International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.3, May 2021

ABOUT DIGITAL COMMUNICATION METHODSFOR VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION
Wataru Uemura, Yasuhiro Fukumori and Takato Hayama
Department of Electronics and Informatics, Ryukoku University, Shiga, Japan

ABSTRACTThe visible light communication (VLC) by LED is one of the important communication methods because
LED can work as high speed and VLC sends the information by high flushing LED. We use the pulse wave
modulation for the VLC with LED because LED can be controlled easily by the microcontroller, which has
the digital output pins. At the pulse wave modulation, deciding the high and low voltage by the middle
voltage when the receiving signal level is amplified is equal to deciding it by the threshold voltage without
amplification. In this paper, we proposed two methods that adjust the threshold value using counting theslot number and measuring the signal level. The number of signal slots is constant per one symbol when we
use Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). If the number of received signal slots per one symbol time is lessthan the theoretical value, that means the threshold value is higher than the optimal value. If it is morethan the theoretical value, that means the threshold value is lower. So, we can adjust the threshold value
using the number of received signal slots. At the second proposed method, the average received signal levelis not equal to the signal level because there is a ratio between the number of high slots and low slots. So,
we can calculate the threshold value from the average received signal level and the slot ratio.
Unfortunately, the first proposed method adjusts the threshold value after receiving the data, once thedistance between the sender and the receiver is changed, then the performance becomes worse. And after
adjusting the threshold, the performance becomes better. Therefore, this method should be used in stableenvironments. The second proposed method can change the threshold value during the signal is received.
That means this method can work very quickly. So, this method can show good performance for the wide
range. We show these performances as real experiments.

KEYWORDS
Visible Light Communication, Digital Communication, Pulse Position Modulation.

1. INTRODUCTION
Light Emitting Diode (LED) becomes widespread as a lighting source which can save power
consumption. And because the response speed of LED is high, LED is focused on as the senderelement of the visible light communication (VLC) which transmits the information by blinking
the light [1 - 4]. For visible light communication, pulse modulation is used often because it iseasy for the output pin of a microcomputer to control the power of the LED. If we assign 0 and 1
information to the voltages of LED which turn off and on (which are high and low voltage,
respectively), flicker has occurred because the lighting time (that means turning on time) ischanged by the information. One of modulation methods to avoid the flicker is Pulse Position
Modulation (PPM). On PPM, the lighting time per information is constant [5, 6]. When the
distance between the sender and the receiver becomes larger, there are more communication
errors like the other wireless communications because of the decreasing receiving signal level [7].
The gain control for the receiving signal is important for this problem. If we use the pulse
modulation, the decision method which compares the amplified voltage as the half voltage ofhigh is equal to the decision method which compares the received voltage as the threshold
DOI: 10.5121/ijcnc.2021.13301

1International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.3, May 2021

voltage. In this paper, we propose two methods for the receiving signal level; one method adjusts
the threshold voltage, and the other method controls the gain for the received voltage
automatically. The number of signal slots is constant per one symbol when we use PPM. If thenumber of received signal slot per one symbol time is less than the theoretical value, that means
the threshold value is higher than the optimal value. If it is more than the theoretical value, thatmeans the threshold value is lower. So, we can adjust the threshold value using the number ofreceived signal slot. At the second proposed method, the average received signal level is notequal to the high signal level because there is the ratio between the number of high slots and thenumber of low slots. So, we can calculate the threshold value from the average received signal
level and the slot ratio.
Section 2 shows the communication method which uses visible light instead of the radio wave.
And Section 3 describes the comparator voltage which uses to decode the signal. We proposed
two methods in Section 4. And we show the experimental results in Section 5. Finally, we
conclude this paper in Section 6.

2. THE VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATIONVLC is wireless communication that uses light instead of the radio wave [8 - 10]. In this section,
we describe the modulation method for visible light communication and its applications.

2.1. The Frequency and Modulation of the Visible Light Communication
VLC is one of the wireless communications. It uses light for communication, which is visible tothe human eyes and is one of the electromagnetic waves like the infrared. We can see the visible
light which frequency range is about from 360-400 [nm] to 760-830 [nm]. We cannot sense theelectromagnetic waves which frequency is over about 830 [nm]. The shorter wavelengths thanthe visible light is called ultraviolet rays and shorter than it is called as X rays and gamma rays.
And the longer one is called infrared rays and longer than it is called the radio wave.
At VLC, we send the information by the changing blinking patterns of the light. The LED is anelement for the lighting source of visible light communication. LED has some better features than
traditional lighting elements, for example, the low power consumption, the long lifetime, thehighspeed response, and the small size. From the view of the highspeed response, LED can turnon and off very quickly. And by this feature, VLC can communicate at a very high speed. And
from this quick response, we can have a variety of modulations for VLC. In this paper, we use
LED as the lighting source.

2.2. The Features of VLC
In this subsection, we show some characteristics of visible light communication when we use it
as wireless communication. At first, we can see the communication area because the medium of
the communication is visible light. This characteristic is only for visible light communicationcomparing with other wireless communications. And it is easy to cut and change thecommunication range by using a wall, a mirror, a lens, and so on. In such a case, we can modify
the communication range by checking it with our eyes. By the reason of using the ordinal lighting
elements, it is not affected to the human, that means it is safe for the body, and in addition to it, it
is not affected to the other devices using the radio wave. Furthermore, it has high directivity, so
we can control the directional of communication and we can get a high resolution. But there is a
defect, for which there are a lot of noise sources which are natural and artificial lighting. In the2International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.3, May 2021

remainder of this section, we describe the features of visible light communication comparing withother electromagnetic wave communication, like radio and infrared.

2.3. Comparison with the Radio Wave Communication
The radio wave communication is the wireless communication with the electromagnetic wave
which frequency is less than 3 [THz] under the Japanese radio law. The radio wave has somefeatures; the refraction, the diffraction, and reflection regarding its frequency. And thewavelength becomes shorter, directivity becomes stronger.
It is difficult for us to find the source of the radio wave because it has more refraction than visible
light. So, it is difficult for the sender to control the area where the information can be transmitted.
That means some security issues will happen more frequently than VLC. And there is apossibility that the radio wave affects human health. Besides, because it affects electric devices, it
is prohibited to use radio wave communication in a hospital, a train, an airplane, and so on. And
the radio law limits the power and the frequency used by radio wave communication.
On the other hand, VLC has the following features against radio wave communication. Because
the visible light goes straight without few refractions, the obstructs can cut off the communication.
It is easy for the receiver to find the sender location because the transmitter is bright. And it iseasy for the sender not to send the information to the undesirable receivers because the sendercan control the receivable range. If the power of the visible light is too big, it is dangerous for us
same as the radio wave. But if we face such a situation, we can avoid it because we recognize its
dangerously by eyes. And we can use VLC in a hospital, a train, an airplane, and so on because ofno effect on the electrical device. Also, VLC is not under the radio law, so we can set any power
and any frequency for VLC as you want.

2.4. Comparison with the Infrared Communication
The infrared communication is the wireless communication with the infrared wave which
frequency is longer than red light and shorter than the radio waves, and its wavelength is aboutfrom 0.7 [m] to 1 [mm]. Its characteristics from the view of the electronic wave and visible aresimilar to that of visible light because the frequency of the infrared is close to that of the visible
light.
However, the infrared wave cannot be seen by a human, so the transmitter of the infrared cannot
be lighting that we cannot use as visible elements. And then the human cannot recognize thecommunication range. It is dangerous for us to use more than certain strengths because we cannot
see the effect for the human eyes. Furthermore, we cannot find where the transmitter device is set
on and cannot see the communication range. Then there is the possibility that the receiver whom
the sender does not want to send the information to can receiver gets the packet, and if that will
happen, the sender cannot know it. This is not good for security, so we need to use infraredcommunication to avoid this incident.
From the view of VLC, it has similar characteristics against infrared communication because thefrequency of it is very close to the frequency of infrared. But some characteristics of VLC are
different for infrared. One of the most different characteristics is visibility.

3International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.3, May 2021

2.5. About Modulations
We need to modulate the signal to send the information using wireless communications. The
modulation is to change the frequency, amplitude, or phase of the carrier to send the informationby the signal. Usually, in digital communication, the electronic signal is changed by the
information ‘0’ and ‘1’.
There are a lot of kinds of modulation. For example, we can change the strength of LED or thepattern of LED for visible light communication. We call the amplitude modulation (AM) where
we change the voltage of LED regarding the sending information. And we call the frequency
modulation (FM) where we change the frequency as the LED bringing speed regarding thesending information. And if we switch the power of LED to on or off regarding the information,
we call it as on-off keying (OOK) [11]. If we change the duty rate of the pulse regarding thesending information, it is called the pulse width modulation (PWM) [12]. If we change pulse
position in the time slots regarding the sending information, it is called pulse position modulation(PPM). When we use the modulation, which changes the something of pulse, usually the pulse
forms not the sine curve but the rectangular. For the considering of the usage for the lighting
equivalent, we need to not occur the flicker and need to brightness light [13, 14]. In this paper,
we use the PPM as the lighting modulation method because it keeps the same lighting power for
any information.
PPM change the time slot of the symbol which is one of the sending information. One symbol
allows only one pulse which width is one slot. So, this modulation has only a single lighting slot
per one symbol for any information. Then the flicker has not occurred because the average powerof a certain time is the same as any information. If the number of positions per symbol becomeslarger, we can send more information per one symbol. For example, we use 2-PPM for 2 slots per
symbol, 4-PPM for 4 slots per symbol (shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively). Furthermore, we
can send the information even if the state of the slot is changed to upside down, for example, thehigh becomes low and low becomes high. We call it Inversed-PPM (shown in Figure 3). If weuse 2-PPM, 2-IPPM is the same as 2-PPM. When we use more than two -PPM, like 4-PPM, thebrightness is different between PPM and IPPM. For example, using 4-IPPM, the lighting time
ratio of on and off is 3:1, the brightness can be suppressed to 3/4. So, the lighting time becomes
longer, and the average power becomes bigger. Then from the human eyes, the lighting LED of
the transmitter becomes bright. This characteristic is good for lighting equipment.

4International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.3, May 2021

Figure 1. 2-PPM for 2 slots per symbol

Figure 2. 4-PPM for 4 slots per symbol

Figure 3. 4-Inversed PPM for 4 slots per symbol

5International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.3, May 2021

Generally, a filter circuit is used for reducing the influence of noise. However, when a filter
circuit is used in visible light communication with a rectangular wave, its waveform is deformed,
and the edge of the rectangular wave is lost. And it becomes difficult to decide 0 or 1 with its
deformed waveform. Now we focus on the comparator circuit which compares two input voltages
and outputs high or low voltages according to its result. By setting the threshold value as fixing
the input voltage, if the input voltage exceeds a threshold voltage, the output becomes highvoltage, otherwise, the output becomes low voltage. As a result, the output waves become therectangular wave that does not include an unnecessary waveform other than the transmission
waveform, and the influence of noise can be reduced. Here, in the visible light communication
using the rectangular wave, there is no problem even if the received signal is deformed into a
rectangular wave shape by the comparator circuit. Therefore, by using the threshold voltage set
by the comparator as a reference, the waveform can be adjusted by the comparator, andcommunication with fewer errors can be performed. For example, waveforms deformed by thefilter circuit, waveforms distorted by a noise that cannot be completely cut, and waveforms
distorted by noise generated in the circuit, can be adjusted.

3. ADJUSTING THE COMPARATOR VOLTAGE
The receiver sets threshold voltage for determining high and low from the signal voltage received
by the lighting element. Here, as in other communication methods, the influence of noise is aproblem to decode the signal. In this paper, we propose a comparative voltage adjustment method.

3.1. About Noise in Digital Communication of Visible Light
A filter is used for reducing the influence of noise. There are several filters; a low-pass filter thatcuts high-frequency signal, a high-pass filter that cuts low-frequency signal, a bandpass filter thatcuts frequencies other than certain frequencies, and so on. In this way, filters cut noise from
specific frequencies. However, the noise like white noise generally does not depend on thefrequency and affects all frequency bands, so that noise remains even after being filtered. On theother hand, when rectangular waves are used as modulation, the shape of the wave is known, andthe waveform can be adjusted by the comparator. By preparing a threshold value to distinguishbetween high and low from the signal, we can create square waves by outputting using only highand low voltages.

3.2. Problems in Setting the Reference Voltage
Usually, the threshold value for the comparator is manually adjusted using a variable resistor. In
this case, if the communication distance between the sender and the receiver becomes longer, thesignal strength decreases, and it becomes impossible to distinguish between high and low by the
fixed threshold value. Therefore, the threshold value adjusted first is not always appropriate. We
need to adjust the threshold value of the comparator.

3.3. About Adjusting the Threshold Value for the Comparator
In this subsection, we discuss the setting method for the comparator threshold value.
The best value for the threshold at the comparator should be half value of the signal voltages. But
it is depended on the distance between the sender and the receiver because the receiving signal
levels are decreasing as long as its distance. Considering this effect, it is the good value which isa little bigger value than the low voltage, for example, +0.1 [v]. If we set such a value as thethreshold value, it has the effectiveness to decode the signal for the long distance.
6

International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.3, May 2021

Unfortunately, in the real world, there is noise that changes the signal level from low to over thethreshold. One of the methods which avoid this noise, we can use the comparator element like inthe previous Section. The comparator outputs the high voltage if the input level is more than thethreshold voltage. Otherwise, it outputs the low voltage. By using the comparator, we can output
the just rectangle wave which includes only the signal when the threshold value can be set morethan the noise voltage. However, the receiving signal level will be changed whenever the distance
between the sender and the receiver is changed. After that, some parts of the output waveform
will be changed to high or low form according to its receiving signal level, and it causes the bit
errors. Figure 4 shows the result by three kinds of threshold values. Usually, we adjust thethreshold value manually according to the communication distance.

3.4. Threshold Detection Methods
If there is no noise signal, we should set the threshold value to a little bigger value than 0 [v].
And if we get the noise information, we can calculate the threshold value using the noise voltage.
M. Usman et al. discussed the characteristics of photo receivers and light sources. And they
estimated the noise distribution [15]. The goodness of the fit is determined by BayesianInformation Criterion and the non-centrality parameter of the corresponding Rician distribution isused to calculate the decision threshold.
On the other hand, Y. H. Kim et al. used the optical and color filters to decide the threshold [16].
They estimate the noise level using the differential value between the received signal and thethreshold value is be changed regarding the differential.

Figure 4. This figure shows how to adjust the threshold value. If there is no noise, the optimal value forthe threshold value is a little more than 0V. But due to noise, if we use such value for the threshold, there
are a lot of high signal. And if we set the threshold value more than the optimal value, we do not receive
the signal. We adjust the threshold value using the variable register.

4. AUTOMATIC ADJUSTMENTCOMPARATOROF

THRESHOLD

VALUE

OF

THE

We propose the method for adjusting a comparison voltage of a comparator according to achange in voltage of a received signal. In this Section we propose the following two adjusting
methods. Both methods use the PPM. In the first method, we focus on the number of signal slots.
The number of PPM signal slots is constant per one symbol. If the number of received signal slot
7International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.3, May 2021

per one symbol time is less than the theoretical value, that means the threshold value is higher
than the optimal value. If it is more than the theoretical value, that means the threshold value islower. So, we can adjust the threshold value using the number of received signal slot. In thesecond method, we focus on the average received signal level. The average received signal levelis not equal to the high signal level. Because there is the ratio between the number of high's slots
and the number of low's slots. So, we can calculate the threshold value from the average received
signal level and the slot ratio.

4.1. Setting the Threshold Value from the Receiving Slot Information
At first, we propose the adjusting method which uses the slot rate for high and low. When we use
the constant value for the threshold to decide the receiving signal is high or low, if the receiving
signal is stronger, the high slot number is more than the low slot number in the output slots. And
if the receiving signal is weaker, the low slot number is more than the high. The slot ratio of highand low is 1:1 at the 2-PPM, so we change the threshold value larger or smaller until the ratio
becomes 1:1. When we use 4-PPM, the ratio is 1:3. Figure 5 which includes the noise signal,shows the relationship between the threshold value and the received signal level. If thenumber of received signal slot per one symbol time is more than the theoretical value, that means
the threshold value is lower than the optimal value. If it is less than the theoretical value, thatmeans the threshold value is higher. So, we can adjust the threshold value using the number ofreceived signal slot. Figure 6 shows a block diagram of its automatic adjustment circuit.

Figure 5. This figure shows how to adjust the threshold value. If the threshold value is less than the
optimal value, the number of high slots is more than 1. Then the threshold value should become higher. If
the threshold value is more than the optimal value, the number of high slots is less than 1 (= 0). Then thethreshold value should become lower.

8

International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.3, May 2021

Figure 6. The circuit and block diagram of proposed method which change the reference value step bystep in order to adjust the ratio of receiving high and low slots.

4.2. Set the Threshold Value from the Receiving Voltage
Second, we propose the adjusting method which uses the threshold value from the receiving
voltage. Figure 7 shows a block diagram of its automatic adjustment circuit. To determine thethreshold value, it is important to obtain the voltage value of the signal, but the analogue
converter in the microcomputer operates slowly. Therefore, an analogue-digital (AD) converter
IC is used. From the view of the receiver, the voltage of the high signal and the voltage of the low
signal (expressed as VA[V] and VB[V], respectively) fluctuates depending on the distance between
the transmitter and the receiver. So, they must be decided from the signal level of the receiving
waveform. Then, the average voltage of the received signal Vaverage is (VA2 + VB2) / (TA + TB),
where TA and TB are the signal time, respectively. When TA : TB = 1 : 1, then Vaverage = (VA + VB) /2, and this is suitable for the threshold value.

Figure 7. The circuit and block diagram of proposed method which changes the reference value step bystep in order to adjust the receiving signal level
9International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.3, May 2021

5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
5.1. About the Threshold Value by Counting the Slot Number for High Voltage
For the first proposed method which changes the threshold value by counting the slot number forhigh voltage, we measure the communication throughput for distances from 1 [cm] to 60 [cm].
We send the pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) and calculate the throughput [bps] from thecorrect data and its receiving time.
Figure 8 shows the performance by the conventional method and our proposed method. The
conventional method sets the constant threshold value which adjusts at the 1 cm distance between
the sender and the receiver. So over about 23 [cm], the receiver cannot decode the information
because the threshold value is over than the received high slot voltage. On the other hand, ourproposed method can decode the information for a wide range, but its throughput is not good
because our proposed method adjusts the threshold value after receiving data. That means theadjusting time is slow against the receiving data speed. The performance is dependent on the staytime at the same point. So, this method will be good for the slow speed or the stable receiver.

5.2. About the Threshold Value by Calculating the Average of Receiving Signal
Level
Second, we measure the three methods to show the performance for our second proposed method
which adjusts the threshold by the receiving voltage. Three methods are as follows; 1) the
constant threshold adjusting for the close distance, 2) the auto-adjusting threshold which is our
proposed method, and 3) the constant threshold adjusting for the long distance. We got the bit
error rate for the points which distances between the sender and the receiver are from 10 [cm] to
90 [cm]. The communication speed is 4,000 bits per second, and we sent 100,000 bits of
information for each point. Figure 9 shows the experimental results by three methods. If we use
the constant threshold adjusted for the close distance, we can receive the data to 20 [cm].

Figure 8. The experimental result shows the communication throughput from 1cm to 60cm.

10International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.3, May 2021

Figure 9. The experimental result shows the communication performances by three methods; theconstant thresholds for close and long distance, and proposed method which adjusts the thresholdautomatically.

But we cannot decode the data because the threshold value is over the received signal level from20 [cm]. And if we use the constant threshold adjusted for the long-distance, we cannot decodethe data to 50 [cm] because the non-signal level with noise is more than the threshold value. Both
constant threshold methods are not good performance against the distance which is not assumed
by the method. We confirmed the good effect by adjusting the threshold automatically.

6. CONCLUSIONS
The visible light communication by LED is focused on because LED can work as high speed andthe VLC sends the information by high flushing LED. We use the pulse wave modulation for the
VLC with LED because LED can be controlled by the micro controller, which has the digital
output pin. At the pulse wave modulation, deciding the high and low voltage by the middle
voltage when the receiving signal level is amplified is equal to deciding it by the thresholdvoltage without amplification. In this paper, we proposed two methods which adjust the thresholdvalue using counting the slot number and measuring the signal level.
In the first method, we can decide the threshold value by counting the receiving slot because thenumber of high and low slots is constant in the pulse position modulation. Unfortunately, because
this method adjusts the threshold value after receiving the data, once the distance between thesender and the receiver is changed, always the performance becomes worse. And after adjusting
the threshold, the performance becomes better. Therefore, this method should be used under the
stable environments.

11

International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.3, May 2021

Next, we proposed the method which decides the threshold value from the receiving voltage. Thismethod can change the threshold value during the signal is received. That means this method canwork very quick. So, this method can show the good performance for the wide range.
For future work, we will focus on the sensitivity of receiving elements because adjusting themwill be equal to adjusting the threshold value.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES
S. Haruyama, “Visible light communication,” Journal of IEICE, 94(12) - D, pp. 1055–1059, 2011.
R. Sagotra and R. Aggarwal, “Visible Light Communication,” International Journal of Computer
Trends and Technology (IJCTT) Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 906–910, 2013.
[3] D. C. O’Brien, L. Zeng, H. Le-Minh, G. Faulkner, J. W. Walewski and S. Randel, “Visible light
communications: Challenges and possibilities,” 2008 IEEE 19th International Symposium on
Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Cannes, 2008, pp. 1–5, DOI:
10.1109/PIMRC.2008.4699964.
[4] T. Saito, “A Study for flicker on Visible Light Communication,” Technical Report of IEICE CS,
Vol. 106, No. 450, pp. 31–35, 2007.
[5] I. Shouichi, “Reduction of Flicker by Coding and Modulation for Visible-Light Communication,”
Technical Report of IEICE OCS, vol. 108, No. 39, pp. 1–4, 2008.
[6] K. Okuda, T. Yamamoto, T. Nakamura, and W. Uemura, “The Key Providing System for Wireless
Lan Using Visible Light Communication,” International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor and Ubiquitous
Computing (IJASUC), Vol. 5, pp. 13–20, (2014).
[7] K. Okuda, H. Shirai, T. Nakamura, and W. Uemura, “A Novel Keyless Entry System Using Visible
Light Communication,” International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor and Ubiquitous Computing(IJASUC), Vol. 5, pp. 1–8, (2014).
[8] K. Okuda, R. Yoneda, T. Nakamura, and W. Uemura, “A Warning System for Overspeed at theCorner Using Visible Light Based Road-To-Vehicle Communication,” International Journal of Ad
hoc, Sensor and Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC), Vol. 6, pp. 1–9, (2015).
[9] W. Uemura and Takahiro Kitazawa, “A Hybrid Modulation Method for Dimming in Visible Light
Communication,” International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications (IJCNC), Vol.
10, pp. 51–59, (2018).
[10] W. Uemura and K. Shimizu, “A Selecting Robots Method Using Visible Light Communication,”International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor and Ubiquitous Computing (IJASUC), Vol. 9, pp. 1–8,
(2018).
[1]
[2]

12

International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.3, May 2021

AUTHORS
Wataru Uemura was born in 1977, and received B.E, M.E. and D.E. degrees from
Osaka City University, in 2000, 2002, and 2005. He is an associate professor of the
Department of Electronics and Informatics, Faculty of Engineering Science, Ryukoku
University in Shiga, Japan. He is a member of IEEE, RoboCup and others.

Yasuhiro Fukumori was born in 1993 and received B.E, and M.E from Ryukoku
University, in 2016, 2018. He is interested in visible light.

Takato Hayama was born in 1992 and received B.E, and M.E from Ryukoku
University, in 2015, 2017. He is interested in card games.

13