One-stop Service with Ene-CAT and ECTT
Energy Conservation Solution Department, The Energy Conservation Center, Japan (ECCJ)
From a viewpoint of promoting energy conservation,
ECCJ provides one-stop service with energy conservation
audits by experts and energy conservation solutions(Ene-CAT and ECTT) developed by ECCJ for supporting
type 1 energy managers in a series of energy conservation
activities, in order to smoothly promote energy
conservation of the business establishments.

1. Providing One-stop Service
ECCJ conducts a factory survey designed to examinecompliance with the Act on the Rational Use of Energy.
This survey has found out that most businessestablishments have been implementing structural
improvement and policy formulation (a, b and c in Fig. 1),
but 30% of them have not been effectively functioning interms of the energy conservation compliance level (d and e
in Fig. 1). (See Fig. 1.)
Performed
実施している2. Energy Conservation Audit(1) Energy conservation audit processes
Audit processes are a series of steps of energy datacollection, energy loss analysis, identification of facility
targeted for energy conservation and identification of
improvement opportunity. Based on the “energy review”
proposed by the international standard ISO 50001, thefollowing describes the process steps.
1) Data collection
The first step of energy conservation is to understandenergy consumption of the currently used facilities andentire business establishment. An integral value of hourlyor daily energy consumption will do as energy
consumption for energy conservation audit; it is notnecessary to understand it at real time. Collect energy data
in rough numerical values.
2) Energy loss analysis
It is general to present the collected energy data in adaily or month consumption graph. The ISO 50001,
however, requests for energy loss analysis for each facility
in order to identify the facility targeted for energy
conservation. The following describes the concept ofenergy loss analysis for the utility facility and productionline.
 Energy loss analysis for the utility facility
The utility facility is to convert primary energy into
secondary energy, generating an energy loss at the time of
conversion and distribution.
Now, exemplify a boiler. Assuming primary energy ofcity gas to be 100 and secondary energy after converted
into vapor to be 90 as shown in Fig. 3, the difference of 10
is heat-discharged into the atmosphere as a conversion
loss.

１部実施している
実施していない
Partly performed
Not performed
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

a. Improvementof management structure
ア 管理体制の整備

b.イ
Assignmentof supervisor
責任者の配置c. Formulationof approaches
ウ
取組方針の策定
d. Confirmationof compliance with approaches
エ 取組方針の遵守状況…
e. Evaluation
change of evaluation method
オ 評価手法の評価変更
f. Understandingof status by documentation, etc.
カ 書面作成等による状…

Fig. 1. Compliance with Energy Conservation
Guideline
Energy Conservation Act
図ー１for 省エネ法判断基準の遵守状況
One of the reasons for delayed energy conservation isthe difficulty of formulating an energy conservation plan.
Particularly in formulating the energy conservation plan,
it is necessary to work out an energy review, a formulation
process defined in the international standard ISO 50001.
(See Fig. 2.)
In medium- and small-sized businesses, etc., however,
the reality is that their facility personnel are busy withdaily facility management, having no time to think about
energy conservation measures and calculate an energy
conservation amount.
Energy review
エネルギーレビュー
Energy policy
エネルギー方針(Purposeand goal of energy)（エネルギー目的・目標）

Energy省エネ計画
conservation plan
(Implementation schedule of measures)（対策の実施スケジュール）

Implementation and
実施及び運用
operation

Datacollection
データ収集
Energy loss analysis
エネルギーのロス分析
Identification of facility targeted forPrimary energy
fuel (City gas)

省エネ対象設備の特定
energy conservation

100

Identification of
改善の機会の特定
improvement
opportunity（無駄の発見と対策）(Waste discovery and measure)

Utility facility(Boiler)

Inspection
点 検

Review
見直し

Heat-discharged
energy loss into
atmosphere1090ISO50001

Secondary energy(Vapor)Fig. 2. Energy Conservation Plan Formulation Processes(Source: International Standard ISO 50001 Energy Review)Fig. 3. Energy Loss at Utility Facility
1 Energy loss analysis for the production line
Possible energy losses at the production line include a)radiation from a heating furnace, etc. and b) standby
energy loss, etc. in the case of an imbalanced cycle time
between each of successive processes.
3) Identification of the energy conservation facility
As a result of energy loss analysis in 2), identify thefacility with large energy loss and high energy
consumption as the target.
4) Identification of improvement opportunity
 Once the facility targeted for energy conservation is
identified, understand the status quo through on-site
physical inspection, and energy measurement as
required.
 By analyzing the factors for energy loss by thedifferences between the regulations and standards of theEnergy Management Manual and the status quo, andreviewing the regulations and standards as required,
propose energy conservation measures, calculate anenergy conservation amount for each measure item andformulate an energy conservation plan.
(2) Actual audit examples
ECCJ provides audit and consulting services for a fee
instead of the busy facility supervisor. Centering onlarge-scale business establishments such as designatedenergy management factories, governmental facilities andlocal governmental facilities as target businessestablishments, ECCJ responds to audits to consulting
before and after measures. Table 1 shows the results.

The above figure shows that air conditioning energy
doubled in September from June despite the same averagetemperature in both months. For this problem, we proposed
to solve a room temperature difference and lower an air
conditioning load in large spaces for energy conservation
by introducing a circulator and reducing an excessive outer
air inlet volume.
 Oil storage baseAn entire oil tank had been heated at 60ºC by vapor so
as to always feed high-viscosity heavy fuel oil C for power
plant. Conventionally, vapor feed had been turned off when
the temperature increased to 62ºC, and turned on at 59ºC.
We proposed to halve a heating quantity by turning off
vapor feed at 60.5ºC to stop excessive temperature rise.

3. Energy Conservation Solutions(Ene-CAT and ECTT)
It is an option to ask an expert to conduct an energy
conservation audit. Normally, however, it is more desiredthat the audit is conducted by the facility supervisorfamiliar with the operating status of the facilities and actualenergy consumption status. In response to this, we provide
energy conservation solutions (Ene-CAT and ECTT)
capable of implementing energy conservation audit
processes up to formulation of the energy conservation
plan by linking energy data to the EMS. The following
outlines these solutions and describes their cases.
(1) Ene-CAT (energy conservation support tool)
1) Internal configuration of Ene-CAT
As shown in Fig. 5, Ene-CAT is internally configured
with 3 layers of the energy loss visualization screen,
Energy Management Manual for the facilities and energy
conservation amount calculation sheets, centering on thevisualization screen. User-friendliness is improved bymutually connecting related files in the layer, and theenergy reduction effect and energy loss reduction status byenergy conservation measures are reflected on thevisualization screen through common database. It is also
possible to calculate a degree of effect of the energy
conservation amount of individual facilities on overall
intensity improvement, contributing to formulation of themid- and long-term plan of the Act on the Rational Use ofEnergy.
This internal configuration allows an energy loss
analysis in the energy review of the ISO 50001 to
identification of improvement opportunity in a functionalmanner.

Table 1. Audit Cases (FY2019)
Facility

No. of audit cases

Governmental facilities

117

Local governmental facilities

6

Companies, etc.

3(3) Actual examples
 Local governmental facilities
Local governmental offices, sports centers, etc. havelarge-scale spaces and have been updating heat sources as
to air conditioning, but the overall systems have been left
intact since their construction. For this reason, they cannot
respond to increased personnel, changed purposes of use,
etc., having problems such as irregular room temperatureand heat accumulation, and showing poor adaptability toouter air temperature. (See Fig. 4.)

Loss

Air conditioning
energyMonthly average Temperaturetemperature

Electric
energy: 10
電力量10（千kWh）(in 1,000 kWh)

Air conditioning
energyEnergy Management
管理標準 Manual

EnergyManagement
管理標準
Manual(30 sheets)（30シート)Management
regulation
管理規定)空調負荷の軽減をはかる.
(2)(2Reducean air conditioning load.
Regulatean outerwith CO 2
・ CO2 濃度1,0air
0 0volumep p m以下でconcentration= 1,000 ppm or less.
外気量を調整Status
現状
quo

Apr.

May Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Oct. Nov.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

Effective

Visualization ofエネルギーロスのenergyloss
見える化

Energyconservation
省エネ量算出シート
amount calculation（200-250シート)
sheets(200 to 250)

Mar.

600
ppm

EC
Guideline
判断基準

Management
管理基準
standard

22(2(2-2)①b- 2 )①イCO2concentration:
CO2濃度:
1,000 ppm or
1000ppm以下
less

Energy conservation
policy/measure
省エネ施策,対策

・必要外気量の基準値の見直し
 Review the standard value for the required outer air volume.
1,000
ppm or less → 900
to 1,000 ppm
1000ppm以下⇒
900～1000ppm
 Reduced outer air energy amount (475,200 kWh/year)

・ Energy
削減外気エネルギー量（475,200kWh/年)
conservation effect: ¥2,566,000/year, payout period:
2 years)
・省エネ効果：2,566千円/年、回収年数：2年

Fig. 5. Internal Configuration of Ene-CAT

Fig. 4. Air Conditioning Energy vs. Temperature2

Ene-CAT function
In order to identify the facility targeted for energy
conservation, an energy loss amount is displayed in a pie
chart to visualize an energy loss. (See Fig. 6.)
In order to identify the facility with large energy loss
and consider energy conservation measures, Ene-CAT
provides a mechanism to extract new energy conservation
measures by reviewing the regulations and standards of theEnergy Management Manual of the Act on the Rational
Use of Energy. Specifically, by clicking on the facility
name in the energy loss visualization screen (Fig. 6), thedesired Energy Management Manual is invoked to present
an energy conservation measure for each regulation of theManual. Select an applicable measure and calculate anenergy conservation amount according to the energy
conservation amount calculation sheets. There are morethan 200 kinds of energy conservation amount calculation
sheets.
2)

BEMS

Ene-CAT

Facility/Equipment
設備・機器

日負荷線図

(kW)

Data linkage
データ連携

450
400
350
300
250

200
150

100
50

冬期

23時

22時

21時

20時

19時

18時

9時

8時

17時

16時

7時

6時

15時

14時

13時

5時

4時

3時

12時

11時

2時

1時

夏期

10時

0時

0

中間期

Energyエネルギー
database
データベース

Ene-CAT
Energyreview
エネルギーレビュー Data collection
・データの収集
 Energy loss analysis
・ロス分析
Identification of
・改善の機会の特定improvement opportunity
Formulation of energy
省ｴﾈ実行計画策定
conservation action plan

Analysis
results
分析結果をreflected
反映
Management
value, etc.
管理値等

Central中央監視室
monitoring room

Fig. 7. Data Linkage to BEMS
<Introduction case to the factory - 1>
Ene-CAT was introduced to a FA machining line which
manufactures elevator guide rails. As shown in Fig. 8, theFA machining line begins with removal of black scales byshot blast, followed by bend correction, coating, NC
machining, surface finishing, cutting, and so on. In this FA
machining line, efficiency had been lowered by defective
products, correction of defective warpage, etc. Particularly,
correction of warpage is not completed in one attempt
because springback has to be considered. Based on the ideaof regarding an energy amount to repair a reworked item asa loss, the amount of money required is visualized toenhance a worker’s awareness as shown in Fig. 8.

Set energy

省エネ目標設定

conservation goal.

Identify
considerable area
著しい領域の特定(省エネ対象(Identifyenergy conservation
設備の特定)
object facility).

Identify
considerable area
著しい領域の特(Identify energy
定(省エネ対象
conservation
object facility).
設備の特定)

Fig. 6. Visualization Screen of Ene-CAT
Input main 主材投入
materials

Ene-CAT introduction cases
So far, there are 4 application cases to the factories and
30 application cases to the office buildings. There are few
applications to the factories because the production lines
consist of specialized equipment, requiring many
individual finishing touches and more labor and time for
introduction. We will increase application cases for eachbusiness category to disseminate Ene-CAT.
It is easy to apply to the office buildings because they
have common facilities. Recently, however, there are casesof combining multiple facilities to build a system tointerchange and complement the heat, presenting an issueof effective application to the system.
<Introduction cases to commercial buildings (hospitals,
universities, etc.>
Introduction to the office building has been mainly done
through a system accompanied by data linkage to the
BEMS of the building. (See Fig. 7.)
Linkage to the BEMS has allowed them to visualize
monthly energy loss of the facility, understand thechanging energy loss of the air conditioning facility withsharp seasonal fluctuations of energy consumption,
consider appropriate energy conservation measures as well
as shorten a PDCA cycle period to confirm and pick aneffective energy conservation effect.
3)

Pin irongrainsEnergy銑鉄粒 エネルギー

Energyエネルギー

Paint
Energy塗料 エネルギー

ショット・
Shot blast
ブラスト

曲げ
Bend
correction
矯正

加熱・
Heating/
Coating
塗装

再生
Rework

再生
ReworkDefective
不良品 product Defective
不良品 product

製品
・・・・ Product
再生
ReworkDefective product
不良品

Process
工程

Input
投入

Shot blast
ショットブラストBend
correction
曲げ矯正

Heating/Coating
加熱・塗装

・・・

Total
合計

Energy cost
エネルギー費

¥100
100円

¥50
50円

¥510
510円

¥890
890円

・・・

¥3,4903,490円

材料費costMaterial

Main
主材
materials
5,000円¥5,000Pig
iron grains
銑鉄粒：150円
¥150

0円
¥0

Paint
塗料：49円・・・

8,115円

Defect/Rework
不良・再生費
cost

-

¥0
0円

Rework:–¥350
再生：－350円

Defect: –¥400
不良：－400円

・・・–¥1,890－1,890円

Productcost
製品費用¥5,1005,100円¥5,3005,300円¥5,4605,460円¥5,9995,999円・・・¥9,715
9,715円¥49¥8,115

Fig. 8. Application Example of Ene-CAT to Factory<Introduction case to the factory - 2>
The following describes an example of a factory where
vapor control systems are manufactured. Using vapor toinspect, research and develop the products, many vapor
flowmeters are installed to visualize usage. An
improvement issue is exposed and an improvement effectis confirmed by vapor loss analysis with Ene-CAT,
contributing to continuous promotion of energy
conservation activities. (See Fig. 9.)

3

Overall energy use efficiency
全体のエネルギー使用効率
Improvement
rate (%)
改善率（％）

0.0%

改善前
improvement

BeforeGasamount
ガス量15,188

供給エネルギー（kL）
Supply energy (kL)

2,300

1,852

Energyloss amount (kL)
ロス量（kL）

876

456

Energyloss rate (%)
ロス率（%）

38.1%

24.6%

Micro cogeneration
ﾈ

3,600

(GJ)

低圧ボイラ
Low-pressureboiler

高圧ボイラ
High-pressureboiler(GJ)(2) ECTT (Energy conservation support tool forbuildings)
ECTT is a tool to simply indicate an effect of energy
conservation and potential for energy conservation whenvarious energy conservation measures are implemented. It
has been developed for the purpose of supporting theenergy conservation plan having an energy usage target
value and evaluation of energy conservation management.
It is mainly intended for not only single-use commercial
buildings, but also mixed-use ones mainly used for offices.
It can be downloaded from the website of ECCJ; we
support its utilization for a fee.
1) Data input
 Building information
Other than data input of area, total floor area,
specifications of roof, outer wall and window glass, heatsource facility, area by department, air conditioning system
and actual building energy usage, standard values are used
to simplify data input. (See Fig. 10.)

32%

16%
39%

61%
84%

68%
11,321

(GJ)

4,500

(GJ)

Manufacturing
製造部
Department

Showroom
ショールームPower board system
動力盤系統

Power board system
動力盤系統

1,391

(GJ)

70

10,253(GJ)

Research
研究棟
building
Power board and lighting panel

動力盤・電灯盤系統
systems

(GJ)

526

(GJ)

Lighting panel system
電灯盤系統
283

(GJ)

Vapor F6F6 *Repair
蒸気
*手直し
1,230

Vapor F5-F11-F8
F5-F11-F8
蒸気
(GJ)

1,939

2. Building
information (Input the details)２．
建物情報（詳細入力）

Vapor
F8
蒸気 F8
(GJ)

■ Roof
屋根仕様

11

specification(GJ)

RC造内断熱露出防水(50mm断熱)
Reinforced
concrete construction, internally insulated, exposed waterproof (50-mm insulation)■ Outer
外壁仕様
RC造外断熱(50mm)
concrete construction, externally insulated (50 mm)
wall spec. Reinforced

spec.
■ Glass
ガラス仕様

Fig. 9. Energy Loss Analysis Results of Vapor Facility■ Window
窓開口率(％)
opening

rate (%)

Future development of Ene-CAT
Conventionally, energy conservation has been promoted
and supported for people. Since energy conservation audit
technology is needed to some extent in handling Ene-CAT,
we are promoting a system capable of directly controllingthe equipment through AI-based optimum control and
IOT-based comfortable control as a developed version of
Ene-CAT free from specialty in the future.
4)

Aim
狙い

Energyconservation
省エネ推
promotion
進支援
and support

Item
項目

Description
内容

原単位１％のBuilding
of 1%
intensity
構築

Calculation of energy
conservation potential by energy
loss analysis and energy
conservation calculation sheets

Energyconservation
省ｴﾈ対策
measureｴﾈﾙｷ ｰ ｽのVisualizationofandmeasure for
見える化と対energy策 loss

Improved
Energy Preparation of
管理標準
Management
EnergyManagement
管理標準作成整備
ManualManual

最適制御
control

ｵﾌｨｽﾋ
ﾙ
Officebuildings,
supermarkets
ｽｰﾊﾟｰ ｰｹｯﾄ

Comfortable
快適制御
control

PMV
PMV

Failure
故障検知
detection
経年劣化
Aging

Defective
air
空調機不良
conditioner,
機械故障failure,mechanicalvaporleakage
蒸気漏れ

Optimum

Equipment
機器制御
control

Sampling
ｻﾝﾌﾟﾘﾝ

Delivered
納入先toMonthly
1回/月

各社，大Companies,
universities,
学，
hospitals
病院

Analysis based on current
どから分析
data,
calculations, etc.

Spot
ｽﾎﾟｯﾄ

Manufacture ofmechanical parts,
universities,
hospitals

管理標準of ｰﾄ作成
Preparation
EnergyManagement Manual sheets

Monthly
1回/月

Oil storage,
石油備蓄，
hospitals,
others
病院，他

最適制御ｿﾌﾄとのﾘﾝ
Linkto optimum control
software15
15回/分
times/min.

Suburban
郊外型店
store
舗

放射空調，ﾃｶﾝﾄ
Radiation air conditioning,
desiccant15
15回/分
times/min.

demonstration

定常運転状態との比Comparison with steady較
operating condition

11回/秒・
time/sec.
and分
/min.

開発中
development

ｴﾈﾙｷ ｰ ｽ分析と省ｴ
ﾈ計算 ｰﾄによる省ｴﾈﾎﾟﾃﾝ ｬﾙ算出

現状のﾃ ｰﾀと計算な

North
北

East
東

South
南

West
西

25

25

25

25

heat source
facility (Central heat source facility only)■ Main
主熱源設備(中央熱源設備のみ)
Operational
order
運転順位

定格

Rated

機種
Model

台数
Units

燃料種別
Fuel

出力
output(kW/unit)

Rated
input

定格入力

COP

(kW/台)

ターボ冷凍機Turbo chiller

2

電気Electricity

ボイラ
Boiler2

ガス
Gas

Summer
夏期

Interme中間期
diate

DaytimeDaytime

Cooling
冷房

kW/unit
kW/台

4.00

昼
1

Heating
暖房

MJ/h/unit
MJ/h/台

0.80

1

Night
夜

Night
夜

1

昼
1

1

1

Winter
冬期
Daytime

Night
夜

1

昼
1

1

1

1

1

Fig. 10. Input Example of Building Information
 Inputting the energy conservation measures
Classify 78 items of energy conservation measures
specialized in commercial buildings as listed in Table 3
and calculate energy conservation for each category ofmeasures I, II and III, and when the 78 items are freely
selected. By assuming already introduced measures to be“implemented”, calculate energy consumption for eachcategory of measure when the “unimplemented” measureis implemented.

Table 2. Future Development of Ene-CAT
Energyconservation
省ｴﾈ計画
plan

普通ｶ ｽ8mm
Ordinary
glass, 8 mm

機械部品
製造，大
学，病院

Table 3. Categories of Energy Conservation Measures(ECTT)Under

実証中

Category
対策分類

Under

対Description
策 内 容

Quantity
数 量

Operational improvements such as setting
設定変更などの運用改善
changeMeasure
対策Ⅰ I

PMV: Predicted Mean Vote

 ・室内設定温度の緩和
Alleviation of room setting temperature

38 items
３８項目

 Adjustment of cold water outlet
・冷水出口温度の調整
temperature

Implemented as the examples of equipment control wasdemonstration projects to use AI to control air conditioning,
showcases, etc. of suburban stores at real time. A
consumed energy amount was minimized in a comfortableenvironment felt by people. As equipment control, thissystem controlled air conditioners, showcases anddesiccant every 30 minutes to optimize the temperatureand humidity according to the outer air temperature and thechanging number of shoppers, achieving approx. 30%
energy conservation compared with existing stores in theneighborhood.

Small-scale
repair and renewal
小規模な改修・更新

Measure
対策ⅡII

 ・全熱交換機の導入
Introduction of total heat exchanger

20
items
２０項目

 ・人感センサーの導入
Introduction of motion detector
Large-scale
repair and renewal
大規模な改修・更新

Measure
対策ⅢIII Renewal of high-efficiency heat source
・高効率熱源機器の更新
equipment ・LED照明への更新
Renewal to LED lighting

4

20
items
２０項目

Calculation and evaluation of potential for energy
conservation
Considering an energy conservation amount in the caseof implementing all of unimplemented energy conservation
measures based on the current energy usage, Fig. 11 shows
the results of calculating current potential for energy
conservation. “Target” located in the middle is a predictedvalue in the case of implementing part of unimplemented
energy conservation measures, indicating the future targetof energy management.
The following lists the examples of utilization.
 Utilized for quantitative evaluation of energy
conservation efforts
In the case of implementing the measures with highenergy conservation effect, it is evaluated that potential forenergy conservation is reduced, indicating “fullimplementation of energy conservation measures”.
 Utilized for the energy conservation plan and energy
management
Available for the energy conservation plan and energy
management by estimating how much potential for energy
conservation there is for the current commercial buildings
mainly used for offices.

did not consume energy; energy consumption was high in
oil transport for checking for an oil leak from a tank andvapor cleaning inside the tank, clarifying that the current
intensity is not suitable to the actual situation. As a resultof proposing a new intensity, accordingly, this business
operator was evaluated as S Class. We also support
reporting to the local government and related government
ministry/agency.

2)

5. Providing One-stop Service
We provide energy conservation consulting with theenergy conservation solution tools as one-stop service.
(See Table 4.)
Table 4. Details of One-stop Service
Item (Example)
Object/Description
EnergyQuantification of energy flow
conservation
analysis and equipment control
measure formeasure with Ene-CAT
factory
Energy Simple analysis and proposal ofconservation
measure with ECTT
measure for Reduction of air conditioning loadbuildingand optimum control fromviewpoint of human evaluationsuch as PMVEnergyEnergy conservation audit ofconservation audit building/factory and equipment for
implementing improvement proposal
by expert
Business
Advice for expanding energy
expansion withconservation service at own company
energyconservation
Support of report
Support of and advice for report toto administration
local government and related
government ministry/agency

一次エネルギー使用量比較
Comparisonof primary energy usage
120
Air

100

空調
conditioning

100.0

Plug socket

照明
for lighting

Ventilation
換気80

Hot water

給湯supply(%)

68.8

Cooking
調理

60

40.7
40

Refrigeration
冷凍冷蔵
Elevator
昇降機
Water
給排水
supply/drain
age
Othersその他

20

Consulting: http://www.eccj.or.jp/education/cons.html〇Inquiry counter
Energy Conservation Solution Department,
The Energy Conservation Center, Japan
Igarashi Building, 2-11-5 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo
Phone: +81-3-5439-9735 (Business hours: 9:30 a.m. to 5:00
p.m., Closed on Saturdays, Sundays and national holidays)
Fax: +81-3-5439-9738
e-mail: solution@eccj.or.jp

0①(1) Status
現
quo
状

②
(2) Target
目標(3)③Allmeasures全対策

Fig. 11. Calculation of Potential for Energy
Conservation

4. Supporting the Report to the Administration
Since a periodical report in FY2017, a business operator
class assessing system was initiated for the purpose ofenhancing energy conservation promotion activities. The
business operators achieving 1% reduction of the 5 fiscal
years’ average intensity (S Class) are made public. Those
not achieving are evaluated as A Class. Of them, thoseinactive in energy conservation are evaluated as B Class.
ECCJ provides consulting particularly for the B-classbusiness operators. The following describes an example ofconsulting. A storage amount had been used as adenominator of intensity at an oil storage base. As a resultof analysis, however, it was found out that storage itself
5