THE PATENTS ACT, 1970

Notes and Disclaimers:

1. The e-Version incorporates all the amendments in the Patents Act, 1970 and the Patent Rules, 2003
and is updated till 23-06-2017.
2. For details of every amendment, please refer to the relevant Gazette available on website(http://www.ipindia.gov.in)
3. While every efforts has been made to ensure the correctness of the contents of e-version, any
deviation(s) noted may be brought to the notice of Sh B P Singh, Deputy Controller of Patents andDesigns, at "birendrap.singh@nic.in" for corrective measures. The contents of the Gazette(s) shallprevail on e-Version in case of any deviations.

T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

CONTENTSSl No.

Chapters

Description

1.

Chapter I

Preliminary2.

Chapter II

Inventions Not Patentable

3.

Chapter III

Applications for Patents

4.

Chapter IV

Publication and Examination of Applications

5

Chapter IVA

Exclus ive Marketing Rights (Omitted)

6.

Chapter V

Opposition Proceedings to Grant of Patents

7.

Chapter VI

Anticipation

8.

Chapter VII

Provisions for Secrecy of Certain Inventions

9.

Chapter VIII

Grant of Patents and Rights conferred thereby

10.

Chapter IX

Patents of Addition

11.

Chapter X

Amendment of Applications and Specification

12.

Chapter XI

Restoration of Lapsed Patents

13.

Chapter XII

Surrender and Revocation of Patents

14.

Chapter XIII

Register of Patents

15.

Chapter XIV

Patent Office and Its Establishment

16.

Chapter XVPowers of Controller Generally

17.

Chapter XVIWorking of Patents, Compulsory Licences and Revocation

18.

Chapter XVIIUse of Inventions For Purposes of Government and Acquisition of
Inventions by Central Government

19.

Chapter XVIII

Suits Concerning Infringement of Patents

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

20.

Chapter XIX

Appeals to the Appellate Board

21.

Chapter XX

Penalties

22.

Chapter XXI

Patent Agents

23.

Chapter XXIIInternational Arrangements

24.

Chapter XXIII

MiscellaneousPage 3

T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

THE PATENTS ACT, 1970
(39 of 1970)[19th September, 1970]
An Act to amend and consolidate the law relating to patents.
BE it enacted by Parliament in the Twenty-first Year of the Republic of India as follows:—

CHAPTER IPRELIMINARY

1. Short title, extent and commencement.—(1) This Act may be called the Patents Act, 1970.
(2)
It extends to the whole of India.
(3)
It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification in
the Official Gazette, appoint:
Provided that different dates may be appointed for different provisions of thisAct, and any reference in any such provision to the commencement of this Act shall be
construed as a reference to the coming into force of that provision.
2. Definitions and interpretation.—(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—(a) "Appellate Board" means the Appellate Board referred to in section 116;(ab) "assignee" includes an assignee of the assignee and the legal representative of a
deceased assignee and references to the assignee of any person include references
to the assignee of the legal representative or assignee of that person;(aba) "Budapest Treaty" means the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of
the Deposit of Micro-organisms for the purposes of Patent Procedure done at
Budapest on 28th day of April, 1977, as amended and modified from time to

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

time;(ac) "capable of industrial application", in relation to an invention, means tha t theinvention is capable of being made or used in an industry;(b) "Controller" means the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks
referred to in section 73;(c) "convention application" means an application for a patent made by virtue ofsection 135;(d) "convention country" means a country or a country which is member of a group ofcountries or a union of countries or an Intergovernmental organization referred to asa convention country in section 133;(e)"district court" has the meaning assigned to that expression by
Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908);

the Code of Civil(f) “exclusive licence” means a licence from a patentee which confers on the licensee,
on the licensee and persons authorised by him, to the exclusion of all other persons(including the patentee), any right in respect of the patented invention, andexclusive licensee shall be construed accordingly.
(g) Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005(h) "Government undertaking" means any industrial undertaking carried on—(i) by a department of the Government, or(ii) by a corporation established by a Central, Provincial or State Act, which isowned or controlled by the Government, or(iii) by a Government company as defined in section 617 of the Companies
Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), or(iv) by an institution wholly or substantially financed by the Government;(i) "High Court", in relation to a State or Union territory, means the High Court having
territorial jurisdiction in that State or Union territory, as the case may be;(ia) "international application" means an application for patent made in accordance with
the Patent Cooperation Treaty;(j)"invention" means a new product or process involving an inventive step and capableof industrial application;(ja) "inventive step" means a feature of an invention that involves technical advance ascompared to the existing knowledge or having economic significance or both and thatmakes the invention not obvious to a person skilled in the art;

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970(k) "legal representative" means a person who in law
person;represents the estate of a deceased(l) "new invention" means any invention or technology which has not been anticipated bypublication in any document or used in the country or elsewhere in the world before thedate of filing of patent application with complete specification, i.e., the subject matter has
not fallen in public domain or that it does not form part of the state of the art;(la) "Opposition Board" means an Opposition Board constituted under sub-section (3) ofsection 25;(m) "patent" means a patent for any invention granted under this Act;(n) "patent agent" means a person for the time being registered under this Act as a patent
agent;(o) "patented article" and "patented process" means respectively an article or process inrespect of which a patent is in force;(oa) "Patent Cooperation Treaty" means the Patent Cooperation Treaty done at Washington on
the 19th day of June, 1970 as amended and modified from time to time;(p) "patentee" means the person for the time being entered on the register as the grantee orproprietor of the patent;(q) "patent of addition" means a patent granted in accordance with section 54;(r) "patent office" means the patent office referred to in section 74;(s) "person" includes the Government;(t) "person interested" includes a person engaged in, or in promoting, research in the same
field as that to which the invention relates;(ta) "pharmaceutical substance" means any new entity involving one or more inventive steps;(u) "prescribed" means,—(A) in relation to proceedings before a High Court, prescribed by rules made by theHigh Court;(B) in relation to proceedings before the Appellate Board, prescribed by rules madeby the Appellate Board; and(C) in other cases, prescribed by rules made under this Act;(v) "prescribed manner" includes the payment of the prescribed fee;(w) "priority date" has the meaning assigned to it by section 11;(x) "register" means the register of patents referred to in section 67;(y) "true and first inventor" does not include either the first importer of an invention into India,

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

or a person to whom an invention is first communicated from outside India.
(2) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, any reference—(a) to the Controller shall be construed as including a reference to any officer
discharging the functions of the Controller in pursuance of section 73;(b) to the patent office shall be construed as including a reference to any branch officeof the patent office.

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

CHAPTER IIINVENTIONS NOT PATENTABLE
3. What are not inventions.—The following are not inventions within the meaning of thisAct,—(a) an invention which is frivolous or which claims anything obviously
contrary to wellestablished natural laws;(b) an invention the primary or intended use or commercial exploitation of which could becontrary public order or morality or which causes serious prejudice to human, animal orplant life or health or to the environment;(c) the mere discovery of a scientific principle or the formulation of an abstract theory or
discovery of any living thing or non-living substance occurring in nature;(d) the mere discovery of a new form of a known substance which does not result in theenhancement of the known efficacy of that substance or the mere discovery of any newproperty or new use for a known substance or of the mere use of a known process,machine or apparatus unless such known process results in a new product or employs atleast one new reactant.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, salts, esters, ethers, polymorphs,
metabolites, pure form, particle size, isomers, mixtures of isomers,
complexes, combinations and other derivatives of known substanceshall be considered to be the same substance, unless they differ
significantly in properties with regard to efficacy;(e) a substance obtained by a mere admixture resulting only in the aggregation of theproperties of the components thereof or a process for producing such substance;(f) the mere arrangement or re-arrangement or duplication of known devices eachfunctioning independently of one another in a known way;(g) Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002(h) a method of agriculture or horticulture;(i) any process for the medicinal, surgical, curative, prophylactic diagnostic,

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

or other treatment of human beings or any process for a similar treatment of animals torender them free of disease or to increase their economic value or that of their products.
(j) plants and animals in whole or any part thereof other than micro organisms but including
seeds, varieties and species and essentially biological processes for production or
propagation of plants and animals;(k) a mathematical or business method or a computer programme per se or algorithms;(l) a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or any other aesthetic creation whatsoever
including cinematographic works and television productions;(m) a mere scheme or rule or method of performing mental act or method of playing game;(n) a presentation of information;(o) topography of integrated circuits;(p) an invention which in effect, is traditional knowledge or which is an aggregation or
duplication of known properties of traditionally known component or components.
4. Inventions relating to atomic energy not patentable.—No patent shall be granted in respectof an invention relating to atomic energy falling within sub section (1) of section 20 of theAtomic Energy Act, 1962 (33 of 1962).
5. Inventions where only methods or processes of manufacture patentable: [Omitted by the
Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005]

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

CHAPTER III
APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS
6. Persons entitled to apply for patents—(1) Subject to the provisions contained in section
134, an application for a patent for an invention may be made by any of the following
persons, that is to say,—(a) by any person claiming to be the true and first inventor of the invention;(b) by any person being the assignee of the person claiming to be the true and firstinventor in respect of the right to make such an application;(c) by the legal representative of any deceased person who immediately before his
death was entitled to make such an application.
(2) An application under sub-section (1) may be made by any of the persons referred to therein
either alone or jointly with any other person.
7. Form of application.—(1) Every application for a patent shall be for one invention only andshall be made in the prescribed form and filed in the patent office.
(1A) Every international application under the Patent Cooperation Treaty for a patent, as may
be filed designating India shall be deemed to be an application under this Act, if acorresponding application has also been filed before the Controller in India.
(1B) The filing date of an application referred to in sub-section (1A) and its complete
specification processed by the patent office as designated office or elected office shall be
the international filing date accorded under the Patent Cooperation Treaty.
(2) Where the application is made by virtue of an assignment of the right to apply for a patent
for the invention, there shall be furnished with the application, or within such period as
may be prescribed after the filing of the application, proof of the right to make theapplication.
(3) Every application under this section shall state that the applicant is in possession of theinvention and shall name the person claiming to be the true and first inventor; and where
the person so claiming is not the applicant or one of the applicants, the application shallcontain a declaration that the applicant believes the person so named to be the true andPage 10

T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

first inventor.
(4) Every such application (not being a convention application or an application filed under the
Patent Cooperation Treaty designating India) shall be accompanied by a provisional or acomplete specification.

8. Information and undertaking regarding foreign applications.—(1) Where an applicant for apatent under this Act is prosecuting either alone or jointly with any other person an
application for a patent in any country outside India in respect of the same or substantiallythe same invention, or where to his knowledge such an application is being prosecuted bysome person through whom he claims or by some person deriving title from him, he shallfile along with his application or subsequently within the prescribed period as theController may allow—(a) a statement setting out detailed particulars of such application; and(b) an undertaking that, up to the date of grant of patent in India, he would
keep the Controller informed in writing, from time to time, of detailed
particulars as required under clause (a) in respect of every other application
relating to the same or substantially the same invention, if any, filed in any
country outside India subsequently to the filing of the statement referred
to in the aforesaid clause, within the prescribed time.
(2) At any time after an application for patent is filed in India and till the grant of a patent orrefusal to grant of a patent made thereon, the Controller may also require the applicant
to furnish details, as may be prescribed, relating to the processing of the application in acountry outside India, and in that event the applicant shall furnish to the Controller
information available to him within such period as may be prescribed.
9. Provisional and complete specifications.—(1) Where an application for a patent (not being a
convention application or an application filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty
designating India) is accompanied by a provisional specification, a complete specification
shall be filed within twelve months from the date of filing of the application, and if thecomplete specification is not so filed, the application s hall be deemed to be abandoned.
(2) Where two or more applications in the name of the same applicant are accompanied byprovisional specifications in respect of inventions which are cognate or of which one is a
modification of another and the Controller is of opinion that the whole of such inventions

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

are such as to constitute a single invention and may properly be included in one patent, he
may allow one complete specification to be filed in respect of all such provisional
specifications.
Provided that the period of time specified under sub-section (1) shall be reckoned
from the date of filing of the earliest provisional specification.
(3)

Where an application for a patent (not being a convention application or an application
filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty designating India) in. accompanied by aspecification purporting to be a complete specification, the Controller may, if theapplicant be requests at any time within twelve months from the date of filing of theapplication, direct that such specification shall be treated, for the purposes of this Act, asa provisional specification and proceed with the application accordingly.

(4)

Where a complete specification has been filed in pursuance of an application for a patentaccompanied by a provisional specification or by a specification treated by virtue of adirection under sub-section (3) as a provisional specification, the Controller may, if theapplicant so requests at any time before grant of patent, cancel the provisional
specification and post-date the application to the date of filing of the complete
specification.

10. Contents of specifications.—(1) Every specification, whether provisional of complete, shalldescribe the invention and shall begin with a title sufficiently indicating the subject-matter
to which the invention relates.
(2) Subject to any rules that may be made in this behalf under this Act, drawings may, andshall, if the Controller so requires, be supplied for the purposes of any specification,
whether complete or provisional; and any drawings so supplied shall, unless the Controller
otherwise directs be deemed to form part of the specification, and references in this Act
to a specification shall be construed accordingly.
(3) If, in any particular case, the Controller considers that an application should be further
supplemented by a model or sample of anything illustrating the invention or alleged toconstitute an invention, such model or sample as he may require shall be furnished before
the application is found in order for grant of a patent, but such model or sample shall not
be deemed to form part of the specification.
(4) Every complete specification shall—(a) fully and particularly describe the invention and its operation or use and the method

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

by which it is to be performed;(b) disclose the best method of performing the invention which is known to theapplicant and for which he is entitled to claim protection; and(c) end with a claim or claims defining the scope of the invention for which protection isclaimed;(d) be accompanied by an abstract to provide technical information on the invention:
Provided that—(i) the Controller may amend
third parties; andtheabstract for providing better information to(ii) if the applicant mentions a biological material in the specification which may not be
described in such a way as to satisfy clauses (a) and (b), and if such material is notavailable to the public, the application shall be completed by depositing the material
to an international depository authority under the Budapest Treaty and by fulfillingthe following conditions, namely:—(A) the deposit of the material shall be made not later than the date offiling the patent application in India and a reference thereof shall bemade in the specification within the prescribed period;(B) all the available characteristics of the material required for it to becorrectly identified or indicated are included in the specification
including the name, address of the depository institution and thedate and number of the deposit of the material at the institution;(C) access to the material is available in the depository institution only
after the date of the application of patent in India or if a priority isclaimed after the date of the priority;(D) disclose the source and geographical origin of the biological material
in the specification, when used in an invention.
(4A) In case of an international application designating' India, the title, description, drawings,
abstract and claims filed with the application shall be taken as the complete specification
for the purposes of this Act.
(5) The claim or claims of a complete specification shall relate to a single invention, or to agroup of inventions linked so as to form a single inventive concept, shall be clear andsuccinct and shall be fairly based on the matter disclosed in the specification.
(6) A declaration as to the inventor ship of the invention shall, in such cases as may be

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

prescribed, be furnished in the prescribed form with the complete specification or withinsuch period as may be prescribed after the filing of that specification.
(7) Subject to the foregoing provisions of this section, a complete specification filed after aprovisional specification may include claims in respect of developments of, or additions to,the invention which was described in the provisional specification, being developments oradditions in respect of which the applicant would be entitled under the provisions ofsection 6 to make a separate application for a patent.
11. Priority dates of claims of a complete specification.—(1) There shall be a priority date foreach claim of a complete specification.
(2) Where a complete specification is filed in pursuance of a single application accompaniedby—(a) a provisional specification; or(b) a specification which is treated by virtue of a direction under subsection (3) ofsection 9 as a provisional specification,and the claim is fairly based on the matter disclosed in the specification referred to inclause (a) or clause (b), the priority date of that claim shall be the date of the filing of therelevant specification.
(3) Where the complete specification is filed or proceeded with in pursuance of two or more
applications accompanied by such specifications as are mentioned in sub-section (2) andthe claim is fairly based on the matter disclosed—(a) in one of those specifications, the priority date of that claim shall be the date of thefiling of the application accompanied by that specification;(b) partly in one and partly in another, the priority date of that claim shall be the dateof the filing of the application accompanied by the specification of the later date.
(3A) Where a complete specification based on a previously filed application in India has been
filed within twelve months from the date of that application and the claim is fairly basedon the matter disclosed in the previously filed application, the priority date of that claim
shall be the date of the previously filed application in which the matter was first disclosed.
(4) Where the complete specification has been filed in pursuance of a further application madeby virtue of sub-section (1) of section 16 and the claim is fairly based on the matter
disclosed in any of the earlier specifications, provisional or complete, as the case may be,
the priority date of that claim shall be the date of the filing of that specification in which thePage 14

T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

matter was first disclosed.
(5) Where, under the foregoing provisions of this section, any claim of a complete specification
would, but for the provisions of this sub-section, have two or more priority dates, thepriority date of that claim shall be the earlier or earliest of those dates.
(6) In any case to which sub-sections (2), (3), (3A), (4) and (5) do not apply, the priority date of aclaim shall, subject to the provisions of section 137, be the date of filing of the complete
specification.
(7)The reference to the date of the filing of the application or of the complete s pecification inthis section shall, in cases where there has been a post-dating under section 9 or section 17
or, as the case may be, an ante-dating under section 16, be a reference to the date as so
post-dated or ante-dated.
(8)A claim in a complete specification of a patent shall not be invalid by reason only of—(a) the publication or use of the invention so far as claimed in that claim on or after thepriority date of such claim; or(b) the grant of another patent which claims the invention, so far as
claimed in the first mentioned claim, in a claim of the same or a later priority date.

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

CHAPTER IV
PUBLICATION AND EXAMINATION OF APPLICATIONS
11A. Publication of applications.—(1) Save as otherwise provided, no application for patentshall ordinarily be open to the public for such period as may be prescribed.
(2) The applicant may, in the prescribed manner, request the Controller topublish his application at any time before the expiry of the period prescribed under sub­section (1) and subject to the provisions of sub-section (3), the Controller shall publish
such application as soon as possible.
(3) Every application for a patent shall, on the expiry of the period specified
under sub-section (1), be published, except in cases where the application—(a) in which secrecy direction is - imposed under section 35; or(b) has been abandoned under sub-section (1) of section 9; or(c) has been withdrawn three months prior to the period s pecified under sub-section(1).
(4) In case a secrecy direction has been given in respect of an application under section 35,
then it shall be published after the expiry of the period prescribed under sub-section (1) or
when the secrecy direction has ceased to operate, whichever is later.
(5) The publication, of every application under this section shall include the particulars of thedate of application, number of application, name and address of the applicant identifying
the application and an abstract.
(6) Upon publication of an application for a patent under this section—(a) thedepository
institution
shall
make
the
mentioned in the specification available to the public;

biologicalmaterial(b) the patent office may, on payment of such fee as may be prescribed,
make the specification and drawings, if any, of such application
available to the public.
(7) On and from the date of publication of the application for patent and until the date of grantof a patent in respect of such application, the applicant shall have the like privileges andrights as if a patent for the invention had been granted on the date of publication of the

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application:
Provided that the applicant shall not be entitled to institute any proceedings forinfringement until the patent has been granted:
Provided further that the rights of a patentee in respect of applications madeunder sub-section (2) of section 5 before the 1st day of January, 2005 shall accrue fromthe date of grant of the patent:
Provided also that after a patent is granted in respect of applications made undersub-section (2) of section 5, the patent-holder shall only be entitled to receive reasonableroyalty from such enterprises which have made significant investment and were
producing and marketing the concerned product prior to the 1st day of January, 2005 andwhich continue to manufacture the product covered by the patent on the date of grant of
the patent and no infringement proceedings shall be instituted against such enterprises.
11B. Request for examination.—(1) No application for a patent shall be examined unless theapplicant or any other interested person makes a request in the prescribed manner forsuch examination within the prescribed period.
(2) Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005
(3) In case of an application in respect of a claim for a patent filed under sub-section (2) ofsection 5 before the 1st day of January, 2005 a request for its examination shall be madein the prescribed manner and within the prescribed period by the applicant or any otherinterested person.
(4) In case the applicant or any other interested person does not make a request for
examination of the application for a patent within the period as specified under sub­section (1) or sub-section (3), the application shall be treated as withdrawn by theapplicant:Provided that—(i) the applicant may, at any time after filing the application but before the grant of apatent, withdraw the application by making a request in the prescribed manner; and(ii) in a case where secrecy direction has been issued under section 35, the request for
examination may be made within the prescribed period from the date of revocation of
the secrecy direction.
12. Examination of application.—(1) When a request for examination has been made in respectof an application for a patent in the prescribed manner under sub-section (1) or sub­Page 17

T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

section (3) of section 11B, the application and specification and other documents related
thereto shall be referred at the earliest by the Controller to an examiner for making areport to him in respect of the following matters, namely:—(a) whether the application and the specification and other documents relating thereto
are in accordance with the requirements of this Act and of any rules made thereunder;(b) whether there is any lawful ground of objection to the grant of the patent under thisAct in pursuance of the application;(c) the result of investigations made under section 13; and(d) any other matter which may be prescribed.
(2) The examiner to whom the application and the specification and other documents relating
thereto are referred under sub-section (1) shall ordinarily make the report to theController within such period as may be prescribed.
13. Search for anticipation by previous publication and by prior claim.— (1) The examiner towhom an application for a patent is referred under section 12 shall make investigation forthe purpose of ascertaining whether the invention so far as claimed in any claim of thecomplete specification—(a) has been anticipated by publication before the date of filing of the applicant's
complete specification in any specification filed in pursuance of an application for apatent made in India and dated on or after the 1st day of January, 1912;(b) is claimed in any claim of any other complete specification published on or after thedate of filing of the applicant's complete specification, being a specification filed inpursuance of an application for a patent made in India and dated before or claiming
the priority date earlier than that date.
(2) The examiner shall, in addition, make such investigation for the purpose of ascertaining
whether the invention, so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification, hasbeen anticipated by publication in India or elsewhere in any document other than thosementioned in sub-section (1) before the date of filing of the applicant's complete
specification.
(3) Where a complete specification is amended under the provisions of this Act before thegrant of patent, the amended specification shall be examined and investigated in likemanner as the original specification.
(4) The examination and investigations required under section 12 and this section shall not be
deemed in any way to warrant the validity of any patent, and no liability shall be incurredby the Central Government or any officer thereof by reason of, or in connection with, any

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such examination or investigation or any report or other proceedings consequent thereon.
14. Consideration of the report of examiner by Controller.—Where, in respect of an application
for a patent, the report of the examiner received by the Controller is adverse to theapplicant or requires any amendment of the application, the specification or otherdocuments to ensure compliance with the provisions of this Act or of the rules madethereunder, the Controller, before proceeding to dispose of the application in accordancewith the provisions hereinafter appearing, shall communicate as expeditiously as possible
the gist of the objections to the applicant and shall, if so required by the applicant wi thin
the prescribed period, give him an opportunity of being heard.
15. Power of Controller to refuse or require amended applications, etc., in certain case. —Where the Controller is satisfied that the application or any specification or any otherdocument filed in pursuance thereof does not comply with the requirements of this Act orof any rules made thereunder, the Controller may refuse the application or may require
the application, specification or the other documents, as the case may be, to be amended
to his satisfaction before he proceeds with the application and refuse the appl ication on
failure to do so.
16. Power of Controller to make orders respecting division of application.—(1) A person who
has made an application for a patent under this Act may, at any time before the grant of
the patent, if he so desires, or with a view to remedy the objection raised by the Controller
on the ground that the claims of the complete specification relate to more than one
invention, file a further application in respect of an invention disclosed in the provisional orcomplete specification already filed in respect of the first mentioned application.
(2) The further application under sub-section (1) shall be accompanied by a complete
specification, but such complete specification shall not include any matter not in substancedisclosed in the complete specification filed in pursuance of the first mentioned
application.
(3) The Controller may require such amendment of the complete specification filed inpursuance of either the original or the further application as may be necessary to ensurethat neither of the said complete specifications includes a claim for any matter claimed in
the other.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this Act, the further application and the complete
specification accompanying it shall be deemed to have been filed on the date on which
the first mentioned application had been filed, and the further application shall be

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proceeded with as a substantive application and be examined when the request for
examination is filed within the prescribed period.
17. Power of Controller to make orders respecting dating of application.— (1) Subject to theprovisions of section 9, at any time after the filing of an application and before the grant of
the patent under this Act, the Controller may, at the request of the -applicant made in theprescribed manner, direct that the application shall be post-dated to such date as may be
specified in the request, and proceed with the application accordingly:
Provided that no application shall be post-dated under this sub-section to a date later
than six months from the date on which it was actually made or would, but for theprovisions of this sub-section, be deemed to have been made.
(2) Where an application or specification (including drawings) or am other document isrequired to be amended under section 15, the application or specification or otherdocument shall, if the Controller so directs, be deemed to have been made on the date on
which the requirement is complied with or where the application or specification or otherdocument is returned to the applicant on the date on which it is re-filed after complying
with the requirement.
18. Powers of Controller in cases of anticipation.—(1) Where it appears to the Controller thatthe invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification has been
anticipated in the manner referred to in clause (a) of sub section (1) or sub-section (2) ofsection 13, he may refuse the application unless the applicant—(a) shows to the satisfaction of the Controller that the priority date of the claim of hiscomplete specification is not later than the date on which the relevant document
was published; or(b) amends his complete specification to the satisfaction of the Controller.
(2) If it appears to the Controller that the invention is claimed in a claim of
any other complete specification referred to in clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 13,
he may, subject to the provisions hereinafter contained, direct that a reference to that
other specification shall be inserted by way of notice to the public in the applicant's
complete specification unless within such time as may be prescribed,—(a) the applicant shows to the satisfaction of the Controller that the priority date of his
claim is not later than the priority date of the claim of the said other specification;or(b) the complete specification is amended to the satisfaction of the Controller.

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(3) If it appears to the Controller, as a result of an investigation under section 13 orotherwise,—(a) that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the applicant's complete
specification has been claimed in any other complete specification referred to inclause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 13; and(b) that such other complete specification was published on or after the priority date of
the applicant's claim,
then, unless it is shown to the satisfaction of the Controller that the priority date of theapplicant's claim is not later than the priority date of the claim of that specification, theprovisions of sub-section (2) shall apply thereto in the same manner as they apply to a
specification published on or after the date of filing of the applicant's complete
specification.
(4)Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005
19. Powers of Controller in case of potential infringement.—(1) If, in consequence of theinvestigations required under this Act, it appears to the Controller that an invention in
respect of which an application for a patent has been made cannot be performed without
substantial risk of infringement of a claim of any other patent, he may direct that areference to that other patent shall be inserted in the applicant's complete specification by
way of notice to the public, unless within such time as may be prescribed—(a) the applicant shows to the satisfaction of the Controller that there are reasonable grounds
for contesting the validity of the said claim of the other patent; or(b) the complete specification is amended to the satisfaction of the Controller.
(2) Where, after a reference to another patent has been inserted in a complete specificationin pursuance of a direction under sub-section (1)—(a) that other patent is revoked or otherwise ceases to be in force; or(b) the specification of that other patent is amended by the deletion of the relevantclaim; or(c) it is found, in proceedings before the court or the Controller, that the relevantclaim of that other patent is invalid or is not infringed by any working of theapplicant's invention,
the Controller may, on the application of the applicant, delete the reference to that otherpatent.
20. Powers of Controller to make orders regarding substitution of applicants, etc.—(1) If the

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Controller is satisfied, on a claim made in the prescribed manner at any time before apatent has been granted, that by virtue of any assignment or agreement in writing madeby the applicant or one of the applicants for the patent or by operation of law, theclaimant would, if the patent were then granted, be entitled thereto or to the interest of
the applicant therein, or to an undivided share of the patent or of that interest, theController may, subject to the provisions of this section, direct that the application shallproceed in the name of the claimant or in the names of the claimants and the applicant or
the other joint applicant or applicants, accordingly as the case may require.
(2) No such direction as aforesaid shall be given by virtue of any assignment or agreement
made by one of two or more joint applicants for a patent except with the cons ent of theother joint applicant or applicants.
(3) No such direction as aforesaid shall be given by virtue of any assignment or agreement for
the assignment of the benefit of an invention unless —(a) the invention is identified therein by reference to the number of the application forthe patent; or(b) there is produced to the Controller an acknowledgement by the person by whom
the assignment or agreement was made that the assignment or agreement relates
to the invention in respect of which that application is made; or(c) the rights of the claimant in respect of the invention have been finally establishedby the decision of a court; or(d) the Controller gives directions for enabling the application to proceed or for
regulating the manner in which it should be proceeded with under sub-section (5).
(4) Where one of two or more joint applicants for a patent dies at any time before the patenthas been granted, the Controller may, upon a request in that behalf made by the survivor
or survivors, and with the consent of the legal representative of the deceased, direct thatthe application shall proceed in the name of the survivor or survivors alone.
(5) If any dispute arises between joint applicants for a patent whether or in what manner theapplication should be proceeded with, the Controller may, upon application made to him in
the prescribed manner by any of the parties, and after giving to all parties concerned an
opportunity to be heard, give such directions as he thinks fit for enabling the application toproceed in the name of one or more of the parties alone or for regulating the manner inwhich it should be proceeded with, or for both those purposes, as the case may require.
21. Time for putting application in order for grant .—(1) An application for a patent shall bedeemed to have been abandoned unless, Within such period as may be prescribed, thePage 22

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applicant has complied with all the requirements imposed on him by or under this Act,
whether in connection with the complete specification or otherwise in relation to theapplication from the date on which the first statement of objections to the application orcomplete specification or other documents related thereto is forwarded to the applicant by
the Controller.
Explanation.—Where the application for a patent or any specification or, in the case of aconvention application or an application filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty
designating India any document filed as part of the application has been returned to theapplicant by the Controller in the course of the proceedings, the applicant shall not be
deemed to have complied with such requirements unless and until he has re-filed it or theapplicant proves to the satisfaction of the Controller that for the reasons beyond his
control such document could not be re-filed.
(2) If at the expiration of the period as prescribed under sub section (1),—(a) an appeal to the High Court is pending in respect of the application for the patent
for the main invention; or(b) in the case of an application for a patent of addition, an appeal to the High Court ispending in respect of either that application or the application for the main
invention, the time within which the requirements of the Controller shall becomplied with shall, on an application made by the applicant before the expirationof the period as prescribed under sub-section (1), be extended until such date as theHigh Court may determine.
(3) If the time within which the appeal mentioned in sub-section (2) may beinstituted has not expired, the Controller may extend the period as prescribed under sub­section (1), to such further period as he may determine:
Provided that if an appeal has been filed during the said further period, and the High
Court has granted any extension of time for complying with the requirements of theController, then the requirements may be complied with within the time granted by the
Court.
22. Acceptance of complete specification.- [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005]
23. Advertisement of acceptance of complete specification.- [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment)
Act, 2005]
24. Effect of acceptance of complete specification.- [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005]

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CHAPTER IV A (Omitted)
EXCLUSIVE MARKETING RIGHTS
24A. Application for grant of exclusive rights.- [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act,2005]
24B. Grant of exclusive rights.- [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005]
24C. Compulsory licences.- [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005]
24D. Special provision for selling or distribution.- [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act,2005]
24E. Suits relating to infringements.- [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005]
24F. Central Government and its officers not to be liable.­ [Omitted by the Patents(Amendment) Act, 2005]

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CHAPTER VOPPOSITION PROCEEDINGS TO GRANT OF PATENTS
25. Opposition to the patent.—(1) Where an application for a patent has been published but apatent has not been granted, any person may, in writing, represent by way of opposition to
the Controller against the grant of patent on the ground—(a) that the applicant for the patent or the person under or through whom he claims,
wrongfully obtained the invention or any part thereof from him or from a person under or
through whom he claims;(b) that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification has been
published before the priority date of the claim—(i) in any specification filed in pursuance of an application for a patent made in India
on or after the 1st day of January, 1912; or(ii) in India or elsewhere, in any other document:
Provided that the ground specified in sub-clause (ii) shall not be available
where such publication does not constitute an anticipation of the invention by
virtue of sub-section (2) or subsection (3) of section 29;(c) that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification is claimed ina claim of a complete specification published on or after priority date of the applicant's
claim and filed in pursuance of an application for a patent in India, being a claim of which
the priority date is earlier than that of the applicant's claim;(d) that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification was publicly
known or publicly used in India before the priority date of that claim.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, an invention relating to a process forwhich a patent is claimed shall be deemed to have been publicly known or publicly used inIndia before the priority date of the claim if a product made by that process had alreadybeen imported into India before that date except where such importation has been for the
purpose of reasonable trial or experiment only;(e) that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification is obvious andclearly does not involve any inventive step, having regard to the matter published asPage 25

T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970

mentioned in clause (b) or having regard to what was used in India before the priority
date of the applicant's claim;(f) that the subject of any claim of the complete specification is not an invention within themeaning of this Act, or is not patentable under this Act;(g) that the complete specification does not sufficiently and clearly describe the invention or
the method by which it is to be performed;(h) that the applicant has failed to disclose to the Controller the information required by section
8 or has furnished the information which in any material particular was false to his
knowledge;(i) that in the case of a convention application, the application was not made within twelve
months from the date of the first application for protection for the invention made in aconvention country by the applicant or a person from whom he derives title;(j) that the complete specification does not disclose or wrongly mentions the source or
geographical origin of biological material used for the invention;(k) that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification is anticipatedhaving regard to the knowledge, oral or otherwise, available within any local or indigenous
community in India or elsewhere,
but on no other ground, and the Controller shall, if requested by such person for being heard,
hear him and dispose of such representation in such manner and within such period as may beprescribed.
(2) At any time after the grant of patent but before the expiry of a period of one year from thedate of publication of grant of a patent, any person interested may give notice of opposition
to the Controller in the prescribed manner on any of the following grounds, namely:—(a) that the patentee or the person under or through whom he claims, wrongfully
obtained the invention or any part thereof from him or from a person under or
through whom he claims;(b) that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification has
been published before the priority date of the claim—(i) in any specification filed in pursuance of an application for a patent made in India
on or after the 1st day of January, 1912; or(ii) in India or elsewhere, in any other document:
Provided that the ground specified in sub-clause (ii) shall not be available wheresuch publication does not constitute an anticipation of the invention by virtue of
sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) of section 29;

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970(c) that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification isclaimed in a claim of a complete specification published on or after the priority dateof the claim of the patentee and filed in pursuance of an application for a patent inIndia, being a claim of which the priority date is earlier than that of the claim of thepatentee;(d) that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification was
publicly known or publicly used in India before the priority date of that claim.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this clause, an invention relating to a process
for which a patent is granted shall be deemed to have been publicly known or
publicly used in India before the priority date of the claim if a product made by thatprocess had already been imported into India before that date except where suchimportation has been for the purpose of reasonable trial or experiment only;(e) that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification is
obvious and clearly does not involve any inventive step, having regard to the matter
published as mentioned in clause (b) or having regard to what was used in India
before the priority date of the claim;(f) that the subject of any claim of the complete specification is not an invention within
the meaning of this Act, or is not patentable under this Act;(g) that the complete specification does not sufficiently and clearly describe theinvention or the method by which it is to be performed;(h) that the patentee has failed to disclose to the Controller the information required bysection 8 or has furnished the information which in any material particular was false
to his knowledge;(i) that in the case of a patent granted on a convention application, the application forpatent was not made within twelve months from the date of the first application forprotection for the invention made in a convention country or in India by thepatentee or a person from whom he derives title;(j) that the complete specification does not disclose or wrongly mentions the source andgeographical origin of biological material used for the invention;(k) that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification was
anticipated having regard to the knowledge, oral or otherwise, available within any
local or indigenous community in India or elsewhere,
but on no other ground.
(3) (a) Where any such notice of opposition is duly given under sub- section (2), the Controller
shall notify the patentee.

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970(b) On receipt of such notice of opposition, the Controller shall, by order in writing,constitute a Board to be known as the Opposition Board consisting of such officers as
he may determine and refer such notice of opposition along with the documents tothat Board for examination and submission of its recommendations to the Controller.
(c) Every Opposition Board constituted under clause (b) shall conduct the examination inaccordance with such procedure as may be prescribed.
(4) On receipt of the recommendation of the Opposition Board and after giving the patentee
and the opponent an opportunity of being heard, the Controller shall order either tomaintain or to amend or to revoke the patent.
(5) While passing an order under sub-section (4) in respect of the ground mentioned in clause(d) or clause (e) of sub-section (2), the Controller shall not take into account any personal
document or secret trial or secret use.
(6) In case the Controller issues an order under sub-section (4) that the patent shall bemaintained subject to amendment of the specification or any other document, the patentshall stand amended accordingly.
26. In cases of "obtaining" Controller may treat the patent as the patent of opponent.—(1)Where in any opposition proceeding under this Act the Controller finds that—(a) the invention, so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification, wasobtained from the opponent in the manner set out in clause (a) of sub-section (2) ofsection 25 and revokes the patent on that ground, he may, on request by suchopponent made in the prescribed manner, direct that the patent shall standamended in the name of the opponent;(b) a part of an invention described in the complete specification was so obtained fromthe opponent, he may pass an order requiring that the specification be amended by
the exclusion of that part of the invention.
(2) Where an opponent has, before the date of the order of the Controller requiring theamendment of a complete specification referred to in clause (b) of sub-section (1), filed an
application for a patent for an invention which includes the whole or a part of theinvention held to have been obtained from him and such application is pending, theController may treat such application and specification in so far as they relate to theinvention held to have been obtained from him, as having been filed, for the purposes ofthis Act relating to the priority dates of claims of the complete specification, on the date on
which the corresponding document was or was deemed to have been filed by the patentee
in the earlier application but for all other purposes the application of the opponent shall be

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proceeded with as an application for a patent under this Act.
27. Refusal to patent without opposition.—[Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005,]
28. Mention of inventor as such in patent.—(1) If the Controller is satisfied, upon a request or
claim made in accordance with the provisions of this section,—(a) that the person in respect of or by whom the request or claim is made is theinventor of an invention in respect of which application for a patent has been made,or of a substantial part of that invention; and(b) that the application for the patent is a direct consequence of his being the inventor,
the Controller shall, subject to the provisions of this section, cause him to be mentioned as
inventor in any patent granted in pursuance of the application in the complete
specification and in the register of patents:
Provided that the mention of any person as inventor under this section shall not confer orderogate from any rights under the patent.
(2) A request that any person shall be mentioned as aforesaid may be made in theprescribed manner by the applicant for the patent or (where the person alleged to be
the inventor is not the applicant or one of the applicants) by the applicant and that
person.
(3) If any person other than a person in respect of whom a request in relation to theapplication in question has been made under sub-section (2) desires to be mentioned as
aforesaid, he may make a claim in the prescribed manner in that behalf.
(4) A request or claim under the foregoing provisions of this section shall be made before
the grant of patent.
(5) [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005](6) Where a claim is made under sub-section (3), the Controller shall give notice of theclaim to every applicant for the patent (not being the claimant) and to any other person
whom the Controller may consider to be interested; and before deciding upon any
request or claim made under sub-section (2), or subsection (3), the Controller shall, if
required, hear the person in respect of or by whom the request or claim is made, and, inthe case of a claim under sub-section (3), any person to whom notice of the claim has
been given as aforesaid.
(7) Where any person has been mentioned as inventor in pursuance of this section, anyother person who alleges that he ought not to have been so mentioned may at any time
apply to the Controller for a certificate to that effect, and the Controller may, after

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hearing, if required, any person whom he may consider to be interested, issue such acertificate, and if he does so, he shall rectify the specification and the register
accordingly.

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CHAPTER VI
ANTICIPATION

29. Anticipation by previous publication.—(1) An invention claimed in a complete
specification shall not be deemed to have been anticipated by reason only that theinvention was published in a specification filed in pursuance of an application for a patent
made in India and dated before the 1st day of January, 1912.
(2)
Subject as hereinafter provided, an invention claimed in a complete
specification shall not be deemed to have been anticipated by reason only that theinvention was published before the priority date of the relevant claim of the specification,
if the patentee or the applicant for the patent proves —(a) that the matter published was obtained from him, or (where he is not himself thetrue and first inventor) from any person from whom he derives title, and was
published without his consent or the consent of any such person; and(b) where the patentee or the applicant for the patent or any person from whom hederives title learned of the publication before the date of the application for thepatent, or, in the case of a convention application, before the date of theapplication for protection in a convention country, that the application or theapplication in the convention country, as the case may be, was made as soon asreasonably practicable thereafter:
Provided that this sub-section shall not apply if the invention was before the priority
date of the claim commercially worked in India, otherwise than for the purpose ofreasonable trial, either by the patentee or the applicant for the patent or any person fromwhom he derives title or by any other person with the consent of the patentee or theapplicant for the patent or any person from whom he derives title.
(3) Where a complete specification is filed in pursuance of an application for a patent made bya person being the true and first inventor or deriving title from him, an invention claimed
in that specification shall not be deemed to have been anticipated by reason only of any
other application for a patent in respect of the same invention made in contravention of
the rights of that person, or by reason only that after the date of filing of that other

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application the invention was used or published, without the consent of that person, by
the applicant in respect of that other application, or by any other person in consequence ofany disclosure of any invention by that applicant.
30. Anticipation by previous communication to Government.—An invention claimed in acomplete specification shall not be deemed to have been anticipated by reason only of thecommunication of the invention to the Government or to any person authorized by theGovernment to investigate the invention or its merits, or of anything done, in consequenceof such a communication, for the purpose of the investigation.
31. Anticipation by public display, etc.—An invention claimed in a complete specification
shall not be deemed to have been anticipated by reason only of—(a) the display of the invention with the consent of the true and first inventor or aperson deriving title from him at an industrial or other exhibition to which theprovisions of this section have been extended by the Central Government by
notification in the Official Gazette, or the use thereof with his consent for the
purpose of such an exhibition in the place where it is held; or(b) the publication of any description of the invention in consequence of the display or
use of the invention at any such exhibition as aforesaid; or(c) the use of the invention, after it has been displayed or used at any such exhibition
as aforesaid and during the period of the exhibition, by any person without theconsent of the true and first inventor or a person deriving title from him; or(d) the description of the invention in a paper read by the true and first inventor before
a learned society or published with his consent in the transactions of such a society,if the application for the patent is made by the true and first inventor or a person
deriving title from him not later than twelve months after the opening of the exhibitionor the reading or publication of the paper, as the case may be.
32.

Anticipation by public working.—An invention claimed in a complete
specification shall not be deemed to have been anticipated by reason only that at any timewithin one year before the priority date of the relevant claim of the specification, theinvention was publicly worked in India—(a) by the patentee or applicant for the patent or any person from whom hederives title; or(b) by any other person with the consent of the patentee or applicant for the

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patent or any person for whom he derives title,
if the working was effected for the purpose of reasonable trial only and if it was reasonably
necessary, having regard to the nature of the invention, that the working for that purpose
should be effected in public.
33. Anticipation by use and publication after provisional Specification.—(1) Where a complete specification is filed or proceeded with in pursuance of an application
which was accompanied by a provisional specification or where a complete specification
filed along with an application is treated by virtue of a direction under sub-section (3) ofsection 9 as a provisional specification, then, notwithstanding anything contained in thisAct, the Controller shall not refuse to grant the patent, and the patent shall not be revoked
or invalidated, by reason only that any matter described in the provisional specification orin the specification treated as aforesaid as a provisional specification was used in India or
published in India or elsewhere at any time after the date of the filing of that specification.
(2) Where a complete specification is filed in pursuance of a convention application, then,notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Controller shall not refuse to grant thepatent, and the patent shall not be revoked or invalidated, by reason only that any matter
disclosed in any application for protection in a convention country upon which theconvention application is rounded was used in India or published in India or elsewhere atany time after the date of that application for protection.
34. No anticipation if circumstances are only as described in sections 29, 30, 31 and 32.—
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Controller shall not refuse to grant apatent, and a patent shall not be revoked or invalidated by reason only of any
circumstances which, by virtue of section 29 or section 30 or section 31 or section 32, do
not constitute an anticipation of the invention claimed in the specification.

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CHAPTER VII
PROVISIONS FOR SECRECY OF CERTAIN INVENTIONS
35. Secrecy directions relating to inventions relevant for defence purposes.—(1) Where, inrespect of an application made before or after the commencement of this Act for a patent,
it appears to the Controller that the invention is one of a class notified to him by the Central
Government as relevant for defence purposes, or, where otherwise the invention appears
to him to be so relevant, he may give directions for prohibiting or restricting the publicationof information with respect to the invention or the communication of such information.
(2) Where the Controller gives any such directions as are referred to in subsection (1), he shallgive notice of the application and of the directions to the Central Government, and theCentral Government shall, upon receipt of such notice, consider whether the publication of
the invention would be prejudicial to the defence of India, and if upon such consideration, it
appears to it that the publication of the invention would not so prejudice, give notice to theController to that effect, who shall thereupon revoke the directions and notify the applicant
accordingly.
(3)

Without prejudice to the provisions contained in sub-section (1), where the Central
Government is of opinion that an invention in respect of which the Controller has not given
any directions under sub-section (1), is relevant for defence purposes, it may at any time
before grant of patent notify the Controller to that effect, and thereupon the provisions ofthat sub-section shall apply as if the invention where one of the class notified by theCentral Government, and accordingly the Controller shall give notice to the Central
Government of the directions issued by him.

36. Secrecy directions to be periodically reviewed.—(1) The question whether an invention in
respect of which directions have been given under section 35 continues to be relevant for
defence purposes shall be reconsidered by the Central Government at intervals of six
months or on a request made by the applicant which is found to be reasonable by theController and if, on such reconsideration it appears to the Central Government that the
publication of the invention would no longer be prejudicial to the defence of India or inPage 34

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case of an application filed by a foreign applicant it is found that the invention is publishedoutside India it shall forthwith give notice to the Controller to revoke the direction and theControllers shall thereupon revoke the directions previously given by him.
(2) The result of every re-consideration under sub-section (1), shall be communicated to theapplicant within such time and in such manner as may be prescribed.

37. Consequences of secrecy directions.—(1) So long as any directions under section 35 are inforce in respect of an application—(a) the Controller shall not pass an order refusing to grant the same; and(b) notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, no appeal shall lie from any order of
the Controller passed in respect thereof:
Provided that the application may, subject to the directions, proceed up to the stage ofgrant of the patent, but the application and the specification found to be in order for grantof the patent shall not be published, and no patent shall be granted in pursuance of thatapplication.
(2) Where a complete specification filed in pursuance of an application for a patent for an
invention in respect of which directions have been given under section 35 is found to be
in order for grant of the patent during the continuance in force of the directions, then—(a) if, during the continuance in force of the directions, any use of the invention is madeby or on behalf of, or to the order of the Government, the provisions of sections
100,101 and 103 shall apply in relation to that use as if the patent had been granted
for the invention; and(b)

if it appears to the Central Government that the applicant for the patent has
suffered hardship by reason of the continuance in force of the directions, theCentral Government may make to him such payment (if any) by way of solatium asappears to the Central Government to be reasonable having regard to the novelty
and utility of the invention and the purpose for which it is designed, and to any
other relevant circumstances.

(3) Where a patent is granted in pursuance of an application in respect of which directions
have been given under section 35, no renewal fee shall be payable in respect of any period
during which those directions were in force.
38. Revocation of secrecy directions and extension of time.—When any direction given under

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section 35 is revoked by the Controller, then, notwithstanding any provision of this Act
specifying the time within which any step should be taken or any act done in connection
with an application for the patent, the Controller may, subject to such conditions, if any, as
he thinks fit to impose, extend the time for doing anything required or authorised to bedone by or under this Act in connection with the application whether or not that time has
previously expired.
39. Residents not to apply for patents outside India without prior permission.—(1) No person
resident in India shall, except under the authority of a written permit sought in the mannerprescribed and granted by or on behalf of the Controller, make or cause to be made any
application outside India for the grant of a patent for an invention unless —(a) an application for a patent for the same invention has been made in India, not lessthan six weeks before the application outside India; and(b) either no direction has been given under sub-section (1) of section 35 in relation to
the application in India, or all such directions have been revoked.
(2) The Controller shall dispose of every such application within such period
as may be prescribed:
Provided that if the invention is relevant for defence purpose or atomic energy, theController shall not grant permit without the prior consent of the Central Government.
(3) This section shall not apply in relation to an invention for which an
application for protection has first been filed in a country outside India by a person
resident outside India.
40. Liability for contravention of section 35 or section 39.—Without prejudice to theprovisions contained in Chapter XX, if in respect of an application for a patent any person
contravenes any direction as to secrecy given by the Controller under section 35 or makes
or causes to be made an application for grant of a patent outside India in contravention ofsection 39 the application for patent under this Act shall be deemed to have beenabandoned and the patent granted, if any, shall be liable to be revoked under section 64.
41. Finality of orders of Controller and Central Government.—All orders of the Controller
giving directions as to secrecy as well as all orders of the Central Government under this
Chapter shall be final and shall not be called in question in any court on any groundwhatsoever.

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42. Savings respecting disclosure to Government.—Nothing in this Act shall be held to preventthe disclosure by the Controller of information concerning an application for a patent or a
specification filed in pursuance thereof to the Central Government for the purpose of theapplication or specification being examined for considering whether an order under this
Chapter should be made or whether an order so made should be revoked.

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CHAPTER VIIIGRANT OF PATENTS AND RIGHTS CONFERRED THEREBY
43. Grant of patents.—(1) Where an application for a patent has been found to be in order for
grant of the patent and either—(a) the application has not been refused by the Controller by virtue of any power
vested in him by this Act; or(b) the application has not been found to be in contravention of any of theprovisions of this Act,the patent shall be granted as expeditiously as possible to the applicant or, in the case of a
joint application, to the applicants jointly, with the seal of the patent office and the dateon which the patent is granted shall be entered in the register.
(2) On the grant of patent, the Controller shall publish the fact that the patent has been
granted and thereupon the application, specification and other documents related thereto
shall be open for public inspection.
44. Amendment of patent granted to deceased applicant.—Where, at any time after apatent has been granted in pursuance of an application under this Act, the Controller issatisfied that the person to whom the patent was granted had died, or, in the case of abody corporate, had ceased to exist, before the patent was granted, the Controller may
amend the patent by substituting for the name of that person the name of the person towhom the patent ought to have been granted, and the patent shall have effect, and sha ll
be deemed always to have had effect, accordingly.
45. Date of patent.—(1) Subject to the other provisions contained in this Act, every patentshall be dated as of the date on which the application for patent was filed.
(2) The date of every patent shall be entered in the register.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, no suit or other proceeding shall becommenced or prosecuted in respect of an infringement committed before the date of
publication of the application.

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46. Form, extent and effect of patent.—(1) Every patent shall be in the prescribed form andshall have effect throughout India.
(2) A patent shall be granted for one invention only:
Provided that it shall not be competent for any person in a suit or other proceeding totake any objection to a patent on the ground that it has been granted for more than one
invention.
47. Grant of patents to be subject to certain conditions.—The grant of a patent under this Act
shall be subject to the condition that—(1) any machine, apparatus or other article in respect of which the patent is granted or
any article made by using a process in respect of which the patent is granted, may
be imported or made by or on behalf of the Government for the purpose merely of
its own use;
(2) any process in respect of which the patent is granted may be used by or on behalf of
the Government for the purpose merely of its own use;
(3) any machine, apparatus or other article in respect of which the patent is granted or
any article made by the use of the process in respect of which the patent is granted,
may be made or used, and any process in respect of which the patent is granted
may be used, by any person, for the purpose merely of experiment or research
including the imparting of instructions to pupils; and(4) in the case of a patent in respect of any medicine or drug, the medicine or drug may
be imported by the Government for the purpose merely of its own use or for
distribution in any dispensary, hospital or other medical institution maintained by oron behalf of the Government or any other dispensary, hospital or other medical
institution which the Central Government may, having regard to the public service
that such dispensary, hospital or medical institution renders, specify in this behalf by
notification in the Official Gazette.
48. Rights of patentees.—Subject to the other provisions contained in this Act and theconditions specified in section 47, a patent granted under this Act shall confer upon thepatentee—(a) where the subject matter of the patent is a product, the exclusive right to prevent
third parties, who do not have his consent, from the act of making, using, offering
for sale, selling or importing for those purposes that product in India;(b) where the subject matter of the patent is a process, the exclusive right to prevent

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third parties, who do not have his consent, from the act of using that process, andfrom the act of using, offering for sale, selling or importing for those purposes the
product obtained directly by that process in India:
49. Patent rights not infringed when used on foreign vessels etc., temporarily or accidentallyin India.—(1) Where a vessel or aircraft registered in a foreign country or a land vehicle
owned by a person ordinarily resident in such country comes into India (including theterritorial waters thereof) temporarily or accidentally only, the rights conferred by a patent
for an invention shall not be deemed to be infringed by the use of the invention—(a) in the body of the vessel or in the machinery, tackle, apparatus or other accessories
thereof, so far as the invention is used on board the vessel and for its actual needs
only; or(b) in the construction or working of the aircraft or land vehicle or of the accessories
thereof,as the case may be.
(2) This section shall not extend to vessels, aircrafts or land vehicles owned by persons
ordinarily resident in a foreign country the laws of which do not confer corresponding
rights with respect to the use of inventions in vessels, aircraft or land vehicles owned bypersons ordinarily resident in India while in the ports or within the territorial waters of that
foreign country or otherwise within the jurisdiction of its courts.
50. Rights of co-owners of patents.—(1) Where a patent is granted to two or more persons,each of those persons shall, unless an agreement to the contrary is in force, be entitled toan equal undivided share in the patent.
(2) Subject to the provisions contained in this section and in section 51, where two or more
persons are registered as grantee or proprietor of a patent, then, unless an agreement tothe contrary is in force, each of those persons shall be entitled, by himself or his agents, torights conferred by section 48 for his own benefit without accounting to the other person or
persons.
(3) Subject to the provisions contained in this section and in section 51 and to any agreement
for the time being in force, where two or more persons are registered as grantee orproprietor of a patent, then, a licence under the patent shall not be granted and share in
the patent shall not be assigned by one of such persons except with the consent of theother person or persons.

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(4) Where a patented article is sold by one of two or more persons registered as grantee orproprietor of a patent, the purchaser and any person claiming through him shall be entitledto deal with the article in the same manner as if the article had been sold by a solepatentee.
(5) Subject to the provisions contained in this section, the rules of law applicable to theownership and devolution of movable property generally shall apply in relation to patents;
and nothing contained in sub-section (1) or subsection (2) shall affect the mutual rights or
obligations of trustees or of the legal representatives of a deceased person or their rights
or obligations as such.
(6) Nothing in this section shall affect the rights of the assignees of apatent created before the commencement of this Act.

partial interest in a

51. Power of Controller to give directions to co-owners.—(1) Where two or more persons areregistered as grantee or proprietor of a patent, the Controller may, upon application madeto him in the prescribed manner by any of those persons, give such directions in accordancewith the application as to the sale or lease of the patent or any interest therein, the grant oflicenses under the patent, or the exercise of any right under section 50 in relation thereto,as he thinks fit.
(2) If any person registered as grantee or proprietor of a patent fails to execute any
instrument or to do any other thing required for the carrying out of any direction given
under this section within fourteen days after being requested in writing so to do by any of
the other persons so registered, the Controller may, upon application made to him in theprescribed manner by any such other person, give directions empowering any person to
execute that instrument or to do that thing in the name and on behalf of the person in
default.
(3) Before giving any directions in pursuance of an application under this section, theController shall give an opportunity to be heard—(a) in the case of an application under sub-section (1) to the other person or persons
registered as grantee or proprietor of the patent;(b) in the case of an application under sub-section (2), to the person in default.
(4) No direction shall be given under this section so as to affect the mutual
rights or obligations of trustees or of the legal representatives of a deceased person or of
their rights or obligations as such, or which is inconsistent with the terms of any
agreement between persons registered as grantee or proprietor of the patent.

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52. Grant of patent to true and first inventor where it has been obtained by another in fraud ofhim.—(1) Where the patent has been revoked under section 64 on the ground that thepatent was obtained wrongfully and in contravention of the rights of the petitioner or any
person under or through whom he claims, or, where in a petition for revocation, theAppellate Board or court, instead of revoking the patent, directs the complete specification
to be amended by the exclusion of a claim or claims in consequence of a finding that theinvention covered by such claim or claims had been obtained from the petitioner, theAppellate Board or court may, by order passed in the same proceeding, permit the grant to
the petitioner of the whole or such part of the invention which the Appellate Board or
court finds has been wrongfully obtained by the patentee, in lieu of the patent so revoked
or is excluded by amendment.
(2) Where any such order is passed, the Controller shall, on request by thepetitioner made in the prescribed manner grant to him—(i) in cases where the Appellate Board or court permits the whole of the patent tobe granted, a new patent bearing the same date and number as the patent
revoked;(ii) in cases where the Appellate Board or court permits a part only of the patent tobe granted, a new patent for such part bearing the same date as the patent
revoked and numbered in such manner as may be prescribed:
Provided that the Controller may, as a condition of such grant, require the petitioner tofile a new and complete specification to the satisfaction of the Controller describing andclaiming that part of the invention for which the patent is to be granted.
(4) No suit shall be brought for any infringement of a patent granted under
this section committed before the actual date on which such patent was granted.

53. Term of patent.—(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the term of every patent granted,
after the commencement of the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002, and the term of every
patent which has not expired and has not ceased to have effect, on the date of suchcommencement, under this Act, shall be twenty years from the date of filing of theapplication for the patent.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, the term of patent in case ofInternational applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty designating India, shallbe twenty years from the international filing date accorded under the Patent Cooperation
Treaty.

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(2) A patent shall cease to have effect notwithstanding anything therein or in this Act on the
expiration of the period prescribed for the payment of any renewal fee, if that fee is not
paid within the prescribed period or within such extended period as may be prescribed.
(3) [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005](4) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, on
cessation of the patent right due to non-payment of renewal fee or on expiry of the termof patent, the subject matter covered by the said patent shall not be entitled to any
protection.

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CHAPTER IXPATENTS OF ADDITION
54.

Patents of addition.—(1)Subject to the provisions contained in thissection, where an application is made for a patent in respect of any improvement in or
modification of an invention described or disclosed in the complete specification filed
therefor (in this Act referred to as the "main invention") and the applicant also applies or
has applied for a patent for that invention or is the patentee in respect thereof, theController may, if the applicant so requests, grant the patent for the improvement or
modification as a patent of addition.
(2) Subject to the provisions contained in this section, where an invention, being an
improvement in or modification of another invention, is the subject of an independent
patent and the patentee in respect of that patent is also the patentee in respect of thepatent for the main invention, the Controller may, if the patentee so requests, by order,
revoke the patent for the improvement or modification and grant to the patentee a patentof addition in respect thereof, bearing the same date as the date of the patent so revoked.
(3) A patent shall not be granted as a patent of addition unless the date of filing of theapplication was the same as or later than the date of filing of the application in respect ofthe main invention.
(4) A patent of addition shall not be granted before grant of the patent for the main invention.
55. Term of patents of addition.—(1) A patent of addition shall be granted for a term equal tothat of the patent for the main invention, or so much thereof as has not expired, and shallremain in force during that term or until the previous cesser of the patent for the main
invention and no longer:
Provided that if the patent for the main invention is revoked under this Act, the court,
or, as the case may be, the Controller, on request made to him by the patentee in theprescribed manner, may order that the patent of addition shall become an independent
patent for the remainder of the term for the patent for the main invention and thereupon
the patent shall continue in force as an independent patent accordingly.
(2) No renewal fees shall be payable in respect of a patent of addition, but, if any such patentbecomes an independent patent under sub-section (1) the same fees shall thereafter be

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payable, upon the same dates, as if the patent had been originally granted as anindependent patent.
56. Validity of patents of addition.—(1) The grant of a patent of addition shall not be refused,
and a patent granted as a patent of addition shall not be revoked or invalidated, on the
ground only that the invention claimed in the complete specification does not involve any
inventive step having regard to any publication or use of—(a) the main invention described in the complete specification relating thereto; or(b) any improvement in or modification of the main invention describedin the complete specification of a patent of addition to the patent for the main
invention or of an application for such a patent of addition,and the validity of a patent of addition shall not be questioned on the ground that theinvention ought to have been the subject of an independent patent.
(2) For the removal of doubts it is hereby declared that in determining the novelty of theinvention claimed in the complete specification filed in pursuance of an application for apatent of addition regard shall be had also to the complete specification in which the main
invention is described.

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CHAPTER X
AMENDMENT OF APPLICATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS
57. Amendment of application and specification or any document relating thereto before
Controller.—(1) Subject to the provisions of section 59, the Controller may, upon application
made under this section in the prescribed manner by an applicant for a patent or by apatentee, allow the application for the patent or the complete specification or any
document relating thereto to be amended subject to such conditions, if any, as theController thinks fit:
Provided that the Controller shall not pass any order allowing or refusing an application
to amend an application for a patent or a specification or any document relating thereto
under this section while any suit before a court for the infringement of the patent or any
proceeding before the High Court for the revocation of the patent is pending, whether thesuit or proceeding commenced before or after the filing of the application to a mend.
(2) Every application for leave to amend an application for a patent or a complete specificationor any document relating thereto under this section shall state the nature of the proposed
amendment, and shall give full particulars of the reasons for which the application is made.
(3) Any application for leave to amend an application for a patent or a complete specification ora document related thereto under this section made after the grant of patent and thenature of the proposed amendment may be published.
(4) Where an application is published under sub-section (3), any person interested may, within
the prescribed period after the publication thereof, give notice to the Controller ofopposition thereto; and where such a notice is given within the period aforesaid, theController shall notify the person by whom the application under this section is made andshall give to that person and to the opponent an opportunity to be heard before he decides
the case.
(5) An amendment under this section of a complete specification may be, or include, anamendment of the priority date of a claim.
(6) The provisions of this section shall be without prejudice to the right of an applicant for apatent to amend his specification or any other document related thereto to comply withthe directions of the Controller issued before the grant of a patent.

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58. Amendment of specification before Appellate Board or High Court.— (1) In any proceeding
before the Appellate Board or the High Court for the revocation of a patent, the Appell ate
Board or the High Court, as the case may be, may, subject to the provisions contained in
section 59, allow the patentee to amend his complete specification in such manner andsubject to such terms as to costs, advertisement or otherwise, as the Appella te Board or
the High Court may think fit, and if, in any proceedings for revocation the Appellate Boardor the High Court decides that the patent is invalid, it may allow the specification to beamended under this section instead of revoking the patent.
(2) Where an application for an order under this section is made to the Appellate Board or theHigh Court, the applicant shall give notice of the application to the Controller, and theController shall be entitled to appear and be heard, and shall appear if so directed by theAppellate Board or the High Court.
(3) Copies of all orders of the Appellate Board or the High Court allowing the patentee toamend the specification shall be transmitted by the Appellate Board or the High Court to
the Controller who shall, on receipt thereof, cause an entry thereof and reference thereto
to be made in the register.
59. Supplementary provisions as to amendment of application or specification.—( 1 ) No
amendment of an application for a patent or a complete specification or any document
relating thereto shall be made except by way of disclaimer, correction or explanation, andno amendment thereof shall be allowed, except for the purpose of incorporation of actual
fact, and no amendment of a complete specification shall be allowed, the effect of which
would be that the specification as amended would claim or describe matter not in
substance disclosed or shown in the specification before the amendment, or that any claimof the specification as amended would not fall wholly within the scope of a claim of thespecification before the amendment.
(2) Where after the date of grant of patent any amendment of the specification or any otherdocuments related thereto is allowed by the Controller or by the Appellate Board or theHigh Court, as the case may be,—(a) the amendment shall for all purposes be deemed to form part of the specification
along with other documents related thereto;(b) the fact that the specification or any other documents related thereto has been
amended shall be published as expeditiously as possible; and(c) the right of the applicant or patentee to make amendment shall not be called inquestion except on the ground of fraud.

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(3) In construing the specification as amended, reference may be made to the specification as
originally accepted.

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CHAPTER XIRESTORATION OF LAPSED PATENTS

60. Applications for restorations of lapsed patents.—(1) Where a patent has ceased to haveeffect by reason of failure to pay any renewal fee within the period prescribed under
section 53 or within such period as may be allowed under sub-section (4) of section 142, thepatentee or his legal representative, and the patent was held by two or more persons
jointly, then, with the leave of the Controller, one or more of them without joining theothers, may, within eighteen months from the date on which the patent ceased to haveeffect, make an application for the restoration of the patent.
(2) [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002](3) An application under this section shall contain a statement, verified in the prescribedmanner, fully setting out the circumstances which led to the failure to pay the prescribedfee, and the Controller may require from the applicant such further evidence as he may
think necessary.
61. Procedure for disposal of applications for restoration of lapsed patents.—(1) If, after
hearing the applicant in cases where the Applicant so desires or the Controller thinks fit,
the Controller is prima facie satisfied that the failure to pay the renewal fee wasunintentional and that there has been no undue delay in the making of the application, heshall publish the application in the prescribed manner; and within the prescribed period
any person interested may give notice to the Controller of opposition thereto on either orboth of the following grounds, that is to say,—(a) that the failure to pay the renewal fee was not unintentional; or(b) that there has been undue delay in the making of the application.
(2) If notice of opposition is given within the period aforesaid, the Controller
shall notify the applicant, and shall give to him and to the opponent an
opportunity to be heard before he decides the case.
(3) If no notice of opposition is given within the period aforesaid or if in thecase of opposition, the decision of the Controller is in favour of the applicant, the Controller
shall, upon payment of any unpaid renewal fee and such additional fee as may be

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prescribed, restore the patent and any patent of addition specified in the application which
has ceased to have effect on the cesser of that patent.
(4) The Controller may, if he thinks fit as a condition of restoring the patent,
require that an entry shall be made in the register of any document or matter which, under
the provisions of this Act, has to be entered in the register but which has not been so
entered.
62. Rights of patentees of lapsed patents which have been restored.—(1) Where a patent isrestored, the rights of the patentee shall be subject to such provisions as may beprescribed and to such other provisions as the Controller thinks fit to impose for theprotection or compensation of persons who may have begun to avail themselves of, or
have taken definite steps by contract or otherwise to avail themselves of, the patented
invention between the date when the patent ceased to have effect and the date of
publication of the application for restoration of the patent under this Chapter.
(2) No suit or other proceeding shall be commenced or prosecuted in respect of an
infringement of a patent committed between the date on which the patent ceased to haveeffect and the date of the publication of the application for restoration of the patent.

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CHAPTER XIISURRENDER AND REVOCATION OF PATENTS

63. Surrender of patents.—(1) A patentee may, at any time by giving notice in the prescribedmanner to the Controller, offer to surrender his patent.
(2) Where such an offer is made, the Controller shall publish the offer in the prescribedmanner, and also notify every person other than the patentee whose name appears in theregister as having an interest in the patent.
(3) Any person interested may, within the prescribed period after such publication, give noticeto the Controller of opposition to the surrender, and where any such notice is given theController shall notify the patentee.
(4) If the Controller is satisfied after hearing the patentee and any opponent, if desirous ofbeing heard, that the patent may properly be surrendered, he may accept the offer and, byorder, revoke the patent.
64.

Revocation of patents.—(1) Subject to the provisions contained in thisAct, a patent, whether granted before or after the commencement of this Act, may, be
revoked on a petition of any person interested or of the Central Government by theAppellate Board or on a counter-claim in a suit for infringement of the patent by the High
Court on any of the following grounds , that is to say—(a) that the invention, so far as claimed in any claim of the complete
specification, was claimed in a valid claim of earlier priority datecontained in the complete specification of another patent granted in India;(b) that the patent was granted on the application of a person notentitled under the provisions of this Act to apply therefor:(c) that the patent was obtained wrongfully in contravention of the rights of thepetitioner or any person under or through whom he claims;(d) that the subject of any claim of the complete specification is not an invention within
the meaning of this Act;(e) that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification is notnew, having regard to what was publicly known or publicly used in India before thePage 51

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priority date of the claim or to what was published in India or elsewhere in any ofthe, documents referred to in section 13:(f) that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification is
obvious or does not involve any inventive step, having regard to what was publicly
known or publicly used in India or what was published in India or elsewhere before
the priority date of the claim:(g) that the invention, so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification, is notuseful;(h) that the complete specification does not sufficiently and fairly describe the invention
and the method by which it is to be performed, that is to say, that the description of
the method or the instructions for the working of the invention as contained in thecomplete specification are not by themselves sufficient to enable a person in India
possessing average skill in, and average knowledge of, the art to which the invention
relates, to work the invention, or that it does not disclose the best method of
performing it which was known to the applicant for the patent and for which he wasentitled to claim protection;(i) that the scope of any claim of the complete specification is not sufficiently andclearly defined or that any claim of the complete specification is not fairly based on
the matter disclosed in the specification;(j) that the patent was obtained on a false suggestion or representation;(k) that the subject of any claim of the complete specification is not patentable under
this Act;(l) that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification was
secretly used in India, otherwise than as mentioned in sub-section (3), before thepriority date of the claim;(m) that the applicant for the patent has failed to disclose to the Controller the
information required by section 8 or has furnished information which in any
material particular was false to his knowledge;(n) that the applicant contravened any direction for secrecy passed under section 35 or
made or caused to be made an application for the grant of a patent outside India incontravention of section 39;(o) that leave to amend the complete specification under section 57 or section 58 was
obtained by fraud.
(p) that the complete specification does not disclose or wrongly mentions the source orPage 52

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geographical origin of biological material used for the invention;(q) that the invention so far as claimed in any claim of the complete specification was
anticipated having regard to the knowledge, oral or otherwise, available within any
local or indigenous community in India or elsewhere.
(2) For the purposes of clauses (e) and (f) of sub-section (1)—,(a) no account shall be taken of personal document or secret trial or secret use; and(b) where the patent is for a process or for a product as made by a process describedor claimed, the importation into India of the product made abroad by that process
shall constitute knowledge or use in India of the invention on the date of theimportation, except where such importation has been for the purpose ofreasonable trial or experiment only.
(3) For the purpose of clause (1) of sub-section (1), no account shall be taken of any use of theinvention—(a) for the purpose of reasonable trial or experiment only; or(b) by the Government or by any person authorised by the Government or by aGovernment undertaking, in consequence of the applicant for the patent or
any person from whom he derives title having communicated or disclosed
the invention directly or indirectly to the Government or person authorised
as aforesaid or to the Government undertaking; or(c) by any other person, in consequence of the applicant for the patent or any
person from whom he derives title having communicated or disclosed theinvention, and without the consent or acquiescence of the applicant or of any
person from whom he derives title.
(4) Without prejudice to the provisions contained in sub-section (1), a patent may be
revoked by the High Court on the petition of the Central Government, if the High Court issatisfied that the patentee has without reasonable cause failed to comply with therequest of the Central Government to make, use or exercise the patented invention forthe purposes of Government within the meaning of section 99 upon reasonable terms.
(5) A notice of any petition for revocation of a patent under this section shall be served on all
persons appearing from the register to be proprietors of that patent or to have shares orinterests therein and it shall not be necessary to serve a notice on any other person.
65. Revocation of patent or amendment of complete specification on directions from
Government in cases relating to atomic energy. — (1) Where at any time after grant of apatent, the Central Government is satisfied that a patent is for an invention relating toPage 53

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atomic energy for which no patent can be granted under sub-section (1) of section 20 of
the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 (33 of 1962), it may direct the Controller to revoke thepatent, and thereupon the Controller, after giving notice, to the patentee and every otherperson whose name has been entered in the register as having an interest in the patent,
and after giving them an opportunity of being heard, may revoke the patent.
(2) In any proceedings under sub-section (1), the Controller may allow the patentee to amend
the complete specification in such manner as he considers necessary instead of revoking
the patent.
66. Revocation of patent in public interest.—Where the Central Government is of opinion thata patent or the mode in which it is exercised is mischievous to the State or generally
prejudicial to the public, it may, after giving the patentee an opportunity to be heard,
make a declaration to that effect in the Official Gazette and thereupon the patent shall bedeemed to be revoked.

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CHAPTER XIIIREGISTER OF PATENTS
67. Register of patents and particulars to be entered therein.—(1) There shall be kept at thepatent office a register of patents, wherein shall be entered—(a) the names and addresses of grantees of patents;(b) notifications of assignments, extension, and revocations of patents; and(c) particulars of such other matters affecting the validity or proprietorship of patents
as may be prescribed.
(2)

No notice of any trust, whether express, implied or constructive, shall be entered in theregister, and the Controller shall not be affected by any such notice.

(3)

Subject to the superintendence and directions of the Central Government, the registershall be kept under the control and management of the Controller.

(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), it shall be lawful for the Controller
to keep the register of patents or any part thereof in computer floppies, diskettes or any
other electronic form subject to such safeguards as may be prescribed.
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), a copy of,or extracts from, the register of patents, certified to be a true copy under the hand of theController or any officer duly authorised by the Controller in this behalf shall, in all legal
proceedings, be admissible in evidence.
(6) In the event the register is kept wholly or partly in computer floppies, diskettes or any otherelectronic form,—(a) reference in this Act to an entry in the register shall be deemed to include reference
to a record of particulars kept in computer floppies, diskettes or any otherelectronic form and comprising the register or part of the register;(b) references in this Act to particulars being registered or entered in the register shallbe deemed to include references to the keeping of record of those particulars
comprising the register or part of the register in computer floppies, diskettes or any
other electronic form; and(c) references in this Act to the rectification of the register are to be read as includingreferences to the rectification of the record of particulars kept in computer floppies,

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970diskettes or any other electronic form and comprising the register or part of theregister.
68. Assignments, etc., not to be valid unless in writing and duly executed.—An assignmentof a patent or of a share in a patent, a mortgage, licence or the creation of any otherinterest in a patent shall not be valid unless the same were in writing and the agreement
between the parties concerned is reduced to the form of a document embodying all theterms and conditions governing their rights and obligations and duly executed.
69. Registration of assignments, transmissions, etc.—(1) Where any person becomes entitledby assignment, transmission or operation of law to a patent or to a share in a patent or
becomes entitled as a mortgagee, licensee or otherwise to any other interest in a patent,
he shall apply in writing in the prescribed manner to the Controller for the registration of
his title or, as the case may be, of notice of his interest in the register.
(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1), an application for the registrationof the title of any person becoming entitled by assignment to a patent or a share in apatent or becoming entitled by virtue of a mortgage, licence or other instrument to any
other interest in a patent may be made in the prescribed manner by the assignor,mortgagor, licensor or other party to that instrument, as the case may be.
(3) Where an application is made under this section for the registration of the title of any
person the Controller shall, upon proof to title of his satisfaction,—(a) where that person is entitled to a patent or a share in a patent, register him in theregister as proprietor or co-proprietor of the patent, and enter in the register
particulars of the instrument or even by which he derives title; or(b) where that person is entitled to any other interest in the patent, enter in theregister notice of his interest, with particulars of the instrument, if any, creating it:
Provided that if there is any dispute between the parties whether the assignment,
mortgage, licence, transmission, operation of law or any other such transaction has
validly vested in such person a title to the patent or any share or interest therein, theController may refuse to take any action under clause (a) or, as the case may be, underclause (b), until the rights of the parties have been determined by a competent court.
(4) There shall be supplied to the Controller in the prescribed manner forbeing filed in the patent office copies of all agreements, licences and other documents
affecting the title to any patent or any licence thereunder authenticated in the prescribed

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manner and also such other documents as may be prescribed relevant to the subject
matter:
Provided that in the case of a licence granted under a patent, the Controller shall, if sorequested by the patentee or licensee, take steps for securing that the terms of the licenceare not disclosed to any person except under the order of a court.
(5) Except for the purposes of an application under sub-section (1) or of an
application to rectify the register, a document in res pect of which no entry has been madein the register under sub-section (3) shall not be admitted by the Controller or by any court
as evidence of the title of any person to a patent or to a share or interest therein unlessthe Controller or the court, for reasons to be recorded in writing, otherwise directs.
70. Power of registered grantee or proprietor to deal with patent.—Subject to the provisions
contained in this Act relating to co-ownership of patents and subject also to any rights
vested in any other person of which notice is entered in the register, the person or persons
registered as grantee or proprietor of a patent shall have power to assign, grant licences
under, or otherwise deal with, the patent and to give effectual receipts for any
consideration for any such assignment, licence or dealing:
Provided that any equities in respect of the patent may be enforced in like manner as inrespect of any other movable property.
71. Rectification of register by Appellate Board.—(1) The Appellate Board may, on theapplication of any person aggrieved—(a) by the absence or omission from the register of any entry; or(b) by any entry made in the register without sufficient cause; or(c) by any entry wrongly remaining on the register; or(d) by any error or defect in any entry in the register,
make such order for the making, variation or deletion, of any entry therein as it may thinkfit.
(2) In any proceeding under this section the Appellate Board may decide any question that may
be necessary or expedient to decide in connection with the rectification of the register.
(3) Notice of any application to the Appellate Board under this section shall be given in theprescribed manner to the Controller who shall be entitled to appear and be heard on theapplication, and shall appear if so directed by the Board.
(4) Any order of the Appellate Board under this section rectifying the register shall direct that

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notice of the rectification shall be served upon the Controller in the prescribed manner who
shall upon receipt of such notice rectify the register accordingly.
72. Register to be open for inspection.—(1) Subject to the provisions contained in this Act andany rules made thereunder, the register shall at all convenient times be open to inspection
by the public; and certified copies, s ealed with the seal of the patent office, of any entry in
the register shall be given to any person requiring them on payment of the prescribed fee.
(2) The register shall be prima facie evidence of any matters required or authorised by or under
this Act to be entered therein.
(3) If the record of particulars is kept in computer floppies or diskettes or in any otherelectronic form, sub-sections (1) and (2) shall be deemed to have been complied with if the
public is given access to such computer floppies, diskettes or any other electronic form or
printouts of such record of particulars for inspection.

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CHAPTER XIV
PATENT OFFICE AND ITS ESTABLISHMENT
73. Controller and other officers.—(1) The Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade
Marks appointed under sub-section (1) of section 3 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 (47 of1999), shall be the Controller of Patents for the purposes of this Act.
(2) For the purposes of this Act, the Central Government may appoint as many examiners andother officers and with such designations as it thinks fit.
(3) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the officers appointed under subsection (2) shalldischarge under the superintendence and directions of the Controller such functions of theController under this Act as he may, from time to time by general or special order inwriting, authorise them to discharge.
(4) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (3), the Controller may,by order in writing and for reasons to be recorded therein withdraw any matter pending
before an officer appointed under sub-section (2) and deal with such matter himself either
de novo or from the stage it was so withdrawn or transfer the same to another officer
appointed under sub-section (2) who may, subject to special directions in the order oftransfer, proceed with the matter either de novo or from the stage it was so transferred.
74. Patent office and its branches.—(1) For the purposes of this Act, there shall be an office
which shall be known as the patent office.
(2) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify the name of
the Patent Office.
(3) The head office of the patent office shall be at such place as the Central Government may
specify, and for the purpose of facilitating the registration of patents there may beestablished, at such other places as the Central Government may think fit, branch officesof the patent office.
(4) There shall be a seal of the patent office.
75. Restriction on employees of patent office as to right or interest in patents.—All officers
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bequest, any right or interest in any patent issued by that office.
76. Officers and employees not to furnish information, etc.—An officer or employee in thepatent office shall not, except when required or authorised by this Act or under a direction
in writing of the Central Government or Appellate Board or the Controller or by order of acourt,—(a) furnish information on a matter which is being, or has been, dealt with under thisAct ; or(b) prepare or assist in the preparation of a document required or permitted by orunder this Act , to be lodged in the patent office; or(c) conduct a search in the records of the patent office.

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CHAPTER XVPOWERS OF CONTROLLER GENERALLY
77. Controller to have certain powers of a civil court.—(1) Subject to any rules made in thisbehalf, the Controller in any proceedings before him under this Act shall have the powers
of a civil court while trying a suit under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), in
respect of the following matters, namely:—(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him onoath;(b) requiring the discovery and production of any document;(c) receiving evidence on affidavits;(d) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents;(e) awarding costs;(f) reviewing his own decision on application made within the prescribed time andin the prescribed manner;(g) setting aside an order passed ex- parte on application made within the prescribedtime and in the prescribed manner;(h) any other matter which may be prescribed.
(2) Any order for costs awarded by the Controller in exercise of the powers conferred upon
him under sub-section (1) shall be executable as a decree of a civil court.
78. Power of Controller to correct clerical errors etc.—(1) Without prejudice to the provisions
contained in sections 57 and 59 as regards amendment of applications for patents orcomplete specifications or other documents related thereto and subject to the provisionsof section 44, the Controller may, in accordance with the provisions of this section,correct any clerical error in any patent or in any specification or other document filed inpursuance of such application or in any application for a patent or any clerical error in any
matter which is entered in the register.
(2) A correction may be made in pursuance of this section either upon a request in writing
made by any person interested and accompanied by the prescribed fee, or without such arequest.
(3) Where the Controller proposes to make any such correction as aforesaid otherwise than

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in pursuance of a request made under this section, he shall give notice of the proposal tothe patentee or the applicant for the patent, as the case may be, and to any other person
who appears to him to be concerned, and shall give them an opportunity to be heard
before making the correction.
(4) Where a request is made under this section for the correction of any error in a patent orapplication for a patent or any document filed in pursuance of such an application, and it
appears to the Controller that the correction would materially alter the meaning or scopeof the document to which the request relates and ought not to be made without notice topersons affected thereby, he shall require notice of the nature of the proposed correction
to be published in the prescribed manner.
(5) Within the prescribed time after any such publication as aforesaid any person interested
may give notice to the Controller of opposition to the request, and, where such notice of
opposition is given, the Controller shall give notice thereof to the person by whom therequest was made, and shall give to him and to the opponent an opportunity to be heard
before he decides the case.
79. Evidence how to be given and powers of Controller in respect thereof.— Subject to any
rules made in this behalf, in any proceeding under this Act before the Controller, evidence
shall be given by affidavit in the absence of directions by the Controller to the contrary, but
in any case in which the Controller thinks it right so to do, he may take oral evidence in lieu
of, or in addition to, evidence by an affidavit, or may allow any party to be cross -examinedon the contents of his affidavit.
80. Exercise of discretionary powers by Controller.—Without prejudice to any provisioncontained in this Act requiring the Controller to hear any party to the proceedings
thereunder or to give any such party an opportunity to be heard, the Controller shall giveto any applicant for a patent, or for amendment of a specification (if within the prescribedtime the applicant so requires) an opportunity to be heard before exercising adversely tothe applicant any discretion vested in the Controller by or under this Act.
Provided that the party desiring a hearing makes the request for such hearing to theController at least ten days in advance of the expiry of the time-limit specified in respect ofthe proceeding.

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81. Disposal by Controller of applications for extension of time.—Where under the provisionsof this Act or the rules made thereunder the Controller may extend the time for doing any
act, nothing in this Act shall be deemed to require him to give notice to or hear the party
interested in opposing the extension, nor shall any appeal lie from any order of theController granting such extension.

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CHAPTER XVIWORKING OF PATENTS, COMPULSORY LICENCES
AND REVOCATION
82. Definition of "patented articles" and "patentee".—In this Chapter, unless the context
otherwise requires,—(a) "patented article" includes any article made by a patented process; and(b) "patentee" includes an exclusive licensee.
83. General principles applicable to working of patented inventions.—Without prejudice tothe other provisions contained in this Act, in exercising the powers conferred by this
Chapter, regard shall be had to the following general considerations, namely;—(a) that patents are granted to encourage inventions and to secure that the inventions
are worked in India on a commercial scale and to the fullest extent that isreasonably practicable without undue delay;(b) that they are not granted merely to enable patentees to enjoy a monopoly for theimportation of the patented article;(c) that the protection and enforcement of patent rights contribute to the promotion oftechnological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of technology, to themutual advantage of producers and users of technological knowledge and in amanner conducive to social and economic welfare, and to a balance of rights andobligations;(d) that patents granted do not impede protection of public health and nutrition andshould act as instrument to promote public interest specially in sectors of vital
importance for socio-economic and technological development of India;(e) that patents granted do not in any way prohibit Central Government in taking
measures to protect public health;(f) that the patent right is not abused by the patentee or person deriving title orinterest on patent from the patentee, and the patentee or a person deriving title orinterest on patent from the patentee does not resort to practices which
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technology; and(g) that patents are granted to make the benefit of the patented invention available atreasonably affordable prices to the public.
84. Compulsory licences.—(1) At any time after the expiration of three years from the date of
the grant of a patent, any person interested may make an application to the Controller
for grant of compulsory licence on patent on any of the following grounds, namely:—(a) that the reasonable requirements of the public with respect to the patented
invention have not been satisfied,or(b) that the patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonably affordable
price, or(c) that the patented invention is not worked in the territory of India.
(2) An application under this section may be made by any person notwithstanding that he isalready the holder of a licence under the patent and no person shall be estopped fromalleging that the reasonable requirements of the public with respect to the patented
invention are not satisfied or that the patented invention is not worked in the territoryof India or that the patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonably
affordable price by reason of any admission made by him, whether in such a licence orotherwise or by reason of his having accepted such a licence.
(3) Every application under sub-section (1) shall contain a statement setting out the natureof the applicant's interest together with such particulars as may be prescribed and thefacts upon which the application is based.
(4) The Controller, if satisfied that the reasonable requirements of the public with respect
to the patented invention have not been satisfied or that the patented invention is notworked in the territory of India or that the patented invention is not available to the
public at a reasonably affordable price, may grant a licence upon such terms as he may
deem fit.
(5) Where the Controller directs the patentee to grant a licence he may, as incidental
thereto, exercise the powers set out in section 88.
(6) In considering the application field under this section, the Controller shall take into
account,—(i) the nature of the invention, the time which has elapsed since the sealing of the patentand the measures already taken by the patentee or any licensee to make full use of
the invention;(ii) the ability of the applicant to work the invention to the public advantage;

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970(iii) the capacity of the applicant to undertake the risk in providing capital and working
the invention, if the application were granted;(iv) as to whether the applicant has made efforts to obtain a licence from the patentee
on reasonable terms and conditions and such efforts have not been successful
within a reasonable period as the Controller may deem fit:
Provided that this clause shall not be applicable in case of national emergency or othercircumstances of extreme urgency or in case of public non-commercial use or on
establishment of a ground of anticompetitive practices adopted by the patentee,
but shall not be required to take into account matters subsequent to the making of theapplication.
Explanation.—For the purposes of clause (iv), "reasonable period" shall be construed asa period not ordinarily exceeding a period of six months.
(7) For the purposes of this Chapter, the reasonable requirements of the public shall be deemed
not to have been satisfied—(a) if, by reason of the refusal of the patentee to grant a licence or licences on
reasonable terms,—(i) an existing trade or industry or the development thereof or the establishmentof any new trade or industry in India or the trade or industry of any person
or class of persons trading or manufacturing in India is prejudiced; or(ii) the demand for the patented article has not been met to an adequate extent
or on reasonable terms; or(iii) a market for export of the patented article manufactured in India is not being
supplied or developed; or(iv) the establishment or development of commercial activities in India isprejudiced; or(b) if, by reason of conditions imposed by the patentee upon the grant of licences
under the patent or upon the purchase, hire or use of the patented article orprocess, the manufacture, use or sale of materials not protected by the patent, orthe establishment or development of any trade or industry in India, is prejudiced; or(c) if the patentee imposes a condition upon the grant of licences under the patent toprovide exclusive grant back, prevention to challenges to the validity of patent or
coercive package licensing; or(d) if the patented invention is not being worked in the territory of India on acommercial scale to an adequate extent or is not being so worked to the fullest

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extent that is reasonably practicable; or(e) if the working of the patented invention in the territory of India on a commercial
scale is being prevented or hindered by the importation from abroad of thepatented article by—(i) the patentee or persons claiming under him or(ii) persons directly or indirectly purchasing from him; or(iii)

other persons against whom the patentee is not taking or has not takenproceedings for infringement.

85. Revocation of patents by the Controller for non-working.—(1) Where, in respect of apatent, a compulsory licence has been granted, the Central Government or any person
interested may, after the expiration of two years from the date of the order granting thefirst compulsory licence, apply to the Controller for an order revoking the patent on the
ground that the patented invention has not been worked in the territory of India or thatreasonable requirements of the public with respect to the patented invention has notbeen satisfied or that the patented invention is not available to the public at a reasonably
affordable price.
(2) Every application under sub-section (1) shall contain such particulars as may beprescribed, the facts upon which the application is based, and, in the case of an application
other than by the Central Government, shall also set out the nature of the applicant's
interest.
(3) The Controller, if satisfied that the reasonable requirements of the public with respe ct tothe patented invention have not been satisfied or that patented invention has not been
worked in the territory of India or that the patented invention is not available to the public
at a reasonably affordable price, may make an order revoking the patent.
(4) Every application under sub-section (1) shall ordinarily be decided within one year of its
being presented to the Controller.
86. Power of Controller to adjourn applications for compulsory licences, etc., in certain
cases.—(1) Where an application under section 84 or section 85, as the case may be, ismade on the grounds that the patented invention has not been worked in the territory ofIndia or on the ground mentioned in clause (d) of sub-section (7) of section 84 and theController is satisfied that the time which has elapsed since the sealing of the patent has forany reason been insufficient to enable the invention to be worked on a commercial scale toPage 67

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an adequate extent or to enable the invention to be so worked to the fullest extent that isreasonably practicable, he may, by order, adjourn the further hearing of the application forsuch period not exceeding twelve months in the aggregate as appears to him tobe sufficient for the invention to be so worked:
Provided that in any case where the patentee establishes that the reason why apatented invention could not be worked as aforesaid before the date of the application
was due to any State or Central Act or any rule or regulation made thereunder or any orderof the Government imposed otherwise than by way of a condition for the working of theinvention in the territory of India or for the disposal of the patented a rticles or of thearticles made by the process or by the use of the patented plant, machinery, or apparatus,
then, the period of adjournment ordered under this sub-section shall be reckoned from thedate on which the period during which the working of the invention was prevented by such
Act, rule or regulation or order of Government as computed from the date of theapplication, expires.
(2) No adjournment under sub-section (1) shall be ordered unless the Controller is satisfied
that the patentee has taken with promptitude adequate or reasonable steps to start theworking of the invention in the territory of India on a commercial scale and to an adequate
extent.
87. Procedure for dealing with applications under sections 84 and 85.— (1) Where theController is satisfied, upon consideration of an application under section 84, Or section 85,
that a prima facie case has been made out for the making of an order, he shall direct theapplicant to serve copies of the application upon the patentee and any other person
appearing from the register to be interested in the patent in respect of which theapplication is made, and shall publish the application in the official journal.
(2) The patentee or any other person desiring to oppose the application may, within such time
as may be prescribed or within such further time as the Controller may on application(made either before or after the expiration of the prescribed time) allow, give to theController notice of opposition.
(3) Any such notice of opposition shall contain a statement setting out the grounds on which
the application is opposed.
(4) Where any such notice of opposition is duly given, the Controller shall notify the applicant,and shall give to the applicant and the opponent an opportunity to be heard before
deciding the case,

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88. Powers of Controller in granting compulsory licences.—(1) Where the Controller is satisfied
on an application made under section 84 that the manufacture, use or sale of materials notprotected by the patent is prejudiced by reason of conditions imposed by the patentee
upon the grant of licences under the patent, or upon the purchase, hire or use of thepatented article or process, he may, subject to the provisions of that section, order the
grant of licences under the patent to such customers of the applicant as he thinks fit as wellas to the applicant.
(2) Where an application under section 84 is made by a person being the holder of a licence
under the patent, the Controller may, if he makes an order for the grant of a licence to theapplicant, order the existing licence to be cancelled, or may, if he thinks fit, instead ofmaking an order for the grant of a licence to the applicant, order the existing licence to beamended.
(3) Where two or more patents are held by the same patentee and an applicant for acompulsory licence establishes that the reasonable requirements of the public have notbeen satisfied with respect to some only of the said patents, then, if the Controller issatisfied that the applicant cannot efficiently or satisfactorily work the licence granted tohim under those patents without infringing the other patents held by the patentee and if
those patents involve important technical advancement of considerable economic
significance in relation to the other patents, he may, by order, direct the grant of a licencein respect of the other patents also to enable the licensee to work the patent or patents inregard to which a licence is granted under section 84.
(4) Where the terms and conditions of a licence have been settled by the Controller, thelicensee may, at any time after he has worked the invention on a commercial scale for aperiod of not less than twelve months, make an application to the Controller for therevision of the terms and conditions on the ground that the terms and conditions settled
have proved to be more onerous than originally expected and that in consequence thereof
the licensee is unable to work the invention except at a loss:
Provided that no such application shall be entertained a second time.
89. General purposes for granting compulsory licences.—The powers of the Controller upon
an application made under section 84 shall be exercised with a view to securing thefollowing general purposes, that is to say,—(a) that patented inventions are worked on a commercial scale in the territory of India
without undue delay and to the fullest extent that is reasonably practicable;(b) that the interests of any person for the time being working or developing an

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invention in the territory of India under the protection of a patent are not unfairly
prejudiced.
90. Terms and conditions of compulsory licences.—(1) In settling the terms and conditions of alicence under section 84, the Controller s hall endeavour to secure—(i) that the royalty and other remuneration, if any, reserved to the patentee or otherperson beneficially entitled to the patent, is reasonable, having regard to the natureof the invention, the expenditure incurred by the patentee in making the invention
or in developing it and obtaining a patent and keeping it in force and other relevant
factors;(ii) that the patented invention is worked to the fullest extent by the person to whom
the licence is granted and with reasonable profit to him;(iii) that the patented articles are made available to the public at reasonably
prices;(iv) that the licence granted is a non-exclusive licence;

affordable(v) that the right of the licensee is non-assignable;(vi) that the licence is for the balance term of the patent unless a shorter term isconsistent with public interest;(vii) that the licence is granted with a predominant purpose of supply in the Indian market
and that the licensee may also export the patented product if need be in accordancewith the provisions of sub-clause (iii) of clause (a) of sub-section (7) of section 84;(viii) that in the case of semi-conductor technology, the licence granted is to work theinvention for public non-commercial use;(ix) that in case the licence is granted to remedy a practice etermined after judicial oradministrative process to be anti-competitive, the licensee shall be permitted toexport the patented product, if need be.
(2) No licence granted by the Controller shall authorise the licensee to import the patented
article or an article or substance made by a patented process from abroad where suchimportation would, but for such authorisation, constitute an infringement of the rights ofthe patentee.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), the Central Government may, if in
its opinion it is necessary so to do, in the public interest,direct the Controller at any time toauthorise any licensee in respect of a patent to import the patented article or an article orsubstance made by a patented process from abroad (subject to such conditions as it

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considers necessary to impose relating among other matters to the royalty and other
remuneration, if any, payable to the patentee, the quantum of import, the sale price of theimported article and the period of importation), and thereupon the Controller shall giveeffect to the directions.
91. Licensing of related patents.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the otherprovisions of this Chapter, at any time after the sealing of a patent, any person who has
the right to work any other patented invention either as patentee or as licensee thereof,
exclusive or otherwise, may apply to the Controller for the grant of a licence of the firstmentioned patent on the ground that he is prevented or hindered without such licencefrom working the other invention efficiently or to the best advantage possible.
(2) No order under sub-section (1) shall be made unless the Controller is satisfied—(i) that the applicant is able and willing to grant, or procure the grant to the patentee
and his licensees if they so desire, of a licence in respect of the other invention onreasonable terms; and(ii) that the other invention has made a substantial contribution to the establishment ordevelopment of commercial or industrial activities in the territory of India.
(3) When the Controller is satisfied that the conditions mentioned in sub-section (1) have been
established by the applicant, he may make an order on such terms as he thinks fit granting alicence under the first mentioned patent and a similar order under the other patent if sorequested by the proprietor of the first mentioned patent or his licensee:
Provided that the licence granted by the Controller shall be non-assignable except
with the assignment of the respective patents.
(4) The provisions of sections 87, 88, 89 and 90 shall apply to licences granted under thissection as they apply to licences granted under section 84.
92. Special provision for compulsory licences on notifications by Central Government.—(1) If
the Central Government is satisfied, in respect of any patent in force in circumstances ofnational emergency or in circumstances of extreme urgency or in case of public non­commercial use, that it is necessary that compulsory licenses should be granted at any timeafter the sealing thereof to work the invention, it may make a declaration to that effect, by
notification in the Official Gazette, and thereupon the following provisions shall haveeffect, that is to say—(i) the Controller shall on application made at any time after the notification by any

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person interested, grant to the applicant a licence under the patent on such terms andconditions as he thinks fit;(ii) in settling the terms and conditions of a licence granted under this section, theController shall endeavour to secure that the articles manufactured under the patentshall be available to the public at the lowest prices consistent with the patentees
deriving a reasonable advantage from their patent rights.
(2) The provisions of sections 83, 87, 88, 89 and 90 shall apply in relation to the grant oflicences under this section as they apply in relation to the grant of licences under section
84.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2), where the Controller is satisfied on
consideration of the application referred to in clause (i) of sub-section (1) that it isnecessary in—(i) a circumstance of national emergency; or(ii) a circumstance of extreme urgency; or(iii) a case of public non-commercial use,which may arise or is required, as the case may be, including public health crises, relating
to Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome, Human Immuno Deficiency Virus,
tuberculosis, malaria or other epidemics, he shall not apply any procedure specified in
section 87 in relation to that application for grant of licence under this section:
Provided that the Controller shall, as soon as may be practicable, inform the patenteeof the patent relating to the application for such non-application of section 87.
92A. Compulsory licence for export of patented pharmaceutical products in certain exceptional
circumstances.—(1) Compulsory licence shall be available for manufacture and export ofpatented pharmaceutical products to any country having insufficient or no manufacturing
capacity in the pharmaceutical sector for the concerned product to address public healthproblems, provided compulsory licence has been granted by such country or such country
has, by notification or otherwise, allowed importation of the patented pharmaceuticalproducts from India.
(2) The Controller shall, on receipt of an application in the prescribed manner, grant a
compulsory licence solely for manufacture and export of the concerned pharmaceuticalproduct to such country under such terms and conditions as may be specified andpublished by him.
(3)

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which pharmaceutical products produced under a compulsory license can be exported
under any other provision of this Act.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, 'pharmaceutical products' means any
patented product, or product manufactured through a patented process, of thepharmaceutical sector needed to address public health problems and shall be inclusive ofingredients necessary for their manufacture and diagnostic kits required for their use.
93. Order for licence to operate as a deed between parties concerned.—Any order for the grantof a licence under this Chapter shall operate as if it were a deed granting a licence
executed by the patentee and all other necessary parties embodying the terms andconditions, if any, settled by the Controller.
94. Termination of compulsory licence.—(1) On an application made by the patentee or any
other person deriving title or interest in the patent, a compulsory licence granted under
section 84 may be terminated by the controller, if and when the circumstances that gave
rise to the grant thereof no longer exist and such circumstances are unlikely to recur:
Provided that the holder of the compulsory licence shall have the right to object tosuch termination.
(2) While considering an application under section (1), the Controller shall take into accountthat the interest of the person who had previously been granted the licence is not unduly
prejudiced.
95-98. [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002]

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CHAPTER XVIIUSE OF INVENTIONS FOR PURPOSES OF GOVERNMENT AND
ACQUISITION OF INVENTIONS BY CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
99. Meaning of use of invention for purposes of Government.—(1) For the purposes of this
Chapter, an invention is said to be used for the purposes of Government if it is made, used,
exercised or vended for the purposes of the Central Government, a State Government or a
Government undertaking.
(2) [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002](3) Nothing contained in this Chapter shall apply in respect of any such importation, making or
using of any machine, apparatus or other article or of any such using of any process or ofany such importation, using or distribution of any medicine or drug, as may be made byvirtue of one or more of the conditions specified in section 47.
100. Power of Central Government to use inventions for purposes of Government.—(1)Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, at any time after an application for apatent has been filed at the patent office or a patent has been granted, the Central
Government and any person authorised in writing by it, may use the invention for the
purposes of Government in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter.
(2) Where an invention has, before the priority date of the relevant claim of the complete
specification, been duly recorded in a document, or tested or tried, by or on behalf of theGovernment or a Government undertaking, otherwise than in consequence of thecommunication of the invention directly or indirectly by the patentee or by a person fromwhom he derives title, any use of the invention by the Central Government or any person
authorised in writing by it for the purposes of Government may be made free of any
royalty or other remuneration to the patentee.
(3) If and so far as the invention has not been so recorded or tried or tested as aforesaid, any
use of the invention made by the Central Government or any person authorised by it
under sub-section (1), at any time after grant of the patent or in consequence of any such
communication as aforesaid, shall be made upon terms as may be agreed upon either
before or after the use, between the Central Government or any person authorised under

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sub-section (1) and the patentee, or, as may in default of agreement be determined by
the High Court on a reference under section 103:
Provided that in case of any such use of any patent, the patentee shall be paid not
more than adequate remuneration in the circumstances of each case, taking into accountthe economic value of the use of the patent.
(4) The authorisation by the Central Government in respect of an invention may be given
under this section, either before or after the patent is granted and either before or after
the acts in respect of which such authorisation is given or done, and may be given to any
person whether or not he is authorised directly or indirectly by the applicant or thepatentee to make, use, exercise or vend the invention or import the machine, apparatus
or other article or medicine or drug covered by such patent.
(5) Where an invention has been used by or with the authority of the Central Government forthe purposes of Government under this section, then, except in case of national
emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency or for noncommercial use, theGovernment shall notify the patentee as soon as practicable of the fact and furnish himwith such information as to the extent of the use of the invention as he may, from time totime, reasonably require; and where the invention has been used for the purposes of aGovernment undertaking, the Central Government may call for such information as may
be necessary for this purpose from such undertaking.
(6) The right to make, use, exercise and vend an invention for the purposes of Government
under sub-section (1) shall include the right to sell on noncommercial basis, the goods
have been made in exercise of that right, and a purchaser of goods so sold, and a person
claiming through him, shall have the power to deal with the goods as if the Central
Government or the person authorised under sub-section (1) were the patentee of theinvention.
(7) Where in respect of a patent which has been the subject of an authorisation under thissection, there is an exclusive licensee as is referred to in sub-section (3) of section 101, or
where such patent has been assigned to the patentee in consideration of royalties orother benefits determined by reference to the use of the invention (including payments
by way of minimum royalty), the notice directed to be given under sub-section (5) shallalso be given to such exclusive licensee or assignor, as the case may be, and the reference
to the patentee in sub-section (3) shall be deemed to include a reference to such assignor
or exclusive licensee.

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101. Rights of third parties in respect of use of invention for purposes of Government.—(1) In
relation to any use of a patented invention, or an invention in respect of which an
application for a patent is pending, made for the purposes of Government—(a) by the Central Government or any person authorised by the Central Government
under section 100; or(b) by the patentee or applicant for the patent to the order made by the Central
Government,
the provisions of any licence, assignment or agreement granted or made, between thepatentee or applicant for the patent (or any person who derives title for him or fromwhom he derives title) and any person other then the Central Government shall be of noeffect so far as those provisions—(i) restrict or regulate the use for the purposes of Government of the invention, or ofany model document or information relating thereto, or(ii) provide for the making of payments in respect of any use of the invention or of themodel, document or information relating thereto for the purposes of Government ,and the reproduction or publication of any model or document in connection with thesaid use for the purposes of Government shall not be deemed to be an infringement of
any copyright subsisting in the model or document.
(2) Where the patent, or the right to apply for or obtain the patent, has been assigned to thepatentee in consideration of royalties or other benefits determined by reference to theuse of the invention then, in relation to any use of the invention made for the purposesof Government by the patentee to the order of the Central Government, sub-section (3)of section 100 shall have effect as if that use were made by virtue of an authority given
under that section; and use of the invention for the purposes of Government by virtue of
sub-section (3) of that section shall have effect as if the reference to the patentee
included a reference to the assignor of the patent, and any sum payable by virtue of that
sub-section shall be divided between the patentee and the assignor in such proportion as
may be agreed upon between them or as may in default of agreement be determined by
the High Court on a reference under section 103.
(3) Where by virtue of sub-section (3) of section 100, payments are required to be made by
the Central Government or persons authorised under sub-section (1) of that section in
respect of the use of an invention for the purposes of Government and where in respectof such patent there is an exclusive licensee authorised under his licence to use theinvention for the purposes of Government, such sum shall be shared by the patentee
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as may in default of agreement be determined by the High Court on a reference under
section 103 to be just, having regard to any expenditure incurred by the licensee—(a) in developing the said invention; or(b) in making payments to the patentees other than royalties or other benefits
determined by reference to the use of the invention in consideration of the licence.
102.

Acquisition of inventions and patents by the Central Government. — (1) The Central
Government may, if satisfied that it is necessary that an invention which is the subject ofan application for a patent or a patent should be acquired from the applicant or thepatentee for a public purpose, publish a notification to that effect in the Official Gazette,
and thereupon the invention or patent and all rights in respect of the invention or
patent shall, by force of this section, stand transferred to and be vested in the Central
Government.
(2) Notice of the acquisition shall be given to the applicant, and, where a patent has been
granted, to the patentee and other persons, if any, appearing in the register as having
an interest in the patent.
(3) The Central Government shall pay to the applicant, or, as the case may be, the patentee
and other persons appearing on the register as having an interest in the patent suchcompensation as may be agreed upon between the Central Government and theapplicant, or the patentee and other persons; or, as may, in default of agreement, bedetermined by the High Court on a reference under section 103 to be just having regard
to the expenditure incurred in connection with the invention and, in the case of a patent,
the term thereof, the period during which and the manner in which it has already been
worked (including the profits made during such period by the patentee or by his licensee
whether exclusive or otherwise) and other relevant factors.

103.

Reference to High Court of disputes as to use for purposes of Government.—(1) Any
dispute as to the exercise by the Central Government or a person authorised by it of thepowers conferred by section 100, or as to terms for the use of an invention for the
purposes of Government thereunder or as to the right of any person to receive any partof a payment made in pursuance of sub-section (3) of that section or as to the amount ofcompensation payable for the acquisition of an invention or a patent under section 102,
may be referred to the High Court by either party to the dispute in such manner as may
be prescribed by the rules of the High Court.

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(2) In any proceedings under this section to which the Central Government is a party, theCentral Government may,—(a) if the patentee is a party to the proceedings, petition by way of counter-claim forrevocation of the patent on any ground upon which a patent may be revoked under
section 64; and(b) whether a patentee is or is not a party to the proceedings, put in issue the validityof the patent without petitioning for its revocation.
(3) If in such proceedings as aforesaid any question arises whether an invention has beenrecorded, tested or tried as is mentioned in section 100, and the disclosure of any
document regarding the invention, or of any evidence of the test or trial thereof, would,
in the opinion of the Central Government, be prejudicial to the public interest, thedisclosure may be made confidentially to the advocate of the other party or to anindependent expert mutually agreed upon.
(4) In determining under this section any dispute between the Central Government and any
person as to terms for the use of an invention for the purposes of Government, the High
Court shall have regard to any benefit or compensation which that person or any personfrom whom he derives title, may have received, or may be entitled to receive, directly or
indirectly in respect of the use of the invention in question for the purposes ofGovernment.
(5) In any proceedings under this section, the High Court may at any time order the wholeproceedings or any question or issue of fact arising therein to be referred to an official
referee, commissioner or an arbitrator on such terms as the High Court may direct, andreferences to the High Court in the foregoing provisions of this section shall be construed
accordingly.
(6) Where the invention claimed in a patent was made by a person who at the time it wasmade was in the service of the Central Government or of a State Government or was an
employee of a Government undertaking and the subject-matter of the invention iscertified by the relevant Government or the principal officer of the Government
undertaking to be connected with the work done in the course of the normal duties of theGovernment servant or employee of the Government undertaking, then, notwithstanding
anything contained in this section, any dispute of the nature referred to in sub-section (1)relating to the invention shall be disposed of by the Central Government conformably tothe provisions of this section so far as may be applicable, but before doing so the Central
Government shall give an opportunity to the patentee and such other parries as it
considers have an interest in the matter to be heard.

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CHAPTER XVIIISUITS CONCERNING INFRINGEMENT OF PATENTS
104. Jurisdiction.—No suit for a declaration under section 105 or for any relief under section
106 or for infringement of a patent shall be instituted in any court inferior to a district
court having jurisdiction to try the suit:
Provided that where a counter-claim for revocation of the patent is made by the
defendant, the suit, along with the counter-claim, shall be transferred to the High Court
for decision.
104A. Burden of proof in case of suits concerning infringement.—(1) In any suit for
infringement of a patent, where the subject matter of patent is a process for obtaining
a product, the court may direct the defendant to prove that the process used by him to
obtain the product, identical to the product of the patented process, is different fromthe patented process if,—(a) the subject matter of the patent is a process for obtaining a new product; or(b) there is a substantial likelihood that the identical product is made by the process,and the patentee or a person deriving title or interest in the patent from him, hasbeen unable through reasonable efforts to determine the process actually used:
Provided that the patentee or a person deriving title or interest in the patent fromhim first proves that the product is identical to the product directly obtained by thepatented process.
(2) In considering whether a party has discharged the burden imposed upon him by sub­section (1), the court shall not require him to disclose any manufacturing or commercial
secrets, if it appears to the court that it would be unreasonable to do so.
105. Power of court to make declaration as to non-infringement.— (1) Notwithstanding
anything contained in section 34 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 (47 of 1963), any person
may institute a suit for a declaration that the use by him of any process, or the making,use or sale of any article by him does not,or would not, constitute an infringement of aclaim of a patent against the patentee or the holder of an exclusive licence under the

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patent, notwithstanding that no assertion to the contrary has been made by the patentee
or the licensee,if it is shown—(a) that the plaintiff has applied in writing to the patentee or exclusive licensee for a'written acknowledgements to the effect of the declaration claimed and has
furnished him with full particulars in writing of the process or article in question;and(b) that the patentee or licensee has refused or neglected to give such an
acknowledgement.
(2) The costs of all parties in a suit for a declaration brought by virtue of this section shall,unless for special reasons the court thinks fit to order otherwise, be paid by the plaintiff.
(3) The validity of a claim of the specification of a patent shall not be called in question in asuit for a declaration brought by virtue of this section, and accordingly the making or
refusal of such a declaration in the case of a patent shall not be deemed to imply that thepatent is valid or invalid.
(4)

A suit for a declaration may be brought by virtue of this section at any time after the
publication of grant of a patent, and references in this section to the patentee shall be
construed accordingly.

106.

Power of court to grant relief in cases of groundless threats of infringement
proceedings.—(1) Where any person (whether entitled to or interested in a patent or an
application for patent or not) threatens any other person by circulars or advertisements
or by communications, oral or in writing addressed to that or any other person, withproceedings for infringement of a patent, any person aggrieved thereby may bring a suitagainst him praying for the following reliefs, that is to say—(a) a declaration to the effect that the threats are unjustifiable;(b) an injunction against the continuance of the threats; and(c) such damages, if any, as he has sustained thereby.

(2) Unless in such suit the defendant proves that the acts in respect of which the proceedings
were threatened constitute or, if done, would constitute, an infringement of a patent orof rights arising from the publication of a complete specification in respect of a claim of
the specification not shown by the plaintiff to be invalid the court may grant to theplaintiff all or any of the reliefs prayed for.
Explanation.—A mere notification of the existence of a patent does not constitute a
threat of proceeding within the meaning of this section.

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107.

Defences, etc., in suits for infringement.—(1) In any suit for infringement of a patent
every ground on which it may be revoked under section 64 shall be available as a groundfor defence.

(2)

In any suit for infringement of a patent by the making, using or importation of any
machine, apparatus of other article or by the using of any process or by the importation,use or distribution or any medicine or drug, it shall be a ground for defence that suchmaking, using, importation or distribution is in accordance with any one or more of theconditions specified in section 47.

107A. Certain acts not to be considered as infringement.—For the purposes of this Act,—(a) any act of making, constructing, using, selling or importing a patented invention
solely for uses reasonably related to the development and submission of
information required under any law for the time being in force, in India, or in acountry other than India, that regulates the manufacture, construction, use, sale orimport of any product;(b) importation of patented products by any person from a person who is duly
authorised under the law to produce and sell or distribute the product,shall not be considered as a infringement of patent rights.
108.

Reliefs in suit for infringement.—(1) The reliefs which a court may grant in any suit for
infringement include an injunction (subject to such terms, if any, as the court thinks fit)
and, at the option of the plaintiff, either damages or an account of profits.

(2)

The court may also order that the goods which are found to be infringing and materials
and implements, the predominant use of which is in the creation of infringing goods
shall be seized, forfeited or destroyed, as the court deems fit under the circumstancesof the case without payment of any compensation.

109. Right of exclusive licensee to take proceedings against infringement.—(1) The holder ofan exclusive licence shall have the like right as the patentee to institute a suit in respectof any infringement of the patent committed after the date of the licence, and inawarding damages or an account of profits or granting any other relief in any such suitthe court shall take into consideration any loss suffered or likely to be suffered by theexclusive licensee as such or, as the case may be, the profits earned by means of theinfringement so far as it constitutes an infringement of the rights of the exclusive

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licensee as such.
(2)

In any suit for infringement of a patent by the holder of an exclusive licence under sub­section (1), the patentee shall, unless he has joined as a plaintiff in the suit, be added asa defendant, but a patentee so added as defendant shall not be liable for any costs
unless he enters an appearance and takes part in the proceedings.

110. Right of licensee under section 84 to take proceedings against infringement.—Any
person to whom a licence has been granted under section 84 shall be entitled to call upon
the patentee to take proceedings to prevent any infringement of the patent, and, if thepatentee refuses or neglects to do so within two months after being so called upon, thelicensee may institute proceedings for the infringement in his own name as though hewere the patentee, making the patentee a defendant; but a patentee so added as
defendant shall not be liable for any costs unless he enters an appearance and takes partin the proceedings.
111. Restriction on power of court to grant damages or account of profits for infringement.—(1) In a suit for infringement of patent, damages or an account of profits shall not be
granted against the defendant who proves that at the date of the infringement he was notaware and had no reasonable grounds for believing that the patent existed.
Explanation.—A person shall not be deemed to have been aware or to have hadreasonable grounds for believing that a patent exists by reason only of the application toan article of the word "patent", "patented" or any word or words expressing or implyingthat a patent has been obtained for the article, unless the number of the patentaccompanies the word or words in question.
(2) In any suit for infringement of a patent the court may, if it trunks fit, refuse to grant any
damages or an account of profits in respect of any infringement committed after a failure
to pay any renewal fee with the prescribed period and before any extension of that
period.
(3) Where an amendment of a specification by way of disclaimer, correction or explanation
has been allowed under this Act after the publication of the specification, no damages or
account of profits shall be granted in any proceeding in respect of the use of the invention
before the date of the decision allowing the amendment, unless the court is satisfied thatthe specification as originally published was framed in good faith and with reasonable skill
and knowledge.

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(4) Nothing in this section shall affect the power of the court to grant an injunction in any
suit for infringement of a patent.
112. Restriction on power of court to grant injunction in certain cases. — [Omitted by the
Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002]
113. Certificate of validity of specificatio n and costs of subsequent suits for infringement
thereof.—(1) If in any proceedings before the Appellate Board or a High Court for the
revocation of a patent under section 64 and section 104, as the case may be, the validityof any claim of a specification is contested and that claim is found by the Appellate Boardor the High Court to be valid, the Appellate Board or the High Court may certify that thevalidity of that claim was contested in those proceedings and was upheld.
(2)

Where any such certificate has been granted, then, if in any subsequent suit before acourt for infringement of that claim of the patent or in any subsequent proceeding for
revocation of the patent in so far as it relates to that claim, the patentee or other person
relying on the validity of the claim obtains a final order or judgment in his favour, he shallbe entitled to an order for the payment of his full costs, charges and expenses of andincidental to any such suit or proceeding properly incurred so far as they concern theclaim in respect of which the certificate was granted, unless the court trying the suit orproceeding otherwise directs:
Provided that the costs as specific in this sub-section shall not be ordered when theparty disputing the validity of the claim satisfies the court that he was not aware of the
grant of the certificate when he raised the dispute and withdrew forthwith such defence
when he became aware of such a certificate.

(3) Nothing contained in this section shall be construed as authorising the courts or theAppellate Board hearing appeals from decrees or orders in suits for infringement or
petitions for revocation, as the case may be, to pass orders for costs on the scale referredto therein.
114.

Relief for infringement of partially valid specification. —(1) If in proceedings forinfringement of a patent it is found that any claim of the specification, being a claim in
respect of which infringement is alleged, is valid, but that any other claim is invalid, thecourt may grant relief in respect of any valid claim which is infringed:
Provided that the court shall not grant relief except by way of injunction save in the

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circumstances mentioned in sub-section (2).
(2) Where the plaintiff proves that the invalid claim was framed in good faith and withreasonable skill and knowledge, the court shall grant relief in respect of any valid claim
which is infringed subject to the discretion of the court as to costs and as to the datefrom which damages or an account of profits should be reckoned, and in exercising suchdiscretion the court may take into consideration the conduct of the parties in inserting
such invalid claims in the specification or permitting them to remain there.
115. Scientific advisers.—(1) In any suit for infringement or in any proceeding before a court
under this Act, the court may at any time, and whether or not an application has been
made by any party for that purpose, appoint an independent scientific adviser, to ass ist
the court or to inquire and report upon any such question of fact or of opinion (notinvolving a question of interpretation of law) as it may formulate for the purpose.
(2) The remuneration of the scientific adviser shall be fixed by the court and sha ll include thecosts of making a report and a proper daily fee for any day on which the scientific adviser
may be required to attend before the court, and such remuneration shall be defrayedout of moneys provided by Parliament by law for the purpose.

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CHAPTER XIX
APPEALS TO THE APPELLATE BOARD
116.

Appellate Board.—(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Appellate Board
established under section 83 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 shall be the Appellate Boardfor the purposes of this Act and the said Appellate Board shall exercise the jurisdiction,
power and authority conferred on it by or under this Act:
Provided that the Technical Member of the Appellate Board for the purposes of thisAct shall have the qualifications specified in sub-section (2).

(2) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Technical Member for the purposes ofthis Act unless he—(a) has, at least five years held the post of Controller under this Act or has exercised thefunctions of the Controller under this Act for at least five years; or(b) has, for at least ten years functioned as a Registered Patent Agent and possesses a
degree in engineering or technology or a masters degree in science from any
University established under law for the time being in force or equivalent; or(c) [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005]
117. Staff of Appellate Board.—(1) The Central Government shall determine the nature andcategories of the officers and other employees required to assist the Appellate Board in
the discharge of its functions under this Act and provide the Appellate Board with suchofficers and other employees as it may think fit.
(2) The salaries and allowances and conditions of service of the officers and other employeesof the Appellate Board shall be such as may be prescribed.
(3) The officers and other employees of the Appellate Board shall discharge their functions
under the general superintendence of the Chairman of the Appellate Board in themanner as may be prescribed.
117A. Appeals to Appellate Board.—(1) Save as otherwise expressly provided in sub-section(2), no appeal shall lie from any decision, order or direction made or issued under thisAct by the Central Government, or from any act or order of the Controller for the

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purpose of giving effect to any such decision, order or direction.
(2) An appeal shall lie to the Appellate Board from any decision, order or direction of theController or Central Government under section 15, section 16, section 17, section 18,
section 19,section 20, sub-section (4) of section 25, section 28, section 51, section 54,
section 57, section 60, section 61, section 63, section 66, sub-section (3) of section 69,
section 78, sub-sections (1) to (5) of section 84, section 85, section 88, section 91, section
92 and section 94.
(3) Every appeal under this section shall be in the prescribed form and shall be verified insuch manner as may be prescribed and shall be accompanied by a copy of the decision,order or direction appealed against and by such fees as may be prescribed.
(4) Every appeal shall be made within three months from the date of the decision, order ordirection, as the case may be, of the Controller or the Central Government or within such
further time as the Appellate Board may, in accordance with the rules made by it al low.
117B. Procedure and powers of Appellate Board.—The provisions of subsections (2) to (6) ofsection 84, section 87, section 92, section 95 and section 96 of the Trade Marks Act,
1999 (47 of 1999) shall apply to the Appellate Board in the discharge of its functions
under this Act as they apply to it in the discharge of its functions under the Trade
Marks Act, 1999.
117C. Bar of jurisdiction of courts, etc.—No court or other authority shall have or, be entitled
to, exercise any jurisdiction, powers or authority in relation to the matters referred toin sub-section (2) of section 117A or section 117D.
117D. Procedure for application for rectification, etc., before Appellate Board.—(1) Anapplication for revocation of a patent before the Appellate Board under section 64 andan application for rectification of the register made to the Appellate Board under
section 71 shall be in such form as may be prescribed.
(2) A certified copy of every order or judgment of the Appellate Board relating to a patent
under this Act shall be communicated to the Controller by the Board and the Controller
shall give effect to the order of the Board and shall, when so directed, amend theentries in, or rectify, the register in accordance with such order.
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appear and be heard—(a) in any legal proceedings before the Appellate Board in which the relief sought
includes alteration or rectification of the register or in which any question relating
to the practice of the patent office is raised;(b) in any appeal to the Appellate Board from an order of the Controller on an
application for grant of a patent—(i) which is not opposed, and the application is either refused by the Controller or is
accepted by him subject to any amendments, modifications, conditions orlimitations, or(ii) which has been opposed and the Controller considers that his appearance isnecessary in the public interest,
and the Controller shall appear in any case if so directed by the Appellate Board.
(2) Unless the Appellate Board otherwise directs, the Controller may, in lieu of appearing,submit a statement in writing signed by him, giving such particulars as he thinks properof the proceedings before him relating to the matter in issue or of the grounds of any
decision given by him or of the practice of the patent office in like cases, or of othermatters relevant to the issues and within his knowledge as the Controller may deem itnecessary, and such statement shall be evidence in the proceeding.
117F. Costs of Controller in proceedings before Appellate Board.—In all proceedings under thisAct before the Appellate Board, the costs of the Controller shall be in the discretion of
the Board, but the Controller shall not be ordered to pay the costs of any of the parties.
117G. Transfer of pending proceedings to Appellate Board.—All cases of appeals against anyorder or decision of the Controller and all cases pertaining to revocation of patent
other than on a counter-claim in a suit for infringement and rectification of register
pending before any High Court, shall be transferred to the Appellate Board from suchdate as may be notified by the Central Government in the Official Gazette and theAppellate Board may proceed with the matter either de novo or from the stage it wasso transferred.
117H. Power of Appellate Board to make rules.—The Appellate Board may make rules
consistent with this Act as to the conduct and procedure in respect of all proceedings
before it under this Act.

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CHAPTER XXPENALTIES
118.

Contravention of secrecy provisions relating to certain inventions.—If any person fails
to comply with any direction given under section 35 or makes or causes to be made anapplication for the grant of a patent in contravention of section 39 he shall bepunishable with imprisonment for a' term which may extend to two years, or with fine,or with both.

119. Falsification of entries in register, etc.—If any person makes, or causes to be made, afalse entry in any register kept under this Act, or a writing falsely purporting to be a
copy of an entry in such a register, or produces or tenders, or causes to be produced or
tendered, in evidence any such writing knowing the entry or writing to be false, he sha ll
be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years, or withfine, or with both.
120. Unauthorised claim of patent rights.—If any person falsely represents that any article
sold by him is patented in India or is the subject of an application for a patent in India,
he shall be punishable with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees .
Explanation 1.—For the purposes of this section, a person shall be deemed torepresent—(a) that an article is patented in India if there is stamped, engraved or impressed on, orotherwise applied to, the article the word "patent" or "patented" or some otherword expressing or implying that a patent for the article has been obtained in India;(b) that an article is the subject of an application for a patent in India, if there arestamped, engraved or impressed on, or otherwise applied to, the article the words"patent applied for", "patent pending", or some other words implying that an
application for a patent for the article has been made in India.
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that a patent has been applied for shall be deemed to refer to a patent in force in India,
or to a pending application for a patent in India, as the case may be, unless there is anaccompanying indication that the patent has been obtained or applied for in any country
outside India.
121.

Wrongful use of words "patent office".—If any person uses on his place of business or
any document issued by him or otherwise the words "patent office" or any other words
which would reasonably lead to the belief that his place of business is, or is officiallyconnected with, the patent office, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term
which may extend to six months, or with fine, or with both.

122. Refusal or failure to supply information.—(1) If any person refuses or fails to furnish—(a) to the Central Government any information which he is required to furnish undersub-section (5) of section 100;(b) to the Controller any information or statement which he is required to furnish by orunder section 146,
he shall be punishable with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees.
(2) If any person, being required to furnish any such information as is referred to in sub­section (1), furnishes information or statement which is false, and which he either knowsor has reason to believe to be false or does not believe to be true, he shall be punishable
with imprisonment which may extend to six months, or with fine, or with both.
123. Practice by non-registered patent agents.—If any person contravenes the provisions ofsection 129, he shall be punishable with fine which may extend to one lakh rupees in thecase of a first offence and five lakh rupees in the case of a second or subsequent offence.
124. Offences by companies.—(1) If the person committing an offence under this Act is acompany, the company as well as every person in charge of, and responsible to, thecompany for the conduct of its business at the time of the commission of the offence
shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against
and punished accordingly:
Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render any such person
liable to any punishment if he proves that the offence was committed without his
knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such

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offence.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where an offence under this Act
has been committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been committedwith the consent or connivance of, or that the commission of the offence is attributable
to any neglect on the part of any director, manager, secretary or other officer of thecompany, such director, manager, secretary or other officer shall also be deemed to be
guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punishedaccordingly.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section,—(a) "company" means anybody corporate and includes a firm or other associationof individuals; and(b) "director", in relation to a firm, means a partner in the firm.

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CHAPTER XXIPATENT AGENTS
125. Register of patent agents.—(1) The Controller shall maintain a register to be called theregister of patent agents in which shall be entered the names, addresses and otherrelevant particulars, as may be prescribed, of all persons qualified to have their names soentered under section 126.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), it shall be lawful for the Controller
to keep the register of patent agents in computer floppies, diskettes or any otherelectronic form subject to such safeguards as may be prescribed.
126. Qualifications for registration as patent agents.—(1) A person shall be qualified to have hisname entered in the register of patent agents if he fulfills the following conditions,
namely:—(a) he is a citizen of India;(b) he has completed the age of 21 years;(c) he has obtained a degree in science, engineering or technology from any
university established under law for the time being in force in the territory ofIndia or possesses such other equivalent qualifications as the Central
Government may specify in this behalf, and, in addition,—(i) [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005](ii) has passed the qualifying examination prescribed for the purpose; or(iii) has, for a total period of not less than ten years, functioned either as an examineror discharged the functions of the Controller under section 73 or both, butceased to hold any such capacity at the time of making the application forregistration;(d) he has paid such fee as may be prescribed.
(2)

Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), a person who has beenregistered as a patent agent before the commencement of the Patents (Amendment)
Act, 2005 shall be entitled to continue to be, or when required to be re-registered, as aPage 91

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patent agent, on payment of the fees as may be prescribed.

127. Rights of patent agents.—Subject to the provisions contained in this Act and in any rules
made thereunder, every patent agent whose name is entered in the register shall beentitled—(a) to practice before the Controller; and(b) to prepare all documents, transact all business and discharge such other functions
as may be prescribed in connection with any proceeding before the Controller
under this Act.

128. Subscription and verification of certain documents by patent agents.—(1) all applications
and communications to the Controller under this Act may be signed by a patent agent
authorised in writing in this behalf by the person concerned.
(2) [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002]
129. Restrictions on practice as patent agents.—(1) No person, either alone or in partnershipwith any other person, shall practise, describe or hold himself out as a patent agent, or
permit himself to be so described or held out, unless he is registered as a patent agent or,as the case may be, unless he and all his partners are so registered.
(2) No company or other body corporate shall practise, describe itself or hold itself out as
patent agents or permit itself to be so described or held out.
Explanation.— For the purposes of this section, practise as a patent agent includes
any of the following acts, namely:—(a) applying for or obtaining patents in India or elsewhere;(b) preparing specifications or other documents for the purposes of this Act or of thepatent law of any other country;(c) giving advice other than of a scientific or technical nature as to the validity ofpatents or their infringement.

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130.

Removal from register of patent agents and restoration.—(1) The Controller may
remove the name of any person from the register when he is satisfied, after giving that
person a reasonable opportunity of being heard and after such further inquiry, if any, as
he thinks fit to make—(i) that his name has been entered in the register by error or on account of
misrepresentation or suppression of material fact;(ii) that he has been convicted of any offence and sentenced to a term of
imprisonment or has been guilty of misconduct in his professional capacity
which in the opinion of the Controller renders him unfit to be kept in theregister.
(2) The Controller may, on application and on sufficient cause being shown, restore to theregister the name of any person removed therefrom.
131. Power of Controller to refuse to deal with certain agents.—(1) Subject to any rules madein this behalf, the Controller may refuse to recognise as agent in respect of any businessunder this Act—(a) any individual whose name has been removed from, and not restored to, theregister;(b) any person who has been convicted of an offence under section 123;(c) any person, not being registered as a patent agent, who in the opinion of theController is engaged wholly in acting as agent in applying for patents in India or
elsewhere in the name or for the benefit of the person by whom he is employed;(d) any company or firm, if any person whom the Controller could refuse to recognise
as agent in respect of any business under this Act, is acting as a director or managerof the company or is a partner in the firm.
(2) The Controller shall refuse to recognise as agent in respect of any business under this Act
any person who neither resides nor has a place of business in India.
132. Savings in respect of other persons aut horised to act as agents.—Nothing in the Chapter
shall be deemed to prohibit—(a) the applicant for a patent from drafting any specification or appearing or
acting before the Controller, or(b) an advocate, not being a patent agent, from taking part in any hearing before
the Controller on behalf of a party who is taking part in any proceeding under
this Act.

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CHAPTER XXII
INTERNATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
133. Convention countries.—Any country, which is a signatory or party or a group ofcountries, union of countries or intergovernmental organisations which are signatories
or parties to an international, regional or bi-lateral treaty, convention or arrangement
to which India is also a signatory or party and which affords to the applicants for patents
in India or to citizens of India similar privileges as are granted to their own citizens or
citizens to their member countries in respect of the grant of patents and protection ofpatent rights shall be a convention country or convention countries for the purposes ofthis Act.
134. Notification as to countries not providing for reciprocity.—Where any country specified by
the Central Government in this behalf by notification in the Official Gazette does notaccord to citizens of India the same rights in respect of the grant of patents and theprotection of patent rights as it accords to its own nationals, no national of such country
shall be entitled, either solely or jointly with any other person,—(a) to apply for the grant of a patent or be registered as the proprietor of a patent;(b) to be registered as the assignee of the proprietor of a patent; or(c) to apply for a licence or hold any licence under a patent granted under this Act.

135. Convention applications.—(1) Without prejudice to the provisions contained in section 6,
where a person has made an application for a patent in respect of an invention in aconvention country (hereinafter referred to as the "basic application"), and that personor the legal representative or assignee of that person makes an application under thisAct for a patent within twelve months after the date on which the basic application was
made, the priority date of a claim of the complete specification, being a claim based onmatter disclosed in the basic application, is the date of making of the basic application.
Explanation.—Where applications have been made for similar protection in respectof an invention in two or more convention countries, the period of twelve months

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referred to in this sub-section shall be reckoned from the date on which the earlier or
earliest of the said applications was made.
(2) Where applications for protection have been made in one or more convention countries
in respect of two or more inventions which are cognate or of which one is a modificationof another, a single convention application may, subject to the provisions contained in
section 10, be made in respect of those inventions at any time within twelve months
from the date of the earliest of the said applications for protection:
Provided that the fee payable on the making of any such application shall be the sameas if separate applications have been made in respect of each of the said inventions, andthe requirements of clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 136 shall, in the case of any
such application, apply separately to the applications for protection in respect of each of
the said inventions.
(3) In case of an application filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty designating India andclaiming priority from a previously filed application in India, the provisions of sub-sections(1) and (2) shall apply as if the previously filed application were the basic application:
Provided that a request for examination under section 11B shall be made only for oneof the applications filed in India.
136. Special provisions relating to convention application.—(1) Every convention application
shall—(a) be accompanied by a complete specification; and(b) specify the date on which and the convention country in which the application forprotection, or as the case may be, the first of such applications was made; and(c) state that no application for protection in respect of the invention had been madein a convention country before that date by the applicant or by any person fromwhom he derives title.
(2) Subject to the provisions contained in section 10, a complete specification filed with aconvention application may include claims in respect of developments of, or additions to,the invention in respect of which the application for protection was made in a convention
country, being developments or additions in respect of which the applicant would beentitled under the provisions of section 6 to make a separate application for a patent.
(3)

A convention application shall not be post-dated under sub-section (1) of section 17 to adate later than the date on which under the provisions of this Act the application could
have been made.

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137. Multiple priorities.—(1) Where two or more applications for patents in
respect of inventions have been made in one or more convention countries and thoseinventions are so related as to constitute one invention, one application may be made by
any or all of the persons referred to in sub-section (1) of section 135 within twelve months
from the date on which the earlier or earliest of those applications was made, in respectof the inventions disclosed in the specifications which accompanied the basic applications.
(2) The priority date of a claim of the complete specification, being a claim based on mattersdisclosed in one or more of the basic applications, is the date on which that matter was
first so disclosed.
(3) For the purposes of this Act, a matter shall be deemed to have been disclosed in a basic
application for protection in a convention country if it was claimed or disclosed (otherwise
than by way of disclaimer or acknowledgement of a prior art) in that application, or any
documents submitted by the applicant for protection in support of and at the same time asthat application but no account shall be taken of any disclosure effected by any such
document unless a copy of the documents is filed at the patent office with the convention
application or within such period as may be prescribed after the filing of that application.
138. Supplementary provisions as to convention applications.—(1) Where a convention
application is made in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter, the applicant shallfurnish, when required by the Controller, in addition to the complete specification,
copies of the specifications or corresponding documents filed or deposited by theapplicant in the patent office of the convention country as referred to in section 133
verified to the satisfaction of the Controller, within the prescribed period from the dateof communication by the Controller.
(2) If any such specification or other document is in a foreign language, a translation into
English of the specification or document, verified by affidavit or otherwise to thesatisfaction of the Controller, shall be furnished when required by the Controller.
(3) For the purposes of this Act, the date on which an application was made in a convention
country is such date as the Controller is satisfied, by certificate of the official chief orhead of the patent office of the convention country or otherwise, is the date on which
the application was made in that convention country.
(4) An international application filed under the Patent Co-operation Treaty designating India
shall have effect of filing an application for patent under section 7, section 54 and section
135, as the case may be, and the title, description, claim and abstract and drawings, if any,

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filed in the international application shall be taken as complete specification for the
purposes of this Act.
(5) The filing date of application for patent and its complete specification processed by thepatent office as designated office shall be the international filing date accorded under the
Patent Cooperation Treaty.
(6) Amendment, if any, proposed by the applicant for an international application
designating India or designating and electing India before international searchingauthority or preliminary examination authority shall, if the applicant so desires, be taken
as an amendment made before the patent office.
139. Other provisions of Act to apply to convention applications.—Save as otherwise provided
in this Chapter, all the provisions of this Act shall apply in relation to a convention
application and a patent granted in pursuance thereof as they apply in relation to an
ordinary application and a patent granted in pursuance thereof.

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CHAPTER XXIIIMISCELLANEOUS
140. Avoidance of certain restrictive conditions.—(1) It shall not be lawful to insert—(i) in any contract for or in relation to the sale or lease of a patented article or an article
made by a patented process; or(ii) in licence to manufacture or use a patented article; or(iii) in a licence to work any process protected by a patent, a condition the effect of which
may be—(a) to require the purchaser, lessee, or licensee to acquire from the vendor, lessor,
or licensor or his nominees, or to prohibit from acquiring or to restrict in any
manner or to any extent his right to acquire from any person or to prohibit himfrom acquiring except from the vendor, lessor, or licensor or his nominees any
article other than the patented article or an article other than that made by thepatented process; or(b) to prohibit the purchaser, lessee or licensee from using or to restrict in any
manner or to any extent the right of the purchaser, lessee or licensee, to use anarticle other than the patented article or an article other than that made by thepatented process, which is not supplied by the vendor, lessor or licensor or his
nominee; or(c) to prohibit the purchaser, lessee or licensee from using or to restrict in any
manner or to any extent the right of the purchaser, lessee or licensee to use any
process other than the patented process,(d) to provide exclusive grant back, prevention to challenges to validity of Patent &Coercive package licensing,and any such condition shall be void.
(2) A condition of the nature referred to in clause (a) or clause (b) or clause (c) of sub-section(1) shall not cease to be a condition falling within that sub-section merely by reason of thefact that the agreement containing it has been entered into separately, whether before orafter the contract relating to the sale, lease or licence of the patented article or process.
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prove that at the time of the infringement there was in force a contract relating to thepatent and containing a condition declared unlawful by this section:
Provided that this sub-section shall not apply if the plaintiff is not a party to thecontract and proves to the satisfaction of the court that the restrictive condition wasinserted in the contract without his knowledge and consent, express or implied.
(4) Nothing in this section shall—(a) affect a condition in a contract by which a person is prohibited from selling goods
other than those of a particular person;(b) validate a contract which, but for this section, would be invalid;(c) affect a condition in a contract for the lease of, or licence to use a patented article,
by which the lessor or licensor reserves to himself or his nominee the right to supply
such new parts of the patented article as may be required or to put or keep it inrepair.
(5) [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002]
141. Determination of certain contracts.—(1) Any contract for the sale or lease of a patented
article or for licence to manufacture, use or work a patented article or process, or
relating to any such sale, lease or licence, may at any time after the patent or all thepatents by which the article or process was protected at the time of the making of thecontract has or have ceased to be in force, and notwithstanding anything to the contraryin the contract or in any other contract, be determined by the purchaser, lessee, or
licensee, as the case may be, of the patent on giving three months notice in writing tothe other party.
(2) The provisions of this section shall be without prejudice to any right of determining acontract exercisable apart from this section.
142. Fees.—(1) There shall be paid in respect of the grant of patents and applications therefor,and in respect of other matters in relation to the grant of patents under this Act, such fees
as may be prescribed by the Central Government.
(2) Where a fee is payable in respect of the doing of an act by the Controller, the Controller
shall not do that act until the fee has been paid.
(3) Where a fee is payable in respect of the filing of a document at the patent office, the fee
shall be paid along with the document or within the prescribed time and the document
shall be deemed not to have been filed at the office if the fee has not been paid within

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such time.
(4) Where a principal patent is granted later than two years from the date of the filing of theapplication, the fees which have become due in the meantime may be paid within a termof three months from the date of the recording of the patent in the register or within theextended period not later than nine months from the date of recording.
143. Restrictions upon publication of specification.—Subject to the provisions of Chapter VII,an application for a patent, and any specification filed in pursuance thereof, shall not,except with the consent of the applicant, be published by the Controller before theexpiration of the period prescribed under sub-section (1) of section 11A or before thesame is open to public inspection in pursuance of sub-section (3) of section 11A or
section 43.
144. Reports of examiners to be confidential.—The reports of examiners to the Controller
under this Act shall not be open to public inspection or be published by the Controller;and such reports shall not be liable to production or inspection in any legal proceeding
unless the court certifies that the production or inspection is desirable in the interests ofjustice, and ought to be allowed.
145. Publication of official journal.—The Controller shall publish periodically an official journal
which shall contain such information as may be required to be published by or under
the provisions of this Act or any rule made thereunder.
146. Power of Controller to call for information from patentees.—(1) The Controller may, at
any time during the continuance of the patent, by notice in writing, require a patentee ora licensee, exclusive or otherwise, to furnish to him within two months from the date ofsuch notice or within such further time as the Controller may allow, such information orsuch periodical statements as to the extent to which the patented invention has beencommercially worked in India as may be specified in the notice.
(2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1), every patentee and every licensee(whether exclusive or otherwise) shall furnish in such manner and form and at suchintervals (not being less than six months) as may be prescribed statements as to theextent to which the patented invention has been worked on a commercial scale in India.
(3) The Controller may publish the information received by him under subsection (1) or sub-

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section (2) in such manner as may be prescribed.
147. Evidence of entries, documents, etc.—(1) A certificate purporting to be signed by theController as to any entry, matter or thing which he is authorized by this Act or any rules
made thereunder to make or do, shall be prima facie evidence of the entry having been
made and of the contents thereof and of the matter or thing having been done oromitted to be done.
(2) A copy of any entry in any register or of any document kept in the patent office or of any
patent, or an extract from any such register or document, purporting to be certified by
the Controller and sealed with the seal of the patent office shall be admitted in evidence
in all courts, and in all proceedings, without further proof or production of the original.
(3) The Controller or any other officer of the patent office shall not, in any lega l proceedings
to which he is not a party, be compellable to produce the register or any other document
in his custody, the contents of which can be proved by the production of a certified copy
issued under this Act or to appear as a witness to prove the matters therein recorded
unless by order of the court made for special causes.
148. Declaration by infant, lunatic etc.—(1) If any person is, by reason of minority, lunacy orother disability, incapable of making any statement or doing anything required or
permitted by or under this Act, the lawful guardian, committee or manager (if any) of theperson subject to the disability, or if there be none, any person appointed by any court
possessing jurisdiction in respect of his property, may make such statement or astatement as nearly corresponding thereto as circumstances permit, and do such thing in
the name and on behalf of the person subject to the disability.
(2) An appointment may be made by the court for the purposes of this section upon the
petition of any person acting on behalf of the person subject to the disability or of any
other person interested in the making of the statement or the doing of the thing.
149. Service of notices, etc., by post.—Any notice required or authorised to be given by orunder this Act, and any application or other document so authorised or required to bemade or filed, may be given, made or filed by post.
150. Security for costs.—If any party by whom notice of any opposition is given under this Act
or by whom application is made to the Controller for the grant of a licence under a

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patent neither resides nor carries on business in India, the Controller may require him to
give security for the costs of the proceedings, and in default of such security being given
may treat the opposition or application as abandoned.
151. Transmission of orders of courts to Controller.—(1) Every order of the High Court or theAppellate Board on a petition for revocation, including orders granting certificates ofvalidity of any claim, shall be transmitted by the High Court or the Appellate Board to theController who shall cause an entry thereof and reference thereto to be made in theregister.
(2) Where in any suit for infringement of a patent or in any suit under section 106 the validityof any claim or a specification is contested and that claim is found by the court to be valid
or not valid, as the case may be, the court shall transmit a copy of its judgment anddecree to the Controller who shall on receipt thereof cause an entry in relation to suchproceeding to be made in the prescribed manner in a supplemental record.
(3) The provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) shall also apply to the court to which appeals are
preferred against decisions of the Appellate Board or the courts, as the cas e may be,referred to in those sub-sections.
152.

Transmission of copies of specifications, etc., and inspection thereof.— [Omitted by
the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005]

153. Information relating to patents.—A person making a request to the Controller in theprescribed manner for information relating to any such matters as may be prescribed as
respects any patent specified in the request or as respects any application for a patent so
specified shall be entitled, subject to the payment of the prescribed fee, to haveinformation supplied to him accordingly.
154. Loss or destruction of patents.—If a patent is lost or destroyed, or its non-production is
accounted for to the satisfaction of the Controller, the Controller may at any time, on
application made in the prescribed manner and on payment of the prescribed fee, cause
a duplicate thereof to be sealed and delivered to the applicant.
155. Reports of Controller to be placed before Parliament.—The Central Government shallcause to be placed before both Houses of Parliament once a year a report respecting the
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execution of this Act by or under the Controller.
156. Patent to bind Government.—Subject to the other provisions contained in this Act, apatent shall have to all intents the like effect as against Government as it has against any
person.
157. Right of Government to sell or use forfeited articles.—Nothing in this Act shall affect thepower of the Government or of any person deriving title directly or indirectly from theGovernment to sell or use any articles forfeited under any law for the time being in force.
157A. Protection of security of India.—Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, theCentral Government shall—(a) not disclose any information relating to any patentable invention or any application
relating to the grant of patent under this Act, which it considers prejudicial to theinterest of security of India;(b) take any action including the revocation of any patent which it
considers necessary in the interest of the security of India by issue of a notificationin the Official Gazette to that effect.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, the expression "security of India"
includes any action necessary for the security of India which—(i) relates to fissionable materials or the materials from which they are derived;or(ii) relates to the traffic in arms, ammunition and implements of war and to suchtraffic in other goods and materials as is carried on directly or indirectly forthe purpose of supplying a military establishment; or(iii) is taken in time of war or other emergency in international relations.
158. Power of High Courts to make rules.—The High Court may make rules consistent withthis Act as to the conduct and procedure in respect of all proceedings before it under thisAct.
159. Power of Central Government to make rules.—(1) The Central Government may, by
notification in the Official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, the Central Government may

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make rules to provide for all or any of the following matters, namely:—(i) the form and manner in which any application for a patent, any
specifications or drawings and any other application or document
may be filed in the patent office;(ia) the period which the Controller may allow for filing of statement andundertaking for in respect of applications under sub-section (1), theperiod within which the details relating to processing of applications
may be filed before the Controller and the details to be furnished by
the applicant to the Controller under sub-section (2) of section 8;(ib) the period within which a reference to the deposit of materials shallbe made in the specification under sub-clause (A) of clause (ii) of
the proviso to sub-section (4) of section 10;(ic) the period for which application for patent shall not be open to the
public under sub-section (1) and the manner in which the applicant
may make a request to the Controller to publish his application
under sub-section (2) of section 11 A;(id) the manner of making the request for examination for an application
for patent and the period within which such examination shall bemade under sub-sections (1) and (3) of section 11B;
(ie) the manner in which an application for withdrawal of an application
for grant of a patent shall be made and the period within which arequest for examination from the date of revocation of secrecy
directions shall be made under the proviso to sub-section (4) ofsection 11B.
(ii) the time within which any act or thing may be done under this Act, including
the manner in which and the time within which any matter may be
published under this Act;(iii) the fees which may be payable under this Act and the manner and time of
payment of such fees;(iv) the matters in respect of which the examiner may make a report to theController;(v) the manner in which and the period within which the Controller shall consider
and dispose off a representation under sub-section (1) of section 25;(va) the period within which the Controller is required to dispose of an application
under section 39;

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970(vi) the form and manner in which and the time within which any notice may be given
under this Act;(vii) the provisions which may be inserted in an order for restoration of a patent for theprotection of persons who may have availed themselves of the subject-matter ofthe patent after the patent had ceased;(viii) the establishment of branch offices of the patent office and the regulation
generally of the business of the patent office, including its branch offices;(ix) the maintenance of the register of patents and the safeguards to be observed in
the maintenance of such register in computer floppies, diskettes or any otherelectronic form and the matters to be entered therein;(x) the matters in respect of which the Controller shall have powers of a civil court;(xi) the time when and the manner in which the register and any other document open
to inspection may be inspected under this Act;(xii) the qualifications of, and the preparation of a roll of, scientific advisers for the
purpose of section 115;
(xiia) the salaries and allowances and other conditions of service of the officers andother employees of the Appellate Board under subsection (2) and the manner inwhich the officers and other employees of the Appellate Board shall discharge
their functions under subsection (3) of section 117;(xiib) the form of making an appeal, the manner of verification and the fee payable
under sub-section (3) of section 117A;(xiic) the form in which, and the particulars to be included in the application to theAppellate Board under sub-section (1) of section 117D;(xiii) the manner in which any compensation for acquisition by Government of an
invention may be paid;(xiv) the manner in which the register of patent agents may be maintained under sub­section (1) of section 125 and the safeguards to be observed in the maintenance ofsuch register of patent agents on computer floppies, diskettes or any otherelectronic form under subsection (2) of that section; the conduct of qualifying
examinations for patent agents; and matters connected with their practice andconduct, including the taking of disciplinary proceedings against patent agents for
misconduct;(xv) the regulation of the making, printing, publishing and selling of indexes to, andabridgements of, specifications and other documents in the patent office; and theinspection of indexes and abridgements and other documents;
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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970(xvi) any other matter which has to be or may be prescribed.
(3) The power to make rules under this section shall be subject to condition of the rules
being made after previous publication:
Provided that the Central Government may, if it is satisfied that the circumstances
exist which render it practically not possible to comply with such condition of previous
publication, dispense with such compliance.
160.

Rules to be placed before Parliament.—Every rule made under this Act shall be laid, assoon as may be after it is made, before each House of Parliament while it is in session fora total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more
successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately following thesession or the successive sessions aforesaid, both Houses agree in making any
modification in the rule or both Houses agree that the rule should not be made, the rule
shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case maybe; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice tothe validity of anything previously done under that rule.

161. Special provisions with respect to certain applications deemed to have been refused
under Act 2 of 1911.— [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002]
162. Repeal of Act 2 of 1911 in so far as it relates to patents and savings.— (1) The Indian
Patents and Designs Act, 1911, in so far as it relates to patents, is hereby repealed, that is
to say, the said Act shall be amended in the manner specified in the Schedule.
(2) and (3) [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2002](4) The mention of particular matters in this section shall not prejudice the generalapplication of the General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 1897), with respect to repeals.
(5) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, any suit for infringement of a patent or
any proceeding for revocation of a patent, pending in any court at the commencement of
this Act, may be continued and disposed of, as if this Act had not been passed.
163. Amendment of Act 43 of 1958.— [Omitted by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005]

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THE SCHEDULE[Section 162]
AMENDMENTS TO THE INDIAN PATENTS AND DESIGNS ACT, 1911
1. Long title—Omit "Inventions and".
2. Preamble—Omit "inventions and".
3. Section 1—In sub-section (1) omit "Indian Patents and".
4.Section 2—(a) omit clause (1);(b) in clause (2) omit "(as respects designs)";(c) for clause (3), substitute—(3) "controller" means the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks
appointed under sub-section (1) of section 4 of the Trade and Merchandise Marks
Act, 1958 (43 of 1958);(d) in clause (5) for "trade mark as defined in section 478", substitute "trade mark as
defined in clause (v) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Trade and MerchandiseMarks Act, 1958 (43 of 1958)";(e) omit clause (6);(f) in clause 7, after sub-clause (ee) insert,—"(f) in relation to the Union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Goa, Daman
and Diu, the High Court at Bombay; (g)in relation to the Union territory ofPondicherry, the High Court at Madras.";(g) omit clauses (8), (10) and (11);(h) for clause (12), substitute—"(12) "patent office" means the patent office referred to in section 74 of the Patents
Act, 1970".
5. Omit Part I.
6. For section 51B, substitute—"51B, Designs to bind Government.—A registered design shall have to all intents the likeeffect as against Government as it has against any person and the provisions of
Chapter XVII of the Patents Act, 1970, shall apply to registered designs as they apply topatents."
7. In section 54, for "The provisions of this Act", substitute "The provisions of the Patents
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Act, 1970".
8. Omit sections 55 and 56.
9. Section 57—For sub-section (1), substitute—(1) There shall be paid in respect of the registration of designs and applications
therefor and in respect of other matters relating to designs under this Act such fees as
may be prescribed by the Central Government.".
10.Omit section 59 A.
11.Section 61—Omit sub-section (1).
12.For section 62, substitute—"62, Power of Controller to correct clerical errors.—The Controller may, on request in
writing accompanied by the prescribed fee, correct any clerical error in the
representation of a design or in the name or address of the proprietor of any design orin any other matter which is entered upon the register of designs."
13.Section 63—(a) in sub-section (1), omit "to a patent or" and "patent or";(b) in sub-section (2), omit "patent or" and for "patents or designs, as the case may be,",substitute "designs,";(c) in sub-section (3), omit "patent or" whenever that expression occurs;(d) in sub-section (4), omit "to a patent or".
14.Section 64—(a) in sub-section (1), omit "patents or" and omit the word "either" wherever it occurs;(b) in sub-section (5), omit clause (a).
15. Omit section 66.
16.Section 67—Omit "for a patent, or for amendment of an application or of a specification,or",
17. Section 69—In sub-section (1), omit "to grant a patent for an invention or".
18. Section 71A—Omit "or from patents, specifications and other"
19. Omit section 72.
20. Omit sections 74A and 75.
21. Section 76—(a) in sub-section (1), omit "other";(b) in sub-section (2), in clause (c), omit "opponent".
22. Section 77—(a) in sub-section (1)—

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T HE PATENTS ACT, 1970(i) in clauses (c) and (d), omit "specifications"; (ii) for clause (e),substitute—"(e) providing for the inspection of documents in the patent office and for the manner inwhich they may be published;" (iii) omit clause (eee);(b) omit sub-section (2A).
23. Omit section 78.
24. For section 78A, substitute—"78A. Reciprocal arrangement with United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries —(1) Any person who has applied for protection for any design in the United Kingdom or
his legal representative or assignee shall, either alone or jointly with any other person,
be entitled to claim that the registration of the said design under this Act shall be inpriority to other applicants and shall have the same date as the date of the applicationin the United Kingdom:
Provided that—(a) the application is made within six months from the application for protection in the
United Kingdom; and(b) nothing in this section shall entitle the proprietor of the design to recover damages
for infringements happening prior to the actual date on which the design isregistered in India.
(2) The registration of a design shall not be invalidated by reason only of the exhibition or
use of, or the publication of a description or representation of, the design in India
during the period specified in this section as that within which the application may be
made.
(3) The application for the registration of a design under this section must be made in thesame manner as an ordinary application under this Act.
(4) Where it is made to appear to the Central Government that the legislature of any such
Commonwealth country as may be notified by the Central Government in this behalf
has made satisfactory provisions for the protection of designs registered in India, theCentral Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, direct that theprovisions of this section, with such variations or additions, if any, as may be set out insuch notification, shall apply for the protection of designs registered in that
Commonwealth country."
25. Omit sections 78B, 78C, 78D and 78E.
26. Omit the Schedule.

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