These Are the Top Languages forEnterprise Application Development
And What That Means for BusinessAugust 2018

Enterprises are now free to deploy a polyglot programming language strategy thanks to adecrease in emphasis on which language developers must use. As companies transition fromlegacy software to more agile, flexible technologies, it is easier for development teams to findthe right tool for the right job. Cloud-native practices enable developers within large companies
to pick their preferred language or, more importantly, the language that best supports theirfunctional needs. All of this can be accomplished while minimizing the historically heavy
operational burden of supporting a variety of development languages. As a result, application
development and operational teams are able to move faster together.
What does this mean for business? Large organizations are no longer restricted by the need tohire a developer fluent in any specific language. While development teams may certainly prefera specific language, they may be comprised of multilingual developers capable of programmingin multiple languages. This widens the pool of available talent for businesses looking to build out
their development teams—what company these days is not trying to do this?
More and more, businesses are employing a polyglot (and a multi-platform) strategy tomeet their exact needs. The flexibility of cloud-native practices enables this movement awayfrom a monolithic approach and towards a world of computing that is flexible, portable andinteroperable. Adopting a multilingual approach is yet another step towards improving abusiness’ velocity—when it comes to development, production and capital.
Through years of industry research1, Cloud Foundry Foundation has tracked the languages
used most frequently for application development among enterprise developers worldwide.
While there is consistency among which languages are the most popular across the enterprisedeveloper landscape, there are certain languages which are particularly dominant among
specific audiences—based on region, company size, and more.

1

See Methodology at end of document.

Cloud Foundry Foundation Top Languages for Enterprise Application Development2Now We’re Talking

Over the last nine months, Java and JavaScript 2
have remained the two dominant languages
in the enterprise developer landscapethroughout two rounds of research. Industryresearch firm RedMonk published language
rankings in March 2018 that also placed Javaand JavaScript at the top tier of development
languages—corroborating our findings thatJava is alive and well.
In contrast to our findings, however, RedMonk
found Python and PHP used more frequently
than C# and C++, but only marginally. Indeed,
RedMonk’s Stephen O’Grady writes that “thenumerical ranking is substantially less relevant
than the language’s tier or grouping.”
Overall, IT Decision Makers (ITDMs) reportusing over 25 total languages—but over half ofthose languages are used so infrequently as toreceive a single digit percentage. In November
2017, ITDMs reported their language
preferences, the top six of which are used asignificant portion of the time, while manyother languages being used for application
development are employed at lower rates.
The ordinal ranking and clear separation
between Java and JavaScript and all otherlanguages was even more stark in researchfrom March 2018.

2LANGUAGE

NOV
2017

MAR2018

NOV–MARJava

5758+1JavaScript

5457+3C++

45

46+1C#28

26-2Python

3025-5PHP

2222--VB.NET

1917-2

C

1916-3Visual Basic 61816-2

VBA

1615-1

Perl

1612-4

Ruby

97-2

Swift66--

Typescript

55--

Objective-C

65-1

Assembly64-2

Matlab

74-3

R

43-1

Scala

53-2

Go

32-1

Groovy32-1

Haskell22--

CoffeeScript

21-1

Lua

31-2

Other

33--

JavaScript is needed for many web applications. Question did not differentiate between server-side JavaScript (i.e.: Node.js) and browser-baseduse of the language.

Cloud Foundry Foundation Top Languages for Enterprise Application Development

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These results show Java and JavaScript maintain their dominance in March 2018 at 58 percent
and 57 percent respectively. At the second tier, C++ stands alone, with a nominal increase inusage from 45 to 46 percent. The March data reveals a small dip in Python usage from 30 to 25percent, putting it on virtually the same level as C# (26 percent) and PHP (22 percent)—a third tierof developer languages used.
With the exception of Python, all the change between research from March 2018 and November
2017 can be considered within the margin of error. That said, there did seem to be an indicationof some market consolidation as, despite small increases for Java, JavaScript and C++, almost all
the other developer languages saw small decreases, meaning fewer ITDM respondents selected
multiple options as an answer.

Cloud Foundry Foundation Top Languages for Enterprise Application Development

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Who’s Talking Too?

So which languages are preferred by specific audiences?
In general, the larger the company, the more languages used. Therefore, we see above average
usage of Python and C# among very large enterprises compared with the rest of respondents,
as these companies are using multiple languages. This current embrace of multiple languages
is something of a new phenomenon as, historically, larger companies have practiced tighter
control over processes, particularly in production. As mentioned earlier, this polyglot approach isenabled by the move toward cloud-native practices.
In North America, a full two thirds of ITDMs report using
JavaScript, followed by Java at 58 percent. In Asia, the majority
reports using Java (58 percent) and C++ (52 percent), before
conforming to the overall rankings. Europe has no particulardifferentiation as a region; it is very consistent with the overalltrends, although Germany has less application developmentusing C++ compared to Java and JavaScript, even though theordinal rankings hold constant.
Private cloud users are very consistent with the overall trends, with an even slightly greater
separation between Java and JavaScript from other developer languages. Multi-cloud users
report using more developer languages, but the majority uses Java and JavaScript, followed by
50 percent saying they use C++.
On the other hand, users on a single cloud mostly use Java (57 percent) and do not have anotherdeveloper language that is used by a majority, including JavaScript used by 47 percent vs. 57
percent overall.

Cloud Foundry Foundation Top Languages for Enterprise Application Development

5Say What

Among developers, there is consistency of choice when it comes to the top tier languages
chosen for application development. In the nine months between surveys, the same six
languages remained at the top of the heap, broken into three distinct groups, with Java andJavaScript far ahead of the pack. C++ occupies the second tier, while the third tier is comprisedof C#, Python and PHP. These findings remained consistent between two rounds of surveys
conducted in 2017 and 2018.
While there are many languages in play, there is a slight consolidation over time for how many
languages are chosen, suggesting that developers are focused on selecting their best option
rather than open evaluation.
Upon closer examination of the data, it’s evident that both Java and JavaScript are nearly
identical in terms of usage across development teams either already using or planning to use
cloud-native architecture. The data shows these two languages are the preferred choices forcompanies developing cloud-native applications.
The Language of BusinessAs we look toward a multi-platform future and continue to predict cloud-native trends basedon our conversations with developers worldwide, it stands to reason that Java and JavaScript
are the preferred languages in the developer community. That said, enterprises are using morelanguages in tandem than ever before as they exercise their newfound flexibility in cloud-native
practices. As businesses continue to fine-tune their development strategy, they will seek the righttool for the right job—and the right development teams to write the future of cloud-native.

Cloud Foundry Foundation Top Languages for Enterprise Application Development

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Methodology NoteSince 2015, ClearPath Strategies, a strategic consulting and public opinion research firm, hasconducted Cloud Foundry Foundation’s Global Perception Study (GPS), a series of deep-diveresearch on topics critical to cloud and developers. The results in this report come from theseventh round of this global quantitative and qualitative research in that series.
The qualitative portion of the GPS consisted of six focus groups conducted in February 2018
in three locations with enterprise developers—two groups each in China, Europe, and theUnited States. These developers were heavily screened based on size of company (enterprise),awareness of cloud computing and specific products, and tools used.
The quantitative portion of the GPS consisted of a global survey of IT Decision Makers fromMarch 19th to 28th. The survey consisted of 601 respondents from a leading global online
panel provider. Respondents were selected from the panel provider based on geographic androle-based quotas, as well as screening questions based on role in IT, decision-making role,company size, and how long they have been in IT. Selected respondents were further screened
based on self-reported IT knowledge and attentiveness to survey questions. These interviews
were distributed across four major IT Decision Maker roles: Developers, Ops, IT manager andLine of Business.

Cloud Foundry Foundation Top Languages for Enterprise Application Development7