Nationalist attitudes by mass publicsin Asia
• The problem• Who cares?
• What is the solution?
• Tonight’s Presentation• Views of Nationalism• Theory of National Socialization• Evidence of national attitudes in Asia

1. Views of Nationalism• A. Modernism• B. Primordialism• C. Ethno-symbolism

A. Modernism• Mass literacy• Mass education

B. Primordialism• Sociobiological• Cultural• Kinship• Territoriality

C. Ethnosymbolism• Subjective resources• Traditions• Memories• Values• Myths• Symbols• Symbolic resources• La longue duree• Ethnicity• Elitism• Conflict and reinterpretation

2. National Socialization
A. How do people in society develop nationalist attitudes?
B. How do individuals develop nationalist attitudes?

A. How do people in a society develop
national attitudes?
• Political Socialization• Family and social networks• Political elites

B. How do individuals develop nationalattitudes?
• Political Socialization mixed with Personal Experience• National emotions• National values• National beliefs• National behaviors• Outgroup attitudes• Concern about future• Self-identity

3. Evidence of nationalist publicopinion in Asia
• A. To what extent are Asian publics patriotic?
• B. To what extent are Asian publics nationalistic?
• Data• Asian Barometer• AsiaBarometer• World Values Survey• East Asia Social Survey

A. To what extent are Asian publics patriotic?
• Symbolic patriotism• National pride• Sacrificial patriotism• Willingness to fight for nation• Blind patriotism

Figure 1: Willingness to Move to Foreign Country-by-Country, 2005-2010

N=13
Note: 19, 433 total respondents
Question: “Given the chance, how willing would you be to go and live in another country?”
Source: Asian Barometer, Waves 2 and 3

Figure 2: Pride in Nation by Country, 2005-2014

N=11
Note: 17363 total respondents
Question: “Are you proud of your nation?”
Source: World Values Survey, Waves 5 and 6

Figure 3: Willingness to Sacrifice Individual Interests for Nation by Country, 2005-2010

N=13
Note: 19, 796 total respondents
Question: “Do you agree or disagree? For the sake of national interest, individual interest
could be sacrificed.”
Source: Asian Barometer, Waves 2 and 3

Figure 4: Willingness to Fight for Nation by Country, 2005-2014

N=11
Note: 17, 363 total respondents
Question: “Would you be willing to fight for your country?”
Source: World Values Survey, Waves 5 and 6

Figure 5: Belief in Unconditional Loyalty to Nation to Country-by-Country, 2005-2010

N=13
Note: 19, 430 total respondents
Question: “A citizen should always remain loyal only to his country, no matter how
imperfect it is or what wrong it has done”
Source: Asian Barometer, Waves 2 and 3

B. To what extent are Asian publics
nationalistic?
• Cultural nationalism• Economic nationalism• National parochialism• Xenophobic nationalism

Figure 8: Belief in Superiority of Traditional Culture by Country, 2006-2008

N=13
Note: 12,767 total respondents
Question: “Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Your country’s
traditional culture is superior to that of other countries”.
Source: AsianBarometer 2006, 2007, and 2008

Figure 7: Support for Limiting Imports to Protect Domestic Workers and Farmers byCountry, 2005-2010

N=13
Note: 19, 403 total respondents
Question: “Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: We should protect ourfarmers and workers by limiting the import of foreign goods”.
Source: Asian Barometer, Waves 2 and 3

8Figure 9: Opposition to Foreign/Immigrant Neighbors by Country, 2005-2014

N=11
Note: 17, 363 total respondents
Question: “Which of the following would you not like to have as neighbors:
Foreigners/Immigrants”
Source: World Values Survey, Waves 5 and 6

Conclusion• Summary• What should you take home from my talk?
• Symbolic ethnonationalism accepts mass public important• People develop nationalist attitudes through political socialization• Political socialization in Asia has made many societies patriotic andnationalistic but it varies within region• Southeast Asian publics seem more patriotic and nationalistic than Northeast Asia

• Not easy to characterize how nationalist publics are in region as
diverse as Asia

Thank You• Kingston, J. (2016), ed. Asian nationalisms reconsidered. New York :Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
• Nagoya University Library
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