Nationality and Citizenship:
Who Are Given What Kind ofRights
Multi-Ethnic Society (7)（May 29, 2014）	
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Email assignment	• What is “equality”?
• What to do for the majority• Pessimistic recognition, optimistic wish
• Multiculturalism as a useful tool, eventhough it is not an all-purpose drug

2Why Nationality and Citizenship	• Through the examination of exceptional
cases: nationality and citizenship should
not be taken for granted → “decoupling ofcitizenship and identity” (p.307)• Ascribed status and acquired rights
＠What do you think about the Calderonfamily case (in Japan)?

3What is (Practical) Citizenship	• Marshall divided citizenship into three
categories: (civil rights, political, social)→ what kind of status and rights are given to
immigrants/refugees etc. Becomes the central
issue of discussion• What is ‘pragmatic citizenship’: there is no clear
definition, similar to ‘instrumental citizenship,‘flexible citizens’, anything which practicallyserves those in diaspora to live in the hostcountry (sense of security)	
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Nationality and Citizenship From theViewpoints of State and Individuals/Groups• Jus soli and jus sanguinis→Those who are excluded from both (stateless) and those
who have multiple nationalities→ Multiple nationalities as resources: who can enjoy?
• Single nationality principle （国籍唯一の原則）: even if aperson holds dual nationalities, he is treated as a single
nationality holder in each country
http://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/annai/chousa/
rippou_chousa/backnumber/2009pdf/20090801103.pdf• Renunciation (deprivation) of nationality→Principle of free determination of nationality, but nofreedom to become stateless5Full Members (First Class Citizens) and non-fullMembers (Second Class Citizens)• Gap by nationality (holder/non-holder)• Three gates：denizens, long- and short-time residents,etc.
＠在留資格／Residence (visa) status＊Revision of the Immigration-Control and RefugeeRecognition Act of Japan（
http://www.immi-moj.go.jp/newimmiact_1/index.html）	

＊Introduction of point system(http://www.gov-online.go.jp/useful/article/201205/3.html )＠Which gate is the most difficult to pass6

Status of Palestinians	• In Jordan: given citizenship (exceptional:Nishikida 2012)• In Israel: 20% of Israeli population• ‘Acquisition of non-Palestinian citizenship as
politically disloyal’: difficulty in decoupling
citizenship and identity• Two state solution: only those from the WestBank and Gaza (not historical Palestine) will beentitled citizenship → may lead to different ideas
about the future statehood among Palestinians	
7• Difficult to choose whether to wait for the futureof an independent country or to naturalize in thecountry of residence@Case of stateless person in Japan (Chen 2005):
Taiwanese descendent born in Japan→ parents chose to become stateless after theestablishment of Japan-China (mainland) relationsin 1972→ chose to naturalize for research convenience	
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Discussion	• What kind of possibilities do you find in‘pragmatic citizenship’?
• One-state solution come from whom, is it
based on ‘radical inclusiveness’?
• How do we balance between ascribedstatus and acquired rights?

9References	• Chen, Tien Shi (陳天璽), 2005, 『無国籍』新潮社	
• Hammar, Tomas, 1990, Democracy and theNation State: Aliens, Denizens and Citizens
in a World International Migration, Avebury (ハンマー、トーマス（近藤敦監訳）『永住市民と国民国家』明石書店）• Nishikida, Aiko (錦田愛子）, 2012, 「併存するナ
ショナルアイデンティティ――離散パレスチナ人によるパスポート、通行証の選択的取得をめぐって」陳天璽ほか編『越境とアイデンティフィケーション』新曜社	
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【Email assignment】(A) If you would want to change yournationality or obtain a nationality (as astateless person), what kind of rules would
you like to request to the government?
(B) If you had multiple nationalities, whatkind of merits would you like to utilize?
(C) If you were a government official, whatkind of policy should be adopted forcontrolling nationality?
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【Preparation】
Make a short presentation on an example ofethnic media: publisher, readers, form,contents, etc.
@For the definition of ethnic media, refer to:
http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/
34989_1.pdf

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