Academic English: Intermediate

Cat coat genetics• Look at all the photographs of cats that youbrought. (You should have at least one each.)• You will need to keep notes.

Cat coat genetics• You should be able to identify four Mendelian
genetic traits from photographs.
– Hair length (L)– Completely white hair (W)– White spots (S)– Orange hair (O)• (These are Mendelian traits. Other colors or
patterns are more genetically complex.)

Cat coat genetics
Dominant gene (allele)• Long hair is recessive.
• L (hair length)– LL– Ll– ll

short hairshort hairlong hair
Recessive gene

Cat coat genetics• White (mostly white hair with just one or twocolored spots on the head) is dominant.
• W (white)– WW– Ww
– ww

completely white
completely whitesome colored hair

• If the cat is WW, you can’t judge S or O.

Cat coat genetics• Piebald spotting (some white among othercolors) is dominant.
• S (white spots)– SS– Ss– sssome white hairsome white hair
no white hair

• SS or Ss might have just a little white, or half of theircoat might be white.Cat coat genetics• Orange hair is Mendelian, but color is also
affected by other genes.
• O (orange)– OO– Oo– ooorange or cream color
orange and black, or cream and grayblack or gray

• The O gene is sex-linked. Orange males are rare.

Cat coat genetics• Look at each cat picture.
• Which genes does the cat have for these traits?
LLL
LlllW
WW
Ww
ww

S
SSSs
ssO
OO
Oooo

Cat coat genetics

Donald H. MacDonald
Myths of Human Genetics

LL—Www

SS—OOOCat coat genetics• Which genes does each cat have for L, W, S, O traits?
LW

SL—W—S—llwwssO
OOOoooWhat is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is using others’ideas and words
without clearly acknowledging
the source of that information.
(Indiana Writing Tutorial Service, 2011)

What is plagiarism?
• Get ideas from books, lectures, other sources.
• Don’t take sentences or long phrases fromthose sources without citing them.
• Plagiarism: use ideas, words without giving credit– No credit: plagiarism, cheating, stealing– Give credit: engaging with sources; good

You must give credit
to the one who said it.
(or thought of it)Why is plagiarism bad?
• Rules:– Teachers want to check your ability.
– Teachers or schools will punish you.

Why is plagiarism bad?
• Norms:– Politicians (for example) are expected to believe
what they say. (Someone else might think of it.)– Scientists (for example) are expected to discoverwhat they say. (Someone else might help write it.)
– Students (for example) are expected to learn,know, and be able to write what they say.

Why is plagiarism bad?
• Ethics: Be good.
– Scientists are judged by the ideas they create.
– Give credit to the scientists who inspire you.
– Someone may give you credit in the future.

What counts as plagiarism?
• Copying exact words• Rewriting sentences in your own English• Learning new ideas without giving creditCopying exact words“Darwin knew that species changed over generations,but he did not know how this happened. Mendel
provided the answer.

Copying exact words“Darwin knew that species changed over generations,but he did not know how this happened. Mendel
provided the answer” (Bowring et al. 2014, p. 70).

Copying exact words“Darwin knew that species changed over generations,but he did not know how this happened. Mendel
provided the answer” (Bowring et al. 2014, p. 70).
• Use quotation marks, give credit = Not plagiarism

Rewriting in your own English
Darwin knew that animals evolved over time, but he
did not know how this happened.
• Just changing a few words is still copying.
• Use a quotation…
• …or rewrite it completely

Rewriting in your own English
Darwin discovered evolution, but not the mechanismof change. Mendel’s work on genes provided a
missing piece (Bowring et al. 2014).
• Rewrite it in your own English.
• Don’t forget to give credit.

Learned ideas without credit
We can see impact craters on the moon left by objects
such as meteorites that crashed there (Bowring et alia2014).
• Give credit, even if you use your own English.
• Didn’t know before = Give credit• Already knew = …ちょっと難しいLearned ideas without credit• Already knew…
The sky is blue (Rayleigh 1881).
Lord Rayleigh’s paper describing why the sky is blue
was based on earlier work by John Tyndall(Gibbs1997).

Citations have two parts• In the paper, put the author’s name and the year inparenthesis.
• Use quotation marks for direct quotes (same words).
– Don’t use quotation marks for paraphrase (rewritten inyour own English).

Quoting
Dr. Andrea Neal explained why she is dedicated tokeeping the ocean clean when she said, “The ocean
is our life source. Not only is it a place where wesee enjoyment, where we have fun and love it, but
it is where we get our life and where we get ourbreath from” (Project Kaisei 2009).

• Use quotation marks.
• Don’t change the author (or speaker’s) words.

Quoting“With so many things to do... many
students put off assignments that do notinterest them” (Harris 2004, p. 1).

• Give the author credit.

Paraphrasing
College students tend to be busy, sothey may do uninteresting assignments at
the last minute (Harris 2004).

• Even if you change the words, give credit.
• Be careful not to change the meaning.

Citations have two parts• In the paper, put the author’s name and the year inparenthesis.
• At the end of the paper, put a list of everything you
quoted or paraphrased.
Project Kaisei. 2009. “Intro from theKaisei.” YouTube youtu.be/i8QpPUQzgcl
Harris, Robert. 2004. “Anti-plagiarism
strategies for research papers.” VirtualSalt.

Citations have two parts• In the paper, put Include
the author’sname andtheyear inenough information
so yourreader
could find the paper or book.
Authorname(s)parenthesis.
• At the end of the paper, put a list of all thoseYear
Use romaji for non-Englishauthors.
titles, names, etc.

Project Kaisei. 2009. “Intro from theKaisei.” YouTube youtu.be/i8QpPUQzgcl
Harris, Robert. 2004. “Anti-plagiarism
strategies for research papers.” VirtualSalt.

Paper (etc.) title

Name of journal,
web site, etc.

If you do your best to follow this rule,
usually you’ll be OK.
Don’t panic.

You must give credit
to the one who said it.
(or thought of it)