Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.

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THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 2021

Attention to the Environment
Carbon Neutrality ..................................................................................................................... 15
Climate Change ........................................................................................................................ 16

Contents

Vehicle Fuel Efficiency .............................................................................................................. 16
Next-Generation Vehicles and CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities ........................ 17
Hazardous Substances .............................................................................................................. 17
Recycling ................................................................................................................................... 18
Page

Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry

Emissions ................................................................................................................................... 19
Measuring Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions ................................................. 19

Taxes

Automotive Shipments in Value Terms ...................................................................................
Automotive Trade .....................................................................................................................

2
3

Taxes on Automobiles .............................................................................................................. 20
Tax Incentive Measures ............................................................................................................ 21

Automobile-Related Industries and Total Employment .........................................................

3

The Burden on Motor Vehicle Users....................................................................................... 22

Vehicle-Based Systems

Motor Vehicles
Production .................................................................................................................................
New Registrations ....................................................................................................................

4

Imported Vehicle Sales .............................................................................................................
Used Vehicle Sales ....................................................................................................................

6

Motor Vehicles in Use and Motor Vehicle Density .................................................................
Exports ......................................................................................................................................

7

Exports by Destination .............................................................................................................

9

5
6
8

Driver’s Licenses and the Driving Population ......................................................................... 23
Motor Vehicle Classification .................................................................................................... 23

Global Operations
Overseas Production ................................................................................................................. 24
Overseas Production Volumes ................................................................................................. 25
Global Industry Ties .................................................................................................................. 25

Motorcycles
Production ................................................................................................................................. 10

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

Sales ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Motorcycles in Use .................................................................................................................... 11

Global Production (Including Motorcycles) ............................................................................. 27
New Registrations .................................................................................................................... 28

Exports ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Exports by Destination ............................................................................................................. 12

Motor Vehicles & Motorcycles in Use / Motor Vehicle & Motorcycle Density ....................... 29
Exports (Including Motorcycles) .............................................................................................. 29
Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs ....................................................................................................... 30

Road Safety
Road Safety ............................................................................................................................... 13
ASV Technologies ...................................................................................................................... 13

Tokyo: The Showcase Hub .................................................................................................................. 30
JAMA Member Manufacturers .......................................................................................................... 31

Vehicle Safety ........................................................................................................................... 14
ITS and Automated Driving ...................................................................................................... 14

Locations of Auto Manufacturing Plants .......................................................................................... 32
Related Automotive Associations ...................................................................................................... 32

Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry

Automotive Shipments in Value Terms

Automotive Shipments Total 60 Trillion Yen; Equipment
Investments, 1.4 Trillion Yen; R&D Expenditures, 3.1 Trillion Yen
Automotive shipments (both domestic and export shipments, including motorcycles, auto parts, etc.) in value terms reached 60
trillion yen in 2019, down 3.7% from the previous year, accounting for 18.6% of the total value of Japan’s manufacturing
shipments and 40.9% of the value of the machinery industries’ combined shipments. Investments in equipment by theautomobile industry in 2019 totalled 1.4 trillion yen and its research and development expenditures stood at 3.1 trillion yen;those figures represent, respectively, more than 20% of the value of overall investments of Japan’s major manufacturing sectors.
With motor vehicle exports in value terms amounting to 12.8 trillion yen in 2020 and auto-related employment in Japan totalling
5.49 million people, the automotive industry is one of the Japanese economy’s core industrial sectors.

● SHIPMENTS OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING
SECTORS IN VALUE TERMS (2019)
x 100 million yen

Other1,031,261(32.0%)

Total
3,225,334(100%)
Metal Products
159,653(4.9%)Iron& Steel
177,476 Chemicals
Non-Ferrous(5.5%) 292,528
Metals
(9.1%)
96,142 (3.0%)

Electrical
Machinery& Equipment
390,650 (12.1%)

289.1 285.0 288.7 292.1

305.1

313.1

319.2

Transport
Equipment
679,938(21.1%)
57.1 57.8 60.7 62.3 60.0
47.3 44.0 50.3 52.0 53.3
2010 11
Year

12

13

14

15

16

Machinery Industries
Iron &
Steel

Non-Ferrous
Metals

Metal
Products

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

55,402
104,381
179,787
205,524
235,030
233,625
237,994
250,271
262,120
263,512260,379
274,092
281,230
286,222
272,496287,242
297,880
292,528

322.5

302.0

17

● SHIPMENTS OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORS IN VALUE TERMS, 1970-2019
Chemicals

331.8

Automotive
600,154(18.6%)Breakdown of automotive shipments:· Automobiles (including motorcycles) ................................ 242,902· Auto bodies and trailers ......................................................... 7,260· Automotive parts and accessories ...................................... 349,991

65,648 30,547 37,277
113,063 39,087 65,731
178,956 81,186 106,465
177,543 63,836 130,944
182,687 78,217 185,736
140,727 64,964 176,465
119,630 62,189 155,868
168,964 67,116 140,159
181,463 89,114 122,920
186,656 90,225 121,277
180,121 89,228 128,607
179,053 88,059 130,606
192,022 94,220 139,328
178,420 96,795 143,057
156,693 88,892 143,986
176,867 97,620 151,989
186,520 102,290 158,217
177,476 96,142 159,653

GeneralElectrical
Machinery Machinery&
Equipment

68,028106,112
175,998
241,904
332,249
298,844304,132
312,108
306,186
322,495
330,816
320,911337,273359,715363,611392,279
412,807397,686

73,305108,213
222,346
408,422545,286
548,309595,817495,083
442,848
403,789
369,426
368,283
394,772
408,060
376,748
398,955
418,426
390,650

Transport Equipment

Transport
Equipment
14,386(24.1%)

Automotive
13,803(23.1%)

54,673
105,241
212,346
276,927
423,106
395,613400,429
489,548472,962
439,592
502,627
519,710533,101
570,524
577,604
606,999
623,040
600,154

18

19

360
340
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Subtotal

Other

Total

223,008
379,551
682,457
1,055,932
1,397,439
1,330,364
1,385,612
1,385,037
1,291,170
1,232,154
1,265,100
1,271,226
1,332,678
1,414,314
1,390,271
1,473,869
1,532,139
1,468,274

287,383
589,807952,724
1,063,240
1,205,939
1,155,277
1,115,720
988,717944,290955,863
963,841
977,885
1,011,922
1,012,477
968,018
1,004,080
1,041,048
1,031,261

690,348
1,274,329
2,146,998
2,653,206
3,233,726
3,060,356
3,035,824
2,962,417
2,891,077
2,849,688
2,887,276
2,920,921
3,051,400
3,131,285
3,020,356
3,191,667
3,318,094
3,225,334

21,000Chemicals
11,702 (19.6%)

Total
59,696(100%)

Automotive
Petroleum
2,497(4.2%)

Iron & Steel
4,435 (7.4%)

Electrical
GeneralMachinery Machinery
4,934
6,802
(8.3%)(11.4%)

Non-Ferrous
Metals2,546 (4.3%)

As % of
Total Value of
Manufacturing
Shipments

24.5
27.7
31.1
26.2
30.3
29.7
28.9
35.3
36.6
35.7
39.7
40.9
40.0
40.3
41.5
41.2
40.7
40.9

7.9
8.3
9.9
10.4
13.1
12.9
13.2
16.5
16.4
15.4
17.4
17.8
17.5
18.2
19.1
19.0
18.8
18.6

Notes: 1. Shipments from all manufacturing operations with four or more employees are included in this data. 2. Compilation of data on production in value terms was discontinued in 1996 and replaced bydata on shipments in value terms. 3. Figures in value terms include domestic consumption tax revenue from shipments. 4. “Electrical Machinery & Equipment” includes IT-related electronic parts andSource for statistical data on this page: 2020 Census of Manufactures, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
equipment as of 2002. 5. 2019 data includes preliminary figures.

14,000Electricalmachinery

Other
General machinery

Chemicals
Iron & steel
Petroleum

Fiscal year

Paper &
Pulp

2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

Paper & pulp

2010 11
Fiscal year

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

0
19

x 100 million yen

ChemicalsPetroleum

Iron & Steel

Non-Ferrous
MetalsGeneralMachinery

Electrical
MachineryTransport
Equipment

Automotive

7,902
7,765
8,407
6,900
7,801
8,100
9,036
9,152
11,565
11,702

1,837
1,420
1,863
2,241
2,841
2,370
2,156
2,215
2,399
2,497

5,767
3,242
5,224
5,042
5,799
5,565
7,055
5,133
4,877
4,435

1,808
2,120
2,081
1,807
1,763
1,807
1,775
2,219
2,459
2,546

5,307
5,883
6,405
5,448
6,100
7,367
7,702
7,727
8,999
6,802

10,113
9,585
8,100
8,983
8,920
8,285
5,933
6,149
6,708
4,934

7,249
8,928
10,412
10,966
12,244
13,92814,387
13,59516,096
14,3866,855
8,420
10,053
10,611
11,19913,021
13,306
12,902
15,34913,803

955
1,415
1,040
1,580
1,372
1,274
1,252
1,283
1,672
1,602

7,000

Non-ferrous
metals● INVESTMENTS IN EQUIPMENT OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORS

Other

Total

7,048
8,508
9,098
10,381
9,980
9,500
10,537
10,782
11,387
10,792

47,986
48,86652,63053,34856,82058,196
59,83358,255
66,162
59,696

Source: Survey on Planned Capital Spending, Development Bank of Japan● R&D EXPENDITURES OF MAJOR
MANUFACTURING SECTORS (FY 2019)
Foods
2,964 (2.4%)
Electrical
Machinery & Equipment
13,182 (10.7%)
Iron & Steel
1,655 (1.3%)

x 100 million yen

As % of
Value of
Machinery
Shipments

x 100 million yen
Transport
equipment

Note: Japan’s fiscal year (FY) starts on April 1 and ends on March 31 of the following year.

Automotive Shipments

Automotive
72,758147,935
249,536
361,793
468,582
442,145444,474
539,999
542,136
505,870
564,858
582,032
600,633
646,539649,912682,635
700,906
679,938

Other
10,792(18.0%)● INVESTMENTS IN EQUIPMENT OF MAJOR
MANUFACTURING SECTORS, 2010-2019

x 100 million yen

Paper & Pulp
1,602
(2.7%)● COMPARISON OF VALUE OF AUTOMOTIVESHIPMENTS TO TOTAL VALUE OF ALL
MANUFACTURING SHIPMENTS
Total value of all manufacturing shipments
Total value of automotive shipments
x 1 trillion yen

GeneralMachinery397,686(12.3%)● INVESTMENTS IN EQUIPMENT OF MAJOR
MANUFACTURING SECTORS (FY 2019)

General Machinery& Equipment
19,110(15.5%)

Other
12,093(9.8%)● R&D EXPENDITURES OF MAJOR
MANUFACTURING SECTORS, 2010-2019

x 100 million yen
IT &Telecommunications
Electronic
Equipment
Circuits, Parts
11,930& Equipment(9.6%)
8,067(6.5%)

Total
123,713(100%)

x 100 million yen
33,000Transport
equipment

Automotive
30,600(24.7%)

Other

11,000Electrical machinery & equipment

Transport
Equipment
31,791 (25.7%)

ChemicalsElectronic circuits,parts & equipment

Iron & steel

Foods

0
2010 11
Fiscal year

12

13

14

15

16

17

● R&D EXPENDITURES OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORSIT &Electronic

Fiscal Telecommunications Circuits, Parts Transport
Equipment Automotive
Equipment& Equipment
year
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

17,293
17,451
16,623
16,70816,23815,476
13,572
13,374
11,863
11,930

5,191
7,115
6,595
5,998
6,181
6,093
6,075
6,427
8,523
8,067

21,213
22,37822,711
24,97228,44729,52929,25530,64630,62831,791

22,000IT & telecommunications equipment
Pharmaceuticals

Chemicals
9,529 (7.7%)
Pharmaceuticals
13,392 (10.8%)

Generalmachinery& equipment

Automotive

20,613
21,79622,062
24,13727,49528,372
28,07129,29629,31730,600

Pharmaceuticals

Chemicals

GeneralMachinery &Equipment

12,76012,29913,061
14,371
14,953
14,577
13,516
14,653
14,047
13,392

7,439
7,441
7,469
7,519
7,534
8,166
8,494
8,525
8,369
9,529

16,397
16,933
16,472
18,02718,44019,00519,047
19,18020,615
19,110Iron &
Steel

1,511
1,633
1,432
1,392
1,501
1,552
1,577
1,598
1,547
1,655

18

19

x 100 million yen
Electrical
Machinery &Equipment

9,922
9,681
10,214
10,724
11,18911,569
11,211
11,255
12,66013,182

Foods

2,375
2,241
2,204
2,337
2,097
2,195
2,267
2,753
2,686
2,964

Other

Total

10,556
10,661
10,26010,567
10,971
10,47910,734
11,407
12,21312,093

104,657
107,833
107,041
112,615
117,551
118,641
115,748
119,818
123,151
123,713

Source: Survey on Research Activities in Science and Technology, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

2

Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry

Automotive Trade

Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry

In Value Terms, Motor Vehicle Exports Total 12.8 Trillion Yen;
Imports Total 2.0 Trillion Yen
In 2020 Japan’s gross exports and imports declined from the previous year, by 11.1% and 13.7%, respectively. In
value terms, automotive exports fell 19.7% from 2019 to 12.8 trillion yen, and imports decreased 18.8% year-on-year
to 2.0 trillion yen.

● EXPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY(FOB) IN 2020x 10 billion yen
Scientific &OpticalEquipment
197 (2.9%)

Other1,054 (15.4%)

Ships
114 (1.7%)● IMPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY(CIF) IN 2020 Transport Equipment

Total
6,840
(100%)

Other
1,367 (20.2%)

Mineral Fuels
1,125 (16.6%)

GeneralMachinery703(10.4%)

Non-Ferrous
Metals &Metal Products263 (3.8%)

Chemicals779(11.5%)

x 100 million yen

2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

115,417
127,521
142,411
147,849
158,912151,175
161,092
166,972
159,052
127,738

91.6
110.5
111.7
103.8
107.5
95.1
106.6
103.7
95.3
80.3

Auto Parts

82,042
92,250104,125
109,194
120,463
113,329
118,254
123,072
119,712
95,79629,972
32,051
34,762
34,75034,83034,61738,96639,90936,017
29,124Motorcycles &Motorcycle Parts
3,403
3,220
3,524
3,905
3,619
3,229
3,872
3,990
3,324
2,818

Chg. (%)
655,465
637,476
697,742
730,930
756,139
700,358
782,865
814,788769,317684,005● AUTOMOTIVE IMPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (CIF)

2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

12,805
15,506
18,94820,925
21,261
21,023
23,41925,22324,02019,508● Road freight transport ........................ 1,651,000● Road passenger transport ...................... 514,000● Road transport-related services .............. 394,000● Vehicle rental services ............................... 48,000● Postal activities ........................................ 111,000

Total employment(workforce)in Japan:
66.64 million(100%)● Automotive fuel retailing ....................... 313,000● Auto damage insurance .............................. 8,000● Automobile recycling .................................. 1,000● Automobile parking .................................. 73,000

Materials & Equipment Supply .................................... 467,000● Electrical machinery & equipment ........... 64,000● Non-ferrous metals ................................... 18,000● Iron & steel .............................................. 111,000● Metal products .......................................... 36,000● Chemicals (including paints),
textiles, and petroleum ............................ 28,000● Plastics, rubber, and glass ....................... 141,000● Electronic parts & equipment .................. 35,000● Manufacturing machinery .......................... 5,000● Information services .................................. 29,000

Imports Total

Chg. (%)

Year

97.3
97.3
109.5
104.8
103.4
92.6
111.8
104.1
94.4
88.9

x 100 million yen

Motor Vehicles

Road Transport ........................................................... 2,718,000

Automotive Fuel/Insurance/Recycling ......................... 395,000

Exports Total
Passenger Cars,
Trucks, Buses

Total employment
in auto manufacturing& auto-related industries:
5.49 million (8.2%)

Non-Ferrous Metals &Metal Products
286 (4.2%)

Motor Vehicles
Chg. (%)

Automobile Production ................................................ 890,000● Automobile manufacturing(including motorcycles) ........................... 199,000● Auto parts and accessories manufacturing................................................................... 670,000● Auto body and trailer manufacturing ..... 21,000

Petroleum &Petroleum Products589 (8.7%)● AUTOMOTIVE EXPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (FOB)

Year

Number of employees

Raw Materials
460 (6.8%)

Total
6,784
(100%)

Electrical
Machinery &Equipment
1,135(16.7%)

Iron & Steel
Products
257 (3.8%)

Textile Yarn
& Textiles
59 (0.9%)● EMPLOYMENT IN THE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING AND AUTO-RELATED INDUSTRIES

Motor Vehicles(including motorcycles and parts)
195 (2.9%)

Chemicals853 (12.5%)

GeneralMachinery
1,314(19.2%)

Automobiles are the focus of an extremely wide range of industrial and related activity, from materials supply andvehicle production to sales, servicing, freight shipping and other auto-centered operations. Auto-related
employment in Japan at present totals 5.49 million people.

Foodstuffs
668 (9.8%)

Transport Equipment
1,446 (21.1%)

Motor Vehicles(including motorcycles and parts)
1,277 (18.7%)

Electrical
Machinery &Equipment
1,282(18.7%)

Auto-Related Employment Totals 5.49 Million People

x 10 billion yen

260 (3.8%)

Automobile-Related Industries and Total Employment

111.2
121.1
122.2
110.4
101.6
98.9
111.4
107.7
95.2
81.2

Passenger Cars,
Trucks, Buses
7,352
9,082
10,857
11,623
11,398
11,781
13,07014,284
14,084
11,651

Auto Parts
4,717
5,549
6,981
8,148
8,770
8,329
9,328
9,861
8,906
6,743

Motorcycles &Motorcycle Parts
736
875
1,109
1,154
1,093
913
1,021
1,079
1,030
1,113

Chg. (%)
681,112706,886
812,425
859,091
784,055
660,420753,792
827,033
785,995
678,371

112.1
103.8
114.9
105.7
91.3
84.2
114.1
109.7
95.0
86.3

Notes: 1. “Passenger Cars, Trucks, Buses” includes chassis. 2. FOB: Free on board; CIF: Cost, insurance, and freight. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with theprevious year’s result indexed at 100).
Source for all statistical data on this page: The Summary Report on Trade of Japan (2020), Japan Tariff Association

Sales & Services .......................................................... 1,018,000● Automobile retailing(including motorcycles, used vehicles, andauto parts and accessories) ..................... 571,000● Automobile wholesaling(including motorcycles, used vehicles, andfinished/used parts and accessories) ...... 203,000● Automobile servicing .............................. 244,000
Note: Figures are rounded off to the nearest thousand.
Sources: Industrial Statistics, Labor Force Survey, Input-Output Tables for Japan, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications’ Statistics Bureau; Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

3

Motor Vehicles

Production

Motor Vehicle Production Totals 8.07 Million Units● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION IN VALUE TERMS

x 1 trillion yen
25

In 2020 motor vehicle production in Japan stood at 8.07 million units, down 16.7% from 2019, registering a decline
for the second consecutive year. Passenger car production dipped 16.4% to a total of 6.96 million units, withstandard cars decreasing 21.1% to 4.19 million units, small cars falling 8.3% to 1.41 million units, and minicars
dropping 7.8% to 1.36 million units. Meanwhile, truck production declined 15.8% from the previous year to 1.04
million units and bus production sank 43.1% to 70,000 units.

20

Total

15

Passenger
Cars● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY TYPE
IN 2020
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION

Trucks& Buses10

x 1 million units
14
5

Buses
Mini
Small
254,310 377,970 69,801(3.1%) (4.7%) (0.9%)

12
0

8

13

14

15

Passenger Cars

Passenger Cars

Total
8,067,943(100%)

Small
1,409,994(17.5%)

12

16

17

18

19

● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION IN VALUE TERMS

Trucks
1,037,731(12.8%)
Mini
1,357,650(16.8%)

10

Total

Standard
405,451 (5.0%)

2011
Year

Year Standard

Standard
4,192,767(52.0%)

1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

6

4

Passenger Cars
6,960,411(86.3%)

Trucks & Buses

2

0
2011
Year

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

895,041
3,717,356
5,147,637
6,640,075
9,352,545
10,239,303
8,451,638
9,683,441
10,422,008
11,110,107
12,047,649
12,321,649
12,958,155
13,367,843
13,431,614
10,893,199

x 1 million yen

Trucks

Small

Mini

SubtotalStandard

Small

Mini

7,049,323
8,676,715
4,869,427
4,298,370
4,178,641
2,609,861
2,343,337
3,091,067
2,628,986
2,636,872
2,458,198
2,438,906
2,516,379
2,398,835
2,347,210
2,178,494

85,925572,188790,3031,237,605
1,169,871
1,207,423
1,045,460
1,486,926
1,579,510
1,795,440
1,473,103
1,280,853
1,517,786
1,545,687
1,593,366
1,528,289

8,030,289
12,966,259
10,807,367
12,176,050
14,701,057
14,056,587
11,840,435
14,261,434
14,630,504
15,542,419
15,978,950
16,041,408
16,992,320
17,312,365
17,372,190
14,599,982

1,793,000
1,953,924
1,619,428
1,111,558
1,916,692
1,684,489
1,713,798
1,954,449
1,987,340
2,189,242
2,189,038
1,888,981
1,986,030
2,007,940
1,923,717
1,608,220

1,519,934
1,180,028
849,511543,408588,224
358,081351,515
422,502479,914546,377
576,037
566,781
538,716
570,136
568,532
492,720

679,498
591,144
510,579
357,765
357,615
323,800
285,454
302,836
312,959
313,522300,368
290,991
319,178
359,483
385,640
344,847

20

Buses
Tractors

Subtotal

Large

Small

Subtotal

46,74564,913
124,764
45,453
104,567
75,944
89,976106,209
102,073
118,091
131,002129,781
126,867
128,658
141,002106,908

4,039,177
3,790,009
3,104,282
2,058,184
2,967,098
2,442,314
2,440,743
2,785,996
2,882,286
3,167,232
3,196,445
2,876,534
2,970,791
3,066,217
3,018,891
2,552,695

103,053
134,015
107,647
80,897
127,605
118,300
97,157
120,992
119,670
124,114
139,614
172,906
175,090
138,240
130,452
68,588101,007
66,98889,441109,007
163,069
211,359
199,301
237,199
290,001
318,410
328,498
299,220
288,317275,391
298,524
170,077

204,060
201,003
197,088
189,904
290,674
329,659
296,458
358,191
409,671442,524
468,112472,126
463,407413,631428,976
238,665

Total
12,273,526
16,957,271
14,108,737
14,424,138
17,958,829
16,828,560
14,577,636
17,405,621
17,922,461
19,152,175
19,643,507
19,390,068
20,426,518
20,792,213
20,820,057
17,391,342

Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION

In vehicle units

Trucks

Passenger Cars
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

Standard
51,619209,032
403,338
494,792
1,750,783
2,553,703
3,376,447
4,191,360
4,846,411
4,180,361
4,686,396
4,618,014
4,657,765
4,744,471
4,999,566
5,147,256
5,256,226
5,317,165
4,192,767

Small
2,377,639
4,198,550
6,438,847
6,991,432
7,361,224
4,140,629
3,699,893
3,416,622
2,159,119
1,861,279
2,252,672
1,888,759
1,750,895
1,555,548
1,610,486
1,715,970
1,605,162
1,538,380
1,409,994

Mini
749,450
160,272
195,923
160,592
835,965
916,201
1,283,094
1,408,753
1,304,832
1,116,885
1,615,435
1,682,550
1,868,410
1,530,703
1,263,834
1,484,610
1,497,898
1,473,211
1,357,650

Subtotal
3,178,708
4,567,854
7,038,108
7,646,816
9,947,972
7,610,533
8,359,434
9,016,735
8,310,362
7,158,525
8,554,503
8,189,323
8,277,070
7,830,722
7,873,886
8,347,836
8,359,286
8,328,756
6,960,411

Chg. (%)
121.7
116.2
114.0
108.1
109.9
97.5
103.2
103.4
121.1
86.1
119.5
95.7
101.1
94.6
100.6
106.0
100.1
99.6
83.6

Standard
258,100
288,170885,198
1,278,212
1,249,525
824,140649,180
723,663
520,627
512,260
583,156
580,012604,768
586,645505,970
515,521517,641
506,390
405,451

Small
1,253,861
1,610,475
2,113,311
1,877,893
1,262,943
909,321483,282436,763
238,776
234,586
275,992
300,635
327,928
330,814317,182
292,901
306,259
293,002254,310Mini
551,922438,987
914,679
1,388,583
986,171804,276594,356
546,185449,776
389,150
407,206
427,530
425,065
392,290377,921411,319433,211433,525
377,970

Buses
Subtotal
2,063,883
2,337,632
3,913,188
4,544,688
3,498,639
2,537,737
1,726,818
1,706,611
1,209,179
1,135,996
1,266,354
1,308,177
1,357,761
1,309,749
1,201,073
1,219,741
1,257,111
1,232,917
1,037,731

Chg. (%)
102.1
90.8
115.2
105.2
89.0
93.9
98.8
98.6
122.7
93.9
111.5
103.3
103.8
96.5
91.7
101.6
103.1
98.1
84.2

46,566
36,10591,58879,59140,18547,26654,54476,313
109,334
104,109122,220
132,681
139,834
137,850
129,743
123,097
113,197
122,62169,801

Total
Chg. (%)
111.3
78.8
146.4
110.2
95.5
96.2
112.7
126.3
126.0
95.2
117.4
108.6
105.4
98.6
94.1
94.9
92.0
108.3
56.9

5,289,157
6,941,591
11,042,884
12,271,095
13,486,796
10,195,536
10,140,796
10,799,659
9,628,875
8,398,630
9,943,077
9,630,181
9,774,665
9,278,321
9,204,702
9,690,674
9,729,594
9,684,294
8,067,943

Chg. (%)
113.1
105.9
114.6
107.0
103.5
96.6
102.5
102.7
121.4
87.2
118.4
96.9
101.5
94.9
99.2
105.3
100.4
99.5
83.3

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

Notes: 1. Passenger cars and trucks are classified under Japan’s Road Vehicles Act in three categories, based primarily on engine capacity: “standard” (over 2,000cc), “small” (661cc-2,000cc), and “mini” (660cc and under); see page 23 for details. 2. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as
Sources: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association; Current Survey of Production, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
components since 1988. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

4

Motor Vehicles

New Registrations

Motor Vehicle Sales Total 4.60 Million Units
Passenger car and commercial vehicle demand in Japan in 2020 stood at 4.60 million units, an 11.5% decrease fromthe previous year. Total passenger car sales shrank 11.4% to 3.81 million units, with standard cars falling 13.6% to1.37 million units, small cars dropping 10.3% to 1.11 million units, and minicars declining 10% to 1.33 million units.
Meanwhile, sales of trucks fell 11.5% from 2019 to 779,000 units and sales of buses dropped 31.3% to 9,000 units.

● NEW MINI-VEHICLE SALES BY TYPE
● NEW MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATIONSBY TYPE IN 2020
In vehicle units

In vehicle units● TRENDS IN NEW MOTOR VEHICLEREGISTRATIONS
x 1 million units

Passenger Cars
(Minicars)

8

Small
231,683(5.0%)
Standard
160,678(3.5%)

Year

Buses
9,334
(0.2%)

7Mini
386,939(8.4%)

6

Total

Standard
1,370,755(29.8%)

Trucks779,300(16.9%)

5

4

Passenger Cars

Total
4,598,615(100%)
Mini
1,331,149(29.0%)

3

Passenger Cars
3,809,981(82.9%)

2

Trucks & Buses

Small
1,108,077(24.1%)

1
0

2011
Year

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

1,281,805
1,273,570
1,307,296
1,291,889
1,372,083
1,387,068
1,507,598
1,447,106
1,426,979
1,283,429
1,284,665
1,138,752
1,557,681
1,690,171
1,839,119
1,511,404
1,344,967
1,443,367
1,495,706
1,479,205
1,331,149

2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

Commercial
Commercial
Vehicles
Vehicles(“Bonnet”(Cab-over-engine
minivans)
minivans)
177,143
138,672
175,594
120,010
163,412
101,789
172,644
89,532
183,995
77,297
197,141
77,547
204,838
68,714
196,040
57,509185,806
51,622
167,358
42,932
180,505
41,630168,705
33,023
198,843
27,730194,728
25,199194,431
22,929184,127
18,536
185,927
19,456
201,873
16,373208,82233,907
196,034
52,543
174,479
37,310Commercial
Vehicles(Mini-trucks)

Chg. (%)
277,295
284,346258,203
250,690257,775
261,960
242,469
219,164
205,486
194,452
219,620
180,665
195,192
202,893
216,311
182,133
175,110
181,728
185,689
182,564
175,150● NEW MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS

In vehicle units

Standard
9,068
49,12571,93173,539467,490889,260
770,220
1,271,349
1,419,909
1,139,910
1,411,700
1,399,407
1,437,589
1,354,541
1,490,216
1,548,214
1,582,828
1,586,342
1,370,755

Small
1,652,899
2,531,396
2,608,215
2,869,527
3,839,221
2,654,291
2,208,387
2,089,992
1,507,693
1,246,126
1,602,951
1,472,704
1,422,883
1,349,944
1,311,275
1,394,796
1,312,626
1,235,544
1,108,077

Mini
717,170
157,120
174,030
161,017795,948900,355
1,281,265
1,387,068
1,284,665
1,138,752
1,557,681
1,690,171
1,839,119
1,511,404
1,344,967
1,443,367
1,495,706
1,479,205
1,331,149

Buses

Trucks

Passenger Cars
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

Subtotal
2,379,137
2,737,641
2,854,176
3,104,083
5,102,659
4,443,906
4,259,872
4,748,409
4,212,267
3,524,788
4,572,332
4,562,282
4,699,591
4,215,889
4,146,458
4,386,377
4,391,160
4,301,091
3,809,981

99.7
98.9
98.8
98.6
104.8
101.7
105.2
94.9
97.4
90.3
102.3
88.1
130.1
106.7
107.6
83.4
91.0
106.8
104.4
99.3
89.9

1,874,915
1,853,520
1,830,700
1,804,755
1,891,150
1,923,716
2,023,619
1,919,819
1,869,893
1,688,171
1,726,420
1,521,145
1,979,446
2,112,991
2,272,790
1,896,200
1,725,460
1,843,341
1,924,124
1,910,346
1,718,088

Source: Japan Mini Vehicles Association

Note: “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

20

Total

Chg. (%)
116.8
119.7
94.0
100.3
115.9
105.6
102.5
99.6
107.4
83.7
129.7
99.8
103.0
89.7
98.4
105.8
100.1
97.9
88.6

Standard
168,086
121,118
154,472
118,009
193,775
177,264
84,626
197,548
101,697
107,290
136,359
143,272
164,815
172,502173,249
176,385
180,266
182,391
160,678

Small
986,673
999,155
1,144,167
945,484
1,449,678
1,411,296
1,015,313
351,708
187,642
185,097
227,326
235,883
252,828
259,936
254,560
255,836
258,521267,007
231,683

Mini
538,743431,181
839,308
1,367,685
1,006,456
815,265586,660
536,648441,755
382,393421,765
422,820433,671384,796
380,493399,974
428,418
431,141
386,939

Subtotal
1,693,502
1,551,454
2,137,947
2,431,178
2,649,909
2,403,825
1,686,599
1,085,904
731,094
674,780
785,450
801,975
851,314817,234
808,302
832,195
867,205
880,539
779,300

Chg. (%)
95.6
100.7
102.2
104.7
93.7
104.6
99.6
101.8
108.6
92.3
116.4
102.1
106.2
96.0
98.9
103.0
104.2
101.5
88.5

Large
10,256
8,818
9,414
8,798
9,162
6,475
4,333
5,856
4,777
3,136
4,266
4,181
4,498
5,260
6,543
6,602
5,131
4,876
3,113

Small
17,572
11,018
13,973
12,775
15,763
10,828
12,238
11,898
7,998
7,515
7,672
7,075
7,485
8,127
8,955
8,991
8,571
8,710
6,221

Subtotal
27,828
19,83623,387
21,57324,92517,303
16,571
17,754
12,775
10,651
11,938
11,256
11,983
13,387
15,49815,593
13,702
13,586
9,334

Total
Chg. (%)
104.2
87.4
97.5
106.4
105.9
97.0
114.5
97.8
101.6
83.4
112.1
94.3
106.5
111.7
115.8
100.6
87.9
99.2
68.7

Chg. (%)
4,100,467
4,308,931
5,015,510
5,556,834
7,777,493
6,865,034
5,963,042
5,852,067
4,956,136
4,210,219
5,369,720
5,375,513
5,562,888
5,046,510
4,970,258
5,234,165
5,272,067
5,195,216
4,598,615

106.9
111.9
97.3
102.2
107.2
105.2
101.7
100.0
107.5
84.9
127.5
100.1
103.5
90.7
98.5
105.3
100.7
98.5
88.5

Total
Vehicles
2,844,554
3,720,630
4,002,172
4,028,132
5,975,089
5,149,414
4,095,117
3,928,351
3,229,716
2,689,074
3,390,274
3,262,522
3,290,098
3,150,310
3,244,798
3,390,824
3,347,943
3,284,870
2,880,527

Chg. (%)
104.9
118.8
93.1
101.3
107.4
104.8
102.7
99.1
110.6
83.3
126.1
96.2
100.8
95.8
103.0
104.5
98.7
98.1
87.7

Total MiniVehicles
1,255,913
588,301
1,013,338
1,528,702
1,802,404
1,715,620
1,867,925
1,923,716
1,726,420
1,521,145
1,979,446
2,112,991
2,272,790
1,896,200
1,725,460
1,843,341
1,924,124
1,910,346
1,718,088

Chg. (%)
111.7
82.1
118.3
104.8
106.3
106.2
99.7
101.7
102.3
88.1
130.1
106.7
107.6
83.4
91.0
106.8
104.4
99.3
89.9

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

Notes: 1. Chassis-based through 2002, data compilation became vehicle registration number-based as of 2003. 2. Truck figures include special-purpose vehicles (except large ones). 3. Data includes imported cars. 4. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association

5

Motor Vehicles

Imported Vehicle Sales

Motor Vehicles

Used Vehicle Sales

318,000 New Imported Vehicles Sold in Total

Used Vehicle Sales Total 6.87 Million Units

Sales of new imported vehicles in Japan in 2020 totalled 318,000 units, down 8.7% from the previous year, with new
passenger cars dropping 8.9% to 297,000 units and new commercial vehicles (trucks and buses) falling 6.5% to21,000 units. Meanwhile, sales of used imported vehicles rose 3.7% from the previous year to 599,000 units, withused passenger cars and used trucks growing 3.5% to 578,000 units and 11.5% to 18,000 units, respectively.

In 2020 sales of used motor vehicles shrank 1.7% from the previous year to 6.87 million units. Used passenger car
sales totalled 5.74 million units, down 2.4% from the previous year, with small cars dropping 2.8% to 1.44 million
units and minicars declining 4.4% to 2.40 million units, but standard passenger cars climbing 0.7% to 1.90 million
units. Whereas sales of used trucks rose 1.2% to 1.04 million units, sales of used buses fell 5.3% to 12,000 units.

● TRENDS IN IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES● USED VEHICLE SALES BY TYPE IN 2020

Year

2011

2012

2013

In vehicle units
2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

In vehicle units

2020

400,000

Vehicles produced
by non-Japanesemanufacturers

Used vehicles

300,000

100,000

0
Passenger Cars
Commercial Vehicles
Total
Passenger Cars
Vehicles produced
by JapaneseCommercial Vehicles
manufacturers abroad Total
Passenger Cars Total
Commercial Vehicles Total
Grand Totals
Chg. (%)

203,800
2,057
205,857
56,907
12,88069,787
260,707
14,937
275,644122.5

239,546
2,017
241,563
61,04813,38274,430300,594
15,399315,993
114.6

278,846
1,694
280,540
52,44013,15365,593331,286
14,847346,133
109.5

288,830
1,366
290,196
30,847
14,91745,764
319,677
16,283335,960
97.1

284,471
1,025
285,496
28,61014,516
43,126
313,081
15,541
328,62297.8

305,043
1,045
306,088
28,408
16,52444,932
333,451
17,569351,020102.1

294,060
1,054
295,11433,54715,012
48,559327,607
16,066343,673104.6

308,389
1,016
309,405
34,381
22,48056,861
342,770
23,496366,266
104.3

298,378
1,061
299,439
27,88320,994
48,877326,261
22,055348,316
95.1

1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

Commercial
Vehicles

71.4
118.3
128.6
136.0
109.2
98.6
158.4
118.6
121.8
103.1
98.0
95.1
103.4
101.7
106.3
93.7
84.2

46,28552,225
251,169
401,836
283,582
282,654
230,791
273,798
333,380
343,730
336,764
320,295
331,207336,950
358,221335,766
282,606

547
380
911
2,469
1,470
1,420
11,922
14,185
15,107
16,255
16,662
15,873
17,45520,091
26,63324,93824,036

254,404
1,692
256,096
42,90918,92861,837297,313
20,620317,933
91.3

Total Motor
Vehicles

Other

2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

462,435
487,675
487,750
485,055
495,170
512,294
540,946546,336
558,481
577,969

Chg. (%)
100.3
105.5
100.0
99.4
102.1
103.5
105.6
101.0
102.2
103.5

Trucks

72.2
118.4
128.6
130.3
109.3
98.4
156.7
118.6
121.0
103.4
98.2
95.0
103.7
102.4
107.8
93.8
85.0

47,91753,151
252,841404,695
285,428
284,734
243,493288,799
349,435
361,333
354,704
336,988349,313357,713385,693361,675
307,264

1,085
546
761
390
376
660
780
816
948
1,348
1,278
820
651
672
839
971
622

17,015
7,087
28,69643,93674,906444,635
353,260
386,949
421,991
438,737
410,143
353,519
341,254458,415
540,008
585,578
707,491

14,37014,636
15,42815,156
15,373
15,736
15,984
15,89016,43318,319In vehicle units
Chg. (%)
107.4
101.9
105.4
98.2
101.4
102.4
101.6
99.4
103.4
111.5

Total
6,866,867(100%)

5
4

Passenger Cars
5,737,468(83.5%)

Mini
2,394,963(34.9%)

3

Small
1,443,889(21.0%)

2

Special-Purpose
Vehicles
6,756
5,469
4,724
3,963
3,649
3,103
2,946
2,780
2,562
2,638

Chg. (%)
85.8
81.0
86.4
83.9
92.1
85.0
94.9
94.4
92.2
103.0

Other

Total
164
248
220
185
171
202
162
184
195
155

0

Motorcycles

Chg. (%)● USED IMPORTED VEHICLE SALES
Year

6

In vehicle units

Notes: 1. “Other” denotes special-purpose vehicles and engine-mounted chassis. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Trade Statistics of Japan, Ministry of Finance

Passenger
Cars

7

1

● IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLES (ON CUSTOMS CLEARANCE BASIS)
Chg. (%)

8Standard
1,898,616(27.6%)

Source: Japan Automobile Importers Association

Note: “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

Passenger
Cars

9Standard Trucks
169,904 1,037,078(15.1%)(2.5%)

Passenger Cars
Commercial Vehicles

Vehicles produced
by non-Japanesemanufacturers

x 1 million units10

Mini
640,876(9.3%)

Small
226,298(3.3%)

200,000

Vehicles produced
by Japanesemanufacturers abroad

New vehicles

Buses Other
12,194 80,127(0.2%) (1.2%)

Passenger Cars
Commercial Vehicles

Year● TRENDS IN NEW AND USED MOTOR
VEHICLE SALES

483,725
508,028
508,122504,359
514,363531,335
560,038
565,190577,671599,081Chg. (%)
100.3
105.0
100.0
99.3
102.0
103.3
105.4
100.9
102.2
103.7

Notes: 1. For motor vehicle classifications in Japan, see page 23. 2. “Other” includes buses, large special-purpose vehicles and small-sized three-wheeled trucks. 3. “Chg. (%)” means
Source: Japan Automobile Importers Association
change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

2011 12
Year

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

● USED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES

In vehicle units

Passenger Cars
Year Standard

20

Buses

Trucks

Small

Mini

Subtotal Chg. Standard
(%)

Other

Total

Small

Mini

Subtotal Chg.
(%)

Chg.
(%)

Chg.
(%)

Chg.
(%)

1985

160,150

3,295,092

356,726

3,811,968 100.9

139,459

589,321

1,125,545

1,854,325 108.3

11,655 103.1

44,620 116.7

5,722,568 103.3

1990

304,1933,945,086

304,7824,554,061 106.2

185,851555,634

1,746,495

2,487,980 102.1

13,377

98.3

54,118 107.3

7,109,536 104.7

1995

994,311

3,845,076

727,2595,566,646 106.6

221,523

521,244

1,538,718

2,281,485 102.2

13,327 105.4

84,409 119.1

7,945,867 105.4

2000

1,742,786

3,050,087

1,448,546

6,241,419 104.8

201,714412,5111,169,626

1,783,851

99.1

15,173 102.7

173,475 105.2

8,213,918 103.5

2005

2,002,563

2,460,410

1,890,154

6,353,127 101.0

240,060

368,778

980,714

1,589,552 101.8

18,871 109.5

144,910 106.4

8,106,460 101.3

2010

1,592,110

1,816,696

1,873,466

5,282,272

98.9

177,327

245,642

732,854

1,155,823

92.6

14,163

92.6

87,23891.4

6,539,496

97.6

2011

1,542,614

1,733,519

1,906,523

5,182,656

98.1

168,470

233,556

769,613

1,171,639 101.4

13,84997.8

82,00794.0

6,450,151

98.6

2012

1,688,606

1,826,335

2,133,725

5,648,666 109.0

168,439

235,246

769,469

1,173,154 100.1

14,799 106.9

2013

1,666,732

1,740,725

2,255,560

5,663,017 100.3

167,793

223,734

746,631

1,138,158

97.0

12,83086.7

81,01698.2

6,895,021

99.7

2014

1,630,421

1,653,214

2,367,235

5,650,870

99.8

163,536

215,295

721,406

1,100,237

96.7

12,531

97.7

76,53694.5

6,840,174

99.2

2015

1,668,429

1,602,719

2,354,077

5,625,225

99.5

162,130

211,480

700,589

1,074,199

97.6

13,173 105.1

74,21797.0

6,786,814

99.2

2016

1,729,194

1,564,982

2,322,533

5,616,709

99.8

161,717

217,544

670,935

1,050,196

97.8

13,204 100.2

76,013 102.4

6,756,122

99.5

2017

1,802,956

1,588,747

2,414,874

5,806,577 103.4

166,629

218,601

656,703

1,041,933

99.2

13,066

2018

1,834,306

1,523,537

2,449,940

5,807,783 100.0

174,106

216,026

663,976

1,054,108 101.2

13,256 101.5

20191,885,765

1,485,339

2,504,576

5,875,680 101.2

168,465

213,975

641,894

1,024,334

97.2

12,87997.2

75,2652020

1,898,616

1,443,889

2,394,963

5,737,468

97.6

169,904

226,298

640,876

1,037,078 101.2

12,194

94.7

80,127 106.5

99.0

82,484 100.6

6,919,103 107.3

99.9

6,937,518 102.7

76,251 100.4

6,951,398 100.2

98.7

6,988,158 100.5

75,942

6,866,867

98.3

Notes: 1. Passenger cars and trucks are classified under Japan’s Road Vehicles Act in three categories, based primarily on engine capacity: “standard” (over 2,000cc), “small”(661cc-2,000cc), and “mini” (660cc and under); see page 23 for details. 2. Includes imported vehicles. 3. “Other” refers to emergency vehicles, special vehicles equipped with beds,
refrigerated trucks, tank trucks, tractors, bulldozers, steamrollers, snowplows, snowmobiles, etc., that are assigned special registration numbers. 4. “Chg. (%)” means change from theprevious year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association

6

Motor Vehicles

Motor Vehicles in Use and Motor Vehicle Density

A Total of 78.46 Million Motor Vehicles in Use
At the end of December 2020, motor vehicles in use in Japan (excluding motorcycles) totalled 78.46 million units, a
0.1% increase over the previous year. Passenger cars in use increased 0.1% to 62.19 million units, with standard andminicars growing 1.6% and 0.8% to 19.92 million and 22.85 million units, respectively, but small cars dropping 2.2%
to 19.41 million units. Meanwhile, trucks in use slipped 0.1% to 14.28 million units compared to the previous year
and buses in use declined 3.1% from 2019 to 225,000 units. At the end of March 2020, the average service life of
motor vehicles in Japan was 13.51 years for passenger cars, 15.31 years for trucks, and 18.31 years for buses.

● MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE BY TYPE
AT END OF 2020
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE
x 1 million units
80

Total

Buses Special-Purpose
Vehicles
225,029(0.3%) 1,759,180 (2.2%)

70

Mini
Small
8,353,799
3,497,227 (10.6%)(4.5%)
Trucks
14,283,489(18.2%)
Standard
2,432,463
Total(3.1%)
78,461,953(100%)

60

Passenger Cars

Standard
19,922,382(25.4%)

50

40

30

(Minicars)Mini
22,857,859(29.1%)

Passenger Cars
62,194,255(79.3%)

20

Small
19,414,014(24.8%)

Trucks, Buses & Special-Purpose Vehicles
10(Mini-trucks)
0
2011
Year

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

● PRIVATE PASSENGER CARS IN USE PER
100 HOUSEHOLDS BY PREFECTURE(at March 31, 2020)
In vehicle units
1. Fukui
2. Toyama
3. Yamagata
4. Gunma
5. Tochigi
6. Ibaraki
7. Nagano
8. Gifu
9. Fukushima
10. Niigata
11. Yamanashi
12. Saga
13. Ishikawa
14. Tottori
15. Mie
16. Shimane
17. Iwate
18. Shizuoka
19. Akita
20. Shiga
21. Okayama
22. Tokushima
23. Kagawa
24. Kumamoto
25. Okinawa
26. Miyagi
27. Oita
28. Miyazaki
29. Aichi
30. Yamaguchi
31. Wakayama
32. Aomori
33. Kagoshima
34. Ehime
35. Kochi
36. Hiroshima
37. Nagasaki
38. Nara
39. Fukuoka
40. Hokkaido
41. Chiba
42. Saitama
43. Hyogo
44. Kyoto
45. Kanagawa
46. Osaka
47. Tokyo

42.4

172.7
167.0
166.0
161.4
159.3
157.7
157.1
156.2
154.8
153.8
153.8
150.9
148.1
145.4
144.7
140.0
139.9
138.9
138.2
137.0
135.9
135.8
133.3
131.5
129.9
128.6
128.4
128.2
125.5
124.1
122.9
122.5
117.8
113.7
112.8
110.1
110.0
109.0
106.4
100.1
96.2
95.7
90.3
81.3
69.4
63.7

National Average

100

150

Year

Passenger Cars

2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

7.74
7.95
8.07
8.13
8.29
8.44
8.53
8.60
8.65
8.72

Small

Mini

Subtotal

77,374
207,511472,314
711,914
1,784,594
7,874,189
13,942,626
16,634,529
16,890,402
17,039,684
17,294,021
17,509,103
17,714,352
17,935,861
18,357,734
18,799,713
19,198,666
19,603,788
19,922,382

6,457,181
14,417,680
21,011,096
25,116,179
30,554,652
31,030,462
28,593,491
26,254,546
23,470,003
23,143,892
22,868,749
22,435,835
21,974,741
21,547,282
21,195,621
20,842,558
20,383,197
19,858,361
19,414,014

2,244,417
2,611,130
2,176,110
2,016,487
2,584,926
5,775,386
9,901,258
14,201,714
17,986,982
18,486,738
19,258,239
20,090,359
20,978,424
21,504,199
21,850,275
22,160,847
22,444,053
22,678,326
22,857,859

8,778,972
17,236,321
23,659,520
27,844,580
34,924,172
44,680,037
52,437,375
57,090,789
58,347,387
58,670,314
59,421,009
60,035,297
60,667,517
60,987,342
61,403,630
61,803,118
62,025,916
62,140,475
62,194,255

Chg. (%)
126.6
108.7
104.4
102.6
107.1
104.7
102.5
102.0
100.6
100.6
101.3
101.0
101.1
100.5
100.7
100.7
100.4
100.2
100.1

Standard
798,256
1,158,465
1,494,464
1,668,852
2,176,488
2,574,433
2,596,421
2,474,378
2,281,711
2,266,420
2,266,836
2,270,812
2,294,449
2,316,208
2,337,230
2,356,279
2,382,877
2,413,551
2,432,463

Buses

10.04
10.43
10.73
10.93
11.09
11.23
11.32
11.41
11.42
11.44

10.78
11.12
11.38
11.56
11.76
11.87
11.84
11.81
11.83
11.86

200

Year

Passenger Cars

2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

12.43
12.16
12.58
12.64
12.38
12.76
12.91
13.24
13.26
13.51

TrucksIn years
Buses

13.04
12.81
13.24
13.31
13.72
13.89
14.37
14.72
15.17
15.31

17.37
16.82
17.91
17.63
16.95
16.83
17.39
17.69
18.36
18.31

Notes: 1. “Average age” means the average number of years elapsed since firstregistration. 2. “Average service life” means average vehicle lifespan. 3. “Average age”
and “average service life” figures are as at the end of every fiscal year. 4. The above
three tables exclude mini-vehicles.
Source: Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association

In vehicle units

TrucksStandard

In years

Trucks● MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE (at end of every calendar year)
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

6.87
7.17
7.11
6.92
6.23
5.95
6.75
6.17
5.64
5.13
5.45
3.98
4.26
3.59
18.78
100

2,700,702
2,815,217
2,792,394
2,718,753
2,446,972
2,335,938
2,653,088
2,423,851
2,215,831
2,013,398
2,139,007
1,561,686
1,673,442
1,412,104
7,378,025
39,280,408● AVERAGE SERVICE LIFE BY TYPE

Source: Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association

Passenger Cars

% of “Vehicles
in Use” Total

Vehicles in Use● AVERAGE AGE BY TYPE

104.3

50

Year ofFirst Registration
April 2019-March 2020
April 2018-March 2019
April 2017-March 2018
April 2016-March 2017
April 2015-March 2016
April 2014-March 2015
April 2013-March 2014
April 2012-March 2013
April 2011-March 2012
April 2010-March 2011
April 2009-March 2010
April 2008-March 2009
April 2007-March 2008
April 2006-March 2007
-March 2006
Total “Vehicles in Use”

20
0

● PASSENGER CARS IN USE BY YEAR OF
FIRST REGISTRATIONAt March 31, 2020

Small
Mini
Subtotal
4,478,486 3,005,017 8,281,759
6,100,206 2,785,182 10,043,853
7,155,221 4,527,794 13,177,479
6,679,665 8,791,289 17,139,806
6,609,536 12,535,415 21,321,439
6,213,405 11,642,311 20,430,149
5,474,660 10,154,427 18,225,508
4,594,363 9,665,130 16,733,871
3,825,632 9,177,282 15,284,625
3,740,361 8,963,641 14,970,422
3,672,649 8,895,635 14,835,120
3,614,925 8,818,149 14,703,886
3,581,884 8,748,653 14,624,986
3,552,373 8,634,637 14,503,218
3,535,022 8,539,701 14,411,953
3,516,383 8,448,505 14,321,167
3,506,007 8,407,229 14,296,113
3,507,308 8,376,326 14,297,185
3,497,227 8,353,799 14,283,489

Buses
Chg. (%)
107.1
98.9
104.8
105.5
101.1
98.9
97.8
99.7
98.2
97.9
99.1
99.1
99.5
99.2
99.4
99.4
99.8
100.0
99.9

Large
104,895
102,186
106,633
108,967
114,819
114,478
110,046
109,917108,136
107,435
107,528
107,723
108,545
110,096
112,011
112,672
112,627
112,169
108,999

Small
83,085
124,098
123,387
122,261
130,849
128,617
125,437
121,816
119,135
118,513
118,551
118,204
118,399
119,293
120,310
120,794
120,596
119,997
116,030

Subtotal
187,980
226,284
230,020
231,228
245,668
243,095
235,483
231,733
227,271
225,948
226,079
225,927
226,944229,389
232,321233,466
233,223
232,166
225,029

Special-Purpose Vehicles
Chg. (%)
110.5
101.7
100.4
100.5
101.6
99.1
99.9
100.3
99.5
99.4
100.1
99.9
100.5
101.1
101.3
100.5
99.9
99.5
96.9

333,132
584,100
789,155
941,647
1,206,390
1,500,219
1,750,733
1,630,062
1,502,593
1,646,203
1,643,325
1,653,956
1,669,019
1,684,382
1,702,616
1,720,118
1,734,185
1,746,765
1,759,180

Chg. (%)
110.5
101.7
100.4
100.5
101.6
99.1
99.9
98.8
99.2
109.6
99.8
100.6
100.9
100.9
101.1
101.0
100.8
100.7
100.7

Total
17,581,843
28,090,558
37,856,174
46,157,261
57,697,669
66,853,500
72,649,099
75,686,455
75,361,876
75,512,887
76,125,533
76,619,066
77,188,466
77,404,331
77,750,520
78,077,869
78,289,437
78,416,591
78,461,953

Chg. (%)
116.2
104.9
104.5
103.7
104.7
102.8
101.3
101.4
100.0
100.2
100.8
100.6
100.7
100.3
100.4
100.4
100.3
100.2
100.1

Trailers
23,07939,80856,80465,48587,359120,171
133,676
147,626
152,834
154,100
155,835
157,212
159,863
162,350
165,769
169,989
174,657
180,662
185,088

ThreeWheeled
Vehicles
243,934
47,99817,724
6,123
4,056
3,621
3,827
3,280
3,120
3,089
14,816
15,47816,376
17,391
18,494
19,457
20,425
21,42022,598

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

Notes: 1. “Special-Purpose Vehicles” refers to emergency vehicles, special vehicles equipped with beds, refrigerated trucks, tank trucks, tractors, bulldozers, steamrollers, snowplows, snowmobiles, etc., that are identified as special-purpose vehicles by special registration numbers. 2. “Three-Wheeled Vehicles” includes three-wheeled passenger cars, trucks, and special-purpose vehicles. 3. “Chg. (%)”
Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

7

Motor Vehicles

Exports● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORT TRENDS BY DESTINATION

Motor Vehicle Exports Total 3.74 Million Units■ AsiaExports of motor vehicles in 2020 totalled 3.74 million units, with passenger car, truck, and bus exports shrinking
22.1%, 20%, and 39.5% from the previous year to 3.41 million units, 260,000 units, and 73,000 units, respectively.

■ Middle EastYear
7,000,000■ Europe ■ North America■ (EU)■ (U.S.A.)■ Latin America■ Africa■ Oceania■ Other
In vehicle units

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

572,417
419,715995,313521,804
1,585,327
1,426,833
358,375
148,599379,747
4,920
4,464,413
92.2

572,976525,954848,688
401,286
1,886,386
1,698,152
346,860
168,306
448,9695,452
4,803,591
107.6

540,154584,062
709,139
371,305
1,887,155
1,719,793
362,023
179,352
407,294
5,454
4,674,633
97.3

560,304
625,708
744,138
452,322
1,662,160
1,537,676
306,117
183,860
375,672
7,665
4,465,624
95.5

529,291
684,886
737,518
524,770
1,749,208
1,604,446
310,001
168,234
390,891
8,049
4,578,078
102.5

586,954
500,325
818,931
611,559
1,898,913
1,735,480
294,378
134,497
393,4576,578
4,634,033
101.2

601,204
443,963864,518
646,679
1,925,356
1,736,765
320,236
108,845434,458
7,268
4,705,848—

635,045476,157
885,705
646,943
1,929,781
1,731,025
323,591
119,549
438,362
9,280
4,817,470—

651,814464,195
980,516
770,512
1,919,835
1,726,139
286,374
123,842
383,261
8,295
4,818,132
100.0

559,998
325,027
675,630
396,451
1,532,247
1,384,998
177,864
99,469362,785
7,812
3,740,832
77.6

6,000,000

5,000,000● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS BY TYPE
IN 2020
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS

4,000,000

x 1 million units
7

Buses
Mini
Small
72,9540
15,281(0.4%) (0.0%) (2.0%)
Mini
7,349
(0.2%)

3,000,000
6
2,000,000

Standard
244,598
Small (6.5%)
235,158
Trucks
(6.3%)
259,879(6.9%)

5

Total

1,000,000
4Passenger Cars

0

Total
3,740,832(100%)
Passenger Cars
3,407,999(91.1%)

Asia
Middle East
Europe(EU)
North America(U.S.A.)
Latin America
AfricaOceania
Other
Total
Chg. (%)

3

2

Standard
3,165,492(84.6%)

1

Trucks & Buses

0
2011
Year

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Note: “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS

In vehicle units

Trucks

Passenger Cars
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

Standard
715,450
1,821,835
345,413493,047
1,343,967
1,156,122
2,333,263
3,164,603
3,453,951
3,176,195
3,550,010
3,564,559
3,593,941
3,759,771
3,871,859
3,944,646
4,120,080
4,138,078
3,165,492

Small

3,580,623
3,932,414
3,138,147
1,732,050
1,462,069
1,198,273
818,660
743,509641,749
499,541
239,198
205,727
241,206
270,707
230,684
231,404
235,158

Mini
10,136
5,451
21,124
1,301
16
8,044
520
292
2,755
10,200
6,735
1,419
2,456
4,505
5,367
3,076
7,018
3,163
7,349

Subtotal
725,586
1,827,286
3,947,160
4,426,762
4,482,130
2,896,216
3,795,852
4,363,168
4,275,366
3,929,904
4,198,494
4,065,519
3,835,595
3,970,003
4,118,432
4,218,429
4,357,782
4,372,645
3,407,999

Chg. (%)
129.5
105.8
127.2
111.2
101.8
86.2
101.0
103.5
133.2
91.9
106.8
96.8
94.3
103.5
103.7
102.4
103.3
100.3
77.9

Standard
65,170168,370
332,257
1,196,973
944,737
612,654
530,823
521,848
397,404
369,973410,251
397,694
408,859
392,531339,821326,120331,004
315,186
244,598

Small
272,549
643,232
1,548,251
1,029,757
364,376
236,929
86,32989,94652,90853,786
66,652
74,46579,61474,245
44,13842,287
19,082
9,787
15,281Mini
13,892
22,07173,177
11,374
8
276
718
162
0
8
16
20
0
0
0
0
5
0
0

Buses
Subtotal
351,611
833,673
1,953,685
2,238,104
1,309,121
849,859
617,870
611,956
450,312423,767
476,919472,179
488,473
466,776
383,959
368,407350,091
324,973
259,879

Chg. (%)
120.9
95.3
137.2
108.0
90.6
82.8
100.8
89.0
142.7
94.1
112.5
99.0
103.5
95.6
82.3
—
—
92.8
80.0

9,579
16,653
66,11665,60639,96144,734
41,16377,937
115,782
110,742
128,178
136,935
141,556
141,299
131,642
119,012
109,597
120,51472,954

Total
Chg. (%)
141.6
104.3
179.4
116.7
113.7
60.8
107.3
139.6
125.8
95.6
115.7
106.8
103.4
99.8
93.2
—
—
110.0
60.5

1,086,776
2,677,612
5,966,961
6,730,472
5,831,212
3,790,809
4,454,885
5,053,061
4,841,460
4,464,413
4,803,591
4,674,633
4,465,624
4,578,078
4,634,033
4,705,848
4,817,470
4,818,132
3,740,832

Chg. (%)
126.7
102.3
130.8
110.2
99.1
85.0
101.0
101.9
133.9
92.2
107.6
97.3
95.5
102.5
101.2
—
—
100.0
77.6

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

Notes: 1. Figures represent ex-factory export shipments of motor vehicles manufactured in Japan, which are classified in the above categories as per Japanese law, including the Road Vehicles Act. 2. Vehicle type classification in this table differs somewhat from that used in Ministry of Finance export data. 3. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988. 4. Since December 2017, export figures from one JAMA member manufacturer have not been available. 5. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

8

Motor Vehicles

Exports by Destination● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION & BY VEHICLE TYPE IN 2020

A Decline in Motor Vehicle Exports to All Regions
Motor vehicle exports decreased in 2020 from the previous year to North America (1.53 million units), Europe(676,000 units), Asia (560,000 units), Oceania (363,000 units), the Middle East (325,000 units), Latin America (178,000
units), and Africa (99,000 units).

● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION IN 2020of which EU 396,451 (10.6%)

MiddleEast
325,027(8.7%)

Asiaof which U.S.A. 1,384,998 (37.0%)

EuropeLatin
America
177,864(4.7%)

Asia
559,998(15.0%)
Africa99,469(2.7%)

Oceania
362,785(9.7%)

1 million units
100,000 units
10,000 units

Note: The “Total” figure includes 7,812 units (0.2%) shipped to other destinations.

● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORT TRENDS BY DESTINATION
12.8

Asia

11.6

11.9

Middle East

9.4

11.0

12.5

Europe22.3(11.7)

17.7
(8.4)

15.2
(7.9)

(EU)

12.5

11.6

14.0

15.0

16.7
(10.1)

16.1(11.5)

In %

12.7

12.8

13.2

13.5

15.0

North
America
Latin
America

10.8

9.4

9.9

9.6

8.7

17.7
(13.2)

18.4(13.7)

18.4(13.4)

20.4(16.0)

18.0(10.6)

AfricaNorth
America(U.S.A.)

35.5(32.0)

40.4(36.8)

39.3(35.4)

37.2(34.4)

38.2(35.0)

41.0(37.5)

40.9(36.9)

40.0(35.9)

39.8(35.8)

41.0(37.0)
Oceania

Latin America
AfricaOceania
Other

8.0

7.2

7.7

6.9

6.8

3.4

3.5

3.8

4.1

3.7

6.3
2.9

6.8
2.3

6.7
2.5

8.5 0.1

9.3

8.7 0.1

8.4 0.2

8.5 0.1

8.5 0.1

9.2

2011
Year

12

13

14

15

16

17

0.1

0.2

4.7
2.7

9.1 0.2

5.9
2.6
8.0 0.2

18

19

20

9.7

Small

Mini

SubtotalStandard

Small

Mini

Total

SubtotalSouth Korea
China
TaiwanHong Kong
ThailandSingapore
Malaysia
Philippines
Indonesia
PakistanOther13,543282,01282,658
6,218
791
6,384
11,959
5,643
7,324
34
25,742

148
0
6,409
4,939
29
1,769
3,757
989
857
788
852

0
0
0
17
0
0
0
0
0
6,437
120

13,691
282,01289,067
11,174820
8,153
15,716
6,632
8,181
7,259
26,714

236
0
8,069
2,581
6,406
4,271
7,738
5,030
7,454
1,756
15,345

0
0
0
0
0
610
240
0
0
0
5,830

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

236
0
8,069
2,581
6,406
4,881
7,978
5,030
7,454
1,756
21,175

0
0
417
622
8,763
140
2
10,756
2,399
614
1,300

13,927
282,01297,553
14,377
15,98913,174
23,696
22,41818,034
9,629
49,189Subtotal

442,308

20,537

6,574

469,41958,8866,680

065,56625,013559,998

BahrainSaudi Arabia
KuwaitOman
IsraelUnited Arab Emirates
Qatar
Other

8,075
87,95828,03915,08632,82349,7409,311
24,375

91
287
290
350
4,991
1,203
721
370

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

8,166
88,24528,32915,43637,81450,943
10,032
24,745942
17,664
2,080
8,853
476
11,376
1,291
7,590

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

942
17,664
2,080
8,853
476
11,376
1,291
7,590

1,024
2,071
1,730
1,233
0
2,292
1,108
1,587

10,132
107,980
32,13925,522
38,29064,611
12,431
33,922

Subtotal

255,4078,303

0263,71050,2720050,272

11,045325,027

SwedenDenmarkUK
Netherlands
Belgium
FranceE Germany
U Spain
Italy
Finland
PolandAustria
GreeceOther
Subtotal
NorwayUK
Switzerland
RussiaTurkeyUkraineOther

17,0004,855
10,115
12,328
9,996
26,10278,74337,253
21,4296,321
22,828
9,022
898
35,139292,029
14,58280,088
10,834
83,707
5,349
18,920
1,563

872
3,394
538
3,444
2,627
19,17917,773
2,302
28,086
447
3,228
2,572
2,524
10,49897,484778
49,614
3,902
2,041
1,286
548
285

0
0
0
0
0
775
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
775
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

17,872
8,249
10,653
15,772
12,62346,056
96,51639,55549,515
6,768
26,056
11,594
3,422
45,637390,288
15,360129,702
14,73685,748
6,635
19,468
1,848

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4,580
0
1
63
0
1,456
6,100
35
0
0
2,402
2,682
383
15

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4,590
0
1
63
0
1,456
6,110
35
0
0
2,402
2,682
383
15

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
53
0
0
53
0
0
0
165
0
0
0

17,872
8,249
10,653
15,772
12,62346,056
96,51639,555
54,105
6,768
26,057
11,7103,422
47,093
396,451
15,395
129,702
14,73688,315
9,317
19,851
1,863

Subtotal

507,072

155,938775

663,785

11,61710

0

11,627

218

675,630

CanadaU.S.A.

146,583
1,370,586

0
0

0
0

146,583
1,370,586

666
14,412

0
0

0
0

666
14,41200147,249
1,384,998

Subtotal

1,517,169

001,517,169

15,0780

0

15,07801,532,247

MexicoPuerto Rico
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Chile
BrazilOther

47,506
20,932
8,448
1,376
5,448
13,351
3,292
13,491

20,653
0
241
52
188
1,601
697
2,966

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

68,15920,932
8,689
1,428
5,636
14,952
3,989
16,457

8,442
85
9,311
1,317
2,529
1,128
0
7,421

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
176

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

8,442
85
9,311
1,317
2,529
1,128
0
7,597

3,508
0
434
254
599
15
0
2,403

80,10921,017
18,434
2,999
8,764
16,095
3,989
26,457

Subtotal

113,844

26,3980140,242

30,233176

030,4097,213

177,864

Algeria
Egypt
Nigeria
Kenya
South Africa
Other

820
2,304
365
52
14,953
8,958

0
0
0
37
2,150
943

0
0
0
0
0
0

820
2,304
365
89
17,1039,901

87
11,379
239
2,949
5,559
17,283

0
7,668
0
0
680
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

87
19,047
239
2,949
6,239
17,283

0
4,694
371
0
12,5255,453

907
26,045975
3,038
35,86732,637

Subtotal

27,4523,130

030,58237,4968,348

045,84423,043

99,469Australia
New ZealandOther269,232
27,0603,563

14,633
5,655
564

0
0
0

283,865
32,715
4,127

32,532
2,852
2,139

0
0
67

0
0
0

32,532
2,852
2,206

2,283
298
1,907

318,680
35,8658,240

Subtotal

299,855

20,8520

320,707

37,52367

037,5904,488

362,785

2,385

0

0

2,385

3,493

0

0

3,493

1,934

7,812

3,165,492

235,158

7,349

3,407,999

244,598

15,281

0259,879

72,9543,740,832

Other

0.2

Buses
Standard

MiddleEast

Total
3,740,832(100%)

TrucksDestination

In vehicle units

North
America
1,532,247(41.0%)

Europe675,630(18.0%)

Passenger Cars

In vehicle units

Grand Totals

Notes: 1. Since December 2017, export figures from one JAMA member manufacturer have not been available. 2. The UK was counted as part of the EU for January, and as part of
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
Europe from February onwards.

9Motorcycles

Production

Motorcycles

Sales

Motorcycle Production Totals 485,000 Units

Motorcycle Sales Total 366,000 Units

Overall domestic motorcycle production in 2020 declined 14.6% from the previous year to 485,000 units. By engine
capacity, there was a decrease in production in every category, with Class 1 motor-driven cycles (50cc and under)
falling 6.7% to 122,000 units, Class 2 motor-driven cycles (51cc to 125cc) shrinking 19.7% to 39,000 units, mini-sized
motorcycles (126cc to 250cc) dipping 1.4% to 54,000 units, and small-sized motorcycles (over 250cc) declining 19.1%
to 270,000 units. The combined total for larger motorcycles (all those over 50cc) dropped 17.0% to 362,000 units.

Domestic motorcycle sales in 2020 finished at 366,000 units, up 1.0% from the previous year. By engine capacity,whereas sales of Class 1 motor-driven cycles (50cc and under) fell 7.3% to 122,000 units and sales of Class 2
motor-driven cycles (51cc to 125cc) dipped 3.5% to 102,000 units, sales of mini-sized motorcycles (126cc to 250cc) andsmall-sized motorcycles (over 250cc) climbed 27.5% to 74,000 units and 1.4% to 67,000 units, respectively. Overallsales of motorcycles with engine capacity over 50cc totalled 244,000 units, an increase of 5.8% over 2019.

● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION● MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION BY ENGINECAPACITY IN 2020
In vehicle unitsx 1 million units● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE SALES● MOTORCYCLE SALES BY ENGINECAPACITY IN 2020
In vehicle unitsx 1 million units
0.8

0.8

0.6

Total
50cc & Under
122,207(25.2%)
Total
484,594(100%)
Over 250cc
269,944(55.7%)

Over 50cc

0.4

51cc-125cc
38,504 (8.0%)

126cc-250cc
74,392(20.3%)

126cc-250cc
53,939(11.1%)

0.6

Over 250cc
67,379(18.4%)
Total
365,924(100%)

50cc & Under
122,416(33.5%)

Total
0.4

Over 50cc

51cc-125cc
101,737(27.8%)

0.2

50cc & Under

0.2

50cc & Under

0

0
2011
Year

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

● MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION

19

20

In vehicle units

2011
Year

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
1,407,205
1,887,701
2,181,206
1,373,423
686,734
1,038,938
630,221260,343
80,63064,50739,56927,67031,52930,886
31,46533,66559,451
47,94538,504Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
259,145
331,733
660,831469,728
270,304
217,738
297,433
279,274
108,950
104,636
91,925
88,10893,53676,94573,19478,99361,65854,68253,939Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
385,723552,291
1,098,577
678,346
506,637
544,760
851,191
953,419
387,082
365,108
373,093372,591
395,424
348,125
356,558
404,176
389,854333,736
269,944

13

14

15

16

17

18

● MOTORCYCLE SALESOver 50cc
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
895,599
1,030,822
2,493,910
2,014,850
1,343,220
951,803
636,546
298,549
87,513104,936
90,88674,94076,56966,43899,319130,149
140,921
131,013122,207

12

19

20

In vehicle units

Over 50cc
Subtotal
2,052,073
2,771,725
3,940,614
2,521,497
1,463,675
1,801,436
1,778,845
1,493,036
576,662534,251
504,587
488,369
520,489455,956
461,217516,834
510,963436,363362,387

Total
2,947,672
3,802,547
6,434,524
4,536,347
2,806,895
2,753,239
2,415,391
1,791,585
664,175
639,187
595,473
563,309597,058
522,394
560,536
646,983
651,884
567,376484,594

Chg. (%)
114.4
84.3
143.8
112.7
100.4
101.0
107.3
103.0
103.0
96.2
93.2
94.6
106.0
87.5
107.3
115.4
100.8
87.0
85.4

Notes: 1. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988.
2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

Year
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
1,978,426
1,646,115
1,213,512
884,718
558,459
470,922
231,247
257,045
246,095
238,786
228,918
193,842
162,130
174,259
143,129
132,086
122,416

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
200,238
130,574
169,618
138,115
102,116
88,74796,36895,70290,291
100,947
96,24994,851
101,424
88,765105,536
105,403
101,737

Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
80,799167,213
165,692
104,175
75,887102,038
37,64538,88345,30655,441
54,31051,27746,42956,58657,22958,35974,392

Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
97,281
143,324
103,876
115,430
83,96376,841
58,10853,36260,71565,28970,151
66,621
62,90864,00363,22066,456
67,379Subtotal
378,318
441,111439,186
357,720
261,966
267,626
192,121
187,947
196,312221,677
220,710
212,749
210,761
209,354
225,985
230,218
243,508

Total
2,356,744
2,087,226
1,652,698
1,242,438
820,425
738,548
423,368
444,992
442,407460,463449,628
406,591
372,891
383,613369,114362,304
365,924Chg. (%)
122.0
101.5
98.1
102.2
93.6
100.7
97.7
105.1
99.4
104.1
97.6
90.4
91.7
102.9
96.2
98.2
101.0

Notes: 1. Motor-driven cycle (Class 1 and Class 2) figures represent shipments to domestic dealers. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result
indexed at 100).

Sources: Japan Mini Vehicles Association; Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

10

Motorcycles

Motorcycles in Use

Motorcycles

Exports

10.35 Million Motorcycles in Use

Motorcycle Exports Total 312,000 UnitsAt March 31, 2020, motorcycles in use in Japan totalled 10.35 million units, down 1.8% from the previous year. By
engine capacity, Class 1 motor-driven cycles, accounting for 46.9% of all motorcycles in use, dropped 4.9% to 4.85
million units in 2020, whereas Class 2 motor-driven cycles, mini-sized motorcycles, and small-sized motorcycles in use
rose 1.7%, 0.2%, and 1.4% to 1.82 million units, 1.97 million units, and 1.71 million units, respectively. Thus,
motorcycles over 50cc in use increased 1.1%, to a total of 5.50 million units.

Motorcycle exports in 2020 decreased 21.3% from the previous year to 312,000 units. By engine capacity, Class 1
motor-driven cycles fell 3.4% to 16,000 units, mini-sized motorcycles dropped 15.7% to 41,000 units, and small-sized
motorcycles shrank 25.1% to 230,000 units. Meanwhile, Class 2 motor-driven cycles rose 3.7% to 25,000 units.

● MOTORCYCLES IN USE BY ENGINECAPACITY (at March 31, 2020) In vehicle units● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY ENGINECAPACITY IN 2020
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLES IN USE(at March 31 yearly)
x 1 million units● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS
x 1 million units
0.8

16

Total

Over 250cc
1,704,542(16.4%)

126cc-250cc
1,972,367(19.1%)

Total
10,348,397(100%)

50cc & Under
4,853,131(46.9%)

50cc & Under
15,571(5.0%)

12

Total
311,998(100%)

850cc & Under

Total

126cc-250cc
40,906 (13.1%)

0.4

Over 50cc

Over 250cc
230,288(73.8%)

Over 50cc

51cc-125cc
1,818,357(17.6%)

0.6

51cc-125cc
25,233(8.1%)

40.2

50cc & Under
0

0
2011
Year

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

● MOTORCYCLES IN USE (at March 31 yearly)

19

20

In vehicle units

2011
Year

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
4,431,745
3,132,818
2,281,006
1,747,957
1,517,228
1,421,031
1,337,395
1,353,732
1,511,440
1,540,667
1,582,925
1,626,094
1,674,884
1,704,083
1,717,092
1,737,911
1,752,278
1,787,133
1,818,357

Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
583,316
492,307506,567
1,047,426
1,669,771
1,823,446
1,704,522
1,857,439
1,992,939
1,975,623
1,959,845
1,969,187
1,980,411
1,978,462
1,970,471
1,961,109
1,966,973
1,968,905
1,972,367

Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
109,771276,715
383,639775,627
1,045,519
1,177,229
1,288,399
1,397,392
1,524,176
1,535,181
1,542,856
1,566,341
1,595,335
1,611,089
1,628,461
1,641,580
1,657,613
1,680,416
1,704,542

13

14

15

16

17

18

● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS

Over 50cc
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
3,727,426
4,851,140
8,794,335
14,609,399
13,539,269
11,165,390
9,643,487
8,566,613
7,448,862
7,154,455
6,899,459
6,661,807
6,438,002
6,188,710
5,899,276
5,615,360
5,353,473
5,103,395
4,853,131

12

19

20

In vehicle units

Over 50cc
Subtotal
5,124,832
3,901,840
3,171,212
3,571,010
4,232,518
4,421,706
4,330,316
4,608,563
5,028,555
5,051,471
5,085,626
5,161,622
5,250,630
5,293,634
5,316,024
5,340,600
5,376,864
5,436,454
5,495,266

Total
8,852,258
8,752,980
11,965,547
18,180,409
17,771,787
15,587,096
13,973,803
13,175,176
12,477,417
12,205,926
11,985,085
11,823,429
11,688,632
11,482,344
11,215,300
10,955,960
10,730,337
10,539,849
10,348,397

Chg. (%)
100.5
101.9
109.8
104.8
97.6
98.0
98.0
99.3
98.4
97.8
98.2
98.7
98.9
98.2
97.7
97.7
97.9
98.2
98.2

Notes: 1. Motor-driven cycle data is as at April 1, and since 2006 motorcycles with engine capacity of 125cc and under whose owners fail to pay the mandatory motorcycle ownership tax
are not included in this data. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; since 2006 (only for the 125cc-and-under categories), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
326,815
288,843
501,027
369,167
147,301
61,62782,03857,86011,522
19,745
17,794
12,56012,778
11,761
16,031
16,55917,025
16,122
15,571

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
914,325
1,546,170
1,907,481
1,350,412
507,840
691,433
549,040
197,378
48,97645,85335,57927,676
29,77130,82330,181
25,39530,99924,32925,233Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
187,185
328,313548,306
296,865
117,222
129,961
204,591
177,824
85,506
83,59469,96364,56663,891
59,85159,80558,61153,89548,51640,906

Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
309,277
527,344972,226
525,038
411,381442,689805,508
899,161
347,460
355,793355,827
326,095
359,144
315,214322,602362,558
354,839
307,412230,288

Subtotal
1,410,787
2,401,827
3,428,013
2,172,315
1,036,443
1,264,083
1,559,139
1,274,363
481,942
485,240
461,369
418,337
452,806
405,888412,588446,564
439,733
380,257
296,427

Total
1,737,602
2,690,670
3,929,040
2,541,482
1,183,744
1,325,710
1,641,177
1,332,223
493,464
504,985
479,163430,897
465,584
417,649
428,619
463,123456,758
396,379
311,998

Chg. (%)
133.8
83.0
144.0
119.7
107.3
94.2
116.1
100.4
90.7
102.3
94.9
89.9
108.0
89.7
102.6
108.1
98.6
86.8
78.7

Notes: 1. Figures represent ex-factory export shipments of motorcycles manufactured in Japan. 2. Class 2 motor-driven cycles include three-wheeled motor-driven cycles. 3. KD sets havebeen excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988. 4. “Chg. (%)” meanschange from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

11

Motorcycles

Exports by Destination● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION & BY ENGINE CAPACITY IN 2020

An Increase in Motorcycle Exports to Oceania and the
Middle East

Over 50cc

Compared to the previous year, motorcycle exports in 2020 increased to Oceania (23,000 units) and the Middle East
(5,000 units), but decreased to Europe (144,000 units), North America (95,000 units), Asia (23,000 units), Latin
America (13,000 units), and Africa (9,000 units).

● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION IN 2020

Europe144,127(46.2%)of which EU 131,570 (42.2%)

Asia

MiddleEastof which U.S.A. 81,899 (26.3%)
EuropeMiddleEast
4,712(1.5%)

Total
311,998(100%)
Latin
America
13,323(4.3%)

Asia
22,739(7.3%)
Africa8,672(2.8%)

Oceania
23,364(7.5%)

100,000 units
10,000 units
1,000 units● MOTORCYCLE EXPORT TRENDS BY DESTINATION
Asia
Middle East

7.7
0.8

Europe(EU)

34.5(33.1)

4.9
1.2

34.1
(31.9)

4.5
0.9

34.3
(31.7)

5.7
0.8

37.5
(34.6)

7.1
1.2

40.9
(38.1)

In %

5.9
1.4

47.0
(44.1)

7.3
1.0

48.5
(45.8)

7.1
0.9

47.6
(45.0)

8.0
1.1

7.3
1.5

48.2
(46.0)

46.2(42.2)

North
America
Latin
America

AfricaNorth
America(U.S.A.)

35.5(32.6)

38.4(34.8)

41.4(36.4)

39.4(34.9)

32.0(27.6)

30.2(26.1)

28.4(24.3)

30.4(26.0)

28.8(24.5)

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)

Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)

South Korea
China
TaiwanHong Kong
ThailandSingapore
Malaysia
Philippines
Indonesia
Other

0
0
0
0
24
3
0
24
0
0

5
0
750
6
8
36
0
5
50
0

0
0
0
50
91
65
0
13
113
46

3,680
6,562
2,279
1,564
3,017
994
1,500
1,217
264
373

3,685
6,562
3,029
1,620
3,116
1,095
1,500
1,235
427
419

3,685
6,562
3,029
1,620
3,140
1,098
1,500
1,259
427
419

Subtotal

51

860

378

21,45022,68822,739

Saudi Arabia
IsraelUnited Arab Emirates
Other

24
0
21
9

36
130
223
13

32
125
48
118

705
2,401
293
534

773
2,656
564
665

797
2,656
585
674

Subtotal

Destination

In vehicle units

North
America
95,061(30.4%)

30.4(26.3)

9.1

10.1

7.9

Africa

4.2

4.0

3.6

5.8
3.6

Oceania

8.2

7.3

7.4

2011
Year

12

13

6.7
4.9

4.1
4.4

7.2

7.2

14

15

5.0
2.7
6.3

5.5
2.9
5.5

4.3
2.8

7.0

5.4
3.1
6.3

16

17

18

19

20

7.5

Oceania

Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)

Subtotal

Total

54

402

323

3,933

4,658

4,712

SwedenDenmarkUK
Netherlands
Belgium
FranceGermany
E Portugal
U Spain
Italy
PolandAustria
Hungary
GreeceCroatia
Slovenia
Other

0
0
0
0
0
1,629
600
0
132
123
0
0
0
18
18
54
0

0
14
0
429
0
2,231
702
0
130
712
0
0
13
20
30
80
0

30
50
13
1,807
125
1,791
916
0
136
1,026
27
79
30
26
36
134
191

381
1,189
1,011
26,503
1,245
29,05317,091461
12,012
21,606
1,361
2,670
1,117
957
309
568
684

411
1,253
1,024
28,7391,370
33,07518,709461
12,27823,344
1,388
2,749
1,160
1,003
375
782
875

411
1,253
1,024
28,7391,370
34,704
19,309461
12,41023,467
1,388
2,749
1,160
1,021
393
836
875

Subtotal

2,574

4,361

6,417

118,218

128,996

131,570

512
4,749
4,304
1,264
1,424
253

512
4,749
4,325
1,264
1,454
253

NorwayUK
Switzerland
TurkeyRussia
Other

0
0
21
0
30
0

0
0
72
0
58
0

9
256
227
0
64
0

503
4,493
4,005
1,264
1,302
253

Subtotal

2,625

4,491

6,973

130,038

141,502

144,127

12,37373,275

13,16281,899CanadaU.S.A.

789
8,624

1,449
9,995

2,862
20,3498,062
42,931

Subtotal

9,413

11,444

23,21150,99385,64895,061

MexicoGuatemalaPanamaColombia
Peru
Chile
BrazilArgentina
Other

54
3
3
9
0
42
15
0
83

64
10
6
99
0
44
20
5
213

96
66
8
164
6
244
232
45
654

2,211
103
96
1,901
68
526
4,973
659
601

2,371
179
110
2,164
74
814
5,225
709
1,468

2,425
182
113
2,173
74
856
5,240
709
1,551

Subtotal

209

461

1,515

11,138

13,114

13,323

Guinea
Togo
Mali
Niger
Dem Rep Congo
Ethiopia
Kenya
UgandaSouth Africa
Other

0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
15
12

35
984
1,131
655
744
1
0
106
391
153

110
347
374
612
20
24
208
9
418
382

0
0
0
0
0
10
1
0
543
1,384

145
1,331
1,505
1,267
764
35
209
115
1,352
1,919

145
1,331
1,505
1,267
764
38
209
115
1,367
1,931

30

4,200

2,504

1,938

8,642

8,672

Australia
New Zealand
Other

2,703
474
12

2,863
506
6

4,467
1,472
63

9,276
1,456
66

16,6063,434
135

19,3093,908
147

Subtotal

3,189

3,375

6,002

10,79820,17523,364

15,571

25,23340,906230,288296,427

311,998

Subtotal

Latin America

In vehicle units

Grand Totals

Note: The UK was counted as part of the EU for January, and as part of Europe from February onwards.

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

12

Road Safety

Road Safety

Road Safety

Promoting Greater Road Safety
Road safety involves three factors—road users, vehicles, and road infrastructure. Accordingly, those three factors are thefocus of JAMA’s and its member manufacturers’ road safety promotional efforts (for the manufacturers’ vehicle-based
measures for increased active and passive safety, see page 14). JAMA works together with relevant government agencies
and organizations on activities promoting greater road safety. In 2020 road fatalities (defined here as deaths occurring
within 24 hours of accident occurrence) in Japan dropped to 2,839, the lowest number recorded since the start of road
fatality data compilation by the National Police Agency in 1948. Road accidents and road injuries also declined, for the
sixteenth consecutive year, to 309,178 and 369,476 (in number of persons), respectively; the injured included 27,774 people
with serious injuries. Annual statistics show that while the road fatality rate per 100,000 persons continues to decline forthe elderly demographic (ages 65 and older), that age group nevertheless accounts for a growing share—56.2% in
2020—of total road fatalities. Reducing the fatality rate among older road users therefore remains a pressing issue.

● ROAD ACCIDENTS/INJURIES/FATALITIES
2,000,000

20,000Injuries

Fatalities(Number of
persons)

1,500,000

15,000(Number of
persons)

Accidents

1,000,000

10,000

ASV Technologies

Widespread Application of Advanced Safety Vehicle
Technologies
EXPANDING AVAILABILTY OF ASV TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MARKET
With the goal of supporting safe driving, the results of research conducted on the Advanced Safety Vehicle (ASV) concept have been used todevelop a wide range of vehicle safety features, including lane-keeping assist systems, full-range adaptive cruise control systems andcollision-mitigation braking systems. Most of these advanced technologies have already been introduced to the market (see page 14 for details
on the status of their onboard installation).

● PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF ASV TECHNOLOGIES
1. Lane-Keeping Assist

3. Collision-Mitigation Braking System (pre-crash safety)

Sensors (cameras and similar devices)
positioned on the vehicle monitor theroad ahead and, through auxiliary
control of the steering wheel, help
keep the vehicle centered in the lane
whenever the vehicle deviates from its
course because of, for example, acrosswind or road surface unevenness.

Based on the distance from and speed relative to the vehicle ahead obtained
principally by means of radar technology, the system’s electronic control unit calculates
the risk of collision. In the event of such a risk, multiple warnings are emitted andauxiliary braking is applied. When a collision is imminent, full braking power isapplied and seatbelts are retracted automatically.

Lane-keeping
assistRadar sensors and a camera continuously monitor the distance to the vehicle ahead.

(Number ofaccidents)

2. Full-Range Adaptive Cruise Control
500,000

0

Accidents
718,080
472,938
476,677552,788
643,097
761,794
931,950
934,346
725,924

1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010

When vehicle ahead slows down,
braking is activated.

0
1970
Year

Year

Information from front sensors helps a vehicle keep a safe distance from thevehicle ahead through brake or speed control according to a preset vehicle
speed.

5,000

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

Injuries
Fatalities(Number of persons) (Number of persons)
16,765
981,096
10,792
622,467
8,760
598,719
9,261
681,346
11,227790,295
10,684
922,677
9,073
1,155,707
6,937
1,157,113
4,948
896,297

2000

2005

Year

2010

2015

Accidents

2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

692,084
665,157
629,033
573,842536,899499,201
472,165
430,601
381,237
309,178

2020

Injuries
Fatalities(Number of persons) (Number of persons)
4,691
854,6134,438
825,392
4,388
781,492
4,113
711,374
4,117
666,023
3,904
618,8533,694
580,850
3,532
525,8463,215
461,775
2,839
369,476
Source: National Police Agency● ROAD FATALITIES PER 100,000 PERSONSBY AGE GROUP, 2010-2020
Per 100,000 pop.
9

8.6
7.8

8

7.7

7.5

7

65 and older
6.9

6.8

6.3

6
5
4
3

3.9
2.5

3.7
2.4

5.8

5.6

5.0

All age groups
3.5
2.2

2

3.4
2.1

3.2
2.0

3.2
2.0

3.1

2.9

2.8

1.9

1.8

1.7

4.4

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

16 to 2425 to 64

65 and
older

1971

12.4

23.6

47.7

16.3

1976

13.3

22.2

47.8

16.7

1981

10.3

1986

6.1

27.1

25.4

44.1

45.6

22.7

1991

4.3

27.6

42.6

25.5

2.3

1996

3.3

1.4

2001

3.1 16.0

2006

2.5

2011

2.4 9.4

2016

1.9 8.5

34.9

54.8

2020

1.4 8.8

33.6

56.2

19

20

Note: Total population figures used in calculating the above results are as at October 1 of the year
preceding the year shown, except for the years in which the quinquennial national population
census was conducted, in which case the total population figure obtained by the census was used.
Source: White Paper on Traffic Safety in Japan 2020, Cabinet Office

21.4

43.7

41.1
39.0

Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, National Police Agency, Financial
Services Agency and automobile-related organizations have been working cooperatively to promote the widespread use of “safety supportcars” (or “sapocars” for short), equipped with advanced safety features such as collision-mitigation braking systems, to help drivers of all ages
avoid road accident occurrence and to mitigate damage/injury when accidents do occur.

Safety Support Car(or “Sapocar”)

Safety Support Car S(or “Sapocar S”)

36.8
44.3
49.2

Source: White Paper on Traffic Safety in Japan 2020, Cabinet Office“Sapocar S” Classification
The “Sapocar S” concept has three sub-classifications,based on the safety features installed.

Type:“Wide”

Type:“Basic+”

31.6

44.1

12.2

PROMOTING PUBLIC AWARENESS OF “SAFETY SUPPORT CARS”

18.7

1.6

0
2010 11Year

15 andyounger

Full braking power activatedWhen a collision is imminent, full braking power is automatically applied andseatbelts are rapidly retracted.

In %

2.5

Younger than 65

1

Year

Monitoring of
distance to thevehicle ahead● THE “SAFETY SUPPORT CAR” Ver 1.0 CONCEPT● TRENDS IN ROAD FATALITIESBY AGE GROUP

10

Auxiliary braking activatedWhen the distance to the vehicle ahead narrows dangerously, multiple warnings
are emitted and auxiliary braking is automatically applied.

Passenger cars equipped withcollision-mitigation braking
systems; suitable for all drivers

Passenger cars equipped withcollision-mitigation braking
systems and accelerator
suppression for pedal
misapplication; suitableespecially for elderly drivers

Type:“Basic”

Collision-mitigation braking system (pedestriancollision avoidance)
Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication (1)Lane departure warning (2)Advanced headlamp control (3)Collision-mitigation braking system (vehicle collision
avoidance)
Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication (1)Collision-mitigation braking system (vehicle collision
avoidance) for low-speed vehicle operation (4)Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication (1)(1) In automatic-transmission vehicles only. (2) Including lane-keeping assist. (3) Automatic high-to-low-beam headlamp control, glare-free high beam headlamp control, or adaptive
front-lighting system. (4) 30km/h or lower.

13

Road Safety

Vehicle Safety

Road Safety

ITS and Automated Driving

Equipping More Vehicles with Advanced Safety Features

The Transition to Automated Driving

The automotive industry continuously strives for greater active safety by upgrading vehicle safety equipment andexpanding its onboard installation rates, to help prevent accident occurrence. For example, 95.8% of the totality ofpassenger cars produced in 2020 for the domestic market were equipped with forward collision-mitigation braking
systems (including those for low-speed vehicle operation) and 90.8% with systems enabling accelerator suppression
in the event of pedal misapplication. Automakers also continuously seek to increase passive safety throughenhanced structural safety and vehicle features designed to mitigate injury when accidents do occur.

Aiming for the real-world implementation of automated driving, the Japanese government released, in April 2018,an outline of the system-building measures needed to create the legal frameworks necessary for the practicalapplication of automated driving technologies (Level 3) by the year 2020. A subsequent review of roadtraffic-related frameworks conducted on the basis of that outline by the ministries and agencies concerned led tothe enactment in early 2020 of a revised Road Traffic Act and a revised Road Vehicles Act. The government’s
Public-Private ITS Initiative/Roadmaps policy initiative, which represents Japan’s strategy on ITS and automateddriving systems development, formulates a plan to marketize automated driving systems (Level 4) on expressways,
expand their use in freight transport, and promote the introduction of driverless autonomous mobility services by2025. JAMA is actively participating in the initiatives being undertaken for the practical use of automated driving
technologies.

● SAFETY FEATURE ONBOARD INSTALLATION STATUS(for passenger cars produced in 2020 for home market)
Safety Feature
ActiveSafetyPassive
SafetyBrake assist
Unfastened seatbelt warning (front passenger’s seat)
Power-window jamming prevention (with auto-up function)
Power-window jamming prevention (without auto-up function)
High-intensity discharge headlamps
Adaptive front-lighting system (AFS)
Backing-up monitoring (rear obstacle detection)
Vehicle perimeter monitoring
Vehicle perimeter obstacle warning
Blind-corner monitoring
Curve detection
Tire pressure monitoring
Driver inattention warning
Inter-vehicle distance warning
Lane departure warning
Forward collision-mitigation braking system
Forward collision-mitigation braking system (for low-speed vehicle operation)
Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication
Adaptive cruise control
Adaptive cruise control with low-speed following mode
Full-range adaptive cruise control
Lane-keeping assist
Backing-up monitoring (parking assistance)
Navigator-based gearshift control
Pre-crash seatbelts
Electronic stability control
Traction control with anti-lock braking system
Rearward-approaching-vehicle warning
Emergency braking warning
Vehicle proximity warning (for HVs/EVs) (3)Automatic high-to-low-beam headlamp control
Glare-free high beam headlamp control
Backing-up monitoring (moving-object warning)
Backing-up collision-mitigation braking system
Vehicle perimeter-based collision-mitigation braking system (for low-speed operation)
Rear collision-mitigation braking system
Lane departure prevention
Side airbags
Curtain airbags
Active head restraints
i-Size child car seats
J-EDR (Japanese regulation-compliant event data recorders)
Automatic collision notification (ACN)
Advanced automatic collision notification (AACN)

Total

Installation Status
In no. of models (1)
176
138
176
32
172
35
146
94
105
77
27
28
113
159
159
161
3
146
87
66
78
86
23
14
6
178
162
72
157
71
141
45
80
28
59
89
100
161
156
145
82
104
40
65

(176)
(131)
(175)
(32)
(104)
(22)
(61)
(16)
(49)
(13)
(10)
(19)
(64)
(109)
(111)
(115)
(10)
(65)
(64)
(44)
(42)
(51)
(0)
(4)
(3)
(178)
(162)
(26)
(146)
(66)
(78)
(8)
(28)
(9)
(18)
(37)
(71)
(107)
(105)
(144)
(80)
(104)
(31)
(36)

178

In % (2)
98.9
77.5
98.9
18.0
96.6
19.7
82.0
52.8
59.0
43.3
15.2
15.7
63.5
89.3
89.3
90.4
1.7
82.0
48.9
37.1
43.8
48.3
12.9
7.9
3.4
100.0
91.0
40.4
88.2
62.3
79.2
25.3
44.9
15.7
33.1
50.0
56.2
90.4
87.6
81.5
46.3
58.4
22.5
36.5

In vehicle units
3,463,187
2,873,716
3,457,482
573,0102,729,409
275,819
2,288,100
1,184,168
1,990,345
868,912232,31075,9901,464,230
3,282,669
3,308,395
3,317,492
4,805
3,148,605
1,680,806
1,159,018
1,131,638
1,586,071
216,118
60,773
7,646
3,468,761
2,978,265
793,198
3,242,288
956,014
2,778,327
698,214904,731358,225
1,507,645
2,085,650
2,054,495
2,455,550
2,295,509
2,909,873
1,911,956
2,082,947
681,213956,262

In % (2)
99.8
82.8
99.7
16.5
78.7
8.0
66.0
34.1
57.4
25.0
6.7
2.2
42.2
94.6
95.4
95.7
0.1
90.8
48.5
33.4
32.6
45.7
6.2
1.8
0.2
100.0
85.9
22.9
93.5
50.4
80.1
20.1
26.1
10.3
43.5
60.1
59.2
70.8
66.2
83.9
55.1
60.0
19.6
27.6

● INITIATIVES PROMOTING THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF AUTOMATED DRIVING SYSTEMSAND THE INTRODUCTION OF AUTONOMOUS MOBILITY SERVICES
By 2020

Mid-Term

Long-Term(2023 to 2025)(From 2026)

Note: In fiscal years (see note on page 2).

Private-Use
VehiclesDevelopment/
Demonstration

Development/
Demonstration

Driver-assistancesystems for use on
regular roads (Level 2)

Large-scaledemonstrations

Driver-assistance &automated driving systems
for use on expressways(Level 2, Level 3)

Development of advanced
driver-assistance/partly automateddriving systems (Level 1, Level 2)

Market introduction

Reduced roadaccident occurrenceRoad congestion
mitigation

Expanded market introduction
Fully automateddriving systems foruse on expressways(Level 4)

Improved industrial
competitiveness

Fully automateddriving systems fortrucks for use on
expressways (Level 4)

Logistics Services

Truck platooning on expressways

Development/Demonstration

Innovative
optimization oflogistics in era of
population decline

Driverless autonomous delivery services
in limited areas
Driver-assistance systems for use on expressways& Autonomous buses (Level 2 or higher)

Mobility Services
Demonstrations
on public roads- In remote locations- In sparsely populatedareas, etc.

Driverless autonomous
mobility services inlimited areas (Level 4)
Remote operation/monitoringof one or more vehicles bysingle operator

Driverless autonomous
mobility services withremote monitoring
only, in limited areas(see note)

Driverless autonomous
mobility services inlimited areas (Level 4)

Mobility services
accessibility foranyone, anywhere

Expansion of target areas, ODD(ADS safe operation areas),
service content, and scope

Note: Factors to be taken into account when planning the provision of such services include local climate and road conditions and it will be the responsibility of the government
authorities concerned to establish the criteria enabling the determination of when and where such services can be safely and effectively introduced.
Source: The Public-Private ITS Initiative/Roadmaps policy initiative● JAMA’S VISION OF AUTOMATED DRIVINGIn November 2015, JAMA released a roadmap for achieving optimally safe, accessible, and efficient mobility for all road users in Japan through the useof automated driving technologies. The roadmap envisions the wider introduction of automated driving functions up to 2020; between 2020 and
2030, the expanded application of automated driving technologies in various driving environments; and by 2050, predicated on full public acceptancewhich Japan’s automakers will promote, a comprehensive deployment of advanced levels of automated driving, the result of integrated efforts on thepart of industry, government, and academia.

ACHIEVING
THE “ZEROS”

3,468,762(1) “In no. of models” indicates the number of models in which the safety feature is installed as standard or optional equipment. Figures in parentheses indicate the number of models inwhich the safety feature is standard equipment. (2) “In %” means as a percentage of the total number of models/units produced. (3) In 2020 a total of 114 hybrid/electric car models(1,896,766 vehicle units) were produced.
Notes: 1. Passenger cars here include minicars. 2. Criteria for inclusion in the calculations whose results are shown here were revised in 2015.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

Short-Term(2021 to 2022)

RESOLVING
RELATED ISSUES

Zero accidents

Through the elimination ofhuman error

Zero congestion

Through more efficient roadand vehicle use (via telematics)

Enabling optimallyaccessible mobility
Enabling optimallyefficient freight transport

Through optimally efficientdoor-to-door vehicle use,“any time and anywhere”

Driverassistancesystems

Automated
drivingfunctions14

Attention to the Environment

Carbon Neutrality● LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

Striving to Reach Net-Zero
The Japanese government has declared the country’s intention to achieve carbon neutrality (CN) by 2050. As part ofthis effort, one goal is to raise the share of electrified (i.e., electric or partially electric) vehicles in annual new
passenger car sales in the domestic market to 100% by 2035, and comprehensive steps are being taken accordingly.
Japan’s automotive industry is engaging with CO2 reduction efforts being rapidly deployed globally and is working
vigorously towards the “net zero CO2 emissions” target.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology for quantitatively calculating the environmental impacts of a product (or process or service) throughout its
entire life cycle, from the initial procurement of raw materials through product disposal. Although electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, for example, emit
no CO2 when driven, carbon is emitted in the generation of electricity and the production of hydrogen which they use, respectively, as fuel; and carbon
emissions are also produced during their manufacture, distribution, recycling, and disposal at the end of their service life. LCA thus makes possible thereduction of CO2 emissions at every stage of a vehicle’s life cycle, without which carbon neutrality with respect to motor vehicles cannot be achieved.
Life Cycle Assessment
Tank to Wheel● THE WORLDWIDE SHIFT TOWARDS CARBON NEUTRALITY
Governments around the world must reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in order to limit global warming within this century to “well below 2°C
and preferably to 1.5°C” compared to pre-industrial levels, as called for by the Paris Agreement, the international treaty on climate change adopted in
December 2015. Moreover, a special report released by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2018 on “Global Warming of 1.5°C”
affirmed that carbon neutrality must be achieved by around 2050 in order to keep the global temperature rise to within 1.5°C above pre-industrial
levels. Against this backdrop, there is growing international momentum to achieve carbon neutrality as more and more countries and regions establish
increasingly ambitious CN targets.

GHG Emissions: Actual Trends and 2030 Reduction Targets, Japan/U.S.A./EU

Materials

Parts
production
Electricity
generationx 1 million tons (Mt) CO2 equivalent

8,000

U.S.A.
50-52%* reduction

7,000(compared to 2005)

Vehicleproduction
Electricity
transmission

Petroleumrefining

Petroleum extraction
Well to Wheel

While in use

In vehicle life cycle assessment,
CO2 emission volumes arecalculated at every stage of avehicle’s life cycle, from power
generation and manufacture
through distribution, use, andfinal disposal.

DisposalRefueling
Electricity
supplyFuel
production

Fueltransport

Fuel supply

Note: The illustration at left does not take into
account hydrogen production.
Source: Ministry of the Environment

6,000

EU
55% reduction

5,000(compared to 1990)

4,000

Japan
46% reduction

3,000(compared to 2013)

2,000
1,000

● VEHICLE USERS AND CARBON NEUTRALITY: CONSUMER OPTIONS IN JAPANLife cycle assessment calculations have determined that, because the supply of renewable energy in Japan is for the time being limited, there is not awide disparity in CO2 emissions tallies for hybrid vehicles (HVs), electric vehicles (EVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) over their entire life cycles. The
widespread use of electric vehicles will help expedite the achievement of carbon neutrality, but it is crucial that consumer preferences be taken into
account. At present, the vehicle market in Japan offers consumers a wide range of electrified models, enabling consumers to make the vehicle
purchasing choices that best suit their needs.

HVs (Hybrid vehicles)

PHVs (Plug-in hybrid vehicles)

EVs (Electric vehicles)

FCVs (Fuel cell vehicles)

0
1990
Year

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

2045

2050

H2
Actual Trends (2018 data)
Emissions(x 1 Mt CO2 equiv)

Emissionsper capita

2030 Reduction Targets(x 1 t CO2 equiv)

2018/1990
reductionrate

2018/2013
reductionrate

Baselineyear(self-established)

Reduction
rate target

Calculated
relative to1990

Calculated
relative to2005

Calculated
relative to2013

Reductionamountrequired,
2018-2030

Long travel range, more affordable
than PHVs and EVs

Long travel range, more affordable thanEVs; a PHV is an EV for daily use.

Zero CO2 emissions if powered byrenewable energy; chargeable at homeLong travel range, rapidly
refuelable

Japan

1,238

9.8

-2%

-12%

2013

-46%

-40%

-45%

-46%

-34%

U.S.A.

6,677

20.4

+4%

-1%

2005

-50 to 52%

-44%

-51%*

-46%

-45%

● CURRENT STATUS OF ELECTRIFIED PASSENGER VEHICLE ADOPTION & JAPAN’S TARGETS FOR 2030

EU

4,224

9.5

-25%

-6%

1990

-55%

-55%

-51%

-43%

-38%

Electrified vehicles (HVs/PHVs/EVs/FCVs) accounted for 36% of new passenger car sales in Japan in 2020. For 2030, the Japanese government hasestablished a target of 50 to 70% of new passenger car sales for so-called next-generation vehicles (HVs/PHVs/EVs/FCVs and clean diesel vehicles).

*“50-52%” has been calculated as 51%.

Sources: Greenhouse gas inventories, National Institute for Environmental Studies; World Development Indicators (WDI), World Bank● CARBON NEUTRALITY TARGET YEARS & RELATED GOVERNMENT STATEMENTS, JAPAN/U.S.A./EU
Japan

U.S.A.

EU

Status of Electrified Passenger Vehicle
Adoption: International Comparisons (2020)

Next-Generation Vehicles in Japan’s New Passenger
Car Market: Current (2020) & Target (2030) Shares

Target Year

Related Statement

Country

Market Share(%)*

In Vehicle Units

2050(as declared in
Prime Minister Suga’s
policy speechon October 26, 2020)“My administration will devote itself to the greatest possible extent to bring about a green society, while focusing on a
virtuous cycle of the economy and the environment as a pillar of our growth strategy. [...] Addressing climate change is nolonger a constraint on economic growth. We need to adjust our mindset to a paradigm shift [so] that proactive climatechange measures bring transformation of industrial structures as well as our economy and society, leading to dynamic
economic growth.”- Extract from policy speech by Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga to the 203rd session of the Diet, October 26, 2020

Norway83%

120,000

Iceland

58%

5,000

Japan

36%

1.35 million

2050(as declared incandidate Joseph Biden’s
July 2020
campaign pledge)“Today, President Biden will [issue an Executive Order] to tackle the climate crisis at home and abroad while creating
good-paying union jobs and equitable clean energy future, building modern and sustainable infrastructure, [and] restoring
scientific integrity and evidence-based policymaking across the federal government. […] The order clearly establishes
climate considerations as an essential element of U.S. foreign policy and national security.”

Germany25%

720,000

Plug-in hybrid vehicles

0.39% (15,000)

France22%

360,000

Electric vehicles

0.38% (15,000)

China

7%

1.49 million

Fuel cell vehicles

0.02% (800)

Approx. 3%

2050(EU Long-Term Strategy
submission, March 2020)“The European Green Deal will transform the EU into a modern, resource-efficient and competitive economy, ensuring:• no net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050 • economic growth decoupled from resource use- Extract from “A European Green Deal” issued December 11, 2019
• no person and no place left behind.”

U.S.A.

5%

750,000

3.86% (147,000)

5 to 10%- Extract from “Fact Sheet” issued by White House Briefing Room, January 27, 2021

Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy

2020

2030

In % (In vehicle units)

In %Conventional vehicles

60.58% (2.31 million)

30 to 50%

Next-Generation Vehicles

39.42% (1.50 million)

50 to 70%

34.77% (1.32 million)

30 to 40%

Hybrid vehicles

20 to 30%

*Market share = Share of new passenger vehicle sales
Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association; European Automobile
Manufacturers Association (ACEA); China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM); Ward’s

Clean diesel vehicles

Note: Targets shown here were established by the Japanese government.
Sources: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association; Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

15

Attention to the Environment

Climate Change

Attention to the Environment

Climate Change and CO2 Emissions Reduction:
The Response of the Transport Sector

CO2 Emissions Reduction: Improving Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

In 2019 Japan’s CO2 emissions totalled 1.11 billion tons (actual figure), of which the transportation sector accounted
for nearly 19%. Since peaking in 2001 following a decade of growth, CO2 emission volumes in Japan’s transport
sector have steadily declined, owing largely to increased fuel efficiency in passenger cars and greater efficiency ingoods distribution. The automobile industry will continue to vigorously promote CO2 emissions reduction in roadtransport by further improving vehicle fuel efficiency and expanding the market supply of next-generation vehicles.

● CO2 EMISSIONS IN JAPANThe transportation sector accounts for nearly 19% of Japan’s total CO2 emissions, which in 2019 amounted to 1.11 billion tons (actual figure).

Japan’s CO2 Emission Volumes, 1990-2019

x 1 million tons

Fuel efficiency targets for passenger cars, trucks, and buses are formulated by applying “top runner” criteria whereby
the target value for a given vehicle weight category is established based on the leading fuel efficiency performance todate for that weight category. To comply, first, with stringent 2015 average fuel efficiency targets for small trucks andbuses and heavy-duty vehicles as well as with a 2020 target for passenger cars and, subsequently, with an even stricter
2022 target for small trucks, 2025 targets for heavy-duty vehicles, and a 2030 target for passenger cars, JAMA member
manufacturers have been making continuous efforts to increase the fuel efficiency of conventional vehicles andexpand the supply of alternative-energy vehicles. Calculation of the average fuel efficiency target of 25.4 km/L (a32.4% increase over the actual value in 2016) established for 2030 for new passenger cars took into account, for the
first time, the fuel efficiency performances of electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles.

● 2020 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR
NEW PASSENGER CARS (1)Passenger
cars

CO2 Emission Shares by Sector in 2019

1,350

Industrial
processes
4.1%

1,250

Energyconversion
7.8%

Passenger
cars

1,150
Commercial/
Other
17.4%

1,100
1,050

Automobiles
16.0%

1,000

Transportation
18.6%

1990
Fiscal year

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2019

Industry
34.7%

Source: Ministry of the Environment

10

26
24
21.3

22

12

150

80 80
80 80 78 78 77
76

100

50

103
87 94 100

108 114 119

122 124 129 130 135 134 132 127 122 119 119 115 117 117 116 116 112

107 107 107 105 104 101

1412.7 13.2

13.8 13.9 14.2 14.3

1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Fiscal year
Source: Ministry of the Environment

14.8 14.9

15.6

16.7 17.1● 2015 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FORNEW SMALL TRUCKS & BUSES (4)Small buses

2015 target value (5) 15.2 km/L
2004 actual value 13.5 km/L
2015 target value (5) 8.9 km/L
2004 actual value 8.3 km/L
0km/L

4

8

Up 12.1%

2002 actual value 5.62 km/L
2.5

5

7.5

10

● 2025 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR
NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES (GVW>3.5t)
TrucksBuses

2025 target value (8), (9) 7.63 km/L

Up 13.4%(approx.)2015 target value (9) 6.72 km/L
2025 target value (8), (9) 6.52 km/L

Up 14.3%(approx.)2015 target value (9) 5.71 km/L
0km/L

2.5

5

7.5

10

(6) Fuel efficiency is JE05 test cycle-based. (7) Targets were established assuming the same shipment
volume ratios by vehicle weight category for target years as those recorded in the years showing theactual value of fuel efficiency performance. (8) While the 2015 target values for new heavy-duty
vehicles are JE05 test cycle-based, the 2025 target values were established on the basis of a newmeasuring method. (9) Targets were established assuming the same shipment volume ratios by vehicle
weight category for 2025 as those recorded in 2014.
Sources: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

10

15

Reducedaerodynamic dragMore efficientfuel consumption:– Improved body configuration

Reduction of friction loss:

Up 7.2%– Reduction of piston &piston ring friction loss
– Low-viscosity lubricating oil

Reducedvehicle weight– Expanded use oflightweight materials– Improved body structure

16

Up 26.1%

2012 actual value 14.2 km/L

Improved
engine efficiency

Up 12.6%

122022 target value (5) 17.9 km/L

52015 target value (7) 6.30 km/L

– Direct injection– Variable mechanisms (variablecylinder activation, VVT&L, etc.)– Downsized engine supercharging● 2022 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR
NEW SMALL TRUCKS (4)Small trucks(GVW≤3.5tons)

Up 12.2%

2002 actual value 6.32 km/L

● VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES FOR INCREASEDFUEL EFFICIENCY

Note: Figures here are JC08 test cycle-based through 2016 and WLTC-based from 2017 (see page 19).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

Small trucks(GVW≤3.5tons)

Buses

2015 target value (7) 7.09 km/L

18.2

2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Fiscal year

0km/L

0

22.4 22.1 22.4 22.6 22.6 22.5

19.8

20

Motor vehicle-emitted CO2 accounts for about 86% of the totality of CO2 emitted by Japan’s transport sector. CO2 emissions from road transportationin Japan have seen a significant decrease since transport-sector emissions peaked in 2001.
x 1 million tons
350
Aircraft
Trucks
Ships
Passenger cars & buses
300
Trains
263

205
10 10
11 11 10 10 10 10 11
10 10 11 10 10 10 10 1010
10 9 9 98 830● AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY OF DOMESTIC NEWGASOLINE-POWERED PASSENGER CARS In km/L

16

200

Up 32.4%
20

Trucks

0km/L(1) Fuel efficiency is JC08 test cycle-based (see page 19). (2) Fuel efficiency is WLTC-based (see page 19).
(3) Targets were established assuming the same shipment volume ratios by vehicle weight category fortarget years as those recorded in the years showing the actual value of fuel efficiency performance.
Sources: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism● TRENDS IN CO2 EMISSION VOLUMES IN JAPAN’S TRANSPORT SECTOR, BY MODE

11 11
11
10 11 11 11 11
10
11
14 14
15
14
14 13 11 11 11
15
9 14
16 14
7
9 14
7
207
7
7
8
8 7 13 12 12 10 10 9 98
8 8 7 77 7 8 11 10 10 10
7 14 14 13 8
8 7 8 913 8 8 7
96
93
8
96
91
91 90
100 98 97
102 103
91 89 87 83 84
100
81
97
96
96
92

30

2016 actual value 19.2 km/L

18

250

20

2030 target value (3) 25.4 km/L

0km/L

2019 Total
1.11 billion
tons

Up 24.1%

2009 actual value 16.3 km/L
10

● 2015 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR
NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES (GVW>3.5t) (6)● 2030 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR
NEW PASSENGER CARS (2)Residential
14.4%

1,200

2020 target value (3) 20.3 km/L

0km/L

Waste processing Other
2.8%
0.3%

1,300

Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

20(4) Fuel efficiency is JC08 test cycle-based (see page 19). (5) Targets were established assuming the same
shipment volume ratios by vehicle weight category for target years as those recorded in the years
showing the actual value of fuel efficiency performance.
Sources: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Improved powertrain
performance

Reducedrolling resistance– Expansion of lock-up area
– Expanded number oftransmission gears– Continuously variabletransmission– Low rolling-resistance tires

Other– Electric power steering– Idling prevention (stop-start)

16

Attention to the Environment

Next-Generation Vehicles and CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities

In-Use Status of Next-Generation Vehicles
Since 2009, when the government’s tax incentive/subsidy programs for the purchase of eco-friendly vehicles werefirst introduced, new registrations of (so-called in Japan) next-generation vehicles—including hybrid, plug-in hybrid,electric, fuel cell, clean diesel, and other new-energy vehicles—have been steadily increasing. As a result of eachautomaker’s efforts to develop a range of such models, the share of next-generation vehicles in new passenger car
registrations in 2020 exceeded 39%. The more widespread use of these vehicles requires not only further advancesin vehicle and related technologies, but also, among other government initiatives, the establishment of thenecessary fuel/energy supply infrastructures and the continued provision of purchasing incentives.

● NEXT-GENERATION PASSENGER CAR NEW
REGISTRATIONS, 2008-2020
In vehicle units

Year
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

HybridvehiclesPlug-inhybridvehiclesElectric
vehiclesFuel cellvehiclesClean
dieselvehiclesTotal

108,518
347,999481,221451,308
887,863921,045
1,058,402
1,074,926
1,275,560
1,385,343
1,431,856
1,472,281
1,324,803

00015
10,96814,122
16,17814,1889,390
36,00423,23017,60914,680

0
1,078
2,442
12,607
13,46914,756
16,11010,467
15,29918,092
26,533
21,281
14,574

0
0
0
0
0
0
7
411
1,054
849
612
685
761

0
4,364
8,927
8,797
40,20175,43078,822
153,768
143,468
156,162
176,725
175,145
147,139

108,518
353,441
492,590472,727
952,501
1,025,353
1,169,519
1,253,760
1,444,771
1,596,450
1,658,956
1,687,001
1,501,957● TRENDS IN NEXT-GENERATIONVEHICLE SHARE IN NEW PASSENGERCAR REGISTRATIONS
In %

45
40

34.8

35

36.4 37.8

Attention to the Environment

Voluntary Initiatives to Eliminate the Use of Four Heavy
Metals in Motor Vehicles
JAMA member manufacturers have, on a voluntary basis, eliminated the use of four heavy metals—lead, mercury,hexavalent chromium and cadmium—in new vehicles to lessen their environmental impact, particularly when they
are dismantled and processed at the end of their service life. Restrictions on the use of these substances inmotorcycles have been established separately.

● RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF FOUR HEAVY METALS IN NEW VEHICLES & COMPLIANCE STATUS
Substance

Restrictions

Lead

As of January 2006, a 90% decrease or more from the 1996
level of 1,850 grams (i.e., a maximum permissible level of
185 grams).* For large commercial vehicles including buses,
a 75% decrease or more from the 1996 level.

39.2 39.4

25

20.8

22.5

24.9

Mercury

9.0

10

11.7

All models have complied since January 2003.
Components listed here in the left column are now
mercury-free in all models.

Hexavalentchromium

Banned as of January 2008.

All models are in compliance.

Cadmium

Banned as of January 2007.

All models have complied since January 2006.

13.4

2.6

5
0

All models have complied since January 2006.

As of January 2005, banned except for trace amounts insafety-related components such as:- Instrument panel displays- Liquid crystal displays in navigation devices- Discharge lamps- Fluorescent cabin lamps

20
15

Compliance Status*Batteries are exempt.

29.7

30

Hazardous Substances

2008 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Year
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities

A Voluntary Approach to Reducing Vehicle Cabin VOCs

Japan’s automakers, together with the member companies of the Japan Auto-Body Industries Association (JABIA),
have for years taken measures to reduce energy consumption and otherwise cut CO2 emissions at their production
plants. Having more recently expanded their voluntary CO2 reduction activities to also include administrative andresearch facilities, their combined facility-emitted CO2 in 2019 totalled 5.83 million tons (preliminary figure), down
400,000 tons from the previous year and surpassing not only the 2020 target established by JAMA and JABIA
members in 2016 of 6.43 million tons (a 35% reduction from the 1990 level), but also the target they subsequently
established of 6.16 million tons (a 38% reduction from 1990) by 2030.

New-model passenger cars marketed in and after 2007 and new-model commercial vehicles sold in and after 2008
have met the target values established in January 2002 by Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare for indoor
concentration levels of 13 volatile organic compounds (VOCs; see table below). To measure VOC concentration levels
in vehicle cabin air, JAMA-developed in-cabin test procedures covering passenger cars as well as trucks and buses
were introduced in 2005. However, JAMA’s test procedure for passenger cars was replaced by ISO 12219-1 when thelatter was established, in July 2012, as the global standard for testing in-cabin VOCs in passenger cars. On the other
hand, JASO test methods based on the JAMA procedure for measuring in-cabin VOC concentration levels in trucks
and buses (which are not covered by the ISO standard) remain in application. Meanwhile, automakers arecontinuously working to achieve further reductions in in-cabin VOC concentration levels. This voluntary initiative
applies only to vehicles that are manufactured and sold in Japan.

● FACILITY-GENERATED CO2 EMISSION VOLUMES, 1990-2019
11

CO2 emissions(x 1 million tons)

10

600

544

500

9.90

9

354

377 372 388

418

383

358

400

323 3268

7.36 7.47

7

6.70
5.87

286 272(x 1,000 tons CO2
per 1 trillion yen)

300
200

7.16
6.66 6.71 6.61

6.50

6

306

CO2 emissions/production
value

6.43

6.23

6.14

5.83

6.16

100
0

5
1990
Fiscal year

2008 09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

2020 2030(Target) (Target)
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association● TARGET VALUES FOR INDOOR CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF 13 SUBSTANCES (VOCs)(established in January 2002)
Substance

Target Value for
Indoor Concentration Level

Principal Sources

Formaldehyde
TolueneXyleneParadichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Styrene
Chlorpyrifos
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Tetradecane
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
Diazinon
Acetaldehyde
Fenobucarb

100 μg/m3 (0.08 ppm)
260 μg/m3 (0.07 ppm)
870 μg/m3 (0.20 ppm)
240 μg/m3 (0.04 ppm)
3,800 μg/m3 (0.88 ppm)
220 μg/m3 (0.05 ppm)
1 μg/m3 (0.07 ppb)
220 μg/m3 (0.02 ppm)
330 μg/m3 (0.04 ppm)
120 μg/m3 (7.6 ppb)
0.29 μg/m3 (0.02 ppb)
48 μg/m3 (0.03 ppm)
33 μg/m3 (3.8 ppb)

Adhesives for plywood, wallpaper, etc.
Adhesives/paints for interior finishing materials, furniture, etc.
Adhesives/paints for interior finishing materials, furniture, etc.
Moth repellents, lavatory air fresheners
Adhesives/paints for plywood, furniture, etc.
Insulation materials, bath units, tatami-mat core materials
Insecticides (esp. ant exterminators)
Paints, pigments, adhesives
Kerosene, paints
Wallpaper, flooring materials, wire-coating materials
Pesticides
Adhesives for construction materials, wallpaper, etc.
Insecticides (esp. termite exterminators)

17

Attention to the Environment

Recycling● THE ELV RECYCLING FLOW (as per the provisions of the End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Law)

Vehicle Recycling and Waste Reduction
Under Japan’s End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) Recycling Law which entered into force in January 2005, automobile
manufacturers and importers are responsible for recovery, recycling and appropriate disposal with respect tofluorocarbons, airbags, and automobile shredder residue (ASR). Compliance with the law was anticipated to enable
ASR to be recycled at a rate of 70% by 2015, resulting in an automobile recycling rate, by vehicle weight, of 95% (ascompared with the 80% rate prevailing prior to the introduction of the law); those rates were in fact surpassed in2008. Japan’s vehicle recycling infrastructure as mandated by its ELV Recycling Law is the first in the world toadminister the entire process of auto recycling—from ELV recovery to final disposal—on the basis of electronic“manifests” (or compliance checklists). In line with legislative provisions promoting the so-called 3R initiatives(“reduce, reuse, and recycle”), Japan’s automakers are also striving to design vehicles using lightweight materials
that are easy to dismantle and recycle, and to reduce and recycle waste generated in the manufacturing process. In
2019 the volume of auto plant-generated waste destined for landfill disposal totalled 400 tons. Having longsurpassed the target of 1,000 tons set for 2020, JAMA members will nevertheless continue to promote the reductionof plant-generated waste for landfill disposal.

ELV flow

Delegated Funds Management Entity (Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center)

Information flow

Payment of recovery, recycling and disposal costs

Fee remittance/
payment flows

Automobile Manufacturers/Importers/Delegated Organization(Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center)
Fluorocarbon
Disposal* Facilities

Recycling fee
remittances

Airbag
Disposal Facilities

Fluorocarbon & airbag disposal managed by
Japan Auto Recycling Partnership (JARP)

Purchasers ofUsed Vehicles

Fluorocarbons

ELV Recycling

For designated products (1):
- Weight reduction/
Downsizing- Longer product life
- Reduced use of hazardous
substances

For designated areas of activity:- Reduction/recycling ofdesignated waste products
generated in vehicle
manufacturing operations:
1) Scrap metals
2) Casting sand residue

Basic premise:- Environmentally responsible
vehicle design on the part ofautomobile manufacturers

For designated products (2):“Reuse” initiatives- Use of reusable/recyclable
materials- Ease of dismantling- Ease of sorting“Recycle” initiatives- Non-hazardous recycling- Total waste volume:*
1990 (baseline): 352,000 tons↓
2019: 400 tons
JAMA target:
1,000 tons by fiscal 2020

Distribution, Servicing and Use“Reduce” initiatives

Waste Management

ELV
Collectors- Materials identification

Recoverymanifests

Fluorocarbon
RecoveryOperators

ELVs

Dismantlers

ELVs

Deliverymanifests

Recoverymanifests

Fiscal Year

2019
(Actual)2020(Preliminary)

No. of ELVs recovered

3,362,852

3,146,948

Appropriate
recovery ofthreedesignateditems

Fluorocarbons

2,935,343

2,778,982

Airbags (1)2,832,656

2,694,961

ASR (2)

3,267,706

3,025,343(1) Through recovery/appropriate disposal of inflators or through onboard deactivation. (2) Covers
all categories of processors, whether for direct disposal or for transfer to other markets.
Sources: Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center;
Japan Auto Recycling Partnership; Toyotsu Recycle Corporation; “ART” group of companies

Shredder Residue
Processors

Shredding & Sorting Operators

Deliverymanifests

Inspection & registration verification (MOTAS)

Recoverymanifests

Deliverymanifests

Mini-vehicle inspection

Note: The Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center assumes the same responsibilities as automobile manufacturers and importers when an ELV has no manufacturer representation
under the provisions of this law. It also assumes transport-to-mainland costs for ELVs turned in on Japan’s smallest islands.

Digits represent

End-of-Life Motorcycle Processing(nationwide operations)

Delivery of end-of-life
dealer’s ID code.
motorcycle directly toa certified collection
Motorcycle Recycling Mark
center- Recovery and recycling of:1) Fluorocarbons
2) Airbags
3) ASR

Final
OwnersCertified
Collection
Centers (170)End-of-Life Motorcycle Dealers
Delivery of end-of-life
motorcycle toan ELV motorcycle
dealerVerificationof ownership
ELV Motorcycle
Dealer Designation

Deliveryto certified
collection
centers

Verificationof recycling
documentation

Disposal/
Recycling
Facilities(14)

Verificationof ownership
Verificationof recycling
documentation

Notes: 1. The only cost to final owners (where applicable) is for the delivery by ELV dealers of end-of-life motorcycles to certified collection centers. 2. The disposal of municipally-owned
Source: Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Centerend-of-life motorcycles requires advance approval by the Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center.

● RECYCLING RATES: TARGETED & ACHIEVED
Three Designated
Items
Fluorocarbons

Press & Shear
Operators

MOTAS: Japanese-derived acronym for “motor vehicle inspection and registration system”● REDUCTIONS IN PRODUCTION PLANT-GENERATED WASTE
500

In vehicle units

Recoverymanifests

Vehiclecarcasses● THE MOTORCYCLE RECYCLING FLOW

(1) Nineteen products including automobiles have been designated in this legislation as requiring “reduce” initiatives in their design. (2) Twenty-three products including automobiles havebeen designated in this legislation as requiring “reuse” and “recycle” initiatives in their design.

● ELV RECOVERY IN NUMBERS

Deliverymanifests

Shredderresidue

To markets for recyclable
parts, metals, etc.

Delegated Information Management Entity (Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center)

Note: Motorcycles are not covered by
the ELV Recycling Law.

*For landfill disposal, including scrap
metals, casting sand residue, andother waste

DesignatedHandling Agent

Payment
for recovery● INDUSTRY MEASURES IN LINE WITH NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Product Design

DesignatedHandling Agent

Airbags
Payment
for recovery

Final Owners

End-of-Life Vehicle
Recycling Law

Shredder Residue
Recycling Facilities*Fluorocarbons are destroyed.

Purchasers of
New Vehicles

ELVs

Promotion of Effective Utilizationof Resources Law (the “3R” Law)

Shredder Residue
Recycling Facilities

TargetDestruction

Achieved
2.94 million
vehicle units (2019)

Airbags

85%

94-95% (2019)

ASR

2005: 30%
2010: 50%
2015: 70%

95.6-97.2% (2019)

Waste forlandfill
disposal(x 1,000 tons)

400

18.6
352

18.8 18.8 19.5

25

24.3

20.8
17.7 18.1

19.8

16.6 17.2

19.1

21.6
20.0 19.9

21.0 21.2 20.8
20

16.9

300

15

Total valueof vehicle
production
including
motorcycles(x 1 billion yen)

200

100
0
Sources: Government-affiliated entities

22.7
21.0

10

51

5
33 20
18 12

8

6

2 1.4 1 1.1 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4

1990 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Fiscal year

1

0

2020
TargetSource: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association18

Attention to the Environment

Emissions

Attention to the Environment

Measuring Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions

Global Harmonization in the Regulation of Vehicle
Exhaust Emissions

Japan’s Test Cycles for Measuring Fuel Consumption andExhaust Emissions

Japan’s vehicle exhaust emissions regulations have always been among the world’s most stringent, and its automakers
have worked very hard to develop the advanced technologies required to comply with them. As a result, NOx andother atmospheric pollutant levels have been, even in large urban areas, on a steady decline. Japan has participatedin international discussions on the global harmonization of emission test cycles and in 2010 introduced the UN test
cycle for motorcycle emissions. In 2018 Japan adopted the UN “WLTC” to measure emissions from newgasoline-powered passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, following its adoption in 2016 of the UN “WHTC” formeasuring diesel exhaust emissions from new heavy-duty vehicles (see corresponding notes below).

Japan not only promotes the international standardization of test cycles for measuring motor vehicle fuelconsumption and CO2 and other emissions but has actively contributed to the development of the Worldwide
Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle (also referred to as the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Test Cycle), or WLTC,
under the United Nations’ World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations. In line with that initiative, Japanis now in the process of replacing its JC08 test cycle for passenger cars and other non-heavy-duty vehicles with WLTC.
WLTC incorporates three driving cycles: the “urban, rural and expressway modes,” as they are called in Japanese.
The indication wherever necessary of fuel consumption rates measured in the three driving “modes” as well as theircertified mean (i.e., average) rate has been required since October 2018.

● MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS REGULATIONS IN JAPAN● COMPARISON OF THE JC08 TEST CYCLE AND WLTC FOR LIGHT VEHICLESCurrent Regulations
Vehicle Type
Gasolineand
LPG Vehicles

Test cycle

Passenger cars

Trucks and buses

Mini

Light-duty(GVW≤1.7t)
Medium-duty(1.7t<GVW≤3.5t)
Heavy-duty(GVW>3.5t)
Diesel Vehicles

Trucks and buses

Motorcycles

Class

WLTC (g/km) (1)

2018

WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)

2018
2019

WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)

2019
2018

WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)

2018
2019

WLTC (g/km) (1)
JE05 (g/kWh)

2019
2009

WLTC (g/km) (1)Passenger cars (3)Yearenforced

2018

Light-duty(GVW≤1.7t)

WLTC (g/km) (1)2018

Medium-duty(1.7t<GVW≤3.5t)

WLTC (g/km) (1)2019

Heavy-duty(GVW>3.5t)

WHTC (g/kWh)motorcycles*

Under 0.150L in engine capacity with a maximum
speed of 50km/h, or under 0.150L in engine
capacity with a maximum speed of 99km/h.

2016

(4)

WMTC (g/km)

2016

(5)

*Equivalent to motor-driven cycles, Class 1 and Class 2.

Classmotorcycles*

Under 0.150L in engine capacity with a maximum
speed of <130km/h, or 0.150L or over in engine
capacity with a maximum speed of <130km/h.

WMTC (g/km)

2016

(5)

*Equivalent to mini-sized and small-sized motorcycles with amaximum speed of <130km/h.

Classmotorcycles*With a maximum speed of ≥130km/h.

*Equivalent to mini-sized and small-sized motorcycles with amaximum speed of ≥130km/h.

WMTC (g/km)
(5)

2016

Emission

Regulatory
value (average)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

The JC08 Test Cycle

CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM

1.15
0.10
0.05
0.005
4.02
0.10
0.05
0.005
1.15
0.10
0.05
0.005
2.55
0.15
0.07
0.007
16.0
0.23
0.7
0.010
0.63
0.024
0.15
0.005
0.63
0.024
0.15
0.005
0.63
0.024
0.24
0.007
2.22
0.17
0.4
0.010

CO

1.14

Measured on the basis of the JC08 test cycle

THC

0.30

NOx

0.07

Fuel consumption rate (1) certified
by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism

CO

1.14

THC

0.20

NOx

0.07

CO

1.14

THC

0.17

NOx

0.09

(1) WLTC: Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle, on the basis of values measured in cold-start state. (2) PM values apply only to direct-injection, lean-burn vehicles.
(3) Small-sized diesel passenger cars have an equivalent inertia weight (EIW) of 1.25t (GVW of 1.265t) or less, and mid-sized diesel passenger cars have an E|W over 1.25t. (4) WHTC:
World Harmonized Transient Cycle, on the basis of (values measured in cold-start state) x 0.14 + (values measured in warm-start state) x 0.86. (5) WMTC: World Motorcycle Test Cycle.
Note: CO: Carbon monoxide; NMHC: Non-methane hydrocarbons; NOx: Nitrogen oxides; PM: Particulate matter; THC: Total hydrocarbons.
Sources: Ministry of the Environment; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Vehiclespeed(km/h)

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600
Time (sec)

WLTC

Vehiclespeed(km/h)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Urban mode

0

200

400

Rural mode

600

800

Expressway mode

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600
Time (sec)● HOW LIGHT-VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMPTION RATES (EXAMPLES) ARE INDICATED IN JAPANMeasured on the basis of WLTC
Fuel consumption rate (1) certified
by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism(2)

21.4 km/L(1) Fuel consumption rates are obtained on thebasis of designated test conditions.
In
real-world on-road driving, rates will vary as aresult of multiple factors (weather and traffic
conditions, driving behavior, use of air
conditioner, etc.).

20.4 km/L

Urban mode (2)Rural mode (2)Expressway mode (2)15.2km/L
21.4km/L
23.2km/L(1) Fuel consumption rates are obtained on the basis of designated test conditions. In real-world
on-road driving, rates will vary as a result of multiple factors (weather and traffic conditions,driving behavior, use of air conditioner, etc.).
(2) WLTC is an international test cycle incorporating urban, rural and expressway driving cycles or“modes” with specific time durations designated for each mode.
Urban mode: (Assumptions) Low-speed driving characterized by frequent stops and starts
owing to numerous traffic signals and congestion
Rural mode: (Assumptions) Steady driving characterized by fewer stops and starts owing tofewer traffic signals and less congestion than in urban driving
Expressway driving mode: (Assumptions) High-speed driving typical of highway driving

19

TaxesTaxes on Automobiles

9 Trillion Yen in Annual Automobile-Related Tax Revenue● JAPAN’S ESTIMATED AUTOMOBILE-RELATED TAX REVENUE IN FISCAL 2021
Tax Revenue(x 100 million yen)

Since the initial earmarking of funds for road construction and road maintenance programs in line with Japan’s first
five-year road improvement plan in 1954, there has been a steady increase both in the number of
automobile-related taxes assessed on users and in their respective rates. Currently, the automobile tax structure
consists of nine different taxes, creating a very heavy tax burden for motor vehicle owners in Japan. Under thegovernment’s budget for fiscal 2021, the total value of tax revenue from these automobile-related taxes has been
estimated at 9.0 trillion yen, or 8.7% of Japan’s projected total tax revenue of 99 trillion yen in fiscal 2021.

Taxes onAutomobiles

Whilein useTaxes onFuels

● TAX REVENUE (Estimated) BY SOURCE IN FISCAL 2021
(as per Japan’s fiscal 2021 budget)

Environmental
performance-based tax
1,025

x 100 million yen

Consumption
tax
241,167(24.3%)

Total Tax
Revenue(national andlocal taxes)
993,371(100%)

Income tax
186,670(18.8%)

Other
218,269(21.9%)Breakdown ofAutomobile-Related
Tax Revenue (estimated)
86,001 (8.7%)

Regional
gasoline
excise tax
2,214Consumption tax(on automobiles)
19,079Taxes on Taxes on
Fuels Automobiles
Total Total
41,356 44,645“Five-Year” Plan

1954-57 First

1958-60 Second
1961-63 Third
1964-66 Fourth

Tonnagetax
6,609

1967-69 Fifth
1970-72 Sixth

Duringownership

Gasoline
tax
20,700

Stamp tax
8,940
(0.9%)

DurationOnacquisition

Whilein useLiquor tax
11,760(1.2%)¥2,500/0.5t/year(e.g., passenger car for private use)

1973-77 Seventh
1978-82
1983-87
1988-92
1993-97
1998-2002
2003-07

FiscalYear

Acquisition
Tax

2,798
44,64520,700
2,214
9,300
80
9,062
41,35686,001¥24.3/L¥4.4/L
¥15.0/L

Automobiletax
15,134Mini-vehicle tax
2,798

Environmental
PerformanceBased Tax

TonnageTax¥/0.5t/year

1959[Commercial and1961 mini-vehicles
1964 excluded]
1966
1967
1968
3%
1970
1971
1974
5%
1976
1979

[In the case of apassenger car for
private use]

2.00
1.18
2.14
1.00

3%
Abolished

On Acquisition

13.0
11.0

2.0

14.8

3.5

19.2

LPG Tax
¥/kg

6.0
8.0
10.4

22.1
24.3

4.0
4.4

12.5
15.0

29.2
36.5
45.6

5.3
6.6
8.2

19.5
24.3

48.6

5.2

32.1

5
10

2.00

1.18

2.14

0 to 3%
1.64

0 to 1.00

During Ownership

1.00

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

While in Use

Environmental
Performance-Based Tax

Consumption Tax

Tonnage Tax

Automobile Tax

Mini-Vehicle Tax

HowAssessed

Assessed on the acquisition of an
automobile, whether new or used,based on its enviromental performance

Assessedonthepurchase price of theautomobile

Assessed according to vehicle weight at each mandatory vehicle
inspection

Fixed amount assessed on theowner each year as of April 1

Fixed amount assessed on theowner each year as of April 1

Assessed on gasoline

Prefectural and municipal tax

National and local tax

National tax

Prefectural tax

Municipal tax

National tax(Private use)
- 0 to 3% of purchase price(0 to 2% for commercial vehicles andmini-vehicles)- Exempted for vehicles purchasedfor ¥500,000 or less

10% (of which 2.2%
is a local tax)

1) Eco-friendly vehicles:¥2,500/0.5t/year (= base rate) for private-use passenger cars
2) Vehicles on the road 18 years or longer since first registration:¥6,300/0.5t/year for private-use passenger cars
3) Vehicles on the road 13 years or longer since first registration:¥5,700/0.5t/year for private-use passenger cars
4) Other vehicles for private use:
- Passenger cars: ¥4,100/0.5t/year- Trucks (GVW>2.5t): ¥4,100/t/year; Trucks (GVW≤2.5t): ¥3,300/t/year- Buses: ¥4,100/t/year; Mini-vehicles: ¥3,300/year- Motorcycles (251cc and over): ¥1,900/year- Motorcycles (126 to 250cc): ¥4,900 upon registration

Passenger cars for private use:
Up to 1,000cc ¥25,000/year- 1,001 to 1,500cc ¥30,500/year- 1,501 to 2,000cc ¥36,000/year- 2,001 to 2,500cc ¥43,500/year- 2,501 to 3,000cc ¥50,000/year- 3,001 to 3,500cc ¥57,000/year- 3,501 to 4,000cc ¥65,500/year- 4,001 to 4,500cc ¥75,500/year- 4,501 to 6,000cc ¥87,000/year
Over 6,000cc ¥110,000/year

1) Mini-vehicles for private use:
- Passenger cars ¥10,800/year- Trucks¥5,000/year¥48.6/L

Note: For eco-friendly vehicles, reductions/exemptions apply to the tonnage tax from May
2021 through April 2023 (see page 21).

Regional Gasoline
DieselExcise Tax
Handling Tax
¥/L
¥/L

6,300
5,000
4,100 (2,500*)

Tax Category

Note: A provisional 1% reduction applies to theenvironmental performance-based tax, from
October 2019 through December 2021 (see page21). Highly fuel-efficient vehicles as well as
electrified and other designated vehicles are
exempted from the tax.

1.64

17.5

2,500
5,000
6,300

[Commercial andmini-vehicles
excluded]

Gasoline
Tax¥/L

Base tax rate
*The base tonnage tax rate (¥2,500/0.5t/year as of May 1, 2021) is applied only to eco-friendly vehicles.

● AUTOMOBILE-RELATED TAXES IN JAPAN (as of May 1, 2021)

Tax Rate/
Amount¥48.6/L¥5.2/L¥32.1/L¥17.5/kg
10%

1954
1955
1956
1957

Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
1993
Eleventh
1998
TwelfthAs per the national priority
infrastructure development plan
2008- As per the national medium-termroad infrastructure plan
2010
2012
2014
2019
2021
Comparison with base tax rate
(multiplier value)

Notes: 1. Automobile-related consumption tax revenue is not included in the “Consumption tax” segment in the chart on the left, but is included in the breakdown of automobile-related
tax revenue appearing in the chart on the right. 2. Automobile-related consumption tax revenue values (including the consumption tax revenue from automobile servicing, not shown but
included in figures here) have been calculated by JAMA. 3. The consumption tax is a national sales tax, of which 2.2% of the revenue is redistributed as revenue to local governments.
Sources: Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

National/Local Tax(e.g., passenger car for private use)

0 to 1.00

Based on engine capacity(e.g., for 1,001≤1,500cc passenger cars for private use, ¥30,500/year; see below)¥10,800/year (passenger cars for private use)

15,134Mini-vehicle tax
Total
Gasoline tax
Regional gasoline excise tax
Diesel handling tax
LPG tax
Consumption tax (on fuels)
Total

0 to 3% (commercial and mini-vehicles excluded)
10%¥4,100/0.5t/year

0 to 3%

6,609

Comparison with Base Tax
Rate (multiplier value)● TAX RATES IN EFFECT (Examples), 1954-2021, TO SUPPORT ROAD NETWORK IMPROVEMENTS

Consumptiontax (on fuels)
9,062
Dieselhandling
tax
9,300

Grand Total

1,025
19,079Current Tax Rate

Notes: 1. Consumption tax revenue values (including the consumption tax revenue from automobile servicing, not shown but included in figures here) have been calculated by JAMA.
2. Current tax rates effective as of May 1, 2021.

LPG tax80

Fixed
asset tax
91,578(9.2%) Corporate tax
148,986(15.0%)

Environmental performance-based tax
Onacquisition Consumption tax (on automobiles)
Tonnage tax
Duringownership
Automobile tax

Base Tax Rate(for reference)

Note: Above tax rates apply to newvehicles registered in or after fiscal 2015
and took effect from fiscal 2016.

2) Motorcycles- Up to 50cc
- 51 to 90cc
- 91 to 125cc- 126 to 250cc- 251cc and over

¥2,000/year¥2,000/year¥2,400/year¥3,600/year¥6,000/year

Note: For some eco-friendly mini-vehicles, reductions
apply to the mini-vehicle tax (see page 22).

Gasoline
Tax

Regional Gasoline
Excise Tax

DieselHandling Tax

LPG Tax

Assessed on light oil

Assessed on LPG

Assessed on
the purchaseprice of fuels

Prefectural tax

National tax

National and local tax¥32.1/L(light oil)¥17.5/kg(LPG)

10% of thepurchase priceof fuels (ofwhich 2.2% isa local tax)

Included in the fuel price¥5.2/L

Consumption
Tax[For light oil,
imposed on
the light oil
priceexcluding thedieselhandling tax]
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

20

TaxesTax Incentive Measures

Tax Incentives to Promote the Wider Use of Eco-Friendly
VehiclesTo help expedite the shift to low-carbon road transport in the interest of curbing global warming and to help
improve air quality, the Japanese government has, since April 2009, applied auto-related tax incentives to promote
the wider use of eco-friendly vehicles. Updated incentives and eligibility requirements came into effect in April andMay 2021 and their effective periods were extended for two years. Incentives for the acquisition tax expired at theend of September 2019 when the acquisition tax was abolished.

4. Small and Mid-Sized Buses (GVW≤3.5t)
Requirements

When Imposed

Reductions/Exemptions• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission standards)• Plug-in hybrid vehicles@ Initial & firstvehicleinspections

Exempt (1)Gasoline vehicles(including hybrids)

Diesel vehicles(including hybrids)

INCENTIVES & ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS

2020 Fuel Efficiency Standards

Fuel efficiency
Emissions level

Compliant

Down by 75% from 2005 standards or
Down by 50% from 2018 standards

75%
reduction

Down by 50% from 2005 standards or
Down by 25% from 2018 standards

50%
reduction

NOx and PM emissions down by 10%
from 2009 standards orCompliant with 2018 emission standards@ Initial vehicle
inspection+10%
Exempt75%
reduction

75%

Compliant with 2009 emission standards● TONNAGE TAX REDUCTIONS/EXEMPTIONS+5%

ExemptExempt75%
reduction50%
reduction

ExemptPeriod in effect: May 1, 2021 through April 30, 2023.

5. Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses (GVW>3.5t)

1. Passenger Cars
Requirements• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (complying with 2018 emission standards)• Plug-in hybrid vehicles• Clean diesel passenger cars

When Imposed

Reductions/Exemptions@ Initial & firstvehicleinspections

Exempt (1)(including hybrids)

Reductions/Exemptions@ Initial & firstvehicleinspections

Exempt (1)-40%@ Initial vehicle
inspection

-30%

25%
reduction

-25%

+5%

+10%

+15%

50%
reduction

75%
reduction

ExemptEmissions level
Compliant with 2016 emission standards

2030 Fuel Efficiency Standards (3)Emissions level2015 Fuel Efficiency Standards

Fuel efficiency(including hybrids)

Exempt (2), (4)Fuel efficiency

Down by 50% from 2018 standards

When Imposed

Diesel vehicles(complying with 2009 or 2018 emission standards)

Gasoline vehicles/
LPG vehicles

Requirements• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission standards)• Plug-in hybrid vehicles

-15%

-10%

50%
reduction

Compliant

Exempt (4)@ Initial vehicle
inspection(1) An initial inspection is mandated for a new vehicle purchase; exemption at the time of first vehicle inspection post-purchase applies only when the new inspection certificate is issued
within 15 days following expiration of the old certificate. (2) For clean diesel passenger cars first registered on or after May 15, 2022, only vehicles complying with 2020 fuel efficiency
standards will be exempt. (3) Only vehicles complying with 2020 fuel efficiency standards are eligible for the reductions/exemptions shown here. (4) Vehicles compliant +20% with 2030
fuel efficiency standards will also be exempt at the time of first vehicle inspection post-purchase (exemption applies only when the new inspection certificate is issued within 15 days
following expiration of the old certificate).

2. Small Trucks (GVW≤2.5t)
Requirements• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission
standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)• Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Gasoline vehicles

When Imposed

Reductions/Exemptions@ Initial & firstvehicleinspections

Exempt (1)● ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE-BASED TAX REDUCTIONS/EXEMPTIONS

Fuel efficiency

2015 Fuel Efficiency Standards(including hybrids)+5%

Emissions level
Down by 75% from 2005 standards or
Down by 50% from 2018 standards

Period in effect: April 1, 2021 through March 31, 2023.

@ Initial vehicle
inspection

+10%

25%
reduction

+15%

+20%

+25%

50%
reduction

75%
reduction

Exempt3. Mid-Sized Trucks (2.5t<GVW≤3.5t)
Requirements• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission
standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)• Plug-in hybrid vehicles

When Imposed

Reductions/Exemptions@ Initial & firstvehicleinspections

Exempt (1)Fuel efficiency(including hybrids)

Down by 75% from 2005 standards or
Down by 50% from 2018 standards
Down by 50% from 2005 standards or
Down by 25% from 2018 standards

Diesel vehicles(including hybrids)

NOx and PM emissions down by 10%
from 2009 standards orCompliant with 2018 emission standards
Compliant with 2009 emission standards

Environmental Performance-Based Tax Reductions/Exemptions for Private-Use Passenger Vehicles(including mini- and used vehicles)
Requirements

2015 Fuel Efficiency Standards

Emissions level
Gasoline vehicles@ Initial vehicle
inspection– From October 1, 2019, an automotive environmental performance-based tax came into effect as an adjunct provision to the automobile tax and themini-vehicle tax. It is imposed at the time of vehicle (passenger car, mini-vehicle, heavy-duty vehicle, etc.) purchase and calculated on the basis of thevehicle’s environmental (i.e., fuel efficiency, emissions) performance and its purchase price.
– The tax applies to both new and used vehicles, with the exception of vehicles purchased for ¥500,000 or less, which are exempted from the tax.
– The fuel efficiency and other environmental performance criteria on the basis of which the tax’s varying rates (e.g., from 0% to 3% for passenger
vehicles and from 0% to 2% for commercial vehicles and mini-vehicles) have been determined are in line with criteria established in Japan’s Energy
Conservation Law. Highly fuel-efficient as well as electrified and other designated vehicles are exempted from the tax.
– For vehicles purchased through December 31, 2021, a provisional 1% reduction on this tax is in application.

+5%

+10%

+15%

50%
reduction

75%
reduction

ExemptTax Rates/Exemptions• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission
standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)• Plug-in hybrid vehicles • Clean diesel vehicles

No
incentive

50%
reduction

75%
reduction50%
reduction

75%
reduction

ExemptNo
incentive

50%
reduction

75%
reduction

Gasoline vehicles/
LPG vehicles(including hybrids)

Passenger cars,
Mini-vehicles

ExemptPassenger cars

Exempt (1)2030 Fuel Efficiency Standards (2)Fuel efficiency
Under
-40%

Emissions level
Down by 75% from 2005 standards or
Down by 50% from 2018 standards

-40%

-35%

Passenger cars

3%2%Mini-vehicles

2%

1%

-25%
1%

-15%

Compliant

ExemptExempt(1) For clean diesel passenger cars purchased on or after April 1, 2022, only vehicles complying with 2020 fuel efficiency standards and compliant -40% with 2030 fuel efficiency
standards will be exempt. (2) Only vehicles complying with 2020 fuel efficiency standards are eligible for the reductions/exemptions shown here.

21

Tax Incentive Measures

Taxes● TONNAGE TAX & ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE-BASED TAX REDUCTIONS
for Vehicles Equipped with Advanced Safety Feature (ASV) Systems

Automobile-Related Taxes Are Onerous

Vehicle Type

Requirements

Heavy-duty truck (GVW>8t)
Heavy-duty truck (GVW>8t) [tow truck]

Equipped with BSIS

Heavy-duty truck (3.5t<GVW≤20t)
Bus (5t<GVW≤12t)*

Equipped with AEBS, ESC, andLDWS

Bus (GVW<5t)*

Equipped with AEBS and LDWS

Heavy-duty truck (8t<GVW≤20t)

Equipped with BSIS, AEBS, ESC, and LDWS

Reductions
Tonnage Tax

Environmental Performance-Based Tax

25% reduction¥1.75 million deduction from purchase price

50% reduction¥3.5 million deduction from purchase price70
75% reduction

Tonnage Tax

62.8

29.2

12.7

2.1

18.3

x 2.2
x 4.9
Automobile(engineConsumption capacitytax
based) tax
24.2
46.8

Environmental Performance-Based Tax

20¥10 million deduction from purchase priceAirport shuttle buses¥8 million deduction from purchase price

Other

Exempt¥6.5 million deduction from purchase price¥2 million deduction from purchase price

Universal design-based taxis (2)¥1 million deduction from purchase price● FISCAL 2021 & 2022 SPECIAL AUTOMOBILE TAX REDUCTIONS (Passenger Cars and Trucks & Buses)
Requirements

Reduction (1)

10
0

UK

Germany

FranceU.S.A.

Japan (Minicar)

Assumptions: 1) Engine capacity: 2000cc. 2) GVW≤1.5t. 3) Purchase price: ¥2.42 million (¥1.40 million for a minicar). 4) Fuel consumption (JC08 test cycle-based): 20.4km/L (CO2emissions: 114g/km). 5) France = Paris; U.S.A. = New York City. 6) France: Vehicle in no. 8 horsepower “class.” 7) Service life: 13 years. 8) Currency exchange rates: EUR 1 = JPY 125,
GBP 1 = JPY 143, USD 1 = JPY 107 (averaged April 2020-March 2021).
Notes: 1. Figures here are based on tax rates in effect as of April 2021. 2. Figures here do not take into account applicable incentives/surcharges, such as tax incentives for eco-friendly
vehicles in Japan, if any.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

1,400,000

Gasoline vehicles/LPG vehicles(including hybrids)

Compliant -30% with 2030 fuel efficiency standards, with emissions downby 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards (2)1,200,000

Diesel vehicles(including hybrids)

Compliant -30% with 2030 fuel efficiency standards andCompliant with 2009 or 2018 emission standards (2)● TAXES ASSESSED ON PASSENGER CAR OWNERSHIP AND USE (PRIVATE) IN JAPAN(assuming a 13-year service life)

50% reduction

2nd to 13th year
1st year(on acquisition)

2,374,730(478,880)

1,000,000
75% reduction(1) Reductions effective on initial inspection mandated for new vehicle purchase are applied in the fiscal year following the year of purchase. This scheme also mandates a yearly 15%(10% for trucks and buses) surcharge on the automobile tax for gasoline and LPG-powered vehicles on the road 13 years or longer, and for diesel vehicles on the road 11 years or longer,
since first registration. (2) Only vehicles complying with 2020 fuel efficiency standards are eligible for the reductions shown here.

● FISCAL 2021 & 2022 SPECIAL MINI-VEHICLE TAX REDUCTIONS (Minicars and Mini-Trucks) *Reduction (1)800,000

400,000
200,000
025% reduction• Electric vehicles • Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission
standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)

75% reduction*Applies only to three- or four-wheeled mini-vehicles at the time of new vehicle registration.
(1) Reductions effective on initial inspection mandated for new vehicle purchase are applied in the fiscal year following the year of purchase. This scheme also mandates a yearly 20% surcharge on
the mini-vehicle tax for mini-vehicles on the road 13 years or longer since first registration. (2) Only vehicles complying with 2020 fuel efficiency standards are eligible for the reductions shown here.

242,000(242,000)
21,700(21,700)

159,900(36,900)

631,800(48,600)

In yen2,420,000

477,100(36,700)
168,400
67,600 (13,600)(5,200)127,230(27,180) 11,000(11,000)

ns
(o um
n p
au tio
to n
m ta
ob x
pe E
ile
rfo nv)
rm iroan nm
ce- enba tal
sed
To
tax
nn
ag
e
Au
ta
to
x
m
ca ob
pa ilecit (ey-b ngas ine
ed
)t
G
ax
as
ol
in
e
ta
x
ga
so R
lin egCo e ex ion
ci alns
um se t
ax
pt
io
n
(o ta
n x
Ex
fu
pr
el
es
)
sw
ay
to
lls
M
an
d
in ato
su r
ra y
nc
Re
e
cy
cl
in
g
fe
e

Compliant -30% with 2030 fuel efficiency standards, with emissions down by 75%
from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards (2)Co

50% reduction

468,000(36,000)

600,000

75% reduction

Compliant -10% with 2030 fuel efficiency standards, with emissions down by 75%
from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards (2)Minicar
tax
14.0

Japan

Compliant -10% with 2030 fuel efficiency standards andCompliant with 2009 or 2018 emission standards (2)Gasoline
vehicles(including
hybrids)

Environmental
performancebased tax
1.3(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)

Diesel vehicles(including hybrids)

For commercial use

Retail tax Automobile
21.5
tax
2.1
(On
(Duringacquisition) ownership)Compliant -10% with 2030 fuel efficiency standards, with emissions downby 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards (2)• Electric vehicles • Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission
standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)

Registration
tax
4.6
(On
(Duringacquisition) ownership)

Gasoline vehicles/LPG vehicles(including hybrids)

For private use
For commercial use

Automobile
tax
12.7

Consumption Tonnage
tax
tax
14.0
4.3

(On
(Duringacquisition) ownership)

For commercial use

Requirements

Value
added tax
46.0

(On
(Duringacquisition) ownership)• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles • Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10%
from 2009 emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards) • Plug-in hybrid vehicles• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles • Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10%
from 2009 emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards) • Plug-in hybrid vehicles

Automobile
tax
29.2

x 30

Value
added tax
48.4

(On
(Duringacquisition) ownership)

For private use
For commercial use

75% reduction

Value
added tax
48.4

Environmental
performancebased tax
2.2(1) For use in public/charter transport. (2) For use in public transport.

Mini-Trucks

Total during
ownership

50

30

Buses with <30-person occupancy equipped with an electric lift (1)Minicars

Total during
ownership

Tonnagetax
16.0

Reductions/Exemptions

Low-floor (“non-step”) buses (1)Trucks & Buses

Total during
ownership40

Tonnage Tax: May 1, 2021 through March 31, 2024 (3 years)
Environmental Performance-Based Tax: April 1, 2021 through March 31, 2023 (2 years)

Vehicle Type & Requirements

Passenger
Cars

Total during
ownership60

The tax reductions/exemptions detailed below are applied only once, on initial inspection mandated for new vehicle purchase.

Buses with ≥30-person occupancy
equipped with an electric lift (1)Total during
ownership¥5.25 million deduction from purchase price● TONNAGE TAX & ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE-BASED TAX REDUCTIONS/EXEMPTIONS
for Public-Use Assisted-Mobility Vehicles (AMVs)

x 10,000 yen(Vehicle service life: 13 years)● INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TAXES
80*“Bus” here means a passenger vehicle with ≥10-person occupancy.

Period in effectConsider the case of a passenger car costing 2.42 million yen when purchased new and providing 13 years of service
to the original owner for private use. During that period, six different categories of taxes (including consumption
tax at the time of vehicle purchase and on fuel) will be assessed on the owner/user, amounting to a grand total ofroughly 1.8 million yen. In addition to these various taxes, the user will also be required to pay onerous expressway
tolls, automobile insurance premiums (mandatory and optional), a recycling fee, periodic inspection fees, andmaintenance costs.

alEligible ASV systems

Vehicles equipped with one
Tonnage Tax: May 1, 2021 through April 30, 2024 (3 years)
designated system
Environmental Performance-Based Tax: April 1, 2021 through March 31, 2023 (2 years)
Vehicles equipped with two
Tonnage Tax: April 1, 2021 through October 31, 2021
to four designated systems
Environmental Performance-Based Tax: April 1, 2021 through October 31, 2021
Blind spot information system (BSIS), Advanced emergency braking system (AEBS),Electronic stability control (ESC), Lane departure warning system (LDWS)

Ba
N se
e
pu w lin
rc ve e =ha h
se icleprice

The tax reductions detailed below are applied only once, on initial inspection mandated for new vehicle purchase.

Period in effect

The Burden on Motor Vehicle Users

To
t

Taxes

Assumptions: 1) A passenger car with 2000cc engine capacity and purchase price of ¥2.42 million (retail price, excluding consumption tax). 2) GVW≤1.5t. 3) Annual fuel consumption:
1,000 liters. 4) Tonnage tax imposed yearly, but collected only at time of mandatory vehicle inspection. 5) Tax amounts reflect rates in effect at April 1, 2021. 6) Consumption tax = 10%of retail price. 7) The recycling fee indicated is the average rate for a 2000cc passenger car.
Notes: 1. Estimated expressway tolls, mandatory insurance premium payments and recycling fee are included here because they can be considered similar to taxes. (Mandatory insurance
premium values indicated in effect at April 1, 2021.) 2. Value of expressway tolls was estimated by JAMA based on expressway toll revenue in 2019.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

22

Vehicle-Based Systems

Driver’s Licenses and the Driving Population

Vehicle-Based Systems

Motor Vehicle Classification

81.99 Million People Hold Driver’s Licenses

Classifications According to the Road Vehicles Act and the Road Traffic Act

At the end of 2020 there were 81.99 million people, or 44.60 million men and 37.39 million women, holding valid
driver’s licenses in Japan. The number of driver’s licenses held totalled 126.08 million (with one count allotted toeach vehicle category covered, whenever a license covers multiple vehicle categories). By license category, Class 2
licenses were held by 1.88 million people, or 1.82 million men and 70,000 women, and Class 1 licenses by 124.19
million people, or 79.31 million men and 44.88 million women.

Japan classifies motor vehicles according to the provisions of two basic laws: the Road Vehicles Act and the Road
Traffic Act. Road Vehicles Act classifications are used for registration statistics, vehicle inspection, and related
maintenance and repair, while Road Traffic Act classifications determine the different categories of driver’s licenses.
Vehicle registration number/character combinations are determined by vehicle type and usage in accordance with
Road Vehicles Act designations. “Vanity” number plates are obtainable nationwide and illustrated vanity plates are
obtainable in designated regions.

● GENDER TRENDS IN DRIVER’S LICENSE HOLDERS (at end of every calendar year)
Year

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Number of persons

2019

2020

Men

45,448,263 45,437,260 45,463,791 45,430,245 45,344,259 45,255,994 45,133,771 44,994,702 44,778,696 44,596,553

Women

35,767,003 36,050,586 36,396,221 36,645,978 36,805,749 36,949,917 37,121,424 37,320,222 37,379,732 37,393,334

Total

81,215,266 81,487,846 81,860,012 82,076,223 82,150,008 82,205,911 82,255,195 82,314,924 82,158,428 81,989,887● TOTAL NUMBER OF LICENSES HELD, BY YEAR & LICENSE/VEHICLE CATEGORY
Year
Class 2
Licenses

Class 1
Licenses

2014

2015

2016

2017

Number of licenses held

2018

2019

2020

Large motor vehicle

986,518

964,383

942,526

919,242896,127

871,492

847,769

Middle-category motor vehicle

960,304

917,142873,879

1,055,123

1,001,038

944,325

893,513

Ordinary motor vehicle

224,823

229,494

234,070

13,31829,35845,10356,943Large special-purpose vehicle

44,33043,60542,99742,302

41,56040,91340,313

Traction vehicle

49,665

48,844

48,13447,32546,44645,61444,844

Subtotal

2,265,640

2,203,468

2,141,606

2,077,310

2,014,529

1,947,447

1,883,382

Large motor vehicle

5,253,880

5,198,185

5,143,533

5,086,713

5,027,351

4,959,169

4,894,263

Middle-category motor vehicle

70,632,500

69,732,685

68,813,808

67,870,730

66,958,774

65,855,860

64,726,907

Quasi-middle-category motor vehicle

—

—

—

11,739,992

11,707,930

11,686,402

11,676,958

Ordinary motor vehicle

9,113,940

10,297,590

11,473,646

905,528

2,067,271

3,207,204

4,337,710

Large special-purpose vehicle

2,473,823

2,476,598

2,475,520

2,471,164

2,466,107

2,453,392

2,481,852

Traction vehicle

1,174,267

1,178,790

1,182,806

1,187,003

1,191,690

1,195,020

1,200,999

Large two-wheeler

10,430,075

10,112,584

9,799,816

9,466,072

9,126,995

8,764,619

8,451,156

Ordinary two-wheeler

9,619,692

9,752,541

9,877,616

9,994,091

10,116,497

10,242,096

10,378,351

Small special-purpose vehicle

450,123

422,020394,952

367,603

341,013314,838

292,244

Motorized bicycle

16,784,700

16,618,061

16,450,534

16,291,972

16,142,848

15,950,023

15,754,030

Subtotal

125,933,000 125,789,054 125,612,231 125,380,868 125,146,476 124,628,623 124,194,470

Total

128,198,640 127,992,522 127,753,837 127,458,178 127,161,005 126,576,070 126,077,852

Note: In the above figures, one count is allotted to each vehicle category covered, whenever a license covers multiple vehicle categories.

● CLASS 1 LICENSES AND THE VEHICLE CATEGORIES THEY COVER
Class 1 Licenses
Vehicle Category

Large
motor
vehicleMiddleQuasi-middle- Ordinary Large special- Large
category
category
motor
purposetwomotor vehicle motor vehicle vehicle
vehiclewheeler

Large motor vehicle●

Middle-category motor vehicle●●

Quasi-middle-category motor vehicle

●

●

●

Ordinary motor vehicle

●

●

●

Ordinary
Small specialOrdinary
Motorized
twopurpose
two-wheeler
bicyclewheeler (51cc-125cc)
vehicleStandard● CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE ROAD TRAFFIC ACT(for driver’s license issuance)

Over 2,000cc in engine capacity,
excluding diesel engines

Large

Middle Category

Quasi-Middle Category

Gross vehicle weight: ≥11 tons
Payload: ≥6.5 tons
or Occupancy: ≥30 persons

Gross vehicle weight: 7.5≤tons<11Payload: 4.5≤tons<6.5
or Occupancy: 11≤persons<30

Gross vehicle weight: 3.5≤tons<7.5
Payload: 2≤tons<4.5Over2mOver 1.7m

Small

Over 4.7m

Over 660cc to 2,000cc in engine
capacity, excluding diesel engines

2m
and
under

Large/Small Special-Purpose Motor Vehicles

Motor vehicles that do not meet theclassification requirements for large,
middle category, quasi-middle category orlarge/small special-purpose motor vehicles,
or for large or ordinary motorcycles.

Motor vehicles with caterpillar treads such as bulldozers,
steamrollers, graders, snowplows, tractors, etc.
Smallspecial-purpose motor vehicles are those of up to 15km/h inmaximum speed, up to 4.7m in length, up to 2m in height,*
and up to 1.7m in width.

*Projections on small special-purpose vehicles should not exceed 2.8m.

● CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORCYCLESOver 1.48m to 1.7m

Mini

Ordinary

Road Vehicles Act

Over 3.4m to 4.7m

660cc and under in engine capacity

2m
and
under

Category
Small-sized
Mini-sized

Width
Engine Capacity Rated Output
Over 250cc
Over 1.0kW
Over 1.3m
126cc to 250cc Over 1.0kW
1.3m and under

HeightOver 2.0m
2.0m and under

LengthOver 2.5m
2.5m and underMotor-driven cycle Class 2
Motor-driven cycle Class 1

51cc to125cc
50cc and under

2.0m and under
2.0m and under

2.5m and under
2.5m and underOver 0.6kW to 1.0kW 1.3m and under
0.6kW and under 1.3m and under

Road Traffic Act

1.48m and under

3.4m and underNote: A vehicle that exceeds any one of the requisites
above is classified in the higher category; the Road
Vehicles Act also establishes the categories of large andsmall special-purpose vehicles.

Large
Ordinary

Engine Capacity
Over 400cc
51cc to 400cc

Rated Output
Over 20.0kW
Over 0.6kW to 20.0kW

Motorized bicycle

50cc and under

0.6kW and under

Category

Note: A motorcycle that exceeds any one of the requisites above is classified in the higher category.

● SIGNIFICANCE OF VEHICLE REGISTRATION DATA & NUMBER PLATE TYPES
Large-Sized Number Plates
Larger-than-standard-size plates are issued tovehicles weighing 8 tons or more, with payload of
5 tons or more, or 30-person or more occupancy.
Mid-Sized Number PlatesStandard-size plates are issued to standard and small
vehicles and mini-vehicles with engine capacity of morethan 360cc, whether for private or commercial business use.
Small-Sized Number Plates
Small-size plates are issued to small- and mini-sized
motorcycles and mini-vehicles with engine capacity of
360cc or less, excluding those designated with any one of
the 40-to-49, 50-to-59 or 80-to-89 number categories.

22cm
x
44cm
16.5cmx
33cm
12.5cmx
23cm

Motor Vehicle Registry Designation:
Kanji indicate geographical area ofvehicle registration.

●●

Large two-wheeler (over 400cc)●

126cc-400cc

●

●

●

●

●

Small special-purpose vehicle

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

Motorized bicycle (50cc & under)

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

51cc-125cc●●

Note: The ordinary motor vehicle and large two-wheeler license categories include licenses restricted to automatic transmission (AT) cars/motorcycles; the ordinary two-wheeler license
category includes licenses restricted, respectively, to AT motorcycles, to small-sized (over 250cc) motorcycles, and to small-sized AT motorcycles.
Source for all statistical data on this page: National Police Agency

Ordinary and large motor vehicles
さすせそたちつてとなにぬねのはPrivate use
ひふほまみむめもやゆらりるろ
あいうえかきくけこを
Commercial business use
われRental vehicle
EHKMTYよForeign military vehicle
Mini-vehicles
あいうえかきくけこさすせそたちつ
Private useてとなにぬねのはひふほまみむ
めもやゆよらるろをりれCommercial business use
わ
Rental vehicle
AB
Foreign military vehicle
Hiragana character indicates vehicle usage category: private, commercial
business, rental or foreign military vehicle (private or official).

Designated Number Categories
Indicating Vehicle Type
Ordinary trucks
Ordinary buses

品川 500

さ 23−45

Usage Designations

Large special-purpose vehicle

Ordinary
two-wheeler● CLASSIFICATION UNDER
THE ROAD VEHICLES ACT(for registration, inspection, etc.)

Number Assignment
From “1” to “99-99”

Number Plate Colors
Ordinary and large motor vehicles
Private use or
Green characters on
rental vehicle
white background
Commercial
White characters on
business use
green backgroundMini-vehicles
Private use orBlack characters on
rental vehicle
yellow background
Commercial
Yellow characters on
business use
black background

Ordinary
passenger carsThree- orfour-wheeledsmall trucks
Three- orfour-wheeledsmall passenger
cars and small
busesSpecial-purpose
vehiclesLarge
special-purpose
vehiclesLarge
special-purpose
vehicles used as
construction
machinery

1, 10-19, 100-199,
10A-19Z, 1A0-1Z9, 1AA-1ZZ
2, 20-29, 200-299,
20A-29Z, 2A0-2Z9, 2AA-2ZZ
3, 30-39, 300-399,
30A-39Z, 3A0-3Z9, 3AA-3ZZ
4, 40-49, 400-499,
40A-49Z, 4A0-4Z9, 4AA-4ZZ
6, 60-69, 600-699,
60A-69Z, 6A0-6Z9, 6AA-6ZZ
5, 50-59, 500-599,
50A-59Z, 5A0-5Z9, 5AA-5ZZ
7, 70-79, 700-799,
70A-79Z, 7A0-7Z9, 7AA-7ZZ
8, 80-89, 800-899,
80A-89Z, 8A0-8Z9, 8AA-8ZZ
9, 90-99, 900-999,
90A-99Z, 9A0-9Z9, 9AA-9ZZ
0, 00-09, 000-099,
00A-09Z, 0A0-0Z9, 0AA-0ZZ

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

23

Global Operations

Overseas Production

Global Manufacturing Operations Expand Their Range
Japanese automobile manufacturers have continued to develop local production operations, whether as wholly-owned subsidiaries or as joint ventures, in the United States, Europe, Southeast Asia, China, Russia and other countries with emerging
markets. These operations contribute to the strengthening of local economies through employment creation, local parts purchasing and, in many cases, export revenue for the host countries. Locally-produced automobile parts such as engines andtransmissions, as well as finished vehicles of some models, are exported to Japan and other destinations.

● GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BASES
7 Russia
10 UK

34 Canada
5 Poland1 Czech Republic
3 Hungary

2 France

25 South Korea

8 Spain35 U.S.A.

9 Turkey

4 Italy

22 China

6 Portugal
20 Bangladesh
15 Morocco
11 Algeria

28 Myanmar

29 Pakistan

12 Egypt

40 Mexico

31 Taiwan
18 Saudi Arabia

23 India
33 Vietnam
21 Cambodia

26 Laos
32 Thailand

16 Nigeria

42 Venezuela
30 Philippines
27 Malaysia

38 Colombia
39 Ecuador

13 Kenya
24 Indonesia

41 Peru

37 Brazil

14 Mauritius
19 Australia
17 South Africa
36 Argentina● JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BASES: Number of Plants by Country & Items Produced
Country/
Territory

Country No.
(see map)

EuropeCzech Republic
FranceHungary
Italy
PolandPortugal
RussiaSpain
TurkeyUK
Europe Total

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Motor
Motor- Motor Vehicles
Vehiclescycles& Motorcycles(incl. parts) (incl. parts) (incl. parts)
1
1
1
1
2
8
1
4
3
22

1
1
2

-

Parts
Only
1
1
3
1
6

Country/
Territory

Country No.
(see map)

AfricaAlgeria
Egypt
Kenya
Mauritius
MoroccoNigeriaSouth Africa
Africa Total
Middle East
Saudi Arabia
Middle East Total
Oceania
Australia
Oceania Total

Motor- Motor Vehicles
Motor
cycles
Vehicles& Motorcycles(incl. parts) (incl. parts) (incl. parts)

Parts
Only

11
12
13
14
15
16
17

1
5
4
1
3
5
19

1
2
3

-

-

18

2
2

-

-

-

19

-

-

-

1
1

Country/
Territory
Asia
Bangladesh
Cambodia
China
India
Indonesia
South Korea
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
Pakistan
Philippines
TaiwanThailand
Vietnam
Asia Total

Country No.
(see map)
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

Motor
Motor- Motor Vehicles
Vehiclescycles& Motorcycles(incl. parts) (incl. parts) (incl. parts)
2
26
10
15
1
12
5
4
4
7
16
6
108

2
1
10
7
7
1
2
3
4
2
4
3
46

1
1
2
4

Parts
Only
20
2
15
6
4
1
11
3
62

Country/
Territory

Country No.
(see map)

North America
CanadaU.S.A.
North America Total
Latin America
Argentina
BrazilColombia
EcuadorMexicoPeru
Venezuela
Latin America Total
World Total

Motor
Motor- Motor Vehicles
Vehiclescycles& Motorcycles(incl. parts) (incl. parts) (incl. parts)

Parts
Only

34
35

5
14
19

1
1

-

2
10
12

36
37
38
39
40
41
42

1
8
1
9
1
20
190

2
4
2
2
1
11
63

4

5
2
7
88

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

24

Global Operations

Overseas Production Volumes

Global Operations

Japanese Automakers’ Overseas Production Finishes at
15.38 Million Automobiles and 20.16 Million Motorcycles
The global operations of Japanese automobile manufacturers continue to grow, focusing on on-site manufacturing
to meet local needs. Whether as independent operations, joint ventures or technical tie-ups, local manufacturing
activities are conducted in numerous countries around the world (see page 24). Japanese automakers’ overseas
production in 2020 totalled 15.38 million automobiles and 20.16 million motorcycles.

● OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BY JAPANESE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS
Year

Asia

1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

208,589
282,912355,758
456,489
597,402952,390
1,035,715
1,120,430
1,315,346
1,553,585
1,882,850
1,950,621
2,003,286
1,215,202
1,547,671
1,673,740
1,872,521
2,380,621
3,007,348
3,638,9783,964,209
4,129,856
4,523,751
4,877,074
5,145,418
7,127,042
7,547,127
8,500,825
9,056,388
9,112,629
9,472,178
10,091,593
10,870,888
11,391,185
10,847,347
9,168,992

Middle
East

EU

North
America

U.S.A.

Latin
America

Africa43,17573,903
100,794
130,326
203,215
223,164
282,278
351,296472,744477,728
575,852
650,990714,699814,847
835,582
837,679
939,034
1,015,748
1,245,469
1,296,516
1,369,556
1,509,402
1,789,875
1,693,151
1,136,145
1,250,226
1,302,277
1,383,583
1,379,733
1,382,052
1,401,521
1,487,994
1,511,800
1,415,747
1,223,117
439,901

296,569
426,087
608,446
723,396
1,040,868
1,570,114
1,684,964
1,853,097
2,030,478
2,346,619
2,595,436
2,641,451
2,664,588
2,674,299
2,797,175
2,991,924
3,061,612
3,375,453
3,487,012
3,840,744
4,080,713
4,001,639
4,049,068
3,576,246
2,687,527
3,390,095
3,068,979
4,253,869
4,540,685
4,785,769
4,823,222
4,989,360
4,767,063
4,606,948
4,407,151
3,498,540

296,569
425,644592,761
672,766
932,242
1,298,878
1,378,907
1,547,361
1,691,239
1,982,209
2,215,657
2,275,525
2,290,685
2,270,516
2,311,163
2,480,691
2,451,496
2,720,449
2,821,723
3,143,603
3,383,277
3,281,073
3,324,326
2,893,466
2,108,161
2,653,231
2,422,152
3,324,703
3,627,226
3,813,351
3,847,517
3,976,482
3,765,364
3,676,823
3,531,395
2,715,707

90,252
87,115
104,925
125,531
144,811
160,654
169,001
195,161
211,802
197,325
110,660
140,031
190,596
260,131
246,710
387,732
407,887445,862
457,467
534,863
645,074
745,827
895,099
920,738
790,794
982,342
1,029,511
1,234,584
1,284,187
1,591,099
1,820,525
1,859,685
1,903,466
1,894,346
1,745,597
1,318,780

99,500119,000
134,000
145,000
184,500
186,000
172,000
167,500
179,000
168,000
226,000
195,674
182,218
144,181130,216
146,435
162,825
155,973
162,969
191,537
225,725
259,050
252,384
257,646
168,651
206,476
233,709248,711232,191
241,841
218,020
190,724
198,625
216,969
211,761
153,392

Europe

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
5,688
3,493
4,258
5,660
6,000
5,820
10,80010,50011,400
3,342
0
0
0
0
0
0
596
437
89
0
0
0
0

44,65875,163102,943
132,129
205,005
226,613285,994358,601
496,574
502,332
641,573
738,378
814,689
920,985929,303
953,170
1,032,004
1,153,059
1,338,476
1,454,903
1,545,355
1,702,836
1,976,407
1,876,109
1,228,294
1,356,126
1,410,628
1,484,110
1,537,025
1,654,208
1,668,878
1,757,776
1,940,778
1,856,511
1,638,200
1,236,883

Japanese Automakers Forge Extensive International Alliances
With economic globalization, Japanese automobile manufacturers have rapidly adapted to the needs of individual
markets, not only by shifting production to those markets but also by forging extensive alliances with overseas
manufacturers.
Various forms of partnership currently exist among Japanese, U.S. and European
automakers—including capital and technical tie-ups, joint R&D and production operations, and cooperative sales
ties—and such arrangements are expanding yearly. With the rapid growth of motorization in China and Southeast
Asia, Japanese automakers have been actively building relationships with local manufacturers there on the basis ofcapital tie-ups and the supply of production as well as environment- and safety-related technologies.

In vehicle units

Oceania

At March 31, 2021

Total

891,142
151,574
133,109 1,123,386
127,003 1,433,075
152,334 1,734,879
166,541 2,339,127
169,169 3,264,940
134,051 3,481,725
109,276 3,804,065
106,754 4,339,954
128,213 4,896,074
102,961 5,559,480
118,097 5,784,252
136,107 5,991,484
150,685 5,371,171
125,575 5,780,143
130,933 6,288,192
137,084 6,679,593
135,498 7,652,466
148,471 8,607,563
125,726 9,797,551
134,581 10,606,157
121,635 10,972,243
159,710 11,859,761
143,741 11,651,554
96,836 10,117,520
119,473 13,181,554
93,675 13,383,629
101,381 15,823,480
106,278 16,756,754
90,125 17,476,267
91,616 18,094,876
90,240 18,979,467
60,942 19,741,762
0 19,965,959
0 18,850,056
0 15,376,587

Supply of
50cc-&-under “scooters”

YamahaYear

Total
26,850,264
20,161,917
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

Daihatsu

100%
equitystake

3.6% equity stakeand business tie-up

Hino

50.1% equity stake
Supply offinished vehicles

Mutual supplyof finishedvehicles;Technical
cooperation

Joint venture inbus businessSupply of
CVs

Isuzu

Supply of CVs

Mutual supplyof CVsMutual supplyof CVsUD Trucks

Mitsubishi
Fuso

Joint development
and technicalcooperation for EVs
and sports cars

Subaru0.3%
equitystake

20%
equitystake

Supply ofCVs

0.3% equity
stake
5.1% equity
stake;
Technical
Supply of CVs
cooperation

Joint
development;
Technical
cooperation;
Mutual supplyof finishedvehiclesMazda

Supply of CVs

Suzuki

Mutual supply offinished vehicles

Supply offinished vehicles

NissanMutual supplyof CVsSupply offinished vehicles

ToyotaTechnical cooperation

Supply of CVs

2019
2020

Honda

Japan

Notes: 1. Data in principle is for Japanese-brand vehicles only. 2. Until 1997, data was based on statistics supplied by the national automobile trade associations of respective countries.
3. Mexico is included in Latin America and Turkey in Europe. 4. Data excludes vehicles produced with technical assistance only provided by Japanese automakers. 5. The figures reflect theuse of a new method, adopted as of January 2007, for computing overseas unit production. 6. Since December 2017, data from one JAMA member manufacturer has not been available.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
7. EU data for 2020 does not include the United Kingdom.

● OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BY JAPANESEMOTORCYCLE MANUFACTURERS
In vehicle units

Global Industry Ties

50% equity stake

34% equity stake
Mutual supply offinished vehicles

0.2%
equitystake

4.9%
equitystake

Mitsubishi

50% equity stake

NMKV

Note: In principle, the tie-ups shown above cover only technical cooperation related to motor vehicle production and exclude sales tie-ups.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

25

Global Operations

Global Industry Ties
At March 31, 2021

Japan

Isuzu

U.S.A.

Comprehensive
contract for
powertrain
businessCummins Inc.

Japan

China

Supply of CVs

GM Japan100%
equitystake

GeneralMotors50%
equitystake

FC co-development

50%
equitystake

Fuel Cell System
Manufacturing, LLC

Honda

30.5% equity stake;
Production ofCamry (incl. HVs),
Levin (incl. PHVs & HVs),
Yaris L, Highlander, C-HR

Japan

Daimler Truck
AG

Europe3.1%
equitystake

Nissan15%
equitystake
43.4%
equitystake

1.55%
equitystake

89.29%
equitystake

Mitsubishi
Fuso

3.1%
equitystake

Renault

67.13%
equitystake

Alliance Rostec
Auto BV

Collaboration on
environmental
technologies for
sports cars

BMW

Toyota45.77% equity stake;
Production of
Avalon (incl. HVs),
Crown,
Corolla (incl. PHVs & HVs),
Vios, Izoa

Supply offinished vehicles
in Europe

Stellantis N.V.

70%
equitystake

Peugeot Citroën
Mitsubishi Automotiv
Rus (PCMA Rus)

30%
equitystake

Dongfeng Motor
Group Co., Ltd.

Mitsubishi

UD Trucks

Strategic
partnership

100%
equity stake

TRATON

Volvo

ShanghaiElectric GroupCorp.

Strategic
tie-upin the fieldof CVs

50% equity stake;
Production of
D-MAX, MU-X

Qingling Motors
Co., Ltd.

Jiangxi-Isuzu
Motors Co., Ltd.

50.1% equity stake

50% equity stake

Qingling Motors
GroupCo., Ltd.

Jiangling Motors
GroupCo., Ltd.

GAC
Toyota MotorCo., Ltd.

FAW CarCo., Ltd.

50%
equitystake

Tianjin FAW Xiali
Automobile
Co., Ltd.

47.73%
equitystake

15% equity stake

35%
equitystake

Tianjin FAW
Toyota MotorCo., Ltd.

Isuzu

30% equity stake;
Production and sales

Mitsubishi
25% equity stake;
Production and sales
Southeast (Fujian)Motor Co., Ltd.

50%
equitystake

FAW Group
Corporation

Changan Mazda
Automobile
Co., Ltd.

Mazda
50%
equity stake;
Productionof Mazda3,
CX-5, CX-30

50%equitystake

Dongfeng MotorCo., Ltd.

50% equity stake
Changan Mazda
EngineCo., Ltd.
50% equity stake
Chongqing Changan
Automobile
Co., Ltd.

Sichuan FAW
Toyota MotorCo., Ltd.

50% equity stake
Dongfeng Honda
Automobile
Co., Ltd.

Hino

20% equity stake;
Production ofElf, Forward, Giga

Production outsourcing of
Mazda6 and CX-4

50% equity stake;
Production of
Coaster, Prado,
RAV4 (incl. HVs)

ToyotaGAC Mitsubishi
Motors Co., Ltd.

Isuzu

50%
equitystake

Nissan50% equity
stake;
Productionof NV200
and Navara

Zhengzhou Nissan
Automobile
Co., Ltd.

10% equity stake
40% equity
stake;
Productionof CR-Vand Civic

40% equity stake;
Production of Accord,
Odyssey, Vezel, Fit

Honda

50% equity stake

20% equity stake30%
equitystake

Guangzhou
Automobile Group
Co., Ltd.

ShanghaiHino Engine
Co., Ltd.

70%
equity
stake

Hino

50%
equitystake

Guangqi Honda
Automobile
Co., Ltd.
Guangqi Hino
Motors Co., Ltd.

50% equity stake

Honda Motor(China) Investment
Co., Ltd.
10% equity stakeBYD Auto
Industry Co., Ltd.
Strategic business alliance agreement
focusing on the development ofcommercial BEVs

26

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

Global Production (Including Motorcycles)● GLOBAL MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION (BY COUNTRY/REGION/TERRITORY)

Motor Vehicle Production Worldwide Declines to 77.62
Million UnitsCountry/Region/
Territory

In 2020 worldwide motor vehicle production (excluding motorcycles) dropped 15.4% from the previous year to a
total of 77.62 million units.

● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION EXCLUDING MOTORCYCLES(MAJOR PRODUCING COUNTRIES)UK

Germany

160
138
99

18
19
20
0

512
466
374

18
19
20
700

0

France

0

177
172
144

18
19
20
700

700

1,130
1,088
882

18
19
20

0

0

700

1,200

China
2,781
2,572
2,523

18
19
20
700

0

South Africa
61
63
45
0

0

U.S.A.

282
282
227

18
19
20

700

106
92
78

18
19
20
700

0

203
192
138

18
19
20

0

Spain
18
19
20

Canada

Italy

227
220
132

18
19
20

Russiax 10,000 units

India

700

South Korea

514
452
339

18
19
20

3,000

0

700

0

807
0

1,000

0

700

0

18
288
19
294
20 201700

0● GLOBAL MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION (BY COUNTRY/TERRITORY)Country/Territory
Czech Republic
Italy
Brazil
China
India
Japan
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
TaiwanThailand2017
Mopeds—75,859
—
—
—
0
—
—
—
—
—

Motorcycles—
1,331
249,356
325,215—882,876— 17,145,746— 23,154,838
646,983
646,983—
440,673— 1,781,856— 1,173,883— 1,237,080— 2,055,193

Note: “—” means data was not available at the end of March 2021.

Mopeds—74,974
—
—
—
0
—
—
—
—
—

Motorcycles

700

In vehicle units

2018
Total

700

Brazil

1
1
0

18
19
20

410
399
318

18
19
20

Australia

217
201
143
0

Mexico
973
968

18
19
20
700

Thailand
18
19
20

Japan

403
395
351

18
19
20

2019
Total

—
1,493
254,211
329,185— 1,036,788— 15,577,507— 24,499,777
651,884
651,884—
465,083— 1,902,632— 1,258,566— 1,088,657— 2,063,076

Mopeds—63,558
—
—
—
0
—
—
—
—
—

Motorcycles

Total

—
980
265,522
329,080— 1,107,758— 17,366,580— 21,036,294
567,376
567,376—
553,382— 1,677,352— 1,161,646— 1,027,867— 1,948,017

Sources: Motorcycle manufacturers’ associations of individual countries, etc.

2018

2019
Passenger
Cars

Trucks& Buses

164,900
308,493
112,000
2,267,764
5,120,409
1,062,332
214,000
294,3902,819,565
291,000
1,604,328
1,442,884
463,000
659,652
476,769
1,093,215
209,378

158,400
247,020
114,785
1,675,198
4,661,328
542,007
176,113282,1422,248,019
279,000
1,303,135
1,427,563
498,158434,700
490,412
1,100,000
199,102

21,00038,7770527,2620373,298
063,562574,336
078,2706,400
0215,164
0
0
0

2020

Passenger
Cars

Trucks& Buses

Austria
Belgium
FinlandFranceGermany
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
SwedenUK
Czech RepublicHungary
PolandRomania
Slovakia
Slovenia

144,500
265,958
112,000
1,772,641
5,120,409
673,196
214,000
234,151
2,267,396
291,000
1,519,440
1,437,396
463,000
451,600
476,769
1,093,215
209,378

20,40042,5350495,1230389,136
060,239552,169
084,8885,488
0
208,052000European Union (EU28*)

16,746,049

UK
TurkeySerbiaRussiaAzerbaijan
Belarus
Kazakhstan
UkraineUzbekistan—
1,026,571
56,303
1,563,747
969
10,94130,016
5,660
220,667—
523,689146
204,799
167
12,294
1,529
963
0

—
1,550,260
56,4491,768,546
1,136
23,23531,545
6,623
220,667—
982,642
34,985
1,523,594
2,360
20,42044,077
6,254
271,113—478,602130
196,190163
10,067
5,323
1,011
0

—
1,461,244
35,115
1,719,784
2,523
30,48749,4007,265
271,113920,928855,043
23,272
1,260,517
1,949
21,29564,790
4,202
280,080

66,116442,835
103
174,818
0
9,97810,041750
0987,044
1,297,878
23,375
1,435,335
1,949
31,27374,831
4,952
280,080

CIS

1,832,000

219,752

2,051,752

1,867,818

212,754

2,080,572

1,632,833

195,587

1,828,420

Europe19,660,923

2,601,617 22,262,540 18,722,527

CanadaU.S.A.

655,896
2,785,164

1,369,898 2,025,794
8,512,747 11,297,911

461,370
2,512,780

1,455,215 1,916,585
8,367,239 10,880,019

327,681
1,926,795

1,048,942
6,895,604

North America

3,441,060

9,882,645 13,323,705

2,974,150

9,822,454 12,796,604

2,254,476

7,944,546 10,199,022

MexicoArgentina
BrazilColombia

1,581,012
208,573
2,387,967
71,6762,519,758
258,076
493,051
3,800

4,100,770
466,649
2,881,018
75,476

1,382,714
108,3642,448,490
59,5862,604,080
206,423
496,49803,986,794
314,7872,944,988
59,586

967,479
93,001
1,608,870
43,3512,209,121
164,186
405,18503,176,600
257,187
2,014,055
43,351

Latin America

4,249,228

3,274,685

7,523,913

3,999,154

3,307,001

7,306,155

2,712,701

2,778,492

5,491,193

North and Latin America

7,690,288 13,157,330 20,847,618

Australia
China
India
Indonesia
Iran
Japan
Malaysia
Myanmar
Pakistan
Philippines
South Korea
TaiwanThailand
Vietnam023,529,423
4,032,481
1,055,774
1,027,000
8,359,286
520,526
0
223,4810
3,661,730
190,052
877,015
146,000

0
6,371
6,371
4,279,773 27,809,196 21,360,193
1,110,328 5,142,809 3,623,335
287,940 1,343,714 1,045,666
770,000
68,210 1,095,210
1,370,308 9,729,594 8,328,756
534,11544,445564,971000
156,623
46,311
269,792
0
8,400
8,400
367,104 4,028,834 3,612,587
189,549
63,189253,241795,254
1,290,679 2,167,694
250,000
91,000237,000

0
5,606
5,606
4,360,472 25,720,665 19,994,081
892,682 4,516,017 2,851,268
551,400
241,182 1,286,848
826,21051,060821,060
1,355,538 9,684,294 6,960,411
457,755
37,517
571,6328,346
0
095,50430,093
186,716
37,1418,400
8,400
338,030 3,950,617 3,211,706
180,967
61,755
251,304
537,633
1,218,456 2,013,710
125,2350250,000

4,730
4,730
5,231,161 25,225,242
543,178 3,394,446
139,886
691,286
54,787880,997
1,107,532 8,067,943
27,431
485,186
2,407
10,753
21,871
117,375
30,156
67,297
295,068 3,506,774
64,648245,615889,441 1,427,074
40,333
165,568

Asia-Oceania

43,622,768

9,034,058 52,656,826 40,666,078

8,600,791 49,266,869 35,837,657

8,452,629 44,290,286

Algeria
Egypt
MoroccoSouth Africa

70,59718,500366,773
321,0970035,312289,757

70,59718,500402,085
610,854

60,012
18,500360,110
348,6650034,542
283,318

60,012
18,500394,652
631,983754
23,754
221,299
238,2160027,131
209,003754
23,754248,430
447,219

Africa776,967

325,069

1,102,036

787,287

317,860

1,105,147

484,023

236,134

720,157

Grand Totals

Total

In vehicle units

1,858,030 18,604,079 15,837,082

Total

Passenger
Cars

Trucks& Buses

179,400
285,797
114,785
2,202,460
4,661,328
915,305
176,113345,704
2,822,355
279,000
1,381,405
1,433,963
498,158
649,864
490,412
1,100,000
199,102104,544
237,057
86,270927,718
3,515,372
451,826
127,058
211,2811,800,664
249,000—
1,152,901
406,497
278,900
438,107985,000
141,714030,4030388,653
227,082
325,3390
52,955467,5210—6,250
0172,4820001,898,069 17,735,151 11,113,909

2,589,555 21,312,082 14,545,985

6,973,304 13,129,455 20,102,759

Total
104,544
267,460
86,2701,316,371
3,742,454
777,165
127,058
264,236
2,268,185
249,000—
1,159,151
406,497451,382
438,107985,000
141,714

1,670,685 12,784,594

2,375,326 16,921,311
1,376,623
8,822,399

4,967,177 10,723,038 15,690,215

71,750,946 25,118,074 96,869,020 67,149,196 24,637,661 91,786,857 55,834,842 21,787,127 77,621,969*“EU28” applies through 2019. Notes: 1. Includes preliminary figures. 2. Some EU and Latin American countries do not release truck and bus production data.
Sources: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA); for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

27

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

New Registrations● NEW REGISTRATIONS OF PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (BY COUNTRY)

A Total of 78.0 Million New Motor Vehicles Sold Globally

In vehicle units

In 2020 new motor vehicle registrations (excluding motorcycles) decreased 13.8% from the previous year to a global
total of 77.97 million units. Vehicle sales rose in Turkey (up 61.8% to 796,000 units), Egypt (up 28.8% to 220,000
units), and South Korea (up 6.2% to 1.91 million units).

● NEW REGISTRATIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES EXCLUDING MOTORCYCLES(SELECTED COUNTRIES)
Sweden

UK

800

0

800

0

France

0

800

0

800

1,770
1,704

800

1,445
0

1,800

China
2,808
2,580
2,531

18
19
20
800

0

South Africa
55
54
38
0

0

18
19
20

156
150
103

18
19
20

800

212
213
156

18
19
20
800

0

198
194
153

18
19
20

U.S.A.

Spain
18
19
20

Canada

182
178
163

18
19
20

Italy

263
276
210
0

800

Russia

382
402
327

18
19
20

India

800

0

183
180
191

18
19
20
800

Commercial
VehiclesAustria

341,068

52,970Belgium

549,632

Czech Republic

0

Japan
527
520
460

18
19
20
800

MexicoCommercial
VehiclesPassenger
Cars

Commercial
Vehicles

394,038

320,381

51,553371,934

257,72144,002

301,723

89,812

639,444550,008

94,066644,074

424,492

79,618504,110

261,437

20,456

281,893249,915

31,508281,423

202,971

25,863228,834

Denmark

218,566

39,435

258,001

225,581

38,663

264,244

198,130

35,118233,248

Finland120,480

16,401

136,881

114,202

19,317

133,519

96,392

16,555112,947

France2,173,481

459,140

2,632,621

2,214,280

541,448

2,755,728

1,650,126

449,932

2,100,058

Germany

3,435,778

386,282

3,822,060

3,607,258

409,801

4,017,059

2,917,678

350,5443,268,222

Hungary

136,601

23,053

159,654

157,900

32,184

190,084

128,02125,947

153,968

1,910,025

211,756

2,121,781

1,916,949

215,681

2,132,630

1,381,496

183,174

1,564,670

Netherlands

443,531

79,339522,870446,057

92,682538,739

357,996

72,215430,211

Norway147,929

38,907

186,836

133,964

44,866

178,830

124,424

36,139160,563

Poland531,889

101,395

633,284

555,598

100,660

656,258

428,347

81,806510,153

Portugal

228,327

39,394

267,721

223,799

44,028267,827

145,417

31,575

176,992

Romania

129,004

29,274

158,278

161,562

25,371

186,933

126,351

18,661145,012

Slovakia

98,08013,785

111,865

101,568

12,295

113,863

76,305

8,604

84,909Spain

1,321,438

242,058

1,563,496

1,258,249

242,854

1,501,103

851,213179,257

1,030,470

Sweden353,729

64,361

418,090356,036

62,442

418,478

292,024

38,191

330,215UK

2,367,147

367,1292,734,276

2,311,140

425,778

2,736,918

1,631,064

333,708

1,964,772

Russia1,606,676

214,644

1,821,320

1,567,809

211,092

1,778,901

1,433,956

197,207

1,631,163

Switzerland

299,135

37,505

336,640

311,466

44,572356,038

236,828

38,538275,366

Turkey486,321155,220

641,541

387,256

104,691

491,947

610,109

186,091

796,200

Canada577,711

1,407,281

1,984,992

496,846

1,440,372

1,937,218

318,750

1,208,830

1,527,580

0

800

0

Australia

Brazil

112
106
92

18
19
20
0

800

247
279
206

18
19
20
800

0

800

Total

5,303,580 12,397,822 17,701,402

Total

4,719,710 12,317,378 17,037,088

Total

3,401,838 11,051,054 14,452,892

Mexico883,043

538,415

1,421,458

764,175

595,7091,359,884

532,097444,276

976,373

Brazil2,101,884

366,550

2,468,434

2,262,069

525,7812,787,850

1,615,942

442,495

2,058,437

610,943

162,698

773,641

282,299

126,527

408,826

223,438

110,407

333,845

Argentina

142
136
98

18
19
20

2020

2019
Passenger
Cars

U.S.A.

3,000

South Korea

440
382
294

18
19
20

Passenger
Cars

Italy

0

Germany

273
274
196

18
19
20

52
54
43

18
19
20

0

18
19
20

Netherlands

42
42
33

18
19
20

x 10,000 units

2018
Country

China

23,709,782

4,370,795 28,080,577 21,472,092

India

3,394,756

1,005,380

4,400,136

2,962,115

854,743

3,816,858

2,433,464

505,189

2,938,653

Japan

4,391,160

880,9075,272,067

4,301,091

894,125

5,195,216

3,809,981

788,634

4,598,615

South Korea

1,525,150

301,991

1,827,141

1,497,035

298,099

1,795,134

1,618,333

287,639

1,905,972

Malaysia

533,201

65,513598,714550,182

54,105604,287

480,965

48,469529,434

Indonesia

878,595

274,194

1,152,789

785,539

244,947

1,030,486

388,925

143,152

532,077

Thailand729,709357,220

1,086,929

468,638

538,914

1,007,552

343,494448,652

792,146

Australia

873,713247,683

1,121,396

799,263

263,604

1,062,867

676,804

240,164

916,968

Egypt

145,873

38,583

184,456

127,443

43,125

170,568

167,792

51,940219,732

South Africa

365,242

186,984

552,226

355,378

181,233

536,611247,571

130,361

377,932

Other

5,505,852

1,081,138

6,586,989

4,715,534

1,144,247

5,859,781

3,590,664

905,043

4,495,703

Grand Totals

68,690,468 26,365,470 95,055,937 63,730,387 26,693,300 90,423,687 53,598,850 24,372,388 77,971,234

4,324,839 25,796,931 20,177,731

5,133,338 25,311,069

Sources: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA); for Japan, Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association; Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

28

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

Motor Vehicles & Motorcycles in Use/Motor Vehicle & Motorcycle Density

Nearly 1.5 Billion Motor Vehicles in Use Worldwide
There were over 1.49 billion motor vehicles (excluding motorcycles) in use worldwide in 2019, equivalent to 193
motor vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants or one vehicle for every 5.2 persons. Motorcycle density in recent years has
been particularly high in Indonesia and Malaysia, with one motorcycle in use for every two persons; in Thailand, with
one in use for every three persons; in Greece, with one in use for every six persons; and in Italy, with one in use forevery seven persons. In Japan, one motorcycle is in use for every 12 persons.

● MOTOR VEHICLE DENSITY: INTERNATIONAL
COMPARISONS (at end of 2019)
In vehicle units
No. of Motor Vehicles per 1,000 Inhabitants
Country

Total Motor Vehicles
Passenger Cars

U.S.A.

872

368

Australia

754

585

Italy

668

Canada

665
633

Spain

539

635

Austria

632
573

Germany

626
579

Japan

490

France

490

618
615

UK

612
533

Switzerland

607
538
580
501

Belgium
World Average

193
140

757

x 1 person
No. of Persons per Motor Vehicle(No. of Persons per Passenger Car)
1.1
(2.7)
1.3
(1.7)
1.3
(1.5)
1.5
(1.6)
1.6
(1.9)
1.6
(1.7)
1.6
(1.7)
1.6
(2.0)
1.6
(2.0)
1.6
(1.9)
1.6
(1.9)
1.7
(2.0)
5.2
(7.1)

Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; Ward’s, etc.;
for population data, OECD, UN● MOTORCYCLE DENSITY: INTERNATIONAL
COMPARISONS (No. of Persons per Motorcycle)● MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE WORLDWIDE(at end of 2019)
In vehicle units
Country

Passenger
Cars

Germany
Italy
FranceUK
Spain
Netherlands
Belgium
Austria
SwedenPolandSwitzerland
TurkeyRussiaU.S.A.
CanadaMexicoArgentina
BrazilJapan
ChinaSouth Korea
India
ThailandIndonesia
Australia
South Africa
Other
Grand Totals

47,715,977
39,545,232
32,125,200
35,732,000
25,008,216
8,938,572
5,813,776
5,039,548
4,887,904
24,455,500
4,623,952
12,503,049
52,955,700
121,231,000
23,600,000
33,007,642
11,067,300
37,720,122
62,140,475
212,395,031
19,129,151
34,503,600
10,505,777
17,238,361
14,679,249
9,642,200
177,323,002
1,083,527,536

Commercial
VehiclesIndonesia

2

2019

Malaysia

2

2018

Thailand3

2014

Greece

6

2018

Italy

7

2014

Spain

9

2014

Switzerland

10

2014

Austria

11

2019

Japan

12

2018

Germany

13

2014
2019

Netherlands
China

14
21

Note: Data for Japan is as at March 31.
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism;
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications; Federation of Asian Motorcycle Industries (FAMI);
European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers (ACEM), etc.; for population data, OECD, UN

Exports (Including Motorcycles)

Motor Vehicle Exports Increase in the U.S.A., Spain, andJapan
Motor vehicle exports (excluding motorcycles) in 2019 increased over the previous year in the United States (up10.8% to 3.19 million units), Spain (up 0.2% to 2.31 million units), and Japan (up 0.01% to 4.82 million units).

● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES)

x 10,000 units

Total

51,605,498
3,889,521
44,836,755
5,291,523
40,252,200
8,127,000
41,009,100
5,277,100
29,463,309
4,455,093
10,130,437
1,191,865
6,724,060
910,284
5,563,615
524,067
5,572,062
684,158
28,645,700
4,190,200
5,221,886
597,934
17,916,650
5,413,601
61,923,800
8,968,100
286,884,000
165,653,000
24,821,000
1,221,000
44,867,313
11,859,671
14,643,600
3,576,300
45,478,649
7,758,527
78,416,591
16,276,116
253,880,000
41,484,969
23,634,143
4,504,992
61,330,600
26,827,000
18,596,748
8,090,971
27,787,860
10,549,499
18,924,450
4,245,201
14,095,000
4,452,800
229,819,577
52,496,575
408,517,067 1,492,044,603

UK

Germany

138
129
110

17
18
19
0

600

China

459
421
370

17
18
19
0

89
104
102

17
18
19
0

600

FranceSouth Korea
635
638
574

17
18
19
0

700

0

Italy

232
230
231
0

253
245
240

17
18
19

Spain
17
18
19

600

600

0

284
288
319

17
18
19
600

0

600

600

Brazil

85
78
74

17
18
19

0

600

U.S.A.
471
482
482

India

74
70
60

17
18
19

Japan
17
18
19

0

78
64
44

17
18
19
600

0

600

Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; Ward’s, etc.

● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES)● MOTORCYCLES IN USE
WORLDWIDE2017
In vehicle unitsx 1 person
2019

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

Year

Country/Territory

Total

2018
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2019
2014
2019
2018
2019
2019
2019
2019
2018

Italy
Spain
FranceUK
Netherlands
Switzerland
Austria
PolandCzech Republic
Germany
GreeceMalaysia
ThailandTaiwanIndonesia
China
Japan
Philippines

8,720,733
5,033,209
3,015,223
1,328,300
1,228,147
852,567
755,447
1,311,184
1,016,9786,220,950
1,802,929
14,322,030
21,079,937
13,992,922
126,588,509
67,655,570
10,539,849
7,101,194

Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism;
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications;
Federation of Asian Motorcycle Industries (FAMI);
European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers (ACEM), etc.

CountryJapan
U.S.A.
Germany
UK
FranceItaly
Spain
BrazilSouth Korea
China
India

Passenger
Cars

Commercial
Vehicles

4,218,429
2,221,875
4,378,108
1,334,538
5,695,129
418,324
1,866,931
625,186
2,415,948
639,167
748,366

487,419
617,586
210,417
48,899658,225
324,094451,286
159,563
114,246
251,730
96,865In vehicle units

2018

2019

Total

Passenger
Cars

Commercial
VehiclesTotal

Passenger
Cars

Commercial
VehiclesTotal

4,705,848
2,839,461
4,588,525
1,383,437
6,353,354
742,418
2,318,217
784,749
2,530,194
890,897845,2314,357,782
2,344,811
3,992,724
1,237,608
5,303,355
382,535
1,873,085
501,124
2,342,292
757,525
676,192

459,688535,340
219,381
50,3201,073,039
316,785
431,333
142,297
107,359
283,188
99,933

4,817,470
2,880,151
4,212,105
1,287,928
6,376,394
699,3202,304,418
643,4212,449,651
1,040,713
776,125

4,372,645
2,600,220
3,487,321
1,055,997
4,674,081
292,415
1,867,477
351,373
2,313,038
724,826
677,311445,487
592,028
211,739
46,1101,063,544
312,126
442,593
88,97588,345299,354
60,713

4,818,132
3,192,248
3,699,060
1,102,107
5,737,625
604,541
2,310,070
440,3482,401,383
1,024,180
738,024

Sources: Ward’s, etc.; for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES/TERRITORY)Country/Territory
Japan
China
TaiwanIndonesia
India

2017

2018

Total

Total
463,123
7,143,732
337,490431,187
2,815,003

In vehicle units

2019
Total
456,758
6,958,643
333,769
627,421
3,280,841

396,379
6,755,471
323,967—
3,520,376

Sources: Automobile/motorcycle manufacturers’ associations of individual countries; for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

29

Motor Vehicles Worldwide■ Tokyo: The Showcase Hub

Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs

Automobile Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs

In 1954, as Japan’s post-war reconstruction was nearing
completion, the first Tokyo Motor Show was held at Hibiya Parkin central Tokyo, premised on the notion that an international
motor show was needed to resuscitate the Japanese motor
vehicle industry.

Following repeated reductions in tariff rates, import tariffs in Japan on finished motor vehicles and auto parts wereabolished in 1978. Many other countries continue to impose tariffs on imported vehicles: for example, the UnitedStates imposes a 25% tariff on imported trucks and China levies a 15% tariff on finished vehicles. Aiming to abolishcustoms tariffs and thereby to liberalize and facilitate trade and investment, the Japanese government promotes theestablishment of economic partnership agreements (EPAs) and free trade agreements (FTAs). In recent years, Japan
has signed several multilateral trade accords including the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement forTrans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) with ten countries and the Japan-European Union EPA, thereby significantly
expanding the scope of its international trade agreements.

● AUTOMOBILE CUSTOMS TARIFFS, JAPAN/U.S.A./CHINA
Passenger Cars

Trucks

As of May 2021

Auto Parts, Etc.
(including vehicle bodies)

Buses

Japan

None

None

None

None

U.S.A.

2.5%

25%
Cab chassis, from 5t up to
20t in GVW: 4%

2%

2.5%

China

15%

15%

15%

6%

The 1st Tokyo Motor Show, Hibiya Park, 1954

The 6th Tokyo Motor Show,
Japan Trade Center, 1959

The 28th Tokyo Motor Show,
Makuhari Messe, 1989

From that point on, the Tokyo Motor Show grew in step with the development of Japan’s automobile industry. In
1959 the show moved to the Japan Trade Center located in Tokyo’s Harumi area, then, thirty years later, in 1989, to
the Nippon Convention Center (Makuhari Messe) in Chiba Prefecture. In 2011 it moved again, to its current venue atTokyo Big Sight (officially known as Tokyo International Exhibition Center) in Ariake, where it has established itself
as a top-level international motor show on a par with those in Europe and the United States.

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association● STATUS OF JAPAN’S ENGAGEMENT IN EPAs/FTAs
EPA/FTA signed or in force

EPA/FTA under negotiation/otherEU

As of March 2021

CPTPP

UK

Japan-China-Korea
TurkeySwitzerland

India

GCC

CanadaKorea

Mongolia
China

Japan

MyanmarThailand Laos
Cambodia Philippines
Indonesia

Vietnam
Malaysia
BruneiSingapore

U.S.A.
MexicoThe 46th Tokyo Motor Show, Tokyo Big Sight, 2019
Colombia
Peru

ASEAN
Australia

Chile
New Zealand

RCEP
Notes: 1. Japan-ASEAN EPA investment services negotiations have been substantively concluded and the EPA will come into force once it is ratified by all ASEAN member states. 2. Negotiations are
postponed/suspended with GCC, Korea, and Canada. 3. It has been decided to begin negotiations with the UK towards its participation in CPTPP.
Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs

The 46th Tokyo Motor Show, the event’s most recent edition, held in 2019, was conceived as a showcase for new
mobility, marking the automotive industry’s strategic transition into the future. The show’s organizers expanded thescope of participation to include representatives of other industries, thereby turning the exhibition into a
multi-industry event, with 192 companies and organizations addressing the theme of future mobility. A total of 1.3
million people visited the 46th Tokyo Motor Show, with attendance rates for children, young people, and women
showing significant increases. As visitors experienced first-hand the show’s wide-ranging programs and activities,
visible delight was also on display.

● AUTOMOBILE CUSTOMS TARIFFS under the Japan-EU EPA and CPTPP

Japan-EU EPA(in effect as of Feb. 2019)

CPTPP(in effect asof Dec. 2018)

Example:CanadaExample:Vietnam

Auto Parts, Etc.
(including vehicle bodies)

Passenger Cars

Trucks

Buses

[10%]
To be abolished in 8 years.

Gasoline trucks≥2800cc,
Diesel trucks≥2500cc: [22%]Gasoline trucks<2800cc,
Diesel trucks<2500cc: [10%]To be abolished in 8 years.

Gasoline buses≥2800cc,
Diesel buses≥2500cc: [16%]Gasoline buses<2800cc,
Diesel buses<2500cc: [10%]To be abolished in 13 years.

[3-4.5%]
Immediately abolished formore than 90% (in value
terms).

[6.1%]To be abolished in 5 years.

[6.1%]
Large-sized gasoline trucks:
To be abolished in 6 years.
Other trucks:
To be abolished in 11 years.

[6.1%]To be abolished in 11 years.

[6.0%]
Immediately abolished for
87.5% (in value terms).

[77%]
Over 3000cc:
To be abolished in 10 years.
3000cc or under:
To be abolished in 13 years.

[20-70%]To be abolished in 12-13
years.

[5%]
To be abolished in 13 years.

[3-30%]
Immediately abolished, or to beabolished within 11 years dependingon the product, for tires, vehicle
bodies, parts, and accessories.

Note: Figures in brackets represent tariff rates imposed prior to reduction/abolition.

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association© 2019 Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. Developed by Polyphony Digital Inc.

A new edition of the show was scheduled to be held in the autumn of 2021, but owing to the global COVID-19
pandemic it was decided that ensuring a safe and secure environment for visitors would be difficult. Organizers are
now working towards holding the next show in the autumn of 2023 on a “green and digital” theme, with expanded
multi-industry participation in what promises to be a thoroughly exciting event. Stay tuned!
*The Tokyo Motor Show Drone Show was performed with the permission, approval and guidance of the East Japan Civil Aviation Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport andTourism, the Tokyo Coast Guard Office of the 3rd Regional Coast Guard Headquarters of the Japan Coast Guard, and the Bureau of Port and Harbor of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government.

30

■ JAMA Member Manufacturers

Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd.

Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.

Head Office :1-1 Daihatsu-cho, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8651 Tel: (072) 751-8811
Tokyo Branch Office :2-10 Nihonbashi Honcho 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023
http://www.daihatsu.co.jp/
http://www.daihatsu.com

Global Headquarters :1-1 Takashima 1-chome, Nishi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 220-8686
Tel: (045) 523-5523
http://www.nissan.co.jp/
http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/

Subaru Corporation

HINO Motors, Ltd.
Head Office :1-1 Hinodai 3-chome, Hino, Tokyo 191-8660 Tel: (042) 586-5111
http://www.hino-global.com

Head Office :Ebisu Subaru Bldg., 20-8 Ebisu 1-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8554
Tel: (03) 6447-8000
https://www.subaru.co.jp/

HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD.

Suzuki Motor Corporation

Head Office :1-1 Minami-Aoyama 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8556
Tel: (03) 3423-1111
https://www.honda.co.jp/

Head Office :300 Takatsuka-cho, Minami-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8611
Tel: (053) 440-2061
Tokyo Branch Office :Suzuki Bldg., Higashi-Shimbashi 2F, 2-8 Higashi-Shimbashi 2-chome,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0021 Tel: (03) 5425-2158
https://www.suzuki.co.jp/
https://www.globalsuzuki.com/

Isuzu Motors Limited
Head Office :26-1 Minami-Oi 6-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8722
Tel: (03) 5471-1141
http://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/

TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATIONHead Office:
1-1 Kawasaki-cho, Akashi, Hyogo 673-8666 Tel: (078) 921-1301
https://www.kawasaki-cp.khi.co.jp/corp_en/

Head Office :1 Toyota-cho, Toyota, Aichi 471-8571 Tel: (0565) 28-2121
Tokyo Head Office :4-18 Koraku 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8701 Tel: (03) 3817-7111
Nagoya Office :7-1 Meieki 4-chome, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 450-8711
Tel: (052) 552-2111
https://global.toyota/en

MAZDA MOTOR CORPORATIONUD Trucks Corporation

Head Office :3-1 Shinchi, Fuchu-cho, Aki-gun, Hiroshima 730-8670 Tel: (082) 282-1111
Tokyo Head Office :Kasumigaseki Building, 25th Floor, 3-2-5 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 100-6025
http://www.mazda.co.jp/
http://www.mazda.com/

Head Office :1-1 Ageo, Saitama 362-8523 Tel: (0120) 67-2301
https://www.udtrucks.com/ja-jp/home
https://www.udtrucks.com/

Kawasaki Motors, Ltd.

YAMAHA MOTOR CO., Ltd.
Head Office :2500 Shingai, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-8501 Tel: (0538) 32-1115
Tokyo Office :Marunouchi My Plaza 15F, 1-1 Marunouchi 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005
Tel: (03) 5220-7200
http://global.yamaha-motor.com/

MITSUBISHI MOTORS CORPORATIONHead Office :1-21 Shibaura 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8410 Tel: (03) 3456-1111
https://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.jp/
https://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/en/

Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation
Head Office :10 Ohkura-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8522
Tel: (044) 330-7700
http://www.mitsubishi-fuso.com/

Former Member & Friend of JAMA:
General Motors Japan Ltd.
Head Office :12-8 Higashi-Shinagawa 4-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8687
Tel: (03) 6711-5600
http://www.gmjapan.co.jp/

Note: Manufacturers are listed in alphabetical order.

31

■ Locations of Auto Manufacturing Plants

At March 31, 2021

● Vehicle Assembly Plants● Parts Plants■ Related Automotive Associations- Japan Auto Parts Industries Association (JAPIA)
16-15, Takanawa 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0074 (03) 3445-4211- Japan Auto-Body Industries Association Inc. (JABIA)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3578-1681

Hokkaido- Japan Automotive Machinery and Tool Manufacturers Association (JAMTA)

Toyota Motor Hokkaido

Daihatsu (Shiga)
Mitsubishi (Shiga)

Kyoto

Daihatsu (Kyoto)
Mitsubishi (Kyoto)

Tochigi

Osaka

Isuzu (Tochigi)
Nissan (Tochigi)
Honda (Tochigi)

HyogoToyamaDaihatsu (Ikeda)
Kawasaki (Akashi)

Mitsubishi Fuso
(Toyama)Okayama

Mitsubishi (Mizushima)

1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-7921

Toyota Motor East Japan(Iwate)MiyagiToyota Motor East Japan(Miyagi-Ohira)Toyota Motor East Japan(Miyagi-Taiwa)

Fukushima

Hiroshima

Nissan (Iwaki)

Mazda (Head Office)Mazda (Miyoshi)

1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-3841- The General Insurance Association of Japan (GIAJ)- Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA)- Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) [Tokyo]

Iwate- Japan Automobile Education Foundation (JAEF)- Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. (JSAE)

2530, Karima, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0822 (029) 856-1112

Subaru (Main Plant)
Subaru (Yajima)
Subaru (Oizumi)
Hino (Nitta)

25-15, Minami-Otsuka 2-chome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-0005 (03) 6902-8190

9, Kanda-Awajicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8335 (03) 3255-1844- Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) [Tsukuba]

Gunma- Japan Motorcycle Promotion & Safety Association

5-8, Shiba-Koen 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011 (03) 3431-3773

10-2, Goban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076 (03) 3262-8211

Shiga

At March 31, 2021

- Automotive Dispute Resolution Center (ADR)
2-3, Uchisaiwaicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011 (0120) 028-222- Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center (JARC)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-8300- Japan Auto Recycling Partnership (JARP)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5405-6150- Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association (AIRIA)
11-6, Iwamoto-cho 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0032 (03) 5825-3671

7-8, Sarugaku-cho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0064 (03) 5577-3977- Japan Automobile Transport Technology Association (JATA)
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 6836-1201- Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center (JASIC)
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 5362-7751- ITS Japan
6-8, Shiba-Koen 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011 (03) 5777-1011- Japan Industrial Vehicles Association (JIVA)
5-26, Moto-Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0051 (03) 3403-5556- Japan Trucking Association
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 3354-1009- Nihon Bus Association (NBA)
4-1, Marunouchi 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 (03) 3216-4011

IbarakiHino (Koga)

Yamaguchi

Saitama

Mazda (Hofu)

UD Trucks (Ageo)
Honda (Sayama)
Honda (Yorii)
Honda (Ogawa)

Tokyo

Hino (Hino)
Hino (Hamura)

Mie

Kanagawa

Honda (Suzuka)
Toyota Auto Body (Inabe)

Isuzu (Fujisawa)
Nissan (Yokohama)Nissan (Oppama)
Mitsubishi Fuso (Kawasaki)
Mitsubishi Fuso (Nakatsu)

Gifu

Pajero Manufacturing(Sakahogi)

Oita

Daihatsu Kyushu (Oita)

Fukuoka

Nissan Motor Kyushu (Kanda)
Daihatsu Kyushu (Kurume)
Toyota Motor Kyushu (Miyata)
Toyota Motor Kyushu (Kanda)
Toyota Motor Kyushu (Kokura)

Kumamoto

Honda (Kumamoto)- Automobile Business Association of Japan
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3578-3880- Japan Automobile Dealers Association (JADA)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8530 (03) 5733-3100- Japan Light Motor Vehicle and Motorcycle Association
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5472-7861- Japan Used Car Dealers Association
25-3, Yoyogi 3-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0053 (03) 5333-5881- Japan Automobile Importers Association (JAIA)
1-15, Shiba 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014 (03) 5765-6811- Japan Automobile Federation (JAF)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3436-2811

Aichi

Toyota (Honsha)
Toyota (Motomachi)
Toyota (Kamigo)
Toyota (Takaoka)
Toyota (Miyoshi)
Toyota (Tsutsumi)
Toyota (Myochi)
Toyota (Shimoyama)
Toyota (Kinu-Ura)
Toyota (Tahara)
Toyota (Teiho)
Toyota Auto Body (Fujimatsu)
Toyota Auto Body (Yoshiwara)
Toyota Auto Body (Kariya)
Mitsubishi (Okazaki)

Shizuoka

Suzuki (Hamamatsu)
Suzuki (Iwata)
Suzuki (Osuka)
Suzuki (Kosai)
Suzuki (Sagara)
Toyota Motor East Japan (Suyama)
Honda (Hamamatsu)
Yamaha (Iwata Main)
Yamaha (Iwata South)
Yamaha (Hamakita)
Yamaha (Nakaze)
Yamaha (Fukuroi)
Yamaha (Toyooka)
Yamaha (Morimachi)- Japan Auto Appraisal Institute (JAAI)
34-4, Nishi-Shimbashi 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003 (03) 5776-0901- Automobile Fair Trade Council (AFTC)
11-30, Nagata-cho 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0014 (03) 5511-2111- Japan Automobile Service Promotion Association (JASPA)
10-1, Roppongi 6-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6117 (03) 3404-6141- Japan Automotive Leasing Association (JALA)
23-1, Shiba 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014 (03) 5484-7037- Motorcycle Federation of Japan (MFJ)
11-6, Tsukiji 3-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 (03) 5565-0900- All Japan Railway-Freight Forwarders Association
21, Kanda-Awajicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0063 (03) 5296-1670- Japan Federation of Hire-Taxi Associations
8-13, Kudan-Minami 4-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3239-1531- All Japan Rent-A-Car Association
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5472-7328- Japan Federation of Authorized Drivers School Associations
3-9, Kudan-Minami 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3556-0070- Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Association, Inc. (JATMA)
8-21, Toranomon 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001 (03) 3435-9091- Auto-Parts & Accessories Retail Association (APARA)
1-7, Shiba 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014 (03) 3454-1427- Japan Traffic Safety Association
8-13, Kudan-Minami 4-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3264-2641- The Japan Research Center for Transport Policy
12-6, Kudan-Kita 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0073 (03) 3263-1945- Japan Road Association (JARA)
3-1, Kasumigaseki 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8955 (03) 3581-2211- Express Highway Research Foundation of Japan (EHRF)
11-10, Minami-Azabu 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0047 (03) 6436-2100- Vehicle Information and Communication System Center (VICS)
5-7, Kyobashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0031 (03) 3562-1720

32

THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 2021
Published October 2021
Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.
Jidosha Kaikan, 1-30 Shiba Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 JapanFor inquiries about this booklet, write or telephone:
Public Relations Office, JAMA Tel: +81 (3) 5405-6179
http://www.jama.or.jp/© JAMA. All rights reserved.