The LATEX3 Project©1995–1999 Frank Mittelbach and Chris Rowley
12 January 1999
Abstract
This article describes the motivation, achievements and future of theLATEX3 Project, which was established to produce a new version of LATEX,
the widely-used and highly-acclaimed document preparation system. It
also describes how you can help us to achieve our aims.
For Archive maintainers, Authors, Publishers and Distributors:
The project team request that, whenever possible, you include this article
in any of the following:• Books about TEX and LATEX.
• Instructions for authors on using LATEX.
• The printed documentation of CD-ROM collections that contain
LATEX.
• On-line collections that include a significant proportion of documents
encoded in LATEX.

Outline
The purposes of the LATEX3 system can be summarized thus: it will greatly
increase the range of documents which can be processed; and it will provide a
flexible interface for typographic designers to easily specify the formatting of aclass of documents.
The LATEX3 Project Team is a small group of volunteers whose aim is toproduce this major new document processing system based on the principlespioneered by Leslie Lamport in the current LATEX.
The major visible work of the team before 1997 was the development of
the current standard version of LATEX. This was first released in 1994 andhas since then been actively maintained and enhanced by extensions to thatcore system. They will continue to develop and maintain this system, releasing
updated versions every six months and recording these activities in the LATEX
bugs database (see below).
Although LATEX may be distributed freely, the production and maintenanceof the system does require expenditure of reasonably large sums of money. TheLATEX3 Project Fund has therefore been set up to channel money into this work.
We know that some users are aware of this fund as they have already contributed
to it—many thanks to all of them! If you want to know more about how you
can help the project, see Page 6—and thanks in advance for your generosity inthe future.

1

Background
With TEX, Knuth designed a formatting system that is able to produce a large
range of documents typeset to extremely high quality standards. For variousreasons (e.g. quality, portability, stability and availability) TEX spread very
rapidly and can nowadays be best described as a world-wide de facto standard
for high quality typesetting. Its use is particularly common in specialized areas,such as technical documents of various kinds, and for multi-lingual requirements.
The TEX system is fully programmable. This allows the development of highlevel user interfaces whose input is processed by TEX’s interpreter to produce
low-level typesetting instructions; these are input to TEX’s typesetting engine
which outputs the format of each page in a device-independent page-description
language. The LATEX system is such an interface; it was designed to support theneeds of long documents such as textbooks and manuals. It separates contentand form as much as possible by providing the user with a generic (i.e. logicalrather than visual) mark-up interface; this is combined with style sheets which
specify the formatting.
Recent years have shown that the concepts and approach of LATEX are now
widely accepted. Indeed, LATEX has become the standard method of communicating and publishing documents in many academic disciplines. This has led tomany publishers accepting LATEX source for articles and books; and the American Mathematical Society now provides a LATEX package making the featuresof AMS-TEX available to all users of LATEX. Its use has also spread into manyother commercial and industrial environments, where the technical qualities ofTEX together with the concepts of LATEX are considered a powerful combinationof great importance to such areas as corporate documentation and publishing.
This has also extended to on-line publishing using, for example, PDF output
incorporating hypertext and other active areas.
With the spreading use of SGML-compliant systems (e.g. Web-based publishing using HTML or XML) TEX again is a common choice as the formatting
engine for high quality typeset output: a widely used such system is The Publisher from ArborText, whilst a more recent development is the object-oriented
document editor Grif. The latter is used for document processing in a wide range
of industrial applications; it has also been adopted by the Euromath consortium
as the basis of their mathematician’s workbench, one of the most advanced ofthe emerging project-oriented user environments. Typeset output from SGMLcoded documents in these systems is obtained by translation into LATEX, which
will therefore soon also be a natural choice for the output of DSSSL-compliantsystems.
Because a typical SGML Document Type Definition (DTD) uses concepts
similar to those of LATEX, the formatting is often implemented by simply mapping document elements to LATEX constructs rather than directly to ‘raw TEX’.
This enables the sophisticated analytical techniques built into the LATEX software to be exploited; and it avoids the need to program in TEX.

Motivation
This increase in the range of applications of LATEX has highlighted certain limitations of the current system, both for authors of documents and for designers

2

of formatting styles.
In addition to the need to extend the variety of classes of document which
can be processed by LATEX, substantial enhancements are necessary in, at least,
the following areas:• the command syntax (attributes, short references, etc);• the layout specification interface (style design);• the level of robustness (error recovery, omitted tags);• the extendibility (package interface);• the layout specification of tabular material;• the specification and inclusion of graphical material;• the positioning of floating material, and other aspects of page layout;• the requirements of hypertext systems.
Further analysis of these deficiencies has shown that some of the problems
are to be found in LATEX’s internal concepts and design. This project to produce
a new version therefore involves thorough research into the challenges posed by
new applications and by the use of LATEX as a formatter for a wide range ofdocuments, e.g. SGML documents; on-line PDF documents with hypertextlinks.
This will result in a major re-implementation of large parts of the system.
Some of the results of such rethinking of the fundamentals are already available
in Standard LATEX, notably in the following areas:• Font declaration and selection;• Font and glyph handling within mathematical formulas;• Handling multiple font glyph encodings within a document;• Allowing multiple input character encodings within a document;• A uniform interface for graphics inclusion;• Support for coloured text;• Building and interfacing new classes and extension packages.

Description
The strengths of the present version of LATEX are as follows:• excellent standard of typesetting for text, technical formulas
and tabular material;• separation of generic mark-up from visual formatting;• ease of use for authors;3• portability of documents over a wide range of platforms;• adaptability to many languages;• widespread and free availability;• reliable support and maintenance by the LATEX3 project team.
These will be preserved and in many cases greatly enhanced by the new version
which is being developed to fulfill the following requirements.
• It will provide a syntax that allows highly automated translation from
popular SGML DTDs into LATEX document classes (these will be provided
as standard with the new version).
The syntax of the new LATEX user-interface will, for example, support theSGML concepts of ‘entity’, ‘attribute’ and ‘short reference’ in such a waythat these can be directly linked to the corresponding SGML features.
• It will support hypertext links and other features required for on-line structured documents using, for example, HTML and XML.
• It will provide a straightforward style-designer interface to support boththe specification of a wide variety of typographic requirements and thelinking of entities in the generic mark-up of a document to the desiredformatting. These two parts of the design process will be clearly separated
so that it is possible to specify different layouts for the same DTD.
The language and syntax of this interface will be as natural as possible
for a typographic designer. As a result, this language could easily beinterfaced to a visually-oriented, menu-driven specification system.
This interface will also support DSSSL specifications and style-sheet concepts such as those used with HTML and XML.
• It will provide an enhanced user-interface that allows expression of thetypesetting requirements from a large range of subject areas. Some examples are listed here.
– The requirements of technical documentation (e.g. offset layout,change bars, etc).
– The requirements of academic publishing in the humanities(critical text editions, etc).
– The requirements of structural formulas in chemistry.
– Advanced use of the mathematical-typesetting features of TEX.
– The integration of graphical features, such as shading, within text.
– the integration of hypertext and other links in on-line documents
using systems such as HTML, XML and PDF.
Special care will be taken to ensure that this interface is extensible: thiswill be achieved by use of modular designs.
• It will provide a more robust author-interface. For example, artificialrestrictions on the nesting of commands will be removed. Error handlingwill be improved by adding a more effective, interactive help system.
4• It will provide access to arbitrary fonts from any family (such as the PostScript and TrueType fonts) including a wide range of fonts for multilingual documents and the specialist glyphs required by documents invarious technical and academic areas.
• The new interfaces will be documented in detail and the system will provide extensive catalogues of examples, carefully designed to make thelearning time for new users (both designers and authors) as short as possible.
• The code itself will be thoroughly documented and it will be designed
on modular principles. Thus the system will be easy to maintain and toenhance.
The resulting new LATEX will, like the present version, be usable with any
standard TEX system (or whatever replaces it) and so will be freely available ona wide range of platforms.

LATEX documentation
A complete description of Standard LATEX can be found in:
LATEX: A Document Preparation System Leslie Lamport,Addison Wesley, 2nd ed, 1994.
The LATEX Companion Mittelbach, Goossens with Braams, Carlisle and Rowley,
Addison Wesley, 2nd ed, 2004.
A recent addition to the publications closely associated with the project is:
The LATEX Graphics Companion Goossens, Mittelbach and Rahtz,
Addison Wesley, 1997.
This LATEX distribution comes with documentation on several aspects of thesystem. The newer features of the system are described in the following documents:
LATEX 2ε for authors describes the new features of LATEX documents, in the fileusrguide.tex;
LATEX 2ε for class and package writers describes how to produce LATEX classes
and packages, in the file clsguide.tex;
LATEX 2ε font selection describes the new features of LATEX fonts for class andpackage writers, in the file fntguide.tex.
For further contacts and sources of information on TEX and LATEX, see theaddresses on Page 6.

5The LATEX3 Project Fund
Although LATEX may be distributed freely, the production and maintenance ofthe system does require expenditure of reasonably large sums of money. There
are many necessities that need substantial financing: examples are new or enhanced computing equipment and travel to team meetings (the volunteers comefrom many different countries, so getting together occasionally is a non-trivialexercise).
This is why we are appealing to you for contributions to the fund. Any sum
will be much appreciated; the amount need not be large as small contributions
add up to very useful amounts. Contributions of suitable equipment and software will also be of great value. This appeal is both to you as an individual
author and to you as a member of a group or as an employee: please encourage
your department or your employer to contribute towards sustaining our work.
We should like to see funded projects that make considerable use of LATEX(e.g. conferences and research teams who use it to publish their work, andelectronic research archives using it) include contributions to this fund in theirbudgets.
We are also asking commercial organisations to assess the benefits they gainfrom using, or distributing, a well-supported LATEX and to make appropriate
contributions to the fund in order that we can continue to maintain and improve
the product. If you work for, or do business with, such an organisation, pleasebring to the attention of the relevant people the existence and needs of theproject.
In particular, we ask that all the large number of organisations and businesses
that distribute LATEX, within other software or as part of a CD-ROM collection,
should consider pricing all products containing LATEX at a level that enables
them to make regular donations to the fund from the profit on these items. We
also ask all authors and publishers of books about LATEX to consider donating
part of the royalties to the fund.
Contributions should be sent to one of the following addresses:
TEX Users Group, P.O. Box 2311, Portland, OR 97208-2311 USA
Fax: +1 503 223 3960 Email: tug@tug.org
UK TUG, 1 Eymore Close, Selly Oak, Birmingham B29 4LB UK
Fax: +44 121 476 2159 Email: uktug-enquiries@tex.ac.uk

Cheques should be payable to the user group (TUG or UKTUG) and beclearly marked as contributions to the LATEX3 fund. Many thanks to all of you
who have contributed in the past and thanks in advance for your generosity inthe future.

Contacts and information
In addition to the sources mentioned above, LATEX has its home page on theWorld Wide Web at:
http://www.latex-project.org/
This page describes LATEX and the LATEX3 project, and contains pointers to other
LATEX resources, such as the user guides, the TEX Frequently Asked Questions,and the LATEX bugs database.
6

More general information, including contacts for local User Groups, can beaccessed via:
http://www.tug.org/
The electronic home of anything TEX-related is the Comprehensive TEX
Archive Network (CTAN). This is a network of cooperating ftp sites, with overa gigabyte of TEX material:
ftp://cam.ctan.org/tex-archive/
ftp://dante.ctan.org/tex-archive/
ftp://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/
For more information, see the LATEX home page.

7