Final Report by Copying Machine, etc.
Evaluation Standards Subcommittee,
Energy Efficiency Standards Subcommittee of the Advisory
Committee for Natural Resources and EnergyAs regards copying machines, current evaluation standards for manufacturers, etc. of copying
machines were presented in the “Final Report by Copying Machine, etc. Evaluation Standards
Subcommittee, Energy Efficiency Standards Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee for
Natural Resources and Energy (dated December 17, 1998)” and entered the target fiscal year in
FY2006.
Therefore, for the purpose of studying new target standard values, etc. for copying machines
and studying target standard values, etc. for printers and multifunction devices for whichmeasurement methods had not been defined yet when the current standards were made, the“Copying Machine, etc. Evaluation Standards Subcommittee” was established to conduct
deliberation on evaluation standards for manufacturers or importers (hereinafter referred to as“manufacturers”) of copying machines, printers and multifunction devices (hereinafter referred toas “copying machines, etc.”), and the report was made as follows.
1. Evaluation of current standards
As for copying machines which entered the target fiscal year in FY 2006, the weighted averageof energy consumption efficiency was 42.7 Wh/h, improved by 72.5% from 155 Wh/h which was thevalue of those (shipped in FY 1997) before the Top Runner standards were introduced. It is notedthat they are much better than originally assumed efficiency (107 Wh/h) and assumed
improvement ratio (31.0%), which are the estimates in the case the Top Runner standards areachieved.
In the light of the above, energy saving of copying machines is making progress as a result of the
manufacturers’ efforts, and it can be recognized that the current standards based on the Top
Runner method are working effectively.
2. Target scope [See Attachment 1]
Copying machines, etc. to be covered this time are dry type indirect electrostatic products with
supply voltage of 100V and using digital electro-photographic method.
Multifunction devices referred to here means those which have two or more functions fromcopying, printing, scanning and facsimile.
In addition, a convenience copying function of products having no platen is not included in theabove mentioned fuction of copier.
Following products shall be excluded from the target scope.
1) Those whose copying or printing speed is 86 images per minute or above and which are used
exclusively for monochrome copying or printing.
2) Those whose monochrome copying or printing speed is 61 images per or above and which arecapable of copy or print in color.
3) Those whose monochrome copying or printing speed is 12 images per minute or below.
4) Those which are capable of copy or print on A2 size media defined by Japanese Industrial
Standards (hereinafter referred to as “A2”) or larger.
5) Those which are copying machines and are capable of copy in color.
6) Those which have a facsimile function and do not have a platen.
7) Those which have a scanner function and a facsimile function only.
8) Those which have digital front end (DFE) function.

1

3. Items, etc. to be evaluation standards for manufacturers(1) Target fiscal year (See Attachment 2)
The target fiscal year for copying machines, etc. shall be FY2017. However, that forcopying machines shall remain the same as it is now (i.e. FY2006 and each fiscal year afterthat) because of the reasons described in Attachment 4 “4. Specific concept of target standard
values”.
(2) Target standard values [See Attachment 3 and 4]
As regards copying machines, etc. shipped by each manufacturer/importer for the domestic
market in the target fiscal year, the values which are calculated by weight-averaging theenergy consumption per hour (Wh/h) or annual energy consumption (kWh/year) measured
using the meathod described in paragraph (3) below with the quantity shipped by eachmanufacturer/importer for each category shown in the following table shall not exceed thetarget standard values.
○ Copying Machines
Type ofCategory

Copying

TargetCopying Speed(Wh/h)

Machine1

A4 machineStandard Value

13 images or more to 20 images or less per minute172

21 images or more to 30 images or less per minute69

3

31 images or more to 40 images or less per minute88

4

41 images or more to 50 images or less per minute123

5

51 images or more to 60 images or less per minute

144

6

61 images or more to 70 images or less per minute180

7

71 images or more to 80 images or less per minute200

881 images or more to 85 images or less per minute258

13 images or more to 20 images or less per minute

20

10

21 images or more to 30 images or less per minute85

11

31 images or more to 40 images or less per minute

108

12

41 images or more to 50 images or less per minute

151

13

51 images or more to 60 images or less per minute

176

14

61 images or more to 70 images or less per minute

221

15

71 images or more to 80 images or less per minute

246

16

81 images or more to 85 images or less per minute317

13 images or more to 20 images or less per minute55

18

21 images or more to 30 images or less per minute99

19

31 images or more to 40 images or less per minute

125

20

41 images or more to 50 images or less per minute

176

21

51 images or more to 60 images or less per minute

205

22

61 images or more to 70 images or less per minute

257

23

71 images or more to 80 images or less per minute

286

24

81 images or more to 85 images or less per minute

369

9

17

B4 machine

A3 machine

25

A3Y

13 images or more to 20 images or less per minute77

26

machine21 images or more to 30 images or less per minute

139

2

27

31 images or more to 40 images or less per minute

175

28

41 images or more to 50 images or less per minute

246

29

51 images or more to 60 images or less per minute

287

30

61 images or more to 70 images or less per minute

383

31

71 images or more to 80 images or less per minute

433

32

81 images or more to 85 images or less per minute

483

Note 1. “A4 machine”, “B4 machine”, “A3 machine” and “A3Y machine” above mean copying machines
whose maximum supporting paper width is the short side of A4 size defined by the JapaneseIndustrial Standards (hereinafter referred to as “A4”), the short side of B4 size defined by theJapanese Industrial Standards (hereinafter referred to as “B4”), the short side of A3 size
defined by the Japanese Industrial Standards (hereinafter referred to as “A3”) and the longside of A3 respectively.
2. “Copying speed” is expressed by the number of images copied per minute when conducting
continuous copying on A4 standard papers.

○ Multifunction Devices
Availability ofCategory

Color Copying or

Copying or Printing Speed

Printing CapabilityabcdAvailable
Not available

Target Standard Value(kWh/year)

Less than 43 images per minute

EK = 2.17X + 125

43 images per minute or more

EK = 8.48X - 140

Less than 50 images per minute

EK = 4.86X - 30

50 images per minute or more

EK = 8.72X - 223

Note 1. “Copying or printing speed” is expressed by the number of images copied or printed per minutewhen conducting continuous monochrome copying or printing on A4 standard paper.
2. “Ek” and “X” express the following values respectively.
Ek: Standard energy consumption efficiency (Unit: kWh/year)
X: Copying or printing speed
In case of machines whose copying or printing speed is at the lower limit value or lower, thelower limit value shall be used.
[Lower limit value]
Category c: 22 ipm
3. Target standard value is calculated by using the formula listed in the right column of the table,
which shall be rounded off to the closest whole number.

○ Printers
Availability ofCategory

Color Printing

Printing Speed

Capability
A
B
CD

Available
Not available

Target Standard Value(kWh/year)

Less than 43 images per minute

EK = 5.34X - 14

43 images per minute or more

EK = 8.48X - 146

Less than 50 images per minute

EK = 4.07X - 15

50 images per minute or more

EK = 8.72X - 247

Note 1. “Printing speed” is expressed by the number of images printed per minute when conducting
continuous monochrome printing on A4 standard paper.
2. “Ek” and “X” express the following values respectively.

3

Ek: Standard energy consumption efficiency (Unit: kWh/year)
X: Printing speed
In case of machines whose printing speed is the lower limit value or lower, the lower limit
value shall be used.
[Lower limit value]
Category A: 22 ipm
Category C: 16 ipm
3. Target standard value is calculated by using the formula listed in the right column of the table,
which shall be rounded off to the closest whole number.

(3) Measurement method of energy consumption efficiency [See Attachment 5]
Energy consumption efficiency of copying machines, etc. shall be the value calculated withthe following formula (annual energy consumption (kWh/year)).
However, in case of copying machines, it shall be the same as it is now for the reason statedin Attachment 4 “4. Specific concept of target standard values”.
E = WTEC * 52/1000
E: Annual energy consumption (kWh/year)
WTEC: Energy consumption per week (Wh/week)
On the premise of having 5 working days a week, it contains energy consumption of
the working days (5 days) and energy consumption in Auto-off (Sleep) mode on
nonworking days (2 days)(4) Indication items and related matters
Matters related to indication are as follows.
1) Indication items
Manufacturers must indicate the following items.
i) Product name and model nameii) Category nameiii) Copying or printing speediv) Energy consumption efficiencyv) Name of manufacturers2) Compliance itemsi) As regards energy consumption efficiency, it shall be expressed by whole number in“Wh/h” for copying machines and in “kWh/year” for multifunction devices andprinters.
ii) Indication items listed in the foregoing paragraph 1) shall be indicated onconspicuous places in catalogues and operation manuals describing performance ofthe product.

44. Proposals for energy conservation(1) Actions of manufacturers
1) Efforts shall be made to promote technological development toward energy saving of
copying machines, etc. and to develop products with excellent energy consumption
efficiency.
2) From the viewpoint of promoting the spread of copying machines, etc. with excellent
energy consumption efficiency, efforts shall be made to provide appropriate information
so that users can select copying machines, etc. with excellent energy consumption
efficiency by means of, for example, indicating energy consumption efficiency not only on
catalogues and operation manuals but also on easily noticeable places in materials which
manufacturers will present to users at the point of product selection.
3) Efforts shall be made to develop energy saving technologies which are not only suiting forthe measurement method of energy consumption efficiency but also reflecting the actual
usage of users.
4) Effors shall be made to provide users with appropriate information so that they can
actively use energy saving setting when using copying machines, etc.
(2) Actions of retailers
1) Efforts shall be made to sell copying machines, etc. with excellent energy consumption
efficiency as well as to provide appropriate information to users so that they can selectcopying machines, etc. with excellent energy consumption efficiency.
2) Efforts shall be made to provide users with appropriate information so that, whenselecting copying machines, etc., users can select ones with functions and copying/printing speed suitable for the size of the place, where they are used.
3) Efforts shall be made to provide users with appropriate information so that they can
actively use energy saving setting when using copying machines, etc.
(3) Actions of users
1) Efforts shall be made not only to select copying machines, etc. with excellent energy
consumption efficiency, but also to promote energy conservation by actively utilizing
energy saving setting for example when using copying machines, etc.
2) If there is a demand to use multiple functions such as copying, printing and more, efforts
shall be made to select multifunction devices whose overall energy consumption isconsidered to be relatively less.
(4) Actions of Government
1) From the viewpoint of promoting the spread of copying machines, etc. with excellent
energy consumption efficiency, efforts shall be made to take necessary actions such as
the spread enlightenment activities, in order to promote actions of users andmanufacturers.
2) Efforts shall be made to conduct appropriate operation of the law through periodical andcontinuous checking of the indication of information by manufacturers so that correctand comprehensible information on energy consumption efficiency can be provided tousers.
3) Energy efficiency standards based on the Top Runner method is a very effective means topromote energy saving of products; therefore, efforts shall be made to disseminate itinternationally by taking appropriate opportunities.

5

Attachment 1

Target Scope of Copying Machines, etc.

Copying machines, etc. to be covered this time are dry type indirect electrostatic products 1 with
supply voltage of 100V and using digital electro-photographic method 2 .
Multifunction devices referred to here means those which have two or more of main functions ofcopier, printer, scanner and facsimile.
In addition, a convenience copying function of products having no platen is not included in theabove mentioned function of copier.
Following products shall be excluded from the target scope.
1) Those whose copying or printing speed is 86 images per minute or above and which are used
exclusively for monochrome copying or printing
The shipment volume is small and they are used for special usage mainly by printing
business operators. Most of them cannot be used with ordinary power supply; thus they are
excluded from the scope.
* Quantity shipped (FY2007): Approximately 2,040 units (Ratio of the quantity shipped tothe total: 0.1%)
Note) The quantity mentioned above is the total of copying machines, multifunction
devices and printers.
2) Those whose monochrome copying or printing speed is 61 images per minute or above andwhich are capable of copy or print in color
The shipment volume is small and they are used for special usage mainly by printing
business operators; thus, they are excluded from the scope.
* Quantity shipped (FY2007): Approximately 6,320 units (Ratio of the quantity shipped tothe total: 0.4%)Note) The quantity mentioned above is the total of copying machines, multifunction
devices and printers.
3) Those whose monochrome copying or printing speed is 12 images per minute or below
The shipment volume is small, and they are used mainly in general households but thefrequency of use is low. It is often the case that they are turned on only when to be used,
and they do not consume much energy. Thus they are excluded from the scope.
* Quantity shipped (FY2007): Approximately 23,200 units (Ratio of the quantity shipped tothe total: 1.3%)
Note) The quantity mentioned above is the total of copying machines, multifunction
devices and printers.

1 A system in which electrostatic images formed by exposuring image information on the surface of anelectrical-charged photoreceptor are developed with powder toner and transferred to the paper.

2 A system in which electrostatic images are formed on the surface of a photoreceptor using images which

are converted to electric signals or images which have already been translated to electronic information,.

64) Those which are capable of copy or print on A2 size media or larger
The shipment volume is small and they are used for special usage mainly by printing anddesigning business operators. Many of them are difficult to be used with ordinary power
supply. Thus they are excluded from the scope.
* Quantity shipped (FY2007): Approximately 16,000 units (Ratio of the quantity shipped tothe total: 0.9%)Note) The quantity mentioned above is the total of copying machines, multifunction
devices and printers.
5) Those which are copying machines and are capable of copy in color.
The shipment volume is decreasing and ratio of the quantity shipped to the market isextremely small. Thus, they are excluded from the scope.
* Quantity shipped (FY2007): Approximately 5,050 units (Ratio of the quantity shipped tothe total: 0.3%)
6) Those which have a facsimile function and do not have a platen
Since they do not have a platen, there is freedom in attachment position of a document
reader and the structure becomes compact. As a result, the type and positioning of parts
used in them are very different from those in general multifunction devices. Besides, ratioof the quantity shipped to the market is small. Thus they are excluded from the scope.
* Quantity shipped (FY2007): Approximately 39,000 units (Ratio of the quantity shipped tothe total: 2.3%)
7) Those which have a scanner function and a facsimile function only
There is no shipment to the market and the likelihood of them being produced in the future
is very low. Thus, they are excluded from the scope.
* Quantity shipped (FY2007): None
8) Those which have digital front end (DFE) function 3
The shipment volume is small and they are used for special usage mainly by printing
business operators; thus, they are excluded from the scope.
* Quantity shipped (FY2007): Approximately 2,000 units (Ratio of the quantity shipped tothe total: 0.1%)
Note) The quantity mentioned above is the total of copying machines, multifunction devices
and printers.
Note that after excluding above mentioned products, approximately 94.4% of shipment is still
covered.

3 Servers with high image processing capability and being capable to centrally process (i.e. edit, manage,etc.) printing jobs requested from other computers or applications.

7

Attachment 2

Target Fiscal Year for Copying Machines, etc.

1.

A considerable improvement in energy consumption efficiency of copying machines, etc. is, inmany cases, made when a model change takes place. Taking into consideration that ingeneral minor changes of copying machines, etc. take place approximately every 4 to 6 years,
it may be necessary to give at least once or twice opportunity(s) of improving energy
consumption efficiency of copying machines, etc. in order to achieve greater improvement.
Meanwhile, it takes approximately 10 years to complete a major model change which isaccompanied by changes in the fixing system protected by patents or changes in Sleep power
control system, etc.
Therefore, it is appropriate to set the target fiscal year for copying machines, etc. to be
FY2017 which is 10 years after FY2007 which is to be the standard fiscal year.
As regards copying machines which have conventionally been included in the target scope,
the target fiscal year remains the same “FY2006 and each fiscal year after that” as it is now, forthe reasons stated in Attachment 4 “4. Specific concept of target standard values”.

2.

It is expected that the improvement rate of annual energy consumption (kWh/year) in thetarget fiscal year will be approximately 44.5%, based on the assumption that there will be nochange in shipment quantity and categorical composition from results in the standard fiscal
year (result of FY2007) (approximately 46.8% for multifunction devices and approximately
41.6% for printers).

<Overview of Estimation>(1) Annual energy consumption calculated from the values of actual achievements ofmultifunction devices and printers shipped in FY2007:
Approximately 227 kWh/year(2) Annual energy consumption estimated from the target standard values of multifunction
devices and printers to be shipped in the target fiscal year:
Approximately 126 kWh/year(3) Improvement rate of energy consumption efficiency:(227 - 126) / 227 * 100 = Approximately 44.5%

8

<Overview of Estimation: Multifunction Devices>(1) Annual energy consumption calculated from the values of actual achievements ofmultifunction devices shipped in FY2007:
Approximately 280 kWh/year(2) Annual energy consumption estimated from the target standard values of multifunction
devices to be shipped in the target fiscal year:
Approximately 149 kWh/year(3) Improvement rate of annual energy consumption:(280 - 149) / 280 * 100 = Approximately 46.8%<Overview of Estimation: Printers>(1) Annual energy consumption calculated from the values of actual achievements of printers
shipped in FY2007:
Approximately 178 kWh/year(2) Annual energy consumption estimated from the target standard values of printers to be
shipped in the target fiscal year:
Approximately 104 kWh/year(3) Improvement rate of annual energy consumption efficiency:(178 - 104)/178 * 100 = Approximately 41.6%

9

Attachment 3

Classification of Copying Machines, etc.
I. Basic idea
Copying machines, etc. are classified based on the principles referred to as “the basic idea
concerning the development and revision of evaluation standards for manufacturers, etc. to beconsidered in relation to the improvement in performance of specific equipment” (the 10th Energy
Efficiency Standards Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy,
revised on June 18, 2007) (hereinafter referred to as “the principles”).
In case of copying machines, etc., they are mainly used for business usage, and while energy
consumption per single unit is large, the market size as well as the shipment volume are small.
If they are classified into too small groups, the number of products or shipping quantity for somegroups may become overly decreased. In light of the above, while using functional formulae, they
are classified with as few indices as possible based on the principles.
“The basic idea concerning the development and revision of evaluation standards for
manufacturers, etc. to be considered in relation to the improvement in performance ofspecific equipment”- Extract Principle 2: Specific equipment is classified based on certain indices. The indices (basic
indices) are those which are deeply related to energy consumption efficiency
such as physical amount and functions, and they are determinedconsidering factors which consumers use as standards when choosing
products (factors representing consumers’ needs).
Principle 3: Target standard value is determined by one value or functional formula foreach category based on the basic indices, where it is feasible andappropriate to target at the same energy consumption efficiency.
Principle 4: When setting categories, additional functions are disregarded in principle.
However, if the energy consumption efficiency of a product without acertain additional function is set as a target standard value, other productswith additional functions may withdraw from the market, despite thatmarket needs for the latter products are thought to be high, because theycannot comply with the target standard value. If the probability of suchcase is high, then it is acceptable to make another category (sheet) for those
products.
Principle 5: As regards products which are expensive but excellent in energy
consumption efficiency because they use advanced energy saving
technologies, although it is possible to classify them into separate
categories, it is desirable to treat them in the same category with others
wherever possible so that manufacturers can actively sell the products withexcellent energy consumption efficiency.
Principle 6: When setting a target standard value for a category, special products shallbe excluded. However, availability of technologies employed in suchspecial products shall be also reviewed when studying the future efficiency
improvement possibly realized by technology development, etc.

10II. Specific classification method
II-1 Copying machines
As regards copying machines, the conventional classification shall be used for the reason
stated in Attachment 4 “4. Specific concept of target standard values”.

1

Table 1. Categories of Copying Machines
Type of Copying
Copying Speed
Machine13 images or more to 20 images or less per minuteA4 machine2

21 images or more to 30 images or less per minute3

31 images or more to 40 images or less per minute4

41 images or more to 50 images or less per minute

5

51 images or more to 60 images or less per minute6

61 images or more to 70 images or less per minute

7

71 images or more to 80 images or less per minute8

81 images or more to 85 images or less per minute

Category

9

B4 machine

13 images or more to 20 images or less per minute10

21 images or more to 30 images or less per minute11

31 images or more to 40 images or less per minute12

41 images or more to 50 images or less per minute

13

51 images or more to 60 images or less per minute14

61 images or more to 70 images or less per minute

15

71 images or more to 80 images or less per minute16

81 images or more to 85 images or less per minute17

A3 machine

13 images or more to 20 images or less per minute18

21 images or more to 30 images or less per minute19

31 images or more to 40 images or less per minute20

41 images or more to 50 images or less per minute

21

51 images or more to 60 images or less per minute22

61 images or more to 70 images or less per minute

23

71 images or more to 80 images or less per minute24

81 images or more to 85 images or less per minute25

A3Y machine

13 images or more to 20 images or less per minute26

21 images or more to 30 images or less per minute27

31 images or more to 40 images or less per minute28

41 images or more to 50 images or less per minute29

51 images or more to 60 images or less per minute30

61 images or more to 70 images or less per minute

31

71 images or more to 80 images or less per minute32

81 images or more to 85 images or less per minute11II-2 Multifuncion devices and printers
Multifunction devices and printers are classified according to the following 2 points based on
the characteristics of the products.
(1) Classification according to the availability of a color copying or printing capability(2) Classification according to copying or printing speed
Altough the measuring method for multifunction devices are different according to theavailability of a print-capability, both types of multifunction devices are classified into one
category, because the shipment volume of those without print-capability is small and evendecreasing.
(1) Classification according to the availability of color copying or printing capability
To cope with consumer needs, there are products with color copying or printing capability
and products without said function. Because the availability of color copying or printing
capability is a factor that affects energy consumption of the products, they shall be classified
as follows.
1) Those with color copying or printing capability
2) Those without color copying or printing capability(2) Classification according to copying or printing speed
In case of multifunction devices and printers, energy consumption tends to increase as their
copying or printing speed increases; thus, a certain correlation can be observed between
copying or printing speed and energy consumption. Meanwhile, products with color copying
or printing capability are classified into “low speed machines” whose copying or printing speed
is below 43 images per minute and “high speed machines” whose speed is 43 images per
minute or above according to the difference in the fixing system, characteristics of toner, etc.,
while products without color copying or printing capability are classified into “low speed
machines” whose copying or printing speed is below 50 images per minute and “high speed
machines” whose speed is 50 images per minute or above. A correlation between copying or
printing speed and energy consumption is different among these types of products.
In light of the above the classification according to copying or printing speed shall be adopted,
and they are classified as follows taking into account the correlation between copying or
printing speed and energy consumption.
● Those with color copying or printing capability
1) Those whose speed is below 43 images per minute
2) Those whose speed is 43 images per minute or above● Those without color copying or printing capability
1) Those whose speed is below 50 images per minute
2) Those whose speed is 50 images per minute or above
Table 2. Categories of Multifunction Devices
Categorya

Availability of Color Copying or
Printing capability

Those whose speed is below 43
images per minuteThose whose speed is 43 images per
minute or above
Those whose speed is below 50
images per minute

Availablebc

Copying or Printing Speed

Not available

12Those whose speed is 50 images per
minute or aboved

Table 3. Categories of Printers
CategoryA

Availability ofColor Printing Capability

Those whose speed is below
43 images per minuteThose whose speed is 43
images per minute or above
Those whose speed is below
50 images per minuteThose whose speed is 50
images per minute or above

Available

B
C

Printing Speed

Not available

D

13

Attachment 4

Target Standard Values for Copying Machines, etc.
1. Basic concept
Target standard values are set based on the Top Runner Method. Specific concepts are as
follows.
1) Target standard values are set for each category which is determined appropriately.
2) As regards products whose efficiency is expected to be improved due to advancement oftechnologies in the future, target standard values are set taking such improvement into
consideration as much as possible.
3) Target standard values should be consistent among categories.
2. Possible improvement of energy consumption efficiency due to advancement of technologies in
the future
Technologies for copying machines, etc. are being developed focusing on the enhancement of
convenience of users and improvement of energy consumption efficiency and the efficiency of eachelemental technology has already been enhanced almost to its upper limit. Therefore, any
innovative technological development cannot be expected at this moment.
[Examples of major efficiency improvement technologies for copying machines, etc.]
1) Low thermal capacity of fixing units
Improvement of efficiency resulting from thinner-walled or material improvement of the
fixing unit.
2) Low melting point of toner
Improvement of efficiency by lowering the fixing temperature resulting from finer andpolymerized particles of toner.
3) Improvement of photoreceptor’s sensitivity
Improvement of efficiency by reforming photoreceptor materials, etc.
4) Reduction of torque of the driving system
Improvement of efficiency by reducing torque resulting from a smaller and lighter driving
system.
5) Improved efficiency of motors and power supplies
Improvement of efficiency resulting from the improvement of magnetic materials orsemiconductor devices
6) Reduction of electric power of illumination light sources
Improvement of efficiency by improving luminance efficiency of illumination lighting sources
or introducing LED light sources, etc.
7) Shortening of warming-up time
Improvement of efficiency by making the smaller thermal capacity of fixing unit and thelowering melting point of toner.
8) Shortening of transition time to Sleep
Improvement of efficiency resulting from the shortening of transition time to Sleep realized
in association with “7) Shortening of warming-up time”

14

It is supposed to be difficult to further improve the efficiency of these technologies because
doing so may make the convenience or reliability of the equipment worse. Meanwhile, thesetechnologies have already been incorporated into current top runner equipment and it is hard to
expect that the energy consumption efficiency will be drastically improved. Nonetheless, there
are still many machines which have not incorporated some of these technologies, so, considering
the energy consumption of copying machines, etc. shipped in Japan as a whole, it can be expectedthat the efficiency would be considerably improved by expanding the introduction of thesetechnologies.
3. Products to be considered as special products
When setting target standard values, products 1) which use special technologies, 2) the market
share of which is currently very low in general, and 3) which are considered to have highuncertainty now as well as in the future are considered to be special products and excluded fromthe study of top runner values, if they are associated with a considerably high possibility that
products with widespread technologies become less able to exist, leading to an extreme level ofmarket distortion, and that they interfere with other technological improvement and innovation,
when setting their energy consumption efficiency as target standard values.
In this study, the following products in each product category are considered to be special
products and, therefore, they are excluded from the determination of top runner values.
(1) Multifunction devices
1) Those which have color copying or printing capability and meet all of the following
conditions (10 product models, ratio of the quantity shipped: 2.9%)● Surf fixing method or free belt nip fixing method- Warm-up time: 30 seconds or less
- Sleep power: 5 W or less
- Transition time to Sleep: 1 minute or less2) Those which do not have color copying or printing capability and meet all of the following
conditions (16 product models, ratio of the quantity shipped: 8.6%)● Surf fixing method- Warm-up time: 10 seconds or less (in case of A4 exclusive machines, 5 seconds or less)- Sleep power: 6.5 W or less
- Transition time to Sleep: 1 minute or less
(2) Printers1) Those which have color printing capability and meet all of the following conditions (2product models, ratio of the quantity shipped: 0.9%)● Free belt nip fixing method- Warm-up time: 30 seconds or less
- Sleep power: 7.5 W or less
- Transition time to Sleep: 5 minute or less152) Those which do not have color printing capability and meet all of the following conditions (3product models, ratio of the quantity shipped: 8.1%)● Surf fixing system (limited to A4 exclusive machines)- Warm-up time: 10 seconds or less
- Sleep power: 5 W or less
- Transition time to Sleep: 1 minute or less<Reason of exclusion>
Currently, top runner products have already incorporated latest energy saving
technologies and, as for other technologies, there is hardly any room left for improvement.
Especially, when it comes to above mentioned multifunction devices and printers, the fixing
method and its peripheral technologies which are main factors for the improvement of energy
consumption efficiency are protected by patents and, therefore, it is almost impossible for
manufacturers who do not have the patents to produce models meeting the above mentioned
conditions. Therefore, in categories where products meeting the above mentioned conditions
are being shipped, it is possible that products of manufacturers without the patent are lessable to become available, leading to an extreme market distortion due to monopolization of thecategory by a few companies, if those special products should be included in the determinationof target standard values.
4. Specific concept of target standard values(1) Copying machines
Copying machines became designated products for the Top Runner standard in FY1999 andentered the target fiscal year in FY2006.
During this period, many energy saving technologies were developed and improvement rate of
72.5%, which was far beyond the originally anticipated improvement (31.0%), was achieved in thetarget fiscal year.
In recent years, however, as multifunction devices which are products with multiple functions
rapidly spread, the shipment quantity of copying machines was drastically decreasing, andcompanies are focusing on the development of technologies for multifunction devices. At thesame time, the development of technologies for copying machines has almost come to the limit assaid in section 3; therefore, further improvement of efficiency cannot be expected.
Meanwhile, the whole energy consumption is likely to become smaller when using
multifunction devices rather than using multiple machines with single function. Thus, thisfurther encourages manufacturers to make efforts to develop technologies which may support
shifting to multifunction devices, resulting in further decrease in the shipment volume of copying
machines (from 116,870 units in FY2003 to 44,076 units in FY2009).
Considering these factors, it was decided that measuring methods and target standard values
for copying machines be kept unchanged.
Lastly, since a copying machine is in other words a product resulting from removing allfunctions except copying from a multifunction device, it is assumed to be inevitable that thetechnological development for multifunction devices will also be adopted in copying machines.
Thus, it is expected that the level of energy consumption efficiency of copying machines will beraised.

16

<Specific target standard values>
Target Standard Values for Copying Machines

13 images or more to 20 images or less per minuteTarget Standard
Value (Wh/h)
172

21 images or more to 30 images or less per minute69

3

31 images or more to 40 images or less per minute88

4

41 images or more to 50 images or less per minute123

5

51 images or more to 60 images or less per minute

144

6

61 images or more to 70 images or less per minute180

7

71 images or more to 80 images or less per minute200

881 images or more to 85 images or less per minute258

13 images or more to 20 images or less per minute

20

10

21 images or more to 30 images or less per minute85

11

31 images or more to 40 images or less per minute

108

12

41 images or more to 50 images or less per minute

151

13

51 images or more to 60 images or less per minute

176

14

61 images or more to 70 images or less per minute

221

15

71 images or more to 80 images or less per minute

246

16

81 images or more to 85 images or less per minute317

13 images or more to 20 images or less per minute55

18

21 images or more to 30 images or less per minute99

19

31 images or more to 40 images or less per minute

125

20

41 images or more to 50 images or less per minute

176

21

51 images or more to 60 images or less per minute

205

22

61 images or more to 70 images or less per minute

257

23

71 images or more to 80 images or less per minute

286

24

81 images or more to 85 images or less per minute369

13 images or more to 20 images or less per minute

77

26

21 images or more to 30 images or less per minute

139

27

31 images or more to 40 images or less per minute

175

28

41 images or more to 50 images or less per minute

246

29

51 images or more to 60 images or less per minute

287

30

61 images or more to 70 images or less per minute

383

31

71 images or more to 80 images or less per minute

433

32

81 images or more to 85 images or less per minute483

Category
1

9

17

25

Type of Copying
MachineA4 machine

B4 machine

A3 machine

A3Y machine

Copying Speed

Note 1. “A4 machine”, “B4 machine”, “A3 machine” and “A3Y machine” above mean copying machines
whose maximum supporting paper width is respectively the short side of A4, the short side ofB4, the short side of A3 and the long side of A3.
2. “Copying speed” is expressed by the number of images copied per minute when conducting
continuous copying on A4 standard papers.

17(2) Multifuncion devices
For each category of multifunction devices, the Top Runner values were taken from actual
measurements of annual energy consumption (FY2007) which is an index of energy consumption
efficiency, and then a study on target standard values was carried out.
It was decided that a calculation formula for a target standard value shall be expressed by alinear function formula with a variable of printing speed, because there is a correlation between
annual energy consumption and printing speed.

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/year)

When developing a calculation formula, the following procedures were conducted.
1) In the low speed categories, an approximate line is calculated from the distribution of products
incorporating new technologies such as lowered thermal capacity of fixing unit and reduction of
Sleep power. Then, while maintaining the slope of the approximate line, it is shifted inparallel down to the Top Runner value (Figure 1).
2) Likewise in the high speed categories, an approximate line is calculated from the distribution of
products incorporating new technologies. Then, while maintaining the slope of the line andconsidering tie points with the low speed categories and the top runner value of the high speed
categories, it is shifted in parallel down to the top runner value to develop a standard line
(Figure 2).
3) At the point where the sufficient correlation between annual energy consumption and printing
speed disappears, a lower limit value is set for printing speed as necessary and then a lower
limit line is set to develop a standard line.

Old Technology
New Technology(Low Speed)
New Technology(High Speed)Special Product
TR Line(Low Speed)
Approximate Line
(Low Speed)

Copying or Printing Speed (ipm)

Figure 1

Parallel Shift of Approximate Line in Low Speed Category18

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/year)

Old Technology
New Technology(Low Speed)
New Technology(High Speed)Special Product
TR Line(Low Speed)
TR Line(High Speed)
Approximate Line
(Low Speed)
Approximate Line(High Speed)

Copying or Printing Speed (ipm)

Figure 2

Parallel Shift of Approximate Line and Development of Standard Line in High Speed
Category<Specific target standard values>
As mentioned above, the top runner value was calculated for each category by functions andcopying or printing speeds.
As a result, the target standard values for multifunction devices are determined as follows.
Meanwhile, in case of “machines without print-capability”, the energy consumption efficiency ismeasured using their copying function, so their energy consumption become greater than that of“machines with print-capability” measured using their print-capabilities. However, since thenumber of models of the “machines without print-capability” is few, it is difficult to determine
standard values individually. Besides, their shipping quantity is decreasing. It was decided to
set the same target standard values as those for the “machines with print-capability”.
Target Standard Values of Multifuncion Devices
Categoryabcd

Availability of Color
Copying or Printing
Capability
Available
Not available

Copying or Printing Speed

Target Standard Values(kWh/year)

Below 43 images per minute

EK = 2.17X + 125

43 images per minute or above

EK = 8.48X - 140

Below 50 images per minute

EK = 4.86X - 30

50 images per minute or above

EK = 8.72X - 223

Note 1. “Copying or printing speed” is expressed by the number of images copied or printed per minutewhen conducting continuous monochrome copying or printing on A4 standard paper.
2. “Ek” and “X” express the following values respectively.
Ek: Standard energy consumption efficiency (Unit: kWh/year)
X: Copying or printing speed

19However, in case of machines whose copying or printing speed is the lower limit value or lower,
the following lower limit value shall be used.
[Lower limit value]
Category c: 22 ipm
3. The target standard value is calculated using the formula listed in the right column of theAnnual Energy Consumption (kWh/year)

table, which shall be rounded off to the closest whole number.

Old Technology
Products
New Technology(Low Speed)
New Technology(High Speed)Special ProductsStandard Line
ENERGY STAR
Criteria Line

Copying or Printing Speed (ipm)

Target Standard Line of Color Multifuncion Device (Category a, b)

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/year)

Figure 3

Old Technology
Products
New Technology(Low Speed)
New Technology(High Speed)Special ProductsStandard Line
ENERGY STAR
Criteria Line

Copying or Printing Speed (ipm)

Figure 4

Target Standard Line of Monochrome Multifuncion Device (Category c, d)

20

The improvement rate of each category is as follows.

Improvement Rate of Multifuncion Devices in Target Fiscal Year
Categorya

Availability of Color
Copying or Printing
Capability
Availablebcd

Not available

Copying or Printing
Speed
Below 43 images
per minute
43 images per minute or
above
Below 50 images
per minute
50 images per minute or
above

Improvement Rate in Target Fiscal
Year
Approx. 48.5%

Approx. 49.1%

Approx. 50.9%
Approx. 43.0%
Approx. 34.1%

Approx. 41.8%* The improvement rate of multifunction devices as a whole is approximately 46.8%.

21

(3) Printers
For each category of printers, the Top Runner values were taken from actual measurements ofannual energy consumption (FY2007) which is an index of energy consumption efficiency, andthen a study on target standard values was carried out.
It was decided that a calculation formula for a target standard value shall be expressed by alinear function formula with a variable of printing speed, because there is a correlation between
energy consumption efficiency and printing speed.

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/year)

When developing a calculation formula, the following procedures were conducted.
1) In the low speed categories, an approximate line is calculated from the distribution of products
incorporating new technologies such as lowered thermal capacity of fixing units and reductionof Sleep power.
2) While maintaining the slope of the approximate line, it is shifted in parallel down to the Top
Runner value (Figure 5).
3) Likewise in the high speed categories, since there are no data concerning products
incorporating new technologies, the slopes of the approximation lines of multifunction devices
in high speed categories are adopted, and then it is shifted in parallele down to a tie point withthe low speed categories.
4) At the point where the sufficient correlation between annual energy consumption and printing
speed disappears, a lower limit value is set for printing speed as necessary and then a lower
limit line is set to develop a standard line (Figure 6).

Old Technology
New Technology
Special Products
TR Line(Low Speed)
Approximate Line
(Low Speed)

Printing Speed (ipm)

Figure 5

Parallel Shift of Approximate Line22

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/year)

Old Technology
New Technology
Special Products
TR Line(Low Speed)
TR Line(High Speed)
Lower Line
Approximate Line
(Low Speed)

Printing Speed (ipm)

Figure 6

Development of Standard Line and Lower Limit Line<Specific target standard values>
As mentioned above, the top runner value was calculated for each category by functions andprinting speed.
As a result, the target standard values for printers are determined as follows.
Target Standard Values for Printers
CategoryA
B
C
D

Availability of Color
Printing Capability
Available

Not available

Printing Speed

Target Standard Value(kWh/year)

Below 43 images per minute

EK = 5.34X - 14

43 images per minute or above

EK = 8.48X - 146

Below 50 images per minute

EK = 4.07X - 15

50 images per minute or above

EK = 8.72X - 247

Note 1. “Printing speed” is expressed by the number of images printed per minute when conducting
continuous monochrome printing on A4 standard paper.
2. “Ek” and “X” express the following values respectively.
Ek: Standard energy consumption efficiency (Unit: kWh/year)
X: Copying or printing speed
However, in case of machines whose printing speed is the lower limit value or lower, thefollowing lower limit value shall be used.
[Lower limit value]
Category A: 22 ipm
Category C: 16 ipm
3. Target standard value is calculated using the formula listed in the right column of the table,
which shall be rounded off to the closest whole number.

23

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/year)

Old Technology
New Technology
Special ProductsStandard Line
ENERGY STAR
Criteria Line

Printing Speed (ipm)

Target Standard Line for Color Printers (Category A, B)

Annual Energy Consumption (kWh/year)

Figure 7

Old Technology
New Technology
Special ProductsStandard Line
ENERGY STAR
Criteria Line

Printing Speed (ipm)

Figure 8 Target Standard Line for Monochrome Printers (Category C, D)

24

The improvement rate of each category is as follows.
Improvement Rate of Printers in Target Fiscal Year
CategoryA

Availability ofColor Printing
Capability
Available

B
C
D

Not available

Printing Speed

Improvement Rate in Target Fiscal Year

Below 43 images per minute

Approx. 46.8%

43 images per minute or above

Approx. 45.4%

Below 50 images per minute

Approx. 37.2%

50 images per minute or above

Approx. 51.6%

Approx. 46.8%

Approx. 37.6%* The improvement rate of printers as a whole is approximately 41.6%.
The improvement rate of multifunction devices and printers in total is approximately 44.5%.

25

Attachment 5

Energy Consumption Efficiency of Copying Machines, etc. and Measuring Method

1. Basic concept
Energy consumption efficiency of current copying machines prescribed by the Act on the
Rational Use of Energy is energy consumption per hour (Wh/h), which is obtained based on theenergy consumption of the first one hour after staring work and other active hours by modes.
Meanwhile, concerning a measuring method for mulitifunction devices and printers which are
newly added to the target scope, the International ENERGY STAR Program has provided themeasuring method for energy consumption per week (TEC) based on a usage pattern. Therefore,
they shall be measured according to the test procedure for ENERGY STAR qualifying imaging
equipment typical electricity consumption (TEC: Typical Electricity Consumption).
As for copying machines, since the shipping quantity is decreasing and anticipated to stay in alow level even in the future, the conventional measuring method is kept unchanged.

2. Specific energy consumption efficiency and its measuring method
Energy consumption efficiency shall be annual energy consumption, and it is calculated withthe following calculation formula.
E = WTEC * 52/1000
Where, E and WTEC express the following values respectively.
E: Annual energy consumption (kWh/year)
WTEC: Energy consumption per week (Wh/week)
I. Multifunction devices without print-capability(1) WTEC: Energy consumption per week (Wh/week)
Presuming 5 working days a week, energy consumption of working days (5 days) andenergy consumption in Auto-off on nonworking days (2 days).
WTEC = (WD * 5) + (WAO * 48)
WD: Energy consumption per day (Wh/day)
WAO: Energy consumption per hour in Auto-off (Wh/h)
Note 1. Printing means to print original images in form of electronic data such as electronic files, etc. onto
the surface of print media such as papers.

26

Note 2. Auto-off means a power state which a product enters when it is switched off by automatic or preset
stimuli (e.g., a delay time or clock) but is still plugged in and connected to a power source.
Auto-off ends when the product is stimulated by an input such as turning on a manual powerswitch or clock timer to bring it into Ready state.

(2) WD: Energy consumption per day (Wh/day)
Energy consumption calculated based on daily hours of use, usage pattern and low power
modes (Sleep mode or Auto-off). It is the total of energy consumption in copying and Readymode, in transitioning to Auto-off and in Auto-off. The transition to Auto-off is executed
twice a day, simulating a lunch break between the morning and afternoon hours.
WD = WJ + (WT * 2) + WDAO
WJ: Energy consumption needed for copying per day (Wh/day)
WT: Energy consumption in transitioning to Auto-off (Wh)
WDAO: Energy consumption in Auto-off per day (Wh/day)
Note 3. Sleep means a reduced power state that a product enters automatically after a period of inactivity
without being physically switched off. In addition to automatically entering Sleep, the productmay also enter this mode via 1) time setting by users, 2) immediate response to manual operationby users and 3) automatically achieved ways based on user action.
During this mode, all of the product’s functions can be enabled and the product must enter activemode in response to any designed potential input signals. The potential input signals include
external electrical stimuli (e.g. network stimuli, remote control) and direct physical operation (e.g.
activation of physical switches or buttons). The product must maintain network connection
while in Sleep and wakes up only when necessary. If a product has multiple Sleep modes, it
shall be the one with the least energy consumption (final Sleep).
Note 4. Ready means a power state in which a product is not producing output, has reached operating
conditions, has not yet entered into any lower-power modes, enables all functions, and can enter
active state with minimal delay in resonse to designed potential input signals. The potential
input signals include external electrical stimuli (e.g. network stimuli, remote control) and direct
physical operation (e.g. activation of physical switches or buttons).
Note 5. Copying means to print an original image on paper, etc. onto the surface of print media such as
papers.

(3) WAO: Energy consumption per hour in Auto-off (Wh/h)
Energy consumption per hour after entering Auto-off from Ready. In case of multifunction
devices without print-capability but with facsimile function, this is energy consumption after
entering Sleep from Ready.
(4) WJ: Energy consumption needed for copying per day (Wh/day)
Energy consumption needed to execute prescribed number of copying according to copying
speed given in paragraph 14) of Section 3. Measurement conditions. Presuming lunch break,copying immediately after returning from Sleep mode is executed twice, i.e. in the morningand the afternoon, and other copying are executed from Ready mode.
WJ = (WJ1 * 2) + {WAJ * (J - 2)}27

WJ1: Energy consumption needed for Copying Test 1 (Wh)
WAJ: Average energy consumption of Copying Test 2, Copying Test 3 and Copying Test 4(Wh)
J: The number of copying times per day (the number of times)(5) WT: Energy consumption in transitioning to Auto-off (Wh)Energy consumption during the period from the time when measurement of Copying Test 4
ends till the product enters Auto-off.
In case of multifunction devices without
print-capability but with facsimile function, this is energy consumption during the period
from the time when measurement of Copying Test 4 ends till the product enters Sleep.
(6) WDAO: Energy consumption in Auto-off per day (Wh/day)
Energy consumption in Auto-off per day.
The value comprised of time needed for copying plus two sets of time for transitioning toAuto-off because of product’s entering Auto-off in the morning and in the afternoon issubtracted from 24 hours, then the calculated value is multipled by energy consumption in
Auto-off to obtain WDAO.
WDAO = [24 - {(J/4) + (T * 2)}]* WAO
J: The number of copying times per day (the number of times)
T: Time for transitioning to Auto-off (h)WAO: Energy consumption in Auto-off (Wh/h)(7) WJ1: Energy consumption needed for Copying Test 1 (Wh)After one hour Sleep mode, energy consumption during the period from the time when theunit starts one copying, which consists of copying a set of images per copying test prescribedaccording to copying speed in paragraph 14) of Section 3. Measurement conditions, until 15
minutes has elapsed.
(8) WAJ: Average energy consumption of Copying Test 2, Copying Test 3 and Copying Test
4 (Wh)
Energy consumption needed for copying from Ready mode (Wh).
From Ready mode, energy consumption during the period from the time when the unit
starts one copying, which consists of copying a set of images per copying test prescribedaccording to copying speed in paragraph 14) of Section 3. Measurement conditions, until 15
minutes has elapsed. It is measured for three times, and WAJ is obtained by averaging thesethree measurements.
WAJ = (WJ2 + WJ3 + WJ4)/3(9) J: The number of copying times per day (the number of times).
The number of copying times per day prescribed according to copying speed in paragraph14) of Section 3. Measurement conditions.
(10)T: Time for transitioning to Auto-off (h)Time from the end of measurement of Copying Test 4 until the unit enters Auto-off. In
28

case of multifunction devices without print-capability but with facsimile function, this is thetime from the end of measurement of Copying Test 4 until the product enters Sleep.
(11) WJ2: Energy consumption needed for Copying Test 2 (Wh)After measuring WJ1, from Ready mode, energy consumption during the period from thetime when the unit starts one copying, which consists of copying a set of images per copying
test prescribed according to copying speed in paragraph 14) of Section 3. Measurement
Conditions, until 15 minutes has elapsed. If a product enters low power modes from Readybefore 15 minutes elapses from the start of copying, it can be started from Sleep or Auto-offmode.
(12) WJ3: Energy consumption needed for Copying Test 3 (Wh)After measuring WJ2, from Ready mode, energy consumption during the period from thetime when the unit starts one copying, which consists of copying a set of images per copying
test prescribed according to copying speed in paragraph 14) of Section 3. Measurement
Conditions, until 15 minutes has elapsed. If a product enters low power modes from Readybefore 15 minutes elapses from the start of copying, it can be started from Sleep or Auto-offmode.
(13) WJ4: Energy consumption needed for Copying Test 4 (Wh)After measuring WJ3, from Ready mode, energy consumption during the period from thetime when the unit starts one Copying Test, which consists of copying a set of images per
copying test prescribed according to copying speed in paragraph 14) of Section 3.
Measurement conditions, until 15 minutes has elapsed. If a product enters low power modes
from Ready before 15 minutes elapses from the start of copying, it can be started from Sleep
or Auto-off mode.
(14) Measurement of energy consumption and time described in (3), (5), (7) and (10) to (13) shallbe conducted according to the following procedures.
Procedure
<1>

<2>
<3>

<4>

Connect the unit under the test to ameter. Zero the meter. Wait for thestart of test (5 minutes or more).
Switch on the unit. Wait until theunit indicates that it is in Ready mode.
Execute one copying job which
consists of copying the number ofimages prescribed in paragraph 14) of
Section 3. Measurement Conditions.
Wait until the meter indicates that theunit has entered Sleep mode.
Zero the meter and wait one hour. If
the unit enters Off state before onehour elapses, record the time andenergy consumption Sleep mode. In
this case, also wait one hour before
going to step <5>.

Initial Stateof Step
Off

Record (at the end ofstep)
Energy consumption in
Off, and time until theunit is switched on-

State to be
Measured
Off

Ready

Time until the firstsheet is exiting the unit

-

Sleep

Energy consumption
and time in Sleep
mode

Sleep

Off

29

-

<5>

<6>

<7>

<8>

<9>

<10>

Note 6.
Note 7.
Note 8.

Note 9.

Zero the meter and timer. Execute
one copying job which consists ofcopying the number of imagesprescribed in paragraph 14) of Section
3. Measurement Conditions. Wait
until the timer indicates that 15
minutes have elapsed.
* Energy consumption in (7)Repeat Step <5>.
* Energy consumption in (11)Sleep

Energy consumption
needed for copying test 1(WJ1), and the time until
the first sheet is exiting
the unit

Recovery,
Active,Ready,
Sleep,
Auto-offReady

The same asabove.

Repeat Step <5> (no measurement of
Active time).
* Energy consumption in (12)Repeat Step <5> (no measurement of
Active time).
* Energy consumption in (13)Zero the meter and timer. Wait until
the meter or the unit indicates that it
has entered Auto-off (or Sleep mode incase of multifunction devices without
print-capability but with facsimilefunction).
* Energy consumption in (5) and timein (10).

Ready

Energy consumption
needed for copying test 2(WJ2), and the time until
the first sheet is exiting
the unit
Energy consumption
needed for copying test 3(WJ3)
Energy consumption
needed for copying test 4(WJ4)
Time for transitioning toAuto-off (a period fromthe time when 15
minutes has elapsed
from the start of copying
test 4 till the unit enters
Auto-off (or Sleep in caseof multifunction devices
without print-capability
but with facsimilefunction)) (T), andenergy consumption intransitioning to Auto-off(WT)
Energy consumption in
Auto-off (WAO)

Ready

Ready

Zero the meter and wait until test
time ends (5 minutes of more).
* Energy consumption in (3)The same asabove.
The same asabove.
Ready,
Sleep

Auto-off (orAuto-off (orSleep in caseSleep inofcase ofmultifunction
multifunctio
devicesn devices
without
without
print-capabili
print-capabi
ty but withlity but with
facsimile
facsimilefunction)function)
In step <2>, if the unit is not equipped with a Ready indicator, wait until the power stabilizes at
Rready level.
In step <3>, after recording the time until the first sheet is exiting from the unit, the remainder of
copying can be cancelled.
In step <4>, if the unit is switched off during this time, record energy consumption and time ofSleep mode at that time. Before starting step <5>, wait until one hour has elapsed after the unit
enters Sleep mode.
In step <5>, the 15 minutes is from the start of copying. In order to be evaluated by this test
procedure, products must be able to complete copying jobs prescribed in paragraph 14) of Section
3. Measurement Conditions within the 15-minute copying test interval.

30

Note 10. If the unit enters low power modes from Ready before 15 minutes elapses from the start ofcopying jobs, it is acceptable to start Setp <6>, <7> and <8> from Sleep or Auto-off.
Note 11. If the unit has already entered Auto-off (or Sleep in case of multifunction devices without
print-capability but with facsimile function) prior to the start of step <9>, the values of energy
consumption and time when transitioning to Auto-off are zero.
Note 12. Regarding images for measurement, originals may be placed in the document feeder prior to thetest. If the unit is not equipped with a document feeder, images are copied from one originalplaced on the platen.

II. Printers and multifunciont devices with print-capability(1) WTEC: Energy consumption per week (Wh/week)
Presuming 5 working days a week, energy consumption of working days (5 days) andenergy consumption in Sleep mode on nonworking days (2 days).
WTEC = (WD * 5) + (WS * 48)
WD: Energy consumption per day (Wh/day)
WS: Energy consumption per hour in Sleep mode (Wh/h)(2) WD: Energy consumption per day (Wh/day)
Energy consumption calculated based on daily hours of use, usage pattern and Sleep mode.
It is the total of energy consumption in printing and Ready, transitioning to Sleep mode andin Sleep mode. The transition to Sleep mode is executed twice a day, simulating a lunch
break between the morning and afternoon hours.
WD = WJ + (WT * 2) + WDS
WJ: Energy consumption needed for printing per day (Wh/day)
WT: Energy consumption in transitioning to Sleep mode (Wh)
WDS: Energy consumption in Sleep mode per day (Wh/day)(3) WS: Energy consumption per hour in Sleep mode (Wh/h)
Energy consumption per hour after entering Sleep mode from Ready.
(4) WJ: Energy consumption needed for printing per day (Wh/day)
Energy consumption needed to execute prescribed number of printing according to printing
speed given in paragraph 14) of Section 3. Measurement conditions. Presuming lunch break,printing immediately after returning from Sleep mode is executed twice, i.e. in the morningand the afternoon, and other printing are executed from Ready mode.
WJ = (WJ1 * 2) + {WAJ * (J - 2)}
WJ1: Energy consumption needed for Printing Test 1 (Wh)
WAJ: Average energy consumption of Printing Test 2, Printing Test 3 and Printing Test 4(Wh)
J: The number of printing times per day (the number of times)(5) WT: Energy consumption in transitioning to Sleep mode (Wh)Energy consumption during the period from the time when measurement of Printing Test 4
31

ends till the unit enters Sleep mode.
(6) WDS: Energy consumption in Sleep mode per day (Wh/day)
Energy consumption in Sleep mode per day.
The value comprised of time needed for printing plus two sets of time for transitioning toSleep mode because of product’s entering Sleep mode in the morning and in the afternoon issubtracted from 24 hours, then the calculated value is multipled by energy consumption in
Sleep mode to obtain WDS.
WDS = [24 - {(J/4) + (T * 2)}]* WS
J: The number of printing times per day (the number of times)
T: Time for transitioning to Sleep mode (h)WS: Energy consumption in Sleep mode per hour (Wh/h)(7) WJ1: Energy consumption needed for Printing Test 1 (Wh)After one hour Sleep mode, energy consumption during the period from the time when theunit starts one printing, which consists of printing a set of images per printing test
prescribed according to printing speed in paragraph 14) of Section 3. Measurement
Conditions, until 15 minutes has elapsed.
(8) WAJ: Average energy consumption of Printing Test 2, Printing Test 3 and Printing Test 4 (Wh)Energy consumption needed for printing from Ready mode (Wh).
From Ready mode, energy consumption during the period from the time when the unit
starts one printing, which consists of printing a set of images per pirinting test prescribedaccording to printing speed in paragraph 14) of Section 3. Measurement Conditions, until 15
minutes has elapsed. It is measured for three times, and WAJ is obtained by averaging thesethree measurements.
WAJ = (WJ2 + WJ3 + WJ4)/3(9) J: The number of printing times per day (times)
The number of printing times per day prescribed according to printing speed prescribed inparagraph 14) of Section 3. Measurement conditions.
(10) T: Time for transitioning to Sleep mode (h)Time from the end of measurement of Priting Test 4 until the unit enters Sleep mode.
(11) WJ2: Energy consumption needed for Printing Test 2 (Wh)After measuring WJ1, from Ready mode, energy consumption during the period from thetime when the unit starts one printing, which consists of printing a set of images per printing
test prescribed according to printing speed in paragraph 14) of Section 3. Measurement
conditions, until 15 minutes has elapsed. If a product enters Sleep mode from Ready before
15 minutes elapse from the start of printing, it can be started from Sleep mode.
(12) WJ3: Energy consumption needed for Printing Test 3 (Wh)After measuring WJ2, from Ready mode, energy consumption during the period from thetime when the unit starts one printing, which consists of printing a set of images per printing
32

test prescribed according to printing speed in paragraph 14) of Section 3. Measurement
conditions, until 15 minutes has elapsed. If a product enters Sleep mode from Ready before
15 minutes elapses from the start of printing, it can be started from Sleep mode.
(13) WJ4: Energy consumption needed for Printing Test 4 (Wh)After measuring WJ3, from Ready mode, energy consumption during the period from thetime when the unit starts one printing, which consists of printing a set of images per printing
test prescribed according to printing speed in paragraph 14) of Section 3. Measurement
conditions, until 15 minutes has elapsed. If a product enters Sleep mode from Ready before
15 minutes elapses from the start of printing, it can be started from Sleep mode.
(14) Measurement of energy consumption and time described in (3), (5), (7) and (10) to (13) shall be
conducted according to the following procedures.
Procedure

<1>

<2>
<3>

<4>
<5>

<6>

<7>

<8>

<9>

Connect the unit under the test to ameter. Zero the meter. Wait for thestart of Step <2> (5 minutes or more).
Switch on the unit. Wait until theunit indicates that it is in Ready mode.
Execute one printing job which
consists of printing the number ofimages prescribed in paragraph 14) of
Section 3. Measurement Conditions.
Wait until the meter indicates that theunit has entered Sleep mode.
Zero the meter. Wait for one hour.
* Energy consumption in (3)Zero the meter and timer. Execute
one printing job which consists ofprinting the number of imagesprescribed in paragraph 14) of Section
3. Measurement Conditions. Wait
until the timer indicates that 15
minutes have elapsed.
* Energy consumption in (7)Repeat Step <5>.
* Energy consumption in (11)Repeat Step <5> (no measurement of
Active time).
* Energy consumption in (12)Repeat Step <5> (no measurement of
Active time).
* Energy consumption in (13)Zero the meter and timer. Wait until

InitialState of
Each
Step
Off

Record (at the end ofeach step)State to be
Measured

Energy consumption in
Off, and time until theunit is switched on

Off

Off

-

-

Ready

Time until the first sheet
is exiting the unit

-

Sleep

Energy consumption in
Sleep mode
Energy consumption
needed for printing test 1(WJ1), and the time until
the first sheet is exiting
the unit

Sleep

Energy consumption
needed for printing test 2(WJ2), and the time until
the first sheet is exiting
the unit
Energy consumption
needed for printing test 3(WJ3)
Energy consumption
needed for printing test 4(WJ4)
Time for transitioning to

The same asabove.

Sleep

Ready

Ready

Ready

Ready

33

Recovery,
Active,Ready,
Sleep,The same asabove.
The same asabove.

-

the meter or the unit indicates that it
has entered Sleep mode.
* Energy consumption in (5) and timein (10).

Sleep (a period from thetime when 15 minutes
has elapsed from thestart of printing test 4
till the unit enters Sleepmode) (T), and energy
consumption intransitioning to Sleep(WT)

Note 13. In step <2>, if the unit is not equipped with a Ready indicator, wait until the power stabilizes at
Rready level.
Note 14. In step <3>, after recording the time until the first sheet is exiting from the unit, the remainder
of printing can be cancelled.
Note 15. In step <5>, the 15 minutes is from the start of printing. The unit must indicate increased
power consumption within 5 seconds of zeroing the meter and timer. To ensure this, it may
start printing before zeroing.
Note 16. If the unit enters Sleep mode from Ready before 15 minutes elapses from the start of printing
jobs, it is acceptable to start Step <6>, <7> and <8> from Sleep mode.
Note 17. If the unit has multiple sleep modes, all of the sleep modes except for the last one are taken into
account in the time for transitioning to Sleep mode; whereas, if it has only one Sleep mode, theSleep mode is not included in the time for transitioning to Sleep mode.
Note 18. When executing printing, each image shall be sent separately. They may be part of the same
document, but multiple copying of a single image is not allowed.

3. Measurement conditions
Measurement of energy consumption and time described in 2. I (1) to (8) and (10) to (13), and 2.
II (1) to (8) and (10) to (13) shall be conducted under the following conditions.
1) Power supply voltage shall be AC power supply of 100 +/- 1 V, and power supply frequency
shall be 50 Hz (+/- 1%) or 60 Hz (+/- 1%). In case of units whose maximum power
consumption exceeds 1.5 kW, it shall be AC power supply of 100 +/- 4 V.
2) Total harmonic distortion shall be less than 2%. In case of units whose maximum power
consumption exceeds 1.5 kW, it shall be less than 5%.
3) Ambient temperature shall be 23 +/- 2°C and relative humidity shall be 65 +/-10%.
* Although the typical electricity consumptionm testing procedure for ENERGY STAR
qualifying image equipment specifies the ambient temperature as 23 +/- 5°C and the relative
humidity as 10 to 80%, the tolerance of current measuring method is adopted here because
the ones in ENERGY STAR procedure are likely to cause variability.
4) Paper for testing shall be A4 and 64 g/m2 +/- 5%.
5) As for power measurement instrument, meters satisfying the following conditions shall be
used.
a) Frequency response is 3 kHz or more.
b) Resolution is set as follows according to wattage of power measurements.
i) 0.01 W or better for power measurements of 10 W or less.
ii) 0.1 W or better for power measurements of greater than 10 W up to 100 W.
iii) 1 W or better for power measurements of greater than 100 W up to 1.5 kW.
iv) 10 W or better for power measurements of greater than 1.5 kW.

c) Accuracy of measurements shall be 5% or better. For measurements of 0.5 W or less, it
34shall be 0.02 W.
d) Meters must have been calibrated within the last 12 months from the day ofmeasurement.
6) Timer shall be the one able to measure in units of seconds.
7) Originals with an image on one side shall be printed or copied in a monochrome simplexmode.
8) Test images shall be Test Pattern A of ISO/IEC standard 10561:1999 and use 10 point size ina fixed-width Courier font or nearest equivalent. The test image shall be rendered on A4
sheet of paper and sent in a page description language (PDL) for printers or multifunction
devices which are supporting PDL.
9) Delay time of power management and resolution shall be the same as shipped andconfigured as the manufacturers’ recommendations in its operation manual or website. Incase that printers and multifunction devices with print-capability have Auto-off enabled as
shipped, measurement shall be conducted after disabling that feature. In case that printersand multifunction devices with print-capability have network connection enabled as shipped,
measurement shall be conducted while maintaining a connection allowing them tocommunicate with one or more externally-powered device(s) on the network. Print jobs fortesting may be sent over non-network connections (e.g., USB), even on those units that are
network-connected.
10) Paper feeders and finishing devices shall be the same as shipped and configured as the
manufacturers’ recommendations. All of the hardware included as standard as shipped
shall be attached to the unit for testing.
11) All of power consumption shall be recorded in watt-hour (Wh); and time shall be measured bya timer with resolution of units of seconds and recorded by seconds or minutes.
12) Service/maintenance modes and color calibration shall not be included in measurements. Ifthey occure during a copying or printing test other than the first one, which is conducted 4times, that copying or printing test shall be considered as invalid, and an substitute test shallbe conducted immediately after Copying or Printing Test 4. The 15-minute test interval
shall be maintained including the test deemed invalid.
13) Anti-humidity feature shall be configured as shipped for testing.
14) The number of copying or printing times per day and the number of images per copying or
printing test described in 2. I (4), (7) to (9), (11) to (13) and 2. II (4), (7) to (9), (11) to (13) shallbe as per the numbers listed in the table below.
Copying or
Printing
Speed(images/minute)Number of
Copying or
Printing
Times perDay (times)

Number of
Images per
Copying or
Printing Test
(images)

Copying or
Printing
Speed(images/minute)Number of
Copying or
Printing
Times perDay (times)

Number of
Images per
Copying or
Printing Test
(images)

13

13

6

50

32

39

14

14

7

51

32

40

15

15

7

52

32

42

16

16

8

53

32

43

17

17

8

54

32

45

18

18

9

55

32

47

19

19

9

56

32

49

20

20

10

57

32

50

35

21

21

10

58

32

52

22

22

11

59

32

54

23

23

11

60

32

56

24

24

12

61

32

58

25

25

12

62

32

60

26

26

13

63

32

62

27

27

13

64

32

64

28

28

14

65

32

66

29

29

14

66

32

68

30

30

15

67

32

70

31

31

15

68

32

72

32

32

16

69

32

74

33

32

17

70

32

76

34

32

18

71

32

78

35

32

19

72

32

81

36

32

20

73

32

83

37

32

21

74

32

85

38

32

22

75

32

87

39

32

23

76

32

90

40

32

25

77

32

92

41

32

26

78

32

95

42

32

27

79

32

97

43

32

28

80

32

100

44

32

30

81

32

102

45

32

31

82

32

105

46

32

33

83

32

107

47

32

34

84

32

110

48

32

36

85

32

112

49
32
37
Note 19. For the number of copying or printing times per day and the number of images per copying or
printing test, use the numbers listed in the table above according to the copying or printing
speed. Note that the number of copying or printing times per day and the number of images
per copying or printing test are obtained from using maximum claimed simplex printing or
copying speed for making monochrome images on A4 paper, rounded to the nearest integer,rather than using output speed configured as default for the unit.
Note 20. As for testing images for multifunction devices without print-capability, an original shall be
used for each of the number of images per copying test above. In case of multifunction devices
without print-capability whose copying speed is 20 images per minute or above, it is acceptableto make multiple copies of each original as long as the number of originals is at least ten,instead of using the number of images per copying test shown above.

36

(Reference) Energy consumption measurement procedures
Figure 1

TEC Measurement Procedures
Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

Test 4

Transitioning
to Auto-off or
Sleep

Power

Off

Active/
Ready

Sleep

Active/Ready

Active/Ready

Active/Ready

Active/Ready

Ready/
Sleep

Time
5+
(Minutes)

Variable

60

15

15

15

15

Variable<2>, <3>

<4>

<5>

<6>

<7>

<8>

<9>

Mode

Step

<1>

Autooff
5+(Only multifunction
devices without
print-capability)<10>

Figure 1 shows a graph of the measurement procedure. Note that in case of products whose delay
time is short, Sleep time may be included in the measurement of 4 copying or printing tests, andAuto-off may be included in the measurement of Sleep in Step <4>.

Meanwhile, in case of productswith print-capability having only one Sleep mode, Sleep mode is not included in the time fortransitioning to Sleep mode.

Step <10> only applies to multifunction devices without print-capability(in case of multifunction devices without print-capability but with fax-capability, it shall be Sleepmode).

Figure 2

Typical Day

Power

Transitioning
to Auto-off

Auto-off

Transitioning
to Auto-off

Copying

Copying

Afternoon
Morning
Figure 2 illustrates an example of a multifunction device without print-capability whose copying speed
is 8 images/minute which performs copying 4 times each in the morning and in the afternoon andtransitions to Auto-off mode twice in a working day, but stays in Auto-off for the remainder of theworkday and all the weekend. Lunch time is assumed but not indicated explicitly. This figure is notmade for the purpose of measurement. As Figure 1 shows, copying is always performed at 15 minuteinterval and making two big clusters. Meanwhile, regardless of the length of time, there are always
two sets of full "time for transitionig to Auto-off".
Printers, multifunction devices withprint-capability and multifunction devices without print-capability but with fax-capability may use
Sleep rather than Auto-off as the base mode.

37

Attachment 6

Copying Machine, etc. Evaluation Standards Subcommittee
Energy Efficiency Standards Subcommitteeof the Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy
Meeting History

1st Subcommittee (May 8, 2008)- Regarding disclosure of the Copying Machine, etc. Evaluation Standards Subcommittee- Regarding current status of copying machines, etc.
- Regarding target scope of copying machines, etc.
- Regarding energy consumption efficiency of copying machines, etc. and its measurement
method

2nd Subcommittee (April 26, 2011)- Regarding proposal for revising the target scope and measurement method of/for copying
machines, etc.
- Regarding classification of copying machines, etc. for setting target- Regarding target fiscal year and target standard values for copying machines, etc.
- Regarding interim report38

Attachment 7

Copying Machine, etc. Evaluation Standards Subcommittee
Energy Efficiency Standards Subcommitteeof the Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy
List of Members
Chairman

Kenichi AIKA

Director of Setagaya Study Center, the Open University ofJapan

Members

Hitoshi AIDA

Professor, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo

Atsushi AKISAWA

Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo Universityof Agriculture and Technology

Shoji IZAWA

Chairman of Image Data Communications & Facsimile
Committee, Communications and Information Network
Association of Japan (replaced by Kawamura subcommittee
member from 2nd meeting)Kiyoshi KAWAMURA Vice Chairman of Image Data Communications & Facsimile
Committee, Communications and Information Network
Association of Japan (joined from 2nd meeting)Minako OHISHI

Vice Chairperson of Environment Committee, Nippon
Association of Consumer Specialists

Minoru SAITO

Chairman of Copying Machine & Complex Machine
Committee, Japan Business Machine and Information
System Industries Association

Koichi TANIGAWA

Vice Chairman of Technical Subcommittee of Printer SpecificCommittee, Japan Electronics and Information Technology
Industries Association

Keidai TSURUSAKIManager of Research Department, Environmental Planning
Laboratory Inc.

Yasuo HASAGAWAManager of Energy Technology Research Institute, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

Yoichi HANJI

General Manager of Energy Conservation Technology
Division, the Energy Conservation Center, Japan(In Japanese alphabetical order)

39