Final Report by the Subcommittee on
Gas and Oil Powered Equipment Judgement Criteria
Energy Efficiency Standards Subcommittee
The Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy

May 6, 2004

The final report (April 3, 2002) by the Subcommittee on Gas and Oil Powered
Equipment Judgement Criteria, Energy Efficiency Standards Subcommittee, theAdvisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy states that, with regard to
space heaters (unvented types) and gas cooking appliances (grill section, oven section,and gas rice cookers), “the measuring methods will be further examined by obtaining
knowledge and information from experts and discussions regarding setting standards
and will be arranged based on the results of such examinations.”

It also states to“consider including gas water heaters (with space heating functions) to the scope inview of the status of the use and the establishment of the measuring methods.” In
addition, with regard to the power consumption of gas and oil powered equipment, it
states that “manufacturers will be advised to make every effort to reduce power
consumption, independent from improving gas and oil fuel’s energy consumption
efficiency.”
In response to these points, this subcommittee, as described below, deliberated
and prepared a final report on judgement criteria and others for manufacturers andimporters (hereafter referred to as “manufacturers”) concerning the improvement of
performance of space heaters, gas cooking appliances, and gas water heaters (withspace heating functions) in view of the examination results at the study meetings ofexperts held earlier (the “Study Meeting on Energy Consumption Efficiency Measuring
Methods for Gas and Oil Powered Equipment” and the “Study Meeting on Energy
Consumption Efficiency Measuring Methods for Heat Cooking Appliances” (chaired by
Mr. Toshihisa Ueda, Professor, Department of Science and Technology, Keio
University)).
I. Conclusions concerning the Expansion of the Scope [see Attachment 1]
1.

Space Heaters
Despite that they account for the majority of the energy consumption by spaceheaters in total, unvented type space heaters (limited to those using gas or oil as fuel)will continue to be excluded from the scope due to the following reasons:A) It is technically very difficult to establish a method for measuring the energy
consumption efficiency,B) The heat generated by the burnt fuel is all released into the room, which means
the heat efficiency is theoretically 100%. Thus, it is difficult to find disparities in
efficiency per appliance.

C) There is very little room for improving the energy consumption efficiency, and
D) There is neither any measuring method for the energy consumption efficiency nor

1any regulation established in other countries.
2.

Gas Cooking Appliances
Since an appropriate measuring method for gas cooking appliances has been

established for the grill sections (the grill sections of gas burners with grills and gas
ranges) and the oven sections (the oven sections of gas ranges), as well as gas ovens,
they will be newly included in the scope.
On the other hand, gas rice cookers will continue to be excluded from the scope
due to the following reasons:A) Since there are presently only two manufacturers, each of which has only one or
two basic models, there is very limited room for improving the energy
consumption efficiency,B) It is unlikely that the number of manufactures and import will increasesignificantly in the future,C) JIS S2103 (gas cooking appliances for home use) provides a method for measuring
the heat efficiency. However, this measuring method is designed to calculate theheat efficiency when boiling a certain volume of water. This does not reflect theactual status of the use of gas rice cookers. It is therefore consideredinappropriate to set the target standard value based on this measuring method.
3.

Gas Water Heaters
Since an appropriate measuring method has been established for gas water

heaters (with space heating functions), they will be newly included in the scope.
4.

The Treatment of the Power Consumption of Gas and Oil Powered Equipment
With regard to the power consumption of gas and oil powered equipment, notarget standard values will be set due to the following reasons as continued from thecurrent standard:A) The power consumption of the gas and oil powered equipment is consumed toensure the safety functions and others. Thus, it is not desirable to regulate thispower consumption under the Top Runner Program.

B) The power consumption of gas and oil powered equipment accounts forapproximately 1% of the overall energy consumption. Thus, it is considered thatconsiderable energy conservation may be achieved by setting target standard
values regarding the fuel consumption, andC) It is difficult to integrate the target standard values of the fuel and the power
consumption.

2However, the power consumption of gas and oil powered equipment is greater thanother home appliances and the like. Thus, voluntary efforts to reduce the power
consumption will be encouraged under the leadership of the relevant industry(Japan Industrial Association of Gas and Kerosene Appliances).

See Reference 1

for the specific activities. In addition, the Japan Industrial Association of Gas andKerosene Appliances will periodically report to the public the progress and theresult of those activities to achieve the reduction of the power consumption.
II. The Judgement Criteria for Gas Cooking Appliances
1.

Range of Appliances to be Additionally Included to the Scope

The gas cooking appliances (limited to home use using City Gas 13A or liquefied
petroleum gas) shown below will be applied to the range.
-Gas ovens-Grill sections of gas burners with grills-Grill and oven sections of gas ranges
Gas burners with grills and the burner sections of gas ranges are currently regulated
in the scope under the existing regulations.
2.

Items to Serve as Judgement Criteria for Manufacturers(1)

Target Fiscal Year [See Attachment 2]
FY 2008.
However for gas burners with grills and the burner sections of gas ranges, FY

2006 will be applicable as already provided for in the existing regulations.
(2)Target Standard Values [See Attachment 3]
Manufacturers shall comply with the all following standards for the gas cooking

appliances that will be domestically shipped in Japan in each fiscal year in and after
the target fiscal year:
A) For gas cooking appliances with grills, the weighted average value of the grill
section’s energy consumption efficiency (Wh) measured by the method provided in (3)shall not exceed the “Standard Grill Section Energy Consumption Efficiency (Wh)”provided in the right column in table 1.
This above weighted average value is calculated by the number of appliances shipped3per category indicated in the left column in table 1.
The above “Standard Grill Section Energy Consumption Efficiency (Wh)” is the value
calculated by the formula in the right column in the same table, corresponding to thecategory indicated in the left column).
Table 1: Standard Grill Section Energy Consumption Efficiency of Gas Cooking
Appliances with Grills
Category
Grill Type
Single-sided
Double-sided
Note 1
Note 2

Cooking Method
With waterWithout waterWith waterWithout water

Category
Name
A
B
C
D

Formula for Standard Grill Section
Energy Consumption Efficiency [Wh]E=25.1Vg+123
E=25.1Vg+16.4
E=12.5Vg+172
E=12.5Vg+101

E: Standard grill section energy consumption efficiency [Wh]Vg: Internal volume [l]Internal volume is acquired by multiplying the grill area by the height from the bottom
surface of the grill pan to the top of the inlet

B) For gas cooking appliances (with oven sections) and gas ovens, the weighted averagevalue of the oven section’s energy consumption efficiency (Wh) measured by the method
provided in (3) shall not exceed the “Standard Oven Section Energy Consumption
Efficiency (Wh)” provided in the right column in table 2.
This above weighted average value is calculated by the number of appliances shipped
per category indicated in the left column in table 2.
The above “Standard Grill Section Energy Consumption Efficiency (Wh)” is the value
calculated by the formula in the right column in the same table, corresponding to thecategory indicated in the left column).
Table 2: Standard Oven Section Energy Consumption Efficiency of Gas Cooking
Appliances with Oven Sections (including Gas Ovens)
Category
Installation Type
Tabletop or
cabinet/stationary type
Built-in type
Note 1
Note 2(3)

Category
Name

Formula for Standard Oven Section
Energy Consumption Efficiency [Wh]A

E=18.6Vo+306

B

E=18.6Vo+83.3

E: Standard oven section energy consumption efficiency [Wh]
Vo: Internal volume [l]Internal volume is acquired by multiplying the bottom surface of the oven area by theheight from the bottom surface of to the top

Energy Consumption Efficiency Measuring Methods [See Attachment 4]4A) Energy Consumption Efficiency of the Grill Sections
The energy consumption efficiency of the grill section shall be the volume of thegas consumption [Wh] to raise the temperature of a copper block with heat
capacity equivalent to that of a horse mackerel by 100K.

B) Energy Consumption Efficiency of the Oven Sections
The energy consumption efficiency of the oven sections shall be the sum [Wh] of
the volume of the gas consumption to raise the temperature inside the oven by
180K and the volume of the gas consumption to subsequently maintain the status
for 20 minutes.
(4)

Display items, etc.
Display items for the gas cooking appliances with grills and the gas cooking
appliances with oven sections shall be as indicated below.

Display items for thegas cooking appliances with burner sections shall be the same as continued fromthe existing regulations.

A) Display items
Manufacturers shall display the information concerning the energy consumption
efficiency of gas cooking appliances as follows:(a) Product name or type(b) Category name(c) Energy consumption efficiency of grill sections (limited to the gas cooking
appliances with grill sections)(d) Energy consumption efficiency of oven sections (limited to the gas cooking
appliances with oven sections)(e) Manufacturer’s nameB) Obligations(a) Energy consumption efficiency shall be indicated rounded off to the decimal point
as the whole number in watt-hours.
(b) The display items listed in A) shall be printed in catalogs in which theperformance data is shown, and indicated on the prominent position of the main
unit in order not to be easily worn off. Alternatively, they shall be indicated on
metallic or plastic labels affixed to the prominent position of the main unit inorder not to be easily come off.

5III. Judgement Criteria for Gas Water Heaters
1.

Range of Appliances to be Additionally Included to the Scope
Gas water heaters with space heating functions (limited to those for home usewith displayed gas consumption of 70kW or lower as stipulated in JIS S2109, using
City Gas 13 A or liquefied petroleum gas).
Gas instant water heaters and bath tub gas water heater are currently regulated
in the scope under the existing regulations.
2.

Items to Serve as Judgement Criteria for Manufacturers(1)

Target Fiscal Year [See Attachment 5]
FY 2008.
However for gas instant water heaters and bath tub gas water heaters, FY 2006

will be applicable as already provided for in the existing regulations.
(2)Target Standard Values [See Attachment 6]

For gas water heaters to be shipped in Japan in each fiscal year in and after the target
fiscal year, manufacturers shall ensure that the weighted average value of the energy
consumption efficiency (Wh) measured by the method provided in (3) shall not be below
the value provided in the right column in the following table.
This above weighted average value is calculated by the number of appliances shipped
per category indicated in the left column in table 1.
Category
Gas Water Heater Type
Water heaters for exclusive use
as space heaters
Gas water heaters with dual
use as heaters

Category
Name

Energy Consumption Efficiency [%]

A

83.4

B

83.0

Note “Gas water heaters with dual use as heaters” include dual purpose bath tub gas water heaters.

(3)

Energy Consumption Efficiency Measuring Methods [See Attachment 7]

A) Energy Consumption Efficiency of Space Heater Sections of Water Heaters for
Exclusive Use as Space Heaters and Gas Water Heaters with Dual Use as Heaters
The value (heat efficiency)[%] obtained by dividing the calorific value attained6

by cold water by the calorific value generated by gas (heat efficiency) shall beapplicable.
B) Energy Consumption Efficiency of Water Supply Sections of Gas Water Heaters
with Dual Use as Heaters
Same as the existing gas instant water heaters, heat efficiency [%] measured by
the heat efficiency test for instant water heaters as provided for in Section 6 “Test
Methods” of JIS S2109 shall be applicable.
C) Energy Consumption Efficiency of Gas Water Heaters with Dual Use as Heaters
The energy consumption efficiency of gas water heaters with dual use as heaters
shall be the value (heat efficiency)[%] resulting from subjecting the energy
consumption efficiency of the space heater and hot water supply sections(paragraphs A) and B) above) to the weighted average at a ratio of 1 to 3,
respectively.
(4)

Display items, etc.

Display items for the gas water heaters with space heating functions shall be as
indicated below.

Display items for gas instant water heaters and bath tub gas water

heaters shall be the same as continued from the existing regulations.
A) Display items
Manufacturers shall display the information concerning the energy consumption
efficiency of gas water heaters as follows:(a) Product name or type(b) Category name(c) Energy consumption efficiency(d) Manufacturer’s nameB) Obligations(a) Energy consumption efficiency shall be indicated rounded off to two decimal
places and indicated in percentage.
(b) The display items listed in A) shall be printed in catalogs in which theperformance data is shown, and indicated on the prominent position of the main
unit of the gas water heaters in order not to be easily worn off. Alternatively, theyshall be indicated on metallic or plastic labels affixed to the prominent position of
the main unit in order not to be easily come off.

7

(c) With regard to the above a) and b), for gas water heaters with dual use as heaters,
the energy consumption efficiency measured for each of the space heating
sections and hot water supply sections shall be indicated in catalogs in which
performance data is shown, in addition to the above mentioned energy
consumption efficiency in (a).
IV. Recommendations for Energy Conservation
1.

Efforts by Users(1)

Users should try to choose gas and oil powered equipment that have a high degreeof energy consumption efficiency and make every effort to use the equipment
appropriately and efficiently, thereby reducing energy consumption.

(2)

To specifically mention, unvented space heaters were excluded from the scope due
to technical reasons. They are used by many households and have a high degree ofheat efficiency of nearly 100%, but the fuel consumption depends largely on theheat insulation efficiency and the airtightness of the room. Therefore, users
should make every effort to reduce the energy consumption when using unvented
space heaters by trying to improve the heat insulation and the airtightness of theroom to the extent possible while ensuring appropriate ventilation.

2.

Efforts by Vendors(1)

Vendors should try to use “Energy Saving Labels” and provide appropriate
information that may help users choose gas and oil powered equipment that havea high degree of energy consumption efficiency, while making effort to market theequipment that have a high degree of energy consumption efficiency.

In addition,

when implementing Energy Saving Labels, vendors should try to make such labels
easy for users to understand and not misleading.
(2)

To provide appropriate information at storefronts, vendors should make every
effort to collect information about the energy conservation properties of gas and oil
powered equipment and to promote education for sales personnel.

(3)

Those who sell built-in type gas and oil powered equipment for buildings such as
housing complex should also make every effort to select and install the gas and oil
powered equipment that have a high degree of energy consumption efficiency.
Therefore, those who sell built-in type gas and oil powered equipment forbuildings should make an effort to realize the energy efficiency for residents of8

such buildings as a result of using highly efficient gas and oil powered equipment.
3.

Efforts by Manufacturers(1)

Manufacturers should make every effort to promote the development of technology
for the energy conservation of gas and oil powered equipment and develop highly
energy efficient products.

(2)

To increase the diffusion rate of gas and oil powered equipment that have a highdegree of energy consumption efficiency, manufacturers should use “Energy
Saving Labels” and provide appropriate information that may help users choose
gas and oil powered equipment that are highly efficient in terms of energy
consumption. In addition, when implementing Energy Saving Labels, vendors
should try to make the labels easy for users to understand and not misleading.

(3)

Manufacturers should make every effort to reduce the power consumption of gas
and oil powered equipment. In addition, the Japan Industrial Association of Gas
and Kerosene Appliances should periodically publish the progress and result ofvoluntary activities in the industry to ensure the success of such activities.

4.

Efforts by the Government(1)

To increase the diffusion rate of highly efficient gas and oil powered equipment,
the government should make every effort to take measures such as politicalsupport and promotion, which are necessary for facilitating efforts by users andmanufacturers.

(2)

The government should try to grasp the information display status made by
manufacturers on both a periodic and an on-going manner and implement
appropriate laws so that accurate and easy-to-understand information about
energy consumption efficiency can be provided for users.

(3)

The government should take advantage of appropriate opportunities tointernationally disseminate energy conservation regulations based on the Top
Runner Program as this program is very effective method to promote the energy
conservation of appliances.

9

Attachment 1
Overview of Appliances Considered to be Included to the Scope○

Unvented space heaters
An unvented space heater is one that makes use of the air inside the room andreleases the gas burned into the room to warm the air by the heat of combustion.

○

Gas burners with grills
A gas burner with grills is a cooking appliance designed to combine gas burners

with a gas grill that has a front door.

A burner is an appliance used for cooking withheat that is designed to allow such cookware as pans and kettles to be placed over theburners.

A grill is an appliance designed to cook food mainly with radiant heat byplacing the food on a wire-mesh grill installed above or below the burner.

“Burner section”“Grill section”

10○

Gas oven
A gas oven is an appliance that has a front door with a glass window in it,

designed to cook food mainly with convection heat by placing the food into thecabinet-covered interior.

○

Gas range
A gas range is a cooking appliance designed to combine gas burners or gas burners

with grills with gas ovens.
“Burner section”“Grill section”“Oven section”○

Gas rice cooker
A gas rice cooker is a cooking appliance equipped with a burner inside its casing inwhich an internal pot containing washed rice is set.

11

○

Gas water heater (either for exclusive use for heating or dual use as heaters)
A gas water heater (for exclusive use for heating) is an appliance that heats watersupplied to terminal equipment in order to warm a room via floor heating panels or
warm air blowers using hot water heat exchange. A gas water heater (with dual use asheaters) is an appliance that combines heating functions with water supply functions(including bath functions).
Piping Example (System Chart)

Gas water heater

Kitchen remotecontroller

Bathroom remotecontroller
Bath tub
Floor heating

Overflow pipe
Gas
Water supply
Main valve for heating

Floor heating
remote controller

Floor heating

Circulation adaptor
Hot water supply
Reheating of bathtub water
ReheatingBathroom heater

Heating
Fan coil

Materials courtesy of Rinnai Corporation

12

Attachment 2
Target Fiscal Year, etc. for Gas Cooking Appliances
1.

In general, a significant improvement in the energy consumption efficiency of gas
cooking appliances is made when new models are brought out.

It usually takes five

years or so to develop new gas cooking appliances because a long period of time isrequired for conducting safety and durability testing in particular. It is necessary toarrange the target fiscal year to be set for five years later or so, so that there will be
at least one opportunity for a change in models before the target fiscal year.
As a measure against global warming on the other hand, it is desirable to achieve
the goal as soon as possible so that products that have achieved the target standard
values can be sufficiently popularized during the first pledged period of the Kyoto
Protocol (2008 through 2012), assuming that gas cooking appliances are normallyused for seven years or so.
In view of the above, it is appropriate to set the target fiscal year for gas cooking
appliances, which will be newly included within the scope, to FY 2008, that is, four
years after the standards are set.
2.

With regard to the burner sections of gas cooking appliances, however, the target
fiscal year shall remain to be FY 2006 as provided for in existing laws.

3.

The improvement rates of the energy consumption efficiency of individual sectionsin the target fiscal year are expected to be approximately 27% for the grill sectionand 20% for the oven section on the assumption that there will be no change in thepresent number of products shipped (those actually shipped in FY 2002) and in thecomposition of each category.

Incidentally, energy conservation effects in FY 2010

are calculated to be approximately 46,000 kl on the assumption that products
shipped in Japan in and after the target fiscal year will be replaced with thosehaving achieved the target standard values.
<Outline of Trial Calculations>■Grill section(1)

Energy consumption efficiency of the grill section is calculated based on the actual
value for grills shipped in FY 2002: 317Wh(2)

Energy consumption efficiency of the grill section is calculated based on the target
standard value for grill section to be shipped in the target fiscal year: 230Wh

13

(3)

Improvement rate of energy consumption efficiency of grill section:

317 − 230
× 100 = Approximately 27.4% (Approximately 27%)317
(4)Energy consumption calculated based on the actual use of grill section shipped in
FY 2002: 54,963 kl(5)Energy conservation effects of grill sections in 2010:

54,963 ×

27.4
× 3 (years) = 45,180 kl
100■Oven section(1)

Energy consumption efficiency of the oven sections is calculated based on theactual value for oven sections shipped in FY 2002: 1,049Wh(2)

Energy consumption efficiency of the oven sections is calculated based on thetarget standard value for oven sections to be shipped in the target fiscal year:
836Wh

(3)

Improvement rate of energy consumption efficiency of oven sections:

1049 − 836
× 100 = Approximately 20.3% (Approximately 20%)
1049
(4)

Energy consumption calculated based on the actual use of oven sections shipped in
FY 2002: 605 kl(5)Energy conservation effects of oven sections in 2010:

605 ×

20.3
× 3 (years) = 368 kl
100

14Attachment 3
Target Standard Values and Categories of Gas Cooking Appliances
I. Basic Concept
To promote energy conservation of appliances, it is essential to grasp the energy
consumption efficiency of the appliances on the whole. However, since definitions andmeasuring methods for the energy consumption efficiency of individual functions aredifferent in composite appliances such as gas burners with grills and gas ranges, it isdifficult to evaluate them in a unified manner.
Specifically, the energy consumption efficiency of the burner section is defined interms of heat efficiency [%], while that of the grill and oven sections is defined in termsof energy consumption [Wh]. Taking an example, to evaluate the overall energy
consumption efficiency of a gas burner with grills that consists of burners and a grill, it
is necessary to integrate the heat efficiency [%] of the burner section and the energy
consumption [Wh] of the grill section, taking into account the actual status of the use
and other factors. However, it is very difficult to technically integrate these factors
using an appropriate conversion method. Even if the energy consumption efficiency ofthe burner and grill sections can be integrated and evaluated somehow in a unified
manner, it is questionable what significance it has by integrating values with different
definitions of energy consumption efficiency and it would also lead to complicatedcategorization.

It is highly probable that the resulting standards would be very

difficult for users to understand.
In view of such status for composite appliances, target standard values will be set
for each category per function, such as burner sections, grill sections, and oven sections,and the achievement of such target values will be evaluated per function.
For burners, as manufacturers have been endeavoring to achieve the existingtarget standard value, the category and target standard value for burner sections willremain as they are.
II. Categories for Setting Target Values
Categories for setting target standard values for gas cooking appliances will be set
based on such elements as grill types, cooking methods, and installation types that
influence energy consumption efficiency for each of the functions of burner sections,grill sections, and oven sections.

15

1.

Burner Section
The existing regulations will be applicable.

2.

Grill Section
To set target standard values, grill sections will be divided into the two categories

of either (1) grill type or (2) cooking type, as described below.
(1)

Grill-Type Category
Since the difference between “single-sided” and “double-sided” grills may leadto a significant difference in energy consumption efficiency, these are consideredas different categories (see Figure 1).
A) Single-sided Grill
A type of grills that heats and cooks food such as fish from only one direction
by placing food on the grill inside it.

The person cooking the food needs to checkits condition and turn it over at the appropriate time.
B) Double-sided Grill
A type of grills that heats and cooks food such as fish from two directions byplacing food on the grill inside it.

Usually, this type does not require that the

food be turned over.
(2)

Cooking-Method Category
Since the difference between cooking methods that use water and those that
do not may lead to a significant difference in energy consumption efficiency, these
are considered as different categories (see Figure 2).
A) With Water
A type of grill where food is placed on a wire-mesh grill, underneath which is ametal pan containing water.
B) Without Water
A type of grills that cooks food without water in the grill pan.

3.

Oven Section
To set target standard values, oven sections will be divided into the following

types depending on installation type:(1)

Installation Type Category
Since the difference between “Tabletop or cabinet/stationary type” and“Built-in type” may lead to a significant difference in energy consumption
efficiency, these are considered as different categories (see Figure 3).

16A) Tabletop or cabinet/stationary type
A tabletop type is one that is placed on a table and has a relatively smallinternal volume.

A cabinet/stationary type is one that is placed on a counter orstands on the floor.
B) Built-in TypeA built-in type is one that is built-in such what is known in Japan as theso-called "system kitchen," etc.
4.

Basic Scheme for Setting Categories
In view of the above, the scheme of basic categories will be established as shown in

the tables below.

The number of models falling under each category is also shown

below (based on FY 2002 shipments).
(1)

Gas Cooking Appliances with Grill Section

Category Name
A
B
C
D
(2)

Grill Type

Cooking Method
With Water
Without Water
With Water
Without Water

Single-sided
Double-sided

Number of Models
152
36
14
67

Gas Cooking Appliances with Oven Section

Category NameA
B

Installation Type
Tabletop or cabinet/stationary type
Built-in type

Number of Models
1227

III. Target Standard Value for Each Category
Target standard values will be set for individual functions based on the concept of
the Top Runner Program. The specific concept is as shown below.
1.

Setting Target Standard Values
Since the gas consumption of grill and oven sections is in positive correlation with

their internal volumes*, target standards values (gas consumption) will be expressed ina linear function (formula) with the internal volume as a variable. The specifics of theformula are as shown below.
Since gas cooking appliances are used over a relatively long period of time andthere are not many basic models, the data by the company manufacturing the greatest
number of models is used to determine the correlation between gas consumption andinternal volume.

The inclination of the formula (target standard value) is determinedby applying linear regression using the internal volume as a variable to the value of an17

appliance with excellent energy consumption efficiency according to the company’s data.
Then under this inclination, the formula is set so that the intercept of the formula will
be minimized across all data in each category.

Improvement expected over the period

up to the target fiscal year has no influence on the correlation between gas
consumption and internal volume. Only the Top Runner value is considered for
improvement.

Therefore, target standard values are determined by translating theinitial formula parallel to the downward.
Since no remarkable difference is observed in energy consumption efficiency due
to the difference in gas types between city gas and liquefied petroleum gas, no special
consideration is given to the difference in gas types in setting target standard values.
In deriving the inclination of the formula (target standard value), however, the value
for city gas is used as provided for in the existing regulations to obtain a finercorrelation.
(* (Note) The internal volume of a grill is acquired by multiplying the grill area by the height from thebottom surface of the grill pan to the top of the inlet. The internal volume of an oven is acquired bymultiplying the internal base area by the internal height.)

2.

Room

for

Improving

EnergyConsumption

Efficiency

withTechnological

Improvements in the Future
Technological development for improving the energy consumption efficiency of gas
cooking appliances has just begun on the whole, although there are variations among
manufacturers. In other words, there is still room for improving the efficiency of gas
cooking appliances.
The efficiency of grill sections can be improved by improving the quantity ofradiant heat (reviewing burner and heat panel specifications), internal heat insulation
performance, airtightness, and so forth.

Taking efficiency improvement factors into

account comprehensively, target standard values will be 3% higher than the existing
Top Runner values. For oven sections, target standard values will also be 3% higher
than the existing Top Runner values, taking into account internal heat insulation
performance like that of gas grills.
3.

Specific Target Standard Values for Individual Appliances(1)

Gas Grills
Target standard values for gas grills will be expressed in a linear function(formula) using internal volume as a variable.

Data from the company manufacturing

the greatest number of models is used for determining an inclination for each of the“single-sided” and “double-sided” grill types (see Figure 4).

An intercept is calculated

for each of the “with water” and “without water” types under the above inclination by18

translating the formula parallel to the most effective value for energy consumption
efficiency plus room for improved efficiency (3%) (see Figures 5 through 8).
For gas grills with fans that belong to the category of “double-sided” and “withwater,” only a single model is sold by a single company, and that model is a very special
product that has added an oven function to the grill.

The correlation between its

actual cooking performance and the evaluation using copper blocks is not clear.

If theenergy consumption efficiency of that model were to be used as the Top Runner values
in the category of “double-sided” and “with water,” it is highly probable that it would
greatly distort the product market of that category.

Therefore, the energy

consumption efficiency of those gas grills with fans is excluded as a special productwhen setting the target standard value for that category (see Figure 7).
As a result of the above, specific categories and target standard values for grill sections
are as shown in the table below.
Grill
Type

Cooking Method

Formula for Energy
Consumption Efficiency(Top Runner Value)

Singlesided
Double-sidedWith waterWithout waterWith waterWithout water

E=25.1Vg+127
E=25.1Vg+16.9
E=12.5Vg+177
E=12.5Vg+104

Room for
Improved
Efficiency
[%]
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0

Formula for
TargetStandard
Value
E=25.1Vg+123
E=25.1Vg+16.4
E=12.5Vg+172
E=12.5Vg+101

E: Energy consumption efficiency [Wh]Vg: Internal volume [l](2)Gas Ovens
Target standard values for gas ovens will be expressed in a linear function(formula) using internal volume as a variable.

Data from the company manufacturing

the greatest number of models is used for determining a single inclination (see Figure
9).

An intercept is calculated for each of the “Tabletop or cabinet/stationary” and“built-in type” under the above inclination by translating the formula parallel to themost effective value for energy consumption efficiency plus room for improved
efficiency (3%) (see Figures 10 and 11).
The majority of gas ovens belong to the forced convection type. Therefore, if theenergy consumption efficiency of gas ovens that belong to the natural convection typewas used as the Top Runner value in the category of “Tabletop or cabinet/stationary
type,” it is very likely to distort the product market of that category, because productsthat belong to the forced convection type would not be able to exist. Therefore, theenergy consumption efficiency of natural convection gas ovens is excluded as a special
product when setting the target standard value for that category (see Figure 10).

19

As a result of the above, specific categories and target standard values for oven sections
are as shown in the table below.
Installation Type
Tabletop or
cabinet/stationary
Built-in type

Formula for Energy
Consumption Efficiency(Top Runner Value)

Room for Improved
Efficiency[%]

Formula for
Target Standard
Value

E=18.6Vo+316

3.0

E=18.6Vo+306

E=18.6Vo+85.9

3.0

E=18.6Vo+83.3

E: Energy consumption efficiency [Wh]
Vo: Internal volume [l]20Energy Consumption Efficiency [Wh]

(Reference)

Single-sided
Double-sided

Internal Volume [L]Energy Consumption Efficiency [Wh]Figure 1: Internal Volume – Energy Consumption Efficiency (Grill Section)

With waterWithout
water

Internal Volume [L]Figure 2: Internal Volume – Energy Consumption Efficiency (Grill Section)21

Energy Consumption Efficiency [Wh]

Tabletop
type
Built-intype
Cabinet/stationary typeInternal Volume [L]Energy Consumption Efficiency [Wh]Figure 3: Internal Volume – Energy Consumption Efficiency (Oven Section)

Single-sided with waterSingle sided without water
Double-sided with water
Double-sided without waterInternal Volume [L]Figure 4: Internal Volume – Energy Consumption Efficiency (Grill Section)

22

Energy Consumption Efficiency [Wh]Top Runnervalue

Targetstandard
value

Internal Volume [L]Figure 5: Internal Volume – Energy Consumption Efficiency (Grill Section)

Energy Consumption Efficiency [Wh](Single-sided with water)

Internal Volume [L]Figure 6: Internal Volume – Energy Consumption Efficiency (Grill Section)(Single-sided without water)

23

Energy Consumption Efficiency [Wh]Special productInternal Volume [L]Figure 7: Internal Volume – Energy Consumption Efficiency (Grill Section)

Energy Consumption Efficiency [Wh]

(Double-sided with water)

Internal Volume [L]Figure 8: Internal Volume – Energy Consumption Efficiency (Grill Section)(Double-sided without water)

24

Energy Consumption Efficiency [Wh]

Tabletop
type
Built-intype
Cabinet/stationary
type

Internal Volume [L]Energy Consumption Efficiency [Wh]Figure 9: Internal Volume – Energy Consumption Efficiency (Oven Section)

Special productInternal Volume [L]Figure 10: Internal Volume – Energy Consumption Efficiency (Oven
Section) (Tabletop and Cabinet/stationary type)25

Energy Consumption Efficiency [Wh]Internal Volume [L]Figure 11: Internal Volume – Energy Consumption Efficiency (Oven Section)(Built-in Type)26

Attachment 4
Energy Consumption Efficiency of Gas Cooking Appliances and the Measuring Method
I. Basic Concept
The energy consumption efficiency of the grill and oven sections of gas cooking
appliances and the measuring methods is being deliberated based on the results of theexaminations by the “Study Meeting on Energy Consumption Efficiency Measuring
Methods for Heat Cooking Appliances”. The meeting was chaired by Mr. Toshihisa
Ueda, Professor, Department of Science and Technology, Keio University) and was set
up in the Energy Conservation Center, Japan.
A gas grill is an appliance into which food is placed into its interior at room
temperature and the food is then cooked mainly with radiant heat. Thus, its energy
consumption efficiency is defined in terms of the volume of gas consumed to give thequantity of heat necessary for cooking the object (food). A copper block is used as a
specific measuring method as the object to be heated that has a calorific value
equivalent to that of a horse mackerel (fish), a commonly cooked type of food.

The gasconsumption to raise the temperature of that block by 100K is measured.
A gas oven is an appliance that is first preheated and then food is placed into its
interior and the food is cooked mainly by convection heat as the inside of the oven is
maintained at a stable temperature. Thus, its energy consumption efficiency is definedin terms of the gas consumption to maintain a stable internal temperature.

The gasconsumption is measured to raise the temperature of the empty interior by 180K andmaintain it for 20 minutes is measured as a specific measuring method.
The above-mentioned two measuring methods are designed to evaluate the energy
conservation performance of appliances, taking into account the heat absorption
characteristics of the actual food cooked, the heat insulation performance of theappliance, and so forth.

Cooking performance, such as the taste and finishing statusof the food heated and cooked, is not necessarily taken into account.
II. Specific Measuring Method
1.

Grill section
The energy consumption efficiency of grill sections and the measuring method are

as described below.
(1)

In measuring energy consumption efficiency, a block as specified in (2) will be usedas the object to be heated.

27

(2)

The specifications for the block are as shown below.

A) Material: Copper equivalent to C1020 of JIS H3100 (Copper and Copper Alloy
Plates and Bars)+0.15B) Dimension: 180±0.1mm, 70±0.1mm, 20 0mmC) Surface: Coated with flat black heat-resistant paint.
D) Thermocouple: Make a groove 1.0 mm wide and 1.1 mm deep on the surface ofthe block up to its geometric center.

Embed a thermocouple into the groove andsolder the top surface. Make a hole 1.1 mm in diameter and 10 mm deep at thegeometric center of the block.

Embed the tip of the thermocouple into the holeuntil it reaches the bottom of the hole, and fix it into place with solder.

Use athermocouple of “Type: K, Wire Diameter: 1.00 mm” as stipulated in JIS C1602(Thermocouple) (see Figure 1).
(3)

Keep the temperature and humidity of the test room at 20±5°C and 65±20%,respectively.

Measure the internal atmospheric conditions and temperature of

the test room in accordance with “2.1 Test Room Conditions” of JIS S2093 (Test
Methods for Home-Use Gas Combustion Appliances).
(4)

Measure gas consumption under the conditions specified in (1) Conditions ofAppliances and (2) Test Conditions of 1. Measuring Gas Consumption of “Table 5:
Gas Consumption Testing” of “6. Gas Consumption Testing” of JIS S2093.

(5)

Keep the temperature of the block and grill interior before the test at 20±5°C.

(6)Adjust the appliance settings in accordance with the provision of “Raising
Temperature under Normal Circumstances (Each Section of Appliance)” of “Table
4: Performance and Test Methods” of JIS S2103.

(7)

Place the block at the geometric center of the grill, provided, however, that in thecase that the user manual specifies a particular position to place the fish, thenplace the block into that specified position.

(8)

The volume of gas is adjusted to the maximum.

(9)

Energy consumption efficiency [Wh] is the value calculated based on the following
formula after measuring the gas consumption actually consumed as V [m3] toraise the temperature of the block by 100k.

Ｅ=(Ｂ+Ｐm −Ｓ)1000
273
× Ｖ × Ｑ×
×
3.6
101.3
273 +ｔg

where E: Energy consumption efficiency [Wh]
V: Volume of gas actually consumed [m3]
Q: Total calorific value of gas used [MJ/m3N]
B: Atmospheric pressure at the time of measurement [kPa]28

Pm: Gas pressure in the gas meter at the time of measurement [kPa]
S: Saturated vapor pressure at a temperature of tg°C [kPa]tg: Gas temperature in the gas meter at the time of measurement [°C]

180±0.1

70±0.1

Groove width: 1.0, depth: 1.1

K-Type thermocouple φ1.00(1)90

K-Type thermocouple φ1.00

10

20

＋0.15
0

(1)

Figure 1: Thermocouple Installation

2. Oven Section
The energy consumption efficiency of oven sections and the measuring method are
as described below.
(1)

Install a globe thermometer (thermocouple for measuring oven temperature as
stipulated in table 4 of JIS S2103) at the geometric center of the oven interior (seeFigure 2).

(2)

Keep the temperature and humidity of the test room at 20±5°C and 65±20%,respectively. Measure the atmospheric conditions and temperature of the test
room in accordance with “2.1 Test Room Conditions” of JIS S2093.

(3)

Use power supply conditions in accordance with “2.3 Power Supply Conditions” of
JIS S2093.

(4)

Keep the temperature of the oven interior before the test at 20±5°C.

(5)Measure gas consumption under the conditions specified in (1) Conditions ofAppliances and (2) Test Conditions of 1. Measuring Gas Consumption of “Table 5:
Gas Consumption Testing” of “6. Gas Consumption Testing” of JIS S2093.

29

(6)

Adjust the appliance settings in accordance with the provision of “Raising
Temperature under Normal Circumstances (Each Section of Appliance)” of “Table
4: Performance and Test Methods” of JIS S2103.

(7)

Energy consumption efficiency is indicated as E [Wh]. Use the measured gas
consumption actually consumed to raise the temperature of the oven interior by
180k as V1 [m3].

Use the measured volume of gas actually consumed to maintainthe status for 20 minutes as V2 [m3].

Convert the sum of V1 and V2 as V [m3] into

energy using the conversion formula used for grills (see 1. (9)) to obtain the value
E (=E1+E2) [Wh] (see Figure 3).
(8)

Depending on the model, however, it may be difficult to maintain theabove-mentioned temperature due to its temperature setting mechanism.

Insuch a case in principle, measure two threshold temperatures between which thetemperature raised from the initial temperature by 180K lies and the volume ofgas consumed, and calculate energy consumption efficiency using the value used
to calculate, by means of linear interpolation, the volume of gas consumed to raise
the initial temperature by 180K.

Globe
thermometer

Plate

Figure 2: Globe Thermometer Installation30

(20 minutes)

Figure 3: Measuring Method of Energy Consumption Efficiency for Gas Ovens

31

Attachment 5
Target Fiscal Year, etc. for Gas Water Heaters (with Space Heating Functions)
1.

In general, a significant improvement in the energy consumption efficiency of gas

water heaters (with space heating functions) is made when new models are brought out.
It usually takes five years or so to develop new gas water heaters because a long periodof time is required for conducting safety and durability testing in particular. Thus, it isnecessary to arrange the target fiscal year to be set for five years later or so, so that
there will be at least one opportunity for a change in models before the target fiscal
year.
As a measure against global warming on the other hand, it is desirable to achieve
the goal as soon as possible. Therefore, products that have achieved the target
standard values can be sufficiently popularized during the first pledged period of the
Kyoto Protocol (2008 through 2012) based on the assumption that gas water heaters
are normally used for seven years or so.
In view of the above, it is appropriate to set the target fiscal year for gas water
heaters (with space heating functions), which will be newly added to the scope, to FY
2008, that is, four years after the standards are set.
2.

With regard to gas instant water heaters and bath tub gas water heaters, however,

the target fiscal year shall remain to be FY 2006 as provided for in existing laws.
3.

The improvement rates of the energy consumption efficiency in the target fiscal

year are expected to be approximately 3.3% for gas water heaters used exclusively as
space heaters and 1.1% for gas water heaters with dual use as heaters. This is on theassumption that there will be no change in the present number of products shipped(those actually shipped in FY 2002) and in the composition of each category.
Incidentally, energy conservation effects in FY 2010 are calculated to be approximately
7,000 kl on the assumption that products shipped in Japan in and after the target
fiscal year will be replaced with those having achieved the target standard values.
<Outline of Trial Calculations>■Gas water heaters used exclusively as space heaters(1)

Energy consumption efficiency calculated based on the actual value for gas
water heaters used exclusively as space heaters shipped in FY 2002: 80.7%(2)Target standard value for gas water heaters used exclusively as space heaters
to be shipped in the target fiscal year: 83.4%

32

(3)

Improvement rate of the energy consumption efficiency of gas water heaters
used exclusively as space heaters:(83.4 − 80.7)
× 100 = Approximately 3.3%
80.7
(4)

Energy consumption calculated based on the actual use of gas water heaters
used exclusively as space heaters shipped in FY 2002: 13,650 kl(5)Energy conservation effects of gas water heaters used exclusively as spaceheaters in 2010:

13,650 ×(83.4 − 80.7)
× 3 (years) = 1,326kl
83.4■Gas water heaters with dual use as heaters(1)

Energy consumption efficiency calculated based on the actual value for gas
water heaters with dual use as heaters shipped in FY 2002: 82.1%(2)

Target standard value for gas water heaters with dual use as heaters to be
shipped in the target fiscal year: 83.0%(3)

Improvement rate of the energy consumption efficiency of gas water heaters
with dual use as heaters:(83.0 − 82.1)
× 100 = Approximately 1.1%
82.1
(4)

Energy consumption calculated based on the actual use of gas water heaters
with dual use as heaters shipped in FY 2002: 175,243 kl(5)Energy conservation effects of gas water heaters with dual use as heaters in2010:

175,243 ×(83.0 − 82.1)
× 3 (years) = 5,700 kl
83.0

33

Attachment 6
Target Standard Values and Categories of Gas Water Heaters (with Space Heating
Functions)
I. Basic Concept
The energy consumption efficiency of gas water heaters is measured in terms ofheat efficiency [%] same as other gas water heaters. There are two types of water
heating systems: heating with gas burners (direct heating) and liquid-to-liquid heatingwith heat exchangers (indirect heating).

The energy consumption efficiency of gas

water heaters is considered for both direct and indirect heating systems.
The energy consumption efficiency of gas water heaters other than those used
exclusively as space heaters is defined as a value, which is obtained by integrating, at a
certain ratio, energy consumption efficiency measured for individual functions, namely
the space heating function and hot water supply function, in a way similar to theapproach to bath tub gas water heaters (with hot water supply functions) that havealready been included in the scope under the existing regulations.

Moreover, the heatefficiency of the bath section is not taken into account because of the following reasons:(1)

The majority of gas water heaters have structures in which the heat efficiency ofthe bath section is improved as a consequence of improving the heat efficiency of the
hot water supply section, and(2)

The existing measuring method is not applicable to a very special model (a single

model manufactured by a single company) that uses the same heat exchanger for the
hot water supply section and the bath section for direct heating.
For gas water heaters without space heating functions (gas instant water heaters
and bath tub gas water heaters), as manufacturers have been endeavoring to achieve
the existing target standard values, these categories and target standard values willremain the same as continued from the current regulations.
Based on the functions of space heating, hot water supply, and bath sections, gas
water heaters can be classified as shown below.

34

1.

Gas water heaters used exclusively as space heaters

Pump

Ｐ

Burner(direct
heating)Space
heating

2. Gas water heaters with dual use as heatersA.

One chamber with two flow channels

B.

Two chambers with two flow channels

Liquid-to-liquid heatexchanger(indirect heating)

Ｐ
Ｐ
Space
heating

Hot water
supplyHot water
supplySpace
heating

3. Gas water heaters with triple use as heating, hot water supply, and bathsA.

Two chambers with three flow channels

Ｐ
Hot water
supplyB.

Two chambers with three flow channels

ＰSpace
heatingＰ
Hot water
supply

Bath

35

Bath

Ｐ
Space
heatingC.

Two chambers with two flow channels

Ｐ
Hot water
supplyD.

Bath(adding
hot water)Space
heating

One chamber with three flow channels

E.

One chamber with two flow channels

Ｐ

Ｐ
Ｐ
Space
heating

Hot water
supplySpace
heating

Bath

Hot water
supplyBath(adding
hot water)

II. Categories for Setting Target Values
Considering the above classifications provided for in I. and that the heat efficiency
of bath sections is not taken into account, categories for setting target standard values
for gas water heaters can be integrated into two categories as shown below.
Specifically, they are divided into gas water heaters used exclusively as spaceheaters (Category A) and gas water heaters with dual use as heaters (Category B).

36

Category A: Gas water heaters used exclusively as space heaters
One chamber with
one flow channel

Ｐ

Burner(direct
heating)ＰSpace
heating

Category B: Gas water heaters with dual use as heaters
One chamber with two flow channels

One chamber with three flow channels

Ｐ

One chamber with two flow channels
Hot water
supplySpace
heatingＰ
Hot water
supplySpace
heating37

Two chambers with
two flow channels

Two chambers withthree flow channels

Two chambers withthree flow channels

Two chambers with
two flow channels

In view of the above, the basic scheme for categorization will be set as shown in
the table below.

The number of models falling under each category is also shown

below (based on shipments in FY 2002).
Category
NameAB

Gas Water Heater Type
Used exclusively as space heaters
Gas water heaters with dual use as heaters

Number of Models
19114

Note 1: Gas water heaters with dual use as heaters include those that are also used for bath tub gas
water heaters.

III. Target Standard Value for Each Category
Target standard values will be set for individual functions based on the concept of
the Top Runner Program. The specific concept is as shown below.
1.

Setting Target Standard Values
No special correlation can be observed between the heat efficiency of the spaceheating section and the hot water supply section and the indicated gas consumption(see Figure 1).

Thus, target standard values (heat efficiency) are indicated in absolutevalues.
The energy consumption efficiency of gas water heaters with dual use as heaters
is subjected to the weighted average of the heat efficiency of the space heating section
and the hot water supply section based on the ratio of the average of the indicated gas
consumption of the space heating section to that of the hot water supply section in away similar to the existing approach to the energy consumption efficiency of bath tub
gas water heaters (with hot water supply functions). Specifically, from the datacollected (by the Japan Industrial Association of Gas and Kerosene Appliances) for this
deliberation, the average value of the indicated gas consumption of the space heating
section and that of the hot water supply section are 15.3 kW and 45.3 kW, respectively.
The resulting ratio is approximately 1 to 3. Incidentally, as a result of calculating
annual energy consumption under the average operating conditions of those who own
gas water heaters with dual use as heaters based on the questionnaire survey on theactual use of gas water heaters, which was conducted by the Energy Conservation
Center, Japan, the annual energy consumption of the space heating section and the hotwater supply section is 2,925 kWh/year and 10,123 kWh/year, respectively. The ratio is
approximately 1 to 3.5 (see Reference 1).

It is therefore considered appropriate to use

the ratio of average values for indicated gas consumption so as to ensure consistency
with the existing regulations and reflect the actual use. Thus, the energy consumption
efficiency of gas water heaters with dual use as heaters shall be the value subjected to38the weighted average using the heat efficiency of the space heating section and the hotwater supply section at the ratio of 1 to 3.
In addition, since no remarkable difference can be observed in energy
consumption efficiency due to the difference in gas types between city gas and liquefied
petroleum gas, no special consideration is given to the difference in gas types in setting
target standard values (see Figure 2).
2.

Room

for

Improving

EnergyConsumption

Efficiency

withTechnological

Advancements in the Future
Technological development for improving the energy consumption efficiency of gas
water heaters has just begun, although there are variations among manufacturers.

Inother words, there is still room for improving the efficiency of gas water heaters on thewhole. Specifically, the efficiency of gas water heaters can be improved by improving
heat exchangers (with improved fins in heat exchange sections), combustion fans (withimproved air ratios) and so forth.
In Category B, there are models that collect latent heat. Although there may be
a significant difference in energy consumption efficiency between those which collect“sensible heat” and those that collect “latent heat,” these will not be separated because
latent heat collecting models are considered as being ordinary sensible heat collecting
models to which new energy conservation technology has been added.

On the other

hand, since latent heat collecting models have adopted new energy conservation
technology, their prices are considerably higher than those of sensible heat collecting
models. If the energy consumption efficiency of latent heat collecting models were to be
used as the Top Runner value in setting target standard values, it is highly probablethat it would greatly distort the product market because sensible heat collecting
models that are widely used presently would not be able to exist in the future.
Accordingly, the energy consumption efficiency of latent heat collecting models is
excluded as a special product when setting the target standard value for that category.
However, the energy consumption efficiency of latent heat collecting models is includedin the existing Top Runner values as a factor for raising target standard values becauseof technological advancements expected in the future.

Specifically, energy

consumption efficiency is expected to improve, taking into account the ratio of latent
heat collecting models to be shipped in the target fiscal year to the total number ofmodels to be shipped in that year.
In view of the above, in determining target standard values, a 0.2% improvementin the energy consumption efficiency of gas water heaters used exclusively as spaceheaters and a 0.5% improvement in the energy consumption efficiency of gas water
heaters with dual use as space heaters (of the improvement, 0.3% is resulted from the39diffusion of the latent heat collecting models) will be added to the current Top Runnervalues taking into account the future technological advancements
3.

Specific Target Standard Values for Individual Categories(1)

Category A
The target standard value for Category A shall be the most effective value inenergy consumption efficiency. The above mentioned improved efficiency (0.2%) should
be considered for the value (see Figures 4 and 5).
(2)Category B
The target standard value for Category B shall be the most effective value inenergy consumption efficiency. The above mentioned improved efficiency (0.5%) should
be considered for the value.
As to the Top Runner value for hot water supply sections, manufacturers havebeen endeavoring to achieve the existing target standard value.

Therefore, in setting

the Top Runner value, the target standard value (82.0%) for gas water heaters in
Category D (gas instant water heaters: forced ventilation type and outdoor type) will be
used as the heat efficiency of hot water supply sections, as provided for in the existing
regulations (see Figures 6 through 8).
Since no significant difference can be observed in energy consumption efficiency
due to the difference between “indoor or direct vent type” and “outdoor type,” thesetypes are not divided into individual category (see Figure 9).
As a result of the above, specific categories and target standard values are asshown in the table below.
Category NameGas Water
Heater TypeA

Used exclusively
as space heatersB

Gas waterheaters with dual
use as heaters

Top Runner Value [%]Space
Hot Water
Heating
SupplySections
Sections
83.2

83.8

-

82.0

40

Total

Improved Efficiency[%]

TargetStandard
Value
[%]

83.2

0.2

83.4

82.5

0.5
(Of theimprovement, 0.3 %is resulted from thediffusion of thelatent heatcollecting models)

83.0

(Reference 1)
Concept behind Integrating the Energy Consumption Efficiency of Gas Water Heaters
with Dual Use as Heaters
With regard to gas water heaters with dual use as heaters, it is necessary toevaluate the heat efficiency of each of space heating sections and the hot water supply
sections and integrate the results to determine the energy consumption efficiency.
Here, methods are compared and examined in which the weighted average iscalculated using annual energy consumption ratios.
1.

Energy consumption of the space heating section of a gas water heater with dual
use as a heater: 2,925 [kWh/year]
The energy consumption of the space heating section is calculated by adding up

each of the annual energy consumption for each function mainly used, namely floor
heating, fan coil, panel heater, and bathroom heating.
○Floor heating: 230 [kcal/mat] x 11.2 [mats] x 0.8 (overlay rate) x 0.6 (operationrate) x 7.1 [h/day] x 194.5 [days/year] x 54.5/100 (use rate) / 860 (calorific value
conversion factor) / 0.8 (heat efficiency)○

Fan coil: 2.9/6 [kW/mat] x 5.7 [h/day] x 9.8 [mats] x 0.6 (operation rate) x 194.5[days/year] x 14.3/100 (use rate) / 0.8 (heat efficiency)○

Panel heater: 2.9/6 [kW/mat] x 6.0 [h/day] x 6.4 [mats] x 0.6 (operation rate) x
194.5 [days/year] x 5.2/100 (use rate) / 0.8 (heat efficiency)○

Bathroom heating: 3.5 [kW] x 2.6 [h/day] x 0.6 (operation rate) x 194.5 [days/year]
x 65.4/100 (use rate) / 0.8 (heat efficiency)

2.

Energy consumption of the hot water supply section of a gas water heater withdual use as a heater: 10,123 [kWh/year]
The energy consumption of the hot water supply section is divided into its mainly
used functions, namely kitchen, washbasin, shower, and bath.

Since the actual use

varies depending on the season, annual energy consumption is obtained by adding up
the energy consumption calculated for spring, summer, fall, and winter.
○

Kitchen (spring and fall): (38-15) [°C] x 5 [L/min] x 65.5 [min/day] x 170 [days/year]/ 860 (calorific value conversion factor) / 0.8 (heat efficiency)○

Kitchen (winter): (38-8) [°C] x 5 [L/min] x 65.5 [min/day] x 84.2 [days/year] / 860(calorific value conversion factor) / 0.8 (heat efficiency)○

Wash-basin (spring and fall): (38-15) [°C] x 5 [L/min] x 41.5 [min/day] x 139.8

41

[days/year] / 860 (calorific value conversion factor) / 0.8 (heat efficiency)○

Wash-basin (winter): (38-8) [°C] x 5 [L/min] x 41.5 [min/day] x 90 [days/year] / 860(calorific value conversion factor) / 0.8 (heat efficiency)○

Shower (spring and fall): (42-15) [°C] x 10 [L/min] x 25.7 [min/day] x 163.5[days/year] / 860 (calorific value conversion factor) / 0.8 (heat efficiency)○

Shower (summer): (42-20) [°C] x 10 [L/min] x 25.7 [min/day] x 81 [days/year] / 860(calorific value conversion factor) / 0.8 (heat efficiency)○

Shower (winter): (42-8) [°C] x 10 [L/min] x 25.7 [min/day] x 81 [days/year] / 860(calorific value conversion factor) / 0.8 (heat efficiency)○

Bath (spring and fall): (42-15) [°C] x 180 [L] x 5.3/7 [times/day] x 180 [days/year] /860 (calorific value conversion factor) / 0.8 (heat efficiency)○

Bath (summer): (42-20) [°C] x 180 [L] x 4.3/7 [times/day] x 90 [days/year] / 860(calorific value conversion factor) / 0.8 (heat efficiency)○

Bath (winter): (42-8) [°C] x 180 [L] x 5.7/7 [times/day] x 90 [days/year] / 860(calorific value conversion factor) / 0.8 (heat efficiency)

3.

Integration Ratio
Based on the above, the integration ratio of the space heating section and the hotwater supply section is shown as below.
Space heating section: hot water supply section = 2,925 : 10,123 ≒ 1 : 3.5

42

Heat Efficiency [%](Reference 2)

Indicated Gas Consumption [kW]Heat efficiency [%]Figure 1: Heat Efficiency Distribution Map

City gas
LP gasIndicated Gas Consumption [kW]Figure 2: Distribution Map by Gas Type43

Heat efficiency [%]○Sensible heatcollection▲Latent heatcollection

Indicated Gas Consumption [kW]Figure 3: Distribution Map by Collection Type in Category B

Heat efficiency [%]Figure 4: Thermal Efficiency in Category A

Indicated Gas Consumption [kW]Figure 4: Heat efficiency in Category A

44

Heat efficiency [%]Target standard value

Top Runner value

Indicated Gas Consumption [kW]Heat efficiency of Space Heating Section [%]Figure 5: Target Standard Value for Category A

Specialproduct

Indicated Gas Consumption [kW]Figure 6: Heat Efficiency of Space Heating Section in Category B

45

Heat efficiency of Hot Water Supply Section [%]Specialproducts

Indicated Gas Consumption [kW]Figure 7: Heat Efficiency of Hot Water Supply Section in Category B

Heat efficiency [%]Specialproducts
Target standard value

Top Runner value

Indicated Gas Consumption [kW]Figure 8: Target Standard Value for Category B

46

Heat efficiency [%]○ Indoor type or direct
vent type▲ Outdoor type

Indicated Gas Consumption [kW]Figure 9: Distribution Map by Installation Type47

Attachment 7
Energy Consumption Efficiency of Gas Water Heaters and the Measuring Method
I. Basic Concept
The energy consumption efficiency of the space heating section of gas water
heaters is expressed in terms of heat efficiency [%] measured according to the method
described in II below, which has been drafted based on “3.13 Heat Efficiency Testing ofSpace Heating Performance” of JIA C005-99 (Rules for Inspecting Gas Heaters forSpace Heating” developed by the Japan Gas Appliances Inspection Association, since nomeasuring methods have been established by JIS.
The energy consumption efficiency of the hot water supply section is expressed interms of heat efficiency [%] measured by the heat efficiency testing of instant water
heaters as specified in “6. Test Methods” of JIS S2109, the same is applied to theexisting gas instant water heaters.
In addition, the energy consumption efficiency of gas water heaters with dual use
as heaters shall be the value subjected to the weighted average using the heatefficiency of the space heating section and hot water supply sections at the ratio of 1 to
3.
II. Specific Measuring Method
The energy consumption efficiency of the space heating section of gas water
heaters shall be the heat efficiency [%] measured as described below:(1)

Keep the temperature and humidity of the test room at 20±5°C and 65±20%,respectively.

Measure the internal atmospheric conditions and temperature of

the test room in accordance with “2.1 Test Room Conditions” of JIS S2093 (Test
Methods for Home-Use Gas Combustion Appliances).
(2)

Connect the appliance as shown in Figure 1. The appliance shall be installed as
specified by the manufacturer thereof (as specified in the user manual, etc.) except
when test results are not affected by installation status.

(3)

The length of the air supply and exhaust tubes of an indoor type gas water heater
other than outdoor types shall be the shortest length specified in the user manual.

(4)

The hot water circulation channel connecting the appliance with the heatexchanger and the circulation flow control valve shall be insulated with heatinsulating materials (heat insulators).

(5)

The points for measuring the temperature of return and forward circulating hot48

water for space heating shall be set near the return and forward openings of theappliance. The points for measuring the temperature of cooling water at the inlet
and outlet of the heat exchanger shall be set near the inlet and outlet of the heatexchanger.
(6)

Use a plate heat exchanger suitable for the rated output.

Insulate it with heatinsulating materials (heat insulators) as appropriate.
(7)

Measure gas consumption under the conditions specified in (1) Conditions ofAppliances and (2) Test Conditions of 1. Measuring Gas Consumption of “Table 5:
Gas Consumption Testing” of “6. Gas Consumption Testing” of JIS S2093.

(8)

Operate the pump at its maximum capacity.

(9)

Set the temperature of the forward circulating hot water for space heating to
80±3°C (Th1) and control the flow of circulating hot water (V1) and the flow ofcooling water (V2), so that the difference (Th1-Th2) in the temperature of the
return circulating hot water (Th2) and the temperature of the forward circulating
hot water will come between 20K and 30K.

Start measuring after the differencein the temperature of the return circulating hot water and the temperature of theforward circulating hot water is stabilized.

Let the hot water run until the gas

meter revolves more than once in whole numbers.

The heat efficiency calculated

according to the following formula shall be defined as the “high hot water
circulation heat efficiency.” Next, set the temperature of the forward circulating
hot water to 60±3°C and take measurements in a similar way as described above.
The calculated heat efficiency shall be defined as the “low hot water circulation
heat efficiency.”η=

G h・C p (Th 3 − Th 4 )V・Q×

101.3(273 + t g )(B + Pm－S)・273

× 100

whereη: Heat efficiency [%]Gh: Volume of cooling water [kg]Cp: Average specific heat of water ([kJ/ (kg-K)] = 4.19)
Th3: Cooling water outlet temperature [°C]
Th4: Cooling water inlet temperature [°C]
V: Actually measured gas consumption [m3]
Q: Total calorific value of gas [kJ/m3N]
tg: Gas temperature in the gas meter at the time of measurement [°C]
B: Atmospheric pressure at the time of measurement [kPa]Pm: Gas pressure in the gas meter at the time of measurement [kPa]
S: Saturated vapor pressure at temperature tg [°C] [kPa]49

(10) For an appliance using two kinds of circulating water, i.e. high-temperature
circulating water (for indoor space heating) and low-temperature circulating water(for floor heating), the value resulting from simply averaging 1 the values
representing high and low hot water circulation shall be the heat efficiency of thatgas water heater (space heating section). For an appliance using either high or
low-temperature circulating water only, its high or low-water circulation heatefficiency shall be the heat efficiency of that gas water heater (space heating
section).

Space heating return opening
Th2

Gas waterheater
Th1

Th4

V1

Heat insulators

Plate heatexchanger

V2

ScalesCooling water

Th3Space heating
forward opening

Quick open/close valve

Figure 1: Heat Efficiency Test Device (Example)

1

The simple average is used because high and low-temperature circulating water is actually used in
the ratio of approximately one to one.

50

Attachment 8
Progress of Meetings of the Subcommittee on Gas and Oil Powered Equipment
Judgement Criteria, Energy Efficiency Standards Subcommittee, Advisory Committee
for Natural Resources and Energy
1st Subcommittee Meeting (June 11, 2003)- Regarding the disclosure of the Subcommittee on Gas and Oil Powered Equipment
Judgement Criteria- Regarding the results of examining the measuring method for the energy
consumption efficiency of gas and oil powered equipment- Regarding the examination to additionally include items to the Top Runner Program
2nd Subcommittee Meeting (October 7, 2003)- Regarding the applicable scope of gas powered equipment (expanded scope)- Regarding energy consumption efficiency and the measuring method.
- Regarding the integration with the current targeted appliances standards- Regarding the concept behind setting target standard values- Regarding the additional inclusion of gas water heaters (with space heating functions)-Regarding the efforts (scheme) for reducing the power consumption of gas and oil
powered equipment.
3rd Subcommittee Meeting (November 27, 2003)- Regarding the applicable scope of gas cooking appliances (expanded scope)- Regarding the categories and target standard values for gas cooking appliances- Regarding the measuring methods for gas water heaters (with space heating
functions)
4th Subcommittee Meeting (January 29, 2004)- Regarding setting target standard values for gas cooking appliances (composite
appliances)- Regarding the summary of the judgement criteria for gas cooking appliances- Regarding the categories and target standard values for gas water heaters (withspace heating functions)- Regarding the efforts (scheme) for reducing the power consumption of gas and oil
powered equipment
5th Subcommittee Meeting (February 27, 2004)

51

- Regarding the target standard values and target fiscal years for gas water heaters(with space heating functions)- Regarding the interim report
6th Subcommittee Meeting (March 31, 2004)- Comment on the interim report; and regarding the final report52

Attachment 9
List of Members of the Subcommittee on Gas and Oil Powered Equipment Judgement
Criteria, Energy Efficiency Standards Subcommittee, Advisory Committee for Natural
Resources and Energy
Chairperson

Kenichi Aika

Professor, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Scienceand Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Yoshihiko Adachi
Chairman, Engineering Committee, Oil Powered
Equipment Section, Japan Industrial Association of Gas
and Kerosene Appliances
Toshihisa Ueda
Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department of
Science and Technology, Keio University
Shoichiro Ozeki
General Manager, Energy Environment Technology
Division, Energy Conservation Center, Japan
Hideo Kajimura
President, Japan Machinery Importers’ Association (1stmeeting)→Hiroshi Sunohara President, Japan Machinery Importers’ Association (2ndmeeting and thereafter)
Akihito Kanei
Manager, Education Planning Room, Japan Consumers’
Association
Michikata Kawano
Professor, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The
University of Tokyo
Junichi Sato
Director, Combustion Society of Japan
General Manager, Business Planning Department,
Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.
Tsunenori
Member, Technology Development Committee, Japan
Tokumoto
Gas Association
Jun Hama
Superintendent, Department of Energy Utilization,
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology
Junichi Maeda
Chairperson, Engineering Committee, Gas Powered
Equipment Section, Japan Industrial Association of Gas
and Kerosene Appliances
Mitsuyo Mimura
Auditor, Nippon Association of Consumer Specialists
Chiharu Murakoshi Director and Chief of Research Room, Jukankyo
Research Institute, Inc.

53

Reference Material 1
Activities to Reduce the Power Consumption of Gas and Oil Powered Equipment
February 27, 2004
Japan Industrial Association of Gas and Kerosene Appliances
1.

Standby Power Consumption
We hereby report our activities that we will engage in to reduce the standby power

consumption as described below.
We have placed a high degree of significance on and therefore have beenendeavoring to achieve the reduction of the standby power consumption regardless ofwhether or not designated as the specific equipment under the Energy Conservation
Law.

This reduction has already achieved to a certain degree for some gas and oil

powered equipment.
Under the above circumstances, we will further promote the reduction considering
the diversity of users and giving the safety the highest priority.
The electric power for sensors listed below is required to ensure the safety while
taking into account the diversity.
A. For safety monitoring and control functions:
Water level sensors, temperature fuses, water flow switch sensors, gas valve
sensors, power leakage sensors, freeze prevention sensors, pressure sensors, oillevel sensors, CO sensors, etc.
B. To function as power supply for monitoring and control functions:
Microcomputer power circuits, power supply transformer circuits, etc.
C. To retain communication functions:Standby for ON signals from remote controllers, etc.
(1)

Target Products
We will make an effort to reduce the standby power consumption targeted for the

major home-use gas and oil powered equipment that our industry association covers as
follows.
(2)

Target Values
A. Space heaters (Gas and Oil)a) Fan heater: 1W or lessb) Direct vent (FF) type and vented type: 3W or less
B.

Water Heaters (Gas and oil)54a) Main unit: 2W or lessb) Main unit + 1 remote controller: 3W or lessc) Main unit + 2 remote controllers: 4W or lessd) Main unit + 3 remote controllers: 5W or less
The power for remote controllers is supplied from the main unit.
The standby power consumption for the evaporation section of oil water
heaters is required for the equipment to ensure its convenience and theimprovement of its performance. Therefore, the standby power consumption is
excluded from the scope of the above-mentioned target values. We will make aneffort to reduce the power consumption of evaporators by a means such as
introducing energy conservation modes.
C.

Gas cooking appliances: 1W or less(3) Target Fiscal Year: End of FY 20082.

Total Energy Consumption
Regarding the reduction of the power consumption of and appliance during

operation, the “Final Report*” dated April 3, 2002 states that “calculating thepercentage of the power consumption in the total energy consumption of gas and oil
powered equipment resulted in approximately 1%, which is within the range that
constitutes no obstacles in comparing energy consumption efficiency.”
However, to achieve the reduction of the total energy consumption of the applianceis still required. As the criteria defined for the actual use of the equipment have notbeen developed yet, we should examine the actual use modes and make an effort toachieve the reduction of the energy consumption.
*Note: See I-63 of the Final Report (April 3, 2002) by the Subcommittee on Gas and Oil Powered
Equipment Judgement Criteria, Energy Efficiency Standards, Advisory Committee for Resources andEnergy55

Appendix
Simulation of Reducing Standby Power Consumption
2000

2002

591
12,8937,044
6,904
27,431496
10,016
2,849
5,170
18,531Gas Space Heaters
Gas Water Heaters
Oil Space Heaters
Oil Water Heaters
Total(Reduction
Rate from
2000)

Target Fiscal
Year(FY 2008)(16.1)(22.3)(59.6)(25.1)(32.4)

211
7,547
1,384
3,736
12,679(Reduction
Amountfrom 2002)(Reduction
Rate from
2002)

284
2,469
1,464
1,434
5,652

Annual Energy Consumption [kL/year]

30,00025,00020,00010,000
5,000
0

*

2000
2002
Target Fiscal Year

15,000Gas Space
Heaters

Gas Water
Heaters

Oil Space
Heaters

Oil Water
Heaters

Total

The calculation method of crude oil volume for this document: To multiply the
per-appliance standby power consumption by the standby period, the number ofthe units shipped (on the basis of Year 2000), and the crude oil conversion factor.

*[Formula for calculating standby power consumption for each category in terms ofcrude oil volume]
The standby power consumption in terms of crude oil volume [kL/year] = average
standby power consumption [W/appliance] * (365*24-annual operating hours)[h/year] * (1/1000) [kW/W]*the number of appliances shipped in FY 2000* crude
oil conversion factor (0.0930 x 10-3) [kL/kWh]*

The number of appliances shipped: Based on the data (on the basis of Year 2000)
available from the subcommittee on gas and oil powered equipment judgement
criteria in FY 2001.

56(57.4)(24.7)(51.4)(27.7)(30.5)

- Values for Year 2000: Calculated based on the 2000 data of the standby power
consumption survey conducted (by the Energy Conservation Center, Japan) in FY
2000- Values for Year 2002: Calculated based on the data available from the study meetingon energy consumption efficiency measuring methods organized (by the Energy
Conservation Center, Japan) in FY 2002
- Values for the Target Fiscal Year: Calculated by multiplying the target values
proposed here for individual appliances by the number of such appliances shipped inYear 2000.

57

Reference Material 2
Current Status of Domestic Shipment and Energy Consumption
1.

Gas Space Heaters(1) Changes in the Number of Gas Space Heaters Shipped
10,000 units

70
Unvented gas space heaters (forced convection type)

60
50
40
30

Unvented gas space heaters (radiating and natural convection types)

20

Direct vent gas space heaters (forced convection type)

10
0
1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Fiscal Year
(Source) Statistics compiled by the Japan Industrial Association of Gas and Kerosene Appliances

Gas Space Heaters
Unvented gas space heaters(radiating type)
Unvented gas space heaters(natural convection type)
Unvented gas space heaters(forced convection type)
Vented gas space heaters

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

（Ｈ.5）

（Ｈ.6）

（Ｈ.7）

（Ｈ.8）

（Ｈ.9） （Ｈ.10） （Ｈ.11） （Ｈ.12） （Ｈ.13） （Ｈ.14）

496,156 589,490 622,497 652,053 682,462 696,252 655,787 715,275 730,513 650,683

96,351 103,814 99,269 93,166 83,107 63,886 57,737 60,887 58,599 66,159

308,539 385,076 424,155 499,075 561,115 595,580 566,367 622,542 639,063 554,150
-

-

-

-

-

126

303

532

187

504

Direct vent gas space heaters 91,266 100,600 99,073 59,812 38,240 36,660 31,380 31,314 32,664 29,870(forced convection type)(Source) Statistics compiled by the Japan Industrial Association of Gas and Kerosene Appliances(Note) Since no statistics are available on vented gas space heaters because only a small number of such space heaters have been
shipped, the above values are based on the information from manufacturers.

58

(2)

Energy Consumption (Based on Shipments in FY 2002)
In terms ofcrude oil (kL)
原油換算kL
100,000

83,549(80.3)

90,00080,00070,00060,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,000

9,472
(9.1)

181
(0.2)

0
開放式ガスストーブ
開放式ガスストーブ
半密閉式ガスストーブ
VentedUnventedgas space
Unventedgas（放射式・自然対流式）（強制対流式）
gas space heaters
heaters
space heaters(forced convection type)(radiating and natural（出所） 日本ガス石油機器工業会推計
types)（注） convection
括弧内は全体に占める割合（％）

10,881(10.5)

密閉式ガスストーブ
Directvent gas space heaters（強制対流式）(forcedconvection type)(Source) Statistics compiled by the Japan Industrial Association of Gas and Kerosene Appliances(Note) Values in parentheses represent the percentage among the total (%).

59

2. Oil Space Heaters(1) Changes in the Number of Oil Space Heaters Shipped
10,000 units

500

Unvented oil space heaters (evaporation type: natural convection and forced convection types)

450
400
350
300

Unvented oil space heaters (wick type: radiating, natural convection, and forced convection types)

250
200

Vented oil space heaters

150

Direct vent oil space heaters

100
50
0
1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

(Source) Statistics compiled by the Japan Industrial Association of Gas and Kerosene Appliances

Oil space heaters
Unvented oil spaceheaters (wick type:radiating, naturalconvection, and forced
convection types)

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

（Ｈ.5）

（Ｈ.6）

（Ｈ.7）

（Ｈ.8）

（Ｈ.9）

（Ｈ.10）（Ｈ.11）（Ｈ.12）（Ｈ.13）（Ｈ.14）

6,081,911 6,665,758 7,279,952 7,107,024 6,042,563 6,236,088 6,329,474 6,473,044 6,016,075 5,376,058

2,162,710 2,357,786 2,520,269 2,467,301 1,914,190 1,956,208 2,256,579 2,097,750 1,922,177 1,557,630

Unvented oil spaces
heaters(evaporation
type: natural convection
3,431,063 3,827,761 4,291,918 4,162,794 3,723,480 3,912,022 3,725,565 4,035,466 3,752,431 3,492,820
and forced convection
types)
Vented oil space heaters 150,425

131,252

12,575

126,742

113,785

103,803

91,19885,54084,28077,000

Direct vent oil spaceheaters

348,959

342,959

350,187

291,108

264,055

256,132

254,288257,187

248,608

337,713(Source) Statistics compiled by the Japan Industrial Association of Gas and Kerosene Appliances

60

(2)

Energy Consumption (Based on Shipments in FY 2002)
In terms ofcrude oil (kL)
原油換算kL
1,000,000
800,086(66.4)

900,000
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000

286,756(23.8)

200,000

27,928(2.3)

100,000
0
Unvented開放式石油ストーブ
oiloilspace
heaters
Non-vented
spaceheaters(wick type:radiating,type:
radiating,natural（しん式：放射・自然
対流・強制対流）
naturalconvection,
convection,
forced convection types)（出所）and日本ガス石油機器工業会推計（注）

括弧内は全体に占める割合（％）

Unvented
oil
VentedNon-vented
oil
space
Semi-vented
開放式石油ストーブ
半密閉式石油ストーブ
oil space heaters
space
heatersheaters（気化式：自然対流・
強制対流）(evaporation
type:(vaporization
type:natural
naturalconvection and forced
convection types)(Source) Statistics compiled by the Japan Industrial Association of Gas and Kerosene Appliances(Note) Values in parentheses represent the percentage among the total (%)

61

90,313(7.5)

Direct vent
密閉式石油ストーブ
oil space heaters

3. Gas Cooking Appliances(1) Changes in the Number of Gas Cooking Appliances Shipped

10,000 units
600

Gas burners with grills

500
400
300

Portable gas stoves200

Gas rice cookers

100

Gas burners

Gas ovens
Gas ranges
Gas grills
Gas cooking tables

0
1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

Year

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

(Source) Statistics compiled by the Japan Industrial Association of Gas and Kerosene Appliances

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

（Ｈ.5）

（Ｈ.6）

（Ｈ.7）

（Ｈ.8）

（Ｈ.9）

（Ｈ.10）（Ｈ.11）（Ｈ.12）（Ｈ.13）（Ｈ.14）

9,929,084

9,556,534

9,878,798

8,965,137

8,295,636

7,942,905

8,452,182

8,033,290

7,753,298

7,986,950

Gas burners

1,316,407

1,154,948

1,107,765

940,736

881,354803,999

750,594

698,665

622,046

619,800

Gas grills

74,42766,56059,14253,78646,19738,756

17,421

14,984

13,5099,513

Gas ovens

150,092

155,520

149,666

166,846

177,461

174,569

125,624

121,858

106,194

90,453

Gas rice cookers

570,449

604,437

518,033

509,757

500,227

461,475

429,745

413,349

381,157

351,983

Gas cooking tables

24,307

8,072

7,952

6,607

6,267

4,878

6,893

4,451

3,870

2,602

5,470,748

5,645,463

5,546,447

5,443,981

4,986,307

4,663,823

4,728,255

4,790,998

4,624,343

4,471,710

Gas cooking appliances

Gas burners with grill
Gas ranges
Portable gas stoves

56,01165,934

66,48135,30017,715

11,58032,13732,51823,715

17,982

2,266,643

1,855,600

2,423,312

1,808,124

1,680,108

1,783,825

2,361,513

1,956,467

1,978,464

2,422,907

1,490
(0.4)

5,237
(1.4)

(Source) Statistics compiled by the Japan Industrial Association of Gas and Kerosene Appliances(2)

Energy Consumption (Based on Shipments in FY 2002)
In terms ofcrude oil (kL)

原油換算kL500,000
450,000
400,000

342,871(88.8)

350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000030,973
(8.0)

108
(0.0)

505
(0.1)

4,852
(1.3)

114
(0.0)

Gas
Gasガスこんろcooking
Cassette
Portable
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
CookingGasburners ガスレンジ
ガスグリル
ガスオーブン
ガス炊飯器
ガスクッキング
ガスグリル付
カセットこんろgasstoveswithgrillsstovesrangescooking
grillsovens
ricecooking
stoves
with
テーブル
こんろ
Gas burners
stovescookerstablesgas grills（出所） 日本ガス石油機器工業会統計（注） 括弧内は全体に占める割合（％）(
Source) Statistics compiled by the Japan Industrial Association of Gas and Kerosene Appliances(Note) Values in parentheses represent the percentage among the total (%).

62

4.
(1)

Gas Water Heaters
Changes in the Number of Gas Water Heaters Shipped
10,000 units
160
Gas instant water heaters (shut-off on appliance)

140

Bath tub gas water heaters (with hot water supply functions)

120
100

Gas instant water heaters (shut-off at base)

80
60
40

Bath tub gas water heaters (without hot water supply functions)
Gas water heaters for exclusive use as space heaters
Gas water heaters with dual use as heaters

20
0
1993

1994

1995

1996

1997
Year

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

(Source) Statistics compiled by the Japan Industrial Association of Gas and Kerosene
Bath tub gas water heaters (with heat exchangers installed inside bath tubs)
Storage type closed vessel gas water heaters (quick heating type)
Storage type closed vessel gas water heaters (slow heating type)
Storage type closed vessel gas water heaters with normal pressure

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

（Ｈ.5）

（Ｈ.6）

（Ｈ.7）

（Ｈ.8）

（Ｈ.9）

（Ｈ.10）（Ｈ.11）（Ｈ.12）（Ｈ.13）（Ｈ.14）

4,616,349

4,680,494

4,756,955

4,738,188

4,539,878

4,217,406

4,074,069

4,142,477

4,154,612

3,918,312

Gas instant water heaters(shut-off at base)

1,518,865

1,475,767

1,436,031

1,390,701

1,153,959

1,056,210

986,177955,195

883,933

772,984

Gas instant water heaters(shut-off on appliance)

1,449,469

1,453,515

1,446,206

1,428,914

1,457,009

1,353,005

1,370,821

1,380,583

1,428,417

1,366,132

Storage type closed vesselgas water heaters (quick
heating type)

2,619

2,127

1,489

594

648

518

519

425

422

321

Storage type closed vesselgas water heaters (slowheating type)

3,004

2,249

2,680

1,982

1,688

1,262

1,123

896

1,284

229

Storage type closed vesselgas water heaters withnormal pressure

9,460

8,615

7,671

7,222

6,058

4,155

3,446

3,282

3,750

4,503

Bath tub gas water heaters(with heat exchangers
installed inside bath tubs)

132

82

83

47

26

10

0

0

0

0

Bath tub gas water heaters(without hot water supply
functions)

517,565

480,960

487,428

456,945426,349

401,137

402,168

393,858

366,043

321,524

Bath tub gas water heaters(with hot water supply
functions)

1,038,435

1,161,442

1,260,468

1,317,249

1,335,310

1,221,114

1,096,264

1,119,462

1,126,413

1,076,349

Gas water heaters with dual
use as heaters

76,80095,737

114,899

134,534

158,831

179,995

213,551

288,776

344,350

376,270

Gas water heaters(Source) Statistics compiled by the Japan Industrial Association of Gas and Kerosene Appliances

63

(2)

Energy Consumption (Based on Shipments in FY 2002)

In terms ofcrude oil (kL)

原油換算kL500,000

463,641(39.0)

413,300

450,000(34.8)

400,000
350,000
300,000
188,893

250,000(16.0)

200,000
150,000
100,000

79,389(6.7)

41,77365(0.0)

50,000

15

297

(0.0)

0
(0.0)

ガス常圧
Storage
貯蔵湯沸器

ガスふろがまBath tub（内がま形）

(0.0)

(3.5)

0
ガス瞬間湯沸器
ガス貯湯湯沸器
Gas instantガス瞬間湯沸器
Gas
Storage ガス貯湯湯沸器
Storage（元止め）（先止め）（急加熱形）（緩加熱形）

water
instant
heaters
water（出所） 日本ガス石油機器工業会統計(shut-off atheaters（注） 括弧内は全体に占める割合（％）base)(shut-offonappliance)

type closed
vessel gas
water
heaters(quickheating
type)

type closed
vessel gas
water
heaters(slow
heating
type)

type
closedvesselgas
water
heaterswithnormalpressuregas waterheaters(with heatexchangers
installed
inside bathtubs)

ガスふろがまBath tub（給湯なし）

gas waterheaters(without
hot water
supplyfunctions)(Source) Statistics compiled by the Japan Industrial Association of Gas and Kerosene Appliances(Note) Values in parentheses represent the percentage among the total number of units.

64

ガスふろがまBath tub（給湯付）

gas waterheaters(withhot water
supplyfunctions)-Gas water
ガス暖房専用・兼用機forheaters

exclusive use as
space heaters-Gas water
heaters with dual
use as heaters