Research Articles: Behavioral/Cognitive

Temporal Dynamics of Brain Activity Predicting
Sense of Agency over Muscle Movements
https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1116-23.2023
Cite as: J. Neurosci 2023; 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1116-23.2023
Received: 16 June 2023
Revised: 7 August 2023
Accepted: 4 September 2023

This Early Release article has been peer-reviewed and accepted, but has not been throughthe composition and copyediting processes. The final version may differ slightly in style orformatting and will contain links to any extended data.
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Copyright © 2023 the authors

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2.3. Experimental Design

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2.4. Statistical Analysis

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2.4.1. Manipulation Checks and Outlier Removal

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2.5. Electrical Muscle Stimulation

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digitorum profundus PXVFOH RQ WKH ULJKW GRPLQDQW  IRUHDUP ZKLFK LV DQ HDVLO\ DFFHVVLEOH

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HOHFWURGHV ZHUH UHIHUHQFHG WR &] DQG VDPSOHG DW  +] 7ZR RI WKH  HOHFWURGHV ZKLFKZRXOGKDYHEHHQ$)DQG$)RQWKHW\SLFDOactiCAPOD\RXW ZHUHGURSSHGEHORZWKHOHIWDQGULJKWH\HVVRWKDWWKH\FRXOGODWHUEHUHUHIHUHQFHGWREHFRPH(2*FKDQQHOV([SHULPHQWHYHQWV

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VXEVHTXHQWSUHSURFHVVLQJVWHSV

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HW DO   $ UHFRUG RI ZKLFK FKDQQHOV ZHUH LQWHUSRODWHG LV DYDLODEOH LQ VXEMHFWVSHFLILF

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SUHSURFHVVLQJUHSRUWV VHH2.7 

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OLEHUDO+]KLJKFXWRIIIRUWKHIUDFWDODQDO\VLVGHVFULEHGLQ2.4.3.

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IRUHDFKVXEMHFWFDQEHIRXQGLQWKHLUSUHSURFHVVLQJUHSRUWV VHH2.7 

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2.7. Data and Code Availability

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H[SHULPHQW  DQG LQ D SHUPDQHQW DUFKLYH RQ Zenodo

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2.8. Statistical Power

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3.1. Bayesian optimization effectively controls the proportion of trials perceived as self-caused.

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$IWHU UHPRYLQJ WULDOV LQ ZKLFK VWLPXODWLRQ IDLOHG WR SURGXFH D PXVFOH PRYHPHQW DQG

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3.2. Distinct early and late neural processes predict agency judgments.

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2XU OLQHDU GHFRGLQJ SURFHGXUH VKRZHG DERYHFKDQFH GHFRGLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH across subjects

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3.3. Fractal complexity of brain activity predicts agency judgments.

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Discussion 'LVFXVVLRQ2XUILQGLQJVDGYDQFHRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIKRZWKHVHQVHRIDJHQF\ 6R$ LVJHQHUDWHGLQWKHEUDLQZLWKLPSRUWDQWLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQFRQVFLRXVVHOIDZDUHQHVVDQGXQFRQVFLRXV VHOIUHIHUHQWLDO SURFHVVLQJ ,Q SDUWLFXODU WKH WLPH FRXUVH QHXUDO DFWLYLW\ SUHGLFWLQJ

6R$LQUHVSRQVHWRPXVFOHVWLPXODWLRQLVPRUHFRQVLVWHQWZLWKFODVVLFDOVHQVRULPRWRUPRQLWRULQJDFFRXQWV :ROSHUW HW DO  %ODNHPRUH HW DO   WKDQ SUHYLRXV VWXGLHV KDYH VKRZQFRPSDULQJWKHQHXUDOUHVSRQVHVWRVHOIDQGRWKHUFDXVHGWRQHV .KQHWDO7LPPHWDO :KLOHUHVXOWVVWLOOOHDYHURRPIRUFRPPRQGRZQVWUHDPFRUUHODWHVRIDJHQF\WKH\VXJJHVW

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WKH EDVLV RI PRVW PRGHUQ DFFRXQWV RI 6R$ LW LV QRZ XQGHUVWRRG WKDW WKH PHFKDQLVPV RI

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