INTRODUCTORY NOTE
It is with pride that the United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crimeand the Treatment of Offenders (UNAFEI) offers to the international community the Resource
Material Series No. 79.
This volume contains the work produced in the 140th International Training Course, which wasconducted from 1 September to 10 October 2008; the work produced in Eleventh International
Training Course on the Criminal Justice Response to Corruption, which was held from 16 October
to 14 November 2008; and the work product of the 141st International Senior Seminar, which
was held from 13 January to 13 February 2009. The main theme of the 140th Course was “TheCriminal Justice Response to Cybercrime”, while the main theme of the 141st Senior Seminar was“The Improvement of the Treatment of Offenders through the Enhancement of Community-Based
Alternatives to Incarceration”.
UNAFEI, as a regional institute of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
Programme Network, decided that the focus of the 140th Course would be on the subject of cybercrime
in order to provide an opportunity for criminal justice personnel with responsibility for theinvestigation, prosecution and adjudication of cybercrime to consider the various issues for thepurpose of clarifying challenges and discovering solutions suitable for their own countries.
The detrimental effects of corruption on society are many and varied. In particular, corruption
by public officials seriously undermines their integrity and neutrality in performing their official
duties, leading to public distrust of the government and its institutions and potentially resulting
in their eventual collapse. Corruption is a problem that needs constant challenge and attention;
for this reason UNAFEI holds an annual international course specifically focused on corruption
control. In recognition of the harm corruption can cause, especially in developing countries, andthe fact that it can transcend national borders, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted
the UN Convention against Corruption in 2003. The Convention came into force in December
2005 and requires States Parties to implement a number of measures to tackle corruption in acomprehensive way, including measures directed at prevention, criminalization, international
co-operation, and asset recovery. It is hoped that all countries, including our participants’ countries,
will become party to this Convention and fully implement it, thereby taking a step closer to freeing
the world from the grip of corruption.
Regarding the 141st Seminar, the detention of offenders is one of the most basic measures usedby criminal justice systems to secure proper legal procedures in the investigation and trial of
criminal offences, and in maintaining justice and security in the community during the execution ofa sentence. However, blanket detention of all offenders is inappropriate, for a number of reasons:in consideration of the humanitarian principle of avoiding restricting prisoners’ rights more than isnecessary; to avoid the problem of prison overcrowding; and to enhance correctional and community
treatment to meet offenders’ individual requirements. The United Nations has attempted to address
this issue with various measures, including The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for NonCustodial Measures (the Tokyo Rules), “The Vienna Declaration on Crime and Justice: Meeting theChallenges of the Twenty-First Century”, and “The Bangkok Declaration: Synergies and Responses:
Strategic Alliances in Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice” which have, in various different ways,
guided Member States in the better treatment of offenders and the prevention of crime. However,despite the introduction of these measures and policies, the continuous increase of the prison
population and subsequent overcrowding is still one of the most pressing problems in criminal
justice in many countries. In view of the ongoing need for the formulation and implementation ofeffective community-based alternatives to incarceration, and the importance of such measures
as stressed by the various UN instruments, UNAFEI, as a regional institute of the UN Crime
Prevention and Criminal Justice Network, decided to hold this Seminar.

viiIn this issue, in regard to the 140th Course and 141st Senior Seminar, papers contributed byvisiting experts, selected individual presentation papers from among the participants, and theReports of the Course and Seminar are published. In regard to the Eleventh Corruption Course,
papers contributed by visiting experts and selected individual presentation papers from among theparticipants are published. I regret that not all the papers submitted by the Course and Seminar
participants could be published.
I would like to pay tribute to the contributions of the Government of Japan, particularly the Ministryof Justice, the Japan International Cooperation Agency, and the Asia Crime Prevention Foundation forproviding indispensable and unwavering support to UNAFEI’s international training programmes.
Finally I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all who so unselfishly assisted in thepublication of this series; in particular, the editor of Resource Material Series No. 79, Ms. Grace Lord.
December 2009

Masaki Sasaki
Director, UNAFEIviii