General Resources Energy Investigation Committee, Energy Savings Standards
Section, Computer and Hard Disk Drive Judging Standards Subcommittee
Final Report1The Computer and Hard Disk Drive Judging Standards Subcommittee (General
Resources Energy Investigation Committee, Energy Savings Standards Section)
discussed evaluation standards for manufacturers and importers (hereinafter referred
to as “Manufacturers, etc.”) and released the following final report regarding
computers and HDDs, for which the target fiscal year was FY2007.
I. Interim evaluation of current standards
2007 was the target fiscal year for computers and HDDs. The energy efficiency
results have been identified and were found to greatly exceed the target standard
values.
Specifically, power consumption by computers is decreasing for reasons such as
higher efficiency of power devices, and at the same time contributions to improving
energy efficiency in the PC field have resulted from higher CPU performance, typified
by multi-core technologies such as the use of quad-core CPUs.
For HDDs, significant improvements in smaller disk sizes and technologies forhigher-density storage media have resulted in improving energy efficiency.
As shown here, the existing standards using the top runner method are functioning
effectively and contributing to saving energy in computers and HDDs.

[Computers]
Energy efficiency (W/MTOPS)[HDDs]
Energy efficiency (W/GB)

FY2001
results

FY2007
forecast

FY2007
results

0.012

0.0037(69%)

0.0023(81%)

0.14

0.040(71%)

0.020(86%)

Note 1. Figures in parentheses are the improvement ratios from fiscal year 2001 results.
2. “Energy efficiency” is the efficiency per device calculated from the average energy efficiency of thatdevice type, weighted by the number of units shipped.
Source: Investigation by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

II. Basic approach to review of the standards
The current review of the standards for computers and HDDs has been conductedwith consideration for the relevant conditions listed below.
With the increasing performance and advancing functionality of computers,
and the approximately corresponding decrease in power consumption, themeasurement methods and performance indexes that are currently used are
becoming insufficiently versatile to keep up with further advances in energy
savings. It is necessary to consider measurement methods and indexes forcomputer energy efficiency that include the conditions of actual calculatedloads. (Because new measurement methods were not established at thisreview, it is believed that the current measurement methods and performance2indexes are the most suitable for measuring improvements in energy
efficiency.)
In relation to the above, as part of the International Energy Star Program1,
Japan is studying new measurement methods for computers, and it will benecessary to pay close attention to these trends.
There are technologies such as SSD (Solid State Drive) which cannot be
incorporated in the current standards because they are not products ingeneral use, however which are highly likely to replace HDDs and will makelarge contributions to improving energy efficiency. For this reason, a review ofthe evaluation standards will be necessary when these products have begun
entering the market to some degree.
In this way, because of the presence of transitory elements, the current review
addressed the evaluation standards while retaining the top runner standard
concept and also giving consideration to the elements described above.
III. Major points of change
From the perspective of further strengthening energy-saving measures, thestandard values were reviewed, and the following changes were made, including achange to the scope of designated equipment.
III-1. Computers(1) Expansion of scopeComputers with the composite theoretical performance of 50,000 mega
calculations to less than 200,000 mega calculations per second (formerly
considered a part of the super computer class) were added as subject products.
(2) Setting of target standard values based on the top runner standard concept
Based on the results from FY2007, target standard values (standard energy
efficiency) were set based on the concept of top runner standards.
(3) Review of categories to match the actual conditions of use in the market
For the definition of server computers and client computers, due to advancing
technologies it was decided that they should be defined based on theintended form (conditions) of use at the time of design rather than on vague

1

The International Energy Star Program is an international energy-saving system for office equipment that isbeing carried out in seven countries and regions worldwide. Japan has agreed to mutual recognition under thisprogram, and approves the marking of a particular logo on equipment that meets the standard for superior energy-saving performance.

3

categorization using main memory capacity and other factors.
For server computers, advances in technology have resulted in problems
such as the mainframe server and open-frame server classes becoming
mixed. As a result, it was decided to change the basis for categorization fromfactors such as the main memory capacity to the CPU type.
For client computers, the categories compact desktop and netbook wereadded to the existing notebook and desktop categories.
III-2. HDDs
(1) Change of scope
The scope was broadened to include the following devices with maximum datatransfer speeds between 70 gigabytes and 270 gigabytes.
(2) Review of categories based on the top runner standard concept and the settingof target standard values
Based on the results from FY2007, target standard values (standard energy
efficiency) were set based on the concept of top runner standards. Based on thetechnical improvement elements in each class, some classes were further broken
down so that standards could be set for each.
IV. Evaluation standards
IV-1. Computers
1. Designated equipment [Refer to Attachment 1.]
As currently prescribed, these standards apply to the digital central processing
units (5211) and personal computers (5212) as determined in the Japan standard
product classifications.
However, the following items are excluded: (1) products with a composite
theoretical performance of 200,000 mega calculations or more per second, (2)products capable of performing calculations using an arithmetic processing unit
composed of more than 256 processors, (3) products with 512 or more I/O signaltransmission lines (only lines with maximum data transmission speeds of 100
megabits or more per second), (4) products with a composite theoretical
performance of less than 100 mega calculations per second, (5) products that are
powered exclusively by an internal battery during use and never operate based ona power supply from a power line, and that do not contain an HDD, (6) products
4that comprise redundant arithmetic processing units, main memory devices, I/O
control units or power devices (fault tolerant products).
2. Necessary items for judging standards of manufacturers, etc.
(1) Target fiscal year [Refer to Attachment 2.]
FY2011(2) Classes and target standard values for target achievement [Refer to Attachments
3 and 4.]For computers that are shipped domestically by manufacturers, etc. in the target
fiscal year, the average energy efficiency measured by the method prescribed in(3) and weighted by the number of units shipped for each class in the tablebelow, must not be higher than the target value (standard energy efficiency)
listed in the right column of the same table.
Target standard values for server computers
CPU type
Dedicated
CISC
RISC

IA64
IA32

Classification
No. of I/O slots
No. of CPU
sockets
Less than 32
32 or more
Less than 8
8 to less than 40
40 or more
Less than 10
10 or more
0
1 to less than 7

7 or more

Targetstandard
Provisional
value
classification(W/GTOPS)
–
A
1,950
–
B
2,620
–
C
13.0
–
D
31.0
–
E
140.0
–
F
6.2
–
G
22.0
–
H
1.3
Less than 2I
1.2
2 to less than 4J
1.94 or more
K
6.7
–
L
7.4

Note 1. “Server computer” refers to a computer that is designed to operate 24 hours a day and provide
services on a network, and which can be accessed only via the network.
2. Dedicated CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer): Used in high-functionality processors with adiverse instruction set. It is primarily used in mainframe servers and similar products.
3. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer): This type of processor uses a simplified instruction set
in order to prioritize high speed, and is primarily used in UNIX servers and similar devices.
4. IA64, IA32: These are typical architectures for general-purpose CICS microprocessors that are
universally used in products from personal computers to high-functionality servers. IA32 is a 32-bit
microprocessor architecture, and is primarily used in products such as IA servers. IA64 is a 64-bit
microprocessor architecture, and is primarily used in products such as high-functionality servers.

5

Target standard values for client computersType of clientcomputerBattery-powered,with 2 or morememory channels

Classification
Main
Discreate
memoryGPU
capacity
16 GB or–more
More than
4 GB to–less than
16 GB

Installed
Not
installed

Not
battery-powered,with 2 or morememorychannels, anduses an AC
adapter as thepower device
Notbattery-powered,with 2 or morememory channels
other than theabove

Less than 2
memory channels
Note–

16 GB ormore
More than
4 GB toless than
16 GB
4 GB orless–

Provisionalclassification

–

a

2.25

–

b

0.34

c

0.31

d

0.21

e

0.15

f

0.21

17 or
more
Less than17
12 to lessthan 17
Less than
12–
4 GB orless

LCD size

Targetstandard
value(W/GTOPS)

–

–

g

0.29

–

–

h

2.25

Installed

–

i

0.51

Not
installed

–

j

0.64

–

–

k

0.53

–

–

l

0.51

1. “Client computers” refers to computers that are not “server computers”.
2. The LCD size values indicate the dimension in centimeters between opposite corners of thedisplay screen, divided by 2.54 and rounded to the second decimal place.

6

[Reference] Current target standard values (target standard values for FY2007)
Classification

Standard
energyClassification
efficiency(W/MTOPS)

Type of computer

No. of I/O signal
lines

Server computers

64 or morea

3.1

8 to less than 64

b

0.079

16 gigabytes or more

c

0.071

Less than 16 gigabytes
16 gigabytes or more
4 gigabytes to less than 16 gigabytes
2 gigabytes to less than 4 gigabytes
Less than 2 gigabytes
Less than 6 gigabytes
2 gigabytes to less than 6 gigabytes
Less than 2 gigabytes
1 gigabytes to less than 6 gigabytes

d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l

0.068
0.053
0.039
0.024
0.016
0.027
0.00480.00380.0026

Less than 1 gigabytes

m

0.00224 to less than 8Less than 4

Client computers
2 to less than 4that are not battery Less than 2
poweredClient computersthat are battery
poweredMain memory capacity

Note 1. “Server computers” refers to computers which are not “client computers”.
2. “No. of I/O signal lines” refers to the number of lines which directly split from a signal line that connects
an arithmetic processor and main storage device (also including other signal lines which have atransmission capacity equal to that signal line), or which directly split from a signal line splitter that isconnected to such a signal line. It refers to the number of lines which are connected to an external
location via only a graphics display port or keyboard port and which have a maximum data transfer
speed of 100 megabits per second or more.
3. “Battery powered” refers to products which operate exclusively from an internal battery and neveroperate based on a power supply from a power line.
4. “Client computers” refers to products which have a graphics display port and keyboard port (including
products which have an internal graphics display in place of a graphics display port and an internal
keyboard in place of a keyboard port) and which have a main memory capacity of less than 6gigabytes and fewer than 4 I/O signal lines.

(3) Energy efficiency and the method of measurement
Computer energy efficiency is the power consumption in units of Watts divided by
the performance index in giga calculations, and is calculated by the following
formula.
E = [(W 1 + W 2) / 2] / Q
In this formula, E, W 1, W2, and Q indicate the following values.
E:
Energy efficiency (units: Watts/giga calculations)(W 1 + W 2) / 2: Power consumption (units: Watts)
W1:
Power consumption in idle state (units: Watts)
W2:
Power consumption in low-power mode (units: Watts)
Q:
Composite theoretical performance (CTP) (units: giga calculations)7

W1: Power consumption in idle state“Power consumption in idle state” indicates the power consumption when the main
power is energized, in a state when operation is possible without resetting theinitial program, and in a state before transitioning to a low-power mode such as thestandby mode or suspend mode described in ACPI standards2 (hereafter this stateis referred to as “idle state”). It is expressed in units of Watts and is the value
measured by the method described below.
(1) Ambient temperature shall be 16ºC - 32ºC.
(2) The power voltage shall be within ±10% of the rated input voltage. However
for products with a rated input voltage of 100 volts, the range shall be 100
volts ±10%.
(3) The power frequency shall be the rated power frequency.
(4) Measure in the maximum configuration range which excludes I/O control
devices, communication control devices and HDDs that can be disconnectedfrom the computer without impairing its basic functions. For products where
the number of processors can be expanded, measure the configuration withthe smallest number of processors. For client computers that are not battery
powered, measurement may be performed with the graphics display unit
power turned off.
W2: Power consumption in low-power mode
Power consumption in the low-power mode refers to a low-power mode defined in
ACPI standards as a standby mode, suspended mode, or similar mode. (However
this is limited to modes in which the programs and data are retained in the main
memory device.) It is expressed in units of Watts and is the value measured by themethod described below. It is expressed in units of Watts and is the value
measured by the method described below. It is expressed in units of Watts and is
the value measured by the method described below.
For server computers and client computers which do not have a low-power mode,use the same value as W 1 for W 2.
(1) Ambient temperature shall be 16ºC - 32ºC.
(2) The power voltage shall be within ±10% of the rated input voltage. However
for products with a rated input voltage of 100 volts, the range shall be 1002This is the standard for power management that is being promoted by the US Microsoft Corporation. ACPI
stands for “Advanced Configuration and Power Interface”.

8volts ±10%.
(3) The power frequency shall be the rated power frequency.
(4) Measure in the maximum configuration range which excludes I/O control
devices, communication control devices and HDDs that can be
disconnected from the computer without impairing its basic functions. For
products where the number of processors can be expanded, measure theconfiguration with the smallest number of processors.
(4) Labeling related matters
1) Items for labeling
The manufacturers, etc. shall indicate the following items related to computerenergy efficiency on a label.
a) Part name and type nameb) Classificationc) Energy efficiencyd) Name or title of manufacturer, etc.
e) The fact that energy efficiency is the power consumption measured bymethods determined in the Energy Conservation Law (the Law Concerning
the Rational Use of Energy) divided by the composite theoretical
performance as determined in the Energy Conservation Law
2) Compliance itemsa) Energy efficiency indicates the values listed in the lower row in Appendix
Table 3 of the Enforcement Regulations of the Energy Conservation Law, to2 significant digits.
b) In catalogs which include descriptions of performance and in materials
provided by the manufacturers, etc. for selecting devices, the labeling items
listed in 1) shall be listed in an easily visible location, by means which are
not easily erased.

9

IV-2. HDDs
1. Designated equipment [Refer to Attachment 1.]
As currently prescribed, these standards apply to HDDs (52131) as determined in
the Japan standard product classifications.
However the following items are excluded: (1) products with a disk diameter of 40
mm or less, (2) products with a maximum data transfer speed of more than 270
gigabytes per second.
2. Necessary items for judging standards of manufacturers, etc.
(1) Target fiscal year [Refer to Attachment 2.]
FY2011(2) Classes and target standard values for target achievement [Refer to Attachments
3 and 4.]
For HDDs that are shipped domestically by manufacturers, etc. in the target
fiscal year, the average energy efficiency measured by the method prescribed in(3) and weighted by the number of units shipped for each class in the tablebelow or by a similar party, must not be higher than the target value listed in theright column of the same table. (The calculation formula for standard energy
efficiency is the value calculated using the calculation formula in the table for thecorresponding class, with N as the rotating speed of the device (units: rpm).)
Target values for individual HDDs
Disk size

No. of disksMore than 1 disk
75 mm
2 or 3 disks
4 or moredisksMore than 1 disk
50 mm to75 mm or
less2 or 3 disks

Provisional
Target value formulaclassifications
A
E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-30.8)
B
E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-31.2)

Rpm
–
–
–

C

E=exp(2.11*ln(N)-23.5)

5000 rpm or lessMore than 5000
rpm to 6000 rpm
or lessMore than 6000
rpm
5000 rpm or lessD

E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-29.8)

E

E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-31.2)

F

E=exp(4.30*ln(N)-43.5)

G

E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-31.5)

10More than 5000
rpm to 6000 rpm
or lessMore than 6000rpm
4 or moredisksMore than 1 disk
40 mm to 2 or more
50 mm or diskslessH

E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-32.2)

I

E=exp(4.58*ln(N)-46.8)–

J

E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-31.9)–

K

E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-30.2)–

L

E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-30.9)

Note 1. “Individual disk” refers to a single disk drive.
2. E and N indicate the following values.
E: Energy efficiency
N: Rotating speed (rpm)
3. “ln” indicates the log of base e.

Sub-system target standard values
Provisional
Target value formula
Application
classification
Mainframe serveraE=exp(1.85*ln(N)-18.8)
Otherb
E=exp(1.56*ln(N)-17.7)
Note 1. “Sub-system” refers to a product with multiple disk drives. For individual disks, cases that bear a typename shall be considered 1 unit. For sub-systems, the magnetic disk control unit and HDD shall
together be considered 1 unit. (For products that only use a magnetic disk controller that is built into a
computer, cases that bear a type name shall be considered 1 unit.).
2. E and N indicate the following values.
E: Energy efficiency
N: Rotating speed (rpm)
3. “ln” indicates the log of base e.

[Reference] Current target standard values (target standard values for FY2005)
Classification
Type of
HDD
Individualdisk

HDD form and performance

Formula for calculating
Classification energy efficiency

Disk size more than 75 mm with 1 diskaE=exp(2.98×ln(N)-28.6)

Disk size more than 75 mm with 2 or 3 disksbE=exp(2.98×ln(N)-29.3)

Disk size more than 75 mm with 4 or more diskscE=exp(2.98×ln(N)-29.5)

Disk size more than 50 mm to 75 mm or lesswith 1 disk
Disk size more than 50 mm to 75 mm or lesswith 2 or 3 disksdE=exp(2.98×ln(N)-28.6)eE=exp(2.98×ln(N)-29.4)

Disk size more than 50 mm to 75 mm or lesswith 4 or more disksfE=exp(2.98×ln(N)-29.8)

Disk size more than 40 mm to 50 mm or lesswith 1 disk
Disk size more than 40 mm to 50 mm or lesswith 2 or more disks
Sub-system-g

E=exp(2.98×ln(N)-27.2)hE=exp(2.98×ln(N)-28.8)iE=exp(2.00×ln(N)-19.7)

11

Note 1. “Individual disk” refers to a single disk drive. “Sub-system” refers to a product with multiple disk drives.
For individual disks, cases that bear a type name shall be considered 1 unit. For sub-systems, themagnetic disk control unit and HDD shall together be considered 1 unit. (For products that only use amagnetic disk controller that is built into a computer, cases that bear a type name shall be considered
1 unit.)2. E and N indicate the following values.
E: Energy efficiency
N: Rotating speed (rpm)
3. “ln” indicates the log of base e.

(3) Measurement method for energy efficiency
The energy efficiency shall be the power consumption in units of Watts
calculated by the following method and divided by the storage capacity in units ofgigabytes. However when actual measurement is difficult, calculation by aformula shall be permitted.
(1) Ambient temperature shall be 16ºC - 32ºC.
(2) The power voltage shall be within ±10% of the rated input voltage. However
for products with a rated input voltage of 100 volts, the range shall be 100
volts ±10%.
(3) The power frequency shall be the rated power frequency.
(4) For individual disks, measure in the range that covers the internal control
device, buffer cache memory, and disk drive.
(5) For sub-systems, measure in the range of the power necessary to operate
the control device, buffer cache memory and HDD, with the maximum
number of disk drives and maximum number of I/O signal lines that can beconnected to the control unit.
(6) Input the power and measure with the power on, the disk in the individual
disk device rotating, and in a state when data reading and writing can be
immediately performed.
(4) Labeling related matters
1) Items for labeling
The manufacturers, etc. shall indicate the following items related to magnetic
disk drive energy efficiency on a label.
a) Part name and type nameb) Classificationc) Energy efficiencyd) Name or title of manufacturer, etc.
e) The fact that energy efficiency is the power consumption measured bymethods determined in the Energy Conservation Law divided by the storage
capacity as determined in the same law.

122) Compliance itemsa) Energy efficiency indicates the values listed in the lower row in Appendix
Table 3 of the Enforcement Regulations of the Energy Conservation Law, toa minimum of 2 significant digits, with fractional digits rounded up to 1.
b) In catalogs which include descriptions of performance and in materials
provided by the manufacturers, etc. for selecting devices, the labeling items
listed in 1) shall be listed in an easily visible location, by means which are
not easily erased.
V. Recommendations on energy saving
V-1. Computers(1) Efforts by users
1) Recommend that users select an energy-efficient computer, and work to saveenergy by using the computer in an appropriate and efficient manner.
2) Recommend that users set and use the low-power mode when using acomputer that is equipped with a low-power mode.
(2) Efforts by manufacturers, etc.
1) Promote technical development for energy savings in computers, andrecommend the development of energy-efficient computers.
2) For devices which include low-power mode functions, recommend shipping
the devices with this function already activated whenever possible.
Manufacturers should take steps to increase user understanding in order topromote the use of low-power modes by users.
3) From the perspective of expanding the use of energy-efficient computers,
manufacturers should take steps for the early introduction of an“energy-saving label” and should provide suitable information which willcontributed to user selection of energy-efficient computers. When creating theenergy-saving label, consideration must be given to its contents so as tomake it easy for the user to understand and prevent misunderstandings.
4) Manufacturers should collect information concerning international standards
and measurement methods, and should review them to determine theirsuitability.
(3) Efforts by the government1) In order to expand the use of energy-efficient computers, the government
should provide policy support, conduct promotional campaigns, and take other13

necessary steps to promote the efforts by users and manufacturers, etc.
2) The government should work to regularly and continuously determine thestatus of labeling by the manufacturers, etc., and enact appropriate laws sothat correct and easily-understood information concerning energy efficiency isprovided to users.
3) Focus on international trends and respond in a flexible manner with regards tothe adoption of measurement methods and other elements that are closer tothe conditions of actual use.
V-2. HDDs(1) Efforts by users
Recommend that users select an energy-efficient HDD, and work to save energy
by using the HDD in an appropriate and efficient manner.
(2) Efforts by manufacturers, etc.
1) Promote technical development for energy savings in HDDs, and recommend
the development of energy-efficient HDDs.
2) From the perspective of expanding the use of energy-efficient HDDs,
manufacturers should take steps for the early introduction of an“energy-saving label” and should provide suitable information which willcontribute to user selection of energy-efficient HDDs. When creating theenergy-saving label, consideration must be given to its contents so as to makeit easy for the user to understand and prevent misunderstandings.
3) Manufacturers should collect information concerning international standards
and measurement methods, and should review them to determine theirsuitability.
(3) Efforts by the government1) In order to expand the use of energy-efficient HDDs, the government should
provide policy support, conduct promotional campaigns, and take othernecessary steps to promote the efforts by users and manufacturers, etc.
2) The government should work to regularly and continuously determine thestatus of labeling by the manufacturers, etc., and enact appropriate laws sothat correct and easily-understood information concerning energy efficiency isprovided to users.
3) Focus on international trends and respond in a flexible manner with regards tothe adoption of measurement methods and other elements that are closer tothe conditions of actual use.
14

Attachment 1

Scope of designated computers and HDDs

I. Scope of designated computers
1. Designated computers
These standards apply to digital central processing units (5211) and personal
computers (5212) as determined in the Japan standard product classifications.
2. Excluded products(1) Computers with advanced processing capabilities
Computers with advanced processing capabilities that are used in limited
special applications are excluded.
1) Super computers
Under the existing provisions, computers with a composite theoretical
performance of 50,000 mega calculations (MTOPS) per second or more areclassified as supercomputers that are primarily used in science andengineering research. However, in the current evaluation standards, thisclassification range has been further restricted, and now only computers with acomposite theoretical performance of 200,000 MTOPS or more are classified
as supercomputers.
(No. of units shipped in FY2007 (3 types): 143)
2) Massively parallel processors
Under the existing provisions, computers that are capable of performing
calculations using an arithmetic processing unit composed of 256 or more
processors (when multiple cores are present on a single chip (multi-core),each chip is counted as 1 processor) are classified as massively parallel
processors equivalent to supercomputers. At this review of the evaluation
standards, the excluded items will remain as currently described.
(No. of units shipped in FY2007: 5)

153) Computers that perform special I/O control (computers with large numbers of
I/O signal lines for control)
At this review of the evaluation standards, computers for core systems withreinforced I/O control functions designed for purposes such as network
management and data management will continue to be excluded as currently
prescribed. Specifically, computers composed of 512 or more I/O signal lines(only lines with a maximum data transfer speed of 100 megabits or more persecond) are excluded.
(No. of units shipped in FY2007: 57)
4) Fault-tolerant computers
At this review of the evaluation standards, fault-tolerant computers that give
particular priority to safety and reliability will continue to be excluded assystems which are responsible for core economic and social systems, as
currently prescribed. Specifically, computers with a structure that includes a
redundant arithmetic processing unit, main memory device, I/O control device
or power device are excluded.
(No. of units shipped in FY2007: Approx. 1,500)(2) Office computers and other specialized for office functions
At the current review of the evaluation standards, computers that are
specialized for wage calculations, office information management and similartasks, and which are primarily used at small and mid-sized companies, willcontinue to be excluded as computers with extremely low processing
capability, as currently prescribed. Specifically, computers with a composite
theoretical performance of less than 100 MTOPS per second are excluded.
(No. of units shipped in FY2007: 64)(3) Mobile computers
At the current review of the evaluation standards, mobile computers willcontinue to be excluded as currently prescribed for reasons including their low
power consumption (on the order of several Watts), and the uncertainty of
future technology and market trends. Specifically, computers that operate
exclusively from an internal battery and never operate based on a power
supply from a power line, and that do not contain an HDD.
(No. of units shipped in FY2007: Approx. 10,000)
Because of the significant technical progress and changes in market trends forcomputers that have occurred previously, it is necessary to consider products
where energy-saving designs have not been fully incorporated for reasons16

related to design and development. Therefore at this review of the evaluation
standards, it was decided that these standards will not apply to models that, inthe target fiscal year, are shipped in a quantity that is 10% or less of thequantity shipped in the previous fiscal year when the peak number of units
was shipped, in order to exclude products that have already passed their sales
peak. These excluded items will remain as currently prescribed.

17

II. Scope of designated HDDs
1. Designated HDDs
These standards apply to HDDs (52131) as determined in the Japan standard
product classifications.
2. Excluded products(1) Small-size HDDs for special applications
At this review of the evaluation standards, small-size HDDs that are used forspecial applications will continue to be excluded as currently described.
Specifically, HDDs with a disk diameter of 40 mm or less are excluded.
(No. of units shipped in FY2007: Approx. 159,000. Proportion of all units
shipped: Approx. 0.5%)(2) Sub-systems with special data transfer speeds
In the existing provisions, special sub-systems with a maximum data transfer
speed exceeding 70 GB per second are excluded. However at this review ofthe evaluation standards, the range of excluded items has been further
reduced, and it was decided to now only exclude devices with a maximum
data transfer speed exceeding 270 GB per second.
(No. of units shipped in FY2007: 0)(Reference) Total No. of units shipped in FY2007: 31,200,000
Because of the significant technical progress and changes in market trends for
HDDs that have occurred previously, it is necessary to consider products
where energy-saving designs have not been fully incorporated for reasons
related to design and development. Therefore at this review of the evaluation
standards, it was decided that these standards will not apply to models that in
the target fiscal year are shipped in a quantity that is 10% or less of thequantity shipped in the previous fiscal year when the peak number of units
was shipped, in order to exclude products that have already passed their sales
peak. These excluded items will remain as currently prescribed.

18

Attachment 2

Target fiscal year for computers and HDDs
I. Target fiscal year for computers
1. The average computer product cycle is approximately 4 years for personal
computers, and approximately 5 years for mid-range computers andgeneral-purpose computers. Therefore it is suitable to set FY2011, 4 years after
the standards were established, as the target fiscal year.
2. The improvement ratio for energy efficiency for the target fiscal year is expected
to be approximately 78%, assuming that there are no changes in the existing
numbers of units shipped and the configuration of each class (FY2007 results).
<General description of calculation>
Server computers
Current energy efficiency (FY2007 results) (average): 15.9 W/GTOPS
Target year (FY2011) energy efficiency (average of target standard values foreach class): 6.1 W/GTOPS(15.9 – 6.1) / 15.9 x 100 = Approx. 62%
Client computers
Current energy efficiency (FY2007 results) (average): 1.37 W/GTOPS
Target year (FY2011) energy efficiency (average of target standard values foreach class): 0.21 W/GTOPS(1.37 – 0.21) / 1.37 x 100 = Approx. 84%
II. Target fiscal year for HDDs
1. The product cycle for HDDs that are incorporated in a computer or are used byconnecting them to a computer, is thought to be equivalent to the computer
average product cycle. Therefore in the same way as for computers, it is suitable
to set FY2011 as the target fiscal year for HDDs.
2. The improvement ratio for energy efficiency for the target fiscal year is expected19to be approximately 76%, assuming that there are no changes in the existing
numbers of units shipped and the configuration of each class (FY2007 results).
<General description of calculation>
Individual disks
Current energy efficiency (FY2007 results) (average): 0.019 W/GB
Target year (FY2011) energy efficiency (average of target standard values foreach class): 0.0045 W/GB
(0.019 – 0.0045) / 0.019 x 100 = Approx. 76%
Sub-systems
Current energy efficiency (FY2007 results) (average): 0.094 W/GB
Target year (FY2011) energy efficiency (average of target standard values foreach class): 0.044 W/GB
(0.094 – 0.044) / 0.094 x 100 = Approx. 53%

20

Attachment 3

Classification used to set targets for computers and HDDs
I. Basic concept
For computers and HDDs, the measurement methods and energy efficiency used are
based on the standards for evaluation by the manufacturers, etc. related toperformance improvements in computers and HDDs (= standards with target fiscal
year of 2007, hereafter “existing standards”).
The basic concept for the classifications used to set targets is based on the classes
in the existing standards, and a review was conducted of classes where factors suchas improved performance of computers and HDDs have resulted in a difference
between the class from the previous review and the actual conditions.
For household devices, the expansion of broadband communications has resulted in
new product forms based on a diverse range of computer needs.
At this review, classes were set with consideration for this type of product diversity,and it was decided to require further improvements in computer and HDD energy
efficiency.
II. Classes used to set targets
II-1. Computers
1. Classes based on product characteristics
Based on the form of use and required performance, computers can be universallydivided into the following types.
Server computers (general-purpose computers, mid-range computers, others)
Client computers
As a result of to the diverse needs of users, client computers can be classified into
notebooks, desktops, compact desktops, and netbooks (including nettops, same
below). Features and uses for each product class are listed in Table 1.
It is appropriate to classify these separately because the basic productspecifications, including processing performance and power, are different as a21

result of the different uses of the computers.
Table 1: Features and uses of each product class
Product classServer computers

Feature (primary)Used in a broad range of fields fromordinary
applications
tospecialapplications.
Diverse performance range such as
high reliability required for systemmanagement, high speed required fordata communications, and parallel
processing characteristics for multiple
applications.

Client computers

Computers primarily used as terminal
devices
Includes workstations
Some give priority to performance,
while others give priority to portability.
Integrated LCD display and keyboard
Contains an internal battery for mobile
use.

Battery-powered
2 or more memory
channels[Notebook]Not
battery-powered, 2or more memory
channels, and uses
an AC adapter as
the power device[Compact desktop]
Notbattery-powered,with 2 or morememory channels
other than the above[Desktop]Less than 2 memory
channels[Netbook, Nettop]

Application
Large-scale
systemmanagement
Financial andother accounting
applications
Business andother core systemapplications
Network
connections
Academic
calculations,others
Offices
Homes
Schools, others

Desktop that can be easily carried andrelocated
Product with low expandability in termsof peripherals and other devices
Usedforrelatively
low-load
applications
Computerusedforpersonal
applications and similar purposes
Operated by means of direct
input/output (such as a display).
Product with high expandability interms of peripherals and other devices
Computer designed primarily for using
the internet
Priority is given to portability, andperformance is limited to the minimum
necessary.

* Refer to Reference Document 1 for a specific product image.

(1) Classification of server computers and client computers
For server computers and client computers, the classes were defined at theprevious review as follows.
22

Client computers are defined as computers that have a graphics display port and keyboard port(including products that have an internal graphics display in place of a graphics display port
and an internal keyboard in place of a keyboard port).
Because there are server computers that include a keyboard port and graphics display port
primarily for maintenance purposes, computers are classified as server computers and clientcomputers with consideration for the actual performance indexes. Specifically, in addition to theabove definition, client computers are computers with a main memory capacity of less than 6gigabytes (GB) and fewer than 4 I/O signal lines. Under the existing provisions, the main
memory capacity in the performance index definition was determined to be “less than 4 GB”,
however due to the growing memory capacities of the main memory of client computers, it was
decided to increase this capacity by one level, to “less than 6 GB”.

However performance in terms of storage capacity and the number of I/O signallines does not intrinsically differentiate a server computer and client computer.
Because the classifications are made based on the performance at the time
when the standards are formulated, advances in technology mean that there are
already client computers with 6 GB or more of memory, and it is likely that theclassifications will become even more imprecise in the future.
On the other hand, the server computer and client computer classifications in themarket are generally accepted and are a closer reflection of the actual
circumstances. Therefore, the classifications shall be organized as shown below.
“Server computer” refers to a computer that is designed to operate 24 hours
and provide services on a network, and which can only be accessed via the
network.
“Client computers” refers to computers that are not “server computers”.
(2) Classifications of client computers (desktop, compact desktop, notebook,
netbook)High diversity is a particular requirement of client computers, and in addition to
the “notebook” and “desktop” classes in the existing standards, there are also
compact desktops – a product intermediate between a notebook and desktop,
and netbooks – used primarily for connecting to the internet: two types of devices
which have shown particular growth in recent years. In the same way as theexisting standards, notebook and desktops are defined as battery-driven and nonbattery-driven types. Of the desktop types, those which use an AC adapter as thepower source are defined to be “compact desktops”, and those with less than 2
memory channels3 are defined to be “netbooks”.
2. Classes based on performance characteristics
Classification in the existing standards establishes classes of computers based on
the number of I/O signal wires and main memory capacity, factors which are3

No. of memory channels: The number of main controller and main memory bus interfaces.

23correlated with energy efficiency (W/MTOPS). However as shown in Figure 1, theperformance differences for products in each class (class multipliers) have become
extremely large and it has become necessary to review the product classes.
Server computers, used primarily for business applications, give priority tocommercial calculating performance (decimal calculations) and use dedicated
CISC in the CPU. For this reason, the performance cannot be fully indicated by thecomposite theoretical performance (binary calculations) (hereafter, “CTP”). In
addition, because there are also security functions and other elements besides the
CPU which affect the power consumption in a server, the class multipliers are
growing larger.
On the other hand, new client computer product forms such as the netbook havebeen introduced to meet user needs, and it has become difficult to classify clientcomputers using only the existing “notebook” and “desktop” classes.
For this reason, it was decided to set new classes for server computers and clientcomputers which are based on a correlation with energy efficiency.
Figure 1: Distribution of energy efficiency and class multipliers in existing classes(FY2007 products)

FY2007 data distribution chart for all products
Top runnerClassification
A
B
C

0.071

3.1

Provisionalclassification multiplier
43

0.0037

1.2

315

0.12

40

0.00190.068

360.00270.088

330.0015

0.044

29

0.015

0.024

1.6

13
12
11

0.0029
10

D
9
E
8
F
7
G
6

J
K

0.018

4.1

0.000350.010

290.00150.00312.1

0.000180.005832

0.00120.0012

1.0

3
2
1

M

PC serverWS
Notebook PC

0.0043
4

LMid-range

Desktop PC

5
I

General-purpose machine

00.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

Energy efficiency（W/MTOPS）

Server computers
24

10

100

FY2007 standards

In the existing standards as well, server computer classes which reflect theseissues were established in order to allow the supply of products that satisfy theneeded processing performance according to the application.
However with increases in computer performance, the classes originally createdhave become unable to keep pace with the actual conditions. For this reason, areview of the necessary categories has been conducted, and as a result thefollowing categories shall be used.
Table 2: Categories based on product characteristics and performance
characteristics (proposed)
CPU type
Dedicated CISC
RISC

IA64
IA32

No. of I/O slots
Less than 32
32 or more
Less than 8
8 to less than 40
40 or more
Less than 10
10 or more
0Less than 7

7 or more

No. of CPU
sockets
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Less than 2
2 to less than 44 or more–*1 Dedicated CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer): Used in high-functionality processors with a diverse
instruction set. It is primarily used in mainframe servers and similar products.
*2 RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer): This type of processor uses a simplified instruction set in orderto focus on high speed, and is primarily used in UNIX servers and similar devices.
*3 IA64, IA32: These are typical architectures for general-purpose CICS microprocessors that are broadly
used in products from personal computers to high-functionality servers. IA32 is a 32-bit microprocessor
architecture, and is primarily used in products such as IA servers. IA64 is a 64-bit microprocessor
architecture, and is primarily used in products such as high-functionality servers.

Table 3: [Reference] Existing server computer classes
No. of I/O signal lines
64 or more
16 to less than 64
8 to less than 16

4 to less than 8Less than 4

Main memory capacity––

Classificationab

16 GB or more
4 GB to less than 16 GB

cdLess than 4 GB
16 GB or more
4 GB to less than 16 GB
Less than 4 GB
16 GB or more

e
f
g
h
i

25

4 GB to less than 16 GB
2 GB to less than 4 GB
Less than 2 GBjkl(1) CPU typeIn the existing classes, server computers were classified as either mainframe
servers or open-frame servers according to the main memory capacity andnumber of I/O signal lines. However technical innovations in recent years haveresulted in unavoidable mixing of the mainframe server and open-frame serverclasses and discrepancies in energy efficiency (as shown by the example in Figure2) when classification is based on the main memory capacity and number of I/O
signal lines. For this reason, it was decided to establish new classes based on the
CPU type.
Figure 2: Mixing of devices in class A of the existing standards

Open-frame server

Mainframe server(W/MTOPS)The CPU that are mounted in server computers are classified into 4 types:
dedicated CISC, RISC, IA64, and IA32.
IA64 and IA32 are general-purpose CPU with high energy efficiency. In particular,
IA32 accounts for the majority of the devices shipped and has the highest energy
efficiency.
On the other hand, the energy efficiency of dedicated CISC and RISC is relatively
low. In particular, dedicated CISC has the lowest energy efficiency because the
CTP underestimates the actual performance as described earlier.

26

Figure 3: Distribution of energy efficiency by CPU type
100000
RISC
IA32

10000

IA64
専用CISC
dedicated
CISC

CTP

1000

100

10

1

0.1
0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

エネルギー消費効率 (W/MTOPS)
Energy efficiency(W/MTOPS)(2) No. of I/O slots
The number of I/O slots is the number of I/O expansion slots, such as PCI slots, ina single case. It is different from the I/O number in the existing standards (No. of
I/O signal lines), which indicates the number of I/O signal lines splitting from signallines between the arithmetic unit and main memory device.
The use of CPU type servers make it no longer necessary to classify servers by
the I/O number (No. of I/O signal lines). However because the case and power
capacity become larger depending on the I/O slot expandability described above, it
was decided to classify servers based on the number of I/O slots, a factor whichcorrelates with energy efficiency, as shown in Figure 4 – 7.

Energy efficiency(W/GTOPS)

Figure 4: Number of I/O slots and energy efficiency (dedicated CISC)

No. of I/O slots

27

Energy efficiency(W/GTOPS)

Figure 5: Number of I/O slots and energy efficiency (RISC)

No. of I/O slots

Energy efficiency(W/GTOPS)

Figure 6: Number of I/O slots and energy efficiency (IA64)

No. of I/O slots

28

Energy efficiency(W/GTOPS)

Figure 7: Number of I/O slots and energy efficiency (IA32)

No. of I/O slots(3) Number of CPU sockets
Servers using IA32 with less than 7 I/O slots account for approximately 85% of allservers shipped. This is the class that contains the greatest number of producttypes. In particular, because products are designed with the intention of increasing
the number of CPU installed, power consumption tends to increase according to
the number of CPU sockets as shown in Figure 8. For this reason, it was decided
to add classes based on the number of CPU sockets only for servers using IA32
and with less than 7 I/O slots.
Figure 8: Number of CPU sockets and energy efficiency (IA32)

Client computers
29Diversification of client computer products is continuing, and product lineups are
expanding along two particular trends: increasingly high-performance devices anddevices with limited performance that prioritize portability. For both types of
product, this is the result of increasing user needs. Because these needs are
expected to continue increasing, it was decided to review the classes as shown
below.
Table 4: Categories based on product characteristics and performance
characteristics (proposed)
Type of client computer
Battery-powered, with 2
or more memory
channels

Main memory
capacity
16 GB or more
More than 4 GB
to less than 16
GB
4 GB or less

DiscreateGPU––

Installed
Not installed

Not battery-powered, with
2 or more memory
channels, and uses an
AC adapter as the powerdeviceNot battery-powered, with
2 or more memory
channels other than theabove

Less than 2 memory
channels

LCD size

Primary product––Workstations
High-performancenotebooks

17 or
more
Less than
17
12 or
more
Less than
17
Less than
12

Large-sizenotebooks
Standard-sizenotebooks

Mobile notebooks
Compact desktops

16 GB or more
More than 4 GB
to less than 16
GB
4 GB or less–Installed
Not installed

–

–

–
–
–

–

Workstations
High-performance
desktops
Standard-size
desktops
Nettops
Netbooks* The LCD size values indicate the dimension in centimeters between opposite corners of the display screen,
divided by 2.54 and rounded to the second decimal place.

30

Table 5: [Reference] Existing client computer classes
Classification
Type of computer

No. of I/O signal lines

Client computers thatare not battery
powered2 to less than 4Less than 2

Main memory capacity
Less than 6 gigabytes
2 gigabytes to less than 6 gigabytes
Less than 2 gigabytes
1 gigabytes to less than 6 gigabytes

Client computerswhich are battery
poweredLess than 1 gigabytes(1) Main memory capacity
Main memory capacity is the capacity excluding the cache memory and is handledin units of gigabytes (GB). The existing standards also contain classes based onmain memory capacity. Specifically, because the majority of products sold atpresent have main storage capacities of 4 GB, 8 GB or 16 GB, 3 classes havebeen created: main memory capacity 4 GB or less, more than 4 GB to less than 16
GB, and 16 GB or more.
For devices with expandable main storage capacities, based on the measurement
methods the maximum mountable main memory capacity for that device is used.
(2) Discreate GPU (graphics processing unit)
A discreate GPU is a processor which includes dedicated local memory and isused for processing graphics data. With increasing amounts of information being
displayed graphically in recent years, the number of products with a discreate
GPU is increasing.
Because a discreate GPU adds a high-speed memory interface and dedicatedlocal memory for graphics processing, the power consumption increases as shownin Figure 9. For this reason, it was decided to add a class.

31

Figure 9: Effects of a discreate GPU on energy efficiency and energy
consumption
140.0

0.00800■ Idle power

120.0◆ Energy efficiency
0.00600
100.0
0.00500
80.0
0.00400
60.0
0.00300

Power consumption (W)Energy efficiency (W/MTOPS)

0.00700

40.0
0.00200

20.0

0.00100

0.0

0.00000
-0.5

0

0.5

1

Discrete GPU not installed

1.5

2

Discrete GPU installed(3) LCD size
For notebook PCs, the sizes of the installed LCD are growing and the power
consumption of the LCD is increasing as shown in Figure 10. Conversely, almost
no power is consumed by LCD of size 12 or smaller. It was decided to classify
LCD sizes into large-size notebooks sizes 17 and larger, standard-size notebooks
sizes 12 to less than 17, and mobile notebooks sizes less than 12.

Power consumption (W)Figure 10: Effects of LCD size on energy efficiency and energy consumption

LCD size (type)32

II-2. HDDs
1. Classes based on product characteristics
HDDs are classified as either individual disks which are installed in computers orother devices, or as sub-systems which are used as large external memory
devices for computers. At this review of the evaluation standards, HDDs areclassified as “individual disks” with a single disk drive, or "sub-systems" withmultiple disk drives, as prescribed in the existing standards.
2. Classes based on performance characteristics(1) Individual disks
1) Disk size (diameter)
There is a positive correlation between the power consumption required to turnthe disk drive and the disk diameter. The most common disk sizes are 3.5 inches(95 mm), 2.5 inches (65 mm), and 1.8 inches (48 mm). HDDs with a disk size of
3.5 inches (95 mm) are widely used in desktop computers, mid- and large-size
computers, and as sub-system internal disk drives. HDDs with a disk size of 2.5
inches are used in mid-and large-size computers and as sub-system internal disk
drives, and are especially widely used in notebook computers where small size isa priority.
Therefore based on market trends, it was decided to divide products into 50 mm
and 75 mm classes in the same way as the existing classes.
Figure 11: Share of total devices shipped by disk size (mm) (FY2007)

2) Number of disks
Increasing the number of disks increases the power consumption, however there
are types of energy consumption such as the energy required to turn the shaft
which must be constant regardless of the number of disks. Therefore, the energy
33consumption is not increasing in proportion to the increase in storage capacity,and energy efficiency is improving.
Based on the above, it was decided to set classes according to the number ofdisks, in the same way as the existing standards. With reference to producttrends, the specific classes are 1 disk, 2 – 3 disks, and 4 or more disks.
3) Disk rotating speed (rpm)The power consumption required to rotate the disk drive is positively correlatedwith the disk rotating speed. Because of increasing reading and writing speeds,
and the high demand for faster speeds, a standard has been created based on afunction formula for the rotating speed.
However in a portion of the current classes, there is an inverse correlation withenergy efficiency for devices with low speeds. This is because the increasing
efficiency of motors and other parts combined with low rotating speeds meansthat small-size magnetic disks operate using 1 W or less of power, and the power
consumption of the circuit increases relative to the power consumption of themechanism.
Therefore it was decided to express target values using a function expression
relating rpm and energy efficiency as in the existing standards. It was alsodecided to add new classes of “More than 5000 rpm or less than 6000 rpm” and“5000 rpm or less” to the “Disk size more than 50 mm to 70 mm or less with 1
disk” and “Disk size more than 50 mm to 70 mm or less with 2 or 3 disks” classes
where the correlation is inverted.
Figure 12: Correlation with energy efficiency in the existing class D(W/GB)

Table 6: Categories based on product characteristics and performance
characteristics (individual disks)34

Type of HDD
Individual disk

HDD form and performance
Disk size
No. of disksMore than 75 mm 1 disk
2 or 3 disks
4 or more disksMore than 50 mm 1 disk
to 75 mm or less

Rpm
–
–
–
5000 or lessMore than 5000 to
6000 or lessMore than 6000
5000 or lessMore than 5000 to
6000 or lessMore than 6000–––

2 or 3 disksMore than 40 mm
to 50 mm or less4 or more disks
1 disk2 or more disks* “Individual disk” refers to a single disk drive.

Table 7: Categories based on product characteristics and performance
characteristics (sub-systems)
Type of HDD

Application

Sub-system

Mainframe servers
Other* The mainframe server application refers to sub-systems used in servers which mount dedicated CISC.
* “Sub-system” refers to a product with multiple disk drives. For individual disks, cases that bear a type nameshall be considered 1 unit. For sub-systems, the magnetic disk control unit and HDD shall be together
considered 1 unit (for a product that uses only a magnetic disk controller that is built into a computer, casesthat bear a type name shall be considered 1 unit).

Table 8: [Reference] Existing magnetic disk classification
Classification
Type of HDD
Individual disk

Sub-system

HDD form and performance

Classification

Disk size more than 75 mm with 1 diskaDisk size more than 75 mm with 2 or 3 disksbDisk size more than 75 mm with 4 or more disksc

Disk size more than 50 mm to 75 mm or less with 1 diskdDisk size more than 50 mm to 75 mm or less with 2 or 3 diskse

Disk size more than 50 mm to 75 mm or less with 4 or moredisks
Disk size more than 40 mm to 50 mm or less with 1 disk

f

Disk size more than 40 mm to 50 mm or less with 2 or more
disks-(2) Sub-systems
35

g
h
i

1) Disk rotating speed (rpm)In the same way as for individual disks, there is a positive correlation between
disk rpm and power consumption as shown in Figure 13. Therefore, target
standards based on a relational formula for rpm are set in the same way as theexisting standards.
2) Application
In devices for sub-systems for mainframe servers, because of the OS
requirements, when a small logical disk capacity is packed into a large hard disk,
there is a large drop in performance. Therefore, the trend is to maintainperformance by keeping the unit capacity as small as possible and using
high-rpm hard disks. For this reason, there has been a relative increase in theenergy efficiency of sub-systems for mainframe servers. As a result, it was
decided to create a separate class for mainframe server sub-systems.
Figure 13: Sub-system energy efficiency and rpm

for mainframe servers
for the other servers

36

Attachment 4

Target standard values and target fiscal years for computers and HDDs
I. Basic concept of setting target standards
1. Basic concept
Target standard values are set based on the concept of the top runner method.
The specific concept is as shown below.
1) Target standard values are set for each of the appropriately determinedclasses.
2) For classes where improvement in efficiency is expected as a result of futureadvances in technology, those improvements are incorporated into the target
standard value to the extent possible.
3) There shall be no contradictions in the target standard values in different
classes.
2. Basic approach to setting target standard values for computers and HDDs
When setting target standard values for computers and HDDs, for both types ofdevice the value used is the value for energy efficiency divided by aperformance index (composite theoretical performance (CTP), storage capacity(GB)). Naturally as a result, it is necessary to consider performance index trends
in order to predict energy efficiency improvements when setting the target
standard values.
In addition when reviewing the classes, although the class balance is adjusted in
the theoretical performance, because there remains a large bias in the numberof units shipped between the classes, discrepancies occur in the introduction
timing of new products and an inverse correlation is likely to occur in the actual
values between classes.
For this reason, and based on “1. Basic concept” above, it is important to correct
contradictions which occur between classes while promoting the maximum
amount of energy savings.

37

II. Target fiscal year
II-1. Computers
・ The average product cycle for computers is approximately 4 – 5 years, andin the existing standards as well the target year was set approximately 5
years following the year the standards were enacted.
・ However for computers, international studies concerning newmeasurement methods are being carried out and it will also be necessary
to give consideration to conformance with future international standards.
・ When the above factors are considered, it is appropriate to set the target
fiscal year as fiscal year 2011, 4 years after the year the standards wereenacted (FY2007).
II-2. HDDs
・ The product cycle for HDDs that are incorporated in a computer or areused by connecting them to a computer, is thought to be the same as thecomputer average product cycle. Therefore in the same way as forcomputers, setting FY2011 as the target fiscal year is suitable for HDDs.
III. Specific target standard values
III-1. Computers
For each computer class, the top runner value was found from the actual
measured energy efficiency (FY2007), and then an energy efficiency value which
gives consideration to improvements that will occur between the present time andthe target fiscal year was set as the target standard value. The specific values areshown in Table 1 and Table 2.
Server computers
For mainframe servers which use dedicated CISC, because the development
period is long and improvements in power consumption and CTP before thetarget fiscal year cannot be predicted, the top runner value is used as the target
standard value.
For provisional class G, because the number of devices investigated was small
and the CTP of top runner devices was smaller than provisional class F, which38

also uses the same IA64, the CTP value was corrected to approximately thesame value, resulting in a stricter target standard value and a higher
improvement ratio.
In provisional classes I and J, IA32 accounts for approximately 85% of the total
devices shipped, and the greatest technical improvements in 2011 are also
expected in these classes. Therefore, a higher improvement ratio than the otherclasses is expected.
Table 1: Target standard values for server computers
CPU type

No. of I/O
slots

Dedicated Less than 32 –CISC
32 or more–
RISC
Less than 8 –

IA64
IA32

8 or more
Less than 40
40 or more
Less than 10
10 or more
0Less than 7

7 or more

No. ofTargetTop value
standard improvement devices
value
ratio
shipped(W/GTOPS)(units)1,954.1
1,950
0.0%
332
2,620.3
2,620
0.0%
62
14.9
13.0
12.7%
20,614

No. ofProvisional Top runnerCPUclassification
value
sockets(W/GTOPS)
A
B
C

–

D

–
–
–
–
Less
than 2
2 to lessthan 4
4 or
more
–

E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L

39

35.6

31.0

12.9%

4,821

164.5
7.1
35.0
1.5

140.0
6.2
22.0
1.3

14.9%
13.6%
37.1%
13.6%

1.9

1.2

36.7%

2.9

1.9

36.7%

13
1,361
308
6,745
116,62
9
108,51
1

10.5

6.7

36.7%

606

8.6

7.4

13.6%

3,507

Client computers
For client computers, the target standard values vary largely depending on the
degree of CTP improvement that is expected by FY2011. As the change tomultiple cores4 continues, CPU performance in recent years has seen a dramaticincrease in CTP, however it is unlikely that the pace of improvements to this point
will continue until FY2011. However because improving the efficiency of powerdevices is among the technologies which can be improved by the efforts of clientcomputer manufacturers, energy efficiency improvements of 15% - 20% areexpected.
At present, provisional class k is the primary class for desktop computers.
However with increasing use of multi-core processors and increasing main
memory capacity due to OS changes occurring by FY2011, it is forecast that the
primary market will change to provisional class i or j. On the other hand, a special
product mounting a quad-core processor in the declining provision classification k
is currently the top runner value. Because the development of technologies which
exceed this efficiency on a weighted average will not occur in this class, adual-core top runner value was adopted as the target standard value.
Provisional class e is also a class with an extremely large number of units shipped.
However the power consumption is approaching the minimum required for
operation, including the LCD. At present, the power consumption in the idle state
for top runner devices in this class has declined to approximately 6W. For thisreason, the standard was set at maintaining the current level of power
consumption even with increasing CTP.
Provisional classes a and b contain no products at the present time. Therefore, thestandard was set using estimates based on other classes.

4

Multi-core refers to a single processor that mounts multiple processor cores.

40

Table 2: Target standard values for client computersType of client computer
Battery-powered, with 2
or more memory
channels

LCD size

Provisionalclassification

Weighted
average in
class

Top
value

Targetstandard
value

Weighted
average
improvement
ratio

Improvement
ratio from top
value

–

–

a

–

–

2.25

–

–

0 0.0%

–

–

b

–

–

0.34

–

–

0 0.0%–

17 or more

c

1.56

0.37

0.31

80.4%

17.3%

25,972 0.4%

Installed

Less than 17

d

0.56

0.25

0.21

63.5%

17.8%

163,778 2.2%

e

1.03

0.18

0.15

85.6%

17.4%

4,644,569 63.1%

Not installed

12 to lessthan 17
Less than 12

f

0.68

0.24

0.21

68.6%

10.8%

111,070 1.5%

–

g

1.87

0.35

0.29

84.7%

18.5%

234,282 3.2%

–

h

11.28

2.7

2.25

80.0%

16.6%

4,327 0.1%

–

i

5.48

0.62

0.51

90.7%

18.2%

28,278 0.4%

–

j

7.01

0.8

0.64

90.9%

20.0%

23,309 0.3%

Main memory
capacity

DiscreateGPU

16 GB or more
More than 4
GB to lessthan 16 GB

4 GB or lessNot battery-powered, with
2 or more memory
channels, and uses an––
AC adapter as the powerdeviceNot battery-powered, with 16 GB or more–
2 or more memory
More than 4channels other than the
Installed
GB to lessabove
than 16 GB Not installed

Less than 2 memory
channels

No. of devices
shipped(units)4 GB or less

–

–

k

2.01

0.53

0.53

73.8%

0.6%

2,128,782 28.9%

–

–

–

l

0.89

0.67

0.51

43.4%

24.6%

0 0.0%

Note 1. Because no products with less than 2 memory channels were shipped during FY2007, the performance value for products shipped in FY2008 has been applied.
2. The top runner value for classification k is a dual-core value. The quad-core top runner value is 0.47.

41

III-2. HDDs
For individual disks, the significantly smaller sizes and higher efficiencies in recent
years have greatly reduced the power consumption. As shown in Figure 1, 77% of
all shipped products have a power consumption of 1W or less, and products withthe lowest power consumption consumes less than 0.5W. For this reason, if the
reduction in power consumption were found based on the current top runnerdevice, there would be the risk of adversely affecting reliability. Therefore, thestandard was set so that the power consumption remains at the level of the current
top runner even if storage capacity increases.
Figure 1: Ratio of individual disks shipped by power consumption

As shown in Table 3, the standard value was found from the top runner method using
the standard formula. Although this proposed standard contains differences in the
improvement ratios by class, an improvement of approximately 60 – 90% is expected.
Even if the storage capacity increases by approximately 4 times, the power
consumption will maintain the current level.

42

Table 3: Target standard values for HDDs
HDD form and performance
Type of
HDD
Individual
disk

Disk size
More than 75 mm

More than 50 mm to75 mm or less

Rpm

Target value formula

No. ofdevicesshipped1 disk–A

E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-30.8)

3,001,846

74.0%

2 or 3 disks–

B

E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-31.2)

2,880,862

63.7%

4 or more disks–C

E=exp(2.11*ln(N)-23.5)

279,15443.8%

5000 rpm or lessD

E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-29.8)

3,422,716

81.7%

More than 5000 rpm
to 6000 rpm or lessMore than 6000 rpm
5000 rpm or lessE

E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-31.2)

6,878,557

83.2%

E=exp(4.30*ln(N)-43.5)
E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-31.5)

26,519555,927

63.1%
84.8%

E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-32.2)

7,257,285

76.6%

No. of disks

1 disk2 or 3 disksMore than 40 mm to
50 mm or lessType of HDD
Sub-system

Weighted
average
improvement
ratio

Provisionalclassifications

F
G

More than 5000 rpm
to 6000 rpm or lessMore than 6000 rpm

H
I

E=exp(4.58*ln(N)-46.8)

493,287

69.5%

4 or more disks–

J

E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-31.9)

529,648

51.0%

1 disk–K

E=exp(2.98*ln(N)-30.2)

4,311,650

52.1%

2 or more disks–LE=exp(2.98*ln(N)-30.9)

1,136,084

38.2%

Target value formula

No. ofdevicesshippedApplication

Weighted
average
improvement
ratio

Mainframe serverM

E=exp(1.85*ln(N)-18.8)

790

29.3%

Other

N

E=exp(1.56*ln(N)-17.7)

14,381

58.4%

43

Distribution and standard top runnerformula for each class<Individual disk>
C lassification B ＝ｅｘｐ（2.98*ｌｎ（Ｎ）-31.2）
100

10

10

Energy efficiency

Energy efficiency

Classification A ＝ｅｘｐ（2.98*ｌｎ（Ｎ）-30.8）
100

1
0.1
2007 products

0.01

New standards

0.001

1
0.1

2007 products

0.01

New standards

0.001

0.00010.00010.00001
1,000

10,000rpm

0.00001
1,000

100,000

10

10Energy efficiency

Energy efficiency

100

1
0.1

2007 products

0.01

New standards

0.001

1
2007 products

0.1

New standards

0.01

0.00010.001

0.00001
1,000

0.0001
1,000

100,000

10

10

1
0.1

Energy efficiency

Energy efficiency

1002007 products

0.01

New standards

0.001

100,0001
0.1

2007 products

0.01

New standards

0.001

0.00010.00010.00001
1,000

0.00001
1,000

100,000

10,000100,000

rpm

Classification Ｈ ＝ｅｘ ｐ（2.98*ｌｎ（Ｎ）-32.2）

C lassification G ＝ ｅｘｐ （2.98*ｌｎ（Ｎ）-31.5）
100

10

10

1

1
0.1

Energy efficiency

Energy efficiency

10,000rpm

Classification F ＝ｅｘｐ（4.30*ｌｎ（Ｎ）-43.5）

C lassification E ＝ｅｘ ｐ（2.98*ｌｎ（Ｎ）-31.2）
100

10,000rpm

100,000

Cl assification D ＝ｅｘｐ（2.98*ｌｎ（Ｎ）-29.8）

Classification C ＝ ｅｘ ｐ（2.11*ｌｎ（Ｎ）-23.5）
100

10,000rpm

10,000rpm

2007 products

0.01

New standards

0.001

0.1
0.01

2007 products
New standards

0.001
0.00010.00010.00001
1,000

0.00001
1,000
10,000rpm

Classification I ＝ｅｘｐ（4.58*ｌｎ（Ｎ）-46.8）

Classification Ｊ ＝ ｅｘ ｐ（2.98*ｌｎ（Ｎ）-31.9）
10

100

1

10

Energy efficiency

Energy efficiency

100,000

rpm

1000

1
2007 products

0.1

New standards

0.01

0.1
2007 products

0.01

New standards

0.001

0.001
0.00010.00010.00001
1,000

10,0000.00001
1,000

100,000

rpm

C lassification Ｋ ＝ ｅｘｐ（2.98*ｌｎ（Ｎ）-30.2）
100

1

10

0.1
2007 products

0.01

New standards

0.001
0.00010.00001
1,000

10,000rpm

100,000

C lassification L ＝ ｅｘ ｐ （2.98*ｌｎ（Ｎ）-30.9）

10Energy efficiency

Energy efficiency

10,000100,0001
0.1

2007 products

0.01

New standards

0.001
0.0001

10,000rpm

0.00001
1,000

100,000

44

10,000rpm

100,000

<Sub-system>
Classification N ＝ｅｘｐ（1.56*ｌｎ（Ｎ）-17.7）

100

10

10

1

Energy efficiency

Energy efficiency

Classification M ＝ｅｘｐ（1.85*ｌｎ（Ｎ）-18.8）

12007 products
New standards

0.1
0.01
0.001
1,000

0.1
2007 products
New standards

0.01
0.001

10,000rpm

0.0001
1,000

100,000

45

10,000rpm

100,000

Attachment 5

General Resources Energy Investigation Committee, Energy Savings Standard Section,
Computer and Hard Disk Drive Judging Standards Subcommittee
Meeting History

1st subcommittee meeting (February 17, 2009)
Making subcommittee meetings open to the public
Current status of computers and HDDs
Scope of designated devices
2nd subcommittee meeting (October 8, 2009)
Target standard values and classifications
Review of evaluation standards
3rd subcommittee meeting (December 9, 2009)
Interim report46

Attachment 6

General Resources Energy Investigation Committee, Energy Savings Standard Section,
Computer and Hard Disk Drive Judging Standards Subcommittee
List of committee members

Chairman:Yutaka Matsushita Former chairman of the Home IT Promotion Committee
Former professor at Keio University

Member:

Hideharu Amano

Professor at Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio
University

Kenichi Ito

Director of the Education Planning Division, Japan Consumers’ Association

Minako Oishi

Deputy chair of the Environment Committee, Nippon
Association of Consumer Specialists

Kazuhito Omaki

Professor at the Faculty of Information Science and Arts,
Toyo University

Seiichi Shin

Professor at the Department of Electronic Engineering,
The University of Electro-Engineering

Tadayoshi Tanaka Director of Energy Conservation Center, Japan, Technology Division
Yukio Nakano

Senior researcher at the System Engineering ResearchLaboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power
Industry

Takeshi Muranoi

Mitsubishi Electric Information Technology Corporation
Director, Business Group II

47

Reference Document 1
Types of computers
Examples of server using dedicated CISC

CPU
Form
I/O slot
Width （ｍｍ）
Depth （ｍｍ）
Height （ｍｍ）
Weight （Kｇ）
Power capacity（KVA）(Max.)

Dedicated CISC
Dedicated rack
28
770
1806
2015
4.35

Dedicated CISC
Dedicated rack
84
1568
1803
2015
2318

6.253ｋVA

27.5ｋVA

Examples of server using RISC

CPU

RISC

RISC

RISC

Form

Blade

Blade

Tower

I/O slot

2

2

RISC

RISC

Rack

Tower

5

RISC

RISC

RISC

Rack

Rack

Dedicated rack

6

20

5
4U

4U

4U

Width （ｍｍ）

27

29

182.3

440

182.5

440

483

775

Depth （ｍｍ）

445

445

628

538

778

730

824

1806

173

Height （ｍｍ）

245

245

540

173

540

Weight （Kｇ）

4.35

4.35

40.8

31.75

53.7

Power consumption（W)Max. power capacity（KVA）

350W

400W

0.876KVA

1.443KVA

174

2014

63.6

1552

1.428KVA

27.7KVA

Examples of server using IA32

CPU

IA32

IA32

IA32

IA32

IA32

IA32

IA32

IA32

Form

Blade

Tower

Tower

Tower

Rack

Rack

Rack

Rack

I/O slot

0

4

6

6

2

4

6

7

1U

2U

4U

4U

Width （ｍｍ）

333

216

218

218

440

443.6

483

443.6

Depth （ｍｍ）

603

540

747

747

559

705

711

720.2

Height （ｍｍ）

156

438

440

440

43

85.4

178

172.8

Weight （Kｇ）

4.14

25.2

38

40.8

12.7

29.3

43.2

43.2

0.55kVA

0.68KVA

0.78KVA

0.55KVA

0.93KVA

1.820KVA

1.62KVAPower capacity（KVA）

48

Netbooks

NettopsCompact desktops

49

Mobile notebooks

Large-size/standard-size notebook

50

DesktopWorkstations

51

Reference Document 2
Handling of mainframe servers

Because the energy efficiency of mainframe servers was low, committee members
pointed out the need for improvements of such servers at this review of the standards.
However, it cannot be said that all mainframe servers are in fact inferior in energy-saving
performance compared with other devices.
As mentioned at the beginning, the largest problem in particular is that the use of thecompound theoretical performance in an index of energy efficiency is nearing its limit.
When the processing capacity of a mainframe server is divided such as in a dedicated I/OCPU, then from a security perspective an additional non-operating CPU is mounted in order to ensure redundancy.
Because the performance of this CPU is not reflected in the CTP value, the performanceof the mainframe server appears to be low, classifying it as a product with poor energy efficiency.
Concept diagram of a large-size mainframe

In fact when this kind of mainframe server is replaced with different equipment, the energy
efficiency value increases. However if it is assumed that redundancy and other performance is to be ensured in the same way, there is a strong possibility that the energy consumption of the mainframe server, which collects all of these functions in one device, may
be lower. And in fact there are many examples of such cases.

52

Example of energy savings by a mainframe server

Approximately 30 units are present in 1 mainframe.

Unix/x86 server
3,900 units● Energy consumption ：Reduced approximately 80%● Space ：Reduced approximately 85%

1/130● Support ： Greater operating andmanagement efficiency

In addition, the energy consumption of mainframe servers in use in the market is considerably smaller than other devices.
Estimates of server energy consumption(Source: JEITA)For this reason, mainframe servers remain as a class in the current evaluation standards,
and steps will be taken to improve energy efficiency within that class.
On the other hand, because of the need to review problems with measurement methods
and other issues at an early date, the target fiscal year was set at 2011 in the same way
as for other computers.

53

Current Status of Computers and Magnetic Disk
DevicesContents
I. Computers
1. Trends in the Computer Market
1-1. Trends in the Server Computer Market
1-2. Trends in the Client Computer Market

2. Previous Energy-Saving Efforts
2-1. Changes in the Energy Conservation Law (the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy) as Applied to Computers2-2. Changes in the Energy Efficiency (Weighted Average Method) of Models Subject to the Energy Conservation Law
2-3. Changes in Power Consumption by Type (Energy-Saving Mode, Idling)
2-4. Changes in Energy-Saving Technologies

3. Future Directions for Saving Energy
3-1. Future Product Trends
3-2. Development of Technologies for Improving Future Energy Efficiency

II. Magnetic Disk Devices
1. Trends in the Magnetic Disk Device Market
1-1. Market Trends
1-2. Number of Individual Disk Devices Shipped and Power Consumption
1-3. Number of Individual Disk Devices Shipped and Power Consumption by Storage Capacity
1-4. Number of Magnetic Disk Sub-Systems Shipped and Power Consumption by Storage Capacity

2. Previous Energy-Saving Efforts
2-1. Changes Related to the Energy Conservation Law

3. Future Directions for Saving Energy
3-1. Improving the Energy Efficiency of Individual Disk Devices
3-2. Improving the Energy Efficiency of Magnetic Disk Sub-Systems

50

Ⅰ．Computers

1. Trends in the Computer Market
1-1. Trends in the Server Computer Market■The number of servers shipped in Japan has continued to grow steadily year after year.
The number declined in 2007 in part due to changes in the number of companies participating in the statistics. With the further
development of the Internet, there is growing demand for servers that are compatible with a diverse range of information services.
Demand is expected to center primarily on IA servers.
(1)

Changes in the number shippedin Japan
FiscalNumberyear(thousands)(2) Changes in the number shipped in Japan by type

２００３

４５６

２００４

Fiscalyear

Number (thousands)
MainframeUNIXserver

２００３

１．２

５９

３２３

４．４

５３４

２００４

１．２

６０

３６９

４．１

２００５

６３３

２００５

０．９

６３

４１４

３．５

２００６

６６０

２００６

０．９

５９

４５０

３．２

２００７

４７８

２００７

０．７

４３

３２７

２．８

Mainframe

UHIXserver

IaserverIA server

OriginalOS

OriginalOS（Number(thousands)

600

JEITA statistics: the following companies are participating.
Apple Computer, Oki Electric Industry, Casio Computer, Sun
Microsystems, Seiko Epson, Toshiba Solutions, IBM Japan, NEC,
Nihon Unisys, Hitachi, PFU, Fujitsu, Mitsubishi Electric
Other manufacturers and retailers:Dell, Japan HP

500
400
300
200
100

【From JEITA shipping statistics data】

0
'03

'04

'05

'06

'07
（Ｆｉｓｃａｌ year）

51

1. Trends in the Computer Market
1-2. Trends in the Client Computer Market■ The number of PCs shipped in Japan has remained above 10 million units for the past few years.
■ Beginning from 2005, the proportion of notebook PCs has increased, and exceeded 60% in 2007.
(2) Numbers shipped by type(figures for companies participating in JEITA statistics)(1) Trends in the PC market
JapanesemarketNumber(Thousands ）Fiscal year

Number （Thousands ）Notebook

Fiscalyear

Desktop

Workstation

Notebook

２００３

１０，５７８

２００４

１０，６５４

２００３

４，６９４

５，８８４ （55.6%）

６８

２００５

１１，１２２

２００４

４，６５５

５，９９９ （56.3%）

１００

２００６

１０，２７６

２００５

４，６３６

６，４８６ （58.3%）

１５１

２００７

９，３０１

２００６

４，００７

６，２６９ （61.0%）

１４７

２００７

３，２６６

６，０３５ （64.9%）

１０５(notebook share)

Note: The number of companies participating inthe statistics changed from 15 to 13 companies in April 2007..
（Thousands）

12,00010,000Notebook

8,000
6,000

(3) Manufacturers and retailers
JEITA statistics: the following companies are participating.
Apple Computer, NEC, Onkyo, Sharp, Seiko Epson, Sony, Toshiba,
Panasonic, Hitachi, Fujitsu, Mitsubishi Electric Information Technology,
Unitcom, Lenovo Japan

4,000

Desktop
2,000
0

'03

'04

'05

'06

'07

Other manufacturers and retailers
Dell, Japan HP, Mouse Computer, Gateway, ASUS, Acer Japan,
Kohjinsha
From JEITA shipping statistics data

（Fiscal year)

２．Previous Energy-Saving Efforts
2-1. Changes Related to the Energy Conservation Law
Energy Conservation Law (average-based(average based method)
Sept. 1994
Dec. 1994

Computers are listed as designated devices under the Energy Conservation Law(the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy). (Government ordinance No. 286)
Evaluation standards are announced. (Ministry of International Trade and Industry notice No. 687)
Fiscal year achieved: 2000
Subject products: Computers
Energy efficiency: Power consumption

Energy Conservation Law (top runner method)
Mar. 1999

The Revised Energy Conservation Law was announced. (Ministry of International Tradeand Industry notice No. 194) Range of subject products, categories,
and indexes of energy efficiency were reviewed and revised.
Fiscal year achieved: 2005
Subject products: Computers
Characteristic: Utilizes the top runner method.
Energy efficiency: Power consumption in ready mode / Composite theoretical performance value

Mar. 2006

The Revised Energy Conservation Law was announced. (Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry notice No. 50) Range of subject products, categories,
and indexes of energy efficiency were reviewed and revised.
Fiscal year achieved: 2007
Fiscal year achieved: 2007
Subject products: Computers
Energy efficiency: [(Power in low-power mode + Power when idling) / 2] /Composite theoretical performance value52

２．Previous Energy-Saving Efforts
2-2. Changes in the Energy Efficiency of Server Computers【From JEITA sampling investigation】
Mainframes

UNIX servers (mid-range)
IA servers

0.12
6

0.1

5

0.08
4

0.06
3

0.04
2

0.02
1

0
0
2003

2004

2005

2006

2003

2007

2004

2005

2006

2007

■Changes in the energy efficiency of server computers
From 2003 to 2007, efficiency was improved by approximately 20 – 30%
each year for both UNIX servers (mid range) and IA servers.
For mainframes, efficiency improved by approximately 60% from 2003 to 2007.

２． Previous Energy-Saving Efforts
2-3. Changes in the Energy Efficiency of Client Computers【From JEITA sampling investigation】Units: W/MTOPS

0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02

Workstations
DesktopNotebook

0.015
0.01
0.005
0
2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

■Changes in the energy efficiency of client computers
From 2003 to 2006, the efficiency of desktops improved by 43%, while the power consumptionof notebooks was reduced despite continuing increases in performance and functionality.
From 2006 to 2007, as a result of large changes in power-saving technologies, large improvements
in energy efficiency of approximately 50% were achieved for both desktops and notebooks

53

２．Previous Energy-Saving Efforts
2-4. Changes in Energy-Saving Technologies■Server computers
Server computers operate almost uninterrupted 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and they areaccessed via a network by multiple users and applications. For these reasons, rather than changing toa low-power mode such as the PC sleep mode, the main method of improving energy efficiency inserver computers has been the development of technologies for reducing the power consumption of
the hardware itself and reducing the power required for operation of the server system as a whole.
(1) Reducing hardware power consumption

・CPU Change to multi-cores, partial power-off for non-operating parts
・DIMM Reduction of power voltage
・Power mprovements to circuit topology (resonant converter circuits or synchronousrectification circuits)
Development of power switching elements composed of
new materials such as silicon carbide or potassium nitride
・Fan Multi-stage speed control according to the temperature
・Disk Use of 2.5-inch disks, use of SSD or other Flash memory(2) Reducing the power required for operation
・Server integration by virtualization
・Reduction in total power consumption at the data center by using A/C control
that is linked with the data center facilities

２． Previous Energy-Saving Efforts■Client computers(1) Improving energy efficiency in the hardware
Energy efficiency has been improved through improvements
to semiconductor technologies and a range of other energy-saving technologies.
- Energy savings through greater integration and lower voltages accomplishedby miniaturization (CPU, memory, other LSI)
- Energy savings through improvements to power management technologies- Improved power efficiency and energy savings through improvements to power devices
and VRM technologies- Improved energy efficiency through higher speeds, multiple cores, and other improvementsin performance(2) System energy savings
Energy savings are achieved by developing both software and hardware functions
that control device power in order to reduce power consumption when the device is used.
①Energy-saving management when the device is not used
Optimize the power consumption status for all devices according to the conditionsof use by the user.
- Automatic transition to standby or sleep state②Power-saving management of device internal components
Allowing selective use of device functions by the user reduces the powerat peripheral functions that are not used.
- User interface that facilitates device energy-saving functions and power management54

３．Future Directions for Saving Energy
3-1. Future Product Trends■Mainframes- Mainframes utilizing Itanium (IA-64) first appeared in 2004, however some manufacturers announced models containing higher-speed
versions of the same CISC processors with company-specific specifications that were used previously.
- Some models have appeared which are able to operate Linux, Windows Server OS, or other OS in parallel with the mainframe OS. It is
expected that both single-OS and multi-OS models will continue to be sold in the future.

■UNIX servers- Device sizes are continuing to become smaller with higher-density mounting of multiple processors and memory. This has increased thenumber of devices that can be installed per rack, reducing the amounts of space required. As applications in mission-critical fields are
increasing, further improvements in device reliability, availability, expandability, and other characteristics are being demanded. As a result,
it is expected that system multiplexing functions, redundancy functions, and similar functions will be expanded.

■IA servers- The switch to multiple cores in order to reduce processor power consumption is progressing, and quad cores are now used even insmall-size servers. The adoption of increasing numbers of cores and processors which consume less power will continue in the future.
- 64-bit compatible OS with virtualization functions will be installed as standard. In the future, synergy with the increasing number ofprocessor cores is expected to advance server consolidation, with the maximum memory capacity per server and other resources
expected to increase.

■PC- Further advances in functionality and performance are expected in order to meet demands for high-speed processing. The need forspace-saving types is also high, and demand is further increasing for low power-consumption as well as for low-price products withlimited performance and function, reflecting the realities of an internet-based society.
- Under these conditions, the energy-saving functions that are commonly seen in notebook PCs will be adopted and improved for desktop
PCs. For this purpose, further energy savings and improvements in energy efficiency will be necessary.
- As the market for notebook PCs grows due to their space-saving advantages, in order to achieve further advances in mobile computing,there is growing need for improved wireless technologies, as well as greater power savings for maintaining and improving battery
operating times.

３． Future Directions for Saving Energy
3-2. Efforts for Future Improvements in Energy Efficiency and Related Issues■Mainframes- In addition to accelerating the CPUs of devices which contain conventional CISC processors, it will also be necessary to improve theprocessing capacity of the entire system by the use of other dedicated processors or other means. Because there are processes which
are not represented in the CTP value, it will be difficult to continue using the current energy-saving performance standards which use
only CTP and power consumption to evaluate data processing capacity.
- It will be necessary to improve I/O processing for devices which contain Itanium (IA-64) as well. However when the large increase in
CTP resulting from faster CPU and more mounted processors is considered, energy-saving performance is expected to gradually
increase.

■UNIX servers- Higher performance and greater energy savings in the processor, memory, and other primary components, as well as higher efficiencyof power devices, is expected to continue improving energy efficiency per unit of performance in the future.
- In mid- to large-size system configurations, trials are being carried out to improve the operating rate of the system as a whole, and toraise the energy efficiency through virtualization and dynamic control of device operating status according to the required processing
capacity.

■IA servers- For server units, continued future improvements in energy efficiency are expected to result from higher performance and greater
energy savings in multi-core processors, memory, magnetic disk devices, and other primary components, as well as from increased
efficiency of power devices and efficient control of cooling fans.
- In mid- to large-size system configurations, trials are being carried out to improve the energy efficiency of the system as a whole bymeans such as monitoring the load status of each server, combining the processing of specific servers as necessary, and temporarily
shutting down the power of other servers.

■PC
A variety of technical improvements will be made in order to further increase hardware energy savings.
- Advances in quad-core and other multi-core CPU technologies and power management technologies will lead to improved performanceand lower power consumption.
- Expanded use of LED backlights and other energy-saving technologies in displays- Incorporation of cache technologies and SSD technologies that are compatible with the increasingly high-speed performance ofmemory devices- Improvements to power source efficiency

55

Ⅱ.

Magnetic Disk Devices

１．Trends in the Magnetic Disk Device Market
1-1. Market Trends(1) Changes in the number
shipped in Japan(Individual disk devices only)(2) Changes in the number shipped in Japan by type3.5 inch
Number (thousands units)

3 5 ,00 0

3 0 ,00 0

Number (thousands units) ）2 5 ,00 0

2 0 ,00 0

1 5 ,00 0

2 0,000
1 8,000
1 6,000
1 4,000

3.5–
2.5inch(15,000rpm)

1 2,000
1 0,000
8,000

2.5 inch(otherthan 15,000 rpm)

6,000
4,000
2,000
0

1 0 ,00 0

1.8inch03 004 005 006 007
20
2
2
2
2
Fiscal year

5 ,00 00
20 0 320 0 42 00 52 0 06

20 07

Fisc al year

With the increasing volume of information in the market, the number of individual disk devices shipped isincreasing. However due to improvements in high-density recording technology, the number is notincreasing in proportion to the increase in information. In addition, the improvements in recording density
are increasing the number of small 2.5 inch disks that are shipped. The discontinuity in the above data is
the result of changes in the number of companies providing information each fiscal year.
*1: Shipping results for fiscal year 2007 as provided by the JEITA Magnetic Disk Energy-Saving Subcommittee*2: Calculated by multiplying the number of units shipped by the idling time
JEITA statistics: the following companies are participating.
Toshiba, Toshiba Solutions, IBM Japan, NEC, Hitachi, HGST, Fujitsu[From JEITA shipping statistics data produced by sampling investigation]

56

１．Trends in the Magnetic Disk Device Market
1-2. Number of Individual Disk Devices Shipped (*1) and Power Consumption (*2)

1inch

100%
90%
80%

1.8 inch

70%
60%

2.5inch(other than
15,000 rpm)

50%
40%

3.5–2.5inch(15,000
rpm)

30%
20%

3.5 inch

10%0%Number of units shipped(thousands units)

Power consumption (kW-units)

2.5 inch disk devices account for more than half of all devices shipped, and the smaller disk sizes
are also reducing the amount of power consumed.
*1: Shipping results for fiscal year 2007 as provided by the JEITA Magnetic Disk Energy-Saving
Subcommittee*2: Calculated by multiplying the number of units shipped by the idling time
JEITA statistics: the following companies are participating.
Toshiba, Toshiba Solutions, IBM Japan, NEC, Hitachi, HGST, Fujitsu[From JEITA shipping statistics data produced by sampling investigation]

１．Trends in the Magnetic Disk Device Market
1-3. Number of Individual Disk Devices Shipped (*1) and Power Consumption (*2) by Storage Capacity
70000

More than 1TB

100%

500GB–1TB

60000

More than 1TB

90%

500GB–1TB

80%
200GB–500GB

50000

200GB–500GB

70%
60%

100GB–200GB

100GB–200GB

40000

50%
50GB–100GB

50GB–100GB

40%

30000

30GB–50GB

30%

20GB–30GB

20%

30GB–50GB

20000

20GB–30GB

10%

10000

5GB–20GB

5GB–20GB

0%0
Number of units
shipped(thousands units)Powerconsumption (kWunits)

Number of units
shipped (thousands
units)

5GB or lessPower consumption(kW-units)

5GB or lessIn fiscal year 2007, no individual disk devices with storage capacities of 5 GB or less were sold. 20 GB
and smaller devices accounted for approximately 1% and their power consumption accounted forapproximately 0.2*1: Shipping results for fiscal year 2007 as provided by the JEITA Magnetic Disk Energy-Saving
Subcommittee*2: Calculated by multiplying the number of units shipped by the idling time
JEITA statistics: the following companies are participating.
Toshiba, Toshiba Solutions, IBM Japan, NEC, Hitachi, HGST, Fujitsu[From JEITA shipping statistics data produced by sampling investigation]

57

１．Trends in the Magnetic Disk Device Market
1-4. Number of Magnetic Disk Sub-Systems Shipped (*1) and Power Consumption (*2) by
Storage Capacity
50000

More than 3000TB

100%More than 3000TB

45000

1000TB–3000TB

90%

1000TB–3000TB

40000

80%

500TB–1000TB

35000

500TB–1000TB

70%

30000

200TB–500TB

25000
20000
15000

60%

200TB–500TB

100TB–200TB

50%

100TB–200TB

10TB–100TB

40%

10TB–100TB

30%

10000

TB–10TB

0
Number of units Power consumption
shipped (thousands(kW-units)
units)

TB–10TB

20%

5000

100GB–1TB

10%

100GB or less

0%100GB–1TB
Number of units shipped(thousands units)

Power consumption (kWunits)

100GB or less

The most common storage capacity range for magnetic disk sub-systems isfrom 1 TB to 100 TB.
*1: Shipping results for fiscal year 2007 as provided by the JEITA Magnetic Disk Energy-Saving
Subcommittee*2: Calculated by multiplying the number of units shipped by the idling time
JEITA statistics: the following companies are participating.
Toshiba, Toshiba Solutions, IBM Japan, NEC, Hitachi, HGST, Fujitsu[From JEITA shipping statistics data produced by sampling investigation]

２．Previous Energy-Saving Efforts
Energy Conservation Law (average-based(average based method)
Sept. 1994
Magnetic disk devices are listed as designated devices under the Energy Conservation L(the Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy). (Government ordinance No. 286)
Dec. 1994
Evaluation standards are announced.
(Ministry of International Trade and Industry notice No. 688)
Fiscal year achieved: 2000
Subject products: Magnetic disk devices
Energy efficiency: Power consumption

Energy Conservation Law (top runner method)
Mar. 1999

The Revised Energy Conservation Law was announced. (Ministry of International
Trade and Industry notice No. 195 Range of subject products, categories,
and indexes of energy efficiency were reviewed and revised.
Fiscal year achieved: 2005
Subject products: Magnetic disk devices
Characteristic: Utilizes the top runner method.
Energy efficiency: Idle mode power consumption / Storage capacity

Mar. 2006

The Revised Energy Conservation Law was announced. (Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry notice No. 51) Range of subject products, categories, and indexesof energy efficiency were reviewed and revised.
Fiscal year achieved: 2007
Subject products: Magnetic disk devices
Energy efficiency: Idle mode power consumption / Storage capacity58３． Future Trends
3-1. Improving the Energy Efficiency of Individual Disk Devices
The size of individual disk devices (unit components) are becoming significantly smaller, andpower consumption is being reduced. For the same memory capacity, the technicaldevelopment for reducing power consumption by making units smaller has reached its limit,
and it will be difficult to reduce total power consumption in disk devices by making circuits
smaller or by reducing energy consumption in the mechanical parts. On the other hand, thedevelopment of higher-density recording technologies for disk storage media is continuing
unabated. With increasing memory capacities in the future, the energy efficiency per unit ofmemory is expected to improve.
3-2. Improving the Energy Efficiency of Magnetic Disk Sub-Systems
The magnetic disk sub-systems which are shipped at present are proceeding in the directionof mounting smaller individual disk sizes. In the future, there will be a significant trend
toward greater LSI of controller circuits. The use of smaller disk sizes and large-capacity
individual disk devices, and the development of systems that make effective use of cachememory, are expected to continue. Further improvements in energy management
technologies for individual disk devices is also expected to continue.

59

Glossary
Terms

Meaning

Processor

Integrated circuits that compose the arithmetic processor of acomputer. In this report, one multi-core processor is considered asingle processor regardless of the number of cores.
(Central The CPU is the heart of a computer and performs a variety ofCPU

Processing Unit)

numerical calculations, information processing, device control, andother tasks depending on the program.
GPU A standalone GPU is a processor for processing graphics data that

Standalone(Graphics

Processing has a dedicated local memory.

Unit)
I/O signal line

This is a line which directly splits from a signal line that connects anarithmetic processor and main storage device (also including other signallines that have a transmission capacity equal to that signal line), or which
directly splits from a signal line splitter that is connected to such a signal
line. However it does not include lines that are connected to an external
location via only a graphics display port or keyboard port.

Compositetheoretical Composite theoretical performance is an index of computer

performance

calculating performance. For computers listed in the upper section ofAppendix Table 2 in the Enforcement Regulations of the Energy
Conservation Law (Ministry of International Trade and Industry
Ordinance No. 74, 1979), the composite theoretical performancevalue is the number indicated in units of giga calculations listed in thelower section of the same table.

Mainframe server

A mainframe server is a large-size computer that is used for purposessuch as core operations in a company. It is a general term that applies
to these computers, their series, and their architecture. The
characteristics of a mainframe server include the following items.
* Large data processing capacity (more than just CPU performance,in particular including I/O performance)* Workload management that processes multiple application
processes in a single server* High reliability and availability achieved through complete
redundancy* Strict operating management functions and security functions thatare required by large-size organizations60

* A long-term manufacturer planning and maintenance system
Open-frame server

An open-frame server is a more recent technology than mainframe
servers. This is a general term for computer servers that are produced
based on open standards. The use of a UNIX-based (Linux) or similar
OS and hardware which uses X86 and RISC chips in the CPU gives
these products a standardized programming interface similar to UNIX.
Compared with the original-specification computers that typified themainframes that were previously the mainstream, these products
have higher interoperability and the ability to use various third-party
hardware and software, and can also be configured for a relatively low
cost.

60