Journal of Heat Island Institute International Vol. 9-2 (2014)

Academic Article

Estimation of the Energy Consumption and the Exhaust Heatfrom Buildings
Hirotoshi YODA

Faculty of Humanity-Oriented Science and Engineering, Kinki University
Corresponding author: Hirotoshi YODA, yoda@fuk.kindai.ac.jp
ABSTRACT
Grasping the local energy consumption and the artificial exhaust heat is an effective response to the global
warming and heat island phenomenon of recent years. In particular, the data ascribed to buildings is significant.
The aim of this study is to create distribution maps by calculating building energy consumption and theamount of exhaust heat caused by air conditioning in Fukuoka City, based on the building data from the Fukuoka
City Housing & Urban Planning Bureau.
223 city blocks also have an exhaust sensible heat of more than 10.0GJ/ (ha･day), making up 19.8% of thetotal. It is correspondence between the areas of exhaust sensible heat with highest levels with the high airtemperature ones, for example, the Tenjin district and the Hakata Station district.
Key Words : Distribution map, Energy consumption, Exhaust heat, GIS, Fukuoka City

1. Introduction

N

Grasping the local energy consumption and the artificial
exhaust heat is an effective response to the global warming andheat island phenomenon of recent years. In particular, the dataascribed to buildings is significant.
From a point of view to the alleviation of the heat island
phenomenon, it is necessary to calculate the amount of artificial(Maebaru)

exhaust heat drained from building facilities to the atmosphere,
and the amount of exhaust sensible heat affecting the airtemperature rise directly. Particularly, it is important that how(Dazaifu)

much exhaust by sensible heat, quality of the exhaust heat

Air temp. range

grasped.
The aim of this study is to create distribution maps by

North wind
3 m/sec

calculating building energy consumption and the amount of
exhaust heat caused by air conditioning in Fukuoka City, based

0 1 2 3 4 5 km

on the building data from the Fukuoka City Housing & Urban

Ave.: 23.6℃

Planning Bureau.
Fukuoka City faces Hakata Bay, it was developed as thelargest commercial city on Kyushu Island, Japan.
According to the Fukuoka Meteorological Observatory in

Fig. 1 Temperature distribution map when heat island
phenomenon is typically observed(05:00 a.m., 5th Sep., 2003)

Japan, the annual mean temperature of the latest 10 years rises at
1.1 ℃ compared with 30 years ago in Fukuoka City.
The temperature distribution map when heat island
phenomenon is typically observed is shown in Figure 1 (1).

Fugure 2 shows the area and population at seven wards inFukuoka City as of 30th April, 2014 (2).

- 92 -

2. Basic surveys concerning city planning
HigashiThe ‘Basic Surveys Concerning City Planning’ is carried
Nishi

out by the Fukuoka City Housing & Urban Planning Bureau.
Data on the present conditions of buildings for analysis were

Chuo
Hakataprovided by the Bureau. The building activity codes within the
Basic Surveys Concerning City Planning and the building
activity corresponding to their base units are shown in Table 1.

Minami
Sawara3. Base units

Jonan

10

3.1 Primary energy consumption per unit area bybuilding activity

km

In order to calculate the energy consumption of each
Ward
Area
Population
Chuo
15.16 km2
178,890
Hakata31.47 km2
213,416
Higashi
67.98 km2
295,943
Minami30.98 km2
253,253
Jonan
16.02 km2
122,850
Sawara95.88 km2
214,831
Nishi
83.83 km2
200,065
Total
341.32 km2
1,479,248
Fig. 2 The wards in Fukuoka City

Num. of city block
123
209
226
161
95
170
140
1,124

building, the amount of primary energy consumption per unit
area by building activity code was sought. As the basic data, theresults from a questionnaire carried out in Fukuoka City thattargeted 416 business and others were used (3). Furthermore,because residences were not included in the previously
mentioned questionnaire, survey results from another study on
Fukuoka City were used.

Table 1 The building activity codes within the Basic Surveys Concerning City Planning and the building activity corresponding to their base units
Building activity of primary energy
Building activity of exhaust
Building activity
consumption made to correspondheat made to correspond1
Business facilities
OfficeOffice2
Commercial facilities
Commercial
Commercial
3
Accommodations
Hotel
Hotel
4
Recreational facilities
Commercial
Commercial
5
Amusement facilities
Commercial
Commercial
6
Commercial use compound facilities
Commercial
Commercial
7
Dwelling houses
Residence
Dwelling house
8
Apartment houses
Residence
Apartment house
9
Dwelling houses combined with store
Residence
Dwelling house
10
Apartment houses combined with store
Residence
Apartment house
11
Work place combination apartment houses
Residence
Apartment house
12
Government and public office facilities
Government and public office
Government and public office13
Education welfare facilities (A)Health care
Health care
14
Education welfare facilities (B)Education
Education
15
Transportation warehouse facilities
OthersTotal average
16
Heavy industries facilities
OthersTotal average
17
Light industries facilities
OthersTotal average
18Service industry facilities
OthersTotal average
19
Household industry facilities
OthersTotal average
20 Dangerous materials storage, processing facilities
OthersTotal average
21
Agriculture, forestry, and fishery facilities
OthersTotal average
22
OthersOthersTotal average
Table 2 Primary energy consumption per unit area
Building activity
OfficeCommercial
Hotel
Health care
Education
Government and public office
Residence
OthersFukuoka City
2.328
2.362
3.125
2.876
0.965
1.649
66.0
2.191

- 93 -

Japan (reference) (4)
2.303
3.266
3.167
3.371
1.494
1.489
－
2.080

Unit
GJ/ (m2･year)
GJ/ (m2･year)
GJ/ (m2･year)
GJ/ (m2･year)
GJ/ (m2･year)
GJ/ (m2･year)
GJ/ (house･year)
GJ/ (m2･year)As shown in Table 2, Making a comparison primaryeach building, primary energy consumption from March to May

energy consumption per unit area in Fukuoka City with thewas subtracted from primary energy consumption in August as

national average, the big difference is not permitted(4).

shown in Figure 3. These values were then divided by the total

Primary energy consumption in August due to air

floor area, totaled by building activity and then averaged.

conditioning, which was used to calculate building exhaust heatin August, is also shown in Table 3 by building activity code. For
Table 3 Primary energy consumption per unit area in August due to air conditioning
Energy consumption per unit area
Energy consumption per unit area due
Building activity
to air conditioning[GJ/ (m2･month)][GJ /(m2･month)]
Office0.248
0.072
Commercial
0.292
0.114
Hotel
0.295
0.051
Health care
0.258
0.090
Education
0.127
0.039
Government and public office
0.169
0.063
Residence
0.800
0.039
Others0.620
0.063
Total average
0.351
0.066

Source(3)(6)

Energy consumption per unit area in Aug. due to air conditioning[GJ/m2]
0.300
0.250

Ave. from March to May

0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000

Apr.

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Fig. 3 The estimation way of the primary energy consumption per unit area in August due to air conditioning
3.2 Exhaust heat per unit area caused by air

heat soruce device.

Conditioning

The heat source device COP was established based on

The exhaust heat per unit area caused by air conditioning

pre-existing references as shown in Table 5.
The sensible heat to latent heat ratio of the exhaust heat

was found based on the amount of primary energy consumption
by air conditioning. The process used is as follows:from heat source devices was established as shown in Table 6

1) The amount of primary energy consumption per unit area by
air conditioning was proportionally divided by thevia reference (7).
Calculation results for the exhaust heat per unit area

component ratio of the heat source device.

caused by air conditioning for each building activity are as2) Using the Coefficient of Performance, COP, for each heatshown in Table 7.

source device, the amount of primary energy consumption

Furthermore, as residences were not the subject of the

per unit area for each heat source device was converted to

Fukuoka City survey (4) and are difficult to estimate in the samethe exhaust heat per unit area.

manner as other data, the calculation results for the exhaust heat3) Using the sensible heat to latent heat ratio of exhaust heat for

per unit area found in reference (6) were used as shown in Table 8.

each heat source device, the exhaust heat per unit area was

In this case, all air conditioning systems were treated asallocated to the exhaust sensible heat per unit area and thehousehold use room air conditioners and all exhaust heat was

exhaust latent heat per unit area.

treated as sensible heat emission.

4) The exhaust heat per unit area, the sensible heat per unit area,
and the latent heat per unit area for each building activity
were found by calculating the sum of total exhaust heat, theexhaust sensible heat, and the exhaust latent heat for each
- 94 -

Table 4 Heat source equipments by building activities
Absorption chiller
Absorption refrigerator
Building activity
and heater+ Steam boiler
375,92060,314
Office (N=153)(16.3%)( 2.6%)
389,9830Commerce (N= 61)(34.9%)( 0.0%)
56,30685,964
Hotel (N= 8)(13.8%)(21.1%)
62,16917,118
Health care (N= 8)(18.7%)( 5.1%)
276,5220
Education (N= 6)(22.9%)( 0.0%)
Research institute
7,826
0(N= 4)(33.3%)( 0.0%)
Government and
133,875
25,812
public office (N= 32)(49.1%)( 9.5%)
1,302,601
189,208
Total (N=272)(23.0%)( 3.3%)
Building activity
Office (N=153)
Commerce (N= 61)
Hotel (N= 8)
Health care (N= 8)
Education (N= 6)
Research institute(N= 4)
Government andpublic office (N= 32)
Total (N=272)

Turbo refrigeratingmachine205,175( 8.9%)
108,446( 9.7%)
0( 0.0%)
38,730(11.6%)
0( 0.0%)
0( 0.0%)
0( 0.0%)
352,350( 6.2%)

Gas heat pump
47,840( 2.1%)
3,400( 0.3%)
0( 0.0%)
23,439( 7.1%)
322,498(26.7%)
7,826(33.3%)
24,731( 9.1%)
429,735( 7.6%)

Table 5 COP of heat source equipment
Heat source equipment
Absorption chiller and heater
Absorption refrigerator + Steam boiler
Air cooled chiller
Water cooled chiller
Turbo refrigerating machine
Gas heat pumpMultiple-air conditioner for building
Heat storage type air conditioning

0.50

0.50

- 95 -

Water cooled chiller

368,741(16.0%)
62,869( 5.6%)
0( 0.0%)
66,175(19.9%)
0( 0.0%)
0( 0.0%)
9,843( 3.6%)
507,628( 9.0%)

135,461( 5.9%)
64,308( 5.8%)
14,971( 3.7%)
53,765(16.2%)
266,577(22.1%)
0( 0.0%)
0( 0.0%)
535,082( 9.5%)

Multiple-air conditioner
for building
888,533(38.6%)
370,238(33.2%)
249,397(61.3%)
56,028(16.9%)
340,174(28.2%)
0( 0.0%)
50,739(18.6%)
1,955,110(34.6%)Heat storage type air
conditioning
217,292( 9.5%)
117,007(10.5%)
0( 0.0%)
15,036( 4.5%)
0( 0.0%)
7,826(33.3%)
27,733(10.2%)
384,893( 6.8%)

COP
0.83
0.83
3
4
4
1.3
3.5
2.2

Table 6 Sensible-latent heat ratio of exhaust heat from heat source equipment
Sensible-latent heat ratio
Heat source equipment
Sensible heat
Latent heat
Absorption chiller and heater
0.13
0.87
Absorption refrigerator + Steam boiler
0.13
0.87
Air cooled chiller
1.00
0.00
Water cooled chiller + Boiler
0.10
0.90
Turbo refrigerating machine + Boiler
0.10
0.90
Gas heat pump
0.95
0.05
Electric heat pump
1.00
0.00
(Multiple-air conditioner for building)Heat storage type air conditioning

Air cooled chiller

Source
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(7)
(6)
(8)

Conditions of data
Gas boiler + Steam absorption refrigerator
Gas boiler + Steam absorption refrigerator
Air heat source heat pump
Motor-driven turbo refrigerator
Motor-driven turbo refrigerator
Gas heat pump multiple-air conditioner for building
Motor-driven multiple-air conditioner for building
Because diffusion rate of water cooling and air
cooling were unidentified, we assumed LH and RH
the same ratio.

Table 7 Exhaust heat per unit area in August due to air conditioning
Exhaust sensible heat per unit area
Building activity[MJ/ (m2･day)]
Office2.058
Commerce
2.573
Hotel
1.465
Health care
2.136
Education
1.140
Government and public office
1.375
Total average
1.939

Exhaust latent heat per unit area
[MJ/ (m2･day)]
1.399
3.396
1.178
2.353
0.895
2.459
1.719

Table 8 Exhaust heat per unit area of dwelling house and apartment house
Exhaust heat per unit area
Building activity[MJ/ (m2･day)]
Dwelling house
0.704
Apartment house
0.896
Fukuoka City is a total of 100.6×106 m2. Of all building

4. Calculated results

activities, ‘apartment houses’ are the most prevalent and make
4.1 Total floor area of each building activity
Table9 shows the total floor area of each building activity.

up 41.8% (42.0×106 m2). ‘dwelling houses’ are 22.5% (22.6×106m2) and ‘offices’ are 9.8% (9.9×106 m2).

Table 9 Total floor area of each building activity
Chuo
123
Hakata209
Higashi226
Minami161
Jonan95
Sawara
170
Nishi
140
Total(1,124)

Office2,744,824
27.8%
4,390,712
44.5%
1,298,650
13.2%
437,316
4.4%
128,8221.3%
541,556
5.5%
314,4203.2%
9,856,300

16.4%
21.9%
6.4%
3.3%
1.9%
4.6%
2.7%
9.8%

Commerce
1,570,642
9.4%
25.2%
1,634,073
8.1%
26.2%
995,9134.9%
16.0%
433,0213.2%
7.0%
256,401
3.7%
4.1%
543,058
4.6%
8.7%
792,3686.9%
12.7%
6,225,476
6.2%

Hotel
630,140
47.1%
568,397
42.5%
64,998
4.9%
9,619
0.7%
3,614
0.3%
3,308
0.2%
58,161
4.3%
1,338,237

3.8%
2.8%
0.3%
0.1%
0.1%
0.0%
0.5%
1.3%

Government and public
Apartment house
Dwelling houseofficeChuo
333,717
2.0% 7,987,388
47.8% 1,384,819
8.3%
123
27.5%
19.0%
6.1%
Hakata386,025
1.9% 7,642,335
38.1% 1,932,132
9.6%
209
31.8%
18.2%
8.5%
Higashi
166,244
0.8% 7,367,260
36.5% 4,589,060
22.8%
226
13.7%
17.5%
20.3%
Minami
83,835
0.6% 6,563,869
48.9% 4,233,639
31.5%
161
6.9%
15.6%
18.7%
Jonan
21,752
0.3% 3,280,992
47.5% 2,239,864
32.4%
95
1.8%
7.8%
9.9%
Sawara152,736
1.3% 5,145,457
43.4% 3,898,912
32.9%
170
12.6%
12.2%
17.2%
Nishi
70,6390.6% 4,039,259
35.3% 4,337,469
37.9%
140
5.8%
9.6%
19.2%
Total(1,124)
1,214,948
1.2% 42,026,560
41.8% 22,615,895
22.5%
Ward
Num. of city
block

Unit area

Ratio for the whole ward

Ratio for the whole city

- 96 -

Health care
478,201
2.9%
13.1%
408,001
2.0%
11.2%
1,193,293
5.9%
32.7%
476,586
3.5%
13.1%
483,9197.0%
13.3%
383,941
3.2%
10.5%
224,3192.0%
6.1%
3,648,260
3.6%
Others824,71810.4%
2,206,719
27.9%
3,438,305
43.4%
336,392
4.2%
67,3580.9%
234,858
3.0%
812,11510.3%
7,920,465

Education
752,675
13.1%
901,282
15.7%
1,057,127
18.5%
852,19714.9%
425,6917.4%
949,503
16.6%
787,88413.8%
5,726,359
Total

4.9% 16,707,124
16.6%
11.0% 20,069,676
20.0%
17.0% 20,170,850
20.1%
2.5% 13,426,474
13.4%
1.0% 6,908,413
6.9%
2.0% 11,853,329
11.8%
7.1% 11,436,634
11.4%
7.9% 100,572,500

4.5%
4.5%
5.2%
6.3%
6.2%
8.0%
6.9%
5.7%

4.2 Primary energy consumption

4.3 Amount of exhaust heat caused by air conditioning

Figure 3 shows the annual primary energy consumption

Figure 5 shows the daily amount of exhaust heat caused

for each ward in Fukuoka City by multiplying the primaryby air conditioning in August for each ward. For Fukuoka City

energy consumption per unit area shown in Table 2 by the total

as a whole, this is 19009 GJ/day (sensible heat: 123189 GJ/day;floor area for each building activity.

latent heat: 66819 GJ/day). Hakata Ward makes up 25.2%,

The result is 120258.1 TJ/year (102905.0 TJ/year whenexcluding ‘others’) for Fukuoka City as a whole. Hakata Ward

Higashi Ward makes up 21.7% (41160 GJ/day) and Chuo Ward
makes up 19.3% (36636 GJ/day).

makes up 25.1% (30240.4 TJ/year), Higashi Ward makes up

Figure 6 shows the daily amount of exhaust sensible heat

21.6% (25974.0 TJ/year) and Chuo Ward makes up 18.8%

in August caused by air conditioning in August per 1 ha of land

(22561.6 TJ/year).

area for each city block in descending order.

The annual primary energy consumption calculated from a

Fukuoka City as a whole has an average of 3.6 GJ/ (ha･real energy consumption of residential sector is 42641.4 TJ/year,day). The ward with the highest level is Chuo Ward with 14.8

and one of commercial and others sector is 56747.7 TJ/year.

GJ/ (ha･day), then Hakata Ward with 9.2 GJ/ (ha･day), andThey make a little difference with the result mentioned above

Jonan Ward with 4.4 GJ/ (ha･day). A ratio of exhaust sensible(Note 1)heat from residences is high in Minami Ward and Jonan Ward.

.
Figure 4 shows the annual primary energy consumption

Because Higashi Ward has a harbor district, the ratio from‘others’ is high. The highest levels are found at Tenjin 1-chome,per 1 ha of land area for each city block in descending order.
Fukuoka City as a whole has an average of 5.5 TJ/ (ha･Hakata Ward with 90.9 GJ/ (ha･day), then Tenjin 2-chome,year). The ward with the highest consumption is Chuo Ward

Hakata Ward with 86.6 GJ/ (ha･day), and Nakasu 3-chome,with 14.8 TJ/ (ha･year), then Hakata Ward with 9.6 TJ/ (ha･Chuo Ward with 75.1 GJ/ (ha･day).

year),

then

Minami

Ward

with

4.0

TJ/

(ha ･ year).

Yakuinifuku-machi, Chuo Ward has the largest amount with
108.1 TJ/ (ha･year), then Tenjin 1-chome with 98.0 TJ/ (ha･year), and Tenjin 2-chome with 90.6 TJ/ (ha･year).

Annual primary energy consumption [TJ/ year]

Hotel
Government and public office

Fukuoka

140,000
120,000
100,000
80,00060,00040,00020,0000

Nishi

SawaraCommerce
Education
OthersJonan

OfficeHealth care
Residence

Minami

Higashi

HakataWard

Chuo

35,00030,00025,00020,00015,00010,0005,000
0Fig. 3 Annual primary energy consumption for each ward in Fukuoka City

Nishi

Sawara- 97 -

Jonan

Fig. 4 Annual primary energy consumption per land area for each city block

Average unit[TJ/ (ha･year)]
Chuo: 14.8 Hatkata: 9.6 Higashi: 3.7
Minami: 4.0 Jonan: 4.0 Sawara: 1.2
Nishi: 1.3
Fukuoka City: 3.5

Minami

Higashi

HakataChuo

Annual primary energy consumption per land area [TJ/ (ha･year]
120.0
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
Ward

150,000
100,000
50,000Nishi

SawaraAmount of exhaust latent heatFukuoka0
JonanAmount of exhaust sensible heat

200,000

Minami

Higashi

Ward

HakataChuo

Daily amount of exhaust heat [GJ/ day]
60,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,0000

Fig. 5 Daily amount of exhaust heat caused by air conditioning for each ward
Average unit [GJ/ (ha･day)]
Chuo: 14.8 Hakata: 9.2 Higashi: 3.7
Minami: 4.4 Jonan: 4.4 Sawara: 1.3
Nishi: 1.5
Fukuoka City: 3.6

Daily amount of exhaust sensible heat [GJ/ (ha･day]
100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0

Nishi

SawaraJonan

Minami

Higashi

Hakata

Chuo

0.0
Ward

Fig. 6 Daily amount of exhaust sensible heat in August caused by air conditioning per land area for each city block
5. Distribution maps for total floor area of each

Figures 9, Figure 10 and Figure 11 are distribution maps

building activity, primary energy consumption

for exhaust heat caused by air conditioning in August per
land-use area calculated in Chapter 4.

and exhaust heat

It is 223 city blocks also have an exhaust sensible heat of more

Figure 7 are distribution maps for total floor area of eachbuilding activity.

than 10.0GJ/ (ha ･ day), making up 19.8% of the total.
correspondence between the areas of exhaust sensible heat with

Figures 8 is distribution map for primary energy
consumption per land-use area calculated in Chapter 4. For

highest levels with the high air temperature ones, for example,
the Tenjin district and the Hakata Station district.

primary energy consumption, 609 city blocks have more than
4TJ/ (ha･year) and are viewed as likely to have district of

91 city blocks also have an exhaust latent heat of morethan 10.0GJ/ (ha･day), making up 8.1% of the total.

heating and cooling, making up 54.2% of the total.

10a) OfficeFig. 7 Distribution maps for total floor area of each building activity- 98 -kmb) Commercialc) Hoteld) Health Caree) Educationf) Government and Public Office

10g) Dwelling housekmh) Apartment house

Fig. 7 Distribution maps for total floor area of each building activity (continued)- 99 -

10i) Otherskm

Fig. 7 Distribution maps for total floor area of each building activity (continued)

Number of data
Minimum
Maximum
Total
Average
MedianStandard deviation

Fig. 8 Distribution map for primary energy consumption per land area

- 100 -

1,124
0.00 TJ/(ha･year)
98.0 TJ/(ha･year)
8055.6 TJ/(ha･year)
7.2 TJ/(ha･year)
4.6 TJ/(ha･year)
9.5 TJ/(ha･year)

Number of data
Minimum
Maximum
Total
Average
MedianStandard deviation

1,124
0.00 GJ/(ha･day)
90.87 GJ/(ha･day)
8352.64 GJ/(ha･day)
7.43 GJ/(ha･day)
5.16 GJ/(ha･day)
8.88 GJ/(ha･day)

Number of data
Minimum
Maximum
Total
Average
MedianStandard deviation

1,124
0.00 GJ/(ha･day)
96.92 GJ/(ha･day)
4346.12 GJ/(ha･day)
3.86 GJ/(ha･day)
1.40 GJ/(ha･day)
8.40 GJ/(ha･day)Fig. 9 Distribution map for exhaust sensible heat caused by air conditioning in AugustFig. 10 Distribution map for exhaust latent heat caused by air conditioning in August- 101 -

Number of data
Minimum
Maximum
Total
Average
MedianStandard deviation

1,124
0.00 GJ/(ha･day)
181.03 GJ/(ha･day)
12698.75 GJ/(ha･day)
11.30 GJ/(ha･day)
6.73 GJ/(ha･day)
16.96 GJ/(ha･day)Fig. 11 Distribution map for exhaust total heat caused by air conditioning in August
Bureau.

6. Conclusion

This paper is a part of study done by the Examination
In this paper, based on the building data from the Fukuoka

Committee for Countermeasure of Heat Island Phenomenon inCity Housing & Urban Planning Bureau, building energy

the Fukuoka City (chairperson: Associate Professor Dr.

consumption and exhaust heat caused by air conditioning were

Hagishima).

calculated for Fukuoka City and shown on distribution maps. In
the future, we will use this building data to understand theReferences

precise details of actual energy consumption, exhaust heat, and(1) Fukuoka City, The Fukuoka City Environmental Basic Planother issues.

Part 2 (2006).
(2) Fukuoka City, Residential Basic Book (2014).
(3) The Energy Conservation Center, Japan,

Notes
1) The real energy consumption in Fukuoka City in FY2007

http://www.eccj.or.jp/

Table 10. The energy consumption in Fukuoka City in FY2007(a) Residential sector
Energy consumption
Electricity
City gas
LPG
Kerosine
Total

3466.512736.09015.7
56.4

6

10 kWh103 m3103 m3103 kL

Energy Unit
9.97
40.046
100.5
36.74

MJ/kWh
MJ/m3
MJ/m3
MJ/L

(4) Fukuoka City, Energy-Saving Diagnostic Research Service

Energy consumption[TJ]
34560.5
5100.9906.1
2073.842641.4

Electricity
City gas
Heavy oil
Kerosine
Total

4433.298127.0
130.5
95.7

106 kWh103 m3103 kL103 kL

Energy Unit
9.97
40.04639.1
36.74(2007).
(5) Fukuoka City, The Age-Specific Population according to the
Man and Woman, and the Number of the Households -As ofthe end of Sept., 2008-, Residential Basic Book (2009).

(b) Commercial and others sector
Energy consumption

to Offices, Energy-saving Diagnostic Report in FY2006

MJ/kWh
MJ/m3
MJ/L
MJ/L

Energy consumption[TJ]
44199.2
3929.65103.13515.856747.7(6) Ministry of the Environment, Heat Island Measures Working
Report by The Artificial Exhaust Heat Restraint in Fukuoka
City in FY2003 (2004).
(7) M. Moriyama et al., Measures and Technique of the Heat
Island, Gakugei Shuppan-Sha (2004).

Acknowledgements
The ‘Basic Surveys Concerning City Planning’ was(8) Tokyo Electric Power Company, Facilities Standard of theHigh Efficiency Heat Source Machine.

provided by the Fukuoka City Housing & Urban Planning(Received Dec. 4, 2014, Accepted Dec. 27, 2014)- 102 -