Document 3-7

Final Report by Copying Machine Criteria Standard Subcommittee, Energy
Efficiency Standards Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee on Energy

The Subcommittee undertook deliberations on the matters that should serve as criteria of copying
machines with respect to energy efficiency for manufacturers or importers (hereinafter referred to as“manufacturers”), and made a final summary as follows:1.

Scope of application
The summary shall cover a dry type indirect electrostatic copying machine.

However, it shallexclude a copier whose copying speed is 86 copies/minute or higher, a copier for large-sized paper such as
A2 size or larger, and a color-copying machine.

In addition, it shall cover a multifunctional device that is

only equipped with the copying function before shipment, and any multifunctional device having thecopying function, capabilities of a facsimile and printer, etc. before shipment (See Attachment 1) shall not
be included.
2.

Items of standard criteria for the manufacturers.

(1) Target fiscal year: fiscal year 2006
(2) Target standard value
The manufacturers, etc. of each copying machine shall ensure that for copiers to be shipped to thedomestic market in the target fiscal year, a numeric value that is to be obtained by taking weighted averagesof energy efficiency measured according to the method defined in (3) below, with shipments for every
category of the following table will not go beyond the target standard value.
(See Attachments 2 and 3.)
Segment by Copying Speed
(CPM)
～10

A-4 size
copier

B-4 size
copierTarget Standard Value (Wh/h)
11

11～20

17

21～30

69

31～40

88

41～50

123

51～60

144

61～70

180

71～80

200

81～85

258

～10

17

11～20

20

21～30

85

31～40

108

41～50

151

51～60

176

61～70

221

71～80

246

81～85

317

VII-1

Segment by Copying Speed
(CPM)
～10

A-3 size
copierA-3Y size
copierNote)

Target Standard Value (Wh/h)
19

11～20

55

21～30

99

31～40

125

41～50

176

51～60

205

61～70

257

71～80

286

81～85

369

～10

27

11～20

77

21～30

139

31～40

175

41～50

246

51～60

287

61～70

383

71～80

433

81～85

483

Copying speed: Number of copies that can be made in a minute (CPM)
Energy efficiency: Energy consumption per hour (Wh/h)
A3Y machine: A copier with the maximum copying size (maximum sheet width) is thewidth of A3 size, portrait-format.

VII-2

(3) Measuring method1)

The unit of energy efficiency shall be “Wh/h”.

2)

The energy efficiency shall be a value of energy consumption per hour that is determined bymeasuring energy consumption A (Wh) of power measurement pattern A and energy consumption
B (Wh) of the pattern B, and then calculating them with the following expression (SeeAttachment 4):
Energy consumption per hour = (A+7B)÷8 (Wh/h)(4) Display items
1)

The following items shall be displayed:･ Product name and model name･ Copying speed･ Energy efficiency･ Name or appellation of a manufacturer, etc.

2)

Unit of energy efficiency to be displayed shall be “Wh/h”.

3)

The display items shall be displayed in a catalogue or an instruction manual.
(See Attachment 5)

3.

Recommendations toward energy conservation(1) Efforts to be made by Users
Users shall not only make efforts to select a copier with better energy efficiency but also try to takeenergy saving measures by using a copier appropriately and efficiently.
(2) Efforts to be made by Manufacturers
1)

Manufacturers shall promote technological development toward energy conservation of copiers,
and attempt to develop a copier with better energy efficiency.

2)

In order to promote widespread use of a copier with good energy efficiency, manufacturers shallattempt to encourage users to have better understanding on this.

(3) Efforts to be made by the Government
In order to promote widespread use of a copier with good energy efficiency, the government shallmake efforts to take necessary measures such as political assistance and enlightenment activities forprevalence, etc to encourage users to have better understanding and manufacturers to have better
approach.
4.

Background of review, etc.

(1) History of the subcommittee meetings that have been held so far (See Attachment 6).
(2) List of names of committee members (See Attachment 7).

VII-3

(Attachment 1)

Target Scope
1.

Definition of equipment
It shall be a dry type indirect electrostatic copying machine.
Reason: Mainly, copiers that are generally used in offices, etc., shall be covered.

2.

Items to be excluded(1) Copiers whose copying speed is 86 copies per minute or higher
Reason: A copier whose copying speed is 86 copies per minute or higher is mainly used for special
applications at a printer, and its market share is very small (1 percent or less).

In addition,

since most of the copiers in this category are difficult to use with a general power supply,
etc., they shall be excluded.
(2) Copier for large-sized paper such as A2 size or larger
Reason: A copier whose maximum copying size (maximum sheet width) is A2 or larger is mainly
used for special application at a designer, and its market share is very small.

In addition,

most of the copiers in this category are difficult to use with a general power supply, etc.,
they shall be excluded (See Reference 2).
(3) Color copying machine
Reason: As its market share is small and measurement method and evaluation method have not been
established, they shall be excluded (See Reference 2).
Note)

For color copying machines, we should attempt to keep track of use thereof, review thenumber of installations, progress in establishment of the measurement/evaluation methods,
etc., and consider the possibility of including them to this target scope, as necessary.

(4) Multifunctional devices (excluding those only equipped with the copying function at shipment)
Reason:Since a multifunctional device has combined capabilities of a copier, facsimile, or printer,etc., and its definition and methods of measuring/evaluating have not been established, it
shall be excluded (See Reference 2).

Note)

For multifunctional devices, we should attempt to keep track of use thereof, review thenumber of installations, progress in establishment of the measurement/evaluation methods,
etc., and consider, as necessary, the possibility of including them to this target scope as
promptly as possible in the future.

VII-4

Reference 1

Copier Shipment Trend
1.

Transition of production volume, etc.
(Unit: million yen)
1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

Value of production

552,737

518,584

537,233

539,500

546,003

632,577

Value of export

346,659

316,196309,924

296,790

306,179

394,528

Value of import

3,890

5,265

11,385

19,40824,37426,948Domestic market

209,968

207,653

238,694

262,118

264,198

264,997(Value of production: Survey of industrial production by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry,
Value of export/import: Foreign trade statistics by the Ministry of Finance)(Domestic market = Value of production – Value of export + Value of import)
2.

Transition of shipment volume, etc.
(Unit: 1,000 units)
1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

Volume of production

2,377

2,208

2,144

1,957

1,903

2,202

Volume of export

1,701

1,518

1,415

1,274

1,168

1,386

Volume of import

22

62

153

262

286

308

Domestic shipment volume

698

752

882

945

1,021

1,124

(Volume of production: Survey of industrial production by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry,
Volume of export/import: Foreign trade statistics by the Ministry of Finance)(Domestic shipment volume = Volume of production – Volume of export + Volume of import)

VII-5

Reference 2

Estimated Energy Consumption of Copiers
Estimated number of copiers installed in the market

2,989
69.1%

Copier forlarge-sized
sheets
157
3.6%

160

AnalogcopierNumber of installations
Composition ratio

Composition ratio of estimated copier installationsof the market

1,000 units
Digitalcopiers

Multifunctional
devicesColor
copying Total of PPC
machine
154
4,323
3.6%
100.0%

102
2.4%

921
21.3%

300

180

180

300

307

576

346

346

576

918

90

35

318

89

Estimated energy consumption

VII-7

Energy efficiency (Wh/h)Annual energy
consumption (kWh/unit)
Annual total energy
consumption(million kWh)Composition ratio

1,451
Analog copiers

63.3%

6.2%

2.4%

21.9%

6.1%

8,410

3,278

29,6028,249

100.0%

Multifunctional devices

Energy converted into crude oil
Annual total energy
consumption (kl)Note)

85,395

Copiers forlarge-sized sheet
Color copying
machines

Digital copiersComposition of energy consumption
134,934

The number of copiers installed in the market was estimated from the statistics voluntarily prepared by theJapan Business Machine Makers Association.
The energy efficiency was estimated on typical models.
Annual energy consumption = energy efficiency x 8 (hours) x 20 (days) x 12 (months)
Annual total energy consumption = annual energy consumption x total number of copiers
To convert the energy into crude oil, we used 1kWh = 0.0000930kl.

3.

Analog copiersMultifunctional devices

Copiers forlarge-sized sheet
Color copying
machines

Digital copiers

(Attachment 2)

Segmentation for Setting Targets
1.

Measures of energy efficiency(1) A basic measure shall be the copying speed (copies/minute), as with the conventional standard.
(2) Distribution of data on the energy efficiency of copiers (not including excluded items) that have been
shipped as of April 1, 1998 is as follows:VII-8

Copying speed and energy efficiency

Energy efficiency

VII-9

Copying speed
A4 copierB4 copierB4 digital copierA3 copierA3 digital copierA3 Y machine

Current Standard

Features of Copiers

A4 CopierNumber ofModels16

B4 Copier14

A3 Copier

138

A3 Y
Machine6

Category

FeaturesMain Users- Copiers of this category have slow copying speed,
such as 3 to 12 copies/minute. When a userpresses COPY button, predetermined fixing
temperatures are reached before a copy sheet
reaches a fixing unit. Thus, the copiers often
enter OFF mode after completion of copying.
- A narrow fixing width and thinning of the thermalroller of the fixing unit shorten warm-up time.
- Therefore, power consumption at standby isextremely low, thus substantially improving theenergy efficiency.
- This type has a faster copying speed than an A4
copier, such as 8 to 14 copies/minute, and larger
fixing width than the A4 copier.
- Although it is smaller compared with the A4
copier, its energy efficiency has substantially
increased because of thinning of the thermal rollerof the fixing unit.
- The copying speeds widely range from 12 to 85
copies/minute.
- Looking at averages, we can see that energy
efficiency has increased because of improvements
in respective parts of a copier, such as the fixing
unit.
- The copying speed is fast, such as 67 to 82
copies/minute.
- Although users’ needs for copiers of this category
is high because they can copy large-sized sheets
faster than an A3 copier, improvement of theenergy efficiency is difficult to achieve comparedwith the 3 models described above, due to large
width of the fixing unit.

Homes, family typebusiness, small
offices, etc.

VII-10

Small offices, family
type business, etc.

Offices in general

Offices in general,
copying center2.

Segmentation(1) Copiers shall be sorted into A4, B4, A3, and A3Y, depending on the maximum copy size (maximum
sheet width):
Reason:The maximum copy size (maximum sheet width) is related to longitudinal width of the
fixing component or length of an illumination lamp, and is the important physical quantitythat is correlated with the energy efficiency.
Therefore, as differences in such the maximum copy size (maximum sheet width) lead tochanges in the energy efficiency, the copiers shall be sorted according to this.

(2) The sorting according to the copying speed shall be performed for the above categories:
Then, the copiers shall be sorted in consideration of the possibility of product shipment in the future:- For A4 and B4 copiers up to the copying speed of 20 copies/minutes, they shall be sorted by the
speed of 10 copies/minute.

In addition, although products having the copying speed of 21

copies/minute or faster are not shipped at present, they shall also be sorted by 10 copies/minute,with possible future shipments in mind.
- For A3 copiers, copiers with the copying speed from 0 to 85 copies/minute shall be sorted by 10
copies/minute (those with the speed of 81 copies/minute or faster shall be sorted by 81 to 85
copies/minute).
- For A3Y copiers, copiers with the copying speed of 61 to 85 copies/minute that are currently
marketed shall be sorted by 10 copies/minute (those with the speed of 81 copies/minute or fastershall be sorted by 81 to 85 copies/minute).

In addition, although products with the copying speedof 60 minutes/minute or less are not marketed at present, they shall also be sorted by 10
copies/minute, with possible future shipments in mind.
Note)

Copies have varying outside diameters and thickness of the thermal roller of the fixing unit,
depending on the copying speed.

In general, the outside diameter and thickness increase as

the copying speed increases by 10 copies/minute; thus, the higher speed the copier has, thelarger and the thicker they are.
This is because we believe it appropriate to basically sort the copiers by 10 copies/minute,based on such the technological factor of the fixing unit.

VII-11(Attachment 3)

Target Standard Value and Target Fiscal Year1.

Setting a Target Standard Value
We shall set respective standard values by taking into account performance of a product that has thebest energy efficiency, according to each segment set based on 2 of Attachment 2.
A target reference value for each segment shall be set according to specific numeric values:(1) Concept for setting the target standard values
1.

Concept for setting
As described in the attachment 2, the sorting is based on the technological factors of the fixing unit.

In addition, the majority of energy consumption of copiers is consumption at the fixing unit (approximately
60-70%).

Thus, when setting a target standard value of each segment, energy consumption of the fixing

unit should be considered a basis.

In addition, energy consumption of any parts other than the fixing unit

account for approximately 30 to 40% and is relatively small.

It is thus believed that effects due to its

fluctuation will be minor within the same segment, and thus can be eliminated.
Therefore, we believe it appropriate to set target standard values in respective segments according to
specific numeric values, based on the energy consumption of fixing unit.
2.

Surf fixing method
In a surf fixing method, a heater concentrates heat on a sheet by way of a thin film, and the method isonly applied to low-speed copiers at present.
Copiers with this method is specified as specific products and excluded from the consideration for
setting target standard values, because this method is:1.

A single company owns not only the base patent of the relevant technology, but also surrounding
patents.

2.

It seems to be almost impossible that the energy efficiency achieved with the current thermalroller fixing method and other method can exceed that of the surf fixing method.

3.

Thus, in the segment in which copiers of surf fixing method are shipped, products that adopt a
widely used technology other than the corresponding method (so called thermal roller fixing
method) cannot exist, and a single company monopolizes the said category, which might
extremely skew the market.

VII-12

(2) Approach to target setting based on trend in technological development
1)

Trend in Technological Development

In order to improve technological development related to energy conservation in the copiers, researchand development in the wide areas of low melting toner, improved sensitivity of photoreceptors, reduced
electric power of an illuminated light source, reduced torque of a drive system, increased efficiency of a
motor transformer and a power source, and introduction of energy-saving mode, etc. as well as
improvement of a fixing unit having great power consumption are undertaken.
In this section, we summarized the trend of technological development related to improvement ofenergy efficiency.
1)

Fixing Unit

(Thermal roller fixing method)
The method has been used in areas ranging from low-speed copiers to high-speed copiers.

The

method is in general use because of reliability of the fixing and sheet transport capabilities.
As far as energy conservation is concerned, in the area of low-speed copiers, thinning of the
fixing rollers has subsequently improved energy-saving in a standby state. In the area of mediumand high-speed copiers, although we have promoted not only thinning of the fixing rollers but also
improvement of fixing process technology including low melting toner, it has almost reached the endof its improvement, and thus believe that it will be difficult to achieve further improvement.
(Surf Fixing Method)Thin film is used in the surf fixing method.

Hence, we believe it is quite difficult to apply themethod to the medium- and high-speed copiers because there are a number of technical challenges toovercome, in view of reliability in heat supply and sheet transport.
(Other Methods)
From patent information, the methods such as radiative heating, resistance heating, induction
heating, etc. have been proposed. However, practical application thereof still faces a number ofproblems (fixing capability, thermal efficiency, durability, safety, etc.).

Thus, the methods are not

adopted at the current moment, and we believe that the future prospects are not necessarily bright.

VII-13

2)

Low melting toner
Since low melting toner has a profound effect on energy conservation, its improvement thereof

coupled with the fixing unit has continued.

However, due to the problem of keeping quality of tonercomponents (powder) (i.e., toner should not become massed), we believe that further improvement isalmost difficult.
3)

Improved sensitivity of photoreceptors
Since there have been substantial improvement in the area of sensitivity of photoreceptors tillnow, we believe that further improvement is almost difficult.
4)

Reduced power of an illuminated light source
Lamps of illuminated light sources have been purchased from component manufacturers.

Since

there have been substantial improvement in the area of power reduction till now, we believe thatfurther improvement is almost difficult.
5)

Reduced torques of a drive system
As miniaturization and weight saving of the drive system have advanced in response to themarket needs for small footprint copiers, reduction of torques has also been pursued.

We believe thatfurther improvement is almost difficult, however.
6)

Increased efficiency of a motor transformer and a power supply
Although a motor transformer and a power supply rely on component manufacturers, they havebeen gradually improved so far.

We expect that they will also be improved in the future, although

there will be little improvement.
Taking into consideration the current trend of technological development related to improvementof energy efficiency, we believe that substantial improvement in the energy efficiency cannot be
expected.
On the one hand, although it is difficult to seek quantitative improved values of individual
technologies, hardworking efforts to respective parts of copiers contributed to minimal technologicalimprovement.

Thus, further increase, although it may be little, is also expected in the energy

efficiency.
For this reason, assuming that improvement of the energy efficiency through technologicaldevelopment will steadily proceed in the future as well, we shall reflect possible improvement ofefficiency in setting the target standard values.

VII-14

2)

Possible increase in efficiency expected in the future because of future prospects of technologicaldevelopment, etc.
Based on the idea of 1), in the table below, we list the ratios by applying possible improvement ofwhen steady efforts toward improvement of energy efficiency through technological development isassumed, to Top Runner value of each segment.
Ratio applying to Top Runner value as possible increase in efficiency expected in the future
Segment by
Copying Speed
Ratio of Application
Description of Application(CPM)
Approximately 5%
Prospects of technological development～10
Approximately 5%
Prospects of technological development
11～20
Approximately 4%
Prospects of technological development
21～30
Approximately 4%
Prospects of technological development
31～40
Approximately 3%
Prospects of technological development
41～50
Approximately 3%
Prospects of technological development
51～60
Approximately 2%
Prospects of technological development
61～70
Approximately 2%
Prospects of technological development
71～80
Approximately 2%
Prospects of technological development
81～85
Note)

As for technical trend in energy saving efforts of the copiers, it is considered that energy
conservation will advance more easily in areas of the low- and medium-speed copiers, because
they do not require larger outside diameter and thicker the thermal roller as so the high-speed
copiers.

We prepared the above ratios based on such a trend.

(3) Setting target standard values
Shown below are target standard values that have been set based on (1) and (2):1) A4 Copier
Segment by
Target Standard Value
Copying Speed
Top Value (Wh/h)
Improvement (Wh/h)(Wh/h)(CPM)
11
12
1 (Approximately 5 %)
～10
17
18
1 (Approximately 5 %)11～20
69
No corresponding copier
21～30
－
88
No corresponding copier
31～40
－
123
No corresponding copier
41～50
－
144
No corresponding copier
51～60
－
180
No corresponding copier
61～70
－
200
No corresponding copier
71～80
－
258
No corresponding copier
81～85
－
･
The segment of the speed of 21 copies/minute or higher has no product. Therefore, as a target
standard value, we set a value obtained by multiplying a value of an A3 copier with 0.70.

VII-15

2) B4 Copiers
Segment by
Target Standard Value
Copying Speed
Top Value (Wh/h)
Improvement (Wh/h)(Wh/h)(CPM)
17
18
1 (Approximately 5 %)
～10
20
21
1 (Approximately 5 %)11～2085
No corresponding copier
21～30
－
108
No corresponding copier
31～40
－
151
No corresponding copier
41～50
－
176
No corresponding copier
51～60
－
221
No corresponding copier
61～70
－
246
No corresponding copier
71～80
－
317
No corresponding copier
81～85
－
･
Segment of the speed of 21 copies/minute or higher has no product. Therefore, as a target standard
value, we set a value obtained by multiplying a value of an A3 copier with 0.86.
3) A3 Copier
Segment by
Target Standard Value
Copying Speed
Top Value (Wh/h)
Improvement (Wh/h)(Wh/h)(CPM)
19
No corresponding copier
～10
－
55
58
3 (Approximately 5 %)
11～20
99
103
4 (Approximately 5 %)
21～30
125
130
5 (Approximately 4 %)
31～40
176
181
5 (Approximately 4 %)
41～50
205
211
6 (Approximately 3 %)
51～60
257
263
6 (Approximately 3 %)
61～70
286
293
7 (Approximately 2 %)
71～80
369
377
8 (Approximately 2 %)81～85･
Segment of the speed of ～10 copies/minute has no product. Therefore, as a target standard value,
we set a value to be obtained by multiplying a value of an B4 copier with 1.14.
4) A3Y Copier
Segment by
Target Standard Value
Copying Speed
Top Value (Wh/h)
Improvement (Wh/h)(Wh/h)(CPM)
27
No corresponding copier～10－77
No corresponding copier
11～20
－
139
No corresponding copier
21～30
－
175
No corresponding copier
31～40
－
246
No corresponding copier
41～50
－
287
No corresponding copier
51～60
－
383
391
8 (Approximately 2 %)
61～70
433
544
111 (Approximately 20 %)
71～80
483
493
10 (Approximately 2 %)81～85･
Segment of the speed of 60 copies/minute or lower has no product. Therefore, as a target standard
value, we set a value to be obtained by multiplying a value of an A3 copier with 1.4.
･
For the category of 71 to 80 copies/minute, an average value (433) of the target standard value (383)of the segment of 61 to 70 copies/minute and that (483) of the segment of 80 to 85 copies/minute wastaken.

VII-16

2.

Improvement of the Energy Efficiency
For the energy efficiency of copiers in the target fiscal year (fiscal year 2006) based on the “target

standard values” described above, it is estimated that the energy efficiency will improve by approximately
30%, compared with actual values of fiscal year 1997 based on certain conditions. (See Reference 3.)

VII-17

Copying Speed and Energy Efficiency of Target A4 Copier, and Target Standard Value

Energy Efficiency

VII-18

Copying Speed

Copying Speed and Energy Efficiency of Target B4 Copier, and Target Standard Value

VII-19Energy Efficiency

Analog Copier
Digital Copier
Target Value

Copying Speed

Copying Speed and Energy Efficiency of Target A3 Copier, and Target Standard Value

VII-20

Energy Efficiency

Analog Copier
Digital Copier
Target Value

Copying Speed

Copying Speed and Energy Efficiency of Target A3Y Copier, and Target Standard Value

Energy Efficiency

VII-21

Copying Speed

3.

Setting Target Fiscal YearWe shall apply the target to copiers scheduled to be shipped in and after fiscal year 2006, taking into

consideration development period of elemental technology for copiers, product development period, andsubsequent state of dissemination (the lead time shall be 7 years).
Table for Setting Fiscal Year
FY1999 2000 2001 2002
(Fiscal Year)
Development of elemental
technology

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Product development
Dissemination of product(legal depreciation of 5 years)

VII-22

Reference 3

Estimate Related to Improvement of Energy Efficiency
1.

The following was estimated from the actual values of the copiers that were shipped in FY 1997:
Energy Efficiency: 155Wh/h

2.

The following was estimated from the target standard values for copiers to be shipped in the target
fiscal year (FY 2006):
Energy Efficiency: 107Wh/h* As a precondition, we considered that the shipment volume and its composition are same as those of
the fiscal year 1997.

3.

Ratio of improvement of energy efficiency(155Wh / h − 107 Wh / h ) × 100
155Wh / h

= 30.97%

VII-23(Attachment 4)

Measuring Method of Energy Efficiency
The measuring method of energy efficiency shall be based on the measuring method adopted incurrent Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy, and considers modes for reducing power
consumption in standby state, etc. (See the next page.)VII-24

Measuring method of energy consumption(1) Measuring Conditions
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

8)

Environment: 20±2 °C, 65±10%RH
Power Supply: 100/200V, within ±3% of rated voltage to load fluctuation.
50/60 Hz, within ±0.5Hz of rated frequency
Paper: Recommend paper of A4 size
Temperature and humidity regulation: Both a copier and paper shall be left under the measuring
environment for one hour or longer.
Measuring equipment: Accuracy ±0.5% (when the power factor is 1)
Test chart: Image ratio 4-7%
Conditions for copy setting: Magnification: Same size
Exposure: Automatic or appropriate
Others: Factory default basic setting
Copying shall be in basic mode (place a sheet on the glass
surface).
Equipment configuration: Only basic configuration as a copier shall be accepted, and no
peripheral device such as a sorter, automatic sheet feeder, etc. shall be included.
Note, however, that in the case in which peripheral devices are attached according to the standard
specification, and when power required for basic control lies on the copier side, it shall bemeasured with the peripheral devices attached.

(2) Measuring Method
1)

Measuring Pattern

Warm-upWarm-up

Number of pages to be copies (N) is
according to Appendix Table 1.

Electric PowerStandby ModeN pages ofcopiesLow-power
modeStandby Mode

Off mode

1 hourA (Copy early in the morning)

N pages ofcopiesLow-powermode

Off mode

1 hourB (Copy after waiting)Repeat B (copying after
waiting)* The energy saving mode functions such as low-power mode and off mode for power reduction in astandby shall be added to the current measuring method.
2)

Calculating Method
Measure energy consumption A (Wh) of the power measurement pattern A and energy

consumption B (Wh) of the pattern B and calculate energy consumption per hour, by using thefollowing expression:
Energy Consumption per Hour = (A+7B)÷8 (Wh/h)
VII-25

Appendix Table 1･ Measuring conditions (Number of pages to be copied vs. copying speed)
Low
Low
MediumMediumSpeed 1
Speed 2
Speed 1
Speed 2High
Speed 1High
Speed 2

Copying Speed (CPM)
Number of pages to be copied(copy/hour)
Average of monthly number ofpages to be copied (copy)

～10

11～20

21～30

31～40

41～60

61～85

2

10

30

50

100

300

320

1,600

4,800

8,000

16,00048,000

CPM: COPY PER MINUTE
The number of pages to be copied shall be calculated from the average of monthly number of pages to becopied (Estimation by Japan Business Machine Makers Association), assuming that the copier works 20
days in a month and that working hour of a day is 8 hours.

VII-26Reference 4International Energy Star Program
International Energy Star Program is an voluntary registration program which is mutually recognized by theJapanese government and U.S. government.
1.

Voluntary Registration
A manufacturer or a vendor who wishes to participate can arbitrarily participate in this program andregister their product, by having themselves or any third-party assessment body ensure that a corresponding
product has cleared the specification, and by self-declaration of the conformity.
2.

US-Japan Mutual Recognition
Any registered product shall be equally handled as having been registered in its home country, throughmutual information exchange between the US and Japanese governments.
For instance, even if a product destined for the US market is registered in Japan, use of the logo in the US
is accepted.
3.

Registration
In order to register a product, an application is filed to Energy Conservation Center, Japan throughrespective associations that product manufacturers/vendors belong to. However, it is also possible todirectly apply to Energy Conservation Center, Japan. (Energy Conservation Center, Japan is an institutefor implementing a designated task, commissioned by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry.)
4.

Energy Conservation Standard Uniform to both US and Japan
International Energy Star Program is aimed to control power consumption in standby mode of officeequipment that often works for a long period of time with switches turned ON. It is from a standpoint ofenergy conservation that “necessary energy should be efficiently used when necessary”.
Target products: computers, monitors, printers, facsimiles, and copiersVII-27

5.

Specification for Copiers

Table 1: Copiers (excluding those for large-sized paper) [After July 1, 1997]
Copying Speed(CPM: Number ofpages to be copied
per minute)Power consumption
in low-power mode

Default time to
low-power mode

Recovery timefrom lower-power
mode

Power
consumption in
off mode

Default time to off
mode

Duplex copying
function0<CPM≤20

Not considered.

Not considered.

Not considered.

≤5W≤30 minutes

Not considered.

20<CPM≤44≤3.85×CPM+5W≤15 minutes≤30 seconds≤15W≤60 minutes

Option44<CPM≤3.85×CPM+5W≤15 minutes≤30 seconds(Recommended)≤20W≤90 minutes

OptionTable 2: Copier for large-sized paper [July 1, 1997 to June 30,1999]
Copying Speed(CPM: Number ofpages to be copied
per minute)Power consumption Default time to off
in off mode
mode

0<CPM≤40≤20W≤30 minutes

44<CPM≤40W≤90 minutes

Table 3: Copiers for large-sized paper [After July 1, 1999]
Copying Speed(CPM: Number ofpages to be copied
per minute)Power consumption
in low-power mode

Default time to
low-power mode

Recovery timefrom lower-power
mode

Power
consumption in
off mode

Default time to off
mode

0<CPM≤40

Not considered.

Not considered.

Not considered.

≤10W≤30 minutes

44<CPM≤3.85×CPM+5W≤15 minutes≤30 seconds(Recommended)≤20W≤90 minutes

Table 4: Copier [Before June 30, 1997]
Copying Speed(CPM: Number ofpages to be copied
per minute)Power consumption Default time to off
in off mode
mode

Duplex copying
function0<CPM≤20<5W≤30 minutes

Not considered.

20<CPM≤44<40W≤60 minutes

Option44<CPM<40W≤90 minutes

Default

In Table 4, the specification of which the copying speed is 20 copies/minute or low is applicable to the
copier for large-sized paper.

VII-28(Attachment 5)
Display Items
Conventionally, the following items shall be displayed:(1) Display items- Product name and model name- Copying speed- Energy efficiency- Name or appellation of a manufacturer, etc.
(2) Items to be complied- As copying speed, a number of copies per minute, when continuous copying onto A4 size plain
paper takes place, shall be expressed by an integer.
- A numeric value of energy efficiency (Wh/h) shall be indicated by an integer.
- Display these display items listed in (1) above in a catalog or instruction manual.

VII-29(Attachment 6)

History of Copying Machine Criteria Standard Subcommittee
First committee (July 29, 1998)- Current status of copiers- Target scope- Measuring method of energy efficiency- Segmentation to set targets
Second committee (August 24, 1998)- Target scope- Measuring method of energy efficiency- Segmentation to set targets- Target value and target fiscal year
- Display items
Third committee (September 11, 1998)- Interim report (draft)
Fourth committee (October 1, 1998)- Interim report
Fifth committee (November 26, 1998)- Final reportVII-30(Attachment 6)

Copying Machine Criteria Standard Subcommittee, Energy Efficiency Standards
Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee on Energy: Member List
Chairman:Ken’ichi Akiga

Professor of Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology

Hitoshi Aida

Assistant Professor of Department of Electronic Information,
Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo

Jun Akizawa

Assistant Professor of Department of Technology Systems, Facultyof Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology

Shinji Sawata

Specialist in Energy Conservation Center, Japan

Yasumasa TsutsuiManagerofEnergyDepartment,

MechanicalEngineering

Laboratory, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology
Yasuhiko Nakane:

Executive Director of Japan Machinery Importers’ Association

Yoshihiko Nakamura:

ProfessorofDepartmentofMachinery

andInformation

Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, the University ofTokyo
Nobuyuki Miyake

Project General Manager of Copier Technology Section Meeting,Japan Business Machine Makers Corporation

Chiharu Murakoshi

Director and Research General Manager of Jyukankyo ResearchInstitute Inc.

Nobuyuki Yanagawa

Councilman of Japan Electrophotography Association

VII-31Reference

Laws Concerning Streamlining of Energy Use
Existing Related Government and Ministerial Ordinance (Abstract)(Specified Equipment)
Government Ordinance Article 7
Machinery and appliances defined by the government ordinance of Section 1, Article 18 of the law shall be
as follows:1.

Passenger cars (Limited to cars that run on volatile oil and have the riding capacity of 10 persons or
less, and whose model has been designated by Section 1, Article 74 of the Road Trucking Vehicle
Law (Law No. 185 instituted in 1951). Excluding two-wheel barrows (including those with asidecar) and those of endless track type.)2.

Air conditioner (Including those that can be offered for heating, and excluding air conditioners thecooling capacity of which is greater than 27 kilowatts, air conditioners of water cooling type, andother air conditioners defined by the ministerial ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade andIndustry.)

3.

Lighting equipment using only fluorescent lamps as main light sources (Excluding lighting
equipment of explosion proof type and other lighting equipment defined by the ministerial
ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry.)4.

Television receiver (Limited to television receivers having a cathode ray tube and to be used for AC(alternating current) electric circuits. Excluding those for industrial purposes)

5.

Copiers (Limited to indirect electrostatic photocopiers of dry type, and excluding color copying
machines or other copiers defined by the ministerial ordinance of the Ministry of International
Trade and Industry.)

6.

Electronic calculators (Electronic calculators having high processing power and excluding thosedefined by the ministerial ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry.)

7.

Magnetic disk devices (Excluding magnetic disk devices whose memory capacity is 200 megabytes
or less.)

8.

Motor trucks (Limited to motor trucks that run on volatile oil and have gross weight of 2.5 tons orless specified in No.3, Article 40 of the Road Trucking Vehicle Law, and whose model has been
designated by Section 1, Article 74 of the Road Trucking Vehicle Law (Law No. 185 instituted in
1951). Excluding two-wheel barrows (including those with a sidecar) and those of endless track
type.)

9.

Video tape recorders (Limited to video tape recorders to be used for AC electric circuits.
Excluding video tape recorders for industrial use and other video tape recorders defined by theministerial ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry.)VII-32

(Specific Equipment Exempted from Application)
Ministerial Ordinance, Article 12: The air conditioners defined by No.2, Article 7 of the ordinance of the
Ministry of International Trade and Industry shall be those listed below:
1.

Air conditioners structured without a motor for compression

2.

Air conditioners structured to use energy other than electricity as source for heating

3.

Air conditioners intended to maintain performance of the machinery and appliances and to perform
air conditioning for sanitary supervision, and structured to be capable of temperature control anddust removal.

4.

Air conditioners structured to exclusively cool down air outside of the room and send the air into
the room

5.

Spot air conditioner

6.

Air conditioners designed for vehicles and other vehicles

7.

Air conditioners structured to have ducts placed at a suction port and a vent of a heat exchanger on
outdoor side

8.

Air conditioners of a discrete type and structured to be used by connecting more than one indoor
equipment to the outdoor equipment of 1

2)

The lighting equipment using only fluorescent lamps as main light sources defined by No.3, Article 7of the ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry shall be those listed below:
1.

Lighting equipment of heat proof type2.

Lighting equipment having dustproof construction

3.

Lighting equipment of corrosion proof type4.

Lighting equipment designed for vehicles and other transportation

5.

Lighting equipment using a fluorescent lamp of type 40 or less (Excluding fluorescent lights ofhanging type for household use and for desk lamps)

3)

The copiers defined by No.5, Article 7 of the ordinance of the Ministry of International Trade andIndustry shall be those as listed below:
1.

Copiers structured to be capable of copying sheets of A2 size or larger

2.

Copiers structured to be callable of copying 86 sheets or more per minute3.

Copiers constructed integrally with a printer

4.

Copiers constructed integrally with a facsimile

4) The electronic calculators defined by No.6, Article 7 of the ordinance of the Ministry of International
Trade and Industry shall be those composite theoretical performance (for the electronic calculators
listed in the upper column of Table 2, data shall be listed in the lower column of the same table) of
which exceeds 3,000 mega operations or more per second.
5)

The video tape recorders defined by No.9, Article 7 of the ordinance of the Ministry of International
Trade and Industry shall be those as listed below:
1.

Video tape recorders structured to digitally process electric signals for voice and video

2.

Video tape recorders structured to process electric signals for videos whose number of scanning line
exceeds 1,125

3.

Video tape recorders structured to process electric signals for videos whose horizontal resolution
exceeds 400 lines and not to be capable of receiving satellite broadcasting4.

Video tape recorders structured to have more than one actuators of video tapes

5.

Video tape recorders structured to have the playback capability only

VII-33

Criteria of Manufacturers, etc. Concerning Improvement of
Performance of Copiers
Notice of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, No.451 issued on July 26, 1994
Notice of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, No.8 revised on January 9, 1995

1.

Criteria(1) A manufacturer or importer (hereinafter referred to as “manufacturers, etc.”) of the copiers listed in
No.5, Article 7 of the law enforcement order concerning streamlining of energy use (OrdinanceNo.267, 1979) (hereinafter referred to as “copiers”) shall ensure that a numeric value to be obtained byaverage weighting, with the volume of shipments, a value determined by subtracting the basic energy
consumption efficiency (numeric values corresponding to the category in the upper column of thetable below, according to the copying speed of said equipment) from the energy consumption
efficiency (numeric values measured by the method defined in 3. Same as above.) for the copiers to be
shipped to domestic market in FY 2000 will be 0 or less.
Copying Speed (copies/minute)
Basic Energy Consumption
Efficiency(2) The copying speed mentioned in (1) shall refer to a number of pages to be copied in a minute whencontinuous copying onto A4 size plain paper takes place. Note, however, that in the copier capableof copying onto A3 size portrait and landscape sheets, it shall refer to a numeric value to be obtainedby multiplying the number of pages to be copied in a minute when continuous copying onto A4 size
plain paper takes place by 1.18 and then truncating.
VII-34

2.

Items to be Indicated, etc.

2-1 Items to be IndicatedConcerning the energy consumption efficiency of a copier, the manufacturer, etc. shall indicate thefollowing items:a.

Product name and modelb.

Copying speedc.

Energy consumption efficiencyd.

Name of the manufacturer, etc.

2-2 Items to be Conformed(1) As copying speed, a number of copies per minute when continuous copying onto A4 size plain
paper takes place shall be expressed by an integer.
(2) As the energy consumption efficiency, a numeric value listed in the lower column of Table 3 of thelaw enforcement regulation concerning streamlining of energy use (Ordinance No.74 of the
Ministry of International Trade and Industry of 1979) shall be indicated by an integer.
(3) The items listed in 2-1 above shall be indicated by describing them in a catalog or instruction
manual.
(Notice of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry No.8 of 1995. Partially amended.)
3.

Method of Measuring Energy Consumption Efficiency(1) The energy consumption efficiency shall be calculated with the following expression:
E=(A+7×B)÷8
where E, A and B shall represent the following numeric values:
E: Energy consumption efficiency (unit: watt-hour)
A: Power consumption for an hour after power input (unit: watt-hour)
Note that after the power input, using a test chart and according to the copying speeds of the copiers
listed in the left column of the table below, copying for a number of sheets listed in the right column ofthe same table shall take place, and the copied sheets shall be left untouched after copying.
B: Power consumption for an hour after measurement of A (unit: watt-hour)
In addition, immediately following the measurement of A, copying of sheets the number of whichshould be identical to that of the sheets copied in A shall take place, and the copied sheets shall be left
untouched after copying.
Copying Speed of Copiers(Copies/minute)
10
11-15
16-25
26-40
41-60
61-85

VII-35

Number of Pages to be Copied(Sheets)
2
10
30
50
100
300

(2) The measurements of A and B shall be conducted under the conditions defined below:
1.

The ambient temperature shall be 20±2°C.

2.

The ambient humidity shall be 65±10%.

3.

Variations of input voltage shall be within ±3% of rated voltage.

4.

The image magnification shall be same magnification, exposure shall be automatic or appropriate,
and other settings shall be basic settings of the factory default.

5.

The test chart shall be A4 size, with the image ratio of 4 to 7%.

Additional ClauseThis notification shall take effect on the date of publication. Note, however, that the stipulation 2
shall take effect as of January 1, 1996.

VII-36Reference

Present State of Copiers1)

Product Categories of Copiers(1) The product categories to be used in import/export shall be as follows:
Import Product
Item NameHS CodePhotosensitive copiers (Limited to those having an optical mechanism and being of
90.09
contact type) and thermal copying machines
Photosensitive copiers of electrostatic type
Copiers that directly copy an original image onto a photosensitive surface (direct
9009.11
type)
Copiers that copy an original image onto a photosensitive surface by way of a9009.12
medium (indirect type)
Other photosensitive copiers
9009.21Those having an optical mechanism
9009.22
Those being of contact type9009.30
Thermal copying machines(2) Categories in the Japan standard commodity classification used in various statistical surveys that
require data by product including industrial statistics surveys and current surveys of industrial
production, and related standards shall be as listed below:
Classification
Product Item Name
No.
59 11
Copiers
59 111

Electrostatic copiers

59 111159 111259 11259 112159 112259 113

Electrostatic copiers of direct type
Electrostatic copiers of indirect type
Diazo copying machines
Diazo copying machines of liquid development type
Diazo copying machine of gas development type
Diazo copying machines of thermal development
type
Photo-copying machines

59 114

Thermal copying machines or thermal transfer copiers

59 1141

Thermal copying machines

59 1142

Thermal transfer copiers

59 11559 1151
59 1152

Full-color copiersElectrostatic full-color copiers
Full-color photocopiers

59 1153

Full-color copiers of thermal transfer type59 11659 1161
59 1162

Handy type copiers
Handy type photocopiers
Handy type thermal copying machines

59 1123

VII-37

Related Standard
JIS B 0117:91
Terminology for businessmachines
JIS B 0137:85
Terminology for copiers
JIS B 0139:93
Copiers Graphic symbols
JIS B 9504:77
Copying width of a diazo
copying machine
JIS B 9505:77
Specification format of diazo
copying machine
JIS B 9506:77
Performance test method for adiazo copying machine
JIS B 9523:87
Test chart for a copier
JIS B 9524:89
Test chart for a full-color
copier(3) Domestic Shipments and Number of Copiers in Widespread Use
1)

Shipments(Unit: 1,000 units)
1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

Volume of manufacture

2,377

2,208

2,144

1,957

1,903

2,202

Volume of imports

1,701

1,518

1,415

1,274

1,168

1,386

Volume of exports

22

62

153

262

286

308

Domestic shipments

698

752

882

945

1,021

1,124

(The volume of manufacture shall be according to machinery statistics of the Ministry of International
Trade and Industry, and volume of imports and that of exports shall be according to the Japan monthly
trade returns of the Ministry of Finance.)(The volume of manufacture shall be for domestic market, and the domestic shipments = volume of
manufacture – volume of exports + volume of imports)
2)

Installations on the Market
It shall be approximately 4.3 million units, and the copiers subject to the energy-saving laws shall beapproximately 3.1 million units (excluding color copying machines, copiers for large-sized paper, andcomplex machines).

3)

Distribution by Segment of Sales of Copiers (Estimated by the Association)
High Speed
MediumMediumLow Speed Low Speed
Segment
1
Speed 2
Speed 1
2
1
Copying Speed
41-60
26-40
16-25
11-15
-10

Distribution

33%

13%

21%

(4) Copy Volume on the Market (Estimated by the Association)
Low Speed Low Speed
MediumSegment
1
2
Speed 1Monthly copy
volume
320
1,600
4,800
Sheets/unit

VII-3821%

MediumSpeed 28,000

High Speed
2
61-

7%

6%

High Speed
1

High Speed216,00048,0002)Market Trend(1) Value of production, Producing Companies, etc.
1)

Transition in Value of production(Unit: 1 million yen)
1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

Value of production

552,737

518,584

537,233

539,500

546,003

632,577

Export value

346,659

316,196309,924

296,790

306,179

394,528

Import value

3,890

5,265

11,385

19,40824,37426,948

209,968

207,653

238,694

262,118

264,198

264,997

Domestic market(The value of manufacture shall be according to machinery statistics of the Ministry of International Tradeand Industry, and import and export value shall be according to the Japan monthly trade returns of the
Ministry of Finance.)(The value of manufacture shall be for domestic market, and the domestic shipments = value of
manufacture – export value + import value)
2) Producing Companies and Sales Companies- Ricoh Co., Ltd.
Canon Sales Co., Inc.
- Mitaq Co., Ltd.
Konica Corporation- Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.
Sharp Corporation- Matsushita Electric Industrial
Minolta Co., Ltd.
Co., Ltd.
3)-

Fuji Xerox, Co., Ltd.
Copyer Co., Ltd.
Toshiba Corporation

Importers
Most of imports shall be from overseas manufacturing plants of the producers listed above.

(2) Transition in Domestic Volume of Manufacture(Unit: 1,000 units)
1992
Total of Domestic
Volume of
Manufacture
Electrostatic type

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

2,377

2,208

2,144

1,957

1,903

2,202

2,218

2,048

1,952

1,774

1,651

1,808

1,143

1,000

984

679

547

580

Medium speed

883

853

755

854

840

932

High speed

192

195

213

241

264

296

Diazo, etc.

159

160

192

183

252

394

Low speedNote: Figures in the brackets of the categories “Low speed”, “Medium speed” and “High speed” represent
the number of copies/minute.
(Machinery statistics of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry)VII-393)

Present Situation and Future Outlook of Energy Consumption Efficiency(1) Result of Energy Conservation
1)

Performance
The power consumption per copy of a copier represents performance of the copier, and in general, thebest performance is approximately 80 copies/minute (A4 size) within the limits of an ordinary wall
plug socket (100V, 15A). Although the performance had been considerably improved, comparedwith 8 copies/minute of the early copier when it was marketed domestically for the first time, there has

been no further improvement for the last few years.
Example of Structure of Copier
Comparison of Power Consumption(Power Distribution of Respective Mechanisms)
MirrorLight source
MirrorMirrorMirrorLens

MirrorFixing unit

MirrorPower consumption oflamps (12.7%)
Paper feeding anddrive (1.7%)
Scanner (4.8%)
Development(4.3%)
Main drive (7.9%)
Fixing power consumption(65.1%)

Cassette
Cassette

Percentage･ The left graph shows the transition in
power consumption for one copy made bya copier.
Here, the copier of 1970 is considered 100.
Then, it shows the percentage of the mostenergy-saving copier (the copier with least
power consumption when making 1 copy)
among the models released every year
(from the same manufacturer).

Reduced State of Power
Consumption

Year

The history of energy conservation in the area of copiers mostly overlaps with the history of efforts toimprove heat efficiency of the fixing unit that accounts for 50 to 70% of power consumption thereof(W) and to improve the lighting efficiency of the illumination system of the optical component that
accounts for 10 to 15%.
In the fixing unit, among a number of methods, the thermal roller method that softens toner throughthe most efficient heat conduction and fixes it onto a sheet is the present mainstream.
In the optical component, improvements have been made in increased efficiency of a halogen light(lm/W), lighting efficiency of a reflecting shade, and reduction of exposure in a mirror, optical lens,
etc., as well as improvement of photoreceptor sensitivity for reducing power consumption (W) of
illuminated light sources.
Therefore, as described above, improvement of the copying speed (copy/minute) has been achieved
within limited electric power.
VII-40Energy Conservation in a Standby Sate (Improvement from Data of 1992)
In the thermal roller method, the roller is warmed and kept at predetermined temperatures at all times,
even while waiting (this is called a standby mode), so that a user can make copies immediately when
he/she wishes. Estimates of actual usage reveals, however, that a copier tends to be unexpectedly ina standby state more often than being in copying action.
For instance, in the case of a copier with the copying speed of 30 copies/minute, its average monthly
copy volume is estimated to be 8000 copies, which means approximately 50 copies per hour, assumingthat the copier runs 8 hours a day and for 20 days every month. Then, the operating time necessary
for this volume is about mere 1 minute and 40 seconds if copies are made continuously. Even if it isassumed that copies are made one by one rather than by continuous copying, the operating time ofcopying will be about 5 minutes (assuming that it takes 6 seconds to make one copy), and the copier isin a standby mode for the rest of its operation.
Therefore, we can see that power consumed while waiting constitutes a significant fraction of the total
power consumption (Wh), and thus find it important to reduce power consumption in a standby state.
Coupled with efforts to improve the energy consumption efficiency through designation of the specificequipment under the energy-saving laws and participation in the International Energy Star Programthat was launched in 1995, copiers equipped with such a power saving function as off mode or
low-power mode has entered the mainstream.
Power Saving Function

Copying

Without the function

Electric Power2)Power Saving in the Fixing Unit

Full-scale Power Saving

Stand-byLow-power Mode

One hourOne hourMain measures
FeaturesPower Saving EffectOFF mode
One hour･ Lower temperatures in the fixing ･ Turn off the powerunit.
･ A (short) WU is needed.
･ Medium･ A WU is needed.
･ Largett is specified by the International Energy Star Program.

VII-41

Energy Consumption Efficiency (1992 vs. 1996 onwards)
1992
1995
onwards･ In the left graph, the dashedline
represents
thesecondary recursion linefrom the product data of
1992 when the current
standard was established,
while the solid line
represents the secondary
recursion line from theproduct data of 1996
onwards.

(2) Future Outlook (Technical Tend, Patents)
1)

It is considered that efforts to minimize the energy consumption in a standby state will also continue inthe future. In particular, in the area of the low-speed copiers with the copying speed of 10 CPM or
less, some copiers have emerged that do not compromise user-friendliness even though they
incorporate the off mode that is expected to bring about energy saving effects in a standby mode, by
shortening the warm-up time through thinning of the fixing roller. Also in the areas of medium- andhigh-speed copiers, the energy saving measure by thinning the fixing roller is believed to be theinevitable requirement, and thus breakthrough is needed in the fixing process technology including
toner.
Moreover, we notice from the patent information that in addition to the thermal roller fixing method,some older methods have been proposed in view of energy conservation: the pressure fixing methodthat does not use thermal energy at all (1966), or flash fixing (1966)/induction heating and fixing(1976), etc., namely, so-called on-demand type, that uses thermal energy only for the fixing operation.
Nevertheless, in view of overall performance, the thermal roller method has consequently entered themainstream. As the proverb “taking a lesson from the past” suggests, we believe that unless there isa further big breakthrough, no new development can be expected in this area. The only possibility
would be SURF fixing as on-demand type. In this method, instead of the fixing roller, an endless
fixing film made of belt-shaped thin film is used, and, by having the heater directly abut the fixing
film, only a fixing nip is intensively heated. However, since the method uses the thin film, it is far
from being suitable for the medium- and high-speed copiers. (Refer to the supplementary
information.)2)

Until now the copier industry has been trying to save energy, through, for instance, reduction of
torques of the drive system, increase in efficiency of the motor transformer, as well as power reductionof illuminated light sources, enhancement of photoreceptor sensitivity, introduction of low melting
toner, etc., and is committed to continue its efforts in the future as well.
VII-42

3)

In response to the movement of digitalization in recent days, copiers have become more and more
multifunctional and complex. It is expected that use of a single equipment that was once independent
separate devices (increased operating rate) could lead to reduction of the standby mode, thereby
enabling energy conservation of an office as a whole.

VII-43

Supplementary Information

Thermistor
Heat roller
Thermo switch
Heat-resistant isolation layer(Fluorocarbon polymer or silicone rubber, etc.)
Separating claw
Core grid (aluminum, iron)
Toner

HeaterSheet of paper
Nip

Backup rollerCore grid (aluminum, iron)
Elastic layer (silicone rubber, etc.)

Figure 1 Configuration of Heat Roller Fixing Unit

1) Thin film separate type film
2) Drive roll3) Tension roll4) Heater unit
5) Pressure roll

Figure 2 Schematic View of SURF Method

The above were quoted from the data of the lecture sponsored by Japan Electrophotography Association in1995.

VII-44Reference Data

Color Copier
Manufacturer
Canon

Model
CLC320
CLC950
CLC1000

Full-color
5731

Monochrome

Remarks20
28 200V 3.0Kw
31

Ricoh

PRETER365
PRETER660

3
6

21
31

Xerox

Acolor620
Acolor936
Docucolor4040

6
9
40

24
36
40 200V 3.3Kw

Minolta

CF900L

6

23

Reference Data

Comparison of Model Data of Copiers/Complex Machines

Copiers
Complex
Machines

Number of Data Pieces

VII-45ReferenceVII-45

Shipment

Transition in Shipments of Color Copiers

1992

1993

1994

1995
Calendar Year

1996

1997

1998 estimatedReference Data

Digital Copiers
1.

Configuration
A digital copier comprises a reader (scanner), an image processing unit, and a writer (printer). In ananalog copier, image information on a page is directly illuminated onto a photoreceptor through mirror
optics, while in the digital copier the image information is converted into an electric signal at the reader,passing through the image processing unit, and is illuminated onto the photoreceptor by laser beam at thewriter.

Analog

Light

Page

Light

Optics (Lens/mirror)

Photoreceptor

Illumination

Light
Page

Electricity
Photoelectric
Conversion(CCD)

Electricity
A/D

Converter

DigitalElectricity

Image
Processing
Unit

Light

Laser Drive
Unit

Digital Data

Lens

Prism
Scanner Unit

Light
Information

Drum

Light Information
Light
Information
Developing
Unit

Laser
Paper

Analog CopierElectric
Information

Drum

Paper

Digital CopierVII-47

Printer Unit

Photoreceptor

2.

Features
Since it has the image processing unit, the digital copier is superior to the analog copier in terms ofimage tuning (tone) and image editing (trimming, masking, etc.) capabilities, etc.

Enhancement ispossible as an electronic memory or function of transmitting/receiving external signals can be added.
3.

Classification of Digital Copiers
Digital Copiers

Digital Monofunctional Copiers
1)

Complex Machines

Full-color copiers

Digital Monofunctional Copiers
Although they have only functions as a copier, some of them use the electronic memory, thus having
improved copying workability such as gathering, etc. or can improve content of 1-point color by
utilizing the image editing capability.

2)

Complex Machines
With the capability of transmitting/receiving external electric signals, some have incorporated thefunctions of a facsimile or a printer, thus becoming available on a network.
In the digital copiers with extensibility, customers can select the above capabilities as optional
equipment based on the copying function.

3)

Full-color CopiersCompared with analog color copiers, they can tune images more precisely, thus achieving dramatic
improvement in the picture quality. Consequently, the full-color copiers now on the market are
digital copiers only.

VII-48