Microbiol. Cult. Coll. 30（2）：85 ─ 96, 2014

Network of International Exchange of Microbes
under the ACM (NIEMA)─A transfer and exchange system of microbes for microbial resource centres
for non-commercial purposes according to the CBD and the Nagoya Protocol─
Katsuhiko Ando1）*, Tae Eun Jin2）, Rie Funabiki1）, Linhuan Wu3）,
Honglada Thoetkiattikul4）, Jung-Sook Lee2）, Bubpha Techapattaraporn4）
and Tanit Changthavorn5）
Biological Resource Center, National Institute Technology and Evaluation (NITE)
2-5-8 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu-shi, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
2）
Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
3）
Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMCAS), Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, China
4）
National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development
Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120,
Thailand5）
Biodiversity-Based Economy Development Office, The Government Complex Building Ratthaprasasanabhakti,
9th Floor, 120 Moo 3 Cheang-Watthana Rd., Thungsonghong Laksi, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
1）

The Asian Consortium for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Microbial Resources (ACM) was established in
2004. Currently 23 organisations in 13 countries (Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia,
Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam) are members of the ACM. The objective of the ACM is topromote collaboration among governments and public organisations in Asian countries for enhancing conservation andsustainable use of microbial resources in Asia. Having recognized the importance of Microbial Resource Centres (MRCs)
in the development of microbiology, a new scheme titled the‘Network of International Exchange of Microbes under theACM (NIEMA)’has been developed by the Task Force of Management of Material Transfer (MMT-TF) in the ACM.
This scheme proposes a legitimate and streamlined way of transferring and utilizing microbial resources in line with theConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair andEquitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity (NP).

Key words: CBD, code of conduct, microbial resource centre, Nagoya protocol, NIEMAINTRODUCTION

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
came into effect in December, 1993 (Convention on
Biological Diversity, 1992). Thereafter, the‘Nagoya
Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the
Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from
Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological
Diversity (NP)’was adopted by the Conference of
the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity
at its tenth meeting (COP 10) held in Nagoya, Japan*Corresponding author
E-mail: ando-katsuhiko@nite.go.jp
Accepted: November 17, 2014

in October, 2010 (Nagoya Protocol, 2011), and it enters
into force on 12 October 2014. Upon effectuation of
the NP, the utilization and transfer of genetic
resources shall be subject to NP-related domestic
laws or regulations enacted by each contracting
party. On the other hand, as the Bonn Guidelines(E. Objectives, 11-l) (Bonn Guidelines, 2002) clearlystate, such domestic laws or regulations should nothinder the taxonomic study; rather, the provider
should promote access to the materials used fortaxonomy. The users, on the other hand, shouldmake available to the public all information obtained
as a result of the taxonomic study.
I t is be yo nd que s t io n t ha t c o ns e r va t ion of─ 85 ─NIEMA and the code of conduct

Ando et al.

biological resources cannot be attained without thebenefit of taxonomy. Today, it is extremely rare tohave discoveries of new species of plants andanimals. However, a large number of new species of
microbes (=microorganisms) such as fungi andbacteria have been described every year andinclude about 930 new fungal species per year from1943 t o 2008 ( M e r e d i t h B l a c k w e l l , 2011) a n d
approximately 730 new bacterial species in 2013
(International Journal of Systematic andEvolutionary Microbiology, 2013-2014). Recent
estimates based on high-throughput sequencing
methods suggest that as many as 5.1 million fungal
species exist, although only about 99,000 fungal
species has been described to date (Meredith
Blackwell, 2011). Thus, unlike animals and plants, asignificant number of microbes still exist
undiscovered on the earth. Therefore, microbial
searches in various environments are still needed
for the taxonomic and inventory studies of microbes.
In the taxonomic study of microbes, type culturesand cultures ex type specimens of microbes play asubstantial role as standards of various livingorganisms for identifying and describing new
species. These microbial types are preserved in
Microbial Resource Centres (MRCs), also known asculture collections.
MRCs are an essential part of the sustainableinternational scientific infrastructure underpinningbiotechnology, human health, industry, agriculture,and other sectors (OECD Best Practice Guidelines
for Biological Resource Centres, 2007). MRCs arealso fundamental to ex-situ preservation for safely
maintaining the world’s biodiversity and genetic
resources of microbes. They also play an importantrole in microbiology and serve as an essential
element of the infrastructure for scientificinvestigation and research and development.
Through their functions, they contributesignificantly to the conservation and sustainable useof biological diversity. Currently approximately 673
MRCs exist in 70 countries, and various microbial
resources, including types, are preserved in these
MRCs (WFCC-MIRCEN World Data Centre forMicroorganisms, 2012). Upon request, MRCs
distribute microbial resources to researchers, both
domestic and international, for the purpose ofcommercial use and non-commercial use. Moreover,the customary exchange of strains both domesticallyand internationally continues to take place.

However, the situation is about to change due to theeffectuation of the NP. Because the national laws or
regulations of the countries of origin will supersede
precedent practices, if the laws require it,
distribution and exchange of microbial resources
might become substantially more time consuming,and in extreme cases, distribution might be inhibited.
In other words, there is a possibility that suchnational laws or regulations may hamper thedevelopment of taxonomic research, microbiology,
and science.
Article 8 (a) of the NP,‘Special Considerations’,s t a t e s a s f o l l o w s : ‘I n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d
implementation of its access and benefit-sharing
legislation or regulatory requirements, each Party
shall: (a) Create conditions to promote andencourage research which contributes to theconservation and sustainable use of biologicaldiversity, particularly in developing countries,
including through simplified measures on access for
non-commercial research purposes, taking into
account the need to address a change of intent forsuch research’. Moreover, Article 20 of the NP‘Codes of Conduct, Guidelines and Best Practices
and/or Standards’states as follows: 1. Each Party
shall encourage, as appropriate, the development,
update and use of voluntary codes of conduct,
guidelines and best practices and/or standards inrelation to access and benefit-sharing; and 2. The
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of
the Parties to this Protocol shall periodically takestock of the use of voluntary codes of conduct,
guidelines and best practices and/or standards andconsider the adoption of specific codes of conduct,
guidelines and best practices and/or standards.
Thus, the Parties to the Protocol shall not hinder thetaxonomic study, which contributes substantially tothe conservation of biological diversity andsustainable use of its components as well as to the
publication of new species of microbes. Providers
should thus facilitate the acquisition of the microbes
to be utilized for the taxonomic studies. Then,
researchers should make relevant information onsuch microbes available to the public.
In October 2004, the Asian Consortium for theConservation and Sustainable Use of Microbial
Resources (ACM) was established by organisations
f r o m 12 A s i a n c o u n t r i e s ( C a m b o d i a , C h i n a ,Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia,
Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam) in─ 86 ─

Microbiol. Cult. Coll. Dec. 2014

Vol. 30, No. 2

Tsukuba, Japan (Asian Consortium for theConservation and Sustainable Use of Microbial
Resources (ACM), 2013). The objectives of the ACM
are to strengthen the relationships among andbetween member organisations, as well as toencourage and facilitate research and development,
including industrial use of microbial resources,
which involves their international transfer. With theparticipation of India in 2012, 23 organisations from
13 countries are members of the ACM as of August
2014 (Table 1).
In October 2006, ACM 3 was held in Beijing,
China. ACM members agreed to work together
toward the establishment of a common rule forexchanging microbial resources among MRCs of the
ACM member organisations. Then, at ACM 4, held
in November 2007 in Cibinong, Indonesia, a Task
Force on Management of Material Transfer (MMTTable 1

TF) was created and initiated the discussion on
MRC management in compliance with the CBD.
Furthermore, in response to the NP adopted by
COP 10 in 2010, the MMT-TF agreed to discuss
practical ways to manage MRCs in compliance with
the NP at ACM 8 held in October 2011 in Kuala
Lumpur. Here it was decided to develop a newscheme to facilitate the international transfer ofmicrobes in light of the principles of the CBD and
the NP that recognize the sovereign rights of Statesover their genetic resources.
Since 2007, the MMT-TF of the ACM has been
engaged in debate on how to operate the MRCs incompliance with the CBD. In addition, since 2011,
the MMT-TF has voluntarily initiated studies on
how to operate MRCs in compliance with the NP.
Having been inspired by the concept of theInternational Plant Exchange Network (IPEN)

List of ACM Member Organisations

National Steering Committee for Biosafety, Ministry of Environment (MOE), Cambodia
Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMCAS), China
Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India
Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Indonesia
Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NBRC), Japan
Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM), RIKEN BioResource Center (RIKEN BRC), Japan
Microbial Culture Collection (MCC), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Japan
Korean Collection for Type Cultures/BRC, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KCTC), Korea
Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, National Academy of Agricultural Science (KACC), Korea
Korean National Research Resource Center (KNRRC), Korea
Research Institute of Science (RIS), Science Technology and Environment Agency (STEA), Laos
Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Malaysia
Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences (IB-MAS), Mongolia
Botany Department, Pathein University, Myanmar
Philippine National Collection of Microorganisms (PNCM), National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology(BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines
Ecosystems Research Development Bureau (ERDB), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR),
Philippines
Microbiological Research and Services Laboratory, Natural Sciences Research Institute (NSRI), University of thePhilippines, Diliman (UPD), Philippines
University of Santo Tomas Collection of Microbial Strains (USTCMS), Thomas Aquinas Research Complex, Philippines
National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development
Agency (NSTDA), Thailand
Microbiological Resource Center (MIRCEN), Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR),
ThailandBiodiversity-Based Economy Development Office (PO), The Government Complex Commemorating His Majesty,
Thailand
Department of Science and Technology Management, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Vietnam
Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VTCC), Vietnam
─ 87 ─NIEMA and the code of conduct

Ando et al.

(International Plant Exchange Network, 2003), here
we set forth a model scheme called the‘Network ofInternational Exchange of Microbes under the ACM(NIEMA)’and its draft codes of conduct that aredesigned for smooth and legitimate transfers of
microbes from MRCs for the purpose of noncommercial research in line with the principles of
the CBD and the NP. Based on this NIEMA
scheme, MRCs and their employees will be able tocontribute to achieving the objectives of the CBD
and the NP.

QUALIFICATION OF NIEMA MEMBERSHIP

MRCs that belong to the ACM and satisfy all of
the following conditions may apply for NIEMA
membership.
1. R e g i s t e r e d i n t h e W o r l d D a t a C e n t r e o f
Microorganisms (WDCM)1;
2. Possesses an acquisition and preservation
system for microbes;
3. Possesses a distribution system for microbes tothird parties; and4. Possesses a database system to manage theMRC’s tasks.
It is further imperative that MRCs and theiremployees are prepared to commit themselves to
the NIEMA Code of Conduct for NIEMA
membership.
An MRC belonging to the ACM that wishes tobecome a member of the NIEMA shall register
online and submit the signed registration form
(Annex 1: Online Registration Form for NIEMA
Membership) to the NIEMA Clearing-House(NIEMA-CH) and the NIEMA secretariat.
Determinations on membership will be deliberated
in the annual meeting of the ACM. After approval,
the MRC receives a certificate of NIEMA from the
NIEMA secretariat and is registered in the databaseof NIEMA Member MRCs in the NIEMA-CH.
If any NIEMA MRC violates the NIEMA Code of
Conduct, the NIEMA secretariat shall have the rightto exclude the MRC from the NIEMA MRC bygiving written notice to the MRC of such breachand of the intention of exclusion. Unless the MRC
remedies such breach after receipt of the written
notice, the MRC shall be automatically excluded

from the NIEMA MRCs. Also, the NIEMA MRC
shall inform the NIEMA secretariat without undue
delay when the MRC can no longer comply with the
NIEMA Code of Conduct. Upon receipt of that
information, the NIEMA secretariat shall remove
the MRC concerned from the member list and the
database of NIEMA Member MRCs in the NIEMACH.

DESCRIPTION OF THE NIEMA

The basis of the NIEMA is a common policy for
all NIEMA MRCs: the NIEMA Code of Conduct for
Microbial Resource Centres. The Code of Conductconsists of the four obligations listed below:
1. Acquisition and entering microbes into the
NIEMA framework;
2. Transfer of NIEMA strains from a PrimaryMRC to a NIEMA MRC;
3. Distribution of NIEMA strains from a NIEMA
MRC to third parties; and4. M a i n t a i n i n g a N I E M A C l e a r i n g - H o u s e
Mechanism.
The Code of Conduct covers the transfer ofmicrobial strains for non-commercial research
purposes and complies with the provisions of the
CBD and the NP. The NIEMA-CH shall store andmake available any data on transfer information of
NIEMA microbial strains between NIEMA MRCs.

NIEMA Code of Conduct (Draft)for Microbial Resource Centres governing
the acquisition, distribution,and transfer of microbial strains
Under this Code of Conduct, the Network ofInternational Exchange of Microbes under theACM (NIEMA) member Microbial Resource
Centre (MRC) (hereafter NIEMA MRC) commits
to the acquiring, distributing, and transferringof microbial strains to act on the basis of theprinciples of the‘Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD)’and the‘Nagoya Protocol on
Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair andEquitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from
Their Utilization to the CBD (NP)’. In addition,

World Directory of Culture Collections (sixth version, 2014), Culture Collections Information Worldwide,
WDCM, available at http://www.wfcc.info/ccinfo/ (accessed 30 September 2014)1‌─ 88 ─

Microbiol. Cult. Coll. Dec. 2014

Vol. 30, No. 2

the MRC will comply with relevant national andinternational laws and regulations.

register its strain into the NIEMA system, it
shall send the strain to a NIEMA MRC withrelated data regarding the strain along withauthorized permission that states that thedeposited strain will be a NIEMA strain andmay be distributed to third parties under the
NIEMA system, confirming the laws andregulations of the country of origin of thestrain.
2. A‌ NIEMA MRC shall become the PrimaryMRC of the deposited strain and shall register
it as a NIEMA strain according to theprocedures of the Internal Registration of
NIEMA Strains.
3. ‌After the registration of the strain, thePrimary-MRC shall inform the institute oruniversity regarding the registered NIEMA
strain in the Confirmation of NIEMA Strain
Registration in which a new NIEMA strain
number will be assigned.
4. ‌T h e P r i m a r y - M R C s h a l l r e p o r t t o t h eorganisation that deposited the NIEMA strain
regarding information concerning the user
who received the NIEMA strain.

1. Acquisition and Entering of Microbes into
the NIEMA Framework
The biological resources subject to the
NIEMA will be restricted to microbial strains
including bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, etc.
The microbial strains under the NIEMA thatare to be distributed by NIEMA MRCs to third
parties shall be used for non-commercial
research purposes only.
A. Criteria of NIEMA Strains
Each microbial strain entering the NIEMA
must be a microbe with a clearly identified
country of origin and must be acquired without
restrictions in respect to its use or its
distribution to third parties in order to enter
the NIEMA and be exchanged within MRCs.
B. Registration of NIEMA Strains
The MRC that initially registers a microbial
strain with the NIEMA system will be referred
to as the Primary-MRC of the NIEMA strain.
There are two types of registrations for a
NIEMA strain. One is an internal registrationof a NIEMA strain and the other is an externalregistration of a NIEMA strain. In the internalregistration, the microbial strain to beregistered to the NIEMA should originate fromthe same country as the Primary-MRC. In theexternal registration, the microbial strain to beregistered to the NIEMA should originate froma country other than that of the Primary-MRC.
B-1 Internal Registration of NIEMA Strains
The Primary-MRC that wishes to register apreserved strain into the NIEMA system shallregister the strain using the Internal
Registration Form for a NIEMA Strain (Annex2), and submit the signed form online to the
NIEMA Clearing-House (NIEMA-CH). The
strain will be generated automatically and listed
in the database of the NIEMA Strain Catalogue
in the NIEMA-CH and made available to the
public.
B-2 External Registration of NIEMA Strains
1. ‌If an organisation such as institute, university,
etc. is located in a country where nofunctional MRC exists, but would like to

C. Numbering the NIEMA strain
The Primary-MRC must assign a NIEMA
number to the strain. The NIEMA number
consists of the NIEMA headline (NIEM), an
acronym of the country of origin (ISO 3166
Alpha-2 code, a two-letter code), an acronym of
the Primary-MRC (Code used in the World Data
Centre for Microorganisms, Word Federation
for Culture Collection), and an identification
number of the strain used in the Primary-MRC.
Example: NIEM JP NBRC 105312.
2. T r a n s f e r o f N I E M A S t r a i n s f r o m aPrimary-MRC to a NIEMA MRC
1. ‌When a NIEMA strain is transferred from a
Primary-MRC to a NIEMA MRC uponrequest from the MRC using the Online
Request Form of a NIEMA Strain for a
NIEMA MRC (Annex 3), such strain shall betransferred to the MRC with a Transfer
Form from a Primary-MRC to a NIEMAMRC (Annex 4). Then, the recipient MRC
shall send an online Receipt from the MRC to
the Primary-MRC with the strain number ofthe recipient MRC to the Primary-MRC and─ 89 ─NIEMA and the code of conduct

Ando et al.

the NIEMA-CH within 3 weeks of receipt of
the requested strain. The transfer record of
the NIEMA strain transfer from the PrimaryMRC to the NIEMA MRC shall be reflectedin the database of the NIEMA-CH and madeavailable to the public.
2. ‌A NIEMA strain shall be transferred ONLY
from its Primary-MRC to a NIEMA MRC.
The Primary-MRC shall not transfer NIEMA
strains to non-NIEMA Member MRCs.
Under the NIEMA system, the NIEMA MRC
shall not transfer NIEMA strains to other
NIEMA MRCs.
3. ‌Upon receipt of the requested NIEMA strain
from its Primary-MRC, the recipient NIEMA
MRC shall register the NIEMA strain in its
own catalogue with both the NIEMA strain
number and the new strain number assignedby the recipient NIEMA MRC.
3. Distribution of NIEMA strains from a
NIEMA MRC to third parties
1. ‌The Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) is
an integral part of the Online Request Formf o r U s e r s ( A n n e x 5) . U s e r s , n a m e d‘Recipients’in the MTA, who agree with all
the terms and conditions in the provisions of
the MTA may make an online request for the
distribution of a NIEMA strain directly to a
NIEMA MRC by submitting the completed
Request Form.
2. ‌The MRC shall confirm the status of therequested NIEMA strain and send the strain
to the user with a Distribution Form from a
NIEMA MRC to the user.
3. ‌The user shall send an online Receipt fromthe user to the provider NIEMA MRC within
3 weeks after receipt of the NIEMA strain.
Then, the provider MRC shall send a copy of
the receipt to the strain’s Primary-MRC oncea year. In a case where the Primary-MRC isalso the provider MRC, the Primary-MRC
does not have to send a copy of such receipt.
4. ‌I n t h e e v e n t o f a n y e m e r g i n gcommercialization prospects, including
application for patents or other intellectual
property rights arising from the use of the
distributed NIEMA strain, the users, on theirown, shall obtain Prior Informed Consent(PIC) and Mutually Agreed Terms (MAT)

based on the national laws or regulations of
the country of origin. This event is outside
the scope of the NIEMA system.
4. NIEMA Clearing-House
1. ‌For the purposes of conserving biologicaldiversity, supporting scientific study,
education and benefit-sharing, the NIEMA
MRCs will use their best efforts to ensure thepreservation and distribution of the microbial
strains entrusted to them and to securely
maintain relevant information, especially therecords under which the microbial strains
were acquired.
2. ‌The NIEMA-CH is hereby established in the
ACM as part of its clearing-house to share
information related to the transfer ofmicrobial strains between the Primary-MRC
and the NIEMA MRC. There are threeprincipal databases: a database of NIEMA
Member MRCs, a database containing the
NIEMA Strain Catalogue, and a database oftransferred NIEMA Strains in the NIEMACH. Without prejudice to the protection ofconfidential information, each of the NIEMA
MRCs shall make available to the NIEMA-CH
any information required by this Code of
Conduct.
3. ‌The NIEMA-CH shall provide an annual
report to the NIEMA secretariat in the ACM,
to the ACM annual meeting, and make itavailable to the public. The report shall
include information such as: (1) a member listof NIEMA MRCs, (2) new NIEMA strainsdeposited, and (3) NIEMA strains transferredfrom Primary-MRCs to NIEMA MRCs.
4. ‌At the ACM annual meeting, each NIEMA
MRC shall report on the number of NIEMA
strains distributed that year from the MRC to
third parties.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Dr. Juncai Ma of the Instituteof Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(IMCAS) in China, for his strong support and usefulsuggestions for creating the NIEMA system and to
Dr. Seizo Sumida of the Japan Bioindustry
Association in Japan and of the Biological Resource
Center of the National Institute of Technology and─ 90 ─

Microbiol. Cult. Coll. Dec. 2014

Vol. 30, No. 2

Evaluation (NBRC) in Japan for his valuablesuggestions and for reviewing the manuscript. We
also greatly appreciate Dr. Jeong Su Oh of the
Korea Research Institute of Bioscience andBiotechnology (KRRIB) in Korea, Dr. Yuguang Zhou
of IMCAS in China, and Ms. Suwanee Chunhamethaof the National Center for Genetic Engineering andBiotechnology, National Science and Technology
Development Agency (BIOTEC) in Thailand fortheir useful suggestions at MMT-TF meetings for
the NIEMA. We are grateful to all participants in
the MMT-TF meetings for their considerable efforts
in developing the best practices and, in particular, tothe World Data Centre for Microorganisms (WDCM)
of the World Federation of Culture Collection(WFCC), BIOTEC in Thailand, KCTC in Korea,
IMCAS in China and NBRC in Japan for financial
and logistical support.

REFERENCES
Asian Consortium for the Conservation andSustainable Use of Microbial Resources (ACM)
2013. http://www.acm-mrc.asia/index.html.
(accessed September 30, 2014)
Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources andFair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arisingout of their Utilization 2002. https://www.cbd.int/
doc/publications/cbd-bonn-gdls-en.pdf. (accessed

September 30, 2014)
Convention on Biological Diversity 1992. https://www.cbd.int/intro/default.shtml. (accessed
September 30, 2014)
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary
Microbiology 2013-2014. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/.
(accessed September 30, 2014)
International Plant Exchange Network (IPEN): an
exchange system for botanic gardens for noncommercial purposes according to the CBD, 2003.
Botanic Gardens Conservation International(BGCI) – German Regional Office, Consortium of
Botanic Gardens in the EU: 1-13. http://www.bgci.
org/resources/ipen/. (accessed September 30, 2014)
Meredith Blackwell 2011. The Fungi: 1, 2, 3 ... 5.1
million species? Am. J. Bot. 98 (3): 426-438.
Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources
and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits
Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention
on Biological Diversity 2011. https://www.cbd.int/
abs/doc/protocol/nagoya-protocol-en.pdf. (accessed
September 30, 2014)
OECD Best Practice Guidelines for Biological
Resource Centres 2007. http://www.oecd.org/sti/biotech/38777417.pdf. (accessed September 30, 2014)
WFCC-MIRCEN World Data Centre forMicroorganisms (WDCM) 2012. http://www.wdcm.
org/. (accessed September 30, 2014)

ACM を基盤とする微生物の国際移動ネットワーク（NIEMA）
─生物多様性条約並びに名古屋議定書に則した微生物資源センターにおける非商業目的のための微生物の移動・交換システム─
安藤勝彦 1）*，Tae Eun Jin2），船曳理恵 1），Linhuan Wu3），Honglada Thoetkiattikul4），
Jung-Sook Lee2），Bubpha Techapattaraporn4），Tanit Changthavorn5）
製品評価技術基盤機構バイオテクノロジーセンター（NITE），2）Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research
3）
Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology（KRIBB）， Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（IMCAS），
1）

4）

National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency，
Biodiversity-Based Economy Development Office5）

微生物資源の保全と持続可能な利用のためのアジアコンソーシアム（ACM）が 2004 年に設立された．近年，13 カ国（カンボジア，中国，インド，インドネシア，日本，韓国，ラオス，マレーシア，モンゴル，ミャンマー，フィリッピン，タイ，ベトナム），23 機関が ACM のメンバーとなっている．ACM の目的は，アジアにおける微生物資源の保全と持続可能な利用を高めるために，アジア諸国における政府や公的機関間の協力を促進することにある．微生物学の発展において微生物資源センター（MRC）の重要性を認識し，ACM において設立された材料移転管理作業部会（MMT-TF）において新しいスキー
ム「ACM を基盤とする微生物の国際移動ネットワーク（NIEMA）」が開発された．このスキームは，生物多様性条約（CBD）
並びに生物の多様性に関する条約の遺伝資源の取得の機会及びその利用から生ずる利益の公正かつ衡平な配分に関する名古屋議定書（NP）に則した微生物資源の移動と利用の適法と簡素化の方策を提供するものである．
─ 91 ─NIEMA and the code of conduct

Annex 1

Ando et al.

Online Registration Form for NIEMA Membership

To NIEMA secretariat（Address）（E-mail address）

Registration FormforMembership in the Network of International Exchange of Microbes under the
ACM（NIEMA）（Name of MRC）,（WDCM Number）

declares its intent to comply with the

NIEMA Code of Conduct and applies for membership to the NIEMA.

Date:
Name of MRC:
Address:
Name:
Title:
Signature:─ 92 ─

Microbiol. Cult. Coll. Dec. 2014

Annex 2Vol. 30, No. 2

Online Internal Registration Form for a NIEMA Strain
Internal Registration Form for a NIEMA Strain

Dear

NIEMA secretariat（Name of Primary-MRC） has registered the microbial strain（s）shown below. The
strain（s）has been preserved in the（Name of Primary-MRC）with a NIEMA registration
number.
Date:
Name of Primary-MRC:
Address:
Name:
Title:
Signature:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

NIEMA
NumberOriginal Strain
NumberName of Microbe

NIEMA Strain Minimum Data Requirement
The microbe speciﬁed below has been added to the NIEMA collection of（Name ofPrimary-MRC ）on（Date）.
1. NIEMA number:
2. Taxon:（Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Algae, or Other）
3. Scientiﬁc name with citation of author（s）and year:
4. Type or ex Type:（Herbarium specimen’s number and location:
5. Country of origin:
6. History since original isolation:←Depositor ←7. Deposited to MRC by（name, position, and organisation）:
Date of deposit:
8. References for this strain:
9. Growth condition.
Medium:Temperature:℃
Oxygen relationship:
Special requirements:
10. Recommended long-term preservation method:
11. Is this strain known to be or likely to be pathogenic？
Yes（human, animal, or plant）, No, or Unknown
If yes, please specify host organism（s）:（Scientiﬁc name:
Biosafety Level:（L1, L2, or L3）
12. Please describe other relevant information.
Declaration of compliance:
I declare that I have fulﬁlled all requirements herein.
By
Name:
Title:
─ 93 ─

））（Signature）

NIEMA and the code of conduct

Annex 3Ando et al.

Online Request Form of a NIEMA Strain for a NIEMA MRC

Online Request Form of a NIEMA Strain for a NIEMA MRC

Dear （Name of Primary-MRC）（Name of NIEMA MRC） requests a transfer of the NIEMA strain（s）shown below from（Name of Primary-MRC）, the Primary-MRC of the NIEMA strain
（s）.

Date:
Name of NIEMA MRC:
Address:
Name:
Title:
Signature:

NIEMA
NumberOriginal Strain
Number

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

─ 94 ─Name of Microbe

Microbiol. Cult. Coll. Dec. 2014

Vol. 30, No. 2

Annex 4

Transfer Form from a Primary-MRC to a NIEMA MRC

Transfer Form of a NIEMA Strain from a Primary-MRC to a NIEMA MRC

Dear （Name of recipient NIEMA MRC）
This is to notify that （Name of Primary-MRC）,（Name of country）, as the Primary-MRC
of the strain（s）, has transferred the NIEMA strain（s）shown below to a NIEMA MRC（Nameof recipient NIEMA MRC）,（Name of country）, upon request from the（Name of recipient
NIEMA MRC）.
Date:
Name of Primary-MRC:
Address:
Name:
Title:
Signature:

NIEMA
NumberName of Microbe

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

─ 95 ─NIEMA and the code of conduct

Ando et al.

Annex 5

Online Request Form for Users

Online Request Form of NIEMA Strain for Users
Dear （Name of NIEMA MRC）,

The RECIPIENT requests the NIEMA strain（s）shown in the table below to a（Name of
NIEMA MRC, Name of country）. The RECIPIENT agrees with the terms and conditions of
the Material Transfer Agreement（MTA）stipulated herein for the use of the requested
NIEMA strain（s）.
RECIPIENT: Organisation:
Address:
Phone Number:
E-mail address:
Name:
Title:
Signature：
NIEMA
NumberStrain Numberof MRC（Country）

Name of Microbe

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Material Transfer Agreement（MTA）
1. The RECIPIENT agrees to comply with the NIEMA Code of Conduct.
2. The RECIPIENT shall use the NIEMA strain（s）for non-commercial research purposes
ONLY.
3. The RECIPIENT shall assume full responsibility for complying with all national and international laws, regulations, and guidelines applicable to the NIEMA strain（s）.
4. The RECIPIENT shall not transfer the NIEMA strain（s）and any material（s）originatingfrom the NIEMA strain（s）to any third party without prior written permission of theprovider NIEMA MRC.
5. The RECIPIENT shall take full responsibility for the receipt, handling, storage, disposal,
transfer, and use of the NIEMA strain（s）.
6. The RECIPIENT shall acknowledge the provider NIEMA MRC, the NIEMA number, andthe country of origin in any publication presenting scientiﬁc results and related information
resulting from the use of the NIEMA strain（s）.
7. The RECIPIENT shall agree that the provider NIEMA MRC will inform the Primary-MRC
of the strain（s）regarding the distribution of the NIEMA strain（s）, the name of theRECIPIENT’s organisation and the distribution date of the NIEMA strain（s）.
8. The RECIPIENT shall inform the provider NIEMA MRC of the termination of the use of the
NIEMA strain（s）as early as practicable; in the eventthe RECIPIENT has destroyed the
NIEMA strain（s）,whether intentionally or unintentionally.
─ 96 ─