Preface
科学技術の進歩は目覚ましく，日進月歩を超えた展開が日々生まれている。
一方で基礎的な知見の確認と研究の忍耐強い積み重ねにより，科学技術の進展があることも忘れてはならない。生物学においては，学問の基本を理解するとともに，新しい知見の理解推進は必須のものである。今日では生物を見ること
から生物から得られる多様な情報を利用するように変ってきており，日々大量社の情報を検索し，研究に臨む必要がある。

先端的な研究課題については，日本国内の研究においても専門論文やイン
ターネットでの情報は，世界共通言語ともいえる英語での記述が主流である。

ロナ

世界の権威ある科学雑誌や研究機関は当然ながら英語で情報を公開しており，
英語での学問の理解は必須である。

本書は，前作の「英語で学ぶ生物学」を受け継ぎつつ，最近のトピックでありまた基礎的な事項としても理解が必要な題材を新たに提供している。それは幅広く題材を理解す るための基礎的な情報を提供するとともに，また専門用語

コに慣れることを意図している。さらに生物学の知識の修得だけではなく，生物学に関わる倫理や社会の問題を同時に考察することも考慮している。
取り上げた各題材は，著者が世界の著名な研究雑誌や最近のニュースとなった話題から選抜したものであり，これらについて関連論文や書籍を精査し，その内容を独自にまとめたオリジナルなものである。世界中の多様な話題をすべて網羅するのではなく，日本と世界に共通した事項を選抜している。
各章はオムニバス形式でそれぞれ独立しているため，題材はどこからでも拾い読みすることができる。興味のある方々には，本文の後に掲載された参考書
籍や文献を読むことで，さらに理解を深めていただければと期待している。な
お基礎的な知見や専門用語については，「英語で学ぶ生物学」や，「英語で学ぶ
医科学入門」「英語で学ぶ環境科学」（英語で学ぶ自然科学シリーズ ）などを並

ii

Preface

行して利用いただければ，さらに理解が進むことだろう。
科学技術は将来への多様な可能性を生み出すが，一方では，得られた知見の正しい適用や社会との透明性のある合意形成がなければ，人類が適正に享受す4

4

4

ることはできない。これは生物学においてもしかりであり，本書で取り上げた各章の Exercises では，単純に知見を英語で理解するだけではなく，知見の社会との関わりについて話題を提供し，学習グループや個別の読者がそれについて十分に考えることを期待している。
最後に，本書執筆にあたり長い期間ご支援くださった多くの関係者各位に感資することができればと期待します。

コロナ

2013 年９月

社

謝いたします。そして，本書が生物学およびその新しい知見利用の理解推進に

著者

Contents
Chapter 1

Discovery of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells（iPS Cells）

1

Chapter 2Extermination of Malaria

11

Chapter 3

New Types of Influenza: Fear of Pandemics

20

Chapter 4

The Science of Seeing:

Chapter 5

Did You Sleep Well?:

社

A Perspective from the World of Neuroscience31
40

Chapter 6

Japanʼs National Disease: Hay Fever

52

Chapter 7

Will Biomass Save the World?

65

Chapter 8

An Uninvited Guest:

ロナ

The Increasing Severity of Sleep Disorders

Echizen Kurage（Nomuraʼs Jellyfish）

76

And Then There Were No Bees

90

Chapter 10 The Avian Ark: Save Our Endangered Species!

100

コ

Chapter 9

Chapter 11 Battling by Deception:
The Wondrous Mimicry of Creatures

117

Chapter 12 What the Medaka（Oryzias latipes）Genome
Tells Us?

129

Answers to Exercises

141

Index

155

Chapter 1
Discovery of Induced Pluripotent
Stem Cells（iPS Cells）
Many of you have probably learned about planarians in a biology
class. A planarian is an aquatic organism about 1 cm long that lives incold water. Interestingly as in Figure 1, if you cut a planarian into
four equal parts, the parts will regenerate to produce four planarians!
In other organisms too, such as lizards or newts, regeneration occurs

社

at areas where they have been cut. Even in humans, if you scratch
your hand, the bleeding eventually stops and the scratched area
slowly regenerates back to its original form. Among cells, the birth of

ロナ

these new cells results from the action of stem cells.
Stem cells are present in a variety of organisms. In a planarian,stem cells aggregate at wound openings and repair begins, after whicha planarian completely identical to the original one is formed. Stemcells exist in humans as well, serving to replace damaged or aged cells
or to newly replenish cells lost as a result of disease or injury. The onlyコ

difference between stem cells in humans and those in planarians isthat although human stem cells can regenerate, they are limited to
producing only certain types of cells. Although a simple hand skin
injury can be repaired, the restoration of large and complex parts suchas whole arms and legs is impossible. These cells are known as adultstem cells.
In contrast to these adult stem cells, artificially created stem
cells have also emerged on the scene. These cells, unlike adult stem
cells, can turn into all manner of cell types. In 2006, a cohort ofJapanese researchers generated the worldʼs first iPS cells（induced
pluripotent stem cells）from mice. These iPS cells, which were2

Chapter 1

Discovery of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells（iPS Cells）

Newt

LizardPlanarian
Cutting

Cutting

Cutting

Regeneration

Regeneration

社

Regeneration

Human bodyロナ

Regenerationin human?

Removing skin cells

Adding 4
factorsコ

CultureiPS cells

Hepatocyte

NeuronCardio myocyte

Figure 1

Pancreatic cells

An idea for creating iPS cell production.

Chapter 1

Discovery of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells（iPS Cells）

3

cultured from skin cells（fibroblasts）in mice, differentiated into
cardiac muscle cells that beat in cell clusters. Two years later, thesame technique was applied to cells obtained from human skin. Newsof this raced around the world in a flash.
These iPS stem cells differed greatly from the embryonic stem
cells（ES cells）that had been used up until that time. Because
fertilized eggs are not used to create iPS cells, the ethical barriers totheir use are very low. In addition, immunological rejection is assumed
not to occur because an individualʼs（the patientʼs own）skin cells are
used.

社

A major catalyst for the discovery of iPS cells was the birth of
Dolly the sheep in 1996. The nucleus taken from a mature udder cellof a sheep was inserted into an egg whose nuclei had been removed.

ロナ

When this egg was placed into the uterus of a different sheep, thenewborn was completely identical to Dollyʼs genetic mother. This
mysterious art produces what is known as a cloned embryo. This
technique spectacularly overturned the conventional view until thenthat in mammals, cells that had differentiated would never rewind（become initialized）. Four years later, in 2000, ES cells were produced.

コ

A lizardʼs tail regenerates beautifully even if it is cut off. A
newtʼs arm regenerates not only skin tissue but also bone when it issevered. Furthermore, as for planarians, they regenerate even after
being cut into small pieces. In contrast, in mammals, starting from thetime the egg is fertilized, cells become increasingly differentiated,
finally turning into different organs, and it was thought that going inreverse was impossible; that is, that cells, once differentiated, could
not possibly return to the initial egg cell, and that the process was a
one-way street（irreversible）. Nonetheless, the birth of Dolly and the
production of ES cells demonstrated that this process could be
rewound. Thus, the path toward the birth of iPS cells had begun.

4

Chapter 1

Discovery of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells（iPS Cells）

The method of producing iPS cells is surprisingly simple. It issaid that anyone with experience in basic genetic manipulation
techniques and culturing may be able to produce them. However, it istaking time for this method to become established. Particularly
important aspects are the genes that need to be introduced into nonpluripotent cells to force them to become iPS cells. Studies on ES cells
thus far provided numerous hints, and the to-be-introduced genes
were ultimately narrowed down to four（the Yamanaka factors）:
those that 1）build the body, 2）play a key role in expression, 3）play
an important role during regeneration, and 4）control transcription.

社

Each of these genes is introduced into the cell via a retrovirus. Genesfor 3）can carry a risk of causing cancer, but these can now be avoided.
Although the method of using retroviruses to introduce genesロナ

has great advantages, some genes cause adverse effects on the body,particularly in gene therapy. Hence, methods to directly produce iPS
cells without the insertion of genes are also being explored.
The most innovative aspect of iPS cells is that they can be used
for transplants and regenerative medicine. Given that iPS cells arecultured from the patientʼs own skin, there is unlikely to beコ

immunological rejection. Currently, ideas such as preparing pools ofcells according to the type of human leukocyte antigen（HLA）are
being considered so that they can be used immediately when needed.
These iPS cells could be applied to the treatment of various diseases.
In mice, researchers have succeeded in producing blood stem cells
from iPS cells and applying them to the treatment of sickle-cell
anemia. There are also reports that transplanting neural stem cells
derived from iPS cells into mice artificially given spinal injuries

Notes：retrovirus「レトロウイルス」，human leukocyte antigen（HLA）「ヒト白血球抗原」
sickle-cell anemia「鎌型赤血球症」

Chapter 1

Discovery of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells（iPS Cells）

5

reduced the symptoms by 20 %. iPS cells, which are capable ofbecoming various tissues, are being considered for practical use in thetreatment of diseases such as Parkinsonʼs disease, muscular dystrophy,
myocardial infarction, and diabetes, and positive outcomes of suchwork have been confirmed. Research is being advanced at core
universities in Japan, beginning with experimental animals such as
mice and working toward eventual application in humans.
Conversely, iPS cells can also help reveal the causes of various
diseases. By producing stem cells from the cells of diseased patients, itwill become possible to study how and why diseases occur when they社

do. Until now, tissues have been directly taken from diseased patientsand cultured; but such cells hardly ever proliferate, and this is also agreat burden for the patients. However, by using iPS cells derived

ロナfrom the cells of diseased patients, we are about to understand how
pathogenesis occurs. For example, the increasingly rapid cell loss that
occurs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis（ALS）has been revealed
visually as well.

iPS cells are also expected to bring about ground-breaking
progress in drug research. In the past, candidate drugs were firstコscreened in experimental animals such as mice, monkeys, or pigs andtheir effects were then tested by experimentally administering themto humans. However, a drug that was highly effective in animal
experiments might show a reduced effect, a rejection response, or
toxicity when administered to people. An enormous amount of timeand effort is considered necessary in order to discover just one drug inthe conventional way; however, if iPS cells are used, animal
experiments will become unnecessary. By transforming the cells into
Notes：Parkinsonʼs disease「パーキンソンン病」
muscular dystrophy「筋ジストロフィー」，myocardial infarction「心筋梗塞」
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis（ALS）「筋萎縮性側索硬化症」

6

Chapter 1

Discovery of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells（iPS Cells）

the desired tissue, the effects and toxicity of a drug can be confirmed.
Looking ahead, the day we can culture iPS cells in three
dimensions and replace organs that have weakened or stopped
functioning is not so far off. And though efforts to create humanorgans in the bodies of pigs have begun, there are many more
problems that yet remain. To this end, there are many remaining
challenges to be addressed concerning research on stem cells（including iPS cells）, such as the consideration of ethical issues,establishment of systems and guidelines, financial support, and the社

understanding of the patients and general public.

1. Books

ロナ

References

1）山中伸弥，畑中正一：iPS 細胞ができた！ ひろがる人類の夢（集英社文庫）（2008），ISBN978-4-08-781395-1
2）山中伸弥，中内啓光 編：再生医療へ進む最先端の幹細胞研究，実験医学増刊
26-5，羊土社（2008），ISBN978-4-758-10289-63）田中幹人：iPS 細胞 ヒトはどこまで再生できるか？，日本実業出版社（2008），
ISBN978-4-534-04384-9コ4）升井伸治：SUPER サイエンス iPS 細胞が再生医療の扉を開く，シーアンド
アール研究所（2009），ISBN978-4-86354-039-2
5）山中伸弥：iPS 細胞の産業的応用技術，シーエムシー（2009），ISBN 978-47813-0122-86）中辻憲夫ほか監，梅澤明弘ほか編：再生医療の最前線 2010-ES・iPS・組織幹細胞の特性の理解と分化誘導，創薬・臨床応用に向けた品質管理，安全の基盤
技術（実験医学増刊 Vol. 28-2）．羊土社（2010），ISBN978-4-7581-0304-6
7）杉本正信，帯刀益夫：細胞寿命を乗り越える ES 細胞・iPS 細胞，その先へ，（岩波科学ライブラリー 164），（2009），ISBN 978-4-00-029564-2
8）阿形清和，中内啓光，山中伸弥，岡野栄之，大和雅之：再生医療生物学（現代
生物科学入門 第 7 巻）．岩波書店（2009），ISBN978-4-00-006967-0

2. Journal
1）K. Takahashi, K. Tanabe, M. Ohnuki, M. Narita, T. Ichisaka, K. Tomoda and S.

Indexコロナ

abdomen129
abdominal
46, 106
abduction
92
abortive
104
acaricide92
acceleration70
acclimatize
56, 103accompanied by65
acquire92
acquisition
31
act
42
adhere129administer5
aerial photograph70
affliction
46
African clawed frog
129
aggregate
1, 84
ailment46
alien
92
alight14
allele55
allergic
52
allergic rhinitis
52
Alzheimerʼs disease60
ameliorate
56
amid
122
Amorphophallus
titanum
123
amphibian
129
103
Amur River basinamyotrophic lateralsclerosis（ALS）
5
analyze
93
ancient
20
Anopheles
11

antagonist
antibacterial
antibiotic
antigen-antibody
reactionantioxidant
anxietyapnea
apoptosis
appetiteaqueousArabidopsis thaliana
argininearkarrhythmia
arthritis
arthropod
artificial
asexual generation
asexual reproduction
Aspergillus oryzae
assimilation
asthmaastounding
atopic dermatitis
atopic disposition
Aurelia
Australian hammer
orchidautomobileautonomic
autonomous
autopsy
avian
awake

56
84
20
54
90
47
46
123
53
133
129
25
100
46
85
92
1
77
11
129
117
52
80
54
55
77

【B】
backdrop
bannedbear
beekeeperbind
biodegradable
bioluminescentbiotope
Biston betularia
bittenblack scraperblank amazement
bleed
bless
blindnessblink
blockerbloodstream
bolas spider
bottleneck
bountifulboutbrackish waterbrain
branchbreakneckbrinkbronchitis
brood cellbrook
bug monger
built-inbumper crop
burn

社

【A】

118
66
55
77
104
20
40

129
106
90
90
55
68
76
105
121
11
83
58
1
65
31
84
56
11
123
84
83
44
129
24
117
24
100
53
92
129
118
92
83
65

156

Index

ロ
ナ

camouflage
117
captivity
100
capture54, 76
carbon dioxide
65
carcass
102
carcinogenicity
59
cardiac muscle
3
carnivorou
103
cascade134
casualty
21
cat-and-mouse92
catalyst3
cataplexy44
cataract
31
cedar
52
cell culture58
cerebrospinal fluid
45
Cervus nippon
110
Cervus nippon yesoensis 110
characteristics
92
checkup47
cholera20
chromosome
130chrysalis
120
Chrysanthemum
cinerariaefolium
14cichlid133
103
Ciconia boyciana
cilia
77
circulate11, 23circulation
56
classify
22
clinical trial
13
clone
3
clue
134
cluster
3
coal
65
coastline
80
collagen84
collapse
70
Cololabis saira
84
colony93
combination
23 dawnコ

debate15
deceive
118
117
deception
deceptive
122
decipher93
deciphering
134
decisive94
decline20, 31, 100
decompose
68
decoy
106
defect32
deforestation
70, 104
deform32
degeneration31
depressive
46
dermatitis
53
description
25
desensitization
56
designate23
detrimental
35
devise82
DHA84
diabete5diabetic retinopathy
31
diagnose46
diarrhea
24, 53dichromatic132
dietary supplement84
differentiate
3
dimension
33
Diomedea albatrus
106
68
disappear
discard35
discover22
disease1
disorder40
dispose of68
disruption
44
distinguish33
docosahexaenoic acid84
dominant
55
donate32
dorsal129
dragonfly
105
15 Drakaea spp.
118

comfortable
40
commercialization
68
common mormon
butterfly
120
common rose butterfly 118
conclude93
concomitant94
confer68
congregating
118
conjunctivitis
52
connection
35
conservationist
102
consistent56
constitutive
31
80
contamination
contemplat
82
continuous positive
airway pressure
47
contribute67
Convention on Biological
Diversity
100
convert68
copulate
92
corneal opacity
31
corpse104
cough24, 52
countenance129
countermeasure
13
countless
94
crane
103
create1creature132
crisis111
cross-fertilization90
crucial70
crucian carp
103
crush
66
cryptic
121
culprit93
culture5
current
79
cytokine
56

社

【C】

【D】

157

Index
100
23, 52
5
95
24

【E】

79, 82
44
54
118
107
24
92
65
11
100
33
120

【 F 】
facilitate
fact
fate
featureferal
ferment
fertilize
fertilizer
fibroblast
filefishfluctuation
foraging
foreign currency
fossilfossilize
fragment
friction
fruit flyfunction
fusion

45
22
25
42
109
66
3, 77, 13085
3
83
66, 133
102
66
65
65
123
83
129
31
24

コ

ロ
ナ

earthquake
107
ecdysteroid
123
eclosion105
ecosystem
70
edible58
eelgrass
82
efficacy
15, 20eicosapentaenoic acid84
elderly22
eliminate105
embankment
79
embryo130
embryonic
3
embryonic stem
35
emergence
22, 70emit
76, 124
emulate117
encephalopathy
24
endangered100
endocrine
132
endow
32
engage35
enthusiasm
102
envelope
23
EPA
84
epidemic
22
episode46
106equator
eradicate15, 92erroneous
41
eruption
108
ES
35
estimate
22
estrogen130
estuary
79
eternal25
etymology
65
European honeybee
90

eutrophication
examination
exceedexcel
exert
expansion
expel
explodeextermination
extinction
eyebrow
eyespot

genetically modified
organisms
genital primordium
genomegerm cell
glaucoma
global warming
globuleglycoprotein
gonadal somatic cellgorgegrasshopper
greenhousegreenhouse effect【G】
Gallirallus okinawae
109
gametocyte
11
garner65
gastrointestinal
24, 53gene
23, 55gene expression
121
genetic
3, 55
genetic duplication
133

76
130
129
130
31
65
123
84
130
92
117
14
65

【H】

社

drastically
drift
drug
duressdysfunction

HA
23
Haliaeetus pelagicus
110
halt
93
hatch
92
hatchling
104
haul
81
hay fever52
hazard124
hemagglutinin
23
hemisphere90
hepatocyte
11
hesitate
118
hibernate129
histamine
56
hive
92
HLA
44, 55
Hokkaido sika deer
110holometabolism
120
hospitable
80
hoverfly118
human leukocyte
antigen44, 55
human leukocyte antigen（HLA）
4
humorous
129
Hyla japonica
105
Hymenopus coronatus 122
hypertension
46
hypopnea
46

158

Index
59

【 I 】

【 J 】

Japanese brown frog
Japanese crested ibis
Japanese cypress
Japanese deer
Japanese monkey
Japanese tree frog
jawbonejellyfishjuvenileコロナ

identical
3
identity
23
immeasurable
81, 103
immense76
immunity
22
immunoglobulin E
55
immunological rejection 3
impaire31
implant
31
implement
100
implementation
58
implication
133
imply
42
incidence52
incurable
20
indicator
47
indigenous
107
indigestion
108
indispensable
76
induced pluripotent stem
（iPS）cell
35
industrial melanism
121
infant13
infect11
infection55
infertile104
infiltrate103
inflammation53
influenza20
ingenious
82
ingest11, 42ingredient14
inhabit106
inhalation
56
inhale55
inherit55
inhibitor
56
injury1
innocuous
14
insect-pollinated53, 90insect-repelling14
insecticide
14, 93

insert23
insertion
4
insomnia
53
instar120
internal
22International Union forConservation of Nature（IUCN）
106
intertwine
58
intimately
80
invade81
invisible
32
iPS cell1
ironically100
irritability
53
ischemic heart disease 46
52
itchinessitchy eyes
52

lizardlongitudinally
lure

105
100
55
110
110
105
46
76
120

【 L 】

lagopus muta
land reform
landslidelarvaelayperson
lays eggs
lens
leopard frog
liberatelichenlifespanlimelight
lineageliquid nitrogen

109
104
107
77
130
77
31
105
20
121
129
76
133
93

1
134
123

【M】
Macaca fuscata
macroalgae
macularmale sterilemalfunction
mammalmanipulate
manipulation
mankindmarsh
martenmasculinizedmassive
Mastophoramaturemeasles
mediator
medusoidmelanism
membranememorizemercurial
metamorphosis
metastasis
meteorologicalmice
microorganism
microscope
microsporidian
Milesia undulata
mimicry
minisculemitochondrial DNA
model organism
moisturizemolassemoltmongoosemonomermoon jellies社

hyposensitization

110
82
31
58
83
132
15
4
65
104
103
132
79
123
3, 76
54
56
77
121
23
41
104
120
60
56
3
68
130
94
118
117
80
102
129
84
66
120
109
68
76

Index

【N】
23
42
42
52
53
57
11, 53
77
103
4
23
32
32
31
1
40
100
43
53
53
94
93
3
90

コ

ロ
ナ

NA
napping
narcolepsy
nasal congestion
nasal discharge
nasal passage
nauseanematocyst
nest
neuralneuraminidase
neuronneuroplasticity
neuroscience
newtnight-oriented
Nipponia nippon
non-REM sleep
nose bleed
nose-blowing
Nosema apis
nucleotide sequence
nucleusnutritionallyomnivorous
103, 129
onchocerciasis
31
Oplegnathus fasciatus
83
optic
32
orchard94
orchid mantis
122
orexin45
organ
3
organism
1
organophosphate93
oriental white stork103
oronasal
46
OSAS
46
outbreak53
outpatient clinic
47
output-input
66
ova
132
ovary
130
overturn
3
overturne
132
overwhelming
52
overwinter
13
ovum
130

【O】
obstacle
obstructive
Okinawa rail
olfaction

124
46
109
123

perform
41
13pertainpesticide95
67
petrochemical
petroleum65
phenomena
40, 122
phenomenon
90
pheromone123
phlegm52
Phoebastria albatrus
106
photoreceptor
32
Photuris
124
physiological55
phytoplankton
129
pier
79
pigment
120
pilchard
83
pistil90
PLA
68
plague20, 85
planarian1
planulae77
Plasmodium falciparum 11
plastic
35
plasticity
68
plug
81
pneumonia
24
pollen52
pollinate90
pollinosis
55
pollute121
pollution55
68polylactic acidpolymer
68
polymerize
68
polyp
77
pomace66
popularize
14
population
65
117
praying mantis
predation
83
predator
102, 117
prediction
56
predominate
121
prefrontal cortex
41

社

mortality
20, 81mouth breathing52
mouthpiece
47
mucin
84
mucosa24
mucous membrane54
mugwort55
multiply
11
mumps
54
muscular dystrophy
5mutation23
myocardial infarction
5
myocarditis
24【P】

Pachliopta aristolochiae 120
pacific saury
84
paddy
100
Pagrus major
81
pandemics
20
Papilio polytes
120
Papilio troilus
120
paralysis
44, 93
parasite11
parasitize
20
Parkinsonʼs disease5
parrot bass
83
PCBs
104
pectoral and pelvic fins 129
Pelophylax
nigromaculatus
105
penetrate
11
penicillin
20
peppered moth121
perceive32, 132

159

160

Index

【R】

regenerate1rehabilitation
32
reintroduce
102
reintroduction station 102
rejection response5
release42
relieve
59
REM sleep
43
remain66
render15
renewable
68
replenish1
reproductive
80
resistance55, 93
respiratory
24, 46
restoration1
restore35
retina32
41
retrievalretrogression
133
retrovirus
4
reveal94, 121
revetment
79
revolution
65
rewound3
Rhesus macaque
129
rock ptarmigan109
rotate33
runny nose
53

92
55
105
105
23
70
55
55
40
76
35
11
81
79
67
92

コ

radiation
ragweedRana japonica
Rana nigromaculata
re-aggregation
reap
receptorrecessive
reclaim
recollect
recover
red blood cell
red sea breams
red tides
reduction
regainseaweed66
secret123
self-incompatible
94
sensation
76
sense
31
sewage66
sexual11
sexual differentiation 130
shift
23
short-tailed albatross 106
shred82
sickle-cell anemia
4silkworm
134
sinusitis
53
skeletal
46
skill
33
sleep apnea syndrome45
sludge66
smallpox
20sneezing
52
solidify
123
span
13
spawn
80, 129
specimen
102
speculation
55
sperm
132
Spicebush swallowtail 120
spin123
spinal4, 77
spread24, 90squeeze66
stabilize
41
stalk
66
stamen90
staple58
steamboat
106
Stellerʼs sea eagle
110
1
stem cellstemming
85
Stephanolepis cirrhifer 83
steroid56, 130
stimulate
54
stink
123
stinkbug122
stomachache
53

社

105
22
104
123
102
31
67
103, 117
83
129
70
93
1
83
82
5
21, 8070
3158
24, 3522, 23
46
45
85
84
123

ロ
ナ

pregnancy
pregnantprematurely
prepupalpreserve
prevalence
prevention
prey
prey onprimatesprinciple
probability
produce
profitprohibition
proliferate
proliferation
prolific
pronounce
propagate
property
proteinprotrude
psychostimulant
pulsation
purify lectin
putrid【 S 】

saccharified
sag
Sakhalinsalivary glandsanctuarie
sanitation
Sargassum muticum
scaffolding
scale
scatterscorchscratchsea squirt
seawall

68
46
110
11
110
108
82
123
123
44
65
1
129
77

161

Index
threadthreadsail filefish
titan arum
tonsiltoxicity
trachomatragedy
tramplingtranscription
translocatetransplanttransplantationtransportation
treatment
treetoptrembletrend
trial-and-error
trichromatic
triggertuberculosis
turbidity
twig

【 T 】

コ

tactic117
tail fins129
teeter100
terrify42
testes130
testify42
testosterone
130
Thamnaconus modestus 83
therapy56
thoracic
46

13
83
123
46
5, 59
31
103
107
4
107
4
32
24
5, 56
132
93
57
82
132
22, 5420
133
117

Varroavectorvegetation
venom
verge
verifyvertebrate
virulencevirus
viscousvisiblevisionvocalization
volcanic
volcanically

社

43
68
95
23
102
76
15
79
14
42
23
83
56
57
117
22
93
68
24
5, 22
45
67
20

ロ
ナ

stranglestrengthstressfulstructure
stuffedstung
sub-Saharan region
subsequentsubsidy
substantial
subtypesucked insuppresssurgerysurroundsurvivesuspicionsustainable
swine
symptom
syndrome
synthetic
syphilis【U】

udder cellunderly
undifferentiateduninvitedunisonunprecedentuterus【V】
variegated

92
11
107
77
15
121
133
22
20
123
76
31
107
107
107

【W】

wakefulness
walking stickwane
widespreadwildfire
wind-pollinatedwingspanwither3 withstand22, 44 witness
123 wondrous
76
【 Y 】
121
13 Yersinia pestis
3

44
117
102
20, 100
24
53, 90
106
81
95
42
117

20

【 Z 】

zebrafish
133 zooplankton

129
79, 129

── 編著者・著者略歴 ──
渡邉

和男（わたなべ かずお）

渡邉社

続 英語で学ぶ生物学

純子（わたなべ じゅんこ）

1986 年 神戸大学教育学部初等教育学科卒業
1986 年 兵庫県立須磨東高等学校教諭
1995 年 コーネル大学大学院修士課程修了（園芸，植物生理学専攻）
1997 年 近畿大学非常勤講師
2001 年 筑波大学遺伝子実験センター研究推進員
2005 年 農業生物資源研究所非常勤職員
2007 年 科学作家
現在に至る

1983 年 神戸大学農学部園芸農学科卒業
1985 年 神戸大学大学院修士課程修了
1988 年 ウィスコンシン大学大学院博士課程修了（遺伝育種学専攻）
Ph. D.（ウィスコンシン大学）
1988 年 国際ポテトセンター主任研究員
1991 年 コーネル大学助教授
1996 年 近畿大学助教授，国際植物遺伝資源研究所（IPGRI）名誉研究員
2001 年 筑波大学教授，コーネル大学在外特別教授
2004 年 筑波大学大学院教授
現在に至る

─ 生物科学の新しい挑戦 ─
The Second Volume of Endeavors in Biological Sciences─ New Challenges in Biological Sciences ─Kazuo Watanabe, Junko Watanabe

ロナⒸ

2013 年 11 月 8 日

検印省略

初版第 1 刷発行

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