreach the audience.

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B-6-4 Noriko Okubo (University of Tsukuba)
representations of sumo in ukiyo-e

In the Edo period, the common people came to the fore as bearers of new culture; it was a time when, under the isolationist foreign policy, forms of culture
evolved that were unique to Japan. Sumo, kabuki, and other kinds of entertainment grew in popularity, and celebrated stars were depicted in ukiyo-e.
The techniques of nishiki-e—a form of multi-colored woodblock printing—were
established in 1765. They enabled the production of artworks with greater detail, and led to dramatic changes in how human expressions were depicted. For
the common people, nishiki-e were affordable artworks, much in the same waythat bromide prints were for Japanese in the middle and latter parts of twentieth century.
Although sumo is a national sport today, originally it was familiar only among
the ruling classes—as part of religious ceremonies at the imperial court, forexample, or as a method of training for samurai. It became a popular form ofentertainment among the masses in the Edo period, when a system of regular
tournaments contested by wrestlers from across Japan was created, so usheringin the golden age of sumo.
For commercial reasons, ukiyo-e rejected realistic portrayals, in part likely due tothe aesthetic ideals that prevailed at the time.
This presentation looks at depictions of sumo wrestlers in sumo-e (ukiyo-e thattake sumo as their subject), and seeks to understand what the common people expected of sumo wrestlers; in so doing, it examines more broadly the role
played by sumo in the Edo period.

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B-6-5 Shiho Takai (Waseda University)from a monster to a filial heroine: adapting the dojoji legend in joruri
puppet plays

The medieval myth of Dōjōji, in which a woman’s attachment to a beautiful
priest transforms her into a large snake and destroys the priest, became popularsource material for literature, theater, and art in the early modern period. The
image of the snake woman, Kiyohime, accreted over time through numerous
retellings. In picture scrolls and illustrations, Kiyohime is depicted as a threatening monster who burns the priest to death. This aggressive nature is used in
the story as a cautionary message – to warn priests to stay away from women,
and women not to become too attached. The two jōruri puppet plays basedon the Dōjōji legend, Dōjōji genzai uroko (Present Scales of Dōjōji, 1742) and
Hidakagawa iriai zakura (Cherry Trees Along the Hidaka River, 1759), ostensibly
share this overall image of Kiyohime by directly quoting from earlier texts, aswell as evoking visual images of Kiyohime as a snake monster from the medieval
picture scrolls. However, these plays also depart from the original medieval legend by introducing plot twists and visual twists. How did jōruri make use of theconventional image of Kiyohime, how did it make changes without completely
abandoning the previous image, and what do these changes mean? This paper
examines textual and visual materials of the two jōruri adaptations of Dōjōji andconsiders how jōruri addressed the early modern concerns of human emotion
versus social duty and class issues through adhering to, yet twisting, the wellknown tale of Dōjōji.

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B-6-6 Heike Hoffer (The Ohio State University)
blind musicians and supernatural worlds: animated representations ofjapan’s mysterious biwa hoshi

The world of anime is populated by a wide variety of colorful and unique figures
derived from long-established stock characters of Japanese culture. In addition
to their memorable visual traits, these stock characters can be accompaniedby special aural or musical attributes that add to the richness of their characterization. Such is the case of the biwa hōshi, an infrequent but notable character in anime based on the real-life blind Buddhist monks who traveled Japanon foot during the samurai era playing their biwa and dispensing demons bymeans of mysterious supernatural powers. The sharp, dramatic “twang” of thebiwa, combined with the biwa hōshi’s bold recitation style, immediately fills
the modern Japanese mind with a romanticized sense of old-world atmosphereand high drama. This presentation examines the daily lives and distinctive performance traditions of the biwa hōshi, drawing on Japanese scholars Hugh De
Ferranti, William Malm, Helen McCullough, Barbara Ruch, and Alison Tokita.
With a historical model in place, we can examine how this figure is re-imagined visually and musically in characters from two famous anime: Watanabe
Shinichirō’s “Shige” from the 2004 series Samurai Champloo, who controls agroup of zombies in a quest to find buried treasure, and Tezuka Osamu’s “BiwaHōshi,” an enigmatic sage and fearsome demon killer who features prominently
both in Tezuka’s 1969 series Dororo and in the wildly successful remake of thisshow currently airing in Japan.

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B-7-1 Tino Bruno (Tokai University)from daigo fukuryû maru (1954) to fukushima (2011):
evolution of media discourse of nuclear disaster in asahi, mainichi andyomiuri newspapers

In the wake of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the then censored Japanese press had only barely been able to account for the dangers ofradioactivity. A decade later, newspapers gave intensive coverage to the radioactive fallout from the Castle Bravo nuclear test which incidentally contaminated the Japanese crew of the tuna fishing boat Daigo Fukuryû Maru. Panic
spread among the population who followed news reports about the fishermen’s
health status, about the concerning levels of radiation measured in what would
shortly be called “atomic tuna,” or about subsequent nuclear tests deemed tohave deregulating effects on the climate.
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power accident contaminated the agriculturaland fish production of a vast area and brought discredit upon the Japanese
nuclear industry. That is why 8 years later, many Japanese are still reluctant to
consume products coming from the affected areas, despite numerous promotional campaigns.
This paper aims at analyzing the media coverage of those atomic disasters
through the Japanese newspapers Asahi, Mainichi and Yomiuri, with a particular focus on the relationships between nuclear energy and culture. It will show
how the 1954 discourse, which sometimes opposed a threatening technology
coming from outside of the country to the frailty of an age- old culture in tune
with seasonal rhythms, will evolve in 2011 to stress out the fact that danger wascoming from within, from the very nuclear civil program that the newspapers
stood for amidst concerns about nuclear energy.

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Section C - History
Section Convenors: Manabu Yamasawa (University of Tsukuba) &Torsten Weber (German Institute for Japanese Studies)
C-1-1

Panel

state shinto in korea: discourse, identity, practice, andlandscape

Chairs: Juljan Biontino (Chiba University) &David Weiss (Rikkyo University)
The first Shintō shrines in Modern Korea were built by Japanese settler communities in the late nineteenth century. These were intended to meet the settlers’religious needs and their construction was largely unregulated. After the annexation of Korea in 1910, the Government- General endeavoured to regulate
shrines at first, then set out to implement a coherent Shintō policy on the peninsula. Starting with the imposing Chōsen Shrine in Seoul, a number of official
state shrines were erected as sites for the staging of state rituals. With the intensification of assimilation policies, Korean subjects were expected – and later
forced – to participate in such rituals to prove themselves as loyal subjects of theemperor. The forced nature of this practice was certainly one of the reasons why
Shintō vanished without a trace from Korea after Japan’s surrender in 1945.
This panel examines the colonial discourse on questions such as the treatmentof native Korean deities and religious practices, the possibility of their incorporation into State Shintō, and other questions related to Koreans’ cultural identity
and their position within the Japanese empire. It analyses practices of indoctrination and co-optation, and surveys the construction of a religious landscapein the heart of Seoul that manifested Japanese ambitions to “Japanize” Korea.
Thus, the panel tries to illuminate the role of Shintō in Japan’s colonial policy on
the peninsula and suggests “Imperial Shintō” as a more apt description for thepolitical religion of this era than State Shintō.

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Kôichi Yamaguchi (Osaka Otemon University)
shinto shrine policy in colonial korea

This talk will outline the initial policy concerning Japanese Shintō shrines in Korea and discuss its changes throughout the colonial period. Focusing on Shintō
policy in Korea allows for dividing the colonial period of Korea into four periods,
in each of which Shrine policy was changed due to internal or external circumstances. Whilst shrines on the Korean peninsula
existed even prior to annexation, they were put under governmental control
shortly after annexation. Whereas the first ten years of Japanese rule did not see
much changes in overall policy, this changed in the wake of cultural rule from1919, when, following the example of the mainland, reverence at Shintō shrines
started to be explained as a nonreligious act in Korea as well. This process intensified after the Manchurian incident, when shrine reverence, paired with rural
revitalization campaigns, was turned into an act of expressing nationalism thatwas finally forced upon every citizen with the outbreak of full-fledged war with
China. This paper will discuss, from a macroscopic perspective, which actors
were involved in which ways in the establishment and development of Shintō in
Korea. Finally, the talk examines how Korean society and the Japanese populace
in the colony responded to the changes.

Juljan Biontino (Chiba University)
landscape of assimilation: seoul‘s namsan mountain as “sacred space”(1892-1945)

Before the advent of Japanese rule, Namsan mountain served as guardian overSeoul and remained untouched by lumbermen and those seeking auspicious
grave sites. Changch‘ungdan, an altar to commemorate those who died serving
the country was erected on the eastern foot of Namsan, and thus the mountain became linked to anti-Japanese sentiment. Prior to annexation, Japanesesettlers had already built a first Shintō shrine on Namsan to accommodate for
their religious needs. In the wake of colonial rule, Namsan was then turned into
a testing ground for the employment of State Shintō in Korea. Subsequently,

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the whole area of Namsan was turned into a cultural park whose representations were used so Japanese citizens could reassure themselves as citizens of
the empire, while Koreans were steadily drawn into taking part in Shintō rituals
and learning about Japanese culture by visiting shrines and taking part in theirevents. Two Buddhist shrines were finally added to complete Namsan as a stage
for assimilation policy and loyalty education.
In this talk, changes to the landscape of Namsan will be outlined to show how
the – with only 265 meters rather unimpressive – mountain was appropriated by
Japan as means of assimilation. It will be explained how Namsan, with each local actor on the mountain finding and fulfilling its own role, between 1892 and1931 turned into a “sacred space” where the boundary of non- religious ritualof state and religious elements was gradually blurred, turning it into a spiritualbase to support the war effort from 1931 to 1945.

David Weiss (Rikkyo University)
blurring identities: susanoo and the ideological incorporation of koreans
into the japanese family state

In the early Meiji period, political thinkers endeavoured to transform Japan intoa modern nation state, following the Western model. One of the central challenges of the Meiji oligarchs was the creation of a collective national consciousness that harboured a sense of national unity, historical continuity and culturaluniqueness. This was realized in the ideological construct of Japan as a family
state with the emperor as the father of the nation. The family state ideology
was based on ancient mythology and emphasized the emperor’s descent fromthe sun goddess Amaterasu. By depicting the nation as a large family, it not only
fostered a sense of national belonging but also justified hierarchical differences
as natural.
This ideology was called into question, however, when Japan acquired its firstcolonies. How were the colonial subjects to be incorporated into the Japanesefamily state? In the case of Korea, the theory of common ancestry of Japaneseand Koreans (Nissen dōsoron), that had first been formulated by historians in
the 1890s, was adopted by Shintō activists to incorporate the new colonial sub-65

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jects by expanding the boundaries of the Japanese family state. In this process,Susanoo, the impulsive and immature little brother of Amaterasu, was identified as ancestral deity of the Korean people. Susanoo was thus used to blur theboundaries of the Japanese family state. Through the prism of Susanoo, this paper examines the negotiation of Koreans’ position within the Japanese empire
in the colonial discourse.

Aono Masaaki (Momoyama Gakuin University)
the logic of enshrining a korean progenitor deity in shinto shrines – theimperial shinto of modern japan

In the modern period, Japanese Shrine Shintō, with the reverence of AmaterasuŌmikami at its center, was also brought to colonial Korea, where it changed
with the development of Japanese and Korean national consciousness and became closely linked to Tennō ideology.
This link was established through a policy on religions called “Movement to develop the fields of heart” (shinden kaihatsu undō) that was implemented by theGovernment-General in Korea from January 1936 in response to the proclamation of national polity (kokutai meichō) in Japan proper (1935). In this process,the colonial authorities also enforced worship at Shintō shrines.
This talk seeks to explain the logic of State Shintō that was established withthis policy from the viewpoint of nationalism. As an expression of this logic,
the Ministry of Home Affairs (naimushō) and the Government-General of Korea
created a “Korean” ancestral progenitor deity named Kunitama no Ōkami. This
deity was enshrined together with Amaterasu Ōmikami in eight state-sponsoredshrines (kokuhei shōsha) in total, starting with Keijō shrine. The hidden logic
behind enshrining both deities together, was that while Japanese were directly
linked to Amaterasu, Koreans were only indirectly linked to the imperial ancestress via Kunitama no Ōkami. This can be regarded as an expression of racial
ranking within the Japanese Empire, that is, as the creation of an imperial Shintōthat engendered a multiethnic, imperial nationalism. The worship of Kunitamano Ōkami as a Korean progenitor deity was the final decision reached by the
Ministry of Home Affairs and the Government-General of Korea. Other options

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Historythat had been discussed in Japan proper from the Meiji period onward, such as
the worship of Susanoo or Tan’gun, on the other hand, were discarded.

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C-2-2 Pallavi Bhatte (Kyoto University)
diasporic indians and surveillance by imperial japanese authority intaisho japan

This presentation examines intelligence, surveillance and information gathering
activities of Imperial Japanese authorities that focused on transnational and diasporic Indians’ resistance to British colonization of India, in metropolitan Tokyo
during the Taisho period.
Indian revolutionary Rash Behari Bose is considered the central figure in the history of Indian revolutionary activity in Japan as well as the history of Japan- India
relations in modern times. Especially during the Great War, the multilayered
Ghadr movement attracted international attention owing to the Indo-German
collaboration or “conspiracy” with the German Foreign Office. However, thiswas no match to the superiority of British intelligence service.
Besides, fragility of the revised Anglo Japanese Alliance, Britain’s paranoia readmore into Japanese intentions following their government’s attitude of balancing security and civil liberties of Indian “seditionists”. This intensified as Tokyo
turned a blind eye despite evidence of Japanese sympathizers’ involvement inGerman hatched arms supply plan to destabilize British India. Unique trends andtransformations surface in the nature of Japanese surveillance and the subsequent networking of Indians and their interactions with local Japanese.
Microscopic in approach, this account traces the daily life of diasporic Indian
entities such as students, intellectuals, business persons in Japan by piecing together evidence from a rich corpus of Japanese archival sources such as confidential intelligence reports alongside personal memoirs of pan-Asianists among
historiographical works of higher educational institutions. This holds promise
to uncover “underwater currents” with global implications which are otherwise
obscured by the shadows of colossal entities such as “Bose of Nakamuraya”.

68History

C-2-3 Ene Selart (University of Tartu)
enemy concept in the media during the russo-japanese war (1904-1905):
letters from the battlefield published in estonian newspapers

The concept of the enemy is usually formed during the military conflict and mediated by mass communication, such concepts are at the same time the swiftest
yet most stereotypical information passed. The Russo-Japanese war (1904-1905)
was the first major military conflict between Orient and Occident where theconstruction of the enemy concept involved modern means of warring between
two neighbouring countries but also the clash between the so-called Westernand the Eastern cultures. The war that has been called as the Zero World Warof the 20th century took the benefit of communication techniques of telegraphand telephone but also developed a new journalistic genre in Estonian newspapers – soldiers’ letters that conveyed the first hand information from the battlefield. Estonia that belonged to the Czarist Russia at the time, had to send about
10.000 men to the distant war theatre in the Far East. The most convenient way
to keep contact with home was via letters that the soldiers wrote to their families as well as newspaper editors to pass the news of the war.
The Estonian soldiers’ letters give a unique perspective of the enemy concept
construction of ordinary men sent to war. The aim of the current paper is toanalyse by the qualitative content analysis method the depiction of the enemy
in soldiers’ letters (n=42) that were published in major Estonian newspapers:
firstly, how was the enemy characterized and secondly, how was the concept of
the enemy formed in the everyday messages written from the battlefield.

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C-2-4 Risa Ishimoto (Japan Center for Asian Historical Records,
National Archives of Japan)
japan’s strategy to shape its international image during the sino-japaneseand the russo-japanese wars and its treatment of foreign journalists

This study aims to clarify the correlation between the way Japan shaped its international image during the Sino-Japanese and the Russo-Japanese Wars andits treatment of foreign journalists at the time. From the end of the 19th century
to the beginning of the 20th century, Japan was committed to complying withinternational laws and strived to improve its standing in the world. Consequently, it was crucial for Japan to undertake an image building strategy aimed at theWestern powers. Extant studies on foreign journalists in Japan in the relevant
period have focused on the development of international public opinion by foreign newspapers. The treatment of the foreign journalists themselves has notbeen sufficiently examined. However, to elucidate the shaping of Japan’s representation in the foreign media, it is essential to discover the impressions of foreign reporters who embedded themselves within the Japanese Army. Thus, thisstudy will examine the ways through which foreign journalists acquired theirperception of Japan. In order to do so, this paper will refer to Japan’s historical
records on diplomacy and the military to explain how the favors offered by theJapanese government to overseas journalists and the restrictions imposed uponthem in their newsgathering activities influenced the manner in which Japan’sinternational image was fashioned.

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C-2-6 Yannan Deng (Kyushu University)
amphibious nationalism: the ethnic policy and collaboration issues of themanchukuo military forces

In 1931 the Manchuria region was seized by the Japanese military, and in 1932
a pro-Japanese government was established, Manchukuo. The commander of
the Northeast Army, Zhang Xueliang, led his troops south in retreat to within
the Great Wall. However, there still many divisions left in Manchuria, and theJapanese Kwantung Army faced the problem of how to deal with them, as wellas other ethnic groups and bandits. They created the Manchukuo Army, which
included more than one hundred thousand service men by 1933. It played a keyrole in the 1939
Nomonhan battle against the Soviets. It was dominated by the Japanese at
every level. In this paper, I am focusing on the collaboration and resistancedynamics among the Han Chinese, Manchus, Koreans, and Mongolians in the
Manchukuo military forces.
As a relatively new Chinese territory, nationalism had not deeply penetrated
Manchuria society. Thus, Manchukuo is a unique and typical instance as a puppet regime in the East Asia. I examine the bucking ethnic policy trends of theJapanese, motives of the Chinese collaborators, examining their fluctuating
stands, in order to discover their authentic attitude towards the invasion. Japan
also promoted the idea of an ideal multi-ethnic state in Manchuria, in the Manchukuo Army, not only Chinese but also Mongolians and Koreans played key
roles. I will examine the dynamics at play in multi-ethnic state.

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C-3-1 Robin Kietlinski (City University of New York)the legacy of olympic infrastructure projects on japan’snatural environment

In July 2020, Japan will host its fourth Olympic and Paralympic Games. As thelargest sporting event in the world, the Olympics have come under increasingpressure to be events that are not only spectacular, safe, and smoothly run, butalso that leave a “positive legacy.” Host cities and the IOC have long shared aconcern that the Olympics should benefit the host city, and have placed “legacy” and later the environment at the heart of the Olympic movement. Particularly in the post-War era, organizers have used the Olympics as an engine forchange, integrating Olympics-related developments into broader urban planning and infrastructure projects – nowhere was this more evident than in Tokyoin 1964 and again today as Tokyo prepares for the 2020 event. My presentation
will consider both rhetorical and actual historical examples of Olympic legacy inJapan as they relate specifically to the impact of Olympic infrastructure projects
on Japan’s natural environment. As the world prepares to turn its collective gazeon Tokyo next summer, it is imperative that critical studies of the historic impact
of Olympic projects be carried out. Research for this project is being conductedduring the summer of 2019 at the University of Tsukuba, where I will be affiliated as a Fulbright scholar for six months.

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C-3-2 Amin Ghadimi (Utsunomiya University)
democratic terrorism: arai shogo and the 1885 osaka incident

Historians of Japan, especially those writing in Japanese, conventionally describe incidents in the 1880s “radicalization” (gekka jiken) of the Movementfor Freedom and Civil Rights (jiyū minken undō) as incidents of terrorism (tero).
But is that the right term, and what do we imply by invoking that framework
to discuss freedom and rights in the Meiji era? To investigate these questions,this paper examines the participation in the 1885 Osaka Incident of Arai Shōgo,a prominent civil rights activist from Tochigi prefecture. From his origins in awell-off peasant family in southern Tochigi, Arai emerged as a leading democratic agitator in the Liberal Party (Jiyūtō); he then took the helm of the military
operations of the Osaka terror cell, which unsuccessfully sought to smuggle
explosives to Korea, overthrow the government there, drag Japan and China
into a regional war, and thereby realize democratic ideals in East Asia. This paper uses the case of Arai to bring the history of early 1880s Japan into global
histories and theories of ideological violence, and in doing so, it seeks to achieve
two aims: first, to interpret the so-called “radicalization” not as a contingent
Japanese phenomenon but as a manifestation of global intellectual crises, andsecond, to think anew about the origins of democratic thought and imperial
democracy in Japanese history.

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C-3-3 Rebecca Tompkins (Senshu University)
citizen cooperation in waste management in early twentieth-century tokyo

Foreigners residing in Japan for the first time are frequently struck by the complexity of municipal garbage separation requirements. While most Japanesecities have about 8-15 garbage separation categories, some have as many as
34. There are many reasons for these requirements, including national laws promoting recycling of plastic packaging and other materials. However, municipal
waste separation requirements in Japan predate the global recycling boom by atleast half a century. As early as the 1930s, municipal authorities in Tokyo, Osakaand other large cities were asking residents to separate their household garbage
on the basis of whether it could be burned.
Incineration became popular as a waste management technology in Japan in
the late nineteenth century. Although most other countries abandoned incineration as a major waste treatment method in the early twentieth century, in Japan
incinerator construction was booming. Significantly, incineration remains thedominant method of waste treatment in Japan today. The primacy of incineration as the primary form of waste disposal has meant that citizen cooperation
has become a central component of the Japanese waste management system.
This paper will examine the history of municipal waste management in earlytwentieth-century Japan by focusing on the case of Tokyo, which set trends
in waste management and whose policies influenced national laws, with anemphasis on the contributions of citizens and civil society groups. From thestructure of neighborhood associations to the gendered division of household
labor, waste management history has had a major influence on Japanese society
today.

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C-3-4 Fumi Inoue (Boston College)
re-narrating 1950s okinawa: military extraterritoriality and the universal
declaration of human rights

This paper interrogates Okinawans’ protest movement against extraterritorial
American military justice in the 1950s. Historians have examined multifaced aspects of the U.S. military occupation of Okinawa (1945-1972) and its far-reaching implications on the present Japan-U.S.-Okinawa relationship. Despite thehistoricity of, and continuing public attention to, the issue of American military
legal immunities in the post-reversion period, there is no single historical study
that traces the genealogy of protest movements against American GI crime andits place in the history of Okinawans’ anti-base struggles. My paper illustrates
how the year of 1955 marked a pivotal moment for the history of American military justice in Okinawa given the rise of an unprecedentedly massive and popular protest movement against American GI crime and military extraterritoriality.
I argue that Okinawans’ widespread references to the 1948 Declaration of Human Rights in their 1955 movement—triggered by the gruesome rape murderof a five-year-old Okinawan girl by an American GI—reveal the significance of
emerging transnational human rights activism between the American Civil Liberties Union and the Japan Civil Liberties Union. In the absence of constitutional
democracy, Okinawans strategically employed the language of universal humanrights, eventually forcing the American occupiers to permit, for the first time inhistory, the indigenous police to join investigations on U.S. military related incidents and the locals to attend court-martials. The 1955 movement was critical
for the development of human-rights-based anti-base struggles in Okinawa, as
seen in the foundation of the Okinawa Civil Liberties Union in 1961.

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C-3-5 Astghik Hovhannisyan (Russian-Armenian University)
eugenics for the working class: japanese left’s perceptions of the “scienceof human betterment”

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia defined eugenics as “a reactionary pseudo-science popular in capitalist countries that aims to improve ‘the human race’” (GSE
2nd ed. 1952). However, as a number of studies have demonstrated (e.g. Paul
1984, Adams 1991, Mocek 1998), eugenics was a “science” embraced not only
by reactionaries and capitalists, but a large number of leftists as well, partly
because it was often thought to have the potential to solve various problems
in society.
Some representatives of Japanese left wing spectrum, particularly those involved
in birth control activism, also showed interest in eugenics, some embracing it
as a path to happiness, others criticizing its coercive aspects but approving of”voluntary” (or, as it is often called nowadays “liberal”) eugenics. There werealso those who denied it altogether. The aim of this paper is to analyze Japaneseleft-wingers view of eugenics, trying to find out what solutions for the working
class they were (or were not) seeking in eugenics.

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C-4-1 Katsushi Shimizu (Shumei University)
fixation of the cabbage dietary habit in japan

This report examines the fixation of the cabbage dietary habit in modern Japan.
Cabbage was introduced to Japan in the early Meiji era. Cabbage cultivation
was easy, but cabbage production areas were not formed for many years. The
main reason is that the recipes using cabbage did not conform with the Japanese eating habits.
Since the middle of the Meiji era, city dwellers showed great interest in cabbage. Cabbage recipes were published widely in cooking manuals, women‘smagazines and cooking columns of the newspapers, which led to significant
increase the demand of cabbage in the Japanese cities.
From the late Meiji era, vegetables demand in urban areas was increased rapidly with urbanization. Because it is suitable for long-distance transportation, cabbage became a major vegetable. Eventually, it attracted private breeders whodeveloped new cabbage breeds adapted in not only to local conditions, but also
to the taste of city inhabitants. As a result, many cabbage production areas had
formed in Japan by the early Showa era. This let to use more cabbage in homecooking by the middleclass people and meal of the general public in cities.
Most recent research had suggested that the formation of the vegetables production areas occurred due to appropriate natural conditions and the availability of transport. It becomes clear that the fixation of the dietary habit andspread of consumption are indispensable factors. Therefore it is important tounderstand the diffusion of the imported vegetables when considering production and consumption factors comprehensively.

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C-4-2 Hiroko Toyota (University of Tsukuba)
the spread of citrus unshiu in modern japan – focusing on its transformation since the meiji era–

The purpose of this study is to clarify how the consumption Citrus unshiu, apopular fruit in modern Japan and regarded as an important item in Japanese
agricultural policy, became widespread.
Today, Japanese people eat various fruits. Citrus unshiu, which is easy to peel
and is seedless, is one of the most popular fruits among the Japanese. In the
Edo period, however, people did not eat it. They preferred Citrus kinokuni, adifferent variety of Citrus unshiu having seeds. Despite there being a seedlessmandarin orange, the Japanese chose the seeded one because they believedthat the presence of seeds would ensure the prosperity of their descendants;
they considered Citrus kinokuni as a good luck charm and saw the seedless Citrus unshiu as an unlucky fruit.
After the Meiji era, Citrus unshiu began to be cultivated in various parts of Japan, and more and more people started eating it. In modern Japanese agriculture, Citrus unshiu is regarded as a highly economical and important agricultural
product because of its wide area of cultivation and large quantity of production;
therefore, Citrus unshiu is an important topic in geography and economics.
This research focuses not only on the production and distribution of Citrus unshiu but also on people‘s perception of it; it clarifies why Citrus unshiu, which
was perceived as an unlucky fruit, has spread since the Meiji era.

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C-4-3 Carlo Edoardo Pozzi (Doshisha University)
kawajiri-gumi‘s commercial iniziative in turin (1880-1886) and theitaly-japan silk trade in early meiji period

Kawajiri-gumi was a Japanese silk company of Akita Prefecture that in the late
1870s decided to sell own silkworm eggs directly to Italian sericulturists, opening own sale point in Italy. In 1878 Kawajiri-gumi‘s director Kawamura Einosuke(1841-1909) sent two of his employees to Turin to learn Italian and to examine
the possibilities of trade in the region. In 1880 Kawamura himself went to Turinand opened own company‘s emporium. This shop remained open until 1886
and allowed Kawajiri-gumi to guarantee for six years a significative part of theJapanese silkworm eggs exports to Italy and France.
Since the Kawajiri-gumi’s business in Turin has been considered only superficiallyby both Italian and Japanese historiographies, in my paper I‘ll try to examine it indetail. In particular, analyzing mainly unpublished documents kept at the Diplomatic Record Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Gaimushō gaikō
shiryō-kan) and at the Akita Prefectural Archives (Akita ken kōbunsho-kan), I’ll
try to bring to light the following unclarified issues:
1- Why and how did Kawamura open his emporium in Turin?
2- What was Kawamura‘s policy to protect and continue as long as possible his
trade with Italy?
3- Why was the Kawajiri-gumi’s emporium in Turin finally closed in 1886?
Answering to the questions mentioned above, my paper aims to explore, in new
and innovative ways, economic interactions between Italy and Japan involving
non-state actors, in order to reevaluate the importance that the economic relations with Italy had for Japan in early Meiji period.

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C-4-4 Jürgen Paul Melzer (Yamanashi Gakuin)
heavenly soldiers and industrial warriors: japan’s paratroopers and wartime silk industry

In February 1942, Japanese paratroopers launched a surprise attack on Palembang in the Dutch East Indies. Within hours they captured two oil refineries
that were vital for Japan’s wartime oil supply. Newsreels, patriotic songs, andpropaganda films celebrated the victorious airborne troops as Japan’s “heavenly
soldiers.”
This presentation explores new aspects of wartime Japan’s industrial mobilization by analyzing how the country’s struggling silk industry effectively exploitedthe emerging myth of Japan’s paratroopers. With the outbreak of the Pacific
War in 1941, Japan’s silk manufacturers suffered from the government’s ban on
luxury goods and the collapse of the US export market. After the spectacular
Palembang operation, however, the Dainippon Silk Foundation successfully campaigned for the large-scale production of parachutes made from “military-gradesilk.” Japan’s silk output increased significantly, and silk weaving companies became designated munitions factories.
These companies mobilized female students to overcome their acute labor shortage. A new, highly gendered propaganda image emerged: young seamstresses
devotedly sewing parachutes stich by stich for Japan’s airborne troops fighting
at the faraway battlefront. The new myth of the death-defying paratroopers
matched the spirit of female workers’ self- sacrifice.
Such a rich symbolism blended with Japan’s wartime slogan of “factories as battlefields.” By August 1944, the government’s rhetoric and coercion intensified.
Women were now conscripted for work in the munitions factories and declared
as sangyōsenshi or “industrial warriors.” Like the paratroopers, they belonged toa teishin tai, an attack corps of volunteers for high-risk assignments.

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C-4-5 Zhongsu Zou (National Chengchi University)
ethnic identity and the nationality choice of taiwanese merchants in southeast asia, 1895-1945

This paper examines the ethnic identification of Taiwanese merchants in Southeast Asia and the way they choose their nationalities during 1895-1945 (Japanese Colonial Era). Research reveals that those Taiwanese merchants did notchoose their nationalities in accordance with their identification; instead, theydecided their nationalities from the perspective of pragmatism. For example,
at the beginning of entrepreneurship, Taiwanese merchants got help from the
network of overseas Chinese merchants, because they wanted to escape fromJapanese colonial governance; then in order to enjoy the extraterritoriality, getfree from burdensome taxes and discrimination, and receive financial aid fromthe Japanese government, they prefer Japanese nationality. Due to the privileges those Taiwanese merchants enjoyed, many overseas Chinese merchants,
such as Fujianese, also chose the Japanese nationality. Meanwhile, based on
the Southern expansion policy, the Japanese government provided Taiwanesemerchants convenience, granted them Japanese citizenship. The Taiwanesemerchants had gradually recognized themselves as Japanese while enjoying theprivilege of Japanese nationality. As the Japanese Empire expanded southward,
Taiwanese merchants also headed south, playing a role in the implementationof the Japanese government’s policy. Because of the choice of Japanese nationality, Taiwanese merchants in Southeast Asia were identified as Japanese by
European colonial government. However, in the process of the perspective ofpragmatism, Taiwanese merchants in Southeast Asia were neither identified as
Chinese by overseas Chinese, nor identified as Japanese by overseas Japanese.
Therefore, in the community of Taiwanese merchants in Southeast Asia, Taiwanese merchants identified themselves as “Taiwanese.”
Keywords: Taiwanese merchants in Southeast Asia, Ethnic identity, Nationality
choice, The Southern Expansion, “Taiwanese” identity81History

C-4-6 Mujeeb Khan (University of Tokyo & Tokai University)
fukuzawa yukichi and modern science: exploring liberalism in meiji japan

As a pivotal figure of modern Japan, Fukuzawa Yukichi requires no introduction
as his intellectual project symbolized a core aspect of Meiji modernization. However, as a non-scientist, his consumption of and approach to modern science
remains adequately unexplored. The focus of this paper is therefore the relationship between modern science and the works of Fukuzawa Yukichi.
Modern science, whose early-modern European predecessors had been exploredin the Edo period, provided revolutionary approaches to philosophical and technological issues, ranging from race categorization to weaponry. Its acceptanceindicated a departure from traditionally accepted worldviews, demonstrated by
Fukuzawa’s promotion of liberalism and his anti-Confucian rhetoric. The nature of this anti-Confucian sentiment was not unique to Fukuzawa or Japan as
similar currents were observable in neighboring areas like China. How then did
Fukuzawa treat modern science? This paper will explore Fukuzawa’s works to
explore how he incorporated the terms, concepts, and disciplines of modern science into his intellectual enterprise. Besides a broad overview of how Fukuzawa
employed various terminologies and concepts of science, it will examine his engagement with the specific disciplines of eugenics and Darwinism, the former ofwhich, now debunked as a pseudoscience, functioned as a legitimate scientificdiscipline and the latter of which continues to produce controversy in its social
applications. The paper also hopes to shed light on the complex relationshipbetween liberalism and modern science.

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C-5-1 Michiko Hirama (Toho Gakuen College)naikyobo 内教坊’s performance and the incorporation of a male-dominatedsocial system: the philological analysis of japanese ancient court

This paper, through the analysis of historical records, attempts to reveal the relationship between the introduction of the Chinese social system to the ancientJapanese court and the influence this had on the music and dance performances
by women.
Naikyobo, one of the government institutions in Japan, from the middle of theeighth century, consisted of only female performers even though gagakuryo,
the main music and dance department had been established with both maleand female members.
Various historical studies verify that Japan was originally not a male-dominatedsociety but instead this system, along with other political and cultural elements,
was incorporated from the Chinese court. Because the ceremonies that the female performance institution was in charge of started around this same periodof change, music and dance performances were significantly influenced, causing certain ceremonies to be held only by women.
This research is conducted from three perspectives. Firstly, it notes how these
ceremonies were held, and what was performed. Secondly, it looks at some ofthe political surrounding of these women performed ceremonies. Thirdly, it details the introduction of social customs and culture from China to the Japanesecourt through the exemplification of ceremonial performances by women. It isclear that Japanese culture, including its music, developed with indispensable
influences from China. We can see how this development occurred through theprocess of cultural incorporation, eventual adjustment and adaptation, as well
as how music and dance performances emulated this political situation.

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History

C-5-2 Henry Oinas-Kukkonen (University of Oulu)
geishas and the ”others” described to american occupation soldiers“They [geishas] are not for the casual visitor with a few dollars to spare” and“Commercial love is supplied by the professional prostitutes and free-lancers( … ) Prostitution in Japan is an honorable profession: it has nothing of the stigma attached to it in America”: initiated a restricted bulletin Guide to Japan produced by the Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet and Commander
in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas in 1 September 1945.
The Guide to Japan was an attempt at reducing anti-Japanese prejudice andhatred that had become etched into the minds of the soldiers of the occupying
forces by the relentless battles and experiences and the intense war propaganda
they had been subjected to. This publication aimed at explaining to the first US
occupation soldiers how to meet the Japanese, also women, both geishas andthe “others”.
Official facts and images provided to the occupation soldiers and other unofficial images along sexual objectification reveals an internal dichotomy and contradiction where Guide to Japan drifted in.

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History

C-5-3 Ian Ruxton (Kyushu Institute of Technology)
did sir ernest satow turn his back on japan in his retirement?

Sir Ernest Satow (1843-1929) left the British Diplomatic Service in 1906, as Minister to China. He visited Japan on his way home to England in that year, but
he was never to visit the Far East again. Indeed he only left Britain twice in his
retirement: his last official and public appointment was as a delegate to theSecond Peace Conference at the Hague in 1907; thereafter he and his younger
brother Sam visited their cousin Lisinka in Blankenburg, Harz, Germany in 1914,
shortly before the outbreak of the First World War.
This presentation will attempt to answer the question posed with reference toSatow’s many diaries and letters held at the National Archives of the United
Kingdom.

C-5-4 Shingo Tanaka (Osaka University of Economics and Law)
the uk‘s and japan‘s trials against the us hegemony

On June 16, 1958, Japan concluded the bilateral agreement with the UnitedStates which described the cooperaztion in the ﬁeld of civlilian use of nuclear
energy. This agreement became a cornerstone for the bilateral cooperation in
the ﬁeld of civilian use of nuclear energy that has continued until today. However, very few people knows that Japan and the United Kingdom concluded thealmost same agreement on the same day.
This paper focuses on these two bilateral agreements and examines why andhow were those agreements were concluded at the same day. Especially thisresearch tries to consider the questions from the perspectives of the UK‘s andJapan‘s diplomatic strategy.
In this research, I hypothesizes that the original motive of concluding the agreement for both of UK and Japan were to compete agaisnt the US made regiolnal
order in the East Asia after the World War II. To verify this hypothesis, this research examines the diplomatic records of the UK and Japan.

85

History

C-5-5 Takao Ueno (Wako University)
nationalism in embryo – building a national consciousness in japan anditaly in the beginning of 20th century

Japan, Germany, and Italy are usually referred to as the notorious totalitarianstates until the end of the WWII. Among these states, Japan and Germany hasoften come to the subject, regarding comparative studies on the formation ofnational consciousness. In contrast, such comparative studies of Japan and Italy
has been less explored than expected.
This report aims to fill this lacuna. Circumscribing the period between the Russo-Japanese war and the WWI, I would like to focus on the readings for children, such as the famous magazine Il giornalino della domenica in Italy andShonen Sekai series in Japan. The reason why I focused the above-mentioned
period and materials is that boys and girls, for example, at the age of 6-15 inthis period would spend their youths in 1920’s, many of whom became memberof Balilla or militaristic young Japanese. In other word, what kind of national
consciousness they had specifically assimilated during their childhood would be
crucial in considering the mental ground for young people to stand for and to
take part in the fascistic movement in the near future.
Comparatively analyzing the materials, this report concludes by suggesting therelevance of national consciousness to nationalism and fascism. It also argues
difference and similarity of the formation of national consciousness between
Japan and Italy.

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History

C-5-6 Michael Facius (University College London)
history examinations and japanese historical culture

Significant parts of the Japanese adult population take written examinations
for pleasure. A wide range of agencies carry out examinations on hobbies andcultural topics, from Japanese cuisine to MIDI music. History-themed tests playa prominent role in this ecosystem: two of the most popular ones are the Kyoto
tourism and culture examination (Kyoto kankō bunka kentei shiken) and the Edoculture and history examination (Edo bunka rekishi kentei). Dozens of similar
tests of history and geography exist on the local and regional levels.
This paper discusses the phenomenon of historical examinations as a prominentelement of Japanese public history. After introducing some exemplary tests, it
specifically focuses on the Edo culture and history examination. The paper first
introduces the environment and infrastructure of the test, from the responsibleorganizations to the special privileges for successful examinees, and explains
how the test works in terms of teaching materials, preparation and test design.
The central question of this paper, however, is how historical examinations function as a historical genre and part of historical culture – in other words, how
they contribute to building a specific relationship to the past. To that end, thepaper analyzes the framing and selection of content – which aspects of Edo
history are curated and highlighted by the test designers? Which narrative of theEdo period emerges in the textbooks? And secondly: How does the genre of thewritten multiple-choice examination engender a particular mode of relating to
the past and understanding of what history is and does?

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C-6-2

Panel

the global context of the beatification of the twenty-six
japanese martyrs

In the Post-Tridentine World, new models of Christian sanctity were put forward, not only through wars of religion, but also through missions overseas.
This was especially the case in Japan where, with the anti-Christian policies adopted by the authorities in the late 16th century, many new martyrs were born.
The best known were the twenty-six martyrs of Nagasaki, who were crucified
in 1597. The impact of their death on the cross was so great that they were
beatified in 1627.
This panel examines the causes and the impact of this exceptionally speedy beatification, shedding new light, not only on the beatification process, but also
on the development of the cult of the twenty-six martyrs and its implications, aswell the reactions it caused in local contexts. In fact, in the modern period, thiscult spread almost exclusively in Catholic territories. The beatification process
took place mostly outside of Japan and, throughout their posthumous career,these martyrs were incorporated into a number of localized narratives, such as
the worship of Felipe de Jesús in Mexico. However, the fate of the twenty-six
was also discussed, and often doubted or criticized, in Protestant countries. In
England, the martyrs of Japan were an inspiration for the Catholics, but theProtestants saw their cult as a proof of Catholic superstition.
This globalization of the twenty-six martyrs can, of course, be explained by thedestruction of the Japanese church in the early 17th century, and the “closure”
of Japan that followed. However, this panel will show the crucial importance ofthe strategies devised by the Roman Catholic Church, especially against Protestants, and of the rivalries between the religious orders both in the martyrs’
accession to sainthood and in their reception in the broad European context.

88History

Hitomi Omata Rappo (Sophia University)
the role of crucifixion in the beatification of the nagasaki martyrs

In 1597, twenty-six Christians were crucified in Japan, in the Western town ofNagasaki. While crucifying was in fact the standard way to execute criminals in
16th-century Japan, the missionaries immediately saw their deaths as a reenactment of Christ’s crucifixion. Accounts of this event had a massive impact inEurope, though some, like the French Protestant Agrippa d’Aubigné, doubted
their veracity.
Following the Council of Trent (1562), the Jesuits had been conducting archeological studies of the crucifixion, as seen in the work of Justus Lipsius (1594),
and this had a profound influence on the beatification of the twenty-six martyrs
in 1627. Jesuit sources, such as Luís Froís, describe precisely the way the Japanese built and used their crosses and while the Jesuits, unlike the Franciscans,were at first reluctant to recognize the new martyrs, they did not completely
dismiss their deaths on the cross. On the contrary, they included them, together
with other crucified martyrs of Japan, in two illustrated books on the crucifixion,
by Fathers Bartolomeo Ricci and Pedro Bivero (1608 and 1634).
The official proclamation goes so far as to cite the martyrs’ crucifixion as themain reason for their beatification. The cross was also a central feature of the
new saints inside the Society of Jesus, as it became the defining iconographic
element of the three Jesuits who were among the twenty-six. This presentation
will show how the Jesuit view of the cross paved the way for and helped promote the beatification of the twenty-six.

89History

Reiko Kawata (Shiga University)
the worship of san felipe de jesús in mexico following the beatification of
the twenty-six martyrs of japan

Felipe de Jesús is one of the twenty-six martyrs crucified in Nagasaki, Japan, in
1597. Largely unknown in Japan, where the martyrdom took place, and in Mexico, where he was born, Saint Felipe began to be worshipped in both countries
after the arrival of the news of his beatification in Rome. My purpose here is tooutline the circumstances in which the worship of San Felipe began.
The news that the twenty-six martyrs had been beatified in Rome would havereached Mexico on or about August 31, 1628. Ten years later, on August 27,
1638, after receiving permission from the King of Spain, one of the chapels in
the Metropolitan Cathedral in Mexico City was dedicated to San Felipe. There
were seven chapels along each side of the walls and all together only 14 chapels
in the Cathedral. The fact that one of these precious spaces was dedicated to
San Felipe must have played a significant role in the expansion of the worship of
him as a martyr and, since 1638, the Cathedral has been the center of celebrations of San Felipe in Mexico.
The first stage of the worship of San Felipe is defined as the period between August 31, 1628 and August 27, 1638. Based on the minutes of the then existing
Mexico City Council meetings, I will discuss how worship of the saint evolved
during this formative period.

90

History

John Yamamoto Wilson (Sophia University)
protestant polemic and the japanese martyrs

While the centrality of globalization is increasingly emphasized in early modern
studies, European accounts of events in distant parts of the early modern world
frequently need to be understood in their European context. Marcelo de Ribadeneira, in his account of the martyrdoms in Nagasaki, draws parallels with theearly Christian martyrs and, as Alexander Walsham says, citing Joäao Rodrigues(St. Omer, 1630), “accounts of the ‘glorious combats’ and gruesome crucifixionsof Jesuit evangelists in Japan inspired those who lived ‘in the happy danger ofbeing partakers of the like crowns’ in England”. For both Protestants and Catholics the Christian martyrs of Japan were primarily fuel for discussion of polemical
issues much closer to home.
The spat between the Franciscans and the Jesuits over the recognition of theJapanese martyrs was further grist to the Protestant mill, and the prevailingProtestant perspective of Catholics as superstitious idolaters nurtured a narrative of Catholic apostolicism among the “heathen” as merely replacing one setof superstitions and idolatries with another. Writers like Agrippa d‘Aubigné andJohn Donne dismissed the accounts of the Japanese martyrs as idle fodder forthe (Catholic) credulous.
However, while tales of miracles and the substitution of Catholic icons for “pagan” or “heathen” ones were fair game, the “torments and murders of the innocent in Japan”, as Richard Baxter put it, were less easily mocked or dismissed,and had powerful implications for the emerging recognition of the common
humanity of the peoples of the world.

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History

C-7-1

Panel

transcultural mediations during the age of the iberiankurofune

Chair: Aishwarya Sugandhi (Bukkyo University)
The Iberian black ships Kurofune laden with the word of God, guns, and goods
influenced faith, culture and, commerce in Feudal Japan. The panel’s multilingual/archival approach explores transcultural mediations achieved throughcommunication and negotiations among Daimyos and competing Europeans
enunciating transformations in political, diplomatic and cultural ties.
Aishwarya Sugandhi scrutinizes Jesuit Visitador, Alessandro Valignano’s internal
advisory manual and other related texts to examine gift-giving customs within
the context of the Japanese Mission and argues that the Jesuits attempts atunderstanding, mastering and wisely utilizing the custom for the honour andauthority of the Jesuit Mission was purposeful.
Yurika Takano reconsiders the victimisation of the 26 Martyrs of Japan consisting of mostly Franciscan missionaries and followers, by analysing the political
agenda resulting from internal conflict between Hideyoshi’s vassals in charge of
foreign affairs. The analysis and investigation of the incident through the lens ofpolitics and diplomacy lends this study a fresh perspective.
Finally, Maria Petrucci presents the fatal incident which occurred post the “Great
Expulsion” promulgated by Tokugawa Shogunate that redirected Japan’s foreign policy and the future of Christianity in the Far East. The Japanese merchant
Joachim Hirayama’s Shuinsen vessel carrying two Mendicant friars who wereillegally trying to sneak their way into Japan, was captured off the coast of
Taiwan by Anglo-Dutch fleets. Following two years of negotiations between Kyushu and Edo authorities, the Hirayama group was sentenced to death in 1622,
eventually leading to the “Great Martyrdom of Genna.”92

History

Aishwarya Sugandhi (Bukkyo University)
negotiation, diplomacy, socio-cultural entanglements and the jesuits’ strategic policy of gift-giving in shokuho-japan (織豊時代)

This presentation examines the emphasis laid by the Jesuits on gift-giving during
the times of Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The compilation of Alessandro Valignano’s Advertimentos in 1581, a classic example, ushered the development of a significant “Jesuit Code” of conduct and activities for Japan. These,
I assert, embraced cross-cultural awareness together with deeper apperceptionof foreign etiquette. Early Jesuits’ diplomatic efforts, internal as well as in wider
international contexts, included the custom of offering gifts in their agenda
possessing a deeper understanding within the formula of this “Jesuit Code”. Luís
Fróis’s letter to Valignano prior to the latter’s visit to Japan advises the carryingof certain commodities that command value in the Far East. Valignano’s text in
addition to other Jesuits’ material form the principle sources for examining thegift exchange customs within the context of the Japanese Enterprise. I argue
that the Japanese custom of gift-giving is complex, and its power lay in the creation or maintenance of social relationships rather than mere transfer of goods
from one party to the other. The Jesuits almost ritualized this custom by wisely
employing it as a tool for negotiation, enabling communication across cultural
boundaries and its potential was realized from the practical application of theJesuits’ knowledge of Japanese gift-giving etiquette. The above also provided alaunchpad that transcended the bounds of maritime Asia, for the global circulation of commodities.

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History

Yurika Takano (University of Tsukuba)reconsideration of the martyrdom of the 26 martyrs of japan: from theperspective of the diplomatic systems of the toyotomi administration

This paper investigates the background that led the Franciscans to constituting
most of the victims of the 26 Martyrs of Japan in 1597 (Nihon Nijuu-Roku Seijin
日本二十六聖人), locating the cause for this in the diplomatic systems of the
Toyotomi Administration (Toyotomi Seiken 豊臣政権). Although this martyrdom
has to date been studied in the context of the religious persecution, its causes
included political and diplomatic issues as well.
The internal political structure of the diplomatic system in the Toyotomi Administration was also the reason why Franciscans formed numerically the larger partof the martyrs. Franciscans representing the embassy of the Philippine governor-general and his companions were received into the domain of Hasegawa
Sonin who mediated with Hideyoshi for them.
Conversely, the Jesuits were hostages from India, in a public position, thus nothaving a particular liaison who took responsibility for their actions; they were
not under diplomatic but rather, administrative control. As a result of this difference, the mission in Japan developed into a political dispute between Sonin andthe commissioners of the administration in Kyoto.
Hideyoshi first ordered the murder of all Christian priests in Japan. However,Ishida Mitsunari, one of the commissioners in Kyoto, changed the order of Hideyoshi to be limited to Franciscans for the defeat of his opponent, Hasegawa
Sonin.

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History

Maria Grazia Petrucci (University of British Columbia)
the martyrdom of the maritime crew of captain joachim hirayama

This presentation deals with a case of piracy perpetrated by an English shipin 1620. The relevance of this case lies in the fact that it has not been given
the necessary attention that it deserves. Furthermore, it fell in the backdrop of
the highly publicized martyrdom of September 10th, 1622 at Nagasaki whereamong the 26 victims, European priests were included as well.
The voyage of the ship aboard with Captain Hirayama and his crew began on
the 27th of June 1620 travelling from Manila to Japan but on the 2nd of Augustin front of the shores of the Island of Taiwan the Japanese Shuinsen was suddenly attacked and looted by English corsairs who took everybody to Hirado.
There the crew was interrogated, jailed and killed as martyrs. However, domestically and internationally, this event was utterly downplayed.
Was the participation of the English as corsairs the reason for which it received
the downplayed treatment? And even so, why didn’t the Jesuits in Nagasaki denounce this early martyrdom? Those are the main questions related to domestic
and international policy which this paper intends to answer. In fact, the ordeal
suffered by the frigate Capitan, his second in command and most of its passengers in the following two years would sign a turning point in the Japanese
history of international relations, as well as for Christianity in Japan.

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Language, Linguistics, Translating & Teaching

Section D - Language, Linguistics, Translating &Teaching
Section Convenors: Takeshi Sugimoto (University of Tsukuba) &Yuriko Sunakawa (Prof. emerita, University of Tsukuba)
D-1-1 Anubhuti Chauhan (University of Tsukuba)transitive and intransitive expressions in japanese and hindi - from the perspective of do-language and become-language

Previous research place English and Japanese at the opposite ends of the
DO-language and BECOME- language continuum. The former prefers to express
events by giving prominence to human agents by using transitive constructions;the latter prefers to suppress human agents and express the event as if it spontaneously occurred by using intransitive constructions. However, no study so
far has attempted to establish the position of Hindi within this continuum. The
present study shows that not only does Hindi exhibit the characteristics of atypical BECOME-language, but that it is more restrictive in the use of transitive
constructions when compared to Japanese.

96

Language, Linguistics, Translating & TeachingD-1-2 Tian Ji (University of Tsukuba)

on use of「v<<a」vr-relationship synonyms from the perspective of the different use of objects between japanese and chinese

The「V≪A」VR-relationship represents the connection between the action「V」
and the adjective「A」expressing the result of that action (Zhang 2010, Li 2013).
For example, form the two elements in「延長」and “延长” [yán cháng], 「延(extension)」represents the verbal action and「長 (long)」represents the result ofthat action.
Chinese and Japanese synonyms have words belonging to「V≪A」VR-Relationship Synonyms. It is worth noting that objects differ when Chinese and Japanesesynonyms in the „V≪A“ VR-relationship are used as verbs. However, in priorresearch it is not clear how co- occurring words differ and why such differences
exist. So this study examines the use of the object co-occurring with「V≪A」
VR-Relationship synonyms.
In this study, we clarify the difference in usage of the「V≪A」VR-Relationshipsynonyms by analyzing TWC and CCL corpus. For these synonyms, we observethat it is easier to associate them with concrete nouns in Japanese rather than in
Chinese.
We try to explain above phenomenon. We find that these synonyms only describe states in Japanese. While in Chinese, they describe both states and theway how it happened. We believe that it plays an important role in above phenomenon.

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Language, Linguistics, Translating & Teaching

D-1-3 Yuan Feng (Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics)
consideration of「など」(nado) and「（ の）ような」(noyoona) from the perspective of chinese “enumerated particles“

In Japanese language research「など（nado）」is treated as a particle, and「（の)ような（noyoona）」is treated as an auxiliary verb. They have never been discussed
on the same axis. In comparison, in Chinese grammar, words like“等(deng)”,“一类(yi lei)/之类(zhi lei)”, and“这样(zhe yang)” that follow parallel expression are
put together as “enumerated particles”. By adopting this, it is possible to createa more comprehensive control framework. By extracting examples based on the
corpus and examining the colocation, the result of this study indicates that theconsideration of「など（nado）」is weaker than「（の)ような（noyoona）」, while in
Chinese, the consideration of“ 一类(yi lei)/ 之类(zhi lei)” is found weaker than
“ 等(deng)” and“ 这样(zhe yang)”.

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Language, Linguistics, Translating & Teaching

D-1-4 Eiko Shima (Human Academy for Japanese teachers)
how japanese-native-speakers differentiate between wa and ga

The sentences in Japanese are classified into four types according to their functions : (1) perception-referring sentences (知覚表明文), (2) reminiscence-volitionreferring sentences (回想・意志表明文), (3) cognition-referring sentences (認識表明文), (4) non-directly-perceived-information-conveying sentences (非眼前情報伝達文). These four types differ from each other in terms of what are beingreferred to and of where the speaker locates herself as her vantage point.
As unmarked sentences (1) and (4) start with “N ga”, while (2) and (3) start with
“N wa”. Because “ga” indicates an external thing what the speaker is looking
at and to what she wants listener’s joint-attention. And “ha” indicates the thing
what the speaker takes out from her mind and wants to say something about it.
But as marked sentences (1) and (4) start with “N wa”, while (2) and (3) startwith “N ga”, in reverse. Kuno (1973) ’s <exhausted-ga> and <contrastive-wa>
are the marked usage and <neutral-description-ga> and <thematic-wa> are theunmarked usage.
In old Japanese we had kakari-particles for marked sentences, but the only kakari-particle still alive now is “wa”. This results in little complex situation today.
I’d like to graph the relationship between four types of Japanese sentences andvantage point (視座), besides those four types and Kuno (1973)’s four usage of“wa” and “ga” in this presentation.

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Language, Linguistics, Translating & Teaching

D-1-5 Nagisa Moritoki (University of Ljubljana) &Masaki Ono (University of Tsukuba)
is ‘mochimochi no pizza‘ tasty or not?

The presentation aims to show what difficulties L2 Japanese learners have inreading a written text with mimetic words and onomatopoeia. These words attract L2 Japanese learners especially thanks to the popular media such as anime
and TV shows. Iwasaki, Vinson and Vigliocco (2007), and Moritoki (in printing)pointed out the difficulties in understanding mimetic words for L2 learners, although systematic research of the difficulties has not been carried out yet.
The research method is following the Reading Corpus of L2 learners of the NINJAL project. Approximately 20 L2 learners ranging from level A2 to C1 in Europe
and Japan were asked to read a Japanese online comic in the way they usually
read it on their own, such as using dictionaries etc. They were asked to say
aloud in their native language what they were doing and how they understood
the text. The findings are that the learners have difficulties (1) in understanding
the meaning and distinguishing the differences between synonymous words,(2) in relating the meaning of the word to the context, (3) in understanding theemotion which is described in the context.
Mimetic words and onomatopoeia tend to be used in conversation with non-native Japanese speakers because of their overall aptness in both meaning and usage. However, proper instruction and careful consideration of the appropriate
usage are required for L2 learners in order to establish a good relationship withother people communicating in Japanese, as well as for the uses of automatictranslation in the near future.

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Language, Linguistics, Translating & Teaching

D-1-6 Jian Liu (Dongbei University of Finance & Economics)
reduplication in japanese pidgin chinese

The reduplications are often used in the Creole rather than in Pidgins. Different
from most of the Pidgins, Japanese Pidgin Chinese is featured by a great amountof reduplications.
Nouns, verbs and adjectives derived from Lexifier and substrate can be reduplicated. The reduplications in the Japanese Pidgin Chinese are productive, which
is not common and it is one of the reasons why we should conduct researcheson them. The essay focuses on the descriptions and analysis of the reduplicatedwords. In this paper, the first language acquisition mechanism reloading is used
to interpret the origin of the reduplicated words of Pidgins. There are amounts
of work on reduplication in Pidgins, Creole and children‘s language acquisition
respectively, but few links have been made between them. The essay stresses
the similarities of the reduplicated words in Pidgins and in children‘s language
acquisition. It is probably under the same mechanism. The research may shedlight on the language acquisition device.

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Language, Linguistics, Translating & Teaching

D-2-1 Ryoko Ohata (University of Tsukuba)cross-linguistic influence of l1/l2 on l3 japanese acquisition

Odlin (1989) defines linguistic transfer as ‘the influence resulting from similarities and differences between the target language and any other language thathas been previously acquired.’ ‘Reverse transfer’ happens when the direction of
linguistic transfer is the reverse (Cook, 2003).
In the field of Third Language Acquisition (TLA), language transfer could be
more complicated than that of SLA because it involves three different languages. Different studies have already investigated L1/L2/L3 transfer factors (e.g.
Cenoz et al., 2001; Hammarberg, 2009; Amaro, 2012) and it has been widely
shown that L2 is preferred to L1 as a transfer source in the process of learning
L3. However, most of these previous researches were performed on the transfers among European languages, with English being one of them, from theviewpoint of learners’ metalinguistic awareness of L1 and L2 syntax and lexicon.
This study attempts to ‘visualize’ cross-linguistic transfer among L1, L2, andL3 as well as to test the validity of Jim Cummins’s (1980) Cognitive Academic
Language Proficiency and Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP) in L3 Japaneseacquisition. Specifically, third/forth-language Japanese learners at the Universityof Tsukuba are asked to participate in a language background survey, reading/writing tests, and follow-up interviews. By examining the unconscious structureof L1/L2/L3 transfer through KH Coder network analysis and Naito’s PAC analysis, the study will also try to contribute to the development of new perspectives
and strategies for forthcoming Japanese-language teaching and learning in theworld.

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Language, Linguistics, Translating & Teaching

D-2-2

Panel

language competence, identity, and social adaptation offoreign residents in tsukuba science city

As represented in the recent establishment of the Revised Immigration Refugee
Act, the numbers of foreign residents is in rapid rise in Japan. This is also thecase with the city of Tsukuba, known as Tsukuba Science City, seeing an increaseof foreign researchers and students, not only living as “temporary guests” butalso as “longtime residents.” Taking Tsukuba Science City as the fieldwork site,
the panel discusses issues regarding language acquisition, self-identification,and social adaptation of foreign residents. The panel will open with a generalreport based on a large-scale questionnaire on the “life-issues” regarding language competence and social adaptation among foreign students attending the
University of Tsukuba. The first paper reports on the relationship between language choice and life plans among “African” students, whose number has tripled in size since the 2014 launching of the ABE initiative. Based on semi-structured interviews, the paper discusses how language choice reflects processesof self-identification and stance-taking with the local community. The second
paper addresses the issues resulting from anxiety in the processes of second-language pronunciation acquisition. Based on a questionnaire survey and interviews conducted with foreign residents in Tsukuba, the paper discusses how
educational institutions may acquire renewed attitudes to adapt and accept
foreign accents. The third paper analyzes conversational data and diaries written by children of foreign residents attending local elementary schools. Paying
attention to code-switching and discourse construction competence, the paper
discusses the “hidden difficulties” that these children and their parents may be
experiencing while growing up in Tsukuba.

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Language, Linguistics, Translating & Teaching

Risako Ide (University of Tsukuba)
the multiple processes of language identification among african students injapan

Since the launch of the ABE (African Business Education) Initiative in 2014, there
has been a triple increase in the number of students from the African continent
coming to study at higher education institutions in Japan. In the case of the
University of Tsukuba, we have 99 students representing 26 countries from theregion according to the 2019 International Student’s Guidebook, a 12.5% increase from the statistics in 2017. Most of these students pursue their graduate
degrees through English-language programs. While they have opportunities tolearn the Japanese language, many of their daily activities are conducted in
English.
As we get into the fifth year of the ABE Initiative program, this study aims toinvestigate the relationship between the cultivation and maintenance of social
networks, language choice, and the changes in the language identification processes among students of African origin. Particularly paying attention to those
who accompany their family members, I aim to investigate the motivations behind their use of English, Japanese, and other languages as well as their expectations and realities in adapting to different communities. Data are gatheredusing a written survey on language use and language choice combined withsemi-structured interviews conducted with students and their spouses. From theresults, I wish to discuss the challenges that these students face as new-comers
to Japan without role models from their countries of origin, and the ways inwhich their shifting linguistic identities are influencing their future plans andtheir life decisions as residents in Japan.

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Language, Linguistics, Translating & Teaching

Hiroshi Matsuzaki (University of Tsukuba)
issues of communication and second language pronunciation acquisition

It is very important to acquire Japanese pronunciation which eschews misunderstanding for the listener. This is because bad pronunciation is related not only
to misunderstanding about the content, but also about the evaluation of the
speaker‘s personality. Sometimes poor pronunciation results in misunderstanding of the emotional tenor of the speaker, such as appearing to be „childish“„like complaining“ or having a „poor attitude“. Even in English, there have beenreports of cases where pronunciation is misunderstood as „unfriendly“ due toinappropriate intonation. It is horrible that pronunciation problems cause a listener’s bad feeling and affect the evaluation of personality and ability, eventhough the speaker does not have such intentions. Sometimes foreign accentsrequire a concentrated listening attitude to such a degree that it causes fatigue,
thereupon leading to communication being avoided. For this reason, the learner
may lose the willingness to communicate and may not want to talk. This is aserious problem, especially in second-language acquisition of children.
This paper addresses the issues of anxiety arising in the processes of second-language pronunciation acquisition, based on a questionnaire survey and interviews conducted with foreign residents and their family members residing inTsukuba. We would like to discuss what it takes to change prejudiced consciousness: how educational institutions may acquire renewed attitudes to adapt andaccept foreign accents.

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Hiroko Sawada (University of Tsukuba)
language competence of foreign residents and their children

Tsukuba City currently has a population of about 2.34 million, of which about
9,000 are foreign residents. The density of foreign residents may reach 10-50%
depending on the area, with the immediate vicinity surrounding the Universityof Tsukuba being one such high density zone. Among the children of foreign
students and researchers, some children born and raised in Japan attend school
without difficulty in Japanese language. However, it has been reported that if
their parents do not have sufficient Japanese ability, they will have difficulty inlearning at school. Similarly, in the case of the US education system, it is known
that immigrant children often have difficulties in subject learning even after they
have acquired sufficient English ability to perform daily conversation. The importance of learning languages is also pointed out in Japanese language education,
but it is often simply understood as “living language = spoken language” and“learning language = written language”.
In this paper, we focus on children of foreign students and researchers living
in Tsukuba City, and observe the difference between their living language skills
and learning language skills. As living language skills, we compare language
use in the home with language use outside the home and observe aspects ofcode-switching in each conversation. Regarding learning language skills, weanalyze the compositions of foreign children and compare them with the dataof Japanese children of the same age and the data of adult foreigners. Throughthese analyses, we consider the development of vocabulary and discourse construction competence.

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D-3-1 Sachie Sugo Takahashi (Ochanomizu University)oral corrective feedback in the style of recasts provided to polish learners of japanese language on their different type of grammatical errors: targeting japanesehonorific expressions and particles

The second language acquisition research has been investigating the effectiveness of recasts, a type of oral corrective feedback that consists of teachers‘ implicit reformulation of students‘ speech errors. The present study was conducted targeting Japanese as second language, to examine how recast facilitates
the correct use of different type of grammatical structures; Japanese honorificexpressions, and particles.
The data come from one-to-one tutorial sessions between the researcher andthe participants conducted in March 2019. The participants were 16 Polish university students majoring in Japanese studies. They engaged in a tour-guidingrole play which was designed to elicit various honorific expressions and theroute-marking particle (e.g., toori o aruku), and they received recasts on theirerroneous use or avoidance of the targeted features. Their performances werevideo-recorded. They were then asked to watch the video clip and make comments on their recast episodes (i.e., stimulated recall).
The participants‘ performances were analyzed focusing on their immediate responses to recasts, and on the occurrences of appropriate use of the targeted
structures after receiving the recasts. The participants‘ recall comments werecoded for the accuracy of understanding the nature of errors.
Results indicate that recasts triggered participants‘ primed production of honorific expressions when continuing the role play. It is also indicated that the
linguistic knowledge of the participants and the saliency of the targeted features were significant factors that determined the impact of recasts. Also, theinfluence of their first language was found on the nature of the errors and its
understanding.

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D-3-2 Yoko Matsumoto-Sturt (University of Edinburgh)walking through invisible uncanny landscapes in kanjiThis paper explores the cultural heritage and landscape of Kyoto with an aim tofind a spatio-temporal synergy between language and cultural memory. It is interesting to look into the toponyms of Kyoto, which has historical street names,
unlike most Japanese streets, which are just empty unnamed spaces between
blocks. In addition, a city map of present-day Kyoto, overlaid on an old map,
such as one of Heian-kyo, clearly shows street names and place names, whichappear on a grid pattern based on the jo-bo city system of Heian-kyo. This remains largely unchanged over 1000 years from the start of the Heian period in
794.
Toponyms are linguistic or symbolic labels for particular places or landscapefeatures (Mark & Turk, 2017). A group of recent toponymical researchers havebeen working on new themes, such as the landscape conceptualizations (e.g.
beliefs about landscape) of a speech community (Turk, 2011), arguing that place
names form an ‘intangible cultural heritage’ that is produced by complex interactions between language, mind, culture, environment and history (Taylor,2016). This paper takes the same direction, and we will scrutinize the intersection of language and culture-specific shared knowledge, looking at how thisapplies to kanji that are linked to five notions of ‘water’, ‘field’, ‘road’, ‘ritual’,and ‘border’. Together, these form a symbolic reference to cultural memories of
Heian-kyo landscape. A post analytical report will demonstrate to what extent
encapsulated cultural and histo-geographical concepts of a given kanji differ
from the conceptual domain of the same kanji in everyday use.

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D-3-3 Yuko Aoki (Tokyo University of Social Welfare) &Andrej Bekeš (University of Ljubljana)
what should be written and how: a study of crowd sourcing business correspondence

Introduction of crowdsourcing with its many unexpected social and linguistic
consequences has radically changed working environment, including Japanese
language learners around the world.
This research focuses on the information structure in crowdsourcing orderplacement documents in terms of both quantity and quality. To attract the best
contractors and to obtain best possible deliverables, it is necessary that thecontent of each order-placement be conveyed without misunderstanding. It
therefore becomes important “what and how to write” in order- placement
documents.
More specifically, two types of order-placement documents having problems
with „quantity“, i.e., those with „too little“ and „too much“ information, andtwo types concerning problematic „quality“, i.e., „vague“ orders and „incorrect“
orders were identified. Further, as a problem related to both „quantity“ and„quality“, cases which are „not referring to assumptions and backgrounds“ of aparticular order were pointed out.
Furthermore, based on the analysis of individual exchange of documents between ordering party and the contractors and the interviews of contractors
with ordering party, “understanding of work environment”, “contractors’ understanding of ordering party’s text” and „time to wait for a reply from thecontractor“ were pinpointed as principal factors influencing actual success in
information transmission.
Based on this we propose a schema specifying what should be written in order-placement documents so that both the ordering party and contractors canachieve satisfactory results without causing misunderstanding in communication
between the involved parties, both having different premises and backgrounds.

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D-3-4 Petra Jaklin (University of Tsukuba)
how to not get lost in translation:transferring japanese causative meaning into croatian and english

The Japanese -saseru causative construction might be seen as ambiguous tonon- native Japanese speakers since the same morpheme is used to express
both coercion and permission. Rendering the Japanese causative into anotherlanguage based on its meaning may prove to be challenging, especially since
its interpretation can be context-dependent. When translating, some nuances
tend to get lost due to the nature of the source and target language(s), and thetranslator`s own judgement.
I will discuss the Japanese -saseru causative construction from a pragmaticalstandpoint, focusing on the differences in the perception of the entity of thecauser and causee and the overall meaning of a causative sentence throughtranslation ( i.e. how it differs when translated directly from Japanese into English, and how it differs in the Croatian translation of the English version of thesame work). The working hypothesis is that the Japanese causative meaning is
not completely transferred into Croatian. This is part owing to the translation
not being a direct translation from Japanese, but also because the Japanesecausative and the entity of the causer/causee might be understood differently inJapanese as opposed to Croatian and English. In such instances, I will propose
different possible ways Japanese causation could be expressed more faithfully
in both of the target languages.
To illustrate this point, examples from the Japanese original, and the English andCroatian translations of Murakami Haruki’s Norwegian wood are used.

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D-3-5 Sandro Wiesenberg (University of Tsukuba)translation strategies for culture-specific elements in german subtitles ofjapanese movies

Culture-specific elements, such as terms and expressions pertaining to customs,
food, names of people and places, etc. that belong to a specific culture, areregarded as some of the most difficult to translate passages in a text. This isespecially true for subtitles of audiovisual material, such as movies and televisionseries, where only a limited amount of characters and time are available to render these elements into the target language. Therefore, the translation of suchelements requires a strategic translation behavior resulting in the employmentof certain translation strategies.
This presentation aims to analyze such translation strategies in the German subtitles of several recent Japanese movies that have been released in Germany(e.g. Sakuran, Sweet Bean, Our Little Sister). For this aim, a model developed
by Swedish scholar Jan Pedersen was employed which categorizes a numberof translation strategies as well as a range of parameters that influence thechoice of strategy. Analyzing the used strategies can help in providing a better
understanding of the translation process of difficult to render culture-specificelements, in subtitles and other texts as well, and could be utilized as a guidance
for future translations.

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D-3-6 Paula Martínez Sirés (Nihon University)
the importance of ‚musubi‘: analysis of the spanish translations of thebook, movie and comic of makoto shinkai’s ‘your name.’

Translation strategies, techniques and approaches diverse according to the target readership and medium in which they are presented. This is even more sowhen we analyse the literary translation of a book, and the dubbed and subtitled versions of the movie adaptation of the same literary product.
By relying on the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (Toury 1995) inorder to ascertain the representation of the Japanese other through the studyof the translation of cultural referents (Mangiron 2006, Serra-Vilella 2016) andthe analysis of paratexts (Genette 1997), this presentation will analyse froman interdisciplinary perspective the translation into Castilian Spanish of Makoto
Shinkai’s acclaimed your name. in its three existing forms: the animated movie version, the novelised version, and the manga comic book version. Havingtranslated both the book and the comic, one of the main challenges that thepresenter faced when translating was how best to maintain general consistency whilst prioritizing the inherent characteristics that come when translating anovel or a comic book.
This paper will analyse selected fragments of the three products to show howeach translator dealt with several adaptation difficulties, such as puns, the useof Japanese pronouns, or the translation of cultural references. It will also determine whether the three translations tend towards a foreignising or domesticating approach, and will explore the underlying reasons behind that reality.

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D-4-1

Panel

dialectal differences in the rules that determine the ac-cent of japanese compound nouns: issues concerning the reconstruction ofa proto-system common to all dialects

Panel organizer: Elisabeth De Boer (Ruhr-Universität Bochum)
Panel chair: Timothy Vance (Komatsu University)
Principal discussant: Yosuke Igarashi (Hitotsubashi University)
The rules that determine the accent of compound nouns in Tōkyō standard Japanese have long attracted attention because of their complexity. It was noticed
early on (Wada, 1943) that the rules in Tōkyō and Kyōto are similar: The accent
in the two dialects often agrees, the presence and the location of the accent areprimarily determined by the accent of the second element, and distinctions thatgo back to Middle Japanese still play a role.
In other, more peripheral dialects, the rules appear to be almost opposite, as itis the first element that plays a crucial role (Hiroto & Ōhara 1953, Kobayashi,
1974, Uwano, 1997). Some rules are nevertheless shared by both dialect types:
Compounds with a second element of up to 2 moras have different rules thancompounds with longer second elements. A similar distinction also existed in
Middle Japanese.
The fact that there are considerable differences between the modern dialects
on the one hand, while at least some of the modern rules appear to have oldroots, leads to questions such as: Do the rules in the different dialects go backto a common proto-system? Is it possible to reconstruct this proto-system? Was
it close to Middle Japanese, or does Middle Japanese system represent a relatively late stage? How do the rules of word-tone systems (e. g. Kagoshima,
Okinoshima, the Ryūkyūs) relate to the other dialects and Middle Japanese? The
presenters in the panel will each address these questions from a different angle.

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Rei Fukui (University of Tokyo)
compound accentuation and the historical accent classes: the case of thehida hagiwara dialect

In this study the relationship between compound accentuation and the historical accent classes will be discussed by comparing data from the Hida Hagiwara
and Tōkyō dialects.
It is generally known that many Japanese dialects have a set of compound accentuation rules, but these rules alone cannot explain everything. One of the
exceptional cases is the phenomenon in which the location of a compoundnoun is determined by the historical accent classes of the second element, as
was discussed by Wada (1943). There are, however, many exceptions to thisrule so that it cannot be admitted in such a simplistic form. But it is also truethat there are some nouns that show different accentual behavior depending on
their accent class, and the reason for this is still unanswered. This study discusses this problem by presenting the data for the Hida Hagiwara dialect, one of theso-called Nairin dialects, which has a different compound accentuation rule inthis respect from that of the Tōkyō dialect.

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Tatsuya Hirako (Nanzan University)on the accent of compound nouns in the gairin type dialects

The Kitsuki (Ōita), Taisha (Shimane), Shinshiro (Aichi), and Shizukuishi (Iwate)
dialects belong to the Gairin type, where accent classes 1.1 and 1.2, and accent
classes 2.1 and 2.2 have merged. In this presentation, based on my own fieldwork data and a number of previous studies (Hirako and Igarashi 2014, Hirako
2018, Uwano 1997, among others), I will present the following facts concerning the accent of compound nouns in these dialects:(1) In all of these dialects, if the first element is 2-mora or less in length, thecompound accent is determined by the accent of the first element, as Uwano(1997) pointed out: If the first element has no accent, the compound noun has
no accent and vice versa. However, in some dialects, if the first element is morethan 3-mora in length, the compound will have an accent, whether the firstelement has an accent or not.
(2) There is a difference in the locus of the accent in compounds between thesefour dialects; in Kitsuki and Shinshiro, the accent tends to be placed on the first
mora of the second element, while it tends to be placed on the second mora of
the second element in Taisha and Shizukuishi. In the Kyōto dialect of the 11th12th century too, the accent tended to be placed on the second mora of thesecond element, when the second element was 3-mora in length. As far as thispoint is concerned, the Taisha and the Shizukuishi dialects can be regarded asarchaic.

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Elisabeth de Boer (Ruhr-Universität Bochum)regularization of the accentual rules for noun compounds in the japanesedialects

For a long time, information on the rules that determine the accent of compounds nouns in Japanese was largely limited to the more central dialects (Kyōto
type and Nairin and Chūrin Tōkyō type), where accent was thought to dependon the second element of the compound only. Information on the peripheral
Gairin type accent systems was incomplete but seemed to indicate that the firstelement decided whether a compound was accented or not. In recent years,
new fieldwork has shown that in many Gairin type accent systems, compoundswith unaccented first elements do in fact have accent (Hirako & Igarashi 2014,
Hirako 2018). It is also well known that there are many exceptions to the rulein the central dialects that accent is determined by the second element of thecompound only.
A comparison of compound accent in a number of different Tōkyō type accent
systems indicates that the idea of a sharp typological divide between the rulesin the central and the peripheral dialects is probably better abandoned.
In both dialect groups, accent is to a certain extent still linked to the tones ofMiddle Japanese, but there are many exceptions. I will argue that these exceptions are best explained if we assume that longer compounds were regularized
into the tonal shape of compounds that started with an ‘even’ tone in Middle
Japanese. Shorter compounds were regularized into the tonal shape of compounds that started with a ‘rising’ tone in Middle Japanese, but this regularization was less complete.

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D-5-1 Anton Andreev (Sofia University)
phonetic realization of lexical accent in one-word statements and interrogatives in standard sofia bulgarian and standard tokyo japanese (a preliminary study)

The study examines to what extent intonation, signalling a sentence’s communicative function, can interfere with the realization of lexical accent, focusing
on the F0 peak, which can be associated with it. Standard Sofia Bulgarian (SB)and Standard Tokyo Japanese (SJ) were selected as languages that are known
for having lexical accent, realized partially (SB) or exclusively (SJ) through pitch
contour.
Production by two respective pairs of female speakers of SB and SJ was examined. One-word statements and incredulous interrogative utterances wereanalysed in terms of their F0 contour.
Statements were elicited by reading out aloud of target words, allowing for sufficient pauses between them. Incredulous interrogatives were produced by theparticipants in response to statements uttered by the researcher, after they had
been instructed to pronounce them as if they required confirmation of unlikely
points in the statements.
Meaningful words, containing two or three syllables with a lexical stress on each
respective one, were selected as targets, making up for five items per language.
Non-accented Japanese tokens were not included.
Analysis of F0 contour showed that in SJ interrogative intonation does not interfere significantly with the position of a non-final peak, associated with lexical
accent, while in SB it tends to shift it toward the utterance’s end. It appears
that in SJ interrogative sentences are phonetically manifested through boundary
tone alone, while in SB the utterance’s communicative function can affect the
tonal mapping of word-accent as well.

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D-5-2 Melissa Boiko (Ruhr-Univeristy Bochum)
early compound noun accent in shimokita and iwate-rikuchu:
an innovative remnant

To what extent can we meaningfully deem a dialect area to be “conservative”?
Remote, isolated communities are relatively cut off from linguistic contact, andthus stand a chance of staying untouched by the innovations that bubble up in
busy, high-population cultural centres. On the other hand, small, isolated, closeknit social groups are also known to evolve distinctive features of their own.
In this report we examine the tension between innovation and conservationin Japanese dialectology. We look at a number of linguistic and extra-linguistic
traits that select two areas of Northeastern Japan as candidates for “conservativeness”: The eastern shores of the Shimokita peninsula, and the Rikuchū coast
in Iwate. Their dialects show some distinctive features that are demonstrably
old, probably preserved by linguistic isolation. However, some other local features turn out to be innovative. We look at two such innovations: Vowel lowering, and early compound noun accent. For the latter, preliminary fieldwork data
is presented for discussion.
It is remarkable that these innovations seem to share the same limited geographical distribution as some well-known archaisms. We discuss processes bywhich this might happen, and what it can mean for the historical reconstructionof dialect families. The conclusion is that, even if a dialect area can be generally
considered conservative, its specific features cannot be assumed to be old; theymust be examined case by case.

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D-5-4 Changyun Moon (University of Tsukuba)
what phonological factors affect the formation of loanwords compoundtruncation in japanese?

In this study we consider what phonological factors affect the formation of
loanwords com- pound truncation (hereinafter called LCT) in Japanese. ManyLCT in Japanese tend to be ab- breviated as quadrisyllabic words by clipping
the initial two morae from each component of the baseword (e.g., dezitaru +kamera → dezikame ‘digital camera’). The LCT has been treated as evidence
to claim the role of bimoraic foot and prosodic minimality in Japanese (Poser,
1984; Itô, 1990). However, these previous studies have conducted theoreticalanalyses exclu- sively on the mechanism of truncation form, leaving the problem
that the explanation is not supported by experimental evidence.
To reveal what factors affect LCT formation, we conducted a forced-choice test
focusing on the phonological factors of the truncation form. Participants wereasked to choose the most natural form between a trisyllabic pattern and thequadrisyllabic pattern (e.g., muudo ‘Mood’+ konsaato ‘Concert’ → muukon (trisyllabic pattern) or mudokon (quadrisyllabic pattern)).
Results were as follows. First, Japanese native speakers tended to choose thetrisyllabic pat- tern (e.g., muukon) as a more natural form. Second, the truncation form depended on the lenght of the first component in the compoundwords. Third, the length of the first component is closely related to the type of
special mora formating a heavy syllable. Our findings are expected to provide
considerable insights into a phonological and morphophonological study by exper- imentally verifying the phonological factors affecting truncation form.

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D-5-5 Yeming Chu (University of Tsukuba)
native japanese speech act in a deviant situation – focus on role-play
analysis –The study observes negative evaluation regarding relative relationships which
are considered a deviation from the norm by Japanese native speakers. The
research method used was a combination of DCT and roleplay. As the result of
rolepla y, top 4 semantic formulae used by the Japanese were criticism, “indirect request for improvement”, “direct request for improvement”, and “confirmation/allusion”. Furthermore, it was found that the higher the degree of
deviation, the higher the frequency of using “result of an action”, which is asub- semantic formula of “indirect request for improvement” and the usage of“direct request for improvement”. Consequently, the Japanese tend to use thedirect on-record strategy that shows their intention of satisfying the norm forassessment and improvement , however, as the result of qualitative analysisof role-play, Japanese native speakers were found to use reference indication todelay the execution of negative evaluation. Meanwhile, the usage of nonverbal
elements, like gap and laughing were identified as well. In this study of deviant
situations, Japanese native speakers tended to be oriented towards pointing out
the deviant action and reducing the degree of FTA at discourse level. Lastly, inthe context of “conflict”, the “compromise” between the “norm” and “personal relationships” in Japanese speakers are observed.

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D-5-6 Patrycja Duc-Harada (Jagiellonian University)
tadashii ka, fusawashii ka? – a brief reflection on recent communicative
strategies in japanese from the perspective of linguistic correctness andappropriatenessThe aim of this paper is to analyze recent communicative strategies observed inJapanese public sphere in order to specify their status from the perspective ofJapanese grammar and pragmatics. In this discussion the traditional dichotomy
between correct and incorrect forms is replaced by more situational approachand consequently, the category of appropriateness is presented as a significant
criterion for evaluation of current language behaviors.
The idea for this research arose from the personal encounter with selected sekkyaku furēzu ‘phrases for customer service’ which are considered as grammatically incorrect, but simultaneously reflect humble and kind attitude towards
customers. Thus, the pragmatic function of hairyo ‘consideration; concern’ towards listener will be underlined in order to indicate certain conditions when
the amenity is regarded as predominant over tadashisa ‘correct use’ of language. This approach will be related to recent changes in social and professional
life, business manners and attitude towards customers.
Starting with the lexicographic analysis (e.g. wasei eigo and konseigo in business language), through morphology (e.g. nonstandard use of prefixes and suffixes, nijū keigo,-ssu form) to Japanese syntax (e.g. unconventional collocations
in manyuaru keigo) noticeable examples of nonstandard language use on official level will be discussed. This description will be referred to scientific approach
represented by Japanese linguists (K. Ishiguro, F. Inoue, I. Inoue, Y. Hasegawa,M. Takiura, Y. Kitahara etc.) as well as public approach demonstrated in theopinions of common users who reveal their attitude to doubtful linguistic matters via discussion forums and Q&A websites such as Yahoo!Chiebukuro.

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D-6-1 Olena Kalashnikova (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg)“phase-out” or “antinuclear”? tracing the vocabulary of nuclear discourse in social media and the mass media

It is argued that the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant inMarch 2011 affected public acceptance of nuclear power, risk perception andnuclear policy in many countries. While some countries seized the opportunity
to move away from nuclear and to expand the use of renewable energy sources,
the Japanese government, despite growing public distrust towards nuclear facilities, eventually decided to restart nuclear plants and continue to rely on nuclear
energy in 2012. The present research aimed at examining the nuclear phase-out
discourse of Japanese newspaper (Yomiuri Shimbun) and social media (Twitter)in the period 2011-2014, through the application of corpus-based discourse
analysis. The focus of this study is to uncover how nuclear phase-out- and anti-nuclear-related keywords contributed to the discourse construction and attitudes to nuclear phase-out in Japanese media. The analysis represents results insynchronic and diachronic dimensions by examining the frequency of concordances and revealing patterns associated with a particular keyword. The results
reveal confusion of definitions in the media and show that growing media convergence between social media and the mass media is a two-way process, withsocial media at times being more influential than conventional media outlets.

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D-6-2 Wenwen Ma (University of Tsukuba)
a study of gender expressions in japanesefrom the standpoint of the metapragmatic discourse analysis of “joshiryoku”

This research analyzes “gender expressions” in Japanese through a metapragmatic discourse of the term “joshiryoku”. An analysis of how the general public
evaluates “joshiryoku” on the internet has been carried out and a definition ofwhat “joshiryoku” is given, based on the Japanese “Asahi Shimbun Digital: Forum”. KH Coder was utilized to statistically examine the text-type data and theco- occurrence network as an output of KH Coder, which provides an overview
of the data. This research also utilizes appraisal theory to analyze metapragmatic
evaluation for the term “joshiryoku”. Finally, “femininity” was found to be a partof “joshiryoku”, and the process of gender construction by the metapragmatic
evaluation for “joshiryoku” was studied. From the metapragmatic evaluation of“joshiryoku” it can be concluded that 1) the “femininity” and its representationis commonly associated with terms such as “youngness” ,” cuteness” ,“neatness”, “attentiveness”, “high cooking and housework skills”, 2) “joshiryoku” isa disfavored expression through negative connotations associated with terms
such as “discomfort”, “don‘t want to use”, “discrimination” and “hate”. Furthermore, we can see a disturbance in the traditional concept of “femininity”
and “masculinity” through the usage of expressions “‘joshiryoku’= independent
women” and “high joshiryoku in boys”. It is thought that such metapragmatic
analysis for gender expression will lead to the elucidation of language and gender, pragmatics and gender construction, and its transformation.

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D-6-3 Koji Tajima (Gifu National College of Technology),
Tomoaki Tsutsumi (University of Tsukuba) & Tomokazu Takada (National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics)
digitized method for wokototen marks used for classical chinese textbooks
in japan

The classical Chinese texts (漢文) were a common written language used aroundthe East Asia for Sociology, Human Cultures, Religious and academic field. A lotof history books and Buddhist scriptures are written in classical Chinese. The
past study focused on correctly understanding the gloss and texts.
This study purposes the digitalizing
method for the “gloss” on the classical Chinese texts. A “gloss” is an explication of a word or phrase written
in the margins or between the lines
to support vernacular reading. Thismethod enables to digitalize glosses
and quantitative analysis of glosses.
The goal of this study is automatic
generation of the vernacular reading
text from digitalized Chinese texts
and glosses.

phonogram gloss

main text
ni(に)inversion gloss
Chinese reading

te(て)shi(し)（onyomi）

wokototense(せ)(morphosyntactic gloss)

wokototen

inline noteFig.1 Examples of the glosses in classical Chinese texts

This methods support to digitize (1) main text and inline note, (2) wokototen
marks, (3) inversion gloss and (4) phonogram gloss. The wokototen marks (ヲコト点) is a gloss to show a part of speech. The symbols such as „·“, „|“, „/“ hadbeen used. This gloss is used before the katakana character fixed. This method
supports the types of wokototen marks listed in the “main wokototen correspondence table” described by Hiroshi Tsukishima „Kuntengoishusei“.
We developed a software to input gloss data with proposed format. We used
the software to digitize „Shangshu“ (old type print version) for an example.
Table 1 (see next page) shows the result of quantitative analysis of wokototen
marks. The analysis has been going on but these results match up nicely withthe empirically predicted results.

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Color

Frequency (% of total)

vermillion

39,001 ( 77.9)

black

11,045 ( 22.1)

others0 (0.0)total

50,046 (100.0)

Shape

・

Frequency (% of total)
32,515 ( 83.3)└

2,834 ( 7.3)―

1,850 ( 4.7)┐

626 ( 1.6)

others886 ( 2.2)／

290 ( 0.7)

total

39,001 (100.0)

Location( 3, 3)( 2,-2)(-2,-2)( 2, 2)( 0, 0)6,552 ( 20.1)
5,943 ( 18.2)
5,090 ( 15.6)
3,528 ( 10.8)
3,071 (9.4)(-2, 2)2,816 (8.6)( 0, 3)2,477 (7.6)(-3, 3)

2,139 (6.6)

others899 (2.7)

total

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Frequency (% of total)

32,515 (100.0)

Literature

Section E - Literature
Section Convenors: Shion Kono (Sophia University) &Hajime Saito (University of Tsukuba)
E-1-1 Robert Ono (Japan College of Social Work)sad, warm, and beautiful: the origin and dissemination of mono no aware

The concept of mono no aware has widely been accepted as an epitome ofthings Japanese. However, it is almost surprising that, while the concept is often
discussed in close relation with Motoori Norinaga, the Edo-period scholar who
examined it in several tomes, it is seldom surveyed in connection to Tosa Nikki,
the pioneering „diary literature“ written by 10th century poet Ki no Tsurayuki,
which is in fact the first text written in Japanese to demonstrate the term. This
paper aims to approach the original substance of mono no aware by carefully
evaluating the ways in which the term is applied in the text, and see whether
its usage is „accurate“ compared to how the concept is understood today. Thisshould, naturally, give rise to a new question: do we truly understand mono noaware? To further address this question, I would like to go for a ramble throughdifferent attempts of translation conducted on mono no aware, especially in thecase of Tosa Nikki, since it has been translated into English at least five times,by translators who lived in different times and places, and associated with Japanese literature in different manners. While it is not the purpose of this paper
to derive the ultimate definition of the concept, hopefully, my attempt would
shed some light on how mono no aware has disseminated to the future and to
the West.

126

LiteratureE-1-2 Saida Khalmirzaeva (Gakushuin University)
ritual texts in an oral culture: a case study of ritual texts in the traditionof blind biwa players from kyushu

Not much is known about the past activities of blind biwa players from Kyushu.
During the 20th century a number of researchers and folklorists, such as Kimura
Yūshō, Narita Mamoru, Hyōdō Hiromi, Hugh de Ferranti, etc., collected data on
blind biwa players in various regions of Kyushu, made recordings of their performances and published the results of their research on the tradition. Despite
these efforts to document and preserve the tradition of blind biwa players, itceased to exist around the end of the 20th century. However, the recordings
made and the materials collected during these past decades of its existence area valuable source for research that can deepen our understanding of the history
and nature of orality and oral literature both in Japan and in other parts of theworld.
Blind biwa players from Kyushu were both entertainers and ritualists, and, accordingly, their repertory included both secular tales and ritual narratives performed during exorcism or blessing rites for the hearth (kamado-barai), earth(Jijin-barai), wells (Suijin-barai) and for new houses (watamashi). Based oncomparative analysis of narrative texts of kamado-barai and watamashi rites(multiple performances) this paper will examine the nature and characteristics ofritual texts and explore the relationship between the processes of memorizationof ritual texts and oral composition in the performance of secular tales in the
tradition of blind biwa players.

127

LiteratureE-1-3 Dylan McGee (Nagoya University)
fugetsudo magosuke and the business of books in eighteenth-century
nagoyaDuring the eighteenth century, the Fūgetsudō was one of the most commercially successful booksellers in Nagoya and the Tōkai region at large, in no smallpart because of its nodal position between important publishing houses in Kyoto and local cultural elites. While its most lucrative trade appears to have beenin high-market scholarly works, the firm long prided itself on its inventory of
haikai poetry collections, which reputedly drew Matsuo Bashō himself to visit
the shop in Jōkyō 4 (1687) and made the Fūgetsudō into a cultural epicenter for
local Bashō-school poets for over a century thereafter.
This paper examines how the Fūgetsudō’s market position as a purveyor ofhaisho played a key role in its development from a retailer and financier ofjointly published books in its early days to an independent publisher by the early
Kansei period (1789-1801). A collection of over ninety letters addressed to a
wealthy merchant family of Bashō-school poets in Narumi between Meiwa 8(1771) and 9 (1772) attests to how actively the Fūgetsudō sought to cultivate acustomer base, particularly among the local network of haikai poets. Moreover,close collaboration with its parent firm in Kyoto, along with smaller, dedicatedpublishers of poetry like Tachibanaya Jihee and Maruya Zenroku, can be seen tohave leveraged the Fūgetsudō technologically, towards becoming the premiere
venue in Nagoya for publishing poets like Yokoi Yayū (1702-1783) and Katō
Kyōtai (1732-1792). In many ways, the history of the Fūgetsudō was one ofbooks, buyers, and the Bashō school.

128

LiteratureE-1-4 Xiaoyu Wang (University of Tsukuba)
modernity and tradition: stuffed animal imagery in masaoka shiki’s haiku

Masaoka Shiki (1867-1902) is known for introducing the sketch method from
European paintings in order to make haiku a modern Japanese literary genre.
However, ambiguity between westernized modernity and premodern tradition
can be observed in his works. This paper critically examines this ambiguity, focusing on Shiki’s use of animal imagery, more specifically, of stuffed animals.
Although regarded as the representative of the modern haiku, most of Masaoka Shiki’s haiku are difficult to be classified as modern sketch haiku. As Yasushi Inoue (2011) has pointed out, Shiki is not able to create haiku without his
erudition of premodern Japanese literature. He integrated images of western
natural history into a traditional Japanese literary aesthetic but did not follow
the scientific objectivity required of naturalist western thought.
Surely Shiki had knowledge of western zoology, as the Tokyo Imperial University
where he attended established a zoology course, and he even received a stuffedcuckoo from his friend. Yet his use of “stuffed” animal imagery derives as muchfrom premodern haiku as from modern zoology. This ambiguity goes against thescientific tendency espoused by naturalism. Though Masaoka Shiki praised thesketch method and has the knowledge of western zoology, he still described“stuffed” animals in a generally traditional way: it is uncertain whether the cuckoo is alive or a taxidermy sample. Analyzing cuckoo images in his poetry, thepaper reexamines Shiki’s theory of Shasei [sketch of life].

129

LiteratureE-1-5 Andrea Szilagyi (Japan Women‘s University)
yone noguchi‘s presentation of the noh play matsukazeThis paper discusses the perception and presentation of the Japanese Noh play
Matsukaze in the translation of the poet and writer, Noguchi Yonejirō (18751947). Noguchi played an intercultural role by publishing articles in both English
and Japanese languages in Japan and overseas, in which he introduced Japanese and foreign cultural elements. After developing a new point of view of the
Noh theater, he started to introduce it in descriptive articles from 1907. These
articles were followed by his explanatory English translations of Noh plays between 1915 and 1919.
The original English translation of Matsukaze is the only translation that has
not yet been found, however, in 1919 it was translated into modern Japanese
language by an anonymous third party and published in the journal Nohgaku.
This was his only translation presented in Japanese before the contemporarysociety of Noh researcher’s in Japan. For these reasons, this paper is focusing
on the Japanese translation of Noguchi’s article, comparing it with the original
mediaeval Noh text.
The aim of this comparison is to discuss the elements and impressions of Matsukaze. These show the way in which Noguchi as a poet perceives Noh and theplay Matsukaze. It also demonstrates which elements of Noh were presented
for foreigners and could play a role in the contemporary foreign literary andtheatrical society’s perception of Noh.

130

LiteratureE-1-6 Rafael Vinícius Martins (Kyushu University)
representation of femininities across time: a study on kazuki sakuraba’s
pastiche of bakin

Kazuki Sakuraba is a novelist in contemporary Japan who has switched between
the Light Novel and the popular novel market. Her works replete of a diversityof femininities, including the representation of issues such as complicated family
relations, violence, gender and sexuality, have been highly evaluated, and she
was awarded with a Naoki Award in 2007. Sakuraba’s Fuse- Gansaku: Satomi
Hakkenden is a novel published in 2010, in which she revisits her origins as aLight Novel writer, creating a dark fantasy story about the conflicts between
humans and half-beasts based on Kyokutei Bakin’s Nansō Satomi Hakkenden.
In Sakuraba’s novel, Bakin’s son, Takizawa Meido, appears as a supporting character who is writing the (allegedly) real story behind his father’s epic novel.
Sakuraba’s novel not only suggests a revision of Bakin’s popular story, she recreate the characters with new background and personalities. This paper proposes
to analyze how the characters reimagined by Sakuraba reflect the new modelsof femininities (and in contraposition masculinities) in contemporary Japan. By
adopting a comparative method, this analysis critically highlights the elementsthat transcend the almost 200 years that separate these works, and observes
how the differences represent the social changes. This study is intended to add
to an overview of the representation of femininities in Sakuraba’s work, andultimately discuss about feminine ‘realities’ in Japan during Heisei era.

131

LiteratureE-2-1 Adrian Bercea (Kansai University)
an ecocritical microcosm: miyazawa kenji’s fur of the glacier mouse

Miyazawa Kenji’s Fur of the Glacier Mouse was published in Iwate Daily
Newspaper in 1923, one year before the collection of short nine stories, The
Restaurant of Many Orders. It was at times critiqued as inconsistent (Tatsuo
Tsudukihashi) and considered a fable of the friction between Japan and Russia(Takahisa Kisa) culminating with the Nikolayevsk incident (1920). Although thestory may have had the function to reactivate recent historical events in thememory of the readers of the time, nowhere in the text is a connection with
Russia being suggested. Moreover, despite the vague description of the characters and the numerous puzzling aspects of the story, it is solidly based upon acity dweller-hunter-wilderness triadic relationship, also present in the story The
Restaurant of Many Orders and which makes the backbone of The Bears of
Mt. Nametoko written in 1927. While the main focus of the presentation will
be to explain the concern with environmental balance expressed through thisrelationship, ultimately I will also indicate other sensitive environmental topics
such as dwelling, ecoterorism or animal rights, which are interwoven in the text.
I hope thus to achieve a double purpose: to shed light upon those parts of thenarrative which have been so far considered inconsistent or incomprehensible
and to reposition the work as one that compiles many of the motifs identified
in Miyazawa’s latter writings, despite being rather critically neglected.

132

LiteratureE-2-2 Maria Roemer (Newcastle University)
freeter, equal, failure? precarious masculinities and love in abe kazushige‘searly fiction

Japanese writer Abe Kazushige’s fiction describes the worlds of men. However, research on the author has not analyzed his novels and short stories froma perspective of masculinities studies yet. This paper closes this gap: it argues
that Abe’s Amerika no yoru (1994), Minagoroshi (Massacre, 1998) and Triangles (1997) destabilize hegemonic notions of manliness by feminizing their maleprotagonists. All of them are attached to women who are absent. They spend
their time waiting for these women’s attention. Men waiting for women is afeminization of them according to Roland Barthes theory of romantic love.
This paper relates Barthes’ trope of male waiting to cultural narratives on shifting male identities in post-bubble Japan. Tadao, Ōta and Suzuki are freeters. In
1990s Japan, being a male flexible worker did not correspond to the image ofhegemonic masculinity projected by the salarīman. Moreover, not being able
to be the breadwinner of a family made it difficult for male freeters to holdheterosexual relationships (or get married), which society in turn considered asa major male failure.
This paper analyzes through what specific images Amerika no yoru, Minagoroshi and Triangles evoke the male waits of their protagonists as complications ofromantic love. It highlights these complications as possible expressions of the
men’s insecurities based on their professional choices. In doing so, the paper
offers, for the very first time, a reading of the three pieces through the lens ofmasculinities studies.

133

LiteratureE-2-3 Jui-an Rae Chou (National Chiao Tung University)“subtle eroticism“: queer identifications between marguerite yourcenar,
mishima yukio, and suga atsuko
Photographic trends in Japan during the Heisei Era have been multiple and complex. However, despite the sheer number of artists and produced works, thesurveys to date have tended to emphasize certain narratives related to just a
handful of well-known photographers. Established figures in the industry, alongwith critics, have dominated the academic discourse leaving the significance ofinnumerable other artists vastly underexplored.
This paper will focus on photographic representations of alienation and ahistoricism in Japanese photography during the first two decades of the Heisei Era. I
will discuss the sense of historical forgetfulness that permeated Japan at the endof the 20th century and beginning of the 21st. My aim is to interrogate images
made by art photographers such as Imai Tomoki, Sasaoka Keiko, and Sanai Masafumi in order to untangle views of social and affective space. As Yoneyama(1998) points out, the reality of postwar in late modernity was characterized bya sense of history that tends to dissipate, “even when the desires of the real andthe original are intensified”. In the same light, critic Sawaragi Noi claims that theJapan of the 1990s was “enclosed in a vicious circle of ahistoricism” (Sawaragi1998).
I will argue that these processes are imbricated in the cultural representationsof late 20th century capitalism and its logic, where Japan struggles with thesense of alienation brought about by hyper consumerism, phantasmatic urban
spaces, and the dialectic between a forgotten/imagined past and a visual searchpunctuated by the affective dimension of desire.

134

LiteratureE-2-4 Joanna Swit (Jagiellonian University)
queer non-identities in ito akari’s namae mo yobenai

Novels written on women-loving-women can be broadly grouped into three
categories: ones about lesbians or bisexual women written by mainstream, heterosexual authors; ones whose characters are romantically and/or sexually interested in other women but do not identify as gay; and ones by out lesbian orbisexual women whose characters also identify as such (Summerhawk, Hughesed. 2008). Itō Akari’s Namae mo yobenai (2015) can be classified as part of thesecond category.
Three of the characters appearing in the novel are perceivably queer: Ena – themain heroine, who struggles with haphephobia but finds happiness in a relationship with a woman, Ena’s best friend – the gender non-conforming Melissa,
who works as a man but only wears gothic lolita clothes in their free time, andEna’s lover – a woman in many ways devoted to her husband. None of them,
however, identify themselves as LGBTQ+.
This is not unusual in literary works and media, especially regarding lesbians
and bisexual women. Kuroiwa (2016) notes that while gay men appearing on
the pages of mainstream novels quite often either identify themselves as gay
or are called so by others, that is not the case for women-loving- women. At
the same time, Japanese popular culture quite often employs a variation of thestereotypical ‘gay best friend’, the onee-kyara, whose characteristics do in partmatch Melissa’s.
The question I would like to pose in my paper is whether the lack of identities
in Itō’s novel is unconscious stereotyping or is it a conscious choice that echoes
the characters’ disorientation within a heteronormative society.

135LiteratureE-2-5 Lenin Emmanuel Gutierrez Cervantes (Nagoya University)
hino, the rogue poet: avant-garde, eroticism and fiction in haiku

In 1934, Hino Sōjō (1901- 1956) published Miyako Hotel in Haiku Kenkyu magazine. This sequence of ten haiku poems, supposedly drawn from Hino’s own
personal experiences, depicts a couple on their wedding night. The subject matter sparked a polemic over the place of eroticism in modern haiku, and led
many poets to question Hino’s status as a poet. The controversy over Miyako
Hotel, and numerous other scandals thereafter, would eventually lead to Hino’s
expulsion from the Hototogisu haiku magazine circle, which at the time wascomprised mainly of the late Shiki Masaoka’s (1867- 1902) followers.
Hino’s ten-poem sequence present views that challenged what poets at thetime deemed as modern haiku. For instance the inclusion of eroticism, modernist, and avant-garde tendencies, such as the use of foreign words. Anotheraspect is the use of fictional elements in haiku versus non-fiction. Allegedly, Hino’s main offense was that he claimed that Miyako Hotel was not based on his
most recent honeymoon trip. This presentation offers a close reading of these
poems and the critiques made by poets contemporary to Hino that prompted
the controversy around the Miyako Hotel sequence, in order to elucidate theviews on haiku from both Hino’s detractors and supporters.

136

LiteratureE-2-6 Alina-Elena Anton (Kobe University)intersections of silence and memory: kazuo ishiguro’s a family supper andharuki murakami’s blind willow, sleeping woman

Kazuo Ishiguro’s overarching interest in the workings of memory and remembering, as well as in uncovering “our illusory sense of connection with the world” iswell-acknowledged. Haruki Murakami has built himself a reputation as a writerof strange, yet powerful and complex fiction—whether in short-story or novel
form. Ishiguro’s earlier texts are full of words and details that remind readersof Japan, or rather his own half-remembered, half-imagined Japan. Murakami’s
writing, on the other hand, shows a conspicuous absence of Japanese culture
and a marked preference for Western cultural icons, despite the texts being
produced originally in Japanese and only afterwards published in English translation. How, then, do the two writers intersect across national and literary borders, beyond their presumably shared heritage as authors of Japanese descent?
This study explores the ways in which Ishiguro and Murakami— both celebrated
contemporary writers based in very different cultural, linguistic and geographic
areas—employ silence and remembering as narrative devices to pen two shortstories as rife with potentialities for meaning and symbolism as they are tenseand sparse in explicit communication.

137

LiteratureE-3-1 Daniel Poch (The University of Hong Kong)
heroic adultery: uncovering “literature” in natsume soseki’s novelsorekara

Natsume Sōseki (1867–1916), canonized today as one of Japan’s most famousnovelists, was in fact highly suspicious of the modern novel (shōsetsu). An important reason for his suspicion was the novel’s focus on male-female love anddesire, in line with the new Meiji concept of “literature” (bungaku) based onWestern models. This generic orientation radically differed from the traditional
Sino-Japanese understanding of “literature” in which Sōseki was still steeped—
an understanding that emphasized the ethical, political, and even heroic missionof texts deemed “literary.” Yet beginning in 1907, the year when he joined the
Asahi newspaper as an in-house writer, Sōseki started to produce novels that
dramatized the intricacies of love between men and women. My presentation
seeks to shed new light on this seeming paradox through a rereading of thenovel Sorekara (And Then, 1909). This novel presents the loss of ethical values and feelings, associated with a male homosocial past, as the civilizational
crisis of Meiji modernity. But its plot, I argue, also hinges on the possibility toretrieve ethical, even heroic, acts and emotions through an adulterous love. The
problematic conflation of adultery and ethical heroism, however, leads to anaffective and narrative breakdown, explored in particular in Sorekara’s sequel,
the novel Mon (The Gate, 1910), that I briefly discuss at the end. Uncovering
the ruptures produced by competing notions of “literature” at the heart of thesenarratives, my presentation historicizes Sōseki’s literary project and its contradictions at a moment of radical historical change.

138

LiteratureE-3-2 Tsukasa Izumi (Toyohashi University of Technology)
the illusory akutagawa prize: kenjiro nagasaki‘s „the storm of the provincial city“ and tatsuzo ishikawa‘s „the people“Kenjiro Nagasaki(⻑崎謙⼆郎, 1903-1968) is a novelist who took an active partin the Japanese literary world from the 1920s to 1940s and published several
works in literary magazines. However, he has been forgotten by almost everyone. Nagasaki was a friend of Tatsuzo Ishikawa (⽯川達三,1905-1985). In 1933,
they submitted their works together to the Kaizo Literary Prize in the category
for new writers. Nagasaki’s work is “Akai kaze (Red Winds, ⾚い⾵) and Ishikawa’s is “Sobo” (The People, 蒼氓). Both their works failed to win the prize.
However, two years later, Ishikawa’s “Sobo” won the first Akutagawa prize, andhe became a reknowned novelist in modern Japanese literary history.
In 1956, Nagasaku, who had distanced himself from commercially popular literature mentioned Ishikawa’s winning in his essay. He said that he was unlucky (inother words, Ishikawa was lucky to have won). Possibly Nagasaki was enviousof Ishikawa. Nevertheless, in order to consider the relation between literary
youth and literary prizes in the 1930s it is important to analyse “Akai Kaze” incomparison to “Sobo.” “Akai Kaze” was renamed “Chiho No Arashi” (The Stormof the Provincial City, 地 ⽅ の 嵐 ) and published in December 1934. In analysing“Chiho No Arashi,” I also explore issues surrounding the first Akutagawa Prize.

139

LiteratureE-3-3 Wayne Arnold (The University of Kitakyushu)
japanese fan letters to henry miller

Accumulated over the decades, the bulk of fan mail sent to Henry Miller (18911980) contains a surprising number of letters from Japan. Reaching the peak ofhis popularity in Japan during the 1960s and 1970s, Miller’s Japanese readersbegan sending fan mail in both English and Japanese to the American author.
In more than one instance, Miller replied and even began an extensive correspondence with the admirer. The purpose of this presentation is to examine
two types of Miller’s fan mail to answer the following question: what defines atypical fan mail from that which sparks the beginning of a correspondence? Bylooking at the Japanese fan letters in the archival materials at the University ofCalifornia, Los Angeles, from both one-time writers and those that developed
into regular correspondents, I will expand on the critical discussion surrounding
fan mail by considering what may have been Miller’s motives in responding toparticular letters arriving from a country to which he was strongly attracted.
As a foremost scholar on fandom, Mark Duffett has discerned that in somecases fans wrote and either distanced themselves from the icon, or “identified
with their heroes by expressing shared individualism and rebelliousness” (Understanding Fandom, Bloomsbury 2013, p. 51). Japanese fans share the common
trend of desiring to engage with a celebrity, yet Miller’s literary themes of individualism and rebellion against society appear as a key theme in the fan lettersfrom his Japanese readers.

140LiteratureE-3-4 Yuko Yamade (Meiji University)an analysis on tamura toshiko‘s migrant works after the north american
periodTamura Toshiko is one of the important Japanese feminist writers in the Taisho
and early Showa eras. In this period there were several female writers who
visited foreign countries, such as Hayashi Fumiko and Yosano Akiko, and they
started to incorporate foreign feminist ideas in their works. Then, their works
were highly evaluated as “new” feminist writings in this period.
Tamura Toshiko not only visited, but migrated to foreign countries. She first left
for Vancouver, Canada, where she worked as a journalist. After her stay in Canada for 18 years, she went to California and then, went back to Japan.
It was after she was back in Japan that Tamura wrote her migrant experiencesin her literary works, such as Small Steps 「小さき歩み」(, 1936) and California
Stories 「カリホルニア物語」(, 1938). Even though these Tamura’s migrant works
have not been fully evaluated yet, if we use the recent literary theories, including
migrant writings, translation studies and feminism, we will be able to reevaluate
them.
Thus, in this analysis, I would like to explore the salient characteristics of Tamura’s migrant works in which she described her experiences in North America.
By so doing, I would like to claim that Tamura Toshiko is not only an important
Japanese feminist writer, but also a pioneer of Japanese migrant women’s literature in the early 20th century.

141

LiteratureE-3-5 Yukari Yoshihara (University of Tsukuba)shohei ooka as a cultural cold war warrior – complicity or resistance?

Shohei Ooka (1909‑1988) makes critical interventions into the cultural and political U.S. hegemony in Cold War Japan by creating his fictions (Furyoki 1948;
Hamlet’s Dairy 1955) as allegories of Japan under U.S. domination.
He fought two wars: WWII and cultural cold war. Based on his experience asa POW of American forces in the Philippines during WWII, he wrote Furyoki(Taken Captive). In the novel, by quoting from Robinson Crusoe (“’tis as reasonable to represent one kind of imprisonment by another”), Ooka insinuates that‘imprisonment’ of Japanese POWs during the war in the novel is intended as
an allegory of Japan under the Allied occupation (‘imprisonment by another”).
When the Rockefeller Foundation sponsored him to visit the U.S. and Europe(1953-54), some criticized him that he, who had been a POW in the war, wasnow a prisoner of cultural cold war. In the U.S.-Europe travelogue, Ooka records
strong sympathy he felt to Caliban (Shakespeare, the Tempest) – produced asa native American struggling against Prospero, European colonizer. Creatively
adapting Shakespeareʼ’s canon, he creates Hamlet’s Diary, in which Denmark
under Norwegian military occupation is intended to be an analogue to Japan
under Security Treaty. As a cultural cold war warrior, Ooka continued guerilla
wars against American domination.
In this presentation I will argue that literature in cold war cannot be free fromsocio-‑political situations, but at the same time, literature can also be a means
resistance against social, cultural and political hegemony of the U.S. in the global cold war.

142

LiteratureE-4-1 Lucile Druet (Kansai Gaidai University)of silk and wit: the role of taisho fashion in jun’ichiro tanizaki’s
chijin no ai

Jun’ichirō Tanizaki is well known for employing the dramatic changes that occurred in the Taishō era in the roles of women, attitudes toward marriage andlove (ai) as material for his novels. For Chijin no Ai (1926, trans. as Naomi),
he based his fiction on Taishō urban culture, as seen in the relations between
the Eurasian-looking Naomi and Jōji, the newly turned gentleman who was a“bumpkin at heart”.
This presentation focuses on Tanizaki’s use of Taishō fashion — both kimono
and haikara — to crystallize the issues the couple is facing and to further give
depth and substance to the characters, particularly Naomi.
Naomi is meshed in sartorial and behavioral preoccupations that are represented through the described outfits — conveying information about her personality, her status, her manipulative tendencies etc. Trends in Taishō fashion as seen
in period materials (including magazines and film) are used to map her different
transformations in detail.
May it be a hand-me-down Meisen kimono or a formal silk furisode, the mantle
she sports while hanging out with her „boyfriends“ or a crepe French dress,
Naomi‘s clothes are pivotal to the narrative, forming an ever versatile image ofa person oscillating between East / West, navigating between figures such as
the Ginza waitress, the student, the prim Hollywood actress (Mary Pickford), thetomboy, the vamp (Priscilla Dean), the moga, and thus demonstrating the roleof fashion in Tanizaki’s sensitive portrayal of the relation between fashion andcharacter, fiction and reality.

143LiteratureE-4-2 Yosuke Kobayashi (Hijiyama University)
the text of first modern popular song: “katyusha no uta” and seven-andfive syllable meter“Katyusha no Uta” (カチューシャの唄), or “The Song of Katyusha” , written by
Shimamura Hogetsu (島村抱月) and Soma Gyohu (相馬御風), sung by Sato Chiyako (佐藤千夜子), is a play song of Hogetsu’s drama “Fukkatsu” or “Resurrection” (1914), and is known as the first Japanese popular song in modern days.
The words of “Katyusha no Uta”, as well as the words of many other popularsongs in the Meiji and Taisho eras, are characterized by seven-and-five syllable
meter. In this sense, a similar structure is found between the text of popularsongs and the fixed form poetries in the Meiji and Taisho periods. On the other
hand, the lyrics of „Katyusha no Uta“ are decisively distinguished from fixed
form poetry by the interjection „La-la“ which has no function other than matching the lyrics to the melody.
In the field of study of Modern Japanese Literature, the lyrics of popular songs
have not been paid enough attention. However, when focusing on the lyrics of
popular songs, we should be able to find an important key to describing thehistory of Japanese poetry and prosody.
In this paper, I will analyze the text of “Katyusha no Uta”, in order to clarify the
relationship between popular songs, poetries, and traditional seven-and-five syllable meter of the Japanese language.

144

LiteratureE-4-3 Lei Hu (Washington University in St. Louis)
music, melancholy and urban space – an analysis of nagai kafu “a songfrom fukakawa” (fukakawa no uta, 1909)

This paper examines the evocation of melancholy in Nagai Kafū’s (1879-1959)
short story, “A Song from Fukakawa” (Fukakawa no uta, 1909). I look at howmelancholy as an emotion is crafted through the suggestions of the sound of
the Utazawa music (Utazawabushi), a popular music style circulated in the pleasure quarter since the Edo period (1603-1868). I argue that the story can beread as Kafū’s social critique; the protagonist’s misgivings about Meiji Tokyo’s(1868-1912) urbanization development are expressed through his melancholicstate of mind summoned and reinforced by his actions of hearing and singing
of the Utazawa music.
In the story, melancholy is evoked through a juxtaposition of the dissonanceof train noises and the harmonious, beautiful melody of the Utazawa music. In
modern Japanese literature, trains and railways are popular symbols of modern,urban developments in Japan’s major cities. Using Sigmund Freud’s theories onmelancholia and loss, I show in my analysis that the sad melody of the Utazawa music can be read as a vehicle, which enables the protagonist to indulgent
himself in his melancholic state of mind, caused by his refusal to accept theloss of the Edo past. The tune and lyric of the Utazawa music conjures forth animagined city space of the Edo Shitamachi, an invented past that to the urban
dweller is his spiritual home, which has been destroyed as a result of the urbanization development in Tokyo during the modern era.

145

LiteratureE-4-4 Kyoko Matsuyama (Komazawa Women‘s University)
image of true love and unrequited love in black butler by yana toboso andshakespeare:shakespeare’s quote and their use in black butler

The use of quotations in Japanese manga are like any other literary works arerather common. The difference may be that whether the source of the quotation is clearly stated or not. But some quotations are so popular that there is nonecessity in stating the source. Quotations from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet
could be considered as such even in Japan. And sometimes it is easy to point out
the source or the original quotation even in the form of parody or in translation.
Then the question comes to what is the purpose of using such quotations andwhat kind of image the author is trying to pass onto their readers with the useof quotations. This paper will discuss the use of quotations in volume 3 of Yana
Toboso’s Black Butler. In Black Butler Shakespeare’s words are first translated
into Japanese then used out of context. This translation and transformationof context changes the nature of the quotation from romance to comedy. By
analysing this scene and other related episodes it would reveal the change in
the nature of the quotation and also by discussing the change in the media it
is provided: from manga to animation, this change in the media adds anotherdimension to the quotation being from being read to spoken: from actively
reading the quotations to passively listening to the quotations being spoken.

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LiteratureE-4-5 Yu Umehara (University of Tsukuba)anne-ness’s appeal: anne of green gables in japanese girls’ magazines

In 1952, the year of the end of the US occupation of Japan, Anne of Green Gables (1908), a novel by Lucy Maud Montgomery, was translated into Japanese
for the first time. It became a bestseller and educators suggested that the novel
was instrumental in teaching Western family values and individualism. The prewar patriarchal system had lost its power, a shift symbolized by the enactmentof the new (American-authored) Japanese Constitution that guarantees genderequality.
Scholars such as Irene Gammel have pointed out that Anne of Green Gables waswell accepted in Japan due to its themes of new “womanhood” and new (thatis, Western) family ideals. However, it is important to note that Anne captured
Japanese readers as a girl character. Japanese magazines for girls introduced
Anne with illustrations to feature Anne’s world and things—or Anne-ness—
which had unique appeal, such as Edwardian fashion, Victorian interior design,and farmers’ cooking. Anne of Green Gables needs to be analyzed in a broader
context of postwar Japanese girls’ culture.
I will shed light on how Japanese school girls’ magazines played an importantrole in the acceptance of Anne of Green Gables. Specifically, I will analyze girls’magazines such as Shogaku Yo-nensei [Fourth Grade Elementary School] (19242012) that ran feature articles about Anne, using illustrations to trace Anne-ness
as the gist of girlhood in the work. As I hope to show, magazines depicted Anne
not as a poor orphan girl’s story but as a guidebook to attractive British Edwardian culture in Canada. Eventually, Anne-ness helped create spin- off genres suchas Anne cooking books, Anne sewing books, and Anne guidebooks of Prince
Edward Island.

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LiteratureE-4-6 Yuka Takahashi (University of Tsukuba)
looking into the political disorders in japan through the twelve kingdoms
series by fuyumi ono

The Twelve Kingdoms (1991- ) is a series of fantasy novels, written by Fuyumi
Ono, and one of the bestsellers in Japan. The Twelve Kingdoms are islands andtheir societies are similar to ancient China. In The Twelve Kingdoms, there aresome people called “Kaikyaku”（海客）, who were blown to the Twelve Kingdoms from Japan by a magical storm. Interestingly, the large level of changes
frequently happened to Japan, such as wars, famines and the student activism,
every time when Kaikyaku comes to the Twelve Kingdoms. Also, when they werein Japan, most of them had experiences of expulsion from society. They could
also be called “the people omitted from the authentic history”. Additionally,
politics are indispensable to establish the nation in the Twelve Kingdoms, andwomen have authorities to govern their kingdoms as the ruler. It can therefore
be said that The Twelve Kingdoms is a political fantasy. This study will consider
the Twelve Kingdoms as the parallel universe of Japan, and it would lead us torecognize that the author Ono is putting the keen criticism and casting doubt on
modern Japanese society throughout The Twelve Kingdoms. From the viewpointof gender, minority and politics, this study will focus on the roles people who
left Japan play in this story, and reading through their words and descriptions
would prove that The Twelve Kingdoms series could be one of the methods toreconfirm the current issues of Japan in a critical way.

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E-5-1

Panel

picture scrolls and illustrated books in 17th century japan

Panel organizer: Tanikawa Kei’ichi (National Institute of Japanese
Literature)
With the advent of the 17th century in Japan, the production of illustrated
scrolls--a genre of picture scroll with accompanying text--played a significant
part in the cultural activities of court and warrior elites. It was, for example,
during this period that the outstanding exemplar of this genre - works in the socalled Nara ehon style - were produced in ever greater quantities, attaining theirpeak at some point in the Kanbun and Enpō eras (1661-81). At the same time,the 17th century also witnessed the appearance of a great number of printed
books containing illustrations. These spanned a diversity of texts, from poetry
collections to fictional works of kana zōshi or ukiyo zōshi, with the vast majorityof such editions being printed by woodblock.
To investigate this eclectic mix, this panel dispenses with those disciplinary
boundaries that artificially segregate illustrated manuscripts (picture scrolls aswell as Nara ehon) from printed books with illustrations belonging to the same
period--and indeed the boundaries separating medieval literature from the adjacent literature of early modernity. By approaching these illustrated works undersuch a comprehensive framework, as all being equally the artistic products of ashared 17th century, this panel explores at a more basic level the production of
texts accompanied by illustrations as a phenomenon unto itself.
In addition, the presentations constituting this panel also function--to varying
degrees--as examples of the premodern archive resources (particularly in digitized form) of the National Institute of Japanese Literature being put to use.

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Shiori Kume (National Institute of Japanese Literature)on the fragmentary illustrated scroll eboshi-ori monogatari emaki (national institute of japanese literature archives)

The subject of the illustrated scroll Eboshi-ori monogatari emaki, a story depicting the coming of age ceremony (genpuku) of Minamoto no Yoshitsune, wasin its origin a work in the repertoire of the performance genre known as kōwaka-mai, a popular artform in Japan across the 15th-17th centuries. Examining a
fragment of this illustrated scroll surviving in the archives of the National Institute of Japanese Literature, along with other examples of the work belonging to
the same textual line, this presentation will consider the properties and trends
characteristic of kōwaka-based illustrated scrolls and manuscripts at the very
earliest period of such texts’ production.

Tomoko Koida (National Institute of Japanese Literature)illustrations in print and the production of illustrated scrolls in the latter
17th century: the case of the illustrated scroll koyasu no honji (national
institute of japanese literature archives)

The Kanbun and Enpō eras (1661-81), traditionally considered a golden age
for Nara illustrated books and scrolls, witnessed an increase in the productionof manuscripts containing multiple-colored illustrations, from the lavishly decorated illustrated scrolls commissioned by daimyō households individually to thekind of rectangular-sized Nara illustrated books that were produced en masse.
A large amount of such material is still extant, and the classification and analysisof this corpus continues apace today. Using in particular the case of the work
Koyasu no honji, an illustrated scroll recently acquired by the National Institute of Japanese Literature, this paper explores the situation of illustrated scroll
production in the latter 17th century, and its relationship to the contemporary
culture of print.

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Ken’ichi Kansaku (National Institute of Japanese Literature)illustrated poetry collections in the medium of print: their history anddevelopment during the early edo period

Over the course of the Edo period, how many illustrated editions of poetry
collections appeared in the medium of woodblock print? Under exactly what
conditions, processes, and schedules did the initial carving (kan), print-usage(in), and eventual repair (shū) of the woodblocks used to produce such editions
actually take place? In this paper, building upon the foundation laid by the findings of historical print-medium bibliographical research, I present a synoptic
treatment of those issues central to the field today. I focus in particular on theworks Hyakunin isshu zōsanshō (1678/ Enpō 6) and Kumoi no sakura (1683/
Tenna 3), exploring various problems of each work’s literary, and also cultural,
historiography.

Yukiko Miyamoto (National Institute of Japanese Literature)

17th-century japanese literature and tea culture as seen from the archivesof the national institute of japanese literature:
the works of ihara saikaku

The 17th century is that period during which the art of the tea ceremony became established as a standard feature in the cultural education of Japan’s upper classes. It was also in this period that the popular literary genre of fiction
known as ukiyo zōshi came into being through the writings of the author Ihara
Saikaku, several of whose works in fact make reference to the tea culture thus
so recently established as part of the curriculum. This presentation explores suchuses of the tea culture in Saikaku’s oeuvre, taking advantage in particular of thegraphic tools and archives available in the New Database of Premodern Japanese Works.

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E-6-1

Panel

the inheritance and localization of chinese scholarships inmedieval and early modern japanese documents

Panel chair: Yiding Huang (Kyoto University)
Following the circulation of books, cultural and academic communica- tions
started to grow and prosper among East Asian countries around the 13th century. From the medieval period, Japanese scholars inherited the knowledge andunderstanding of Chinese culture from the Heian period, and further acquired
new academic accomplishments from China during Song, Yuan, Ming, andQing, and from the Korean Peninsula during the same age. On the other hand,
they were actively promoting localization of academic knowledge through reinterpretation, creation, and improvement in multi- ple areas including linguistics,
literature, and even medical documentation, showing new characters in the
new age.
The panel consists of five studies about the adoption and localization of Chinese culture by Japanese scholars. The articles will discuss the ap- pearance anddevelopment of Chinese scholarships in medieval and early modern Japanese
documents based on Wakan kensaku-shu, Wakan roei-shu commentary, Gozan
Bungaku, Yuhap, and philological studies on medical texts, to reveal the special
roles of Chinese culture in Japanese scholarships from the medieval period.

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Yiding Huang (Kyoto University)
collections of japanese and chinese poems in the kamakura period –the structure of wakan kensaku-shu (和漢兼作集)

Wakan kensaku-shu is an anthology of Japanese waka and Chinese poetry compiled during the Kamakura Period. There are several examples of mixed Japanese and Chinese poetry collections that predate the Wakan kensaku- shu.
These include Sugawa no Michizane’s Shinsen manyo-shu, Oe no Chisato’s Oe
no chisato-shu, and the most famous example of the genre: the Wakan roei-shu
by Fujiwara no Kinto.
The structure of Wakan roei-shu has been proved to be a mixture of Chokusen
waka-shu, (imperially-commissioned Japanese anthologies of waka), and Chinese Leishu, a genre of reference books historically compiled in East Asia. The
Waka poems in Chokusen waka-shu are arranged in a seasonal order, while
Leishu is composed of a catalog of various themes. Therefore, the structuralfeature of Wakan roei-shu contains both features.
As an anthology of both Waka and Chinese poems, Wakan kensaku-shu was
supposed to have similar structural features with Wakan roei-shu. How- ever,in this presentation, new evidence will be shown that the structure of Wakan
kensaku-shu is more relative to Shoku kokinwaka-shu, the 11th Chokusen waka-shu edited in the Kamakura period, than Wakan roei-shu or any other anthologies. This fact can not only be considered to be an unprecedented structural pattern in the history of anthology of Japanese waka and Chinese poetry,
but also point to the potential identity of the compiler of Wakan kensaku-shuni.

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Yu Huang (National Institute of Japanese Literature)a study of the influence of the four beauties of ancient china on medievaljapanese literature: focusing on wakan roei-shu (和漢朗詠集) commentary

According to legend, Xi Shi, Wang Zhaojun, Diao Chan and Yang Guifei are
known as the Four Beauties, the most beautiful women of ancient China. Needless to say, they have left lots of legends and inspired many great Chinese classical works, such as Bai Juyi’s famous poems Changhenge. These Chinese classicalworks were transmitted to Japan and have influ- enced Japanese classical literatures in many ways. This study will focus on the legends of the Four Beauties in
Wakan roei-shu commentary, a group of works established from the late Heian
Dynasty to the Edo period, which are important materials of the commentary
literature in medieval Japan, and compare the discourse of the original texts of
the Chinese classical works and the citations in the Japanese classical works to
explore the differences and the cultural backgrounds. For example, there is astory in Kenbunkei Wakan roei-shu commentary that Xi Shi had an adulterous
affair with Pan Yue, which is impossible because they lived in different times.
The back- ground of this story is the influence of the images of Xi Shi and Pan
Yue which have been developed in the medieval narrative and annotation.

Huayu Li (University of Tokyo)
description of fragrance in medieval japan’s chinese poems – taking theacceptance of huang tingjian (黃庭堅) by japanese zen monk banrisyuku(萬里集九) as an example

Since the introduction of a wide variety of fragrance from South China to Japan
along with the Buddhism in the 6th century, incense has become a major presence on Japanese culture. During the Muromachi period, as the input of incense
increased, the incense was gradually used not only by the aristocracy, but also
by the civilian.
In the late Muromachi period , the number of poems in Gozan literature (五山文学) increased, and there were many poems use incense as title, such as thereturn of the soul incense (返魂香). The performance of the poems is also be-154Literature

coming more and more abundant, which draws a lot of words from Zen andSong poetry. Huang Tingjian’s Zen in fragrance consciousness has had an important influence on the performance of the fragrance in Gozan literature, andthe expression paradigm of learning Zen through smelling the scent has gradually developed. This study sorts out the performance of fragrance in Gozan
literature, focuses on the content and expressions of the poems, and discusses
the influence of the poems in Gozan literature by Huang Tingjian of Song Dynasty. And further explore the influence of the spirit of poetry of fragrance on
the formation of the Japanese fragrant culture (香道).
Huijing Yang (Kyoto University)
the evolution of native reading of chinese characters as observed throughearly korean books in japan: centering on yuhap (類合)Chinese writing was probably known in Korea and Japan before Han times.
Nowadays, The Korean modern writing system does not use Chi- nese characters, while on the contrary in Japanese, there is a tendency to increase thenumber of regularly-used Chinese characters. Given their long experience with
Chinese writing, it is not surprising that the Koreans and Japanese have added
specifically native readings and meaning to certain genuinely Chinese characters.
Bearing that in mind, this paper deciphers and explicates Wakun and Saegim
through an old book Yuhap, which was found in Library of Graduate Schoolof Letters, Kyoto University. As a result of large quantities of old Korean books
have been preserved in Japan, there are various editions of Yuhap that still exist
today.
Yuhap is known as a beginner-oriented textbook of Chinese characters in Korean from the 16th century onward. It contains 1512 characters, each used
only once. The entries give both Sino-Korean borrowings and native Korean
readings for Chinese characters. In this edition, both Sino-Japanese bor- rowing
and native Japanese readings for Chinese characters are also noted. Thus, The
Yuhap( Kyoto Univ. edition) remains a standard Korean and Japanese source of
information regarding 16th centuries native readings.

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LiteratureThis research surveys the evolution of native readings of Chinese characters focusing on the development of writing systems that use borrowed Chinesecharacters, the adoption and adaptation of character shapes and handwriting
styles in Korean and Japanese.

Gaoya Cheng (Kyoto University)
the emergence of school of evidential studies of medicine in 18th and 19th
century japan: with special reference to qing’s evidential scholarship

Evidential scholarship, or Kaojuxue, a philological study of classic references
via evidential analysis and critique, which culminated in China during mid-Qing
period, was imported to Japan via books. During late Edo period when its methods were commonly used by Japanese Confucianists, evidential scholarship
emerged in the field of medicine, marked by the School of Evidential Studies
of Medicine, or Kōshō igaku-ha. Those scholars applied methods from Qing’s
evidential scholarship to the study of medical classics, making accomplishments
which were later brought back to China and received high valuations. Suchunique phenomenon made their works noticed and applied. Although researchers have realized the influence of Kaojuxue on the School, there has rarely beenthorough study on such relation.
To reveal the connection, one would first focus on the Taki family whose members were considered as the representatives of the School. Consisting of leading
figures of Kampo (traditional Chinese medicine), the Taki family had been managing the Igakukan – Bakufu’s oﬀicial medical school, considered as the centerof development of the evidential scholarship of medicine and the School – forgenerations. Meanwhile, the Taki family had close ties with Confucianists, hence
was considered as a crossing point of evidential scholarship in Japan.
In this article, we will discuss the writings, book collections, and scholarly communication of the Taki family, from the perspectives of its reading, commenting,and utilizing of Qing’s evidential studies, to reveal the historical influence of
Qing’s evidential studies on the School of Evidential Studies of Medicine andtheir connections.

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E-7-1

Panel

sense and sensibilities in the meiji appropriations of theeuropean literature

Panel chair and discussant: Hajime Saito (University of Tsukuba)
The Meiji era (1867-1912) still deserves critical attention simply because Japanese people wholeheartedly experienced a great change. In the four decades
and five years, the Japanese people and their set of minds have been greatlychanged after the Edo shogunate (1603-1867) and its longstanding system ofvalues were violently denied. Some of the Meiji people learned to internalize
what was immediately brought from the Western countries, others didn’t. Our
examination in this panel of their internal and social struggles for and against
the Western modernization of the Japanese society helps understand part of
the ways in which Japanese people’s sense and sensibilities that are still dominant in the twentieth first century was newly created and has been gradually
established in the Meiji era. Three scholars of comparative and English literature
will focus on three Japanese famous (and less famous) writers in the Meiji era –Aeba Koson, Natsume Soseki and Kuroiwa Ruiko – in order to illustrate the ways
in which they translated, interpreted and appropriated the literary works of theircounterparts in the contemporary European society – Charles Dickens, James
Thomson and A.M. Williamson. Our textual examinations of the literary representations of the newly established concepts particularly in terms of tradition,season and time will uniquely show what was actually in the past, what is available in the turbulent present and what will probably be in the unstable future.

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Motoko Nakada (University of Tsukuba)
the newspaper serialization of aeba koson’s “kageboshi”: modernization andtradition

In Meiji 21 (1888), Yomiuri Shimbun serialized “Kagebōshi [A Shadow]” by anovelist- journalist Aeba Kōson (1855 - 1922). Based on Charles Dickens’s A
Christmas Carol, through domesticating the setting and characters, it tells thestory of the conversion of a miser. The alterations made to the original text
showcase the commitment to modernizing Japanese society around Meiji 20.
Placed in a newspaper, “Kagebōshi” smartly reflects various news articles; newproducts, services, and institutions never miss an opportunity to be mentioned
in the story, thus making people satisfied with and proud of their modernizing
society.
On the other hand, “Kagebōshi” endorses the traditional ethics of an Edo era
tradesman. Dickens’s original text markedly emphasizes a benevolent Christmas
spirit. Scrooge’s stinginess becomes all the more unacceptable, as it is a timeof love for mankind. For the readers who knew little about Christmas, to say
nothing of the Christmas spirit, “Kagebōshi” shifts the moral emphasis to theprohibition of miserliness. The added opening maxim and the last supposed
Chinese anecdote, which tells of the tragic death of a miser, together with theemphasis on Saheiji’s stinginess, clearly reject miserliness and encourage people
to retain the Edo mercantile spirit.
Examination of “Kagebōshi” as a newspaper article will contribute to a clearer
understanding of the mindset of the people of Japan at the time, who werewilling to modernize while retaining their traditional values.

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Xiaoqin Ou (University of Tsukuba)
the sense of time represented in a. m. williamson’s a woman in grey andkuroiwa ruiko’s yureito

The development of Japanese detective novels started in the early Meiji period,
and the translations and adaptations of the Western counterparts have playeda crucial role in this process. One of the most eminent writers in this history is
Kuroiwa Ruikō (1862-1920), an influential writer whose understanding of appropriation has influenced many Japanese detective novelists, including Edogawa Ranpo (1894- 1965), who is still widely regarded as the father of Japanese
detective novels. From 1899 to 1900, Ruikō serialized “Yūreitō” [The Phantom
or Ghost Tower] in Yorozu Choho. This novel is now acknowledged as an adaptation of A. M. Williamson (1858 - 1933)’s novel, A Woman in Grey (1898), a
story of a treasure hunt and of a search for the truth about a murder in a housewith a clock tower. The aim of this presentation is to compare Ruikō’s “Yūreitō”
and Williamson’ A Woman in Grey with focusing on the two important featuresof the story—the “clock tower” and the “time. After the change to the solar
calendar and teijiho (system of uniform length hours) in 1872, the Western concept of time surprised and deeply influenced the minds of the Japanese people
so that they came to feel disconnected in their sense of time. This presentationshows how Ruikō reinterpreted Wiliamson’s sense of time so as to describe theircomplex perception of temporalities that had been in the process of formation
during the Meiji era.

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Ching-wen Wu (University of Tsukuba)
the eastern reception of the west: circling seasons in the seasons andkokoroNatsume Soseki (1867−1916), a well- known Japanese novelist of twentiethcentury, introduces James Thomson (1700-1748), a Scottish poet, to the Japanese society in his early critical writings and Theory of Literature (1907). One ofThomson’s major works, The Seasons, consisting of five separate parts - Spring(1728), Summer (1727), Autumn (1730), Winter (1726) and A hymn on the
Seasons (1730) - describes what is called Divine Nature. Soseki didn’t concern
about Thomson’s complex perspectives in terms of Deism, Pantheism, or Christianity in The Seasons, but he valued Thomson as an eminent poet of landscapewhen he referred to the English Romanticism and Henry Beers’ A history ofEnglish romanticism in the eighteenth century (1899).
Soseki’s reference to Thomson and Beers is important mainly because it highlights the importance of the description of circling seasons in his masterpiece
Kokoro (1914), published two years after the end of the Meiji era. A comparisonof circling seasons in The Seasons and Kokoro amply shows that in both of them
human minds are described connecting with Nature and proves that Kokoro
possibly adopts some parts of descriptions from The Seasons. What mattersmost is that Thomson’s connection of the four seasons and the divine natureof Britannia is transformed by Soseki into the human drama of confession inregard to the gap between tradition and modernization. Soseki’s interpretationof Thomson deserves special attention as one of the examples of the Japanesewriters’ reflection on morality in terms of the individualism of Western modernity.

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E-8-1

Panel

reading japanese literature through translations – threeperspectives on japanese literature as world literature

Discussant: Shigemi Inaga (International Research Center for JapaneseStudies)
How was Japanese literature introduced and subsequently received in the English and French literary spheres from the Meiji period through the post-WorldWar II era? Original Japanese texts underwent a transformation in this complicated process of textual circulation. New modes of reception emerged when
the translated texts encountered the host cultures. Then the invisible hands ofpublishers played a crucial role in shaping the reception trajectory. The three papers in this panel focus on four eminent literary figures – Basil Bunting, Tanizaki
Junichiro, Arthur Waley and Marguerite Yourcenar, and explore the textual productions and the reception of Japanese literature. By examining a diverse genreof texts, ranging from the medieval texts to the modern novella, this panel aims
to shed new light on the complexities and dynamics involved in the process ofJapanese literature joining the sphere of world literature.
Pradhan starts with the medieval Japanese prose Hōjōki and examines the work’s
Western reception trajectory in the early 20th century. His paper pays particular attention on Bunting’s poetical creation Chomei at Toyama and explores
the role socio-historical circumstances play in engendering a work’s reception
pattern. Muranaka, in turn talks about French novelist Yourcenar’s reaction to
Waley’s famed English translation of The Tale of Genji (1921-33). After observing the influence of Waley’s translation in the Western literary circle, her paper
throws new light on how this translation formed Yourcenar’s views on art andliterature. Finally, Kataoka uncovers the behind-the-scenes politics of the English
translation of Sasameyuki (1957), a Japanese novel by Tanizaki Junichiro, withparticular focus on its English title. By exploring correspondences and documents related to its publishing process, she explains why The Makioka Sisters
was chosen as its English title, and shows how its choice influenced receptionof the text in the U.S. and the U. K.
This panel, with the aforementioned papers, aims to explore the hitherto unexplored flow of Japanese literary works in the West during the early twentieth161

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century through post world war era and their impact on Anglophone literature.
Especially, the panel will seek answers to such questions as; i) how the socio-historical realities of the host culture conditioned the introduction of Japanese
literature to the West, ii) why and how Japanese works transformed in the translation process, and iii) how these metamorphoses culminated in the reception ofJapanese Literature as World Classics, and as a source of inspiration for contemporary novelists. By answering these questions, the panel hopes to shed light on
the transnational flow of Japanese works and the making of Japanese literature
as world literature.

Gouranga Charan Pradhan (International Research Center for JapaneseStudies)making an elegy of a prose – basil bunting’s chomei at toyama and transnational circulation of japanese literature in early 20th century

Japanese literature was already circulating in the Western intellectual circles
long before Arthur Waley translated Genji Monogatari in the 1920s. However,the success of Waley’s translation resulted for the first time wide recognitionof Japanese literature as part of world literature repertoire. Indeed, in this period we observe a phase of “literary Japonism” in the Western literary spheres.
There are several instances of Japanese literary works affecting Western literary
production. While much works have been done on the Japanese influence on
European arts, not much is known about how Japanese literature engendered
Western literary productions.
This presentation offers a case study of the medieval Japanese work Hōjōki’s(1212) early 20th century circulation in the Anglophone world, and traces themarks the work left on European literature. It will focus on English poet Basil
Bunting’s poem “Chomei at Toyama” (1933) and explore the roles that author,translator and the journal editor played in the genre shift of this medieval Japanese prose into a modern English elegy in the backdrop new socio-historicalnecessities. By doing so, the presentation hopes to shed new light on the Japanese role in shaping the early 20th century English literature.

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Yumiko Muranaka (Shirayuri University)
re/discovering “beauty of routine life” – yourcenar’s reading of waley’s“genji” translation

When she was about 20 years old, French writer Marguerite Yourcenar (19031987) read Genji Monogatari, translated by Arthur Waley (1889-1966), andadapted it for a story, The Last love of the Prince Genghi (1937), included inher short story collection titled Oriental Tales (1938). She admired the authorof this roman, Murasaki Shikibu (970/978-1019), as a writer equal to Marcel
Proust (1871- 1922), in the interview of her late years. In early 20th century,
Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) was also a great admirer of The Tale of Genji. Her
review shows that she found the “beauty of routine life”, especially in the partof description of arts and life developed in this roman.
This paper attempts to clarify Yourcenar’s debt to the reading of Genji, in thedevelopment of her vision of literature and arts. This study explores her writings
including the correspondences and the manuscripts, in order to consider thesimilarities between her vision of arts and the thoughts of arts developed in
The Tale of Genji. The review of this roman by Virginia Woolf is also included
as the corpus of this study. And this presentation shows that the “beauty ofroutine life” as a key factor of this roman was resonated with Arts and Crafts
movement, considered as an essential factor for the formation of Woolf’s andYourcenar’s concept of literature.

Mai Kataoka (SOKENDAI)
the art and politics behind an english title: rendering tanizaki’s sasameyuki(“the thin snow”) as “the makioka sisters”

After the end of World War II, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., an American trade publisher, initiated a translation project to introduce modern Japanese novels to the
U.S. This program led by the Editor-in-Chief of the Knopf, Harold Strauss (19071975) was established to introduce Japanese novels of the time to a wider English audience including “general reader” (meaning upper-middlebrow in thiscontext). As a part of the project, an English rendition of Sasameyuki, a novel

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Literatureby one of the Knopf’s most well-known Japanese authors, Tanizaki Jun‘ichirō(1886-1965), was published under the title, The Makioka Sisters (1957; translated by Edward G. Seidensticker [1921-2007]). Why did it have to be translated
into the English title so remote from the original, and who was responsible inmaking that decision?
By exploring correspondences and documents related to its publishing process,this presentation aims to uncover the still underexplored process of how Sasameyuki came to be rendered as The Makioka Sisters. The paper further delves
into the reception of the novel in relation to its English title to demonstrate how
it helped in gaining recognition by the English audience of that time. For thispurpose, it offers thorough examination of book reviews including a review bya British novelist, Angus Wilson (1913-1991), who was inspired by The Makioka
Sisters.

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Politics, International Relations & Economics

Section F - Politics, International Relations & Economics
Section Convenors: Joji Kijima (University of Tsukuba) &Chris Winkler (Seinan Gakuin University)
F-1-1 Simon James Bytheway (Nihon University)
the “special companies” and japanese economic history, 1880-2019

At the end of the Second World War over a thousand “wartime institutions”
were ordered to cease operations by the Supreme Commander for the AlliedPowers (SCAP) in Tokyo. Less than a century later, very little is known about
these institutions deemed central to the Japanese war effort. At their very core
were the parastatal “special companies” (Tokushu-gaisha 特殊会社): the specialbanks and financial institutions (including the Bank of Japan and the colonial
central banks), the huge colonial development companies (exemplified by theSouth Manchuria Railway Company), the vast array of Manchurian industrial entreprises, and the myriad of closely-related subsidiaries and spin-off companies.
Ostensibly, all of these public policy special companies were closed-down by theend of September 1945, often with US Army MPs symbolically taking control of
their head-offices in Tokyo! In reality, though, many of these companies stayed
in business, continued to function, and often were the only institution capableof providing goods and services to a certain sector of the economy (that is, they
were “too big to fail”). Similarly, many large and once-profitable special companies were able to reform, regroup, and re-capitalise their operations, particularly in the years after the Allied Occupation. Remarkably, a surprisingly large
number of key former special companies are among Japan’s largest companies,
and are now globally active in their respective fields. Against this background,my presentation aims to examine how the former special companies fared in
the post-war period, and continue to shape Japan’s contemporary economic
development.

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F-1-2 Sofia Rebrey (Moscow State University of International)
boosting economic growth of japan: what if women could

Decreasing economic growth of advanced economies concerns limited growthpotential of labor productivity. Probably the time is ripe to explore other areas
with a higher growth potential. In case of Japan, the saving grace is lurked amid
the traditional frameworks and institutions underpinning them. It is called inclusion – the key characteristic for a long-term economic growth according to theinstitutional theory.
Somehow Japan succeeds at combining sophisticated market and business witha relatively low women inclusion in the economy. Japan remains a patriarchal
society, which implies women to be housewives and mothers, leaving them
vastly underrepresented in economic and political dimensions. However, modern economic conditions create totally new environment. Most families of threeor more can not be financially supported only by a husband, extorting women
to seek for a job. Meanwhile, the economy provides no solid jobs for women,
perceiving them only as a temporary uneducated cheap work force.
The present research aims to estimate the scale of women potential contribution to economic growth by using ad hoc indexes developed by international
economic organization.
Further, the research seeks to evaluate the economic losses of Japan in the present state of affairs.
Finally, the research aspires to indicate factors that prevent women from successful careers. This section goes beyond economic analysis, taking into accountsocio, political and cultural dimensions.
The economic methodology used includes comparative analysis with the advanced economies of the domestic region (South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan
and Singapore) and the US.

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F-1-3 UnHye Joe (Friedrich Schiller University Jena)
which way is northeast asia‘s institutional economic integration going?

Even through South Korea, Japan, China, and North Korea participate in global
regionalism, they have continued to maintain oppositions, conflicts and militaristic national conceptions for over 70 years in Northeast Asia. The biggest
reason for the different courses between the EU and Northeast Asia from theperspective of the constitutional law doctrine (Staatsrechtslehre) is the latter’s
post-imperial leader system through the formal rule of law. Northeast Asia’s political systems are based on an incongruous combination of a base layer of social
consciousness as per the Confucian public view and a surface layer of order andrules as per the organicism from Germany.
This paper asserts that firstly, similar to the path of the EU, the attempt tocreate these four countries’ own institutional economic integration and the approaches of economic and administrative law to make a functional integration
will serve as a cornerstone for peace and economic growth in Northeast Asia.
Secondly, it argues that their common phenomenon of exercising absolute stateauthority will be the largest obstacle to the realisation of Northeast Asia’s own
institutional economic integration. Finally, in comparing the path of the partial
transfer of state sovereignty into the supranational authority in the EU, the paper emphasises that to build on Northeast Asia’s highest cultural values withintegration depends on the success of the transformation of state power frompurely factual into legal.
This paper is drawn from Staatsrechtslehre’s theory by G. Jellinek, the system ofRadbruch‘s legal philosophy, and the theory of general principles of European
Union Law by A. von Bockdandy. It is also based on the “Handbuch der Grundrechte”, published by H. J. Papier, and the “Handbuch des Staatsrechts” by J.
Isensee. Furthermore, its analysis of the concept of sovereignty is drawn fromthe theories of H. Quaritsch, U. Haltern, S. Krasner, and F. H. Hinsley.

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F-1-5 Louis-Caleb Remanda (ISM Graduate School of Management University of Versailles Saint-Quentin)
embeddedness and organizational practices of japanese subsidiaries in theeuropean union

The following research project is a comparative analysis of management practices from Japanese subsidiaries developing their business in the European environment. Preliminary literature on the Japanese organizational model define
itself as a “jungle underlying under a projection for the employee towards along-term career, a lifetime commitment to his company, and a collective responsibility naturally internalized by the group and its members”.
Our objectives wished to exploit the relationship of Japan and European Union
as a bridge to understand the contribution of transnational firms into the local/
regional economy, and the behaviors constructed during the subsidiary and its
parent company. Main research questions asked are the possibility for a unit to
apply strategies and practices coming from Japanese HQ into numerous organizational fields, not only European but also local, that apply rules, norms andregulations based from their national & regional culture.
Based on the research question and with theories applied on international management field, mainly subsidiary development theory, intercultural management
and inter-regionalism context, methodology consists on reviewing both European and Japanese business systems, their direct actors, and the contribution ofJapanese transnational companies on European development and Investment
policies.
Research tools used in the project are mainly exploratory data from intermediaryinstitutions in charge of external trade; transnational headquarters cases study– Rakuten Europe & Toyota Motor Europe – applied to executive managers
with semi-direct interviews, company strategy with secondary data analysis andanonymous surveys for employees.

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F-2-3 David Adebahr (Kyoto University)
japan’s new proactive security policy strategy in the pacific: between bureaucratic pragmatism and political distortion

Japan has been expanding its strategic focus towards the Asia-Pacific in foreignand security matters between 2005 and 2015. The new focus maritime security
in the Pacific sidelines Japan’s traditional diplomacy in Asia and new defense
cooperation has been implemented with Southeast Asian countries. However,policy implementation has been varying strongly under the DPJ administration,on the one hand, and the LDP on the other. Existing constructivist research emphasizes the role of cultural diplomacy in Japan’s new proactive policy towards
the Pacific but provides little explanation of the continuous militarization of multilateral cooperation in Southeast Asia. Conversely, existing neorealist literature
focusses on the important power shift presented by China’s rising military capabilities but says little about the underlying administrative process and motives ofJapanese elite bureaucrats.
In order to fill this void, this paper offers a neoclassical realist analysis of Japanese elite- bureaucrats in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) and Ministryof Defense (MOD) and their impact on introducing strategic changes in Japan’s
Asia-Pacific policy since 2005. This paper provides a process-tracing analysis
of elite-bureaucrats and presents an explanation on how Japan’s new regional
strategy was implemented as an attempt to counter Chinese assertiveness despite new uncertainties in U.S.-Japanese diplomacy under the DPJ government.
This neoclassical realist study builds on personal interviews with elite- bureaucrats from the MOFA and MOD, as well as ranking staffers from the SDF in orderto support the hypothesis of a new assertiveness among Japan’s Foreign Policy
Executive.

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F-2-4 Vladimir Nelidov (MGIMO University)
problems of historical memory in the political course of abe cabinets

The problems of historical memory, particularly those related to Japan’s colonial
and wartime past, are a significant factor affecting both Japan’s international
relations and its domestic politics. Not only does it often trigger bitter disputes
between Japan and its neighbors, first and foremost, the Republic of Korea
and the People’s Republic of China, but the attitude towards pre-1945 Japan is
also a significant dividing line between liberal and conservative political camps
within the country.
In this paper, I am focusing on the way this issue was addressed in policies by
the cabinets of Abe Shinzo (2006-2007; 2012 – present time). By tracing viewson these issues expressed both by Abe Shinzo himself and members of his cabinets, I am trying to show their transformation over time, as well as determine
the factors driving this transformation. Among these factors, I evaluate the roleof both domestic (public opinion in general and Cabinet approval ratings in particular, political scandals, changing balance in the Japanese political arena, etc)
and international (the attitudes of neighboring countries towards these issues,
as well as those of the United States) ones. My main conclusion is that, more
often than not, the issues of historical memory serve as an opportunistic instrument of boosting political capital by means of appealing to the conservativeelectorate, while trying to maintain a delicate balance with the existing normsof the post-war Japanese political system.

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F-2-5 Dmitry Streltosov (MGIMO University)
russia’s perspective of japan from the angle of the historical past

Russia’ policy towards Japan, due to the autocratic nature of its political power,
is influenced by the personal image of Japan among Russia’s political leaders,which to a large extent is shaped by their personal historical consciousness.
For more than century-and-a-half history of mutual relations Russia and Japan
have been enemies, rivals and competitors. The perception of Japan is formed in
the context of the leaders’ historical knowledge of the Russo-Japanese war, theintervention of Japanese troops to the Russian Far East in 1918-1922, the political confrontation and military clashes in the interwar period, the Soviet-Japanese war of 1945, as well as the cold war.
Moscow prefers to refrain from excessive propaganda attacks on Japan about
its military past, considering all ‘debts’ repaid by the conditions of postwar settlement. Though Tokyo was and continues to be seen as a geopolitical opponent, Moscow follows a generous and even forgiving treatment of Japan as a‘satellite’ of the United States deprived of the right of independent diplomatic
decision-making.
Currently, the Russian leaders do not have a consistent strategy for the development of relations with Japan, so different points of view may come to the fore
depending on the political situation. In an effort to preserve a fragile balance in
its Asian diplomatic strategy, Moscow adheres to the principle of neutrality oncomplex historical issues that are on the agenda in Japan‘s relations with its East
Asian neighbors. At the same time, Russia demonstrates a high level of rigidity
in the territorial issue with Japan.

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F-3-1 Tatsuro Debroux (Pompeu Fabra University)
the analysis of two different pacifist concepts under the second abe administration from a role theory perspective

My paper examines a concept ‘pacifism’ described by Japanese prime minister and Liberal Democratic Party‘s (LDP) president Abe Shinzo and the New
Komei Party‘s (NKP) leader Yamaguchi Natsuo through a lens of role theory
to understand what roles they think Japan should play. First, how the concept‚pacifism‘ is used in statements (speeches, interviews, and remarks on the press)of Abe, Yamaguchi and other political elites in each party, which are assumed
to give a clue about their ideas of Japan‘s role in the world related to pacifism,is examined because this comparison enables to expose accord and discord
between them. Second, national role conception or NRC (the actor’s subjective
understanding of the nation’s appropriate role, function and aim in the international system and the perception of domestic and foreign expectations) about
Japan‘s role and the worldview of each party is discussed in connection with
the issue of the revision of the Japanese Constitution which stipulates a generalframework of Japan‘s foreign policy. The LDP aims to play more proactive roles
by revising the constitution and Abe dismisses the current constitution makes
only ‚one-country pacifism‘ possible. On the other hand, the NKP tries tomaintain the constitution as it is because Yamaguchi perceives the current
constitution guarantees postwar pacifism, which has been successful because
it eases neighboring countries. The fact that Abe tries to strengthen Japan‘spresence in the world and made several important security laws and institutions
makes role theory appropriate.

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F-3-2 Joji Kijima (University of Tsukuba)
the reality of the utopian constitution and new meanings of peace in reiwajapan

I propose an individual paper that examines the controversy surrounding constitutional reform and emerging debates about what constitutes peace for Japanin the Reiwa era.
First, this paper traces the making of the Japanese Constitution by highlighting
the so-called “Ashida amendments” of 1946 to Article 9 or the “peace clause”
of the Constitution that renounces war and the use of force. It shows that theamendments made possible the interpretation that neither war nor the use offorce is forbidden for self-defense purposes, thereby paving the way for legitimizing the existence of Japan’s “Self-Defense Forces” and American bases inJapan in reality. This paper argues that constitutional reform under discussion
today—whether spelling out the Self-Defense Forces in Article 9 or deleting aparagraph to avoid any confusion—is unnecessary as it would not bring anything new into reality.
Second, this paper shows the ways in which the meaning of peace is proactively
re-defined in Reiwa Japan in the face of threats posed by the aggressive riseof China and the possibility of a nuclear-armed reunified Korea. It argues thatJapan’s nuclear option must be one of the components of what peace means
for Japan in the new era as tensions over the anti-Japanese nuclear states are
triggering debates in Japan about abandoning one of Japan’s three non-nuclear
principles and adopting NATO’s nuclear-sharing arrangement.

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Section G - Religion & Philosophy
Section Convenors: Sachiko Igarashi (University of Tsukuba) &Kate Wildman Nakai (Sophia University)
G-1-1 Yiwen Duan (University of Tsukuba)
singing in ritualized religious practice: a study of “baikako” of japanesesoto zen school

Baikako, held by Zen monks and believers by singing the Buddhism hymn named
Baikaryu Eisanka, is a kind of belief activity of Soto School. Baikako first appearedin 1952 at a commemorative activity of the 700th anniversary of Dogen’s deathat Shizuoka city. Participants learn the teachings by singing Baikaryu Eisanka inpraise of Shakyamuni Buddha and the two founders of Soto Zen School named
Dogen and Keizan, and to show respect for the ancestors and the past monks.
In a fixed-form ritual, participants sing the teachings ringing bells, remember
the important religious figures, experience emotions released through the ritual singings, and feel themselves connected to the teachings. This draws us toquestions such as how to define this singing practice experience, how the singing action appears as a vehicle of connection with the religious doctrine, andhow to locate the practice and experience of singing the Buddhist hymn within
the context of Zen.
This paper, based on the author’s fieldwork on Baikakos of Soto Zen templesin Tokyo, explores into Baikaryu Eisanka singing as a religious phenomenon,
and examines the meaning of such religious singing experience to the Soto Zen
School and its believers, and reconsiders the functions and the features of thiskind of ritualized singing experience from the perspective of Religion. It willshed new a light upon an important but not so much studied aspect of Zen
Buddhist in the contemporary Japan.

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G-1-2 Anna Dulina (International Research Center for Japanese Studies[Nichibunken])the “women of the sun”: the interpretation of the myth of ohirume and her
journey to japan

According to the Kojiki and the Nihon shoki, the sun goddess Amaterasu,
worshipped in Ise as the ancestress of the imperial family, has another name:Ōhirume or Grand Sun Goddess Augustness. The name Ōhirume also appears
in the sacred texts (engi) recounting the origins of the Hachiman cult. In those
texts, Ōhirume is described as the mother of Hachiman deity and the daughterof a Chinese king. According to the Hachiman engi texts, princess Ōhirume
became pregnant when the rays of the morning sun shone on her chest; consequently, her name means the “wife of a sun god”. After a son was born, theking her father put the mother and the son into a boat and set it afloat on theocean saying, “You will be a ruler of the place in which you land”. The boat
reached the shore of Ōsumi province of Kyushu, where Japanese people began
to worship the baby as Hachiman deity. Generations after, the prince Hachiman
was reborn as Emperor Ōjin, the sixteenth sovereign of Japan.

In my talk I will examine in more detail the legends about Ōhirume that reflect
the ancient beliefs of the Kyusyu and are linked to myth of the origin of Japanese imperial family line. I will focus on material of the Hachiman engi, suchas “The history of the path to enlightenment of the [bodhisattva] Hachiman”(Hachiman go-inni engi, the 12th c.), “Admonition to the stupid children about
Hachiman” (Hachiman gudōkin, the beginning of the 14th c.) etc.

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G-1-3 Mihaela Lacramioara Sighinas (Kobe University)
the function of miracle tales (reigentan) in the interpretation of pilgrimage
songs

One innovation that created a new mode of contact between bodhisattva Kannon and the believer is the junrei uta (pilgrimage songs, also known as goeika).
In the concise and simple format of thirty-one-syllable waka poems, the prayers
provided poetically a pure vision of the numinous sites as well as praise for the
spiritual power that resided there. By reciting the poem-prayer before the sacredimage, the pilgrim not only heard the temple’s name but also became mindfulof the sacred history of the temple. In an age of degrading morals, preaching
the Buddhist law in early modern Japan becomes the key to turning people backto the sacred meaning of pilgrimage. People needed guidance as to the meaning of pilgrimage and that of pilgrimage songs. In this presentation I will focus
on the Saikoku Junrei Ougishou, written by the Amidist priest Minyo Chikan in
1755. Although the tradition of writing the interpretation of pilgrimage songs,
in order to relay the true meaning hidden in the short 31 syllable form of waka
(5-7-5-7-7), goes back to 1705, Minyo is the first one to include miracle tales(reigentan) that easily resonated with the ordinary people. By looking into theuse of intertextuality in Minyo’s pilgrimage narrative, I aim to clarify how thesemiracle tales (both old and contemporary) function within the larger picture of
the pilgrimage text, and what their role is in the interpretation of pilgrimage
songs.

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G-1-4 Markus Ruesch (Ryukoku University)
amida and pilgrimage: concepts at three sites in contemporary japan

Pilgrimage is still a very popular activity in present Japan. Recent research had
clarified a high number of aspects as the development of pilgrimage tourism
or its social framework. In my talk, I want to connect to these results and try
to outline a new approach. In contrast to analysing several distinct sites of one
pilgrimage route, I will focus on Amida as the object of worship in the following
three routes: the 88 temples in Shikoku, the 6 Amida-temples in Kyōto, and the
24 Jōdo Shinshū-temples in Kantō. The question will be, how the involved temples are creating a religious space that refers to the pilgrimage route as a whole
while emphasising the temple’s individual character.
Although only an analysis of multiple factors can describe the religious structureof a space, the function of the primary object of worship may be called the mostsignificant part. I will draw the focus on the different roles that Amida plays inthe specific contexts to show that this Buddha undertakes not only one final
task (e.g. representing the western Pure Land) as the sole usage of the name
“Amida” could indicate. For this purpose, I will use doctrinaire texts to clarify
his tasks within their particular spatial context. Such an approach allows us to
explore various concepts of pilgrimage in Japan and the strategies in creating
space that is meaningful to the pilgrim.

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G-1-5 Alisha Saikia (University of Tsukuba)
a study of kyara in japanese religious landscape: shukyo asobi at kanda
myojin and ryohojitemple

Kyara or kyarakuta is a ubiquitous category of mascots in Japan. Although anelement of Japanese popular culture, kyara is also infused in some religious
spaces. This study investigates the reasons behind the infusion of kyara in certain religious spaces in Japan, and examines the impact it has on the practice ofreligion in those spaces.
The literature on kyaras amalgamation in religious spaces include theories on
consumption, globalization and secularization only.
With the help of textual analysis and ethnographic research, this study tries toinvestigate other possible explanations of the incorporation of kyara into religious spaces. The explanation being the long existing tradition of Japanese religion that combines secular elements of entertainment with that of the sacred
elements of religion, and diminishes the sharp contrast between the two. Such a
conflation is not just a desperate measure taken by religious spaces due to constraints of a contemporary society weighed down by the forces of consumerism
and secularization but also a continuation of a tradition especially from the Edo
era in a regularly renovating fashion.
Further it investigates the impact in the practice of religion in those religious
spaces where kyara is introduced. Shūkyō asobi (playful religion) as a theoreticalframework is applied in the case study of Kanda Myōjin and Ryōhōji temple inTokyo. The result is the determination of religion being re-created in these spaces. Religion here is practiced in a renewed way, thus opposing the secularization
theory that suggests a diminishing role of religion in contemporary society.

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G-1-6 Mika Imono (International Research Center for JapaneseStudies)
why kata? a philosophical perspective

This presentation uses a philosophical perspective to examine the experience ofwill in the practice called Kata in Noh. The word “Kata” here is used in the senseof a learning process of bodily techniques.
In phenomenology, Legrand and Ravn (2009) have demonstrated that dancers
have two subjective experiences - seeing and sensing - during a dance (Ravn
2017). However, Noh players appear to be paying less attention to what they
are seeing during a dance, instead concentrating on what they are sensing inside their body (Umewaka 2003). What is going on here in the subjective bodily
sensation of the player?
I will examine this question by considering “Kata.” As a learning process, Kata
has been examined in the philosophical context in terms of habit, because a
habit is an accumulation of movement in the body, which spontaneously generates a new movement (Ravaisson 1838, Ikuta 1987, Morita 2013). Nevertheless, we cannot ignore the inevitable importance of the quality of movement ina dance. The movement is spontaneous, not automatic. So how does the willwork?
In this presentation, I will try to clarify what we can see in the experience of willin the dance of Noh, how it is formed, the extent to which it can differ fromthe will considered in Western philosophy, and what it can possibly bring there.

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G-2-1

Panel

rampant heresy or empty slander? reassessing the tachika-

wa lineage as a conceptual label in japanese buddhism

The Tachikawa lineage has long been considered synonymous with “heresy” inJapanese, and especially in Shingon Buddhism. Texts from the 13th century onwards describe this group as practicing strange rituals, where literal interpretations of the Tantric sexual symbolism were blended with necromancy. However,recent research has shown that significant portions of these discourses havebeen fabricated, and elaborated upon to create a conceptual category, linking
several different lineages, rituals and doctrinal positions into a single group labeled as “deviant”—all subsumed under the “Tachikawa” name.
During the 16th century, such ideas reinforced the Japanese understanding of
religious “otherness,” as Christians were depicted using methods very similar as
those who criticized the alleged Tachikawa lineage. The Edo period also saw
the development of what can be called a literature of “heresiology,” where theidea of heresy was systematized and blended with a tradition of textual critique.
This panel will analyze the construction of the Tachikawa lineage as a conceptual label in the course of the history of Japanese Buddhism. In doing so, it willshed new light not only on the history of the interpretation of sexual discourses
in Shingon Buddhism, but also how the idea of the Tachikawa lineage grew beyond its initial scale to enter other schools, such as the Jōdo Shinshū. Each individual contribution concentrates on one step of this process. Further, the panel
will provide a new and global view of an important—and currently frequently
discussed—topic in the history of religions in Japan.

Steven Trenson (Waseda University)
the question of “perverse teachings” (jakyo) in medieval shingon discourse:
focusing on sexual symbolisms in the daigo and ono lineages

The Tachikawa lineage is notorious in the history of Shingon esoteric Buddhism
as a “heterodox” tradition spreading “perverse teachings”, that is, sexual doctrines and practices. Established in the early twelfth century, the Tachikawa lineage is said to have spread to various places. The general idea in traditional

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scholarship, thus, is that the lineage in the course of its diffusion may have“infected” orthodox Shingon traditions and therefore have caused the emergence of similar “perverse teachings” within these traditions. The fact is, however, that medieval Shingon discourse abounds with sexual imageries. Hence,
if the Tachikawa lineage was indeed responsible for the proliferation of theseimageries, one could think that it did not merely “infected” the mainstream but
actually completely overtook it. Naturally, this can hardly be the actual historicalsituation. Recent scholarship has already revealed that the Tachikawa lineage’s
infamous reputation is largely the result of later unjustified accusations, but
questions of what was considered a “perverse teaching,” where sexual doctrines originated from, and what their connection was to the Tachikawa lineage
have not yet been clearly examined. This paper, therefore, will focus on Shingon
doctrines involving sexual symbolisms which circulated in the “orthodox” Daigo and Ono lineages and argue that their origin should be found in doctrinal
speculations developed within these lineages themselves and not in the external
influence of any so-called heterodox school. In so doing, the paper adds support
to the growing scholarly consensus that a sexual Shingon doctrine should not
immediately be labeled as “Tachikawa”.

Takahiko Kameyama (Ryukoku University)
thickly describing the heresy: multiplicity of the tachikawa lineage (tachikawa ryu) in japanese buddhist culture

Many scholars of Japanese Buddhism still consider the Tachikawa lineage(tachikawa ryū) as a unified heretical sect within Shingon Buddhist tradition,
which attempted to literally interpret the Tantric sexual symbolism and blend
it with necromancy. On the other hand, however, the scholars such as Ryōkō
Kushida, Stefan Köck, and Nobumi Iyanaga have carefully investigated the contents of texts which criticize the Tachikawa lineage, and clearly pointed out thearbitrary and fanciful nature of their designation as heretic. I follow the criticalperspective and method of Kushida, Köck, and Iyanaga, and discuss the “multiplicity” of the lineage as a conceptual label within Japanese Buddhism.

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I will specifically focus on multiple manuscripts written by such Shingon Buddhist monks during the Kamakura time period, such as Raiyu (1226-1304), Gahō(Year of birth unknown-1317), and Gōhō (1306-1362), and examine their multilayered recognitions and interpretations of the Tachikawa lineage. The main
point of a discussion will be the semiotic network which constitutes the Tachikawa lineage, through a blend of sexual and embryological symbolism, Esoteric
Buddhist doctrine and ritual, inter-school arguments, and miscellaneous worship and myth in medieval Japanese Buddhism.
In this paper, my main aim will be to locate the Tachikawa lineage within amedieval Japanese Buddhist “culture”, defining it as a “system of concepts”(Geertz). In doing so, I will attempt to “thickly describe” the Tachikawa lineage,
the main “heresy” in Japanese Buddhism.

Gaétan Rappo (Nagoya University)
the root of all heresies? the tachikawa lineage in the isshu gyogi sho, anapocryphon attributed to shinran

The Isshūgyōgishō is a text attributed to Shinran (1173-1263), the founder of
the Jōdo Shinshū school. However, it is in fact an apocryphon, written during
the late Kamakura period at the earliest. This text criticizes “radical Amidism,” avery influential interpretation of Shinran’s thought, which rejected all religious
practice besides chanting the Nenbutsu.
Concretely, the text gives a new reading of a defining moment of the history ofPure Land schools in Japan: the exile of Hōnen and his disciples, along with theexecution of four of them, in 1207. The Isshūgyōgishō says that this unfortunate event—in fact a consequence of sectarian rivalries and courtly politics—
actually happened because two of the executed monks were in fact disciples ofa member of the Tachikawa lineage, and thus introduced heresies in the Pure
Land movement.
This presentation will demonstrate how this argument actually associates thereasons given by the authorities for executing the monks—mainly their lack ofmorality and sexual probity—with the rhetoric used by Shingon monks against

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the Tachikawa lineage, in order to criticize radical members of the Jōdo Shinshū
school.
During the Edo period, Shingon monks would even quote this story to further
criticize the Tachikawa lineage and the Pure Land schools. This shows that theTachikawa lineage—rather than an authentic heretical group—not only became
a symbol of sexual heresies in the Shingon school, but also came to be depicted
as the root of all heresies in Japanese Buddhism itself.

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G-5-1 Andrea Castiglioni (Nagoya City University)
immobility and mimesis: preliminary purificatory practices of yudono pilgrims during the edo period

The Edo period (1600–1868) pilgrimage to the three sacred mountains ofDewa (Dewa Sanzan 出羽三山) culminated with the veneration of Mt. Yudono 湯
殿山 (present day Yamagata prefecture), which was regarded as the most sacredsite (Oku no in 奥の院) of this mandalized mountainous landscape. Focusing on
the preliminary purification practices (zen shōjin 前精進), which were performed
by Yudono pilgrims (nobori kudari no gyōnin 上り下りの行人) in ascetic huts(gyōya 行屋) built within the village, I argue against a Turnerian view of pilgrimage as a purely kinetic ritual characterized by extra-ordinariness by demonstrating that immobility and stasis were fundamental elements of these purification
practices. Central to this talk are Yudono pilgrims who belonged to the Yudono
religious confraternities (Yudonosan kō 湯殿山講) in the Yonezawa 米沢 area.
Secluding themselves in their ascetic huts, which they interpreted as architectural metaphors of Mt. Yudono, these pilgrims realized what Eva Rosander defines
as a process of “religious imaginary mobility.” The ascetic hut itself was a ‘mimicbuilding,’ which re-created and symbolized the sacred mountain within the village. This virtual indoor pilgrimage, which preceded the outdoor one and lasted
for about three weeks, allowed peasants to perform intense religious practices
from dusk to dawn without compromising the ordinariness of their rural life,
which included agricultural work during the day. In this way, immobility andmimesis were just as essential for pilgrimage as mobility and reality were.

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G-5-2 Silvia Rivadossi (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice)unnatural nature. representations of nature in the contemporary discourseon shamanism

This paper explores the concept of nature in the contemporary discourse on
Japanese urban shamanism, showing not only its characteristics but also theconflation with other relevant discourses, such as those on identity.
The paper argues that in the context under examination the concept of natureis hardly seen as ‘natural’, but reveals instead artificial characteristics. Nature becomes something created by humans for humans, in order to let them achieve
specific goals, among which empowerment and healing. This interest and attention for nature do not necessarily promote, though, environmentalist activism.
The study was conducted by analysing different case studies contributing to
the formation of contemporary discourse on shamanism: from literary works toworks of art, from manga to TV series, from the cases of spiritual therapists to
those of urban shamans.
By showing how nature is perceived, represented and dealt with in the narratives and practices of the Japanese shamanic actors, this paper contributes tothe debates on spiritual practices in the urban context. At the same time, by
quickly tracing connections with similar practices and representations outside
Japan, it contributes to the understanding of how contemporary religiosity is
being shaped all over the world.

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G-5-3 Chihiro Saka (International Research Center for JapaneseStudies [Nichibunken])
the emergence of female deities in ten kings of hell worship: datsueba(japan) and meng po (china)

This paper focuses on two old women appearing in Chinese and Japanese texts
associated with belief in the Ten Kings of Hell. In the Scripture on the Ten Kings
of Hell, which describes experiences of the deceased in the interim between
death and rebirth, including various kinds of torture, the punishers are dominated by male deities and there is no prominent female figure. However, by thetwelfth century two old women had come to join the Ten Kings group. One is
Datsueba who is represented as an ugly old hag in popular conceptions of Buddhist hell in Japan. She is said to take the clothes of newly deceased people by
the Sanzu River which they are supposed to cross after death. Since the virtuous
cross the bridge and evildoers are forced to cross a difficult to navigate part of
the river, she estimates their deeds by weighing how much moisture has beenabsorbed. The other female figure is Meng po, a pious Chinese Daoist woman
devoted to cultivation of the religious path. At the end of each person’s journeyto the otherworld after death, she erases their memories by giving them theBroth of Oblivion. Although representations of them are distinctly different, theroles of both female deities can both be interpreted as preparing the dead forthe next life.
Drawing upon textual descriptions as well as pictorial images, this paper explores the relationship between these two old female figures by examining thesymbolism and meanings associated with their actions.

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G-5-4 Yufei Zhou (German Institutes for Japanese Studies Tokyo)
the concept “oriental despotism” in modern japanese political philosophy

It is usually believed that the introduction and wide circulation of Montesquieu’s
De l’esprit des lois in the Meiji period had instilled in the Japanese discourses the
specific Orientalist view of Asia’s despotic system of government, which views
the centralization of power in Asian countries as the political consequence of
this region’s climate and precipitation conditions. In fact, as Japan was increasingly involved into encounter with her Asian neighbors after the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), discussions on “Oriental despotism” had culminatedthree times, each time in an entirely different political and intellectual context.
As a result, the concept “Oriental despotism” in Japanese has been associatedto an evidently more nuanced connotation spectrum and gained multi-faceted
layers of meanings than its counterparts in European languages. To trace thegradual transformation of the meaning of this concept helps understand bothups and downs of Japan’s continental policy and paradigm shifts in Japan’s
modern social sciences.
Relying on the methodological approach of conceptual history (Begriffsgeschichte), this paper seeks to explore the historical semantic changes of the concept “Oriental despotism” in modern Japanese. It analyzes the three intense
debates over this concept, by examining the representative advocates’ understandings of the concept “Oriental despotism” against the background of theintertwining of political circumstances and intellectual reflection. By doing so,
this paper sheds light on the ways in Japan’s modern social sciences had shaped
its engagement with Asia and and vice versa.

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G-5-5 Federica Sgarbi (Ritsumeikan University)
kant and d.t. suzuki: the paradigm of knowledge in western and eastern
philosophy

D.T. Suzuki is a Kanazawa-produced buddhist philosopher. He worked untiringly
to bring the message of Zen, Mahāyāna and Buddhism in general, to the West,and his reputation as a scholar and gifted teacher was internationally recognized. He touched the lives of many thinkers, including Erich Fromm. The book
Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis contains the papers originally presented by
the Japanese buddhist philosopher and the German psychoanalyst at a workshop on that topic held in 1957 by the Department of Psychoanalysis of theMedical School of the Autonomous National University of Mexico. The work
focuses on what differences there are in Eastern and Western thought regarding the nature of the human mind and our role in the knowledge. There, Suzuki explains with profound and gentle wisdom how Western materialism andintellectualism contrast with the Eastern concept of acceptance as the basis ofwell-being for the ‘whole man’.
This study aims to develop this point of view through a comparison focusedon the paradigm of knowledge between Immanuel Kant, major figure of the
Enlightenment, and D.T. Suzuki, scholar of Zen Buddhism.
The topic will be the Swedish scientist and Spirit-seer Emanuel Swedenborg(1688-1772), main character of Kant’s “Dreams of a Spirit-Seer, illustrated bythose of Metaphysics and Suzuki’s Swedenborg and Swedenborg’s View ofHeaven and “Other Power”.
Keywords: Kant, D. T. Suzuki, Swedenborg, Philosophy, Zen Buddhism

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G-5-6 Toru Oda (University of Shizuoka)
translating anarchism against the grain: sakae osugi reading peter
kropotkin

Polyglot and polymorphous, Sakae Ōsugi (1885-1923) was a provocative popularizer of Western anarchism, for whom translation was as crucial to his intellectual development as to his visceral existence. Indeed, he frankly admitted that
he was only a “translational socialist” whose knowledge of political thought
was heavily indebted to foreign books (“Preface to The Philosophy of Labor
Movement”). What should be emphasized here, however, is not such overt borrowings or the ways in which he actually lived and embodied them. By taking
his translation work as such as a theoretical practice, this presentation explores
discursive configurations of anarchist and non-anarchist thoughts Ōsugi produced. As Benedict Anderson depicts in Under Three Flags: Anarchism and theAnti-Colonial Imagination, the emergent “vast rhizomal network” of communication allowed a wider and faster global circulation of peoples and ideas, but
it also opened up cacophonous yet productive gaps for non-Western readers,
as diverse and even mutually antagonistic texts produced in different times andcontexts could come to them simultaneously. This presentation reads Ōsugi’stranslational activities as an uneasy virtual site of creative negotiations, examining how, for instance, Peter Kropotkin’s Darwinian reflection on mutual aid isjuxtaposed with Henri Bergson’s concept of élan vital which Kropotkin harshly
criticized. By comparing Ōsugi’s publishing strategies with those of Emma Goldman, this presentation also sheds light on global repercussions of his anarchistictranslation projects.

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Section H - Other Disciplines / Interdisciplinary
Section Convenors: Boštjan Bertalanicˇ (Josai University) &Muneo Kaigo (University of Tsukuba)
H-1-2 Tinka Delakorda Kawashima (Hiroshima University)
religion in public education: are teachers aware of their religious
knowledge?

Responding to the growing internationalisation of schools in Japan, a debate
arose among scholars of religion on the need for religious education. Some hadargued that religious education would promote intercultural understanding;others warned it could facilitate nationalistic ideologies. In the meantime, however, ethics became an official (graded) subject in elementary and junior highschools nationwide. A question arises, how will teachers without any knowledge and training in religious culture, teach ethics to children from different
cultural and religious backgrounds? This paper shows a practical use of a method for measuring religious awareness adopted from the sociology of religion
for educational purposes. The researcher used an interview pole containing a
specific set of questions to assess teachers’ religious awareness. The preliminary outcome revealed teachers’ lack of awareness about their own culture and(non)religiousness. Besides that, the interview process itself proved useful as it
helped teachers become aware of their existing knowledge and experience withreligion. Also, as teachers themselves conducted the interviews, they noticed
significant differences among each other. In teacher’s education at least, such
“self- reflective learning” taken from the sociological study of religion could be
used to promote teachers’ interest for their own historical roots, beliefs andvalues and a deeper understanding of multiple dimensions of religion as a step
toward achieving multicultural competence.

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H-1-3 Sonia Favi (University of Manchester)
tokaido as a landscape of political and social contestation in late edo
japan

My paper analyses the socially and politically subversive value of the representation of meisho along the Tōkaidō road, in late Edo Japan.
Travel, a common practice within the bakuhan state (Ashiba, 1994; Vaporis,
1994; Vaporis, 1995; Nenzi, 2008; Funck and Cooper, 2013), is strictly entwinedwith social and political transformation (Lean and Staiff, 2016). One of the reasons for that is that it encompasses an appropriation of the landscape, that is, initself, as an “instrument of cultural power” (Mitchell 1994, 1). This appropriationis reflected in and enhanced by travel literature – above all in largely distributed
forms of disposable culture, such as commercial prints, maps and guides.
Representations of meisho are particularly interesting when analysed in this perspective, as meisho tended to be invested with (different, contested) meanings
by a wide range of social actors, above all when, as in the case of the Tōkaidō,
they were located in a both strategically relevant and highly traveled area. Whilepart of an “official”, controlled landscape, as represented in Tokugawa sponsored maps, the meisho of Tōkaidō were in fact also invested with religious,
lyrical and recreational meanings and they were sometimes intellectually appropriated through their representations even when, for practical or normative
reasons, they could not materially be experienced. Such representations became“virtual” ways to defy boundaries and social conventions.
Using Tōkaidō meisho zue as a main example, I will analyse these mechanisms,
and connect them to a fuller discussion of identity and social and cultural transformation in pre-modern Japan.

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H-1-4 Emika Okumura (University of Tsukuba), Mitsunori Kubo (Chiba
University), Takatoshi Tauchi (Chiba University) & Toshimasa Yamanaka(University of Tsukuba)engineering mind or aesthetic mind: structural analysis of a decorative
design on japanese traditional architecture in 13th century

Does a decorative design in architecture connote the engineering purpose? In
ancient Greek architecture, entasis, a convex curve, is well discussed that it is
not only intended for the aesthetic purpose with which people can perceive visual stability but also for the engineering purpose of enhancing strength. Thereis, however, not investigated well in Japanese medieval wooden buildings. Thus,
the purpose of this study was to investigate engineering purpose of a decorative
design on a Japanese medieval building and discuss the integration of engineering mind and aesthetic mind of the carpenter. We focused on a design ofKaerumata in the 13th century which is a strut of a building and supports a load.
In medieval Japan, it was a transition period in which Kaerumata has changed
its role from a structural element into a decorative one. A design of Kaerumata is
one of the indicators of dating buildings because it varies depending on the age
and area. Since the design of Kaerumata differs depending on the carpenter, it
is suitable for indirectly exploring his sense of visual dynamics which can intuitively estimate mechanical properties of objects by elucidating the mechanicalrationality in the design. We performed structural analysis using finite element
method and the results showed that the two holes of Kaerumata’s decoration
lead to structural rationality which implies it positively affects internal stress. We
discussed carpenters in the 13th century could unintentionally design that two
small holes as a structural role and had a great sense of visual dynamics.

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H-1-5 Sarah Rebecca Schmid (University of Zurich)the brightest star in the sky – saigo takamori and meiji mythology

Saigō Takamori 西郷隆盛 (1828-1877) is known as one of the “Three Great Nobles” of the Meiji Restoration. Despite the great renown he still enjoys today, it is
not an easy task for historians to distinguish between fact and fiction in Saigō’sbiography. However, even before his death during the Satsuma Rebellion in
1877, Saigō Takamori had already started to eclipse his existence as a mortalbeing, and his life’s story was on the verge of transforming into a myth. Whena star was seen shining unusually bright in the night sky in 1877, newspapers
reported it as ‘Saigō’s star’ 西郷星. After his death, rumors denying his deathstarted circulating almost immediately, with the quick addition that he had fled
to the Asian continent instead.
Saigō would gain so much in popularity after his death that the government
eventually pardoned him for his actions during the Satsuma Rebellion in 1889,
and he became a national hero who was lauded to have been the last ‘true samurai.’ The stories about Saigō might be dismissed as ‘tall tales’ when considering Saigō’s biography from a historical point of view. However, they contributed
something essential to the young Japanese nation: one of the founding mythsof modern Japanese national identity.
This paper examines different types of media which circulated during the Meiji
period, helping to explain why the mythological part of Saigō Takamori’s biography is not an unfortunate contaminant, but an intrinsically important part of
the historical figure Saigō has become.

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H-1-6 Oana Loredana Scorus (Kyoto University)
the aesthetic sense of yamagata aritomo as expressed in “hazakura nikki”

In the Meiji period, there are new tendencies of creating gardens, tendencies
considered to begin with the garden Murin-an, made in Kyoto by the gardener Ogawa Jihei the 7th , under the detailed instructions from the owner,thestatesman Yamagata Aritomo.In this paper I attempt to extract the aesthetic
sense of Aritomo in relation to the natural elements,by analysing his travel diary“Hazakura Nikki”.
Yamagata Aritomo writes“Hazakura Nikki”in 1867, during one of his trips to
Kyoto. It is published in 1891, 3 years before the construction of Murin-an,
and republished as a part of the volume“Gansetsu Yamagata-kō Ikō” in 1926,
showing that at least for Aritomo, if not for the society in general, the content
of “Hazakura Nikki”was still valid after 60 years from it’s first publication.
In this presentation, I will analyse the natural elements that appear in Aritomo’s
diary, such as the stream and the mountain, in particular Higashiyama mountain; I will examine the context in which they appear aiming to grasp Aritomo’s
ideal image about these elements. Next, I will connect this results with the way
the river and Higashiyama mountain are incorporated in the design of Murin-an.
Thus, I will attempt to shed light on the attitude towards nature shown in thisgarden, attitude that spread ulterior through the entire Japan.

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H-2-1 Bostjan Bertalanic (Josai University)
evaluation of intercultural skills development in japanese higher education:
the case josai koma shrine project and cultural training in dijon, france

In Japan fostering intercultural understanding has become progressively more
and more a pressing necessity, especially when viewed in the light of the recentchanges in immigration policy.With a larger influx of immigrants in the future,
Japanese social systems will have to adjust even more. At various governmental
levels a more proactive stance towards multiculturalism and multilingualism has
already become a debated issue. Some have even suggested that to sustain thecurrent level of social cohesion and retain economic growth, multiculturalism
should become one of the national developmental and educational priorities.
The sustainability of many Japanese institutions, including higher education, already depends on the injection of large number of foreign students. Univeristy
campuses around Japan have began adapting to the changing demographic
and educational environment and have in many respects become, although invarying degrees, globalized.
This process, however, has not been compounded by adequate pedagogicaland teaching reform, that would address the needs of a more internationalized
and global student body. It also does very little in terms of training Japanese
students to become more efficient in intercultural settings, for example througha systematic development of their intercultural capabilities. Most univeristy programs still emphasize English language acquisition as the primary means to provide some form of an international education. Short term exchange programs
and study abroad trips are also quite popular, but have only short term andlimited effect.
In the proposed contribution, I would like to explore the efficiency of intercultural learning through different approaches that we find example in the areaof international curriculum development and pedagogical reform which integrates joint learning with foreign students and culturally mixed classes. It issaid that intercultural learning environments provide many of the benefits that
other learning approaches miss. One of the main outcomes is for example students heightened interest in intercultural knowledge acquisition. For example,
students show more interest and become more motivated to study abroad. In

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this regard I will present two case studies from Josai Univeristy – the Koma Shrine
project and the short term intercultural training program with Dijon University inFrance.

H-2-2 Aya Hino (Ca’Foscari University of Venice / Heidelberg University)
pedagogical and/or performative knowledge: rethinking kokusai nihon gaku
(international japanese studies)

In Japan, just as elsewhere, higher education has been undergoing a rapid change,
seeking to identify the role of research, knowledge production, and pedagogy.
Among manifold propensities to reorganise the academy, this paper focuses specifically on the increasing interest in kokusai nihon gaku (international Japanesestudies) and subsequent establishment of a number of educational programs andresearch centres under the aegis thereof, aiming at exploring, not its socio-political and socio-economic location against the backdrop of internationalisation ofJapanese universities, but its epistemological presumptions that determine the location of ‘Japan’ as the object of knowledge. Not to mention its seeming novelty
and its interdisciplinary heterogeneous nature, the difficulty of defining this newscholarly development derives from its very naming: ‘international’ and ‘Japanesestudies’ seem to occupy respectively a very different end of a spectrum. On the
one hand, ‘international’ suggests not something beyond the nation state, butrather something that dialectically feeds back to a form of nationalism in theage of globalisation, and thus a form of pedagogical knowledge that objectifies‘Japan’ as a historical object of a pedagogy for self-generation. Yet, on the other hand, ‘Japanese studies’ denotes the conventional schemata of area studies,
which produces significations of cultural differences, or else performative knowledge that differentiates self, distinct from the other. Understanding thus, thispaper argues that kokusai nihon gaku creates a space of liminality between thepedagogical and the performative, wherein ‘Japan’ becomes the site of self-objectification without ever quite abolishing itself as the subject.

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H-2-4 Sakshi Shree (Jawaharlal Nehru University)
fukuzawa yukichi and ryosai kenbo: rethinking feminism of “father ofmodern japan”

Fukuzawa Yukichi, a thinker and educator in Meiji era, is probably one of themost prominent figures of modern Japan. The portrait of Fukuzawa Yukichi on
10,000 yen note explains his undisputed image of “Father of Modern Japan” in
the Japanese society. He is widely considered to be one of the few thinkers of
Meiji Japan who advocated the rights of women.
This paper, however, attempts to reinvestigate the ideology of Fukuzawa Yukichi by engaging with a critical analysis of his works focusing on his views about
women’s education and rights. Fukuzawa Yukichi was the most influential figure, through his writings and speeches, in spreading the ideology of Ryōsai Kenbo (Good Wife and Wise Mother), which came to become national prescription
for Japanese womanhood in pre war period. Moreover, Fukuzawa’s opposition
to polygamy and rejection of Confucian ideals wherein a woman was ill-treatedby her male counterpart has been interpreted as his feminist beliefs in orderto bring equality between men and women. This paper, however, argues thatFukuzawa never saw a woman as an individual and independent being as hecould not see a woman beyond the role of mother and wife. Ryōsai Kenbo was,indeed, a gendered division of labor between men and women which restricted
a woman’s identity as supporter of her spouse.

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H-2-5 Tomoko Yaginuma (University of Minho)
imagining japan from far-west: a case study about the perceptions of japanese culture in portugal

Transnational cultural flows made a very local consumption and appropriationof other cultures possible. In relation to the spread of Japanese culture, however, it is not fully studied how local people represent Japan through it, especiallyin the Western non-central regions.
This paper aims to examine the representations of Japan constructed by Portuguese university students, based on the theories from Cultural Studies andSocial Psychology. We conducted 7 focus group discussions: 5 groups consistedof Japanese as a Foreign Language (JFL) students and 2 groups consisted of
non-JFL students. A short sequence of Japanese animation film was used as an
instrument for the discussion. The collected data were submitted to a thematic
analysis.
The results allowed us to discuss: (re)production of one of the powerful essentialist views of the world, a dichotomy of the West and the East, which wascharacterized by not only a reflection of Orientalism but also a center-periphery
relation within the West; diversity in the degree of homogenization of outgroup(Japan) within ingroup (JFL and non-JFL); and more detailed information associated with the images about the Japanese people in comparison with the resultsfrom our preceding questionnaire survey.

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H-3-1 Tomonori Teraoka (University of Pittsburgh)the (in)visible body: the body metaphor of kokutai and its rhetoric of constitutional legitimacy

The fundamental question that a constitution must answer is its own legitimacy:
How can a constitution persuasively lay claim to its own legitimacy? This paperanswers to this question through the case study of Japanese political thought.
This self-referential difficulty of constitutional legitimacy must ask for the helpof rhetorical narratives and tropes which invent and articulate communal ethos
in order to establish stable political order.
A particular focus of this paper is on the metaphor of body politic in the political
discourse on the Meiji constitution in early 20th century. The legitimacy of the
Meiji constitution rested on the mythical narrative of Kokutai, which claimed theemperor’s unbroken line and external reign of Japan. The early 20th century saw
intense scholarly debates on Kokutai around the issue of constitutional legitimacy expressed in the originally medieval metaphor of body politic. I argue thatthe metaphor of body politic is a key trope to understand intellectual efforts ofestablishing constitutional legitimacy in progress at that time. The intellectuals
I examine in this paper include Shinkichi Uesugi, Tatsukichi Monobe, and Ikki
Kita, each of whom developed a unique argument on the “representable-ness”
of Kokutai as constitutional legitimacy.
This paper aims to reveal the essential rhetorical nature of constitutional legitimacy, which has been overlooked due to the lack of rhetorical inquiry as anestablished method within the field of Japanese political thought. Rhetoricalinquiry looks at the persuasive effect of texts aiming at discovering communal
ethos. Accordingly, I reframe the above intellectuals’ work as their rhetoricalinquiries for the invention and articulation of communal ethos within Japanesepolitical community.

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H-3-2 Simona Lukminaite (University of Hyogo)
writing on martial arts: for and by the meiji-period girl students

Meiji Jogakkō (1885–1909) was a primary- to tertiary-level school for womenthat purposefully mixed Western, Confucian, and nativist ideas in order to put
forth a new understanding of what modern education for women should entail. Via various publications during the Meiji period, the school argued that theimage of the female student (jogakusei) represented the Japanese modernity
and was the universal model for modern Japanese. As one way of nurturing thisnational role model, unlike similar contemporary facilities, the school provided
physical education and urged the students and their educators to take it up. Fiveyears before the Dainippon Butokukai began its activities in 1895, Meiji Jogakkō had started focusing on martial arts such as naginata. The fact that martial
arts represented an important part of the curriculum and the school’s mission
is illustrated by the school building its own dōjō, organizing public martial performances, establishing an independent martial arts department/specialty, as
well as the frequent mentions of the topic in the school’s publications by bothstudents and staff. These mentions in particular are valuable primary sourcesthat have yet to be studied in depth.
In order to provide new insights into the history of physical education and martial training, this paper analyses the writings found in the magazines publishedby the school, i.e., Jogaku zasshi (1885–1905) and Jogakusei (1890–93) that
explore the topic of martiality, questioning the gender norms and stereotypes
surrounding our understanding of modern concepts of martiality and Meiji-period education for women.

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H-3-3 Marko Medojevic (University of Tsukuba)
physical activity promotion through sdgs policies. case of japans walking
associations

Physical inactivity is a risk factor for many health-related issues. As such, indeveloped states, physical activity promotion plays an important part of public
policy. In Japan, sport and physical activity promotion policies are closely related to Japans sustainable development goals (SDGs). Physical activity promotion
is achieved through the policy work of two ministries, the Ministry of Health,
Labor and Welfare and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, which are also agenda setters for SDGs.
However, community sports clubs, the direct policy product have not provided
satisfactory results in raising population wide physical activity levels in Japan.
Therefore, as an alternative, this study focuses on walking associations as NGOs
and NPOs that can significantly influence physical activity promotion.
It aims to understand how walking associations correspond with Japans internal
needs for physical activity and Japans SDGs policies regarding sports and physical activity.
Furthermore, how walking associations meet promote population wide physicalactivity will be investigated. Walking associations are investigated on a prefectural level and municipal level.
Content analysis and interview method are used in this study. Interviews withwalking associations leaders will provide insight into the role which walking
associations play in sports and physical activity strategies. Content analysis ofwalking associations websites will provide insight into population attraction andphysical activity promotion methods. The author believes results will show walking associations as valuable NGOs, contributing to both national and international physical activity promotion, with a strong influence on citizens social andhealth status in Japan.

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H-3-4 Masako Nunokawa (University of Tsukuba)
research of vocaloid lyrics and music emotion

The popular songs in the 20th century were produced by lyricists and composers and those delivered to the listeners’ ears through promotional activities bypromoters working at record companies. However, among the widespread useof the Internet platform, the number of users of DAW (Digital Audio Works) has
expanded and the distance between producers and listeners has been reduced.
Vocaloid is popular among non-professional users that it allows users to create their own music by using voice synthesis technology that makes a fictional
character sing a song. In addition, there is a possibility of secondary creation by
Vocaloid has further developed. The scale of the Vocaloid market in Japan in FY
2017 was JPY 10 billion, up 4.2% from the previous year. Not only the limited
trend which was only recognized by “geek”, but Vocaloid also spreads to teenagers and women and it has been sung frequently in Karaoke now. In this study,
we firstly examined the number of words frequently appearing in both Vocaloid
songs and popular songs, and clarified the characteristics of the songs. In the
result, the number of words was higher in Vocaloid music than general music
to express a strong message. After the research above, I surveyed the listeners’
emotions to music, and it was found that listeners who are particularly interested in Vocaloid evoke various emotions with music. Furthermore, they tend toemphasis was placed on elements of ease of empathy in the music.

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H-3-5 Rui Hara (Kyoto University)
between cinema and music: an analysis of toru takemitsu’s les yeux closand his aesthetic of “dream”

Japanese composer Toru Takemitsu (1930-1996) is well known as an avant-garde composer, but he also played an important roll in the development of post
war Japanese cinema. Takemitsu was involved in more than 100 films in his lifeand for many of these he was responsible for the entire sound design. As for the
relationship between concert music and cinema in his creation, previous studies
show that the latter functioned as an experimental field for the former.
In this paper, I clarify how the specific character of the cinema penetrates in
Takemitsu’s concert music and put the relationship between these two genres
in a new light, focusing on his aesthetic concept of “dream”. First, I extract theessence of his aesthetic about cinema, by examining his essays on cinema written in the early 1980s, all of these containing in their title the word “dream”.
Then, I examine his piano music Les Yeux Clos (1979) which was named after
the picture by Odilon Redon representing a woman who closes her eyes. Thiswork, being dedicated by Takemitsu to the Japanese surrealist Shuzo Takiguchi,
strongly evokes the concept of dream. In my analysis I show that the way ofbuilding the relationship between motifs in this work is very similar to the technique of montage. Moreover, I examine the temporality of this work created bythis montage-like structure. Finally, I compare this temporality and Takemitsu’s
aesthetic of cinema and demonstrate their correspondence by using the key
concept “dream” as a mediator.

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H-4-1 Yasuo Shimizu (Doshisha University)
regarding marathon in japan, marathon culture and globalization in japan

Marathon in Japan had the first running boom in late 1970, and the second
running boom took place in 2007 when Tokyo marathon had started.
By the way, 12 years have passed since 2007 when the second running boom
started, and how in comparison with that time did marathon in Japan change?
In this study, we tried indication, consideration over the change. The results are
as follows.
One of the big changes is recent international marathon interchange. The development of LCC, price reduction of air fare has been happening since around2012, and runners in Japan has been going out to run in foreign countries. On
the other hand, overseas runners have been coming to Japan to run, too. Foreign runners from Taiwan in particular are coming to aim at big city marathonsuch as Tokyo marathon or Osaka marathon. Marathon in Japan is changing
administration with it, too. It may be said that citizens’ marathon has become
tourism.
In addition, Japanese runners aiming at six great marathons of the world, theworld marathon major conquest, have increased, and adds variety in purposes
to run for the principle of time supremacy which used to have been seen in citizen runners. Japanese runners feel generosity in overseas races, so they may bepossible to bring it into Japan in the near future. The word to “Ganbatte” thatwas used a lot in supporting marathon may change into words such as “Bravo”.

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H-4-2 Nobuko Masuda (Osaka University)present status of gender equality in dewks families

Japan ratified the International Convention on Gender Equality 30 years ago.
Paradoxically, the more the government promotes gender equality in law, themore women’s time is consumed by paid and unpaid labor, perpetuating genderinequality in the household, the smallest unit of society. I surveyed 10 highly
educated couples with high income to clarify the actual situation. The survey
found that even if both spouses are professionals, paid work for women is perceived by the high-earning husbands only as economic wealth. The husband
does not feel obliged to reciprocate by trying to help with care work, and thewife, even if overworked, does not make strong demands. Therefore, the imbalance between male and female unpaid work will remain. Women’s paid workadds to family income, enriching their husbands’ time and freedom, (and increasing their pocket money), but it also deprives women of the time needed
for basic life functions, such as eating and sleeping.

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H-4-3

Panel

feeling through gender and sexuality: viewing emotional

states of being in japanese popular narratives

Discussant: Lindsay Nelson (Meiji University)
Dominant ideologies privilege particular ways of being, prescribing how toachieve them without consideration of subjective diversity. This privileging
propagates conflicting conventions: for example, the insistence that a woman’s greatest happiness lies in the productive use of her body persists alongsidewarnings against being too emotional and concerned with her own happiness,and even the notion that she is intrinsically irrational or psychologically unstable.
In this panel we investigate various ways in which popular contemporary Japanese narratives resist such views encouraged by dominant ideology. We examine how emotions and states of being such as happiness and misery are
typically attached to genders and sexualities, arguing that heteronormativity
reduces complex discourses to simplistic binaries, where masculine rationality
is pitted against feminine emotionality, while those that do not fit neatly intoeither category fall by the wayside.
In the stories of Kirino Natsuo’s OUT, Urobuchi Gen’s Puella Magi Madoka
Magica, and Midorikawa Yuki’s Natsume Yuujinchou, the value of strengthening homosocial bonds and recasting the way emotionality and rationality is understood present themselves as ways of resisting reductive or normative logic,
at times even turning it on its head when it attempts to bar possible alternatives.
Through analyses of these texts, we highlight the capacity of popular narratives
to restore specificity to problems of ontology, restoring agency to the most marginalized of characters and, perhaps by extension, to the identities they wereconstructed to represent.

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Sachi Komai (University of Tsukuba)
dismembering japanese male-dominated society: kirino natsuo’s out

This presentation aims to explore the relationship between a dismembered bodyand the destruction of Japanese male-dominated society in KIRINO Natsuo’s
novel OUT.
In 1994, twenty-four pieces of a human body were found in Inokashira Park, Tokyo. This shocking incident hit the headlines but remains unsolved. Kirino, oneof the most famous mystery novelists in Japan, based OUT on this murder. In thisnovel, Yayoi, a housewife working in a factory, spasmodically kills her husband.
Her co-workers, also housewives, dismember the body to cover up the murder.
Several studies have been made on this novel in terms of women’s social mobility, as the characters work part-time, which reflects 55% of working Japanesewomen. OUT has been read as the model of the Japanese male-dominatedsystem since it expresses feelings of insecurity in women who are forced into
menial employment because of expectations on them to raise children, care forthe elderly, or act as homemakers.
However, few studies have focused on the act of dismemberment. Contrary to
the portrayal of the Inokashira incident in the media as an act of mental instability, the wives in OUT dispose of the body rationally, utilizing their homemaking
skills through knife cuts and cleaning up the evidence.
Why did Kirino reverse the media’s interpretation of the event? I would like toread the disposal of the body as the destruction of Japanese male-dominatedsociety.
This presentation discusses the representation of the dismemberment in OUT toprovide an analysis of women’s retaliation against Japanese society.

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Maria Ana Micaela Chua Manansala (University of Tsukuba / Universityof the Philippines)
emotional currency: magical girls and the utility of emotion

Emotional reasoning involves the evaluation of reality relative to one’s own feelings. It is a type of cognitive distortion and an oxymoron. This study investigatesa similar kind of “illogic” at work in retellings of the Faust Myth, where thetraditional opposition between rationality and emotion is interrupted. Primary
focus is given to the Japanese animated series Puella Magi Madoka Magica,
grounding it in comparisons with the works of Goethe and Bulgakov in order
to investigate relations between power, human emotion, and utilitarian logic.
Of particular interest to this study are (1) narratological devices that function as“cognitive distortions” directed at the viewer, often through the focalization of
the lead female character; (2) diegetic discourse regarding the use of emotion,
as when characters attempt to determine the usefulness/uselessness of having emotions; and (3) how these elements interact with established tropes ofthe myth, particularly the objectification and commodification of the soul, as is
symptomatic of the Mephistophelian worldview.
In Puella Magi, emotion is reduced to currency for exchange and, in a movetypical of Faustian tales, that currency is turned, through one “heartfelt” speechact, into the key to salvation. Following David Hawkes’ work on the Faust Myth,this study revisits the “uses” of emotion that enable both interpellation and resistance to systems that seek to reduce female subjective autonomy and, finally,lays bare the irony of relaying a Faustian cautionary tale through a franchise thatencourages the consumption of character-based merchandise.

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Emily Butner (Stanford University)
tracing new paths for queer happiness: asexual overtones in natsume
yuujinchou

In popular discourse, the concept of “happiness” bears a fraught relationship tonormative convention. In The Promise of Happiness, Sara Ahmed explains “howhappiness is imagined as being what follows a certain kind of being.” Heteronormative logic privileges the idea that certain choices are paths to happiness,encouraging women in particular to find happiness in “a good man” (91) or inhaving children. Such discourse marginalizes the desires of those who do notdesire (heterosexual) sex, projecting unhappiness with such force onto queer
bodies as to ultimately reproduce it.
How might we imagine different paths for queer happiness, and what would ittake to realize them? In this essay, I examine what that “happiness” might look
like for asexual people, using Sara Ahmed’s Queer Phenomenology to engage
in an asexual analysis of popular animated media. I explore the concept of malehomosociality in the animated television series Natsume Yuujinchou, or “Natsume’s Book of Friends,” and argue that Natsume Yuujinchou’s representationof its main character’s platonic intimacies with friends attaches a positive affectto asexuality, questioning the heteronormative logic of queer unhappiness andtracing a fresh path for an asexual life. While resisting the argument that thesecase studies speak to the experiences of all asexual people, or that Japanese
media can neatly map on to contemporary English language queer discourse,
I hope to use transnational media representations to challenge the heteronormative logic that consigns queer people to misery, and to uncover alternative
queer modes of being.

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H-5-1 Lasse Lehtonen (University of Helsinki)
what did female singer-songwriters change in japan of the 1970s?

This presentation examines the role of female musicians in Japan, putting emphasis on the change that occurred in popular music in the 1970s. Although
women have always participated in Japanese music culture throughout its recorded history of c. 1500 years, they have rarely been socially recognized as
makers of music; rather, their role has been diminished, and in many cases their
participation in music making in the public sphere has been restricted. While thisconcerns especially music before the Meiji restoration, many significant femalecomposers and musicians of the early years of Westernization are often excluded from music histories even today.
Against this historical background, changes in Japanese popular music of the
1970s were remarkable. The decade saw a rise of young female singer-songwriters: female singers who wrote most of their music themselves and were, inmany cases, involved in the production as well.
Musicians such as Arai Yumi (later Matsutōya Yumi), Nakajima Miyuki, andTakeuchi Mariya became phenomenally popular—that is, socially recognizedindependent music-makers in the public sphere without discrimination or diminishing based on gender.
In this sense, female singer-songwriters of the 1970s participated in promoting
a change that the women’s liberation movement sought to achieve in Japan at
the same time: it was a phenomenon from the viewpoints of both music andsocial history. This presentation examines this change and the significance of female singer-songwriters of the 1970s against historical and social background.

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H-5-2

Panel

do anime and manga enrich or impoverish our imagi-

nations? critical case studies of contemporary use of anime and manga
aesthetics in japan

This panel explores the role of anime and manga in shaping our imaginations
in contemporary Japanese society. Anime-and-manga-style images, which had
been stigmatized in the past, became so visible in urban landscape that conservative and authoritative parties in power cannot ignore their influence today:
local and national governments, public cultural sectors such as museums, andeven Self-Defense Forces proactively use anime and manga contents for theirpromotion to appeal to the younger generations. Anime and manga utilized
in such promotion offer useful resources for our time-space imagination and,without doubt, contributes to shaping our sense of past, present and future.
This panel critically discusses such an abundant use of anime and manga in contemporary Japanese society and its influence on our imaginations. On a positiveside, it is deniable that anime and manga contents and promotion with themvitalized rural communities, enhanced local economies, attracted younger generations out of the region, and empowered marginalized people in the society.
Many scholars, critics, and mass media celebrated such a role of anime andmanga under the obsolete banner of Cool Japan. Our panel instead criticallyconsiders what Japanese society has lost by embracing anime and manga forcreating and stirring our imaginations: use of the specific aesthetics of animeand manga has some negative impacts on the Japanese people and society.
Each paper of this panel picks up a unique case, in which anime-and-mangastyle contents function to repress and reduce the complicated richness of thereality and the potential of alternative imaginations.

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Noriko Hiraishi (University of Tsukuba)
autointoxication in manga and anime: 2-d beauty and the real world

Stories of transformation have always been common in literature, from Ovid’s
Metamorphoses (8AD) to Kafka’s novella published in 1915. In the 20th century, comics, animation, and SFX works livened up the genre. In Japan, manytransforming heroes and heroines such as Ultraman, Son Goku of Dragon Ball,and Sailor Moon have attracted audiences since the 1960s. In the 1990s, more
“real” transformation stories became popular in women’s manga: in works
dealing with cosmetic surgery. This paper explores autointoxication in manga
and anime, examining representations of beauty and ugliness within the genre.
Most works on cosmetic surgery depict the miserable life of an ugly girl: she
decides to change her face through plastic surgery and thus experiences a completely different life as a pretty girl. The contrast of her former/latter lives is
described comically or seriously. Concerning how faces are drawn in manga andanime, characters tend to have rather similar appearances: with big eyes and athin nose. However, the difference between beauty and ugliness is depicted in
the stories on cosmetic surgery, where an ugly girl is given typical “mongoloid”
features. Although these works often denounce Japanese male-dominated society, they reinforce Caucasian-oriented standards of beauty. Do these stories of
2-D beauties affect real Japanese society, where about 90 percent of cosmetic
surgeries in 2017 involved facial treatment? Considering also the popularity of
Cosplay and film/theatre adaptations, the paper will clarify the actual conditionof this autointoxication.

Yasuhito Abe (Komazawa University)
more than a moe-okoshi

This paper critically examines how a Japanese regional promotion initiative engaged with transmedia practice through the use of the concept of moe. In
doing so, this study takes the Executive Committee of Daughters of Chita (theChita Musume Project, thereafter) as an inroad to understanding what can becalled as the moe-okoshi practice, which generally means a regional promotion

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practice through the use of moe. The Chita Musume Project has created cute female anime characters and engaged with moe-anthropomorphism of the Chita
Peninsula in order to enhance its visibility for both domestic and foreign audiences for the past ten years. An analysis of the Chita Musume Projects highlights
the characteristic of moe-okoshi practice in contemporary Japanese society.
In so doing, this paper starts by reviewing key research on the notions of moe
and moe-okoshi. Then, it describes the history of the Chita Musume Projectfrom 2009 to 2019. Finally, this paper critically examines how Chita Musume
characters were tactically used for regional promotion and discusses their socialand cultural implications.
Two key findings emerged. First, the moe-okoshi practice can certainly contribute to enhanced visibility of regional areas for certain audiences. Second, theultimate success of its transmedia practice may ironically constrain the scope ofregional promotion. Moe-okoshi practice not only reduces a rich history of eachtourist spot into a simplistic narrative for selected audiences, but also makes theidea of regional promotion as nothing more than moe consumption.

Kohki Watabe (University of Tsukuba)japanese sword as a cultural commodity of historical amnesia

This paper surveys the history of cultural status and representation of Japaneseswords in modern Japan and discusses that it has been utilized as a culturalcommodity to mythologize the moral and spiritual superiority of Japan while
forgetting dark sides of Japanese history. Among various cultural products theJapanese government advocates for its Cool Japan policy on the global market,
Japanese swords are one of the most significant items deeply associated withtradition and spiritual value. They are always imagined as a “spirit of the samurai” and connected with the ideas such as dignity, loyalty, discipline, purity, andsacrifice. What is behind the top-down Cool Japan policy is increasing popularity of Japanese swords in anime and manga: an exhibition of Japanese swords
featuring Neon Genesis Evangelion circulated all over the nation; Touken Ranbu
Online, a sword-themed video-game targeting young Japanese girls, made asmash hit.

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The aestheticized representation of Japanese swords in popular culture, however, selectively focuses on a romanticized aspect of the history. On the hand,the dark history related with Japanese swords is neglected such as the fact that
the Japanese government before WWII used them as a national symbol to aesthetically justify their militarism: state-censored newspapers propagandized the
sharpness and toughness of Japanese swords which enabled Japanese soldiers
to kill many people in China. There, increasing reference to Japanese swords
in today’s soft-power boom makes them function as a cultural commodity ofhistorical amnesia.

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H-6-1 Satoshi Ota (Tama University) & Kyoko Koma (Meiji University)
desire to look young: a comparison of women’s images in japanese andfrench magazines

Could not attend the conference due to force majeure.
This presentation is a part of an on-going project to investigate the obsession
with a youthful appearance that is observed in Japan and other countries. In Japan, childishness and naivety are valued along with a young appearance, which
may not be seen in Western countries. This presentation presents France as an
example of a Western country for comparison to this Japanese cultural phenomenon. We selected Japan and France because they are both consideredfashion-conscious countries. Further, Japan’s Kawaii culture has been consumed
by some young French people in the last decade. One of the presenters will examine how Kawaii culture has influenced the youth consciousness within Frenchsociety, while the other presenter will discuss the emergence, social backgroundand spread of childish, naïve culture in Japan. The project will analyse cultural
practices including the popularity of ‘idol’ singers, kawaii-style anime and manga, fashion, etc. However, this presentation focuses on how the desire for ayouthful appearance is reflected in magazines and digital media in Japan andFrance. The desire to look young is observed among men and women, yet thispresentation focuses on how women are portrayed in magazines and digital
media. Women portrayed in male-oriented magazines reflect men’s gaze on
women, while women’s gaze on women is observed in women’s magazines.
The presentation attempts to compare the gaze of men and women in Japanand France and evaluates the differences and similarities between the two ineach county.

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H-6-2

Panel

fukushima: the politics of performing the local disaster

This panel looks at fictional attempts in literature and theater to represent local
voices from the 2011 disaster across historical and geographical contexts. The
voices include those of local victims, alive and dead, specifically victims of thenuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi plant. All presentations analyze theses
texts for their performative aspects of local voices, their handling of proximity,
and their potential for political critique. In these works, the local is performed
as a restaging of a German novel, as dialect, and as the insanity of residents inthe zone. Questions of historical and geographical proximity and distance areembedded in the works’ connections with the precedent of Chernobyl and the
Tohoku region’s long history of marginalization. The panel also looks at thepolitics inherent in these artists’ decision to represent the local. In Iwata-Weickgenannt’s case, it is through the issue of dialect, which writers like Kimura Yūsuke wield as a post-colonial critique as they attempt to “write back” the native
tongue. For Geilhorn, the political question enters through a Japanese restaging
of a novel originally set in the aftermath of Chernobyl in order to allow for theaudience to engage critically with difficult issues close to home. DiNitto considers the possibility of political resistance for residents in toxic environments who
have been labeled insane by the nuclear industry. Eight years after the disaster,these literary and theatrical works continue to ask questions that are vital for
our understanding of the disaster and its impact on the Tohoku region.

Barbara Geilhorn (German Institute for Japanese Studies Tokyo)‘fukushima’ from a post-chernobyl perspective – setoyama misaki’s
mienai kumo

In the aftermath of the March 11, 2011 disasters an immediate and ever-increasing output of post- Fukushima theatre productions could be observed.
While there was a strong focus on documentary, only few playwrights made useof fiction or tried to situate the calamity in a broader historical or geographicalcontext. Setoyama Misaki’s Mienai kumo (Invisible Clouds, 2014) is an interesting exception. The play is an adaptation and recontextualization of Die Wolke(The Cloud, 1987), a best-selling youth novel written by Gudrun Pausewang (b.

216Other Disciplines / Interdisciplinary1928) in the aftermath of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Setoyama introduces
the character of a Japanese playwright who happened to read Pausewang’s
novel as a youth and now, after the March 11 disasters, travels to Germany tohave an interview with the author. Apparently, the additional character is an alter ego of the playwright being known for her interest in staging recent eventsand developing her plays based on meticulous research and in-depth interviews
with the people concerned. Setoyama skilfully uses the different potentialities
of fiction and documentary. Audiences are invited to emotionally connect tothe young protagonist, radiation victim and role model of Pausewang’s novel. At the same time, the additional character is a dramaturgical strategy to
get audiences involved on a more conscious plane. I will argue that, while thegeographical distance between Europe and Japan facilitates audiences’ criticalengagement with the delicate subject, the Japanese figure in the story links thenuclear disasters of Fukushima and Chernobyl and brings the message home.

Kristina Iwata-Weickgenannt (Nagoya University)
voices from the margins in post-fukushima literature

The Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 hit a region that was traditionallyregarded as periphery in many ways—politically, economically, culturally, and,last but not least, also linguistically. The literature that emerged from the 3/11
calamity echoes with the voices of the marginalized. The paper outlines what
could be considered as the two most important literary strategies to inscribe
marginality, the use of dead narrators, and/ or local dialects. Whereas the former is often related to issues of commemoration and the coming to terms withmass death, the latter inclusion of long passages written entirely in dialect has
more overtly political undertones. With a focus on Kimura Yūsuke’s post-colonial project of “writing back” in his own native tongue, Yū Miri’s relianceon a local “translator” to give voice to her Fukushima native characters, andArai Takako’s publication of a collaborative “translation” of Ishikawa Takuboku’s
poems into the local language, the presentation explores the related issues ofauthenticity, performance, appropriation, and paternalism.

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Rachel DiNitto (University of Oregon)
fictions, visions, and resistance in nuclear literature

Accusations of insanity have been used as a weapon by the nuclear industry
to discredit the fears of local residents in toxic environments. This presentation
draws inspiration from Lawrence Buell’s arguments to considers insanity as ameans for victims of nuclear disasters to claim authority through toxic discourse
by crafting narratives of resistance. This presentation examines the literary tropeof insanity in fictional works generated by the Fukushima nuclear disaster. I examine Furukawa Hideo’s Horses, Horses, In the End the Light Remains Pure andKimura Yusuke’s Isa’s Deluge. Unlike characters in Chernobyl works like Alina
Bronsky’s Baba Dunja’s Last Love, Furukawa and Kimura’s protagonists are notresidents of the irradiated zone, but return to the disaster area and experience
inexplicable visions of fictional characters and long lost relatives. Neither protagonist is able to square these visions with the rational world and they question
their own sanity. However, through this trope of insanity, the novelists speakwith authority and voice resistance to the treatment of northeastern Japan as
an internal colony and a victim of the latest chapter in a history of national exploitation—nuclear disaster.

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H-7-1

Panel

japanese cultural heritage and its texts: interdisciplinary
approaches and methodological strategies

Panel chairs: Edoardo Gerlini (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice / Waseda
University) &Andrea Giolai (International Research Center for Japanese Studies)
Commentator: Kimiko Kono (Waseda University)
Over the last twenty years, institutional and academic definitions of “cultural
heritage” have gradually abandoned the assumption that “cultural properties”
should be identified with their material components (Aikawa 2004). As a consequence of this shift, the concept of “intangible heritage” has been mobilized
to indicate «a set of practices around specific cultural performances such as
storytelling, music, craft, workplace knowledge, food and other phenomena»(Smith, Wetherell and Campbell 2018, 9). Japan has had a significant role inthe creation of this new category: for example, the 2003 UNESCO Convention
for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage has adopted specificformulations originally introduced in the 1994 Nara Document on Authenticity(Hassard 2009; Akagawa 2014). Yet, Japan has also tended to emphasize theauthoritative character of textual sources and canons –as opposed to immaterial
or intangible practices– as physical proof of the “authenticity” of modern cultural manifestations like music and poetry.
This panel investigates the centrality of texts and their interpretations in theeffort by cultural elites and other social stakeholders to reconstruct, actualize,
re-enact and reuse Japanese cultural heritage. Bringing together scholars working across different fields, including literary studies, theatre, intellectual history
and historical musicology, the panel will feature both modern and premoderncase studies, with the aim of designing a new, interdisciplinary approach to thestudy of Japanese “textual heritage”.

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Edoardo Gerlini (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice / Waseda University)
if koten means heritage. practices of “heritagization” of chinese and japanese past in the poetic discourse of the early heian period

The term koten (classic), often intended as opposite to “contemporary”, or as asynonym of “premodern”, contributed partially to the idea that the study of thepast, being unrelated to the present, is unsuitable to solve issues of modern society, leading to the progressive marginalization of classical studies in academic
and school curricula. But recent theorizations of cultural heritage, intended «notso much as a ‘thing’, but as a cultural and social process, which engages with
acts of remembering that work to create ways to understand and engage withthe present» (Laurajane Smith 2006:2), as something that «has always beenwith us and has always been produced by people according to their contemporary concerns and experiences» (David Harvey 2001:320), suggest new possibilities for the “reuse” of literary heritage and the role of classical studies today.
Reflecting interdisciplinarily on well-known terms like “heritagisation” and “canonization”, this paper aims to demonstrate that an “heritage discourse”, namely
a conscious reception and reuse of the past by the posterity to fulfill new needs
and scopes, did exist in literary and historical texts in premodern Japan. Startingfrom the definition proposed by Wiebke Denecke (2004) of “creative appropriation” and “textual reenactment” of Chinese antiquity in early Japanese poetry, this paper will show textual evidence by analyzing prefaces of poems andof poetic anthologies – from Kaifūsō to the Imperial kanshi collections, from
Michizane to the Kokinshū – focusing on the rhetorical strategies adopted in
the literary metadiscourse by cultural elites of Nara-Heian Japan to legitimize
themselves.

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Andrea Giolai (International Research Center for Japanese Studies)
what if the silk road sounded japanese? musical manuscripts from dunhuang and their japanese reconstructions

The term Saibara refers to the music produced by the aristocratic society of
the Heian period. This repertoire consisted of popular songs with poetic texts
sung in Japanese and accompanied by Tōgaku instruments. In the Heian period,
contrary to current practice, it was common to play gagaku instruments as solo
instruments, or to rearrange musical compositions for different instruments.
Although by the early Edo period Saibara had completely disappeared, in 1626
some Saibara songs were reconstructed from surviving ancient notations. Thiswas only the first of several attempts carried out throughout the Edo period. In
this context, the famous bunjin literati and master of the Chinese 7-string zither
qin (guqin) Urakami Gyokudō (1745-1820) arranged various Saibara for qin. The
qin was used in Japan during the Heian period, but subsequently fell into disuse.
In the Edo period, however, it was rediscovered by the bunjin intellectuals. The
production of qin versions of the Saibara repertoire was an homage to the qinof the Heian period, and functioned as a tool to better understand the musicalculture of Heian Japan. Urakami Gyokudō’s qin Saibara were published, but they
did not give rise to a performance tradition. In this presentation, I argue that bystudying Edo- period reconstructions of Saibara it might be possible to rebuild
the qin music of the Heian period as re-imagined by the literati of the Edo.

Yoshitaka Yamamoto (National Institute of Japanese Literature)
the rhetoric of cultural revival in seventeenth-century japanese
confucianism

At first glance, the flowering of Confucian scholarship and Sinitic literatureduring the Edo (1603- 1868) and Meiji (1868-1912) periods may seem completely unprecedented in the intellectual and literary history of Japan. Yet some
Confucian scholars in the first decades of Edo viewed the rising interest in Confucianism as constituting a return to the golden age of early Japan, envisioning
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heritage of the Heian (794-1185) court. For example, as Miyazaki Shūta haspointed out, seventeenth-century Rinke Confucian scholars in service of theTokugawa shogun often idolized Heian-period court literati. In this presentation, I will examine the rhetoric of cultural revival in the Sinitic texts composed
by Japanese Confucian scholars on the occasion of the opening of Matsunaga
Sekigo’s Confucian lecture hall in Kyoto in 1648. In particular, I will consider
the ways in which claiming to be heir to the heritage of Heian court culture
could have benefited the various parties involved in the establishment of thelecture hall: namely, members of the Tokugawa shogunate, members of thecourt including the emperor, and independent Confucian scholars. I will argue
that the rubric of cultural revival and restoration proved useful for asserting thelegitimacy of relatively new and volatile institutions and practices, such as theTokugawa shogunate and its reunification of Japan, the alliance between the
shogunate and the court, and the espousal of recent Korean and Chinese texts,
scholarship, and literary trends.

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H-8-1

Panel

exporting japanese aesthetics: evolution from tradition tocool japan

Panel chair: Tets Kimura (Flinders University)
Exporting Japanese Aesthetics brings together historical and contemporarycase studies addressing the evolution of international impacts and influencesof Japanese culture and aesthetics. The volume draws on a variety of examples from a multidisciplinary team of scholars exploring transnational, regionaland global contexts. Studies include the impact of traditional Japanese theatre
and art through to the global popularity of contemporary anime and manga.
The Japanese Government, commentators and some industry stakeholders havehoisted the banner of “Cool Japan” in response, and seek to further promote
such cultural exports for both business and “soft power” ends. By (re)mapping
meanings of selected Japanese cultural forms, this volume offers an in-depth
examination of how various aspects of Japanese aesthetics have evolved as exportable commodities, the motivations behind this diffusion, and the extent towhich the process of diffusion has been the result of strategic planning.
Each presentation presents a case study that explores perspectives that situate
Japanese aesthetics within a wide-ranging field of inquiry including fashion andarchitecture. The importance of interrogating the export of Japanese aesthetics
is validated at the highest levels of government, which formed the Office ofCool Japan in 2010, and which perhaps originated in the 19th Century at governmentally endorsed cultural “courts” at world’s fairs. Increased international
consumption of contemporary Japanese culture provides a much needed boost
to Japan’s weakening economy.
The case studies are timely and topical. As host of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic
Games and the 2025 Osaka Expo, “Cool Japan” will be under special scrutiny.

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Tets Kimura (Flinders University)
an evolution of the perceptions of japanese culture in the west: unknown,
mysterious, exotic and cool

In order to theorise the evolution of overall Japanese aesthetics as a central
argument of this project, attention, firstly, is paid to the chronological development of how the perception of Japanese culture in the West has evolved overthe last 700 years. Although Japan has always belonged to the camp of East
Asian civilisations, its existence was “unknown” in the West before Marco Polo.
Even after European arrival mainly by missionaries and merchants into Japan,
the distance between Japan and Europe as well as the sakoku seclusion policy
made Japan inaccessible for centuries. Thus, Japan largely remained little known
and “mysterious” until the 19th century. The next step of evolution occurred inline with Meiji Modernity, when the Western influences restructured Japan’s social, political and cultural systems, as this was also the time when Japanese art
and consumable items started to be exported to the West, known as Japonism.
Westerners were attracted to the newly arrived Japanese beauty as it was different and “exotic”. The final stage of evolution took place towards the end of the20th century. Contemporary Japanese culture such as video games, anime andmanga became adopted, adapted and normalised in the West. Today, Westernchildren grow up with “cool” Japan characters with the likes of Super Marioand Pikachu. After centuries of evolution, Japan has now finally evolved from“unknown” to “mysterious”, to “exotic”, and to “cool”.

Hissako Anjo (Hannan University)
an afterimage of exoticism: the discourse of rei kawakubo’s early collections in paris

Since the Meiji era, Japanese people have had a great admiration for Paris, theEuropean fashion centre. Following the Second World War, Japanese fashion
designers introduced their collections there.
For example, in 1960, Nobuo Nakamura presented his kimono collection in Paris. Although he designed Western clothes in Japan, he decided to show his224

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kimono collection to secure his chance. In 1970, Kenzō Takada showed his firstcollection and quickly became known for his colourful fabrics and floral prints,
being described as “Ukiyo-e” in ELLE French fashion magazine. In 1982, ten
Japanese fashion designers including Rei Kawakubo were highlights during Paris
Fashion Week.
Kawakubo’s avant-garde approach - for example, her iconic black sweater
pierced with holes - divided critics and had a reputation for being very distinct
from Kenzō. On the other hand, her works were often understood as a representation of the traditional Japanese aesthetics such as wabi and sabi.
In 1997, Kawakubo further established herself with evolutionary designs ofpads placed on the abdomen, the hips and the back. However, even after that,her designs were still thought to be influenced by Japanese traditions. In my
observation, both Westerners and Japanese critiques were contributing in building the exotic Japanese image of Kawakubo’s designs. I will, thus, argue thatan afterimage of exoticism continued to appear in the discourse on Japanesefashion designers in Paris.

Christopher Pokarier (Waseda University) & Erez Golani Solomon (Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design)
japanese architecture as branding abroad

In January 2019 Arata Isozaki became the seventh Japanese architect chosen
as Laureate for the prestigious Pritzker Prize, founded in 1979, and the fourth
this decade. That a sixth of all recipients have been Japanese, and the stature ofother laureates, testifies to the esteem and influence of Japanese architectureabroad. It also mirrors its increasingly international practice: leading Japanesearchitectural firms frequently do more projects abroad than in Japan. Yet Japanese architecture, contemporary or legacy, attracted little attention from state
actors who have sought to ‘brand Japan’ through the creative industries overthe last two decades. This is despite a history of over a century of state usage ofarchitecture as a cultural diplomacy resource.

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This paper maps the issues entailed in the ambivalent relationship between Japanese architects and the state, and between notions of ‘Japanese architecture’,
prevailing both at home and abroad, and the self-branding of the individualarchitect.
The dichotomy between Japanese architectural influence - ideational and aesthetic - and architectural practice abroad is not merely historical. Contemporary
Japanese architects not only build abroad but also engage in profile-raising conceptual projects, as did some of their Avant-garde postwar predecessors, andsome struggle still with ‘Japan-ness’.
Finally, the paper draws some conclusions on political economy and ideational
factors that may explain why state actors were not more proactive in attempting to harness architects to the much- criticised ‘Cool Japan’ policy agenda overthe last decade.

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H-9-1

Panel

looking back at the reformed justice administration system in the heisei era

Panel Chairs: Takayuki Ii (Senshu University) & Kay-Wah Chan (Macquarie University)
Japan has just entered into a new era: Reiwa. Looking back, the previous era(Heisei) has seen many changes, domestically and internationally. In the early
Heisei years, Japan’s bubble economy collapsed, and a long period of recession
followed. The post-War phenomena such as keiretsu and lifetime employment
weakened. Internationally, globalisation progressed rapidly. Neighbouring countries such as China were experiencing rapid economic development. In responseto the various changes, the Japanese government implemented different reforms such as deregulation, administrative reform, and the reform of the justiceadministration system which this session focuses on. In 1998, the Justice System Reform Council was established to study what justice administration system Japan would need in the 21st century. Pursuant to recommendations fromthis Council, the Japanese government in 2001 launched a broad-scale reform,
which covered many different aspects of the justice administration system suchas the criminal justice system, lay-participation, accessibility to legal service, legal education and the lawyer system. The objective is to tie the other reforms
together under the rule of law, which is to be attained in the Japanese society.
What reforms have been made in the justice system in the Heisei Era? Were
they successful or did they fail? Why? What will be the outlook of the justicesystem in the Reiwa Era? The papers in this session explore different aspects of
the reformed justice administration system, evaluate the success or failure of thereforms, and discuss the prospective development in the Reiwa era.

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Takayuki Ii (Senshu University, Japan)
judicial reform in the heisei era and its consequences

The Heisei Era (1989-2019) can be called an era of judicial reform. The reform
seems to be divided in three parts. Around 1990, the bar associations, the Ministry of Justice and the Supreme Court proposed and proceeded with reforms
on the judiciary. In the 2000s, the Justice System Reform Council in the Cabinet
recommended various reforms, which were put in practice for the most part.
Around 2010, the criminal justice areas which had previously been off limits
to reform were also addressed in response to a series of scandals. How can
we evaluate the judicial reform of the Heisei Era? The distinctive feature of the
judicial reform in the Heisei Era is its special attention to the “public point ofview”. The presence of and accountability to the public seem to have merits aswell as limitations in reforming the judiciary. This paper investigates the scope ofreform of the Heisei Era in view of the current judicial system and administrationin Japan.

Mari Hirayama (Hakuoh University)
reviewing the criminal justice system in japan in the heisei era

In this presentation, I am going to review the progress of the criminal justicesystem in Japan in the Heisei Era and discuss about the remaining issues there.
Especially after late 1990’s, Japanese criminal justice system has faced many
new difficult issues and has produced so many legislations. Behind these movements, there have been two important factors: one is awareness for victims andvictims’ inputs in the criminal procedure (these are often combined with a fear
for crime), and the other is lay participation in the criminal justice system which
had been dominated by professionals. The first factors were realized as many
new legislations such as Reformed Juvenile Act, Domestic Violence Act, Child
Abuse Act and Stalker Regulation Act, etc. and Penal Code and Code of Criminal
Procedure had been reformed for a few times, and some of these reforms were
triggered by victims’ outcries. Also, since December 2008, victims of certain
serious crime can participate in criminal trials, not only as witnesses but also as

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victim participants. As for the latter factor, since May 2009, the lay judge system
and mandatory prosecution systems by the Prosecution Review Commissions
were introduced. In this presentation, I am going to discuss how these two big
factors has shaped the criminal justice system in the Heisei Era, especially afterlate 1990’s, and what possible further reforms are.

Noriko Hashiba (Seikei University)“the hidden legal needs” in japan
In the 1990s, the justice system in Japan underwent reform. The main areas
covered by this reform included the introduction of trials by lay judges, theestablishment of law schools, and the enactment of the Comprehensive Legal
Support Act. One can also cite the strengthening of the civil legal aid system andthe court-appointed defense lawyer system as results of this reform. However,there still are “hidden legal needs”. Certain sections of the population, such as
the elderly, the disabled, and children, still have difficulties in accessing the justice system. This paper examines the measures for substantially expanding theaccess to the justice system by pointing out the strengths and weaknesses ofthese reforms.

Kay-Wah Chan (Macquarie University)
the reformed lawyer system in the heisei era in japan and its outlook

In 2001, Japan launched a substantial reform of the justice administration systemon the basis that its society would become more legalised because of domestic
and international developments. The Japanese society was expected to change
from the bureaucracy-monitored model to a post-crisis liability-seeking system.
Legal needs were anticipated to increase and become diversified and complicated. Lawyers (bengoshi) were expected to become doctors in people’s social
lives. There however was a scarcity of lawyers. The reform aimed to expand
the population of the legal professionals and improve their quality. As a result,a postgraduate law school system was introduced. With an aim to strengthen229

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their business structure, bengoshi were permitted to incorporate since 2002.
As a result of the reform, the final eighteen years of the Heisei Era saw manychanges in the bengoshi profession. Their population has substantially expanded. The largest commercial law firms have significantly expanded in size. Legal
professional corporations emerged and increased in numbers. Some of them
have attained considerable size. In-house bengoshi working in corporations
have increased. In the midst of these changes, concerns were raised regarding
the quality and ethics of the profession. From 2016, the Japanese government
slowed down the expansion of the legal professional’s population. However,bengoshi are still unevenly distributed. This paper will review and evaluate thereformed bengoshi system and discuss its outlook in the new Reiwa Era.

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H-10-1 Jiangtian Xu (University of East Anglia)
can japan be the king maker in the future asia pacific region’s regime making? the game theory analysis of the eu-china leadership battle of international regime making between the eu’s liberalism and china’s regional
multilateralism

The ultimate ambition of the project is to explore whether EU can be the newinternational new regime maker by initiating the liberalism through its effort
to negotiate, contract as well as sustainably adjust the agreements with third
countries based on the externalization of Normative Power Europe. Or China
will play a more important role in international regime making by using its Regional Multilateralism, Normative Power China, under the One Belt One Road
Grand National Strategy to deal with EU’s liberalism. Can EU’s liberalism or China’s regional multilateralism be winning the battle of regime making?
The research will be done through case studies within the context of the Japanas the potential kingmaker. Due to the fact that without the Japan’s engagement, the international regime in the Asia Pacific region cannot be regarded asreal international.
Game Theory analysis will be used as the method to explore whether EU or China can make a new model of international regimes as new regime maker in theworld. The four game theory scenarios between China and EU’s rational interactions will be exposed, while the four payoffs of China and EU’s each within four
different contexts of EU and China’s rational behavior patterns will be comparedvertically and horizontally. More importantly the flows between four game theory interaction scenarios will be analyzed to figure out the pros and cons in linewith the gains and losses during the flows to identify the most stable scenario
for the two parties to have the agreements signed, through which building the
new international regime can be regarded as the fruit produced by the interplays between EU’s liberalism and China’s regional multilateralism initiated by
the One Belt One Road National Grand Strategy of China.
The research findings from Krasner, Ikenberry, Keohane, Nye, Stein, Powell andothers in relation to regime theory as well as game theory will be reviewed,
and exploratory study of my research approached by Game Theory analysis can231

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contribute a new dimension to both academic discussions as well as practicaloperations of international politics. The research finds out that EU and China all
have potentials of being the new international hegemon with the ideology ofliberalism or regional multilateralism.

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