Stadium Generale on May 23, 2019

Seeing the sky through funnel(s)== Challenges of X-ray Astronomers ==NASA

Emeritus professor of Nagoya University

Hideyo Kunieda

ISAS/JAXA

Moon landing conspiracy theoriesIt‘s up to you whether you believe it or not?
NASAAstronauts Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrongin NASA's training mockup of the Moon andlander module.

Apollo 11
July 20, 1969

NASA

Photo of Buzz Aldrin taken on theMoon by Neil Armstrong whose image
can be seen on the face glass.

Moon landing conspiracy theories
Hoax claims
1. In some photos, the crosshairs appear to be behind objects.
2. Crosshairs are sometimes rotated or in the wrong place.
3. The quality of the photographs is implausibly high.
4. There are no stars in any of the photos;
5. The angle and color of shadows are inconsistent.
6. There are identical backgrounds in photos taken miles apart.
7. The number of photos taken is implausibly high.
8. The photos contain artifacts like the two seemingly matching 'C's on a rock.
9. Who filmed Neil Armstrong stepping onto the Moon?
10. The flag placed on the surface by the astronauts fluttered“That's one small stepfor man, one giant leap
for mankind”
by Neil Armstrong
NASANASANASANASA

Moon landing cons piracy theories
Hoax claims
1. In some photos, the crosshairs appear to be behind objects.
2. Crosshairs are sometimes rotated or in the wrong place.
3. The quality of the photographs is implausibly high.
4. There are no stars in any of the photos;
5. The angle and color of shadows are inconsistent.
6. There are identical backgrounds in photos taken miles apart.
7. The number of photos taken is implausibly high.
8. The photos contain artifacts like the two seemingly matching 'C's on a rock.
9. Who filmed Neil Armstrong stepping onto the Moon?
10. The flag placed on the surface by the astronauts fluttered“That's one small stepfor man, one giant leap
for mankind”
by Neil Armstrong
NASANASANASANASANASA

Laser beam
Lunar Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector
Time of flight gives accurate
distance to the Moon.
２x380,000km/300,000km~2.5sec

著作権等の都合により、ここに挿入されていた画像を削除しました

NASAReflectorの画像

For any incident angles,
180 degree reflection

NASAThe Earthwith atmos phere
100 kmCraters on the Moon record
impacts of meteorites.

Craters on the Earth are
weathered by rain and wind.
NASAMeteorites melt and vaporize in the atmosphere.
Atmosphere warms up and stabilize the temperature of the Earthby the green house effects.
(Temperature of the Moon ranges from -170 to 110 degree C)

The Earth with atmos phere
Peak of Solar Radiation
X-ray
UVIR

γ-ray

200km

Altitude(km)Visible大気の外へ出て宇宙を観測
Radio

100km

Radio

GammarayIR(km)AtmosphericAbsorption

Long

WavelengthShort

The Earth with atmosphere
Peak of Solar RadiationX-ray
UVIR

γ-ray

大気の外へ出て宇宙を観測
200km

Altitude(km)VisibleRadio100kmRadio

GammarayIR(km)AtmosphericAbsorption

LongEarth IRemission

WavelengthShort

The Earth with atmos phere
Radiation of the Sun peaked at optical bandcomes down through optical band.
Thermal emission of Earth in IR bandis absorbed by the atmosphere
Earth-type

Pressure(atm)GreenHouse
EffectPhase Diagram ofWater

Conditions for lives to evolve

Liquid→Temperature & pressure
for liquid water to exist
SolidVapor
0100 T(C)The Earth with atmosphere
Radiation of the Sun peaked at optical bandcomes down through optical band.
Thermal emission of Earth in IR bandis absorbed by the atmosphere
Earth-type

Pressure(atm)GreenHouse
EffectPhase Diagram ofWater

Conditions for lives to evolve

Liquid→Temperature & pressure
for liquid water to exist

TSUN=6000°K →peaked at optical band
Atmosphere(N2+O2+,,,)→transparent
Gravity, Magnetic field →keep atmosphere

Miracle !!

SolidVapor
0100 T(C)The Earth with atmos phere
UVIR

X-ray

γ-ray

200km

Altitude(km)Visible大気の外へ出て宇宙を観測Radio100kmRadio

GammarayIR(km)AtmosphericAbsorption

LongWavelength

Short

The Earth with atmos phere#1

Astronomy has been established byNeedle
HoleSeeing the sky through a funnelof the atmospheric window at optical band
For other wavebands,

Observation with teles copes in orbit
to avoid atmospheric absorption

The Earth with atmos phere
UVIR

X-ray

γ-ray

Akari 2006

Suzaku 2005

http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/en/missions/spacecraft/past/akari.html 2019/7/31

http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/en/missions/spacecraft/others/suzaku.html 2019/7/31

To Space100kmRadioIRGammaray
著作権等の都合により、ここに挿入されていた画像を削除しました(km)M-Vロケット4号機の画像

AtmosphericAbsorption

Long

Cold

Altitude(km)200kmVisible大気の外へ出て宇宙を観測Radio

Short

WavelengthHot

The Sun
Optical Image

NASA6430°K Photosphere

X-ray Image (Yokoh satellite)

ISAS/JAXA

Corona of 1000,000 °K

X-ray observation reveals violent phenomena of the Sun

Space exploration race(1) Sputnik crisis
Kick off of the “Space Race”
First satellite and manned mission by Russia
Kennedy’s “The Moon Speech”:“achieving the goal, before this decade is out,of landing a man on the moon”
May 25, 1961➔Apollo ProgramSputnik(Soviet)
October 4, 1957

http://spaceinfo.jaxa.jp/ja/sputnik_1.html 2019/7/24

Yurii Gagarin
April 12, 1961
http://spaceinfo.jaxa.jp/ja/kaihatu_astronauts_gagarin.html 2019/7/24

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BBF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8D%E3%83%87%E3%82%
A3 2019/7/24

Space exploration race(1) Sputnik crisis
Kick off of the “Space Race”
First satellite and manned mission by Russia
Kennedy’s “The Moon Speech”:“achieving the goal, before this decade is out,of landing a man on the moon”
May 25, 1961➔Apollo Program

Sputnik(Soviet)
October 4, 1957

http://spaceinfo.jaxa.jp/ja/sputnik_1.html 2019/7/24(2) Exploring X-rays from the sky
X-rays from the Sun is known but
it is too weak to detect if we put
the Sun at several light years away.
But,,,,,
How is the Solar X-ray irradiation tothe Moon? How much reflection?

Yurii Gagarin
April 12, 1961

http://spaceinfo.jaxa.jp/ja/kaihatu_astron
auts_gagarin.html 2019/7/24

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B
3%E3%83%BBF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8D%E3%83%8
7%E3%82%A3 2019/7/24

Rotation

Discovery ofan X-ray star
June 1962

B. Rossi & R. Giacconni
Line ofsight

Detector I

Rocket“X-ray Astronomy”
by Giacconni & Gursky
Reidel Publishing Co.

Detector II

Figure 1. The payload of the June 12,
1962, AS&E rocket. From X-ray
Astronomy (Eds. R. Giacconi and H.
Gursky), 1974, Riedel, Dordrecht, p9.

First observation of an X-ray star
Moon

Sco X-1

High Energy
X-raysLow Energy
X-raysMy motivation for pressing forward was“a deep-seated faith in the boundlessresourcefulness of nature, which so often leaves
the most daring imagination of man far behind”.

Rotation Angle“X-ray Astronomy”
by Giacconni & Gursky
Reidel Publishing Co.

What is the X-ray Star ?
Luminosity of the X-ray
Star is million times X-rayluminous than the Sun

Blue faint star
Periodical Variation||Orbital Motion
Optical image observed
at Okayam, on June 17, 1966

X-ray Binary

What is the X-ray Star ?
Illustrated Image ofX-ray Binary System

OpticalX-rays
Companion Star
Center ofGravity

X-rayStarESA

Strong Gravity around Black holes
Gas from#2Accretioncompanion

Black hole or NS
several Solar masses
within R=10km

Gravitational
Potential Well

The smaller the radius,
the steeper the slope,the stronger the force

X-rays from near the Black hole
Gravitational energy of Accretion flow--> Hot Disk → X-ray Emission

X-raysNASA

X-rays from near the Black hole
Gravitational energy of Accretion flow--> Hot Disk → X-ray Emission

RadioEmission

X-rays

NASAEHT Collaboration

https://www.puntoinformatico.it/immaginebuco-nero/ 2019/7/29

Japanes e X-ray Astronomy Satellites

Hakucho(1979) 90kg

Tenma (1983) 200kg

Ginga (1987) 420kg

1 Kunieda

2 Kunieda

4 Kunieda

17 Kunieda!

4 Kunieda
27 Kunieda

ASCA (1993) 420kg

Suzaku (2005) 1700kg

Hitomi (2016) 2700kg

ISAS/JAXA

Japanes e X-ray Astronomy Satellites

Hakucho(1979) 90kg

Tenma (1983) 200kg

Ginga (1987) 420kg

ASCA (1993) 420kg

Suzaku (2005) 1700kg

Hitomi (2016) 2700kg

World Frontierwith X-ray telescopes
ISAS/JAXA

X-ray Teles copes#3

No reflection with large angles©︎いらすとや

Reflection by the innersurfaces of cones.
Nesting hundreds ofthin cones coaxially-->

Grazing Optics（θ≦１degree）
θReflectors
Focal planeDetector
X-rays

Focal Length
https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/scienceat-nasa/1999/ast08jul99_1 2019/7/29

Production of X-ray teles copeat Nagoya Univers ity#3

Installation
to telescope
housing

Assembled Telescope
1278 shells/Telescope12 m FL

Multilayer
Hard X-ray
Telescopes

NagoyaUniversityHitomi
2016.2

Explore new horizon of the Universe
filled with exotic objects byunprecedented X-ray instrumentswith high performance in resolution,
Extension
sensitivity,
broad energy band and so on.
硬X線撮像検出器ISAS/JAXA

Why X-ray as tronomy?

Minimum
Density
1 Atom/cc
Temperature 2.7 °K
Magnetic F. µGauss
GravityµG
Mass10-30 kg
Size
10-12-15 m
Time
10-15sec

Human
Maximum
１g/cc
1014 g/cc
300°K
108°K
1 Gauss 1012-14 Gauss
1G>1013 G
102 kg1044 kg
１m
1026 m
109 sec
4x1017sec

Coma Cluste
Misti Mountain ObservatorWhy X-ray as tronomy?
Experiments in extreme conditions
Minimum
Density
1 Atom/cc
Temperature 2.7 °K
Magnetic F. µGauss
GravityµG
Mass10-30 kg
Size
10-12-15 m
Time10-15sec

Human
Maximum
１g/cc
1014 g/cc
300°K
108°K
1 Gauss 1012-14 Gauss
1G>1013 G
102 kg1044 kg
１m1026 m
109 sec
4x1017sec

Coma Cluste
Misti Mountain ObservatorWhy as trophys ics ?
Experiments in extreme conditions
Apply knowledge we got on Earth to observed phenomena

If it does not work

New principles
P.30

Coma Cluste
Misti Mountain ObservatorWhy as trophys ics ?
Experiments in extreme conditions
Confirm new principles in space environments

If it can not be tested on EarthNew principles

Coma Cluste
Misti Mountain Observator

First evidence of general relativity
Bending of star light by the SunpΔθ

Δθ = 4GM/c2p = 2rg/p
p ：Impact parameter(=Solar radius) rg：Black hole radius (3 km)→Δθ=8.5x10-6 rad =1.75 arcsec for MSolar, RSolar
Solar eclipse in 1919 by Eddington

Why as trophys ics ?
Experiments in extreme conditions
Confirm new principles in space environments

If it can not be tested on Earth

New principles

Coma Cluste
Misti Mountain Observator

Stadium Generale on May 23, 2019

Seeing the sky through funnel(s)== Challenges of X-ray Astronomers ==Emeritus professor of Nagoya University

Hideyo Kunieda

Extra subject
Do you believe “Extra Terrestrial Intelligence”?
Drake’s equation: N =R x fp x ne x f1 x fi x fc x L
10100.5210.01
0.01
104

N : Number of ET intelligence in our Galaxy
R : Birth rate of stars in our Galaxy / year
fp : Possibility for a star to poses planets
ne : Number of habitable planets of a star
f1 : Possibility for lives to emerge there
fi： Possibility for lives to evolve to high intelligent level
fc：Possibility for intelligence which can communicateL ：Life time of civilization (y)The final factor for finding an ET Intelligence isthe life time of the civilization without collaps e
4.5 Billion years

104 years?