INTERNATIONAL SKATING UNIONSPECIAL REGULATIONS& TECHNICAL RULESSINGLE & PAIR SKATINGandICE DANCE
2022

In the ISU Constitution and Regulations, the masculine gender used in relation to any
physical person (for example, Skater/Competitor, Official, member of an ISU Member etc.
or pronouns such as he, they, them) shall, unless there is a specific provision to thecontrary, be understood as including the feminine gender.

See also the ISU Constitution
and General Regulations

INTERNATIONAL SKATING UNION

Regulations laid down by the following Congresses:

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Scheveningen
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ViennaAmsterdam
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SevillaOnline voting
Online voting
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2022

I. SPECIAL REGULATIONSSINGLE & PAIR SKATINGICE DANCEINDEX
GeneralRule No. 300

Disciplines and content of Single & Pair
Skating and Ice Dance

Page
9

REGULATIONS FOR COMPETITIONSIN SINGLE & PAIR SKATING AND ICE DANCE
A. General
Rule No. 335
336
342
343
344
345
346
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
358
365
366
367

Segments of competition
Competition personnel
Required rinks
Music
Competition schedule
Communications during competitions
Video Recording
Program Content Sheet
Call to the start
Behavior of Competitors and Officials
ISU Judging System - scoring systems
ISU Judging System - determination andpublication of results
Team Results by ISU Member
World ranking systems
AwardsExhibitions during Competitions
ProtocolNovelty formats

9
10
10
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
15
21
22
22
22
22
23

B. ISU Championships – Special Rules
Rule No. 375
376
377
378
379

Allotment
Schedule/Duration of Championships
Participation in Championships
Entries ISU Championships
Music titles

24
24
24
25
30
3

GeneralRule No. 381
393
394
396

ISU Event Manager and Regional
Assistant Event Managers
Presentation of medals
MedalsAdvertisements of ice shows

Page
30
31
31
32

C. Olympic Winter Games
Rule No. 400
401
402
403

Entries to the Olympic Winter Games
Appointment of Officials to the Olympic
Winter Games
Panels of Judges for the Olympic WinterGames
Draws at the Olympic Winter Games

32
34
35
37

REGULATIONS FOR OFFICIALS IN SINGLE & PAIR SKATING AND
ICE DANCE
A. Nomination and appointments of Officials
Rule No. 410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417

Process for nomination and appointmentof Officials
General requirement for nomination andappointment of Officials
Specific requirements for nomination andappointment of Referees
Specific requirements for nomination andappointment of Judges
Specific requirements for nomination andappointment of Technical Controllers
Specific requirements for nomination andappointment of Technical Specialists
Specific requirements for nomination andappointment of Data & Replay Operators
ISU Seminars

38
41
44
46
48
51
53
55

B. Appointment of Officials to Competitions
Rule No. 420
421
422
4

Appointment of Officials to International
Competitions (general)
Appointment of Officials to ISU
Championships (special Rule)
Appointment of Officials to the Olympic
Winter Games (special Rule)

57
59
59

GeneralPage

C. Duties and powers of Officials
Rule No

430
431
432
433

General and specific duties and powers
Meetings at Competitions for Referees andJudgesMeetings at Competitions for TechnicalPanelsReports

60
65
66
67

D. Evaluation of service by Officials
Rule No. 440

Evaluation of service by Officials

69

REGULATIONS FOR EXHIBITIONSRule No. 450

Exhibitions

77

5

II. TECHNICAL RULESSINGLE & PAIR SKATING / ICE DANCEGENERAL TECHNICAL RULES IN SINGLE & PAIR SKATING AND
ICE DANCE
Page
Rule No. 500
Definition of the skate blade and clothing
79
501
Clothing
79502
Duration of skating
79
503
Falls
80
504
Marking of Short Program/Rhythm Dance81
and Free Skating/Free DanceTECHNICAL RULES FOR COMPETITIONS IN SINGLE & PAIRSKATING AND ICE DANCE
A. General
Rule No. 511
Announcement of entries and panels of
Officials
512
Draws
513
Draws for starting orders514
Warm-up periods
515Interruptions, Music Deficiencies, Adverse
Conditions and Incomplete Programs
B. ISU Championships – Special Technical Rules
Rule No. 520
Draws for Competitors
521
Judges draws

85
85
85
89
90

94
95

TablesI.
II.

6Size of starting order groups
Size of warm-up groups

101
102

III. TECHNICAL RULESSINGLE & PAIR SKATING
A. Single and Pair Skating Elements
Rule No. 610
Requirements to elements of Single andPair Skating and Illegal Elements /Movements

Page
103

B. Single Skating
Rule No. 611
Short Program Singles
612
Free Skating Singles

105
109

C. Pair Skating
Rule No. 619
620
621

113
115
118

Requirements to elements of Pair Skating
Short Programs Pairs
Free Skating Pairs

7IV. TECHNICAL RULESICE DANCE
A. Ice Dance definitions
Rule No. 701
Axis
702
Patterns
703
Series of steps
704
Steps, Turns and Movements
705
Dance Holds
706
Musical definitions

Page
122
122
123
124
132
134

B. Pattern Dances
Rule No. 707
Introduction
708
Requirements and marking

135
137

C. Rhythm Dance
Rule No. 709
Rhythm Dance

141

D. Free Dance
Rule No. 710

143Free Dance

E. Announcement and draw of Pattern Dances and announcementof requirements for Rhythm Dance and Free Dance
Rule No. 711
146

8

I. SPECIAL REGULATIONSSINGLE & PAIR SKATINGICE DANCE
Rule 300
Disciplines and content of Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance
1. The disciplines of Single & Pair Skating, i.e. Women Single Skating,
Men Single Skating and Pair Skating (one Woman and one Man), as
defined in Article 39, paragraph 3.b) (i) of the ISU Constitution, consistof:a) Short Programb) Free Skating
2. The discipline of Ice Dance, i.e. one Woman and one Man, as definedin Article 39, paragraph 3.b) (ii) of the ISU Constitution, consists of:a) Pattern Dancesb) Rhythm Dancec) Free Dance
Rules 301 – 334 (reserved)
REGULATIONS FOR COMPETITIONS IN SINGLE & PAIR SKATING
AND ICE DANCE
GeneralRule 335
Segments of competitions
A.
1.

Segments of Single & Pair Skating competitions
ISU Championships, Olympic Winter Games, Winter Youth Olympic
Games, Qualifying Competition for the Olympic Winter Games and
ISU Grand Prix Events and Final (Senior and Junior) in Single & Pair
Skating shall consist of Short Program and Free Skating.

2.

International Competitions in Single & Pair Skating shall consist of:a) Short Program and Free Skatingb) Free Skating (Senior only)

B.

Segments of Ice Dance competitions
ISU Championships, Olympic Winter Games, Winter Youth Olympic
Games, Qualifying Competition for the Olympic Winter Games and9ISU Grand Prix Events and Final (Senior and Junior) in Ice Danceshall consist of Rhythm Dance and Free Dance.
2.

International Competitions in Ice Dance shall consist of:a) Rhythm Dance and Free Danceb) Pattern Dance(s) and Free Dancec) Free Dance (Senior only)C.

Order of Segments and skating in Segmentsa) Short Program/Rhythm Dance or Pattern Dance(s) must be
skated before Free Skating/Free Dance.
b) Women, Men, Pairs and Ice Dance Couples must skate
separately.
c) Each Skater/Pair/Couple must skate the Short Program/Rhythm
Dance, Free Skating/Free Dance or Pattern Dance alone on theice surface.

Rule 336
Competition personnel
The following competition personnel designated by the Organizing
Committee is necessary:a) an announcer to summon the Competitors and to read the scores andresultsb) minimum one timekeeper for single/pairs and two for ice dancec) minimum one result calculation computer operatord) supplementary competition personnel (if necessary) to guarantee theorderly conduct of the competition in other respects.
Rules 337 – 341 (reserved)

Rule 342
Required rinks
1. The available skating area for the Short Program/Rhythm Dance, Free
Skating/Free Dance and Pattern Dance(s) must be rectangular and if
possible, shall measure sixty (meters) in length and thirty meters inwidth, but not larger, and not less than fifty-six meters in length andtwenty-six meters in width. Officials shall not be seated on the ice
surface. The Judges and the Referee will be seated at the rinkboard
and the Technical Panel will be seated in an elevated position, if
possible.
10

2. For International Competitions, at least one covered and preferably
heated rink is required. For ISU Championships, the Olympic WinterGames and the Winter Youth Olympic Games, two covered andclosed rinks are required. For ISU Events, the Olympic Winter Games,
the Winter Youth Olympic Games and the Qualifying Competition for
the Olympic Winter Games the ice rinks must be heated.

Rule 343
Music
1. All programs must be skated to music.
2. All Competitors shall furnish competition music of excellent quality ina format and means announced in the announcement of thecompetition in accordance with Rule 112.
a) The Competitor must announce the exact running time of themusic (not skating time), which shall be certified by theCompetitor, Coach or Team Leader, at the time of registration;b) Each program (Short Program/Free Program/Pattern Dance whenmusic provided by the Couple/Rhythm Dance/Free Dance) must
be recorded on a separate track or on a separate disc (if using
CDs);c) Competitors must provide a back-up drive for each program in aformat and means as per the announcement of the competition inaccordance with Rule 112.
3. All music used for competitive events must be played on high quality
electronic recorders, e.g. MP3 Player or similar, computer or CD
Player, one or two of which shall be used during the competition. The
organizer shall furnish, for each rink used for the competition andpractice, adequate facilities for the reproduction and playback ofmusic. The facilities to be provided by the organizer must be set forthin the Announcement of the Competition.
4. Precaution must be taken to prevent frequency and/or voltage
variations.
5. The volume level of the music as determined by the Medical
Commission in either the practice or competition rinks must notexceed 85-90-dB Sound Pressure Level in any part of the arena.
6. The organizers of each competition shall delete after the competition
all music files which they have received in connection with thecompetition.
11

7.

If there is no official practice, the organizer must provide theCompetitor, Coach or Team Leader the opportunity to check before
the competition that electronically submitted music is the correct
Competitor's music.

Rule 344
Competition schedule
1. When the event is comprised of two Segments, it is recommended
that the competition should last at least two days, but no more than
three consecutive days.
2. At the option of the Organizers the Short Program/Rhythm Dance or
Pattern Dance(s) can be skated either on a preceding day or on thesame day as the Free Skating/Free Dance (except ISU Junior GrandPrix and Grand Prix Events and Finals and ISU Championships)
provided there is an interval of at least 4 hours after the ending of the
Short Program/Rhythm Dance or Pattern Dance(s).
3. Events should not begin before 9.00 a.m. and should be planned tofinish by 11.00 p.m.

Rule 345
Communications during competitions
All official communications during ISU Championships, the Olympic
Winter Games, the Winter Youth Olympic Games and International
Competitions must be published in English.

Rule 346
Video recording
The Organizing ISU Member, or as the case may be, the ISU shall provide
to the Referee a video recording of each segment of the competition.
Rules 347 – 348 (reserved)

12

Rule 349
Program Content Sheet
Each Skater/Pair/Couple, shall present a Program Content Sheet i.e. an
official form indicating the planned elements for each Segment of thecompetition, except Pattern Dances.

Rule 350
Call to the start
1. Prior to each performance, the names of those about to compete must
be clearly called on the ice and in the dressing-rooms.
2. Each Skater/Pair/Couple must take the starting position of each
Segment of the competition (Short Program/Rhythm Dance, Free
Skating/Free Dance or Pattern Dance) at the latest thirty seconds after
he/they are called to the start. If this time has expired and the Skater/s
has/have not yet taken the starting position, the Referee shall apply adeduction (deducted from the final score) as per Rule 353, paragraph
1. n). If sixty seconds started from the call to the start have expired
and the Skater/s has/have not yet taken the starting position, he/they
will be considered as withdrawn.
Rule 351
Behavior of Competitors and Officials
1. Encouragement or advice of any kind, especially prompting duringskating, by Officials, is not permitted.
2. Before skating the Short Program/Rhythm Dance, Free Skating/Free
Dance or Pattern Dance, Competitors are not allowed to bow to thespectators. Bows may be made to thank the public for applause given
at the end the performance.
3. Skaters are not allowed to use headphones, earbuds or any similar
devices on the ice during any official practice and during the event.
Rule 352
ISU Judging System - scoring systems
1. The results must be calculated electronically at ISU Events, Olympic
Winter Games, Winter Youth Olympic Games and Qualifying
Competitions to the Olympic Winter Games.
132. The organizing ISU Member, in the case of International Competitions
other than ISU Events, or the ISU, in the case of ISU Events, theOlympic Winter Games and Winter Youth Olympic Games, is
responsible for the accuracy of the results including the computer
software program and shall provide experienced, competent
operators who shall be responsible for the entry of data into thecomputer and the generating of official results.
3. Online marking and display systema) Officials screen
Each Judge and the Referee operate independently, and thedecisions of the Technical Controller and Technical Specialists
are recorded by the Data Operator, using a touch screen or similarsystem which could be equipped with a built-in video replay
system approved by the ISU. The input by each individual Judge,
the Referee and the Technical Panel are transferred into a
calculation computer, including, if possible, a complete back-up
system.
b) Electronic marks display/scoreboard
In ISU Championships an electronic marks’ display system must
be used. The results display information (scoreboard) must show
place in previous Segment (Short Program/Rhythm Dance),
current place in this Segment and overall current place. Additional
information on scores, of interest for the public, is displayed asdecided by the Council.
4. Off-line marking
When online marking is not available, the Officials shall operate as
follows:a) With not more than five Judges and no Technical Panel (TechnicalController, Technical Specialist):

14

(i)

The panel of Judges shall be split in the "TechnicalJudge(s)" (maximum two Judges) and the "Performance
Judges" (if possible not more than three Judges).

(ii)

The "Technical Judge(s)" shall record all Elements andaward the GOE for each Element, the "Performance
Judges" shall award the Program Components only. The"Performance Judges" shall operate independently, whilethe "Technical Judges" may confer to agree on decision
about the identified elements.

(iii)

One of the “Technical Judges” shall act as Referee. He shallalone decide upon the deductions under the obligations ofReferees and Technical Panels.

b) With a Technical Panel (Technical Controller and Technical
Specialist) or with more than five Judges:(i)With more than five Judges but no Technical Panel,paragraph a) (i) above shall apply.

(ii)

A communication chain needs to be established (headsetsetc.) between the “Performance Judges”/Judges and the“TechnicalJudge(s)”/TechnicalPanel.
Withthecommunication chain it is guaranteed that the “Performance
Judges”/Judges operating in the panel are aware of theidentified and called Elements.

(iii)

The “Technical Judge(s)”/Technical Panel shall record all
Elements and apply the deductions under the obligation ofTechnical Panels. The Judges shall award the GOE foreach Element as well as the Program Components.

(iv)

One of the “Technical Judges”/Judges shall act as Referee
unless a separate Referee has been assigned to the event.
He or the Referee alone shall apply the deduction under the
obligations of Referees.

c) The "Officials’ Marking Sheets" need to be collected after eachperformance. The data is either transferred into a computer tocalculate results or the calculation is done manually. The
calculation of results shall be done according to Rule 353.

Rule 353
ISU Judging System - determination and publication of results
1. Basic Principles of Calculationa) Every Section of a Pattern Dance, every Element (i.e. Required
Element of the Short Program/Rhythm Dance/Free Dance or
Element of the Well Balanced Free Skating Program) has acertain Base Value indicated in the Scale of Value (SOV) chart
published in an ISU Communication.
b) Each Judge identifies for each Sequence/Section/Element one, or
if so published in an ISU Communication, two GOEs. Each GOE
has its own positive or negative numerical value as indicated in
the SOV chart published in an ISU Communication for eachseason.

15c) The panel's Grade of Execution (GOE) is determined by
calculating the trimmed mean of the numerical values of theGrades of Execution awarded by Judges.
d) The trimmed mean is calculated by deleting the highest and thelowest values and calculating the average of the remaining
values. In the case when there are fewer than five Judges, thehighest and lowest values are not deleted from the calculation.
e) This average will become the final Grade of Execution of anindividual Section/Element. The panel's GOE is rounded to two
decimal places.
f)

The panel's score for each Section/Element is determined byadding the trimmed mean GOE of this Section/Element to its Base
Value.

g) The panel's scores for all the Sections/Elements are added giving
thus the Total Elements Score.
h) In Single & Pair Skating:i)Jump combinations and Jump Sequences are evaluated as
one unit by adding the Base Values of the jumps included andapplying the GOE with the numerical value of the most difficult
jump.

ii)

Any additional element or elements exceeding the prescribed
numbers will not be counted in the result of a participant. Only
the first attempt (or allowed number of attempts) of an
Element will be taken into account.

iii) In the Short Program and Free Skating of Single Skating theBase Values (but not the GOEs) for jump Elements started in
the second half of the program will be multiplied by a special
factor 1.1 in order to give credit for even distribution ofdifficulties in the program. However, only the last one jumpelement executed in the second half counts for the 1.1 factor
in the Short Program, and the last three jump elements for
Free Skating. Each factored Base Value for these jump
Elements performed in the second half of the Program will be
rounded to two decimal places. The second half commencesin the middle of the required time without taking into accountplus or minus 10 seconds allowance. However, in cases of up
to 3 minutes interruptions (as per Rule 515, paragraph 4.b))the factor 1.1 will be used only for jump elements which werestarted in the second half of the program, but prior to theinterruption.

16

i)

In Ice Dance:i) Combination Lifts are evaluated as one unit by adding theBase Values of the two first executed Types of Short Lifts andthen applying the GOE. The GOE of the Combination Lift isequal to the sum of the numerical values of the corresponding
GOE of these two first executed Types of Short Lifts.
ii) Step Sequences announced by the Ice Dance TechnicalCommittee and published in an ISU Communication if
applicable, are evaluated as one unit by adding the Base
Values of the Step Sequences of the Woman and the Man
and then applying the GOE. The GOE is equal to the sum of
the numerical values of the corresponding GOEs of the Step
Sequences.
iii) Turn Sequences announced by the Ice Dance TechnicalCommittee and published in an ISU Communication if
applicable, are evaluated as one unit by adding the Base
Values of the executed Types of Turns by the Woman and the
Man and then applying the GOE. The GOE is equal to thesum of the numerical values of the corresponding GOEs of
the executed Types of Turns.

j)Each Judge also marks the Program Components on a scale from0.25 to 10 with 0.25 points increments.

k) The panel's points for each Program Component are obtained by
calculating the trimmed mean of the Judges results for that
Program Component. The trimmed mean is calculated in themanner described above in sub-paragraph d).
l)

The trimmed mean of each Program Component is rounded totwo decimal places.

m) The panel's points for each Program Component are thenmultiplied by a factor such that the Program Component Score isas equivalent as possible to the Total Elements Score as follows(same for Junior and Senior):
Men:

Short Program: 1.67

Free Skating:

3.33

Women:

Short Program: 1.33

Free Skating:

2.67

Pairs:

Short Program: 1.33

Free Skating:

2.67

Ice Dance:

Rhythm Dance: 1.33

Free Dance:

2.00

Pattern Dance: 1.17
The factored results are rounded to two decimal places and added.
The sum is the Program Component Score.

17n) Deductions are applied for certain violations specified in theRegulations as follows:
Violation:
Program time

As per:Rule 502

Pattern Dances
Program time

Rule 707,
paragraph 6

IllegalElement/Movement
Costume and prop

Rule 504,
paragraph 2
Rule 501,
paragraph 1
Rule 501,
paragraph 2

Part of thecostume/decoration
falls on the ice
Late start
Fall

Rule 350,
paragraph 2
Rule 503

Points:- 1.0 up to every 5
seconds lacking or inexcess- 1.0 up to every 5
seconds in excess of
permitted time after thelast prescribed step in
the Pattern Dance tothe ending
movement/pose- 2.0 per violation- 1.0 per program- 1.0 per program- 1.0 for start between 1
and 30 seconds late
Senior Single Skating:-1.0 for the first andsecond fall, -2.0 for thethird and fourth fall, -3.0
for the fifth and any
further falls.
*Junior Single Skating:-1.0 for every Fall.
*Pair Skating and Ice
Dance: -1.0 for every
Fall by one partner and-2.0 for every Fall byboth partners.

Interruption in
performing the
program

18

Rule 515,
paragraph 4. a)

For every Interruptionof:more than 10 seconds
up to 20 seconds: - 1.0
more than 20 seconds
up to 30 seconds: - 2.0

Interruption of the
program withallowance of up to 3
minutes to resume
from the point ofinterruption.
Adverse condition
prior the beginningof the program withallowance of up to 3
minutes.
Choreography
restrictions

Extra Elements (Ice
Dance only)Music requirements(Ice Dance only)

Tempo
specifications (Ice
Dance only)
Dance Lift
exceeding permitted
duration (Ice Dance
only)

Rule 515,
paragraph 4. b)

more than 30 seconds
up to 40 seconds: - 3.0- 5.0 per program

Rule 515,
paragraph 6- 5.0 per program

Ice Dance: Rules
709, paragraphs1.d), g), h) and j)
and 710,
paragraphs 1.f), h)and j)
Required
Elements andprinciples of calling
published in ISU
Communications
Rules 707,
paragraph 5, 709,
paragraph 1.c)(i)and (ii), and 710,
paragraph 1.c)Rules 707,
paragraphs 1 and
5 and 709,
paragraph 1.c)(iii)
Rule 704,
paragraph 16-1.0 per program- 1.0 per violation- 2.0 per program- 1.0 per program- 1.0 per Dance Lift

2. Determination of results in each Segment of the Competitiona) The Total Segment Score for each Skater/Pair/Couple in each
Segment of a competition (Short Program/Rhythm Dance, Free
Skating/Free Dance or Pattern Dance(s)) is calculated by adding
the Total Elements Score and the Program Component Scores,
19

subtracting any deductions for violations described in subparagraph 1.n).
b) In Ice Dance, for events with two Pattern Dances, the Total Score
for each dance will be multiplied by a factor of 0.5.
c) The Skater/Pair/Couple with the highest Total Segment Score isplaced first, the Skater/Pair/Couple with the next highest Total
Segment Score is placed second and so on.
d) If two or more Skaters/Pairs/Couples have the same result, theTotal Elements Score will break the tie in the Short
Program/Rhythm Dance and the Pattern Dance(s). The Program
Components Score will break the tie in the Free Skating/Free
Dance. If these results are also equal, the Skaters/Pairs/Couples
concerned will be considered as tied.
e) For any Segment where a Segment factor is applied, the factored
Segment Scores are rounded to two decimal places.
3. Determination of the final resulta) The Total Segment Score of the Short Program/Rhythm Dance or
Pattern Dance(s) and Free Skating/Free Dance are added andthe result constitutes the Final Score of a Skater/Pair/Couple in acompetition. The Skater/Pair/Couple with the highest Final Scoreis first etc.
b) In cases of ties after the Final Score the Skater/Pair/Couple withthe highest score for the last skated Segment is placed first etc. If
there is a tie in the highest score, the better placement will decide
the better place. In Ice Dance, if two Pattern Dances are to beskated, both dances are even in value. There are no tie-breaking
criteria.
c) If there is a tie for this Segment, the placement of the previously
skated Segment will count for the better place etc. If there is noprevious Segment, Skaters/Pairs/Couples are tied.
4. Publication of resultsa) In the publication of the overall results of an event, the eliminatedCompetitors (Competitors who did not qualify for the next
Segment either due to the insufficient scores or due to withdrawal)
shall be listed following the Competitors who have successfully
finished the competition and such eliminated Competitors will belisted in order of their placement after their last completed
Segment.
Disqualified Competitors will lose their placements and be
officially noted in the intermediate and final results as disqualified(DSQ). Competitors having finished the competition and who
20initially placed lower than the disqualified Competitor(s) will moveup accordingly in their placement(s).
b) Following each Segment, the Total Elements Score, the panel's
points obtained in each Program Component, the Program
Component Score, the deductions and the Total Segment Scoreof every Skater/Pair/Couple must be published.
c) Following each Segment, a printout indicating the Base Values of
all the Elements and the GOEs and points for the Program
Components from every Judge will be issued. For all figureskating competitions, Championships, Events and Olympic WinterGames, the Judges names and their respective scores will be
published.
d) The final result must be published as soon as possible after theconclusion of the event. This must include for each
Skater/Pair/Couple:•

the final place;•separately, the placing in each Segment of a competition.

e) On conclusion of the event the total points (Final Score) of each
Skater/Pair/Couple must be published.
Rule 354
Team Results by ISU Member
The Council shall publish in an ISU Communication a calculation system
to establish Team Results by ISU Member in International Competitions.
This system shall be based on the results of the individual competitions ineach discipline per category (Novice, Junior, Senior), i.e. Women, Men,
Pairs, Ice Dance and, when applicable, Synchronized Skating. Thissystem shall be implemented by organizing ISU Members of International
Senior, Junior and Novice Competitions and be duly announced in the
Announcement of the competition.
Upon completion of the competition, the final Team Results areannounced after the last awards ceremony for the individual competitions
and shall be included in the final protocol.

21

Rule 355
World ranking systems
The relevant ISU Bodies shall determine and publish in an ISU
Communication calculation systems to establish world rankings:a) for Women, Men, Pair Skating and Ice Dance;b) by ISU Members including Team Results and/or individual results.
Those world rankings are updated and published on the ISU website.
Rules 356 – 357 (reserved)
Rule 358
Awards
1. Awards are made for the final result of each competition.
2. The organizing ISU Member may make additional awards forplacement in any Segment of the competition.
3. Members of the ISU may not award for other competitions any medals
which resemble the ISU Championship medals.
Rules 359 – 364 (reserved)

Rule 365
Exhibitions during Competitions
A Competitor in an International Competition may not give an additional
performance until all parts of this competition have been completed andthe results of the competition in question announced.

Rule 366
Protocol1.

A protocol must be published after each ISU Championships,
Olympic Winter Games, Winter Youth Olympic Games, andInternational Competition. It must include the general and special
items specified below.

2.

The general items of a protocol are:a) the place of the event and the name of the ice rink;b) the date and time when the event was held;22c) for ISU Championships only: a list with the ISU Council, Single &Pair Skating and Ice Dance Technical Committee members, ISU
Director General, Sports Technical Director(s), Treasurer andLegal Advisors;d) the attending ISU Office Holders;e) participating ISU Members and entries;f) the composition of the Organizing Committee;g) the event schedule (on ice and off-ice schedule);h) the Officials (for each Segment if applicable);i) the type of rink (heated or unheated);j) the size of the skating area/ice surface;k) the ice conditions;l) the number of entries, followed by the number of Competitors who
took part;m) the special conditions of the Segments, the factors and duration;n) for Ice Dance, the Pattern Dance(s) in the order of skating (ifapplicable).
o) for Ice Dance, the rhythm(s)/theme of the Rhythm Dance.
3.

The special items of a protocol are those listed in Rule 353,
paragraph 4 for each discipline (Women, Men, Pairs, Ice Dance).

4.

A protocol must be signed by the Referee and the TechnicalController.

5.

In the protocols of ISU Championships the photographs of thoseplaced first, second and third must be included. For International
Competitions the inclusion of such photographs is not mandatory.

6.

Protocol for ISU Events must be sent in electronic form to the ISU
Secretariat for publication on the ISU website, not later than one
week and for all international competitions not later than two weeks
after the completion of the event (for ISU Championships, see Rule
135).
Rule 367
Novelty formats

Novelty formats at International Competitions
For modifications of a technical nature and new methods/systems withrespect to the Special Regulations and Technical Rules, the provisionsof Rule 104, paragraph 11.b) apply.
23

Rules 368 – 374 (reserved)
B. ISU Championships – Special Rules
Rule 375
Allotment
For Regulations concerning the allotment and dates of ISU Figure SkatingChampionships see Rules 127 and 128.

Rule 376
Schedule/duration of Championships
1.

ISU Championships of the seasons 2022/23 and 2023/24 must notexceed seven days. Two days of free practice at the site of theChampionships for all Competitors must be provided by theorganizing ISU Member prior to the first competitive skating of any
ISU Championships.
Starting with the season 2024/25, ISU Championships must notexceed eight days. One day of free practice at the site of theChampionships for all Competitors must be provided by theorganizing ISU Member prior to the first competition day of any ISU
Championships.
In case of World Championships with Qualifying Rounds one day of
free practice at the site of the Championships for the Competitors of
the Qualifying Round must be provided prior to the first competition
day of the Qualifying Round and one day of free practice at the siteof the Championships for the Competitors (direct entries) of theChampionships Round must be provided prior to the first competitionof the Championships Round.

2.

For each discipline, Short Program/Rhythm Dance and Free
Skating/Free Dance must not be skated on the same day but should
be completed within a maximum period of three consecutive days.

Rule 377
Participation in Championships
1. Participation in World Championships is open to all Competitors who
belong to an ISU Member (for exceptions see Rule 109, paragraph 5).
24

2. In the European Championships the only Competitors who are eligible
to compete are individuals who are members of a European ISU
Member and fulfill the requirements of Rule 109, paragraphs 2 and 3.
3. In the Four Continents Championships the only Competitors who are
eligible to compete are individuals who are members of a nonEuropean ISU Member and fulfill the requirements of Rule 109,
paragraphs 2 and 3.

Rule 378
Entries ISU Championships Single & Pair Skating & Ice Dance
1.

At ISU Championships in Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance, theentries by name must reach simultaneously the respective Director(s)and the Organizing Committee twenty-one days before the first day(first official practice day) of the Championships concerned. For post
entries, Rule 115, paragraph 4 of the General Regulations applies.

2.

Number of entries at ISU Figure Skating (Single & Pair Skating/Ice
Dance) Championshipsa) ISU European, ISU World Junior and ISU World Championships(for World Championships applicable only for seasons 2022/23
and 2023/24:
i. Each ISU Member, except Special Clubs, provided they enter
Competitors having achieved the Minimum Total Element
Scores as outlined in paragraph 4, may enter at least one
Competitor per discipline (Men, Women, Pair Skating, Ice
Dance).
ii. Additional entries are determined as per the chart inparagraph 3.
b) Number of entries for the ISU Four Continents Championships:
i. Each ISU Member, except Special Clubs, provided they enter
Competitors having achieved the Minimum Total Element
Scores as outlined in paragraph 4, may enter up to a
maximum of three (3) Competitors per discipline (Men,
Women, Pair Skating, Ice Dance).
c) Number of entries for the ISU World Championships starting withthe season 2024/25:
i. Each ISU Member, except Special Clubs, provided they enter
Competitors fulfilling the requirements as outlined inparagraphs 4 and 5, may enter at least one Competitor per
discipline (Men, Women, Pair Skating, Ice Dance);ii. Additional entries are determined as per the chart inparagraph 3.
25

3.

Procedure to determine additional (more than one) entries in ISU
Championships:a) Overall Entry Quotas per ISU Member for each
Championships/discipline:
In order to determine such Overall Entry Quotas, ISU Members
who have participated in the immediately preceding season in
the corresponding discipline (Men, Women, Pair Skating, Ice
Dance) of the same Championships shall accumulate points
equal to the sum of placements of their Competitors who wereentered in this preceding season’s Championships. Competitors
are considered entered if they participate in the initial draw.
Competitors who were entered for the Short Program/Rhythm
Dance, but did not qualify for the Free Skating/Free Dance, will
be awarded 18 points for Single Skating and the number ofpoints equal to their placement in Short Program/Rhythm Dancefor Pair Skating/Ice Dance (however if this placement is lower
than 18, only 18 points will be awarded). Competitors who
qualified for the Free Skating/Free Dance, but were not placed
higher than 16th place in the final result will be awarded 16
points (or the number of points equal to the number ofCompetitors if the number of Competitors entered is less than
16 in cases of withdrawals not specified in the paragraph below).
For the ISU World Championships starting with the season
2024/25, Competitors who were entered for the Qualifying
Round, but did not qualify for the Championships Round (Short
Program/Rhythm Dance) will not be awarded any points and will
not be considered when determining the number of Competitors
as per paragraph b) below.
However the Competitors who withdrew because of:- illness or injury, (provided this illness or injury is certified by
the ISU Medical Advisor) or- unexpected damage to the equipment during the warm up or
the performance (provided this damage of the equipment iscertified by the Referee),are not considered as entered for the purpose of this Rule if they
did not start or finish the Free Skating/Free Dance, but wereamong the top ten in the Short Program/Rhythm Dance.
If an ISU Member entered three Competitors in a discipline of aChampionships, only the two best placed Competitors will countfor points;

26b) The number of Competitors (Overall Entry Quota) per discipline(Men, Women, Pair Skating, Ice Dance) an ISU Member may
send to the site of a Championships is determined in accordancewith the following diagram:No. of Competitors in
the preceding
season’sChampionships whocount for points

Points required forthree entries in thecurrent
season’sChampionships

Points required
for two entries in
the current
season’sChampionships

Two

Not more than 13

Not more than 28

One

Not more than 2

Not more than 10

4. Minimum Total Elements Scores and Combined Total Element Scores:
To be entered into and participate in an ISU Championships a
Skater/Pair/Couple must have reached in an ISU recognizedInternational Competition (as per Article 39, paragraph 7 and Rule 107,
paragraphs 1 to 10) during the ongoing or immediately preceding
season the applicable Minimum Total Elements Scores for the Short
Program / Rhythm Dance and Free Skating / Free Dance (separate)and, starting with the 2024/25 season, on the Combined Total Element
Scores (Short Program/Rhythm Dance and Free Skating / Free Dance
added).
These scores must have been earned by participating in a Senior
Category of the competitions mentioned under Article 39, paragraph 7
and Rule 107, paragraph 1 to 10) in order to enter the ISU European /Four Continents Championships or ISU World Championships or
respectively in a Junior Category in order to enter the ISU World JuniorChampionships.
The applicable Minimum Total Elements Scores and starting with the2024/25 season on the Combined Total Element Scores shall bedecided for each season by the ISU Council based on a joint proposal
from the respective Technical Committee and the Sports Technical
Director(s) and shall be published in an ISU Communication before
August 1st each year.
5.

ISU World Championships starting with the 2024/25 season:a) Generali. The World Championships will consist of an on-site
Qualifying Round and a Championship Round. The
Qualifying Round will consist of a Free Skating/Free Dance
program only. The Championship Round will consist of a
Short Program/Rhythm Dance and a final Free Skating/Free27

Dance program.
ii. Maximum Total Entries in each discipline: The maximum
number of entries for the World Championships is fifty-four
for Women, fifty-four for Men, thirty-two for Pair Skating, andforty for Ice Dance. For purposes of participation in the WorldChampionships, entries are defined as Direct Entries in theChampionship Round and Qualifying Round Entries.

28b)

Direct Entries
i. Twenty-four Direct Entries each in the disciplines Womenand Men, sixteen Direct Entries in the Pair Skating discipline
and twenty Direct Entries in the Ice Dance discipline will be
determined according to paragraph 3.a) and b) of this Rule.
ii. For this purpose, ISU Members who have earned the rightfor two or three entries at the immediately preceding year’s
ISU World Senior Championships are listed first and theremaining ISU Members are listed in order of their bestplaced Skater in the same ISU World Championships to fill
the Direct Entry spots.
iii. If the application of the above procedure results in more thantwenty-four Women or Men, sixteen Pair Skating couples,twenty Ice Dance Couples being eligible for Direct Entries
from ISU Members with the right for two or three entries, thenumber of Direct Entries will be increased by the required
number of entry spots. In such case the number of entries
advancing from the Qualifying Round to the Short Program /Rhythm Dance will be reduced by the same number.

c)

Qualifying Entries
i. Qualifying Round Entries: The maximum number of entries
for the Qualifying Round is thirty for Women, thirty for Men,sixteen for Pair Skating, and twenty for Ice Dance.
ii. ISU Members who do not have a Direct Entry in theChampionship Round Short Program /Rhythm Dance may
enter one Competitor per discipline (Men, Women, Pair
Skating, Ice Dance), provided that the ISU Member is ranked
amongst the top 30 ISU Members in Men or Women, the top
16 ISU Members in Pair Skating and the top 20 ISU Members
in Ice Dance on the Qualifying Round Total Technical
Element Score ranking list at the time of the entry deadline.
iii. The entered Competitors for the Qualifying Round must haveachieved the Minimum Combined Total Element Scores as
outlined in paragraph 4.

iv. In the case that there are less than thirty ISU Members in
Men or Women, less than sixteen ISU Members in Pair
Skating and less than twenty ISU Members in Ice Dance on
the Qualifying Round Combined Total Element Score ranking
list at the time of the entry deadline, the respective numberof Qualifying Round Entry spots will not be filled.
d)Advancement from Qualifying Round to Championship Round
Short Program/Rhythm Dance:i. The total number of Competitors advancing from the
Qualifying Round to the Championship Round Short
Program/Rhythm Dance is twelve for Women, twelve forMen, eight for Pairs, and ten for Ice Dance.
ii. Should paragraph 5.b) iii. become applicable, the number of
entries advancing from the Qualifying Round to the Short
Program/Rhythm Dance will be reduced by the same
number.
iii. In the case that not all Direct Entry spots will be used, thenumber of entries advancing from the Qualifying Round to
the Championships Round Short Program / Rhythm Dance
will be increased by the number of unused Direct Entry spots.
iv. In the case that the number of Competitors entered in the
Qualifying Round exceeds the number of Competitors
advancing to the Championship Round Short Program /Rhythm Dance by only one or two Competitors, the President
in consultation with the ISU Vice President Figure Skating,the ISU Representative and the ISU Event Coordinator
Figure Skating has the right to cancel such Qualifying Roundfor the respective discipline and to increase the number of
total entries in the Short Program / Rhythm Dance by one or
two Competitors.
v. Scores (Points) achieved at the Qualifying Round shall not
be considered for the Championship Round.

e)Advancement
fromChampionship
Round
Short
Program/Rhythm Dance to Free Skating/Free Dance:
The total number of Competitors advancing from the Short
Program/Rhythm Dance to the final Free Skating/Free Dance istwenty-four for Women, twenty-four for Men, sixteen for Pair
Skating, and twenty for Ice Dance.

6. For all ISU Championships each ISU Member may enter for eachdiscipline one Substitute per entry. The Substitutes may compete only iftheir ISU Members have withdrawn the name of their Competitors initiallyentered for the concerned discipline at least one hour before the first draw.
29

Rule 379
Music titles
The title of the music of the Short Program/Rhythm Dance and of the Free
Skating /Free Dance, and the names of the composers must be submittedwith the entries for ISU Championships. If possible, this should be printed
in the program.
Rule 380 (reserved)

Rule 381
ISU Event Manager and Regional Assistant Event Managers

1. Event Manager, Assistant Event Manager and Regional Assistant
Event Managers (RAEMs) in Figure Skating:
The ISU Council shall appoint an ISU Event Manager for Figure Skating
and if necessary and possible an Assistant Event Manager as well as apool of Regional Assistant Event Managers according to Article 38 of theConstitution.
2. Consultation and inspection visit for ISU Figure SkatingChampionships and ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final:
For each Figure Skating Championships, the Event Manager and/or
Assistant Event Manager shall attend at least one consultation andinspection visit at the site of the Championships, including meetings withthe television and advertising companies during the two years before theChampionships/Final.
3. On site monitoring of ISU Figure Skating Championships:
For each Figure Skating Championships and the ISU Grand Prix of Figure
Skating Final the Event Manager and/or the Assistant Event Manager plus
one or two Regional Assistant Event Managers shall be present at theChampionships/Final. At least one of them must be present from the
beginning of the official training of the Championships/Final and may notserve in another capacity except in an emergency. They shall represent
the ISU in all technical matters concerning the condition, adequacy andscheduling for use of all skating facilities and services used in connection
with the Championships/Final. In addition, as necessary, they will act as aliaison between the Referee and other Officials and the Organizers.
The composition of each ISU Event Coordination team (Event Manager,
Assistant Event Manager, Regional Assistant Event Managers) shall be
proposed by the Vice President through its annual budget and shall bedecided by the ISU Council.
30

4. Monitoring and on-site attendance of other ISU Figure Skating
Events:For other ISU Figure Skating Events, an ISU Event Management teamshall monitor and possibly be present on site of the Event as necessary
and as proposed by the Vice President within an annual budget and as
decided by the ISU Council.
Rules 382 – 392 (reserved)
Rule 393
Presentation of medals Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance
1. The ceremonies of awarding medals at ISU Championships in Single& Pair Skating and Ice Dance shall be as follows:a) When the final results have been calculated, first the third andthen the second placed competitors and finally the Champion(s)are announced, and are called to the winners’ podium on the ice;b) The Representative of the ISU awards to the third- and secondplaced Competitors the bronze and silver ISU medal(s), and to thechampion(s) the gold ISU medal(s). The Referee and TechnicalController and the representative of the organizing ISU Member
congratulate the medal winners (see also Rule 134, paragraph 3).

Rule 394
MedalsThe Organizing ISU Member must order the Championships medals fromthe ISU Director General.
Rules 395 (reserved)

31

Rule 396
Advertisements of ice shows
At ISU Championships, no advertisements of ice shows are allowed insideor outside the ice rinks or in the program sold or given to the public. If suchadvertisements exist, the ISU Event Manager and/or the ISU
Representative must intervene immediately.
Rules 397 – 399 (reserved)

C. Olympic Winter Games
Rule 400
Entries to the Olympic Winter GamesA.

Entries of Competitors

1.

The maximum number of entries for the Olympic Winter Games for
Women and Men, for Pair Skating and for Ice Dance as well as therespective number of Competitors in the Short Program respectively
the Rhythm Dance to qualify for the final Free Skating respectively
the final Free Dance, shall be in accordance with the IOC
Qualification System for each edition of the OWG. The IOC
Qualification System will be decided by the IOC in consultation with
the ISU.

2.

ISU Members who have participated in the immediately preceding
year’s World Senior Championships accumulate points according toRule 378, paragraph 3.

3.

Twenty-four entries for Women and Men, sixteen entries for Pairs andnineteen entries for Ice Dance will be determined according to theclassification outlined in paragraph 2 above. ISU Members who haveearned the necessary points according to Rule 378, paragraph 3. will
have the right for two or three entries if, in addition, they had two,
respectively three Skaters/Pairs/Couples qualified for the Free
Skating/Free Dance in the World Senior Championships immediately
preceding the OWG. The remaining entries under this paragraph 3
will be attributed to the ISU Members with the best placed andqualified for the Free Skating/Free Dance Skaters at the World SeniorChampionships immediately preceding the OWG.

4.

The remaining open entries available will be filled by ISU Members
in order of their placements at a Senior International Competition
designated by the ISU and conducted in the autumn of the calendar
year immediately preceding the Olympic Winter Games. The open32

entries are available only to:a) ISU Members which have not previously earned an entry, for only
one entry per such ISU Member.
b) ISU Members which have earned the necessary points for two or
three entries but did not have two respectively three Skaters
qualified for the Free Skating/Free Dance at the World SeniorChampionships immediately preceding the OWG. Such ISU
Members are entitled to enter one Skater in the qualifying event
who, however, cannot be a Skater that had qualified for the Free
Skating/Free Dance at the World Senior Championships
immediately preceding the OWG.
5. To be entered into and participate in the Olympic Winter Games a
Skater/Pair/Couple must have reached in an ISU recognizedInternational Competition (as per Article 39, paragraph 7 and Rule107, paragraphs 1 to 9) during the ongoing or immediately preceding
season the applicable Minimum Total Elements Score (points)
established for the ISU European and Four Continents
Championships (see Rule 378, paragraph 4).
6. However in case the Host ISU Member went through the normal
qualifying procedure and did not qualify under paragraphs 3 or 4
above in any of the disciplines (Women, Men, Pair Skating, Ice
Dance), the Host ISU Member shall have the right to enter one
Competitor per concerned discipline(s) as additional entry(ies) as longas the concerned Skater(s)/Pair/Couple achieved the Minimum Total
Elements Score (points) for the Olympic Winter Games.
7. ISU Members who earned entries under the provisions of theparagraphs 2 and 3 above, should if possible inform the ISU
Secretariat not later than September 15th after the respective Senior
World Championships if they intend to use their full quota of entries.
In case some of the ISU Members do not intend to use their full quotasof entries, the remaining open entries until number of twenty-four
entries in Single Skating, sixteen entries in Pair Skating and nineteen
entries in Ice Dance will be filled by increasing the number of entries
according to paragraph 4 above.
8. In the event that the ISU Members do not exercise their right toannounce their participation within the prescribed IOC date limit inaccordance with paragraphs 3 to 5, stand-by entries will be chosen
based on the final result of the designated Senior International
Competition (paragraph 4) for those ISU Members not qualified andnot yet represented.
9. A list of the set and stand-by entries will be published in an ISU
Communication not later than October 30th after the respective Senior33

World Championships and Qualifying Competition for the Olympic
Games.
B. Entries Team event
If in the program of the Olympic Winter Games a Team event involving
Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance is adopted by the IOC in addition to
the existing number of events, the Council in consultation with the IOC
shall determine all relevant conditions (number of teams and participants,
qualifying/participation/ entry criteria, technical format, starting order,
result determination, officials participation and other relevant technical andorganizational details).

Rule 401
Appointment of Officials to the Olympic Winter Games
1. The Referees, Technical Controllers, Technical Specialists, AssistantTechnical Specialists, Data & Replay Operators and OAC members
for the Figure Skating events of the Olympic Winter Games, and any
Qualifying Competition for the Olympic Winter Games shall be
appointed according to Rules 121 and 126, paragraph 9.
2. The ISU Member for the country in which the Olympic Winter Gamesare held may recommend to serve not more than two of its own
Referees/Technical Controllers/Technical Specialists for Single & Pair
Skating plus one Referee/ Technical Controller/Technical Specialist
for Ice Dance, including those that are also ISU Office Holders. Such
recommendations must be submitted to the respective Sports
Technical Director(s), not later than April 1st in the year preceding the
Olympic Winter Games.
3. The selected Referees, Technical Controllers, Technical Specialists,
Data & Replay Operators and OAC members must be contacted by
the Organizing Committee not less than ninety days before the startof the Games.
4. The names of the Officials appointed in accordance with paragraph 1of this Rule must be communicated by the ISU to the Organizing
Committee of the National Olympic Committee as well as to the ISU
Member concerned.

34

Rule 402
Panels of Judges for the Olympic Winter Games1.

For the Olympic Winter Games Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dancecompetitions,a) The panel of Judges shall consist of nine Judges per Segment.
For each discipline thirteen Judges shall be drawn from those ISU
Members which have Skaters qualified for the Olympic WinterGames according to the results of the World Championships ofthe preceding year in the discipline concerned (with no further
changes).
b) All drawn Judges will be on site at the Olympic Winter Games
location where all consequent draws to complete panel of nine
Judges for each Segment of the respective discipline will be
conducted by the Referee in the manner mentioned in paragraphf) below.
c) If the number of ISU Members to draw Judges based on theprocedure as per paragraph a) above is insufficient for any
discipline to complete the panel of nine Judges for the first
Segment plus the four additional Judges for the second Segment,
the additional ISU Members having the right to send Judges to the
Olympic Winter Games will be drawn out of a pool of ISU
Members having qualified Skaters/Couples in the respective
discipline based on the result of the Qualifying Competition for the
Olympic Games.
d) If the number of ISU Members to draw Judges based on theprocedure as per paragraphs a) and c) above is insufficient forany discipline to complete the panel of nine Judges for the first
Segment plus the four additional Judges for the second Segment,
the additional ISU Members having the right to send Judges to the
Olympic Winter Games will be drawn out of all remaining ISU
Members (other than those included in the draw as per
paragraphs a) and c) above) having Skaters/Couples in therespective event in the World Championships of the preceding
year.
e) An additional draw might be necessary if at the beginning of theEuropean Figure Skating Championships preceding the Olympic
Winter Games there is an insufficient number of named Judges
for any discipline of the Olympic Winter Games to complete thepanel of nine Judges for the first Segment plus the four additional
Judges for the second Segment. Such insufficient number ofJudges might be the result of the draws as per paragraphs a), c)and d) above and/or due to ISU Members having been drawn for35

Judges spots as per paragraph a), c) and d) above who were
subsequently unable to name the respective Judges or had towithdraw the named Judges before the beginning of the European
Figure Skating Championships. The Judges for each discipline tobe drawn to complete the panel of nine Judges for the first
Segment plus the four additional Judges for the second Segment
will be drawn out of a pool of ISU Members, already drawn andhaving named Judges in any of the other disciplines for the
Olympic Winter Games and willing to serve in the discipline inquestion as their second event, provided such an ISU Member is
not yet represented with a Judge in the respective discipline. Suchadditional draw requiring the identity of the named Judges
concerned, will be made, if necessary, during the European
Figure Skating Championships preceding the Olympic WinterGames.
f)

On the site of the Olympic Winter Games an open random draw
will be conducted by the Referee 45 minutes prior to the skatingof each Segment of the respective event, in the presence of all
Judges drawn for this event, to complete the panel of nine Judges.
For the first Segment of the event nine Judges will be drawn fromall thirteen Judges drawn for the respective event. The seatingorder will be identical to the order the Judges are drawn. For thesecond Segment of the event, the four Judges not drawn for the
first segment will automatically be assigned to be in the panel ofnine Judges for the second Segment and all other Judges serving
already in the first Segment will participate in the draw to complete
the panel of nine Judges. A separate draw will be held for theseating order of the nine Judges.

g) If a Judge officiating on a panel becomes incapacitated while theskating of a Segment is ongoing, no Alternate Judge will take hisplace.
h) The basic draw will be conducted after the Qualifying Competition
for the Olympic Winter Games on site of the Qualifying
Competition; the repechage draw as per paragraph e) above will
be held if necessary on site of the European Figure SkatingChampionships preceding the Olympic Winter Games. The resultof these draws will be published by the ISU in a Communication.

36i)

In case no Skater/Couple of an ISU Member drawn for Judges
spots competes in the Olympic Winter Games, a drawn Judge ofthe respective ISU Member remains on the Judges panel.

j)

For the Olympic Winter Games and any ISU Qualifying
Competitions for those Games, the panel of Judges shall consist

only of Judges on the current lists of ISU Referees or ISU Judges
for the respective discipline. The inclusion of an ISU Member in
any Judges draw is subject to such ISU Member having a qualified
ISU Judge for the respective discipline, who has served at least
twice at ISU Championships/Qualifying Competition for the
Olympic Games, before the draw. Only such Judges can be
nominated to serve at the Olympic Winter Games. In addition, inorder to be eligible for the Pair Skating, Judges who have neverjudged Pair Skating at any ISU Championships before must haveofficiated satisfactorily in at least one International Competitionand one ISU Event in Pair Skating during the 48 months preceding
the draw for the Olympic Winter Games.
2. For the naming of the Judges and possible Substitute Judges by the
ISU Members having been drawn, ISU General Regulations, Rule
138, paragraph 1 c) applies.
3. The names of the Judges proposed by the ISU Members must be
announced not later than ten days after publication of the draw results
to:a) their own National Olympic Committee;b) the ISU Member holding the Olympic Winter Games Figure
Skating competitions;c) the ISU Director General;d) the respective Sports Technical Director(s).
4. The Organizing Committee of the skating Event at the Olympic WinterGames is responsible for providing suitable accommodation for theReferees, Technical Controllers, Technical Specialists, Data
Operators, Replay Operators and Judges.

Rule 403
Draws at the Olympic Winter GamesAll draws will be conducted according to the Rules for ISU Championships.
However, the draw for the Short Program/Rhythm Dance in eachdiscipline will be held two days in advance.
Rules 404 – 409 (reserved)

37

REGULATIONS FOR OFFICIALS IN SINGLE & PAIRSKATING AND ICE DANCE
A. Nomination and appointment of Officials
Rule 410
Process for nomination and appointment of Officials
1. In accordance with Rules 121 and 122, every ISU Member must,
annually before April 15th, nominate to the ISU Director General thoseindividuals who are recommended as follows:a) for ISU Seminar and ISU Examination to become an International
Referee and first appointment;b) for ISU Seminar and ISU Examination to become an ISU Referee
and first appointment;c) for ISU Seminar and ISU Examination to become an International
Judge and first appointment;d) for ISU Examination to become an ISU Judge and first
appointment;e) for ISU Seminar and ISU Examination to become an International
Technical Controller and first appointment;f) for ISU Seminar and ISU Examination to become an ISU
Technical Controller and first appointment;g) for ISU Seminar and ISU Examination to become an International
Technical Specialist and first appointment;h) for ISU Seminar and ISU Examination to become an ISU
Technical Specialist and first appointment;i) for ISU Seminar to become an ISU or International Data & Replay
Operator and first appointment;
2. Nominations must be submitted, and appointments by the ISU must
be made, separately for the different qualifications and the different
disciplines as follows:a) Referees and Judges- Single & Pair Skating- Ice Danceb) Technical Controllers and Technical Specialists- Single Skating- Pair Skating- Ice Dancec) Data & Replays Operators- all disciplines38

3. Each nomination of an Official by an ISU Member must be
accompanied by the completed official form for the respective
discipline and qualification of Official.
4. The ISU Member must verify in accordance with Rules 411 to 417 thequalifications of the individual recommended for the qualification of
Official applied for.
5. In the case of national activities required for ISU Examination, first
appointment or re-appointment, the ISU Member must submit,
together with its nominations, the respective documents confirming
these activities such as a list of panel of the event or a statement of
the ISU Member or the Referee.
6. Officials can be nominated in the following way:a) for first appointment: by an ISU Member (Technical Specialists
and Technical Controllers also by Technical Committee/ Sports
Technical Director(s));b) for annual re-appointment as an International Official: by therespective Technical Committee unless otherwise informed by the
ISU Member as per Rule 122;c) for annual re-appointment as an ISU Official: by the respective
Technical Committee unless otherwise informed by the ISU
Member as per Rule 122.
7. In principle, Officials nominated to be entered on the list of an ISU
Member shall have the citizenship of the country of that ISU Member.
8. If an Official nominated to be entered on the list of an ISU Member
does not have the citizenship of the country of that ISU Member, theOfficial must have had a permanent residence in the country of that
ISU Member for at least twelve months preceding the nomination. In
addition, the ISU Member in the country of which the Official is a
citizen must give its approval.
9. a) An Official who has already been on the list of any ISU Member,can be nominated to be entered on the list of another ISU Member
only under the following conditions:i)the Official has acquired the citizenship of the country of the
ISU Member on whose list he is to be entered and has also
taken up permanent residence in that country; orii)
the Official has had dual citizenship and has taken up
permanent residence in the country of the ISU Member on
whose list he is to be entered and of which he is also a
citizen;iii)
the ISU Member on whose list the Official was entered
before gives its approval.
39b) If an Official who has already been on the list of any ISU Member;i) acquires a new citizenship without changing the country of his
permanent residence; orii) has had a dual citizenship and agrees to be entered on the listof the ISU Member in the country of his second citizenship, butdoes not change the country of his permanent residence; oriii) is not given the approval of the ISU Member on whose list the
Official was entered before,
he can be nominated to be entered on the list of another ISU
Member only after expiration of twelve months following April 15thof the year during which he was entered on the list of the original
ISU Member.
10. Exceptions to paragraphs 7 to 9 of this Rule may be granted by theVice-President Figure Skating if insisting on satisfying all statedrequirements would result in a serious hardship to the Official
concerned due to special circumstances of his case.
11. For interpretation of terms "citizenship" and "residence" as well as
documents by which citizenship and residence can be proved,reference is made to relevant ISU Communications.
12. Candidates having passed successfully all parts of an ISU
Examination to become an Official will immediately be appointed andbe added to the current and respective list of Officials of the ISU
Member concerned.
13. According to Article 20, paragraph 3.d) the appointment as Officials
from among nominated persons requires the initial approval of therespective Technical Committee which prepares a list of theindividuals it recommends for appointment and submits that list to the
ISU Vice-President Figure Skating. If a nominated person is notincluded on the Technical Committee’s approved list, an appeal may
be made by the nominating ISU Member to the ISU Vice-President
Figure Skating whose decision shall be final. Only Officials finallyapproved by the respective Technical Committee and the ISU VicePresident Figure Skating will be recognized as such. When anominated person is not approved by the ISU, the reason for suchnon-approval will be communicated to the nominating ISU Member.
14. The ISU Vice-President Figure Skating may, following consultation
with the respective Technical Committee, appoint without priornomination a maximum of
40

three names to the lists of Referees, Technical Controllers,Technical Specialists, Data & Replay Operators,
six names to the list of Judges.

Persons so appointed by the ISU Vice-President Figure Skating mustsatisfy all qualification requirements.
15. As ISU Officials are entitled to serve as International Officials in thesame function (see Rule 430, General, b)), their names are notincluded in the list of International Officials.
16. As ISU Referees are entitled to serve as ISU Judges or International
Judges (see Rule 430, General, c)), their names are not included in
the list of ISU Judges and International Judges.
17. As International Referees are entitled to serve as International Judges(see Rule 430, General, d)), their names are not included in the list ofInternational Judges.
18. The full list of Officials who have been approved by the respective
Technical Committee and the ISU Vice-President Figure Skating must
be communicated to the ISU Members in accordance with Rule 122.
The appointments shall be effective August 1st of each year throughJuly 31st of the following year.
19. ISU Members must check the list of Officials as soon as they receive
it. Any request for correction must be made within two months. Afterthat period the list is deemed to be correct. Objections to any such list
must be lodged by ISU Members within two months, with the ISU VicePresident Figure Skating, whose decision, after consideration of any
such objection, shall be final.

Rule 411
General requirements for nomination and appointment of Officials
1. Each ISU Member shall guarantee that the Referees, TechnicalControllers and Judges nominated by it are eligible persons inaccordance with Rule 102. In cases of violation of the foregoing, theISU Member concerned shall lose the right to nominate Officials forthe immediately succeeding year and the Referee, TechnicalController or Judge in question shall be removed from the lists.
2. ISU Members must exercise the utmost care to nominate as Officials
only competent, reliable, trained, tested and impartial individuals who
possess a thorough knowledge of the ISU Rules appropriate to their
qualification. Individuals nominated as Officials must have a working
knowledge of English appropriate to the duties attached to their
qualification.
3. Service and seminar attendance taken into consideration for the
specific requirements for nomination and appointment of Officials (see41Rules 412 to 417), are only those in the respective discipline, unlessspecifically mentioned.
4. For any first appointment, the international service (when applicable)
and national service (when applicable) of the concerned Official in therequested qualification(s) must have been considered satisfactory:-

for international service: by the respective Technical Committee,
for national service: by the respective ISU Member (when the
Official is nominated by a ISU Member),for the period of time preceding the nomination during which theservice requirements must be met.
5. For re-appointment of Referees and Judges, Officials who have notbeen able to meet the service requirement because, althoughnominated to serve, have not been drawn, shall not be disqualified
from re-appointment.
6. a) Any ISU Official, not fulfilling the service and/or seminar/webinar/
online learning modules attendance requirements preceding July
31 for re-appointment to the respective qualification shall betransferred to the list of International Officials of the respective
qualification. To be eligible for reinstatement to the position
formerly held, the concerned Official then must fulfill the lacking
requirement(s) prior to July 31 of the following year. If theserequirements are still not fulfilled, the Official remains on the list ofInternational Officials, provided the requirements for thisqualification are fulfilled.
b) Any International Official, not fulfilling the service and/or
seminar/webinar/online
learning
modules
attendance
requirements for re-appointment preceding July 31 shall bedeleted from the list of International Officials. To be eligible forreinstatement to the position formerly held, the concerned Official
then must fulfill the lacking requirement(s) prior to July 31 of thefollowing year. If these requirements are not fulfilled, the Official
must again fulfill the requirements for first appointment as an
International Official and be nominated accordingly.
c) However in case the seminar/webinar/online learning modules
attendance requirement is not fulfilled because of medicallycertified illness the consequences stipulated in paragraphs a) andb) above shall not apply for one year.
7. Reinstatement of Officials after suspension for misconducta) The suspension for misconduct of an Official by the Disciplinary
Commission shall apply to all the ISU/International qualifications
and disciplines for which the Official was qualified.
b) An Official suspended for misconduct by the Disciplinary42

Commission for a specified period of time shall be eligible forreinstatement at the end of that time, as follows, unless a request
to the contrary is received from the ISU Member of the Official:(i) an Official suspended for misconduct for up to thirty-six
months shall be reinstated in the position formerly held if hefulfills the age, service and seminar attendance requirements
for re-appointment to this qualification as of July 31 st
preceding the reinstatement. Service in National
Competitions during the period of suspension shall not betaken into consideration. If these requirements were notfulfilled (or could not be fulfilled), provisions of paragraph 6
above shall apply;(ii) to be reinstated, an Official suspended for misconduct for
more than thirty-six months must fulfill the requirements forfirst appointment as an International Official and be
nominated accordingly.
8. ISU Examinations:a) The criteria to pass successfully the ISU Examinations to become
an Official are published in ISU Communications.
b) Each ISU Examination to become an Official cannot be taken
more than three times by a candidate. In case of two failures, there
must be an interval of at least twenty-four months between thesecond and the third final attempt.
9. Definitions: for the purpose of Rules 412 to 416,a) National Competition: means Senior or Junior national, sectional
or divisional championships or competition. Service in Advanced
Novice national, sectional or divisional championships orcompetition is considered as activity for first appointment as an
International Judge, International Technical Specialist andInternational Technical Controller (in Ice Dance only).
b) International Competition: means ISU Event, Olympic WinterGames or other International Senior or Junior Competition
conducted in accordance with Rule 107, paragraphs 6, 9 or 10,
with, for the Segments considered for service requirements, threeor more ISU Members participating and:- for Single Skating: six or more entries,- for Pair Skating and Ice Dance: four or more entries.
Service in International Advanced Novice competitions conductedin accordance with Rule 107 paragraph 11 with the above
minimum number of entries and ISU Members participating is
considered as an activity for re-appointment in Ice Dance only.
Open International Competitions (as per Rule 107, paragraph 14)
are not considered for service requirements.
43c) Trial Judging as a judging service: means judging the Segment of
an ISU Championships, for which an ISU Judge is not drawn,
conducted by a moderator who submits a report to the respective
Technical Committee.
d) The number of National or International Competitions considered
for service requirements is the number of different Competitions.
Different categories/disciplines of a Competition are notconsidered as different Competitions.

Rule 412
Specific requirements for nomination and appointment of Referees
1. To be eligible for first appointment as an International Referee, theOfficial must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Background:i) have been included as International Judge in the threeconsecutive annual ISU Communications listing such Officials
positions immediately preceding the nomination.
ii) have the highest knowledge of the discipline concerned;iii) possess good communication skills;iv) be able to take directions and work within a teamenvironment.
c) Service: have served, during the thirty-six months preceding July
31st of the calendar year of the nomination:i) as a Referee, in two National Competitions (as per Rule 411,
paragraph 9.a);ii) as a Judge (or as a Technical Controller for TechnicalCommittee ISU Members only):- in three International Competitions (as per Rule 411,
paragraph 9.b).
d) Seminar attendance:i) have completed, during the forty-eight months preceding July
31st of the calendar year of the nomination, ISU Judges
Seminar (see Rule 417 paragraph 1),ii) completes an ISU Seminar for first appointment ofInternational Referees (see Rule 417).
e) Examination: passes the ISU Examination to become an
International Referee.

44

2. To be eligible for annual re-appointment as an International Referee,
the Official must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Service: have served, during the thirty-six months preceding July
31st of the calendar year of the nomination, as a Referee, Judge,
Trial Judge or Technical Controller in one International
Competition (as per Rule 411, paragraph 9.b).
c) Seminar attendance: have completed, during the twenty-fourmonths preceding July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination,an ISU Seminar for first appointment or re-appointment of Judges
and an ISU Seminar for first appointment or re-appointment ofInternational Referees (see Rule 417). An ISU Seminar for reappointment of International Referees may also be a webinarorganized and controlled by the respective TechnicalCommittee(s)d) Consequences of not meeting the service and/or seminar
attendance requirements are listed in Rule 411, paragraph 6.
3. To be eligible for first appointment as an ISU Referee, the Official must
fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Background:i) have been included both as ISU Judge and International
Referee in the Officials List published in an ISU
Communication (Rule 122, paragraph 2) for the four years
preceding the nomination;ii) have the highest knowledge of the discipline concerned;iii) possess good communication skills;iv) be able to take directions and work within a teamenvironment.
c) Service: have served, during the forty-eight months preceding
July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination preceding thenomination:i) as a Referee in at least two International Competitions (as per
Rule 411, paragraph 9.b).
ii) as a Judge (or as a Technical Controller for TechnicalCommittee Members only in at least three of the following
Competitions: ISU Events or the Olympic Winter Games, atleast two of these Competitions must be an ISU
Championships or the Olympic Winter Games.

45d) Seminar attendance:i) have completed, during the forty-eight months preceding July
31st of the calendar year of the nomination, ISU Judges
Seminar (see Rule 417 paragraph 1),ii) completes an ISU Seminar for first appointment of ISU
Referees (see Rule 417).
e) Examination: passes the ISU Examination to become an ISU
Referee.
4. To be eligible for annual re-appointment as an ISU Referee, theOfficial must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Service: have served, during the thirty-six months preceding July
31st of the calendar year of the nomination, as a Referee, Judge,
Trial Judge or Technical Controller in at least one International
Competition (as per Rule 411, paragraph 9.b);c) Seminar attendance: have completed, during the twenty-fourmonths preceding July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination,an ISU Seminar for first appointment or re-appointment of Judges
and an ISU Seminar for first appointment or re-appointment of ISU
Referees (see Rule 417). An ISU Seminar for re-appointment of
ISU Referees may also be a webinar organized and controlled by
the respective Technical Committee(s).
d) Consequences of not meeting the service and/or seminar
attendance requirements are listed in Rule 411, paragraph 6.

Rule 413
Specific requirements for nomination and appointment of Judges
1. To be eligible for first appointment as an International Judge, theOfficial must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have reached the age of twenty-four but not the age of sixty
in the calendar year of the nomination.
b) Service: have served, during the 36 months preceding July 31st of
the calendar year of the nomination as a Judge:- for Single & Pair Skating: in at least three National
Competitions (as per Rule 411, paragraph 9.a),-for Ice Dance: in at least two National Competitions (as per
Rule 411, paragraph 9.a)c) Seminar attendance: completes an ISU Seminar for first
appointment of International Judges (see Rule 417).
46d) Examination: passes successfully the written part and practicalpart of the ISU Examination to become an International Judge.
2. To be eligible for annual re-appointment as an International Judge,
the Official must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Service: have served, during the thirty-six months preceding July
31st of the calendar year of the nomination, as a Referee, Judge,
or Technical Controller in one International Competition (as per
Rule 411, paragraph 9.b).
c) Seminar attendance: have completed, during the twenty-fourmonths preceding July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination,an ISU Seminar for first appointment or re-appointment ofInternational Judges (see Rule 417). An ISU Seminar for reappointment of International Judges may also be a webinarorganized and controlled by the respective TechnicalCommittee(s).
d) Consequences of not meeting the service and/or seminar
attendance requirements are listed in Rule 411, paragraph 6.
3. To be eligible, for first appointment as an ISU Judge, the Official must
fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Background: have been included as International Judge in thefour consecutive annual ISU Communications of Officials (Rule122, paragraph 2) immediately preceding the nomination.
c) Service: have served, during the 36 months preceding July 31st of
the calendar year of the nomination, as a Judge:- for Single & Pair Skating: in at least four International
Competitions (as per Rule 411, paragraph 9.b) including one
Senior and one Junior, one Pair and one ISU Event. The ISU
Event must have taken place in the last twelve months
preceding the nomination.
If the judging service in Pair Skating is insufficient, the Official
must have participated in an ISU Seminar for Judges
dedicated to Pair Skating during the thirty-six months
preceding July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination.
- for Ice Dance: in at least three International Competitions (asper Rule 411, paragraph 9.b) including one Senior, one Juniorand one ISU Event. The ISU Event must have taken place inthe last twelve months preceding the nomination.
47

d)Seminar attendance: have completed, during the forty-eightmonths preceding July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination,an ISU Judges Seminar (see Rule 417, paragraph 1). A
seminar, held in conjunction with the examination for International
Judges, is not considered as a valid seminar to meet thisrequirement.

e) Examination: passes the written part and practical part of the ISU
Examination to become an ISU Judge.
4. To be eligible for annual re-appointment as an ISU Judge, the Official
must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Service: have served, during the thirty-six months preceding July
31st of the calendar year of the nomination, as a Referee, Judge,
Trial Judge, or Technical Controller in at least one International
Competition (as per Rule 411, paragraph 9.b).
c) Seminar attendance: have completed, during the twenty-fourmonths preceding July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination,an ISU Seminar for first appointment or re-appointment of ISU
Judges (see Rule 417). An ISU Seminar for re-appointment of ISU
Judges may also be a webinar organized and controlled by therespective Technical Committee(s).
d) Consequences of not meeting the service and/or seminar
attendance requirements are listed in Rule 411, paragraph 6.

Rule 414
Specific requirements for nomination and appointment of TechnicalControllers
1. To be eligible for first appointment as an International TechnicalController, the Official must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Background:i) have been included at least as International Judge in the twoconsecutive annual ISU Communications listing such Officials
positions immediately preceding the nomination;ii) have the highest knowledge of the discipline concerned withregards to the technical aspects;iii) possess good communication skills;iv) be able to take directions and work within a teamenvironment.
48c) Service: have served, during the twenty-four months preceding
July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination, as a TechnicalController in two National Competitions (as per Rule 411,
paragraph 9.a).
d) Seminar attendance: completes an ISU Seminar for first
appointment of International Technical Controllers (see Rule 417).
e) Examination: passes the ISU Examination to become an
International Technical Controller.
2. To be eligible for annual re-appointment as an International TechnicalController, the Official must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Service: have served, during the twenty-four months preceding
July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination, as a TechnicalController in two International Competitions (as per Rule 411,
paragraph 9.b) or National Competitions (as per Rule 411,
paragraph 9.a). Serving in Pair Skating counts for Single Skating.
Serving in Single Skating does not count for Pair Skating.
c) Seminar attendance: have completed, during the twenty-fourmonths, months preceding July 31st of the calendar year of thenomination, an ISU Seminar for first appointment or reappointment of International Technical Controllers (see Rule 417).
Seminar attendance in Pair Skating counts also for Single
Skating. Seminar attendance in Single Skating does not count for
Pair Skating. A webinar organized and controlled by therespective Technical Committee(s) may also be considered as an
ISU Seminar for re-appointment of International TechnicalController.
d) Consequences of not meeting the service and/or seminar
attendance requirements are listed in Rule 411, paragraph 6.
3. To be eligible for first appointment as an ISU Technical Controller, theOfficial must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Background:i) have been included as ISU Referee or ISU Judge in the twoconsecutive annual ISU Communications of Officials (seeRule 122, paragraph 2) immediately preceding the nominationor have been included as ISU Technical Specialist in the four
consecutive annual ISU Communications of Officials
immediately preceding the nomination;ii) have been included as an International Technical Controller
or as ISU Technical Specialist in the four annual ISU
49

Communications of Officials (Rule 122, paragraph 2)
preceding the nomination;iii) have the highest knowledge of the discipline concerned withregards to the technical aspects;iv) possess good communication skills;v) be able to take directions and work within a teamenvironment.
c) Service: have served, during the forty-eight months preceding
July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination, as a TechnicalController in a minimum of three competitions at least one ofwhich must be an International Competition (as per Rule 411,
paragraph 9.b), or for ISU Technical Specialists to become ISU
Technical Controller have served, during the forty-eight months
preceding July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination as aTechnical Controller in a minimum of two National Competitions.
d) Seminar attendance: completes an ISU Seminar for first
appointment of ISU Technical Controllers (see Rule 417).
e) Examination:i) passes the ISU Examination to become an ISU TechnicalController orii) passes a practical ISU Examination for ISU Technical
Specialist to become an ISU Technical Controller.
4. To be eligible for annual re-appointment as an ISU TechnicalController, the Official must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Service: have served, during the twenty-four months in Single
Skating and Ice Dance, respectively thirty-six months in Pair
Skating, preceding July 31st of the calendar year of thenomination, as a Technical Controller in:- two International Competitions (as per Rule 411, paragraph9.b), or- one ISU Figure Skating Championships or one Grand Prix
event or Final (senior or junior) or one Challenger Series(senior) event and one National Competition (as per Rule 411,
paragraph 9.a).
Serving in Pair Skating counts for Single Skating as well. Serving
in Single Skating does not count for Pair Skating unless
supplemented by a service in Pair Skating as Referee, Judge, or
participant or moderator in an ISU Seminar dedicated to Pair
Skating.
c) Seminar attendance: have completed, during the twenty-fourmonths preceding July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination,50

an ISU Seminar for first appointment or re-appointment of ISU
Technical Controllers or ISU Technical Specialists (see Rule 417).
Seminar attendance in Pair Skating counts also for Single
Skating. Seminar attendance in Single Skating does not count for
Pair Skating. A webinar organized and controlled by therespective Technical Committee(s) may also be considered as an
ISU Seminar for re-appointment of ISU Technical Controllers.
d) Consequences of not meeting the service and/or seminar
attendance requirements are listed in Rule 411, paragraph 6.

Rule 415
Specific requirements for nomination and appointment of Technical
Specialists
1. To be eligible for first appointment as an International Technical
Specialist, the Official must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have reached the age of twenty-four but not the age ofseventy in the calendar year of the nomination.
b) Background:i) be recruited from the group of Coaches, former competitive
Skaters, or ISU/International Judges or Referees;ii) be involved on at least a weekly basis for the discipline
concerned on site;iii) have been a former high level Skater (as a minimum atnational level);iv) have the highest knowledge of the discipline concerned withregards to the technical aspects;v) possess good communication skills;vi) be able to take directions and work within a teamenvironment.
c) Service: have served, during the twenty-four months preceding
July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination, as a Technical
Specialist in two National Competitions (as per Rule 411,
paragraph 9.a).
d) Seminar attendance: completes an ISU Seminar for first
appointment of International Technical Specialists (see Rule 417).
e) Examination: passes the ISU Examination to become an
International Technical Specialist.
f) A minimum of two season waiting period must be given between
the end of the competitive skating career and the first nomination
as a Technical Specialist.

51

2. To be eligible for annual re-appointment as an International Technical
Specialist, the Official must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Service: have served, during the twenty-four months preceding
July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination, as a Technical
Specialist in two International Competitions (as per Rule 411,
paragraph 9.b) or National Competitions (as per Rule 411,
paragraph 9.a). Serving in Pair Skating counts for Single Skating.
Serving in Single Skating does not count for Pair Skating.
c) Seminar attendance: have completed, during the twenty-fourmonths preceding July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination,an ISU Seminar for first appointment or re-appointment ofInternational Technical Specialists (see Rule 417). Seminar
attendance in Pair Skating counts also for Single Skating.
Seminar attendance in Single Skating does not count for Pair
Skating. A webinar organized and controlled by the respective
Technical Committee(s) may also be considered as an ISU
Seminar for re-appointment of International Technical Specialist.
d) Consequences of not meeting the service and/or seminar
attendance requirements are listed in Rule 411, paragraph 6.
3. To be eligible for first appointment as an ISU Technical Specialist, theOfficial must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Background:i) have been included as an International Technical Specialist
in the Officials List published in an ISU Communication (Rule122, paragraph 2) for the four years preceding thenomination;ii) be recruited from the group of Coaches, former competitive
Skaters, or ISU/International Judges or Referees;iii) be involved on at least a weekly basis for the discipline
concerned on site;iv) have been a former high level Skater (as a minimum atnational level);v) have the highest knowledge of the discipline concerned withregards to the technical aspects;vi) possess good communication skills;vii) be able to take directions and work within a teamenvironment.
c) Service: have served, during the forty-eight months preceding
July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination, as a Technical52

Specialist in minimum three Competitions at least one of whichmust be an International Competition as per Rule 411, paragraph
9.b.
d) Seminar attendance: completes an ISU Seminar for first
appointment of ISU Technical Specialists (see Rule 417).
e) Examination: passes the ISU Examination to become an ISU
Technical Specialist.
4. To be eligible for annual re-appointment as an ISU Technical
Specialist, the Official must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Service: have served, during the twenty-four months preceding
July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination preceding thenomination, as Technical Specialist in:- two International Competitions (as per Rule 411, paragraph9.b), or- one ISU Figure Skating Championships or one Grand Prix
event or Final (senior or junior) or one Challenger Series(senior) event and one National Competition (as per Rule 411,
paragraph 9.a).
Serving in Pair Skating counts for Single Skating. Serving inSingle Skating does not count for Pair Skating.
c) Seminar attendance: have completed, during the twenty-fourmonths preceding July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination,an ISU Seminar for first appointment or re-appointment of ISU
Technical Specialists (see Rule 417). Seminar attendance in Pair
Skating counts also for Single Skating. Seminar attendance inSingle Skating does not count for Pair Skating. A webinarorganized and controlled by the respective TechnicalCommittee(s) may also be considered as an ISU Seminar for reappointment of ISU Technical Specialist.
d) Consequences of not meeting the service and/or seminar
attendance requirements are listed in Rule 411, paragraph 6.

Rule 416
Specific requirements for nomination and appointment of Data &Replay Operators
1. To be eligible for first appointment as an International Data & Replay
Operator, the Official must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
53b) Background:i) be recruited from the group of Coaches, former competitive
Skaters, ISU/International Judges or Referees, or persons
involved in Figure Skating in any capacity with a goodknowledge of data operations and video system;ii) have a good knowledge of the discipline concerned withregards to the technical aspects;iii) possess good communication skills;iv) be able to take directions and work within a teamenvironment.
c) Service: have served, in the twenty-four months preceding July
31st of the calendar year of the nomination, on data operationsand video systems on national level.
d) Seminar attendance: complete an ISU Seminar for Data & Replay
Operators (see Rule 417) and be recommended by the ISU VicePresident Figure Skating for this “International” qualification.
2. To be eligible for annual re-appointment as an International Data &Replay Operator, the Official must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Service: have served, during the twenty-four months preceding
July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination, as Data & Replay
Operator in both capacities in two International Competitions (asper Rule 411, paragraph 9.b) or National Competitions (as per
Rule 411, paragraph 9.a)Serving in any discipline counts. Serving as a moderator in an ISU
Seminar for Data & Replay Operators counts as service in both
capacities.
c) Consequences of not meeting the service and/or seminar
attendance requirements are listed in Rule 411, paragraph 6.
3. To be eligible for first appointment as an ISU Data & Replay Operator,
the Official must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Background:i) be recruited from the group of Coaches, former competitive
Skaters, ISU/International Judges or Referees or persons
involved in Figure Skating in any capacity with a goodknowledge of data operations and video system;ii) have a good knowledge of the discipline concerned withregards to the technical aspects;iii) possess good communication skills;
54iv) be able to take directions and work within a teamenvironment.
c) Service: have served, in the twenty-four months preceding July
31st of the calendar year of the nomination, on data operationsand video systems on national level.
d) Seminar attendance: complete an ISU Seminar for Data & Replay
Operators (see Rule 417) and be recommended by the ISU VicePresident Figure Skating for this “ISU” qualification.
4. To be eligible for annual re-appointment as an ISU Data & Replay
Operator, the Official must fulfill the following requirements:a) Age: have not reached the age of seventy in the calendar year of
the nomination.
b) Service: have served, during the twenty-four months preceding
July 31st of the calendar year of the nomination, as Data & Replay
Operator in both capacities in:- two International Competitions (as per Rule 411, paragraph9.b), or- one ISU Event and one National Competition (as per Rule
411, paragraph 9.a).
Serving in any discipline counts. Serving as a moderator in an ISU
Seminar for Data & Replay Operators counts as service in both
capacities.
c) Consequences of not meeting the service and/or seminar
attendance requirements are listed in Rule 411, paragraph 6.

Rule 417
ISU Seminars for Officials
1.

2.

ISU Members are required to apply for and to organize ISU Seminars
covering the purposes of first appointment of ISU Judges, reappointment of International and ISU Judges and re-appointment ofInternational and ISU Referees, either alone or in conjunction withanother (other) ISU Member(s), when necessary. The application fororganizing such ISU Seminars must be made by the organizing ISU
Member to the ISU Director General with a copy to the Chair of therespective Technical Committee not later than January 1st. A webinarorganized and controlled by the respective Technical Committee(s)may also be considered as an ISU Seminar for re-appointment of
Officials.
The dates and locations of ISU Seminars for Officials, as well as their
purposes regarding seminar attendance requirements, areannounced in ISU Communications.
55

3. Applications to complete ISU Seminars for Officials can be made:a) for ISU Seminars for first appointment: by their ISU Members(Technical Specialists also by respective Technical Committee orSports Technical Director(s)),b) for ISU Seminars for re-appointment for ISU and International
Officials: by their ISU Members or in the case of online learning
modules, by individual Officials themselves.
4. The nomination of Officials for participation in an ISU Seminar forTechnical Controllers or Technical Specialists and/or the ISU
Examination to become a Technical Controller or a Technical
Specialist requires the initial confirmation of the respective TechnicalCommittee and needs to be presented to the ISU Vice President
Figure Skating for final confirmation.
5. To consider the activity as Referee of an ISU Championship or the
Olympic Winter Games, as an ISU Seminar for re-appointment ofReferees, the following is required:-the Initial Judges Meeting conducted by the Referee together with
the Chair or a member of the respective Technical Committee;
the Round Table Discussion must be conducted by the Referee;
the activity as a Referee for these Championships or the Olympic
Winter Games is considered acceptable by the respective
Technical Committee.

6.

The Initial Judges Meeting (if conducted by the Referee and the Chairor a member of the respective Technical Committee) and the Round
Table Discussion of an ISU Championships or the Olympic WinterGames together count as an ISU Seminar for re-appointment ofJudges only (not for re-appointment of Referees and not for
promotion of Referees and Judges).

7.

Serving in the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final (combined
Junior and Senior), an ISU Championships or the Olympic WinterGames in a discipline as a Technical Controller (respectively as aTechnical Specialist) with a mini-seminar:- conducted during the Initial Technical Panel Meeting with the
Chair or a member of the respective Technical Committee
and/or a Sports Technical Director,- concluded by a report prepared by the officiating TechnicalControllers in consultation with the Sports Technical Directors
on site and attached to their reports (see Rule 433, paragraph2),
forms an ISU Seminar for re-appointment of Technical Controllers(respectively of Technical Specialists) in the discipline served.

8. Serving as a moderator in an ISU Seminar for Officials in therespective qualification of Referee, Judge, Technical Controller or56

Technical Specialist meets the seminar attendance requirements for
re-appointment in that qualification.
Rule 418 – 419 (reserved)

B. Appointment of Officials to competitions
Rule 420
Appointment of Officials to International Competitions (general)
1. As per Rule 121, paragraph 2, the ISU Member holding an
International Competition is entitled to appoint the Officials, withexceptions for:- ISU Championships: see Rules 421, 521- other ISU Events: see Article 16, paragraph 2.f) of theConstitution,- Olympic Winter Games and Qualifying Competition for the
Olympic Games: see Rules 401 and 402,
2. Appointments of Officials by the ISU President are made inaccordance with Article 16, paragraph 2.f) of the Constitution.
3. The following Officials are recommended:a) Referee;b) a panel of a minimum of five, if possible, and a maximum of nine
Judges;c) a Technical Controller;d) two Technical Specialists;e) a Data Operator;f) a Replay Operator.
4. The names of the Referees, the Technical Controllers, the Technical
Specialists, Data and Replay Operators actually serving at
International Competitions as well as the names of those Judges
nominated but not drawn must be announced to the ISU Secretariat
within two weeks after the conclusion of the competition, by theOrganizing ISU Member.
5. a) For all ISU Events, Qualifying Competition for the Olympic Gamesand the Olympic Winter Games, the Referee, Technical Controller
and the Technical Specialists must not be from the same ISU
Member and all must be designated ISU.
b) For all other International Competitions, if possible, the TechnicalController and the Technical Specialists must not be from thesame ISU Member and all must be designated ISU. As an
exception in extenuating circumstances, one national Technical57

Specialist or one national Data or Replay Operator from the host
ISU Member may be used as Technical Specialist or Data or
Replay Operator. In this case, this Technical Specialist or Data or
Replay Operator must be designated to represent his ISU
Member.
c) For the results from any International Competition to counttowards ISU Championship qualification, or for world standings orworld rankings, the following conditions must be met:i) the Technical Controller and the Technical Specialists must not
be from the same ISU Member, andii) a panel of a minimum of five judges is required, and, no ISU
Member can have the majority of the Judges on any panel.
iii) In exceptional situations, the Referee’s marks are considered
for the results in order to ensure the required minimum numberof five judges.
See also Rule 121 of the General Regulations.
6.

a) Minimum age of officials for International Competitions in Basic
Novice, Intermediate Novice and Advanced Novice
In International Competitions the minimum age of National
officials acting in the categories Basic Novice, Intermediate
Novice and Advanced Novice shall be twenty-one years.
b) Maximum age of officials for International Competitions in Basic
Novice, Intermediate Novice and Advanced Novice
In International Competitions the maximum age of National
officials acting in the categories Basic Novice, Intermediate
Novice and Advanced Novice shall be seventy-five years.

7.

ISU Members organizing International Competitions must do theirutmost, in composing the panels of Judges, to secure representationon the panels of Judges from as many participating ISU Members as
possible. However, no ISU Member can have the majority of theJudges on any panel. As an exception in extenuating circumstances,
if the number of the Judges present is insufficient to compose thepanel, one national Judge from the Host ISU Member may be usedprovided that Judge has been trained in the use of the ISU Judging
System.

8. In composing the panel of Judges for the Ice Dance event ofInternational Competitions which also contain Single & Pair Skating
events, Judges who are only entitled to serve in Ice Dance must be
given first consideration.
9. a) For ISU Senior and Junior Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final andfor the Qualifying Competition for the Olympic Winter Games, theJudges draw will be made on site.
58b) When composing the panel for the Qualifying Competition for the
Olympic Games, priority should be given, if possible, to the ISU
Members entering a Skater/Couple in the event.

Rule 421
Appointments of Officials to ISU Championships (special Rule)
1. The Referees, Technical Controllers, Technical Specialists, AssistantTechnical Specialists, Data & Replay Operators, and OAC members
shall be appointed according to Rules 121 and 129, paragraph 4 of
the General Regulations.
2. The Organizing ISU Member may recommend to serve not more than
two of its own Referees/Technical Controllers/Technical Specialists
for Single & Pair Skating and one of its Referees/TechnicalControllers/Technical Specialists for Ice Dance, including those whoare also ISU Office Holders. Such recommendations must be
submitted to the respective Sports Technical Director(s) not later thanMay 1st.
3. The selected Referees, Technical Controllers, Technical Specialists,
Data & Replay Operators and OAC members, must be contacted by
the Organizing ISU Member not less than sixty days before the startof the Championships.
4. A member of the Organizing Committee of an ISU Championship may
not serve as a Referee, Technical Controller, Technical Specialist,
Data & Replay Operator, OAC member or Judge at the Championshipconcerned.
5. For the composition of the panel of Judges, Rule 521 applies.

Rule 422
Appointment of Officials to the Olympic Winter Games (special
Rule)
Rules 401 and 402 apply.
Rule 423-429 (reserved)59

C. Duties and powers of Officials
Rule 430
General and specific duties and powers
Generala) The category of Officials (“ISU” or “International”) able to officiate at
the different ISU sanctioned events and related restrictions aredescribed in Rule 121 of the General Regulations.
b) ISU Officials in the respective discipline(s) (Single & Pair Skating or
Ice Dance) are automatically entitled to serve as International Officialsof the same function in the respective discipline(s).
c) ISU Referees in the respective discipline(s) (Single & Pair Skating or
Ice Dance) are automatically entitled to serve as ISU or International
Judges in the respective discipline(s).
d) International Referees in the respective discipline(s) (Single & Pair
Skating or Ice Dance) are automatically entitled to serve asInternational Judges in the respective discipline(s).
e) Officials must adhere fully to the ISU Code of Ethics.
f)60

Officials must:- keep themselves fully informed about all matters concerning theperformance of their duties in the current General Regulations andSpecial Regulations and Technical Rules, ISU Communications
and Manuals, Handbooks and Booklets and all updates publishedon the ISU website;- have a satisfactory standard of eyesight, hearing and general
physical condition in order to perform their duties;- comport themselves with discretion as ISU appointed Officials;- not show bias for or against any Competitor on any grounds;- be completely impartial and neutral at all times;- base their marks and decisions only on the performance and not
be influenced by reputation or past performance;- disregard public applause or disapproval;- not discuss their marks or decisions and marks or decisions ofother Officials during the competition with any person other thanthe Referee and/or, for members of the Technical Panel only, theother members of the Technical Panel of the part of the disciplinein which they are serving;- not serve as television commentator nor engage incommunication with the media, television, or others except
through the Referee of the part of the Competition in which they
are serving;

-

-

-

Any form of electronic communication devices such as mobile
phones, tablets or smart watches must be switched off while theofficials are on the officials' stand.
ISU Officials must not act as a Team Leader (or Assistant) in ISU
Figure Skating (Single & Pair Skating/Ice Dance) Championships
or Olympic Winter Games in the same season during which they
serve as Referee, Judge, Technical Controller, Technical
Specialist or OAC member in ISU Figure Skating (Single & Pair
Skating /Ice Dance) Championships or Olympic Winter GamesNo official participating in an International Figure Skating event inany capacity may make any negative comment to the publicconcerning such event.

1. Duties and powers of the Referee- checks the observance of all eligibility Rules, the ISU clearance
certificates and verifies the correctness of the calculation setup,unless the ISU Event Manager is present;- together with the medical advisor/competition physician, approves
any medical appliances containing metal or hard plastic in advanceof the competition (see Rule 141, paragraph 2);- conducts all the draws for the starting order and (Ice Dance only) Pattern
Dance(s);- manages the panel of Judges (including ensuring that they do not,while on the Judges stand, bring notes from previously awarded
scores or any form of electronic communication, nor communicate
with one another or indicate errors by action or sound, nor look at
marks being inputted by Judges sitting alongside them) and acts as
the responsible spokesperson of the Officials should the need arise;- conducts the Initial Judges Meeting (see Rule 431) and a meetingwith the Judges prior to every Segment of an event according to the
ISU guidelines;- checks the compliance of warm up periods with Rule 514;
times the duration needed by the Competitors to take the starting
position and decides upon subsequent possible withdrawal or
deduction (see Rule 350);- takes necessary actions related to delayed start or restart as per Rule515, including instructing the person in charge of music to stop or
restart the music of a Competitor;- decides whether the condition of the ice permits the holding of theevent;- decides upon all protests on the event concerned;- alters the shape and size of the skating surface if unfavorable
circumstances arise;- accepts in agreement with the Organizing ISU Member or affiliated
61

-

-

-

-

-

-

Club, another rink for the holding of the event;times, with the assistance of a timekeeper, the program as skated,possible interruptions (see Rules 503 and 515), Dance Lifts (Ice
Dance only with the assistance of a second timekeeper);times the tempo of Pattern Dance music chosen by Couples and thetempo of specified parts of Rhythm Dance (when applicable) (Ice
Dance only);
decides upon the deductions according to Rule 353, paragraph 1. n)for the following violations: program time, interruptions in performing
the program, interruption of the program with allowance to resume
from the point of interruption, part of the costume/decoration falls on
the ice, Dance Lifts exceeding permitted duration (Ice Dance only)
and tempo specifications (Ice Dance only);
together with the panel of Judges, decides upon the deductions
according to Rule 353, paragraph 1. n) for the violation of thefollowing requirements or restrictions: costume/prop, choreographyand (Ice Dance only) music. Those deductions are applied according
to the opinion of the majority of the panel which includes all the
Judges and the Referee. No deduction is made in case of a 50:50
split vote;judges the complete event;suspends skating until the order is restored in case the public
interrupts the competition or interferes with its orderly conduct;
excludes Competitors from the event, if necessary;removes Judge(s) from the panel, if necessary and based on
important and valid reasons;forbids any coach at any time during the course of the competition to
be on any part of the ice surface of the rink on which the competition
is taking place;
decides any matter concerning breaches of the ISU Constitution orRegulations;participates in the victory ceremony;moderates the Round Table Discussion according to ISU guidelines(see Rule 431)
prepares the Report (online or using the electronic form) on the event
according to ISU guidelines (see Rule 433).

2. Duties of the Judges- use the whole range of Grade of Execution values and Program
Component marks;- mark independently and whilst judging do not converse with anotherJudge or indicate errors by action or sound;- do not use previously prepared marks;- together with the Referee, decide upon the deductions according to
62

-

-

Rule 353, paragraph 1. n) for the violation of the following
requirements or restrictions: costume/prop, choreography (Ice Dance
only) and music. Those deductions are applied according to theopinion of the majority of the panel which includes all the Judges andthe Referee. No deduction is made in case of a 50:50 split vote;attend the Initial Judges Meeting (see Rule 431) and the meeting heldby the Referee prior to every Segment of an event according to the
ISU guidelines;
attend the Round Table Discussion moderated by the Referee
according to ISU guidelines (see Rule 431).

3. Duties and powers of the Technical Controller- authorizes or corrects the deletion of elements;- supervises the Technical Specialists and Data Operator andproposes corrections, if necessary, respecting any performed
element and Level of Difficulty identified by both serving Technical
Specialists. However, if both Technical Specialists disagree with acorrection asked for by the Technical Controller, the initial decision of
the Technical Specialists stands. In the case a disagreement about
an element and/or Level of Difficulty exists between the two Technical
Specialists, the decision of the Technical Controller prevails;- The Technical Controller is responsible to verify that the performed
elements and Levels of Difficulty identified in accordance with theabove-mentioned procedure are correctly introduced into the systemby the Data Operator and the performed elements and Levels of
Difficulty may be validated only upon formal confirmation by theTechnical Controller that such verification has been completed;- authorizesorcorrects
theidentificationof
IllegalElements/Movements;- authorizes or corrects the identification of a Fall, which occurred inany part of the program, including introductory and concluding
steps/movements in Pattern Dance. However, if both Technical
Specialists disagree with a correction on Illegal Elements/Movements
or Falls asked for by the Technical Controller, the initial decision of
the Technical Specialists stands. In case of disagreement relating toan illegal element or a fall between the two Technical Specialists, thedecision of the Technical Controller prevails;- attends the sufficient practice sessions of the competition to makenecessary preparation;- conducts the Initial Technical Panel Meeting (see Rule 432) and ameeting with the Technical Specialists and the Data & Replay
Operators prior to every Segment of an event according to the ISU
guidelines;- moderates the Technical Panel Discussion according to ISU63-

guidelines (see Rule 432);
if possible, assists the Referee in moderating the Round Table
Discussion according to ISU guidelines (see Rule 431);
prepares the Report on the event according to ISU guidelines (seeRule 433);
participates in the victory ceremony.

4) Communication between the Referee and the TechnicalController
If possible, there should be direct communication between the Referee
and the Technical Controller during the competition.
5. Duties of the Technical Specialist
The Technical Specialist- identifies and calls the performed elements;- identifies and calls correct Levels of Difficulty of the performed
elements;- identifies Illegal Elements/Movements;- identifies a fall, which occurred in any part of the program, including
introductory and concluding steps/movements in Pattern Dance;- identifies and deletes additional elements.
- attend the sufficient practice sessions for due preparation of thecompetition;- attend the Initial Technical Panel Meeting (see Rule 432) and themeeting held by the Technical Controller prior to every Segment ofan event according to the ISU guidelines;- attend the Technical Panel Discussion moderated by the TechnicalController according to ISU guidelines (see Rule 432).
6. Duties of the Data & Replay Operator
The Data Operator- inputs the called elements;- inputs the Levels of Difficulty of the elements as called;- corrects elements or Levels of Difficulty as instructed by theTechnical Controller;- indicates additional elements identified by the computer to theTechnical Specialists and to the Technical Controller.
The Replay Operator- records each element separately to enable the Technical Panel, theReferee and the Judges to review the element when necessary.
64

The Data & Replay Operators- support the Technical Specialists and the Technical Controller;- attend the Initial Technical Panel Meeting (see Rule 432) and themeeting held by the Technical Controller prior to every Segment ofan event according to the ISU guidelines;- attend, when possible, the Technical Panel Discussion moderated by
the Technical Controller according to ISU guidelines (see Rule 432).
Rule 431
Meetings at Competitions for Referees and Judges
1. Initial Judges Meeting and Pre-Event Meeting at ISU
Championships, ISU Events and Olympic Winter Games
Judges of ISU Championships, ISU Events and Olympic WinterGames must attend an Initial Judges Meeting moderated by the
Referee and the Chair or a member of the respective TechnicalCommittee, if present, and, if possible, the Technical Controller, held
before the competition starts and a Pre-Event Meeting moderated by
the Referee immediately preceding the beginning of the competition.
In the Initial Judges Meeting the moderators must draw to the attentionof the Judges in brief summary the Rules relating to the duties ofJudges and the marking of Single or Pair Skating or Ice Dance withspecial attention being paid to any changes in Rules or in theirinterpretation or clarification that have been officially published. In the
Pre Event Meeting the focus shall be on the essentials of the elementsof the respective segment of the competition.
Judges Meeting at International Competitions
Judges of International Competitions must attend a Judges Meeting
to be held immediately before the beginning of the competition. The
exact time and the format of this meeting will be determined by the
Referee. However, this meeting shall include at least a brief summaryof all topics to be covered in the Initial Judges Meeting and the Pre
Event Meeting of ISU Championships, ISU Events and Olympic
Winter Games.
2. Round Table Discussion (RTD)
Judges of International Competitions, ISU Championships andOlympic Winter Games, must attend a closed meeting (Round Table
Discussion) with the Referee and, if possible, the Technical Controller,
held as soon as possible after conclusion of each discipline but notlater than the following day of the discipline in question. The TechnicalController may participate in the Round Table Discussion concerning
the event in which he officiated. The Chair or a member of the65Technical Committee may be present at any Round Table Discussion.
The Referee shall if possible include video from the competition in the
RTD.
For ISU Events, the Referee must include video from the competitionin the RTD.
The following topics will be discussed during the meeting, with apurpose of feedback among Judges and to reach a consensus toassist the ISU for future judging guidelines:- general quality of skating;- range of points for elements and each of the Program
Components of selected Skaters, without establishing a range ofacceptable scores (this will be established by the Officials
Assessment Commission in accordance with the procedure
established by the ISU Council);- application and validity of current regulations;- possible improvements to the marking guide, equipment, the printouts and the flow of information both internally and externally.
During the discussion the Judges will be encouraged to express theiropinions. The discussion will not be used to criticize individuals
judging the discipline in question.
Rule 432
Meetings at Competitions for Technical Panels
1. Initial Technical Panel MeetingTechnical Controllers, Technical Specialists and Data & Replay
Operators of International Competitions, ISU Championships, andOlympic Winter Games must attend a closed meeting (Initial TechnicalPanel Meeting) moderated by the Technical Controller held before thecompetition starts. The moderators must draw to the attention of the
Officials in brief summary form the Rules relating to the duties ofTechnical Panels and the calling specifications with special attention
being paid to any changes in calling specifications or in theirinterpretation or clarification that have been officially published.
At ISU Championships, the Olympic Winter Games and ISU GrandPrix of Figure Skating Final (combined Junior and Senior), thismeeting must be moderated by the Chair and/or a member of therespective Technical Committee and/or a Sports Technical Director
for the purposes of Rule 417, paragraph 7.
2. Technical Panel Discussion
Technical Controllers, Technical Specialists and, when possible, Data
& Replay Operators of International Competitions, ISUChampionships and Olympic Winter Games, must attend a closed66

meeting (Technical Panel Discussion) moderated by the TechnicalController, held as soon as possible after conclusion of each discipline
but not later than the following day of the discipline in question.
The following topics will be discussed during the meeting, with apurpose of feedback among Officials and to reach a consensus toassist the ISU for future guidelines:- evaluation of teamwork;- evaluation of service;- difficult decisions;- possible improvements to the calling specifications, theequipment, the print-outs and the flow of information bothinternally and externally.

Rule 433
Reports
1. For Advanced Novice in Ice Dance and for Junior and Senior inSingles, Pairs and Ice Dance competitions the Referee shall preparea report (online or using the electronic form) of the competition on astandard form which shall cover the following topics:- standard of organization:- standard of skating in each segment:- standard of judging and the ability of each judge to communicate
his understanding of the rules and their applications;- summary of Round Table Discussion- additional remarks (if necessary);- proposals for improvement;- correctness of the calculation setup (except for ISU Events);- documentation on withdrawals.
A report has to be written only if the competition category fulfils therequirement of an International competition, i.e. more than one ISU
Member took part. If this is not the case, the Referee must notify the
ISU Secretariat.
In case of special incidences, the Referee for Basic or Intermediate
and Advanced Novice in Singles and Pairs competitions shall informthe ISU by sending an individual report. In Ice Dance, the Referee for
Basic or Intermediate competitions shall inform the ISU by sending an
individual report.
2. For Advanced Novice in Ice Dance and for Junior and Senior inSingles, Pairs and Ice Dance competitions, the Technical Controller
shall prepare a report (online or using the electronic form) on astandard form of the competition, in which the following areas are to67

be identified:- evaluation of teamwork;- evaluation of the Technical Specialists work;- evaluation of the Data Operator work;- evaluation of the Replay Operator work;- summary of Technical Panel Discussion;- additional remarks (if necessary);- proposals for improvement.
3. The Referee and the Technical Controller shall send their respective
reports within fourteen days following the competition to the ISU
Secretariat. Upon well-grounded request, the ISU Secretariat may
extend this time limit by up to a maximum of fourteen days if
compelling circumstances so warrant, provided the request has been
sent to the ISU Secretariat within the original time limit.
The ISU Secretariat shall send copies of the reports as soon as
possible to the following persons:a) the Chair and each member of the respective TechnicalCommittee;b) the respective Sports Technical Directors.
Rule 434 - 439 (reserved)

68

D. Evaluation of service by Officials
Rule 440
1. Officials Assessment Commissiona) The composition and the duties of the Officials Assessment
Commission (OAC) are defined in Article 23 of the Constitution
and the related Rules of Procedure published in an ISU
Communication.
b) For all ISU Events, Olympic Winter Games and Winter Youth
Olympic Games, two OAC members for each discipline (Single &Pair Skating and Ice Dance) shall be appointed by the ISU
President as per Article 16, paragraph 2.f) of the Constitution. The
appointed OAC members shall conduct the relevant evaluationsin accordance with this Rule 440 and the Rules of Procedurepublished in an ISU Communication.
2. Evaluation of anomalies in the Judges’ scores at ISU Events (andOlympic Winter Games and Winter Youth Olympic Games)a) The OAC members shall prepare a report for each competition,
including the identification of anomalies in the Judges’ scores
which in their opinion are errors and/or indicate (national) bias (asper Article 23 of the Constitution and the related Rules ofProcedure published in an ISU Communication). This report shallbe made available without delay to the respective TechnicalCommittee through the ISU Secretariat.
b) The respective Technical Committee shall proceed with its
evaluation of the OAC report and send its own report to the ISU
Secretariat as soon as possible. If the Technical Committee
disagrees on any determination of errors and/or indications of(national) bias by the OAC members, it shall consult them toachieve a consensus. If a disagreement prevails, the Vice
President Figure Skating will have the final decision.
c) If the respective Technical Committee identifies anomalies inJudges’ scores which the OAC members have not evaluated it
shall inform the respective Sports Technical Director who shalldecide whether these anomalies are to be considered asdetermined errors and/or (national) bias.

69d) The respective Technical Committee shall evaluate cases ofidentified errors in a Judge’s score for possible Assessment andissue Assessments in accordance with paragraph 6 below and thecriteria established in the related Rules of Procedure published in
an ISU Communication.
e) Cases of identified (national) bias shall be submitted by therespective Technical Committee and/or the respective Sports
Technical Director and/or the Vice President Figure Skating
and/or the Council to the ISU Disciplinary Commission (DC) by
filing a Statement of Complaint for violation of the ISU Code of
Ethics. In case (national) bias emanates from erroneous Judges’
scores, the assessment procedure as well as the filing of aStatement of Complaint to the DC shall be undertaken. In casethe evaluation process leads to the conclusion that there is anindication of (national) bias in a Judge’s scores but not sufficientevidence for submitting the case to the DC, the respective
Technical Committee shall issue a Letter of Warning to theconcerned Judge. Such Letter of Warning and its underlying facts
shall be taken into consideration as relevant evidence in any
further case involving the same Judge where the conclusion of thepresence of (national) bias is not solely based on his marking at
the competition under evaluation but supported by a certain
scoring pattern of the Judge which is revealed only by observationof his marking at several competitions.
3. Principles of calculating Anomalies:a) Grade of Execution (GOE)i) For each element performed the computer calculates theaverage GOE of all the Judges. The GOE’s awarded by the
Referee are NOT used in this calculation.
ii) The computer then calculates the difference per element
between the “calculated average” and each Judge’s GOE’s
which results in “Deviation Points”.
b) Program Component Scores (PCS)i) For each Program Component, the computer calculates theaverage scores of all the Judges. The Program Components
scores awarded by the Referee are NOT used in thiscalculation.
ii) The computer then calculates the difference between the“calculated average” and the Judges Program Components
scores which results in “Deviation Points”.
iii) The Total Deviation points for each Judge will be added toprovide a Total Net Deviation Points (+ and – Deviation70

c)

Points compensate each other) based on all Program
Components totaled.
The acceptable range of Deviation points and all subsequent
procedures will be laid down in an annual ISU Communication.

4. Evaluation of the decisions of the Technical Panel, the operationof Data & Replay Operators and of the decisions of or the
conduct of competition by the Referee at ISU Events, Olympic
Winter Games and Winter Youth Olympic Gamesa) If:- the OAC members appointed to the competition and/or,- the ISU President and/or- the ISU Council and/or- the respective Sports Technical Director(s), and/or- the respective Technical Committee and/or- for decisions of the Technical Panel only: the serving Referee
as per the outcome of the Judges Round Table Discussion(Judges or the Referee noticed certain discrepancies),
consider a decision by the Technical Panel, an operation of theData or Replay Operator or a decision of or the conduct of thecompetition by the Referee as erroneous they shall file a report tothe Vice-President Figure Skating outlining the identified wrong
decision, wrong operation or wrong conduct of the competition inconsistent and detailed remarks with indication of the applicable
Rules.
b) Upon receipt by the Vice-President Figure Skating, or upon his
own cognition of a respective mistake of a report identifying awrong decision by the Technical Panel, a wrong operation of theData or Replay Operator or of a wrong decision or wrong conductof a competition by the Referee, the Vice-President Figure Skating
shall inform the respective Technical Committee and theconcerned Official, requesting him to inform in writing within two
weeks whether he acknowledges or contests the alleged mistake.
In case of contest the Vice-President Figure Skating shall send
the respective report, together with the relevant video recordings,
if available, to the respective Technical Committee and to three
Officials, selected by him for review at their residence. The
selected Officials shall not be informed of the identity of the otherselected Officials. The selected Officials must be from different
ISU Members and must not be from the same ISU Member as theconcerned Technical Panel members, the concerned Data or
Replay Operator or the concerned Referee and any Skater(s)affected by the respective potential wrong decision or wrong
71

conduct of the competition. The three selected Officials shall becomposed as follows:(i) for Technical Panels: one ISU Technical Controller and one
ISU Technical Specialist,
for Referees: two ISU Referees,for Data & Replay Operators: one ISU Technical Controller
and one ISU Data & Replay Operator(ii) one member of the respective Technical Committee. If amember of the respective Technical Committee is subject tothe evaluation, no Technical Committee member shall be
included in the selected Officials. Instead a second ISU
Technical Controller or ISU Technical Specialist respectively
a third ISU Referee and a second ISU Data & Replay Operator
shall be selected.
c) In cases concerning a wrong decision by the Technical Panel theVice-President Figure Skating shall first check the available video
recordings and the audio records of the Technical Paneldiscussions in order to establish if such decision has been madeas a majority or split decision of the Technical Panel or if thedecision was due to an erroneous operation by the Data Operator
or the Replay Operator. He then shall proceed according toparagraph b) above with respect to the Officials responsible forthe alleged wrong decision.
d) The selected Officials and the respective Technical Committee
shall forward their conclusions whether the relevant decision,
operation or conduct of the competition was wrong or not,independently from each other to the Vice-President Figure
Skating. If the majority of the selected Officials concludes that thedecision or operation or conduct of the competition in question
was wrong, the Vice-President Figure Skating shall submit thecase, together with the report of the respective TechnicalCommittee and his detailed report with his own evaluation of thematter to the Council for final decision upon an Assessment or, incase of minor failures, a Letter of Criticism.
5. Evaluation of reports of Referees and reports of TechnicalControllers
The respective Technical Committee shall rate the quality of thereports of the Referees and of the reports of the Technical Controllers
for all ISU Events and International Competitions (including the
Olympic Winter Games and the Winter Youth Olympic Games) basedon documentation delivered according to Rule 433 as very good,
good, acceptable/average, mediocre or poor. The respective72

qualification shall be added to the records of the concerned Referees
and Technical Controllers. If any report is rated as poor the respective
Technical Committee shall issue an Assessment according toparagraph 6 below.
6.

Assessmentsa) Erroneous marking, being part of the majority in a wrong decisionof the Technical Panel involving a striking difference per
Skater/Pair/Couple, wrong decisions and wrong conduct of acompetition by the Referee, poor reports by the Referee or by theTechnical Controller and wrong operations by Data & Replay
Operators shall be subject to Assessment 1 in a first case,
Assessment 2 if an Assessment 1 had been issued before andAssessment 3, if an Assessment 2 had been issued before.
b) Assessments against Judges shall generally be decided by therespective Technical Committee. Assessments against membersof the Technical Panel, Referees, and Data & Replay Operators
by the Council, except for Assessments for poor reports by the
Referees and Technical Controllers, which shall be decided by therespective Technical Committee (see paragraph 5).

7.

Demotionsa) If an accumulation of Assessments for an Official leads to an
Assessment 3, the ISU Body responsible for the respective
Assessment (paragraphs 2. d), 4.c) and 6.b) shall demote the
Official with immediate effect as follows:i) ISU Judges, Referees Technical Controllers, Technical
Specialists and Data & Replay Operators: shall betransferred to the respective list of International Officials;ii) International Judges Referees, Technical Controllers,Technical Specialists and Data & Replay Operators shall bedeleted from the respective list of International Officials.
b) Before a Demotion is decided, the following procedure shall befollowed:
If an Assessment 3 is issued, the Official concerned and his ISU
Member shall be notified through the ISU Secretariat about his
possible Demotion.
The Official may, within five days upon receipt of the notification,
contest a Demotion by challenging any of its underlying
Assessments and request a hearing with at least three membersof:i) the respective Technical Committee in cases concerning
Judges.
ii) the Figure Skating Branch of the ISU Council, who may appoint
73

additional experts, in cases concerning Referees, TechnicalControllers, Technical Specialists or Data & Replay Operators.
If a hearing is requested it shall be held without delay, at a date
and time to be determined by the hearing Body, if possible andunless the hearing Body considers an in-person hearing asnecessary due to special circumstances, by means of a videoconference.
At the hearing the Official shall be given the opportunity to explain
why, in his opinion, a Demotion and the underlying Assessments,
in his view, is/were not justified. For supporting his explanations,
he may use available video and/or audio recordings.
Upon conclusion of the hearing the hearing Body shall prepare areport on the hearing, including its recommendation to maintain or
revoke any challenged Assessment. The respective TechnicalCommittee, respectively the Council shall decide whether torevoke or maintain any challenged Assessment. If the contested
Assessment(s) is/are confirmed or if the Official has renounced ata hearing the respective Technical Committee respectively theCouncil shall proceed to Demotion according to section 6.a)above.
Any expenses related to the hearing shall generally be for the
Official’s account. However, if the hearing Body has called for anin-person hearing and if any of the contested Assessment isrevoked travel board and lodging expenses of the Official shall beborne by the ISU.
8.

74

Effectiveness and duration of validity of Assessments andDemotionsa) An Assessment or a Demotion shall be effective only for theconcerned qualification, i.e. Referee, Judge, Technical Controller,
Technical Specialist or Data & Replay Operator.
b) Assessments and Demotions concerning Judges, TechnicalControllers and Technical Specialists shall be effective only forthe discipline in which they have received an Assessment or
Demotion, i.e. Single & Pair Skating or Ice Dance.
c) Assessments and Demotions of Referees and Data & Replay
Operators shall be effective for all disciplines, including
Synchronized Skating.
d) For Referees Assessments received in different disciplines,
including Synchronized Skating, are added.
e) For Technical Specialists acting also as Technical Controller (and

vice versa) Assessments received in these different functions areadded.
f) Each Assessment shall remain valid for the current season plus
additional two seasons and shall count during such period oftime towards an accumulation of Assessments.
g) A Demotion shall remain valid until the concerned Official isreinstated in the position formerly held by having fulfilled therequirements for first appointment to this position, as per Rules
410 to 416.
h) If the majority of Judges (or Referees when serving as Judges) ofan ISU Member have been suspended for misconduct and/or
demoted subsequently to Assessments and/or warranted
Assessments over a period of several years, the Council may
decide that this ISU Member will be warned or will lose the rightto appoint Judges to ISU Championships and/or Olympic WinterGames and Youth Olympic Winter Games and/or International
Competitions for such a period as the Council may decide. In theexercise of this power, however, the Council shall not generally
take into consideration cases having occurred more than five
years before the decision.
9.

Notification of Letters of Warning, Assessments and Demotions
The ISU Body issuing a Letter of Warning, an Assessment or a
Demotion shall instruct the ISU Secretariat to notify the Official
concerned with a copy to his ISU Member and the respective
Technical Committee.

10. Sanctions for violations of the Duties of Officials and ethicaloffensesa) Erroneous marking, wrong decisions by Technical Panels, wrong
operations of Data & Replay Operators, wrong decisions or wrong
conduct of competitions by Referees and poor reports are subject
to Assessment (Paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 above). Any otherviolations of the Duties of Officials as defined in Rule 430,
including violations of the ISU Code of Ethics, if committed withany degree of fault (intent, gross negligence, recklessness,carelessness etc.) are disciplinary/ethical by nature and subject todisciplinary sanctions according to Art. 25, paragraph 9 of theConstitution. This in particular includes, but is not limited to:i) Not or partly attending official meetings without justified
cause.
ii) Not or only partly attending draws without justified cause(Referee only):iii) Not or only partly attending the competition without justified
75

cause;iv) No report submitted, report submitted late or incomplete
report (Referees and Technical Controllers only);v) Any violation of the ISU Code of Ethics (for cases of(national) bias see paragraph 2 above).
b) Any serious disciplinary/ethical violation of the Duties of Officials
shall immediately be submitted to the ISU Disciplinary
Commission.
c) In case of a less serious disciplinary/ethical violation by any
Official who has never been subject to any disciplinary sanctions
and/or any Letter of Warning before, the respective TechnicalCommittee and/or Sports Technical Director shall issue a Letterof Warning, making mention of the violation in question andinforming the Official that any further disciplinary/ethical violationof the Duties of Officials might lead to a Complaint to theDisciplinary Commission.
Any further disciplinary/ethical violation of the Duties of Officials
shall be submitted to the Disciplinary Commission, except forparticularly minor cases for which the imposing of any disciplinary
sanction would obviously be disproportionate; in such cases (a)further Letter(s) of Warning shall be issued.
d) Statements of Complaint regarding disciplinary/ethical violationsof the Duties of Officials and/or ethical offenses shall be filed with
the Disciplinary Commission in accordance with the DC Rules ofProcedure by the respective Technical Committee, and/or therespective Sports Technical Director and/or the Vice President
Figure Skating and/or by the ISU Council.
If the concerned Official is a member of the respective TechnicalCommittee the Statement of Complaint shall be filed by theCouncil.
e) Statements of Complaint shall be based on the own observationsof the filing body and/or reports received from any third person, inparticular but not limited to reports received from Referees,
members of Panel of Judges, members of Technical Panels.
Rules 441 - 449 (reserved)

76

REGULATIONS FOR EXHIBITIONSRule 450
Exhibitions
1. Negotiations concerning exhibitions of any kind cannot be conductedwith the Skaters, but only with the ISU Member to which the Skater
belongs.
2. Notice of exhibitions in a foreign country must be sent by both ISU
Members involved to the Director General of the ISU. An ISU Member
holding exhibitions in a foreign country must apply for consent fromthe ISU Member for that country. All financial arrangements must be
approved by the ISU Members concerned.
3. If a Skater/Couple stays for a period of more than two months in aforeign country, the ISU Member of the Skater/Couple may provide
the foreign ISU Member with a general authorization for exhibitions
and so delegate to such ISU Member the responsibility for theapplication of the eligibility Rules of the ISU and of the foreign ISU
Member. The Skater/Couple must, in such case, announce to theforeign ISU Member each request for exhibitions.
4. The provisions of Rule 109, paragraphs 2 and 3, also apply to
exhibitions.
5. Eligible persons may take part in ice shows, exhibitions, commercial
motion pictures or television shows, in which ineligible persons (asdefined in Rule 102, paragraph 2) constitute the majority of theparticipants, only with the prior approval of the ISU Member
concerned.
6. In exceptional cases, the respective Sports Technical Director(s) of
the ISU may permit eligible persons to take part in exhibitions incountries in which there is no ISU Member.
7. No exhibitions by a Competitor in an ISU Championship may be given
at the site of the Championship or in its neighborhood within a periodof fourteen days before the beginning of the event.
8. For exhibitions during Figure Skating Competitions see Rule 365.
9. Competitors in the World Championships invited to participate in the
ISU Exhibition Tour may not exhibit more than twenty times in theimmediately following forty days. Exceptions may be made by therespective Sports Technical Director(s). No exhibition tours which
include such Competitors may take place during such periods unlessorganized and/or approved by the ISU.
10. Only ISU or ISU Members have the right to organize or authorize
77

exhibition tours in which eligible Skaters take part.
11. Eligible persons are permitted to appear in only one skating exhibition
within one day. If the period covered by a series of exhibitions
exceeds a week, there should be a day without an exhibition every
three or four days. However, special arrangements may be approvedby the respective Sports Technical Director(s) for exhibitions in aforeign country which is geographically isolated and which has little
opportunity otherwise to see such exhibitions.
12. The Council of the ISU may make financial arrangements for the
benefit of the ISU with ISU Members organizing a series of exhibitions.
13. Participants may receive money for Figure Skating exhibitions at ISU
Championships, but only with the approval of the ISU Member towhich the Skater belongs and to be paid to the Skater only throughthe respective ISU Member.
14. The provisions of Rule 137 (reimbursement of expenses) also apply
to exhibitions.
15. For exclusion from exhibitions, see Rule 104, paragraph 16, and Rule
125, paragraph 4.
Rules 451 – 499 (reserved)78II. TECHNICAL RULESSINGLE & PAIR SKATING / ICE DANCEGENERAL TECHNICAL RULESIN SINGLE & PAIR SKATING AND ICE DANCE
Rule 500
Definition of the skate blade
Figure Skating blades used during competitions must be sharpened to
produce a flat to concave cross section without change to the width of theblade as measured between the two edges. However, a slight tapering or
narrowing of the cross section of the blade is permitted.

Rule 501
Clothing
1. At ISU Championships and International Competitions, including the
Olympic Winter Games and the Winter Youth Olympic Games, theclothing of the Competitors must be modest, dignified and appropriate
for athletic competition – not garish or theatrical in design. Clothing
may, however, reflect the character of the music chosen. The clothing
must not give the effect of excessive nudity inappropriate for thediscipline. Men must wear full length trousers. Accessories and props
are not permitted.
Clothing that does not adhere to these guidelines will be penalized bya deduction (see Rule 353, paragraph 1.n).
For Ice Dance, exceptions to the restrictions may be announced by
the IDTC.
2. The decorations on costumes must be non-detachable. Part of thecostume or decoration falling on the ice will be penalized by adeduction (see Rule 353, paragraph 1.n).

Rule 502
Duration of skating
The time must be reckoned from the moment the Skater (either Skater for
Pair Skating and Ice Dance) begins to move or to skate until arriving at acomplete stop at the end of the program.

79

1. Short Program
Women, Men, Pairs for both Senior and Junior:
2 minutes and 40 seconds.
2. Free Skating
Senior:
Men
4
Women
4
Pairs
4
Junior:
Men
Women
Pairs

3½
3½
3½

minutesminutesminutesminutesminutesminutes

3. Rhythm Dance for both Senior and Junior
2 minutes and 50 seconds (unless otherwise decided by the Ice
Dance Technical Committee and announced in an ISU
Communication).
4. Free Dance
SeniorJunior4
3 1/2

minutesminutes

The Skater/Pair/Couple is allowed to finish the Short Program, Rhythm
Dance, Free Skating or Free Dance within 10 seconds plus or minus therequired time. If the Skater/Pair/Couple fails to finish his/their Short
Program, Rhythm Dance, Free Skating or Free Dance program within theallowed range of time, there will be a deduction (see Rule 353, paragraph1.n) for up to every 5 seconds lacking or in excess. Any element in Short
Program, Rhythm Dance, Free Skating or Free Dance started after therequired time (plus the 10 seconds allowed) must not be identified by theTechnical Panel and will have no value. The timekeepers must inform theReferee. If the duration of the program is 30 seconds or more under therequired time range, no marks will be awarded.

Rule 503
Falls
A Fall is defined as loss of control by a Skater with the result that the
majority of his/her own body weight is on the ice supported by any otherpart of the body other than the blades e.g. hand(s), knee(s), back,80

buttock(s) or any part of the arm. For every Fall there shall be a deduction(see Rule 353, paragraph 1.n).

Rule 504
Marking of Short Program/Rhythm Dance and Free Skating/Free
Dance
1. Elements Score
As per Rule 353, paragraphs 1. a) and b), the Scale of Values chartof the elements of Short Program/Rhythm Dance and Free
Skating/Free Dance is published and updated in ISU
Communications. This Scale of Value contains Base Values of all theelements and the numerical values of the eleven Grades of Execution.
a) Base ValueThe Technical Panel will determine the name and, when required,
the Level of Difficulty of every element. Base Values of elements
are measured in points and increase with the increasing difficultyof the elements. The difficulty of the elements depends:
Single & Pair Skating- in jumps (Singles and Pairs) andthrow jumps (Pairs): on thenames of the jumps or the throw
jumps listed in order of theirdifficulty (Toeloop, Salchow,
Loop, Flip, Lutz, Axel) and thenumber of revolutions;- in lifts (pairs): on the Groups ofthe lifts (1 - 5), their names andLevels of Difficulty;- in twist lifts (Pairs): on thenumber of revolutions andLevels of Difficulty;- in death spirals (Pairs): on thenames and Levels of Difficulty;- in other elements: on theirnames and Levels of Difficulty.

Ice Danceon their Levels of Difficultyb) Levels of Difficulty of elements
The description of characteristics (features) that give an elementa certain Level of Difficulty is published and updated in ISU
Communications.
81Single & Pair Skating
Lifts, twist lifts and death spirals(pairs), spins and steps (singles andpairs) are divided depending on theirdifficulty in five Levels of Difficulty
according to the number of features
achieved: Basic Level – in case of
no features, Level 1 – in case of one
feature, Level 2 – in case of two
features, Level 3 – in case of three
features and Level 4 – in case of fouror more features.

Ice Dance
All Required Elements are divided
into five Levels of Difficulty according
to the number of features achieved.
Choreographic
Elements,
areconfirmediftheminimum
requirements defining the Element
are met.

c) Grade of Execution (GOE)
Each Judge will mark the quality of execution of every element
depending on the positive and/or negative features of theexecution and errors on an eleven Grade of Execution scale: +5,+4, +3, +2, +1, Base Value, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5. Elements as per Rule353, paragraphs 1.h) (i) and (ii) (in Single & Pair Skating) and 1.i)(in Ice Dance) are evaluated as one unit. The guidelines formarking GOE’s are published and updated in ISU
Communications.
2.

Illegal Elements/Movements/Pose
Every Illegal Element/Movement/Pose as defined in Rules 610(Single & Pair Skating), 704 paragraph 21, (Ice Dance), performed in
the program will be penalized by a deduction (see Rule 353,
paragraph 1.n). If an Illegal Element/Movement/Pose is performed
during the execution of any element, the deduction for an Illegal
Element/Movement/Pose will apply and the element will be called:
Single & Pair Skating: Basic Level if the requirements for atleast Basic Level are fulfilled;
Ice Dance: Basic Level if the requirements for at least Basic
Level are fulfilled or not confirmed (no level) for Choreographic
Elements.
Otherwise the element will be called “no level”

3. Program Component Scorea) Definition of Program Components
The Skater's/Pair's/Couple’s whole performance is evaluated by three
Program Components: Composition, Presentation and Skating Skills.
82

For Pair Skating and Ice Dance there must be equal demonstration of thecriteria by both Skaters.
Composition
The intentional, developed and/or original arrangement of the repertoireof all types of movements into a meaningful whole according to theprinciples of proportion, unity, space, pattern, and musical structure.
In evaluating the Composition, the following must be considered:•
Unity;•
Connections between and within elements;•
Pattern and ice coverage;•
Multidimensional movements and use of space;•
Choreography reflecting musical phrase and form.
Presentation
The demonstration of engagement, commitment and involvement basedon an understanding of the music and composition.
In evaluating the Presentation, the following must be considered:•
Expressiveness and projection;•
Variety and contrast of energy and of movements;•
Musical sensitivity and timing;•
Unison, oneness and awareness of space (Pair Skating, Ice
Dance).
Skating Skills
The ability of the Skater to execute the skating repertoire of steps, turns,
and skating movements, with blade and body control.
In evaluating the Skating Skills, the following must be considered:•
Variety of edges, steps, turns, movements and directions;•
Clarity of edges, steps, turns, movements and body control;•
Balance and glide;
•
Flow;
•
Power and speed.
b) Marking of Program Components
After completion of a program, as per Rule 353, paragraph j), each Judgemarks the Program Components on a scale from 0.25 to 10 withincrements of 0.25. Points given by the Judges correspond to thefollowing degrees of the Program Components: less than 1 – extremely
poor, 1-1.75 - very poor, 2 - 2.75 - poor, 3-3.75 - weak, 4 - 4.75 - fair, 5 5.75 - average, 6 - 6.75 - above average, 7 -7.75 - good, 8 -8.75 - very
good, 9 – 9.75 excellent, 10 outstanding. Increments are used forevaluation of performances containing some features of one degree andsome of the next degree.
83

Guidelines for marking Program Components are published and updated
in ISU Communications.
4. Deductions
Deductions are applied for certain violations of the Regulations (see Rule353).
Rules 505 – 510 (reserved)84III. TECHNICAL RULES FOR COMPETITIONSIN SINGLE & PAIR SKATING AND ICE DANCE
A. General
Rule 511
Announcement of entries and panels of Officials
For the purpose of verifying the compliance of competitions andcategories other than ISU Events, with requirements for World Ranking
consideration as published in ISU Communications, preliminary unofficial
announcements of entries and Officials must be made by the Organizing
Committee at any time after the closing of entries but at the latest sevendays before the competition starts. This provision is optional forcompetitions and categories not considered for World Ranking.

Rule 512
Draws
1. The draws for the starting order of all Segments are made publicly by
the Referee. The Referee should ask the Organizing Committee tocheck the correct spelling of the names of the Competitors andOfficials.
2. Starting numbers shall be drawn by each Competitor, if present, by
official representatives of their ISU Member or by members of theOrganizing Committee.
3. The official announcement of the entries and of the panels of Officials
is made by the Referee of each competition at the time of the firststarting order draw of that competition. Different procedures may
apply for ISU Events and the Olympic Winter Games.

Rule 513
Draws for starting orders
The draw for starting order of the Competitors for each Segment of theevent shall be conducted as follows:
1. Short Program/Rhythm Dance or Pattern Dance(s):a) i)select a Competitor to draw for the ISU Member to start the
draw;
85

ii)

draw the starting order of the Competitors proceeding inalphabetical order by ISU Member from the ISU Member
drawn to start;
This procedure does not apply to ISU Championships andOlympic Winter Games (see Rule 520, paragraph 1) and the ISU
Grand Prix of Figure Skating Series (Senior) and Final Senior andJunior (see Rule 513, paragraph 1 c).
b) For the Pattern Dances only, if two Pattern Dances are to beskated:- the Couples are divided into two groups. If the number of
Couples is not evenly divisible by two, the second group shallcontain one more Couple than the first group;- the second Pattern Dance is started by the first Couple in thesecond group followed by the rest of the Couples in the orderin which they were drawn. The Couples in group one follow
group two, starting with Couple number one of the first group;- an exception to this Rule is permissible when there are only
two Couples. In this case, the first Couple would start each
Pattern Dance. This procedure must be agreed to by both
Couples.
c) ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Series (Senior) and Final (Senior
and Junior):i) ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Series (Senior): In each ISU
Grand Prix of Figure Skating event the participating
Competitors will be listed according to their ISU World
Standing placement at the time of the event. The startingorder in the Short Program/Rhythm Dance will be the reverse
order of the ISU World Standings. In the case of any tie, there
will be a draw to determine the starting order.
Skaters/Couples, who have not received any ISU World
Standing points will be listed at the bottom of the ISU World
Standing list in alphabetical order of the ISU Member. There
will be a separate draw between those Skaters/Couples with
no World Standing points to determine the starting order,
following the principles of ISU Rule 513, paragraph 1. a).
ii) ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final (Senior and Junior):
The starting order for the Short Program / Rhythm Dance willbe the reverse order of the final standings of the ISU GrandPrix of Figure Skating Series (Senior and Junior). In the caseof a tie, there will be a draw to determine the skating order.

86

2. Free Skating/Free Dancea) The starting order is determined from the result of the Short
Program/Rhythm Dance or Pattern Dance(s);b) As soon as possible after the determination of the results of thepreceding Segment, the Referee, in the presence of at least one
Competitor, shall divide the Competitors into the smallest possible
number of equal groups (see Table I of the Technical Rules), in
the order in which they finished the preceding Segment;c) If the number of Competitors is not equally divisible, the last groupto skate (and as many preceding groups as necessary) must
contain one more Competitor than the first group. The lowest
placed group must skate first, the next lowest second and so on;d) If two or more Competitors are tied for the same place at the endof the preceding Segment, the Competitors concerned shall bedrawn in the same group. If necessary the immediately precedinggroup shall be smaller by the number of Competitors so added to
the following group;e) The order of skating in each group shall be determined by lot andeach Competitor shall be drawn in the order of placement in thepreceding Segment of the competition, i.e. with the best placed
Competitor drawing first and including those tied. The order of thedraw between the tied Competitors shall first be determined by aseparate draw prior to the main draw.
For ISU Events, Olympic Winter Games and Winter Youth Olympic
Games:
f) Women and Men: The order of skating for the final two groups (i.e.
with the best placed Competitors) will be drawn in four subgroups.
(i)

The top three finishers in the short program will be the last to
skate in the final group and will draw from the first subgroup.
(ii) The fourth-, fifth- and sixth-place finishers in the short program
will be the first to skate in the final group and will draw from thesecond subgroup.
(iii) The seventh-, eight- and ninth-place finishers in the shortprogram will be the last to skate in the second-to-last groupand will draw from the third subgroup.
(iv) Tenth-, eleventh- and twelfth-place finishers in the shortprogram will be the first to skate in the second-to-last groupand will draw from the fourth subgroup.
g) Pairs: The order of skating for the final two groups (i.e. with the bestplaced Competitors) will be drawn in four subgroups.

87

(i)

The top two finishers in the short program will be the last to
skate in the final group and will draw from the first subgroup.
(ii) The third- and fourth-place finishers in the short program willbe the first to skate in the final group and will draw from thesecond subgroup.
(iii) The fifth- and sixth-place finishers in the short program will be
the last to skate in the second-to-last group and will draw fromthe third subgroup.
(iv) The seventh- and eighth-place finishers in the short program
will be the first to skate in the second-to-last group and willdraw from the fourth subgroup.
h) Ice Dance: The order of skating for the final two groups (i.e. withthe best placed Competitors) will be drawn in four subgroups.
(i)

The top three finishers in the Rhythm Dance will be the last to
skate in the final group and will draw from the first subgroup.
(ii) The fourth- and fifth-place finishers in the Rhythm Dance willbe the first to skate in the final group and will draw from thesecond subgroup.
(iii) The sixth-, seventh- and eighth-place finishers in the Rhythm
Dance will be the last to skate in the second-to-last group andwill draw from the third subgroup.
(iv) The ninth- and tenth-place finishers in the Rhythm Dance willbe the first to skate in the second-to-last group and will draw
from the fourth subgroup.
i) If the size of the subgroups is smaller than the maximum, thesubgroups will be adjusted accordingly: in case of even number of
entries the subgroups are equal in size, in case of odd number of
entries the later skating subgroup is larger by one entry than theprevious skating subgroup.
ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Series (Senior) and Final (Senior andJunior):
For the Free Skating / Free Dance the starting order will be the reverse
order of the result after the Short Program/ Rhythm Dance.
For other International Competitions the Organizers have the option ofdetermining the order of skating according to sub-paragraphs e) to h) of
this Rule or using the reverse order of places in the Short Program/Rhythm
Dance for the purpose. The method used should be mentioned in the
Announcement of the competition.
3. If one or more Competitors having obtained scores that would havequalified them for the next Segment decide to withdraw their
participation before the beginning of that Segment, then the open
spot(s) will not be substituted by any other Competitor(s) and the88number of maximum qualified Competitors for that Segment will be
reduced by the number of withdrawn Competitors.
If the withdrawal(s) is announced after the draw for the starting orderof the following Segment, then the starting order and the warm-up
groups will not be changed and the spot of the withdrawn
Competitor(s) remains empty.
4. If one or more Competitors having obtained scores that would havequalified them for the next Segment are disqualified before thebeginning of that Segment, then the open spot(s) will be filled by the
first placed Competitor(s), who, in the concerned Segment, initially
had not reached the following Segment.
Such Competitors will receive the first starting numbers in the firstwarm-up group and this warm-up group will be complemented withthe concerned number of Competitors. If necessary:(i) the starting order of the added Competitors in the first subgroupwill be decided by an additional separate draw;(ii) Rule 514, paragraph 3 shall apply.
Rule 514
Warm-up periods
1. Warm-up periods must be allotted to all Competitors.
2. The duration and maximum size of each warm-up (see Table II of theTechnical Rules) are:a) Single Skating – Short Program, Free Skating – 6 minutes
duration – maximum six Competitors;b) Pair Skating – Short Program, Free Skating – 6 minutes duration– maximum four Pairs;c) Ice Dance – Pattern Dance(s) – 3 minutes. The first 30 seconds
without music followed by 2 minutes and 30 seconds of the sixth(last) tune of the ISU Ice Dance music – maximum six Couples;d) Ice Dance Rhythm Dance/Free Dancei Rhythm Dance, Free Dance (Junior/Senior) – 5 minutes, maximum five Couples;ii. Free Dance (All Novice categories): – 3 minutes, – maximum
five Couples.
3. In the event one or more Competitors tied or added as per Rule 513,
paragraph 4 are included in the same group, the maximum number
permitted to warm up at the same time may be exceeded by one
Competitor in Single Skating. However, if the maximum number
89permitted is exceeded by two or more Single Skaters or by one ormore Pairs or Ice Dance Couples, the group in question shall be
divided into two subgroups with a separate warm-up for each of them.
The Competitors of each subgroup skate immediately after the warmup of their subgroup to be immediately followed by the competitive
skating in each instance.
4. Warm-ups must immediately precede the competitive skating of thosein that warm-up group. In case of an interruption in the Segment due
to unforeseen circumstances of more than 10 minutes, theCompetitors concerned will be permitted a second warm-up period of
the duration mentioned at paragraph 2, depending on the Segment.
Rule 515
Interruptions, Music Deficiencies, Adverse Conditions andIncomplete Programs
1.

An Interruption is defined as the period of time starting immediately
when the Competitor stops performing the program or is ordered to
do so by the Referee, whichever is earlier, and ending when theCompetitor resumes his performance.
The Referee shall decide where the point of interruption is andcommunicate this to the Competitor, the Judges and the TechnicalController. The Competitor shall resume the program according toparagraphs 2, 3, 4 and 5 below.
The Technical Panel decides if the interruption occurred at theentrance to or during the element. The Technical Controller shallinform the Referee accordingly.

2.

Music Deficiencies:
If the tempo or quality of the music is deficient or if for any reason
there is an interruption or stop in the music, the Competitor must stopskating when he becomes aware of the problem or at the acoustic
signal of the Referee, whichever is earlier.
a) If any of these problems regarding the music occurs within the
20 seconds after the start of the program, it is the choice of theCompetitor whether to continue from the point of where he stops
performing or restart the program. If the Competitor decides torestart the program, the Judges and Technical Panel evaluate
the program from the beginning, disregarding the previous
evaluation. If the Competitor decides to continue from the point
where he stopped performing, the Judges and Technical Panelcontinue evaluating the program from the moment theCompetitor resumes the program and the prior evaluation90

remains.
b) If any of these problems regarding the music occurs more than
20 seconds after the start of the program, the Competitor shallresume the program from the point of interruption or, if theinterruption occurred at the entrance to or during an element, atthe point immediately preceding this element. If this element was
identified and called by the Technical Panel before theinterruption, the Technical Panel has to delete it from the list of
the performed elements. The Competitor is allowed to repeat
this element when resuming the program.
No deductions apply for interruptions due to music deficiencies.
3.

Adverse conditions unrelated to the Competitor and/or his equipment
If an adverse condition unrelated to the Competitor or his equipment,such as lighting, ice condition, item thrown onto the ice etc. occurs,
the Competitor may stop skating and report to the Referee when hebecomes aware of the problem and must stop skating at the acoustic
signal of the Referee.
When the problem is solved, the Competitor shall continue from thepoint of interruption or, if the interruption occurred at the entrance toor during an element, at the point immediately preceding thiselement. If this element was identified and called by the TechnicalPanel before the interruption, the Technical Panel shall delete it fromthe list of the performed elements. The Competitor is allowed torepeat this element when resuming the program.
If the interruption lasts longer than 10 minutes, there shall be asecond warm-up period according to Rule 514, paragraph 2. After thesecond warm-up, the Competitor shall continue from the point ofinterruption or, if the interruption occurred at the entrance to or during
an element, at the point immediately preceding this element.
No deductions apply for interruptions unrelated to the Competitor or
his equipment.

4.

Adverse conditions related to the Competitor and/or his Equipment
occurring during the program:If a Competitor is injured during the program or another adverse
condition related to him or his equipment (such as but not limited tohealth problems, nose bleeding, lace undone, damage to clothing or
skates) occurs the Competitor must stop skating when he becomesaware of the problem or at the acoustic signal of the Referee,whichever is earlier. The music shall be stopped only if the Referee
instructs the music technician to do so according to section b) below.

91Duration of Interruptions:a) Up to 40 seconds
If the adverse condition can be remedied without delay theCompetitor does not need to report to the Referee and the music
continues to play. If he resumes skating within 40 seconds, theReferee will apply a deduction as per Rule 353, paragraph 1.n).
b) Up to 3 minutes
If the Competitor does not resume skating within 40 seconds, theReferee shall instruct the music technician to stop the music andallow the Competitor 3 additional minutes. If the Competitor
resumes skating within this additional period, the Referee will
apply a deduction of 5.0 points as per Rule 353, paragraph 1.n)This deduction also covers an interruption of up to 40 seconds
immediately preceding the allowance of 3 additional minutes.
When the problem is solved, the Competitor shall continue fromthe point of interruption or, if interruption occurred at the entrance
to or during an element which was called by the Technical Panelbefore the interruption, at the point immediately following thiselement. The call made prior to the interruption shall stay.
Only one resumption per program is allowed upon an allowanceof additional 3 minutes. If there is a second interruption of morethan 40 seconds due to an adverse condition related to aCompetitor or his equipment the Competitor shall be considered
withdrawn.
5.

If medical attention is required, the Referee must stop the
performance by an acoustic signal, follow the Medical Protocol(Communication 2267 or any update thereof) and instruct the musictechnician to stop the music. After consulting with the respective
Team Physician, or, if not present, the medical doctor provided by theOrganizer, the Referee shall decide if the Competitor is allowed backto compete. If the Referee does not allow the Skater to resume within
3 minutes since the Competitor stopped skating their program, theCompetitor is withdrawn. If the Referee allows the Competitor/s tocontinue skating his program, no deduction will apply.
When the problem is resolved, the Competitor shall continue from thepoint of interruption or, if the interruption occurred at the entrance toor during an element, at the point immediately following this element,
which is called by the Technical Panel and the call remains.

6.

Adverse condition occurring prior the beginning of the program withallowance of up to 3 minutes.
i)
If any adverse condition related to the Competitor or his
equipment occurs between his being called to the start andtaking the starting position which cannot be remedied within 60

92

ii)

seconds (Rule 350, paragraph 2), the Referee shall allow theCompetitor 3 additional minutes and apply a deduction of 5.0
points as per Rule 353, paragraph 1n).
If any adverse condition related to the Competitor or his
equipment occurs after he takes the ice but before the call to thestart and the time before the start of the program is not sufficient
to remedy such condition, the Referee shall allow the Competitor
3 additional minutes before being called to the start and apply adeduction of 5.0 points as per Rule 353, paragraph 1n).

7.

Adverse condition occurring during the warm up:
If an adverse condition related to the Competitor with the first starting
number in the warm up group or his equipment occurs during thewarm-up, and time before the call to the start is not sufficient toremedy such condition the Referee shall allow the Competitor 3
additional minutes before being called to the start without applying
any deductions. For the purposes of paragraph 4, section b) aboveof this situation is not considered as resumption of the program.

8.

Limit of the interruptions allowed
Only one interruption, up to 3 minutes, is allowed whenever ittakes place (prior or during the program). If there is a second
interruption of more than 40 seconds due to an adverse condition
related to a Competitor (including medical problems) or his
equipment the Competitor shall be considered withdrawn.

9.

Incomplete Programs
If a Competitor does not complete the program, no marks will beawarded and the Competitor shall be considered withdrawn.
Rules 516 – 519 (reserved)93

B. ISU Championships – Special Technical Rules
Rule 520
Draws for Competitors
1. Applicable for all ISU Championships as from the 2022/23 season, thedraw for the Short Program/Rhythm Dance and if applicable, for the
Qualifying Free Skating/Free Dance will be held according to the latest
World Standings as follows, whereby World Standings will beestablished as per the procedure published in an ISU Communication:a) For the purpose of the draw, the Competitors are listed inaccordance with the latest ISU World Standings at the time of theTeam Leaders Meeting at the respective competition.
b) The Competitors will be divided into starting order groups inaccordance to Table I of the Technical Rules using the total
number of Competitors entered.
c) Within the starting order groups, the Competitors will be divided
into two equal subgroups, in case of an odd number ofCompetitors the subgroups with the Competitors drawing for thehigher starting numbers will include one more Skater/Pair/Couple.
d) There will be a free draw among all Competitors of each such
subgroup with the highest ranked Skater/Pair/Couple of the World
Standings drawing first and so on.
e) In case of ties in the World Standings there will be a separate draw
between the tied Competitors to decide the order of the draw. In
case of ties in the World Standings on the border of starting ordergroups or the subgroups, all those tied Competitors will be
included in the later group or subgroup and the earlier competinggroup or subgroup will be smaller by the number of Competitors
so added to a later group. However, this procedure has noinfluence on the size of the warm-up groups for the Short Program/ Rhythm Dance or Qualifying Free Skating/Free Dance which
strictly follows Table II of the Technical Rules.
f) Skaters/Pairs/Couples, who have not received any ISU World
Standing points will be listed at the bottom of the list in country
order. There will be a separate draw between those
Skaters/Pairs/Couples with no World Standing placements todetermine the starting order, following the basic principles of thedraws.
2. Based on the result of the Short Program/Rhythm Dance, theCompetitors placed 1-24 in Single Skating 1-16 in Pair Skating (1-20
in Pair Skating at World Championships) and 1-20 in Ice Dance only
shall qualify for the final Free Skating/Free Dance.
94

Starting with the 2024/25 season, based on the result of the Short
Program/Rhythm Dance, the Competitors placed 1-24 in Single
Skating, 1-16 in Pair Skating and 1-20 in Ice Dance only shall qualify
for the final Free Skating/Free Dance.
3. The starting order for the Free Skating/Free Dance will be according toRule 513, paragraph 2. f) Women & Men, 2. g) Pairs and 2. h) Ice
Dance.
4. If a tie in the Short Program/Rhythm Dance occurs for the 24th place inSingle Skating or for the 16th place in Pair Skating (for the 20th place inPair Skating at World Championships) or for the 20th place in Ice
Dance, all the tied Competitors will qualify for the Free Skating/Free
Dance for which they will be drawn in the same (first) group. If
necessary, Rule 514, paragraph 3 shall apply.
Starting with the 2024/25 season, if a tie in the Short Program/Rhythm
Dance occurs for the 24th place in Single Skating or for the 16th placein Pair Skating or for the 20th place in Ice Dance, all the tiedCompetitors will qualify for the Free Skating/Free Dance for which they
will be drawn in the same (first) group. If necessary, Rule 514,
paragraph 3 shall apply.

Rule 521
Judges draws
1. For ISU Championships, the panel of Judges shall consist only of
Judges on the current lists of ISU Judges and all Judges must be
designated ISU.
2. Each ISU Members must enter annually by October 1st Judges by
number only and indicate with the entry, in which ISU Championships
and the individual discipline of this Championships they intend toparticipate in the respective draw ceremony.
The entries must be made for the following Championshipsa) From European ISU Members only for the(i)European Figure Skating Championshipsb) From all ISU Members for the(i)Four Continents Figure Skating Championships;(ii)World Junior Figure Skating Championships;(iii) World Figure Skating Championships.

95

3.

Together with their entry the ISU Members must indicate if their
Judges are available to judge Pair Skating. In order to be eligible forPair Skating, Judges who have never judged Pair Skating at any ISU
Championships before must have officiated satisfactorily in at leastone International Competition and one ISU Event in Pair Skating
during the forty-eight months preceding the ISU Championships.

4.

Principles of entries and restrictionsa) Each ISU Member may enter one Judge by number (not by name)in each discipline in which Judges of this ISU Member are
qualified to judge and in which that ISU Member has participatedwith at least one Skater/Pair/Couple in the same Championshipsof the preceding year, who has/have finished at least one segmentof the individual competition;b) An ISU Member can be represented with Judges in all four
disciplines within one Championships;c) A Judge must not serve in more than one discipline per ISU
Championships;d) The ISU Members will enter with their Judges’ name(s) for theindividual ISU Championships and disciplines including asubstitute Judge, in which they have been drawn, twenty-one
days prior to the first day (first official practice day) of the ISU
Championships concerned;e) Any necessary changes of the Judges nominated must be
communicated by the fastest electronic means to the respective
Sports Technical Directors, to the ISU Secretariat and to theOrganizing Committee;f) A Judge nominated by the ISU Member, who is present andavailable, must serve if drawn;g) The ISU President or the ISU Vice President Figure Skating may
update the restrictions under paragraphs a) and c) above for any
Championships in which not enough Judges are available tocompose the panels of Judges.

5.

Draw Procedurea) The draw procedure of the panels of Judges for all ISU
Championships will take place annually between October 1st andNovember 15th. The draw is open to all ISU Members who may
send one Representative at their own expense. The draw shalltake place in Switzerland in the presence of a certified Swiss
auditor. The ISU President will appoint the person(s) who willconduct the draw;

96b) Each draw to compose the panels of Judges starts with apreliminary draw upon the order of disciplines which will be drawn
first;c) Each panel of Judges will consist of a maximum of nine Judges
but not less than eight Judges;d) There will be a separate draw for the panel of Judges for each
Segment of each Championships (Short Program, Rhythm
Dance, Free Skating and Free Dance), at the main draw as toparagraph 5.a) and on site of the Championships concerned;e) The draw procedure of each ISU Championships is explained
separately;f) The seating order of the Judging Panel shall be conductedmanually by the Referee of the discipline in the Judges room foreach Segment of the event.
6.

European Figure Skating Championships, World Figure SkatingChampionships and World Junior Figure Skating Championshipsa) Only European ISU Members who have entered with Judges for
the European Figure Skating Championships will participate in thedraws for the composition of the panel of Judges for thisChampionships. All ISU Members who have entered with Judges
for the World and World Junior Figure Skating Championships will
participate in the draws for the composition of the panel of Judges
for the respective Championships;b) A random draw will be made to determine the order of disciplines
in which the panels will be drawn, however the Pair panel has tobe drawn last;c) Thirteen ISU Members are drawn amongst all ISU Members, whohave entered a Judge by number for this particular discipline andwho have participated with a Skater/Pair/Couple in the same
discipline of the corresponding Figure Skating Championships ofthe immediately preceding year, provided that thisSkater/Pair/Couple had finished at least one Segment;d) If there are not enough ISU Members available, there will be an
additional draw amongst all ISU Members available and willing toserve but not yet represented in the panel concerned, to complete
the panel of Judges with up to thirteen Judges;e) On the site of the Championships, an open random draw will be
conducted by the Referee, 45 minutes prior to the skating of each
Segment of the respective discipline, in the presence of all Judges
drawn for this discipline, to complete the panel of nine Judges;
97f) For the first Segment of the discipline nine Judges will be drawn
from all thirteen Judges drawn for the respective discipline. The
seating order will be identical to the order the Judges are drawn;g) For the second Segment of the discipline, the four Judges not
drawn for the first Segment will automatically be assigned to be in
the panel of nine Judges for the second Segment and all otherJudges serving already in the first Segment will participate in thedraw to complete the panel of nine Judges. A separate draw will
be held for the seating order of the nine judges;h) If at the time of the Championships, Judges drawn and entered byname, are not present, and their entered substitute Judge is notavailable, they will not be substituted by another Judge from thesame ISU Member, who was not entered as a substitute Judge inthe discipline in question; A separate draw amongst all Judges
present and available for the discipline concerned but not
represented already in the particular panel will complete the panel
to the possible maximum of nine Judges if needed;i) If there still are not enough ISU Members available to draw up to
four Judges for the second Segment, up to four alternate Judges
are drawn in a priority order amongst all ISU Members, which areentered and eligible for the discipline in question and which are
not yet represented in the panel in question. Those alternate
Judges must be called on site if needed with a seven days
benchmark of notice. If, however, on site not enough Judges as
drawn are available to serve in the designated panel and thealternate Judge(s) cannot be anymore called, a draw must be
made amongst all present Judges of ISU Members not
represented in the panel, willing, qualified and available to serve,
who are already drawn in another panel of the Championships.
7.

98

Four Continents Figure Skating Championshipsa)Four Continents ISU Members will have first priority in the draws
for the composition of the panel of Judges for the FourContinents Figure Skating Championships.

b)

A random draw will be made to determine the order of disciplines
in which the panels will be drawn, however the Pair panel has tobe drawn last.

c)

Ten ISU Members are drawn from all the Four Continents ISU
Members, who have entered a Judge by number for therespective discipline and who have participated with a
Skater/Pair/Couple in the same discipline of the Four Continents
Figure Skating Championships of the immediately precedingyear, provided that this Skater/Pair/Couple has finished at least
one segment (see also paragraph 4. a).
d)

If there are insufficient Judges from the respective FourContinents ISU Members to compose the panel of the first
segment, of any discipline, all Figure Skating ISU Members
already drawn in any of the panels of another discipline whohave indicated in their entry by number that their Judge(s) are
additionally available for Pair Skating or Ice Dance, will havepriority in the completion of the respective panel. If there are still
not enough Judges for the first segment of the respective
discipline, additional Judges from the European ISU Members
need to be drawn to complete the panel of Judges.

e)

The procedure described under paragraph 7. d) will be followed
in all draws for each first Segment of each discipline of theChampionships. If there still are not enough ISU Members
available to draw up to four Judges for the second segment, up
to four alternate Judges are drawn in a priority order amongst all
ISU Members, which are entered and eligible for the respective
discipline and which are not yet represented in the panel inquestion.

f)

An open random draw will be conducted by the Referee in thepresence of all Judges drawn for the respective discipline 45
minutes prior to the beginning of each Segment.

g)

For the first Segment, nine Judges will be drawn from all ten
Judges drawn for the respective discipline. The seating order willbe identical to the order in which the Judges are drawn; For the
first Segment, panels which include Judges from both the FourContinents and Europeans ISU Members, all Judges from theFour Continents ISU Members are drawn first. The remaining
seats to complete the panel of nine Judges are drawn from the
ISU European Members.
For the second Segment of each discipline, the one Judge notdrawn for the first Segment will automatically be assigned to thepanel of nine Judges for the second Segment. All Judges who
have already served in the first Segment will participate in thedraw to complete the panel of nine Judges. The remaining seats
for the second Segment will be drawn first from the Judges fromthe Four Continents ISU Members who have entries in thatdiscipline followed by Judges from European ISU Members. A
separate draw will be held for the seating order of the ninejudges for the second Segment.

h)

99

8.

a) The President may, in exceptional cases, authorize
modifications in the application of this Rule. If the President is
not reachable in a timely fashion, the Vice President for Figure
Skating may authorize such modifications in exceptional
circumstances. On site of a Championships, if both the President
and the Vice President for Figure Skating are not present, thenthe ISU Representative may authorize such modifications in
exceptional circumstances.
b)

100

For post entries relating to all deadlines included in thisRule, Rule 115, paragraph 5 applies.

I. Size of starting order groups Rule 513
NumberofCompetitors
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

Singles
Free Skating
Maximum 6

Pairs
Free Skating
Maximum 4

Free Dance

1+1
1+2
2+2
2+3
3+3
3+4
4+4
4+5
5+5
5+6
6+6
4+4+5
4+5+5
5+5+5
5+5+6
5+6+6
6+6+6
4+5+5+5
5+5+5+5
5+5+5+6
5+5+6+6
5+6+6+6
6+6+6+6
5+5+5+5+5
5+5+5+5+6
5+5+5+6+6
5+5+6+6+6
5+6+6+6+6
6+6+6+6+6
5+5+5+5+5+6
5+5+5+5+6+6
5+5+5+6+6+6
5+5+6+6+6+6
5+6+6+6+6+6
6+6+6+6+6+6

1+1
1+2
2+2
2+3
3+3
3+4
4+4
3+3+3
3+3+4
3+4+4
4+4+ 43+3+3+4
3+3+4+4
3+4+4+4
4+4+4+4
3+3+3+4+4
3+3+4+4+4
3+4+4+4+4
4+4+4+4+4
3+3+3+4+4+4
3+3+4+4+4+4
3+4+4+4+4+4
4+4+4+4+4+4
3+3+3+4+4+4+4
3+3+4+4+4+4+4
3+4+4+4+4+4+4
4+4+4+4+4+4+4
3+3+3+4+4+4+4+4
3+3+4+4+4+4+4+4
3+4+4+4+4+4+4+4
4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4
3+3+3+4+4+4+4+4+4
3+3+4+4+4+4+4+4+4
3+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4
4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4

1+1
1+2
2+2
2+3
3+3
3+4
4+4
4+5
5+5
3+4+4
4+4+ 4
4+4+5
4+5+5
5+5+5
4+4+4+4
4+4+4+5
4+4+5+5
4+5+5+5
5+5+5+5
4+4+4+4+5
4+4+4+5+5
4+4+5+5+5
4+5+5+5+5
5+5+5+5+5
4+4+4+4+5+5
4+4+4+5+5+5
4+4+5+5+5+5
4+5+5+5+5+5
5+5+5+5+5+5
4+4+4+4+5+5+5
4+4+4+5+5+5+5
4+4+5+5+5+5+5
4+5+5+5+5+5+5
5+5+5+5+5+5+5
4+4+4+4+5+5+5+5

Maximum 5101

II. Size of warm-up groups Rule 514
NumberofCompetitors

Pair Skating
Short Program
Free Skating
Maximum 4

Ice Dance
Rhythm Dance,
Free Dance
Maximum 5

Ice Dance
Pattern Dance,
Maximum 6

4Singles
Short
ProgramFree Skating
Maximum 6
4

4

4

4

5

5

2+3

5

5

6

6

3+3

3+3

6

7

3+4

3+4

3+4

3+4

8

4+4

4+4

4+4

4+4

9

4+5

3+3+3

4+5

4+5

10

5+5

3+3+4

5+5

5+5

11

5+6

3+4+4

3+4+4

5+6

12

6+6

4+4+4

4+4+4

6+6

13

4+4+5

3+3+3+4

4+4+5

4+4+5

14

4+5+5

3+3+4+4

4+5+5

4+5+5

15

5+5+5

3+4+4+4

5+5+5

5+5+5

16

5+5+6

4+4+4+4

4+4+4+4

5+5+6

17

5+6+6

3+3+3+4+4

4+4+4+5

5+6+6

18

6+6+6

3+3+4+4+4

4+4+5+5

6+6+6

19

4+5+5+5

3+4+4+4+4

4+5+5+5

4+5+5+520

5+5+5+5

4+4+4+4+4

5+5+5+5

5+5+5+521

5+5+5+6

3+3+3+4+4+4

4+4+4+4+5

5+5+5+6

22

5+5+6+6

3+3+4+4+4+4

4+4+4+5+5

5+5+6+6

23

5+6+6+6

3+4+4+4+4+4

4+4+5+5+5

5+6+6+624

6+6+6+6

4 +4+4+4+4+4

4+5+5+5+5

6+6+6+625

5+5+5+5+5

3+3+3+4+4+4+4

5+5+5+5+5

5+5+5+5+5

26

5+5+5+5+6

3+3+4+4+4+4+4

4+4+4+4+5+5

5+5+5+5+6

27

5+5+5+6+6

3+4+4+4+4+4+4

4+4+4+5+5+5

5+5+5+6+6

28

5+5+6+6+6

4+4+4+4+4+4+4

4+4+5+5+5+5

5+5+6+6+6

29

5+6+6+6+6

3+3+3+4+4+4+4+4

4+5+5+5+5+5

5+6+6+6+630

6+6+6+6+6

3+3+4+4+4+4+4+4

5+5+5+5+5+5

6+6+6+6+6

31

5+5+5+5+5+6

3+4+4+4+4+4+4+4

4+4+4+4+5+5+5

5+5+5+5+5+6

32

5+5+5+5+6+6

4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4

4+4+4+5+5+5+5

5+5+5+5+6+6

33

5+5+5+6+6+6

3+3+3+4+4+4+4+4+4

4+4+5+5+5+5+5

5+5+5+6+6+6

34

5+5+6+6+6+6

3+3+4+4+4+4+4+4+4

4+5+5+5+5+5+5

5+5+6+6+6+6

35

5+6+6+6+6+6

3+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4

5+5+5+5+5+5+5

5+6+6+6+6+6

36

6+6+6+6+6+6

4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4+4

4+4+4+4+5+5+5+5

6+6+6+6+6+6102

III. TECHNICAL RULESSINGLE & PAIR SKATING
A. Single and Pair Skating Elements
Rules 600 – 609 (reserved)
Rule 610
Requirements to elements of Single and Pair Skating and Illegal
Elements/Movements
Jump elements
A "jump element" is defined as an individual jump, a jump combination ora jump sequence.
Jump Combinations
In a jump combination the landing foot of a jump is the take-off foot of thenext jump. One full revolution on the ice between the jumps (free foot cantouch the ice, but no weight transfer) keeps the element in the frame ofthe definition of a jump combination.
An Euler (half-loop) when used in combinations between two listed jumps
becomes a listed jump with the value indicated in the Scale of Value.
If the first jump of a two-jump-combination fails to be successful and turns
out as a “non-listed jump”, the unit will still be considered as a jumpcombination.
Jump Sequences
A jump sequence consists of two or three jumps of any number of
revolutions, in which the second and/or the third jump is an Axel type jumpwith a direct step from the landing curve of the first/second jump in to thetake-off curve of the Axel jump.
One full revolution on the ice between the jumps (free foot can touch theice, but without weight transfer) keeps the element in the frame of thedefinition of a jump sequence.
Jumps executed in a jump sequence receive their full value.
Spins
Positions: There are three basic positions: camel (free leg backwards withthe knee higher than the hip level, however Layback, Biellmann andsimilar variations are still considered as upright spins), sit (the upper partof the skating leg at least parallel to the ice), upright (any position withskating leg extended or slightly bent which is not a camel position).
103

Layback Spin is an upright spin in which head and shoulders are leaning
backward with the back arched. The position of the free leg is optional.
Sideways Leaning Spin is an upright spin in which head and shoulders areleaning sideways and the upper body is arched. The position of the freeleg is optional.
A Spin that has no basic position with two revolutions will receive no Leveland no value, however a spin with less than three rotations is considered
as a skating movement and not a spin.
The minimum number of revolutions required in a position is two without
interruption. In case this requirement is not fulfilled, the position is notcounted.
In any spin change of edge can be counted only if done in a basic position.
Variations of the position of the head, arms or free leg, as well as
fluctuations of speed are permitted.
The change of foot in any spin must be preceded and followed by a spin
position with at least three revolutions.
If the Skater(s) fall(s) when entering a spin, or in any failed spin, a spin ora spinning movement is allowed immediately after this fall or failure (fortime filling purpose) with this spin or movement not being counted as anelement.
If the spinning centers (before and after the change of foot) are too farapart and the criteria of “two spins” is fulfilled (there is a curve of exit after
the first part and the curve of entry into the second part), only the part
before the change of foot will be called and considered for Levels features.
Spin combinations: Must include a minimum of two different basic
positions with two revolutions in each of these positions anywhere within
the spin. To receive full value, a Spin combination must include all threebasic positions. The number of revolutions in positions that are non-basic
is counted in the total number of revolutions. Changing to a non-basic
position is not considered as a change of position. A change of foot may
be executed in the form of a step over or a jump. The change of foot andthe change of position may be made either at the same time or separately.
Spin in one position and (in Singles) Flying spin (which means a spin witha flying entrance and no change of foot and position): positions that are
not basic are allowed, counted in the total number of revolutions requiredby the Rules, but are not valid for Level features.
In spins in one position and flying spins the concluding upright position at
the end of the spin (final wind-up) is not considered to be another position
independent of the number of revolutions, as long as in such a final windup no additional feature is executed (change of edge, variation of position
etc).
104

When the spin is commenced with a jump, no previous rotation on the ice
before the take-off is permitted and a step over must be considered by theJudges in the Grade of Execution.
Step Sequences
All step sequences should be executed according to the character of themusic. Short stops in accordance with the music are permitted. Step
Sequences must fully utilize the ice surface.
Turns and steps must be balanced in their distribution throughout thesequence.
Illegal/Elements Movements are:- somersault type jumps;- lifts with wrong holds.

B. Single Skating
Rule 611
Short Program Singles
1. a)

The Short Program for Single Skating (Senior and Junior) consistsof seven required elements. The sequence of the elements is
optional;b) The program shall be skated in harmony with the music chosen
by the Competitor. Vocal music with lyrics is permitted;c) If an unprescribed or additional element (performed) substitutes arequired element (not performed), the respective box will beblocked and this performed element will be considered as notaccording to the requirements (no value);d) Unlisted or additional elements such as jumps, spins, steps orrepetitions, even of failed elements, are not marked andconsequently do not block a “box” (spot) of another type ofelements.

2. The Senior Short Program shall consist of the following requiredelements:
Mena) Double or triple Axel Paulsen;b) Triple or quadruple jump;c) Jump combination consisting of a double jump and a triple jump or
two triple jumps or a quadruple jump and a double jump or a triple
jump;d) Flying spin;105e) Camel spin or sit spin with only one change of foot;f) Spin combination with only one change of foot;g) Step sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
Womena) Double or triple Axel Paulsen;b) Triple jump;c) Jump combination consisting of a double jump and a triple jump or
two triple jumps;d) Flying spin;e) Layback/sideways leaning spin or sit or camel spin without change offoot;f) Spin combination with only one change of foot;g) Step sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
3. The Junior Short Program shall consist of the following requiredelements, which form three groups. The groups that are effective on July
1st of each year are:2022-2023
Mena) Double or triple Axel Paulsen;b) Double or triple Loop jump;c) Jump combination consisting of a double and a triple jump or two
triple jumps;d) Flying camel spin;e) Sit spin with only one change of foot;f)Spin combination with only one change of foot;g) Step sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
Womena) Double Axel Paulsen;b) Double or triple Loop jump;c) Jump combination consisting of two double jumps or one double
and one triple jump or two triple jumps;d) Flying camel spin;e) Layback / sideways leaning spin or sit spin without change of foot;f)Spin combination with only one change of foot;g) Step sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
2023-2024
Mena) Double or triple Axel Paulsen;b) Double or triple Lutz jump;
106

c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

Jump combination consisting of a double and a triple jump or two
triple jumps;
Flying sit spin;
Camel spin with only one change of foot;Spin combination with only one change of foot;Step sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.

Womena) Double Axel Paulsen;b) Double or triple Lutz jump;c) Jump combination consisting of two double jumps or one double
and one triple jump or two triple jumps;d) Flying sit spin;e) Layback / sideways leaning spin or camel spin without change offoot;f)Spin combination with only one change of foot;g) Step sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
2024-2025
Mena) Double or triple Axel Paulsen;b) Double or triple Flip jump;c) Jump combination consisting of a double and a triple jump or two
triple jumps;d) Flying camel spin;e) Sit spin with only one change of foot;f)Spin combination with only one change of foot;g) Step sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
Womena) Double Axel Paulsen;b) Double or triple Flip jump;c) Jump combination consisting of two double jumps or one double
and one triple jump or two triple jumps;d) Flying camel spin;e) Layback / sideways leaning spin or sit spin without change of foot;f)Spin combination with only one change of foot;g) Step sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
4. Remarks
Jumpsb) For Senior Men any triple or quadruple jump is permitted, when aquadruple jump is executed in c), a different quadruple jump can be107

included as a solo jump. For Senior and Junior Men and for Senior
Women, when the triple Axel Paulsen is executed in a), it cannot be
repeated again as a solo jump or in the jump combination. For Senior
Women any triple jump is permitted. For Junior Women and Men only theprescribed double or triple jump is permitted.
Jump combinationsc) For Senior Men the jump combination may consist of the same jump or
another double, triple or quadruple jump. For Senior Men when aquadruple jump is executed in b), a different quadruple jump can be
included in the jump combination. For Senior Women, Junior Men and
Women the jump combination may consist of the same jump or anotherdouble or triple jump. However, for all categories the jumps included must
be different than the solo jump.
If the same jump is executed as a solo jump and as a part of the jumpcombination, the repeated jump will not be counted (if this repetition is in
a jump combination, only the individual jump which is not according to theabove requirements will not be counted).
If an extra jump(s) is executed, only the individual jump(s) which is notaccording to requirements will have no value. The jumps are consideredin the order of execution.
Spins
Spin in one position and spin combination: if there is no spin position
before and/or after the change of foot with at least three revolutions, thespin is not according to the requirements and no value will be given.
Except flying spins, spins cannot be commenced with a jump.
d) Flying spin:
Senior: Any type of flying spin is permitted with landing position different
than in the Spin in one position.
Junior: Only the prescribed type of flying spin is permitted.
Senior and Junior: A step over must be considered by the Judges in theGrade of Execution. A minimum of eight revolutions in the landing position
which may be different from the flying position. No previous rotation on theice before the take-off is permitted. The required eight revolutions can be
executed in any variation of the landing position.
e) Spin in one position
Men - spin with only one change of foot:Senior: The Competitor must choose the camel position or the sit position
to be executed, but this position must be different from the landing positionof the Flying spin. The spin must consist of only one change of foot, which
may be executed in the form of a step over or a jump with not less than108

six revolutions on each foot in the chosen basic position.
Junior: Only the prescribed sit or camel position is permitted to be
executed. The spin must consist of only one change of foot, which may be
executed in the form of a step over or a jump with not less than six
revolutions on each foot in the chosen basic position.
e) Women - layback or sideways leaning spin:
Any position is permitted, as long as the basic layback or sideways leaning
position is maintained for eight revolutions without rising to an uprightposition. After the required eight revolutions it is possible to execute the
Biellmann position. Change of foot is not allowed.
Women - Spin in one position without change of foot:Any variation(s) of the chosen position can be executed. Minimum of eight
revolutions in this position.
For Men and Women: If the landing position of the Flying spin is the samethat in the Spin in one position, the last performed of these two spins will
not be counted, but will occupy a spin box.
f) Spin combination:
The spin combination must include only one change of foot with not lessthan six revolutions on each foot. A change of foot may be executed in theform of a step over or a jump. The change of foot and the change of
position may be made either at the same time or separately. See general
requirements for a spin combination in Rule 610.
Step Sequences
Unlisted jumps (any number of revolutions) and listed jumps (withmaximum one revolution) may be included in the step sequence without
any penalties. Listed jumps of not more than one revolution included in
the sequence will not be called and will not occupy a box.

Rule 612
Free Skating Singles
1. Free Skating consists of a well-balanced program of Free Skating
elements, such as jumps, spins, steps and other linking movements
executed with a minimum of two footed skating in harmony with music of
the Competitor’s choice, vocal music with lyrics is permitted.

109

Senior Well Balanced Program
A well-balanced Free Skating program for Men must contain:• maximum of seven jump elements (one of which must be an Axel
type jump);• maximum of three spins, one of which must be a spin combination,
one a flying spin or a spin with a flying entrance and one a spin with
only one position;• maximum of one step sequence;• maximum of one choreographic sequence.
A well-balanced Free Skating program for Women must contain:• maximum of seven jump elements (one of which must be an Axel
type jump);• maximum of three spins, one of which must be a spin combination,
one a flying spin or a spin with a flying entrance and one a spin with
only one position;• maximum of one step sequence;• maximum of one choreographic sequence.
Junior Well-Balanced Program
A well-balanced Free Skating program for Men must contain:• maximum of seven jump elements (one of which must be an Axel
type jump);• maximum of three spins, one of which must be a spin combination,
one a flying spin or a spin with a flying entrance and one a spin with
only one position;• maximum of one choreographic sequence.
A well-balanced Free Skating program for Women must contain:• maximum of seven jump elements (one of which must be an Axel
type jump);• maximum of three spins, one of which must be a spin combination,
one a flying spin or a spin with a flying entrance and one a spin with
only one position;• maximum of one choreographic sequence.
2. General
The Competitor has complete freedom to select the Free Skating
elements, the sum of which will comprise the program.
All elements are to be linked together by connecting steps of a different
nature and by other comparable Free Skating movements while fully
utilizing the entire ice surface (forward and backward crossovers are not110considered to be connecting steps).
Any additional element or elements exceeding the prescribed numbers will
not be counted in the results of a participant. Only the first attempt (orallowed number of attempts) of an element will be taken into account.
Remarks
For all singles Free Programs the following will apply:
Individual Jumps
Individual jumps can contain any number of revolutions.
Jump Combinations and Jump Sequences
A jump combination and a jump sequence may consist of the same oranother single, double, triple or quadruple jump. There may be up to three
jump combinations or two jump combinations and one jump sequence in
the Free Program. One jump combination or one jump sequence may
consist of up to three jumps, the other two up to two jumps each.
Repetitions:
Any double jump (including double Axel) cannot be included more than
twice in a Single’s Free Program (as a Solo Jump or a part of a Jump
Combination / Sequence).
Of all triple and quadruple jumps only two can be executed twice. Of thetwo repetitions only one can be a quadruple jump. If at least one of these
executions is in a Jump Combination/ Sequence, both executions are
attributed their full numerical value according to the Scale of Value andcalculation process described in Rule 353, 1.h), i) and ii.
If both executions are as solo jumps, the second of these solo jumps will
be attributed 70% of its numerical value according to the Scale of Value.
Triple and quadruple jumps with the same name will be considered as two
different jumps. No triple jump or quadruple jump can be attempted morethan twice.
Extra jumps and jump elements:
If an extra jump(s) is executed only the individual jump which is notaccording to the requirements will have no value. The jumps are
considered in the order of execution.
Spins
All Spins must be of a different character. Any Spin with the samecharacter (abbreviation) as the one executed before will be deleted (butwill occupy a spinning box).
111

The spins must have a required minimum number of revolutions: six forthe flying spin and the spin with only one position and ten for the spincombination, the lack of which must be reflected by Judges in theirmarking. These minimum number of required revolutions must be counted
from the entry of the spin until its exit (except final wind-up in Spins in one
position and Flying spins). In the spin combination and spin in one position
the change of foot is optional.
Steps
The Competitors have complete freedom in selecting the kind of step
sequence they intend to execute. Any unlisted jumps of any number of
revolutions and listed jumps with maximum one revolution can be includedin the step sequence without any penalties. Listed jumps of not more than
one revolution included in the sequence will not be called and will not
occupy a box.
Listed jumps with more than one revolution can also be included in thestep sequence; they will be called and will occupy a box. The step
sequence must fully utilize the ice surface. Step sequences which are too
short and barely visible cannot be considered as meeting therequirements of a step sequence.
Choreographic Sequences
A Choreographic Sequence consists of at least two different movements
like spirals, arabesques, spread eagles, Ina Bauers, hydroblading, any
jumps with maximum of two revolutions, spins, etc. Steps and turns may
be used to link the two or more different movements together. Listed
elements included in the Choreographic Sequence will not be called andwill not occupy a box. The pattern is not restricted, but the sequence must
be clearly visible.
The Technical Panel identifies the Choreographic Sequence which
commences with the first skating movement and is concluded with the
preparation to the next element (if the Choreographic Sequence is not thelast element of the program). It can be performed before or after the Step
Sequence.
This element has a fixed base value and will be evaluated by the judges
in GOE only.
Rules 613 – 618 (reserved)112

C. Pair Skating
Rule 619
Requirements to elements of Pair Skating
GeneralPair Skating is the skating of two persons in unison who perform their
movements in such harmony with each other as to give the impression of
genuine Pair Skating as compared with independent Single Skating;attention should be paid to the selection of an appropriate partner.
All elements are to be linked together by connecting steps of a different
nature and by other comparable Free Skating movements, together witha variety of positions and holds, while fully utilizing the entire ice surface.
a) Both partners need not always perform the same movements;
they may separate from time to time, but they must give an
impression of unison and harmony of composition of program andof execution of the skating. Movements performed entirely on twofeet must be kept to a minimum.
b) For the purpose of these Rules, a lift means a complete lift
including full extension of the lifting arm/s, if required for the typeof lift concerned. Small lifts, which may be either ascending anddescending or rotational in character, in which the Man does notraise his hands higher than the shoulder level, as well as
movements which may include the holding of the Woman by thelegs are also permitted.
c) One skate of the Woman must remain on the ice throughout thedeath spiral. Multiple execution throughout a program of
movements, where neither skate is on the ice must be penalized.
d) Harmonious steps and connecting movements, in time to themusic, should be maintained throughout the program.
Lifts
Pair lifts are classified as follows:
Group One
Armpit Hold position
Group Two
Waist Hold position
Group Three Hand to Hip or upper part of the leg (above theknee) position
Group Four
Hand to Hand position (Press Lift type)Group Five
Hand to Hand position (Lasso Lift type)
The Lift’s Group is determined by the hold at the moment the Woman
passes the Man’s shoulder. In Groups 3–5 full extension of the liftingarm(s) is mandatory.
113

A minimum of one revolution of the Man.
Partners may give each other assistance only through hand-to-hand,
hand-to-arm, hand-to-body and hand to upper part of the leg (above theknee) grips. A change of hold means going from one of these grips toanother or from one hand to another in a one hand hold. Changes of holdduring the lift are permitted.
Woman’s positions are classified as follows: Upright (Woman’s upper
body vertical), Star (Woman’s position sideways with upper body parallelto the ice) and Platter (Woman’s position flat, facing up or down with upper
body parallel to the ice). A change of position means going from one ofthese positions to another (one full revolution in each position).
For the evaluation of the Technical Panel, the lift is concluded when the
Man’s arm(s) begin to bend after full extension and consequently the
Woman begins to descend. Level features (except related to take-off orlanding) are counted from the moment the Man’s arms are fully
extended until the conclusion of the Lift. Judges evaluate the entire liftfrom take-off to landing.
Twist lifts
The Woman must be caught in the air at the waist by the Man prior tolanding and be assisted to a smooth landing on the ice on a backward
outside edge on one foot.
Throw jumps
Throw jumps are partner assisted jumps in which the Woman is throwninto the air by the Man on the take-off and lands without assistance fromher partner on a backward outside edge.
Solo jumps, jump combinations and jump sequences
In case of unequal number of revolutions of the partners in a jump
performed as a solo jump or part of a combination or a sequence, thisjump will be called as a jump with lesser amounts of revolutions executedby the partners.
Death Spirals
In the final position while the Woman is performing the actual death spiral,
both the Man and the Woman must execute a minimum of one revolution
with the knees of the Man clearly bent and in full pivot position. For apossible higher Level, the Man should stay in a low pivot position (this iswhen the lower part of his buttocks is not higher than the upper part of theknee of the pivot foot). The Woman simultaneously must skate on a clean
114edge with her body and head close to the ice surface, however she must
not touch the ice with her head or assist herself with the free hand or any
part of the body. The Woman’s body weight is supported by the force ofthe spiraling edge and the hold of the Man.
The Man must be in a centered position with a fully extended arm.
Any kind of position is counted as a feature if Skaters’ hold lasts for atleast one revolution.
Step sequences
Should be executed together or close together. Step sequence must fully
utilize the ice surface. Credit will be given to a pair which changes places
and holds or uses difficult skating moves together during a step sequence.
The workload between both partners must be even to be taken into
account for a possible higher Level.

Rule 620
Short Programs Pairs
1. a) The Short Program for pairs (Senior and Junior) consists of sevenrequired elements. The sequence of the elements is optional;b) The program shall be skated in harmony with the music chosen
by the Pair. Vocal music with lyrics is permitted;c) If an unprescribed or additional element (performed) substitutes arequired element (not performed), the respective box will beblocked and this performed element will be considered as notaccording to the requirements (no value).
d) Unlisted or additional elements such as jumps, spins, steps orrepetitions, even of elements which have failed, are not marked
and consequently do not block a “box” (spot) of another type ofelements.
2. The Senior Short Program shall consist of the following requiredelements, which form three groups. The groups that are effective on July
1st of each year are:2022-2023
a) Any Lasso lift take-off (Group Five);b) Twist lift (double or triple);c) Throw jump (double or triple);d) Solo jump (double or triple);e) Solo spin combination with only one change of foot;f)Death spiral backward inside;g) Step sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
1152023-2024a) Any hip lift take-off (Group Three);b) Twist lift (double or triple);c) Throw jump (double or triple);d) Solo jump (double or triple);e) Solo spin combination with only one change of foot;f)Death spiral forward inside;g) Step sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
2024-2025a) Any hand to hand lift take-off (Group Four);b) Twist lift (double or triple);c) Throw jump (double or triple);d) Solo jump (double or triple);e) Solo spin combination with only one change of foot;f)Death spiral backward outside;g) Step sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
3. The Junior Short Program shall consist of the following requiredelements, which form three groups. The groups that are effective on July
1st of each year are:2022-2023
a) Any Lasso lift take-off (Group Five);b) Twist lift (double or triple);c) Double or triple toe loop or Flip/Lutz throw jump;d) Double loop or double Axel solo jump;e) Solo spin combination with only one change of foot;f)Death spiral backward inside;g) Step sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
2023-2024a) Any hip lift take-off (Group Three);b) Twist lift (double or triple);c) Double or triple loop throw jump;d) Double Lutz or double Axel solo jump ;e) Solo spin combination with only one change of foot;f)Death spiral forward inside;g) Step sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
2024-2025a) Any hand to hand lift take-off (Group Four);b) Twist lift (double or triple);c) Double or triple Salchow throw jump;116d) Double Flip or double Axel solo jump;e) Solo spin combination with only one change of foot;f)Death spiral backward outside;g) Step sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
4. Remarks
Liftsa) Only the prescribed overhead lift take-off is permitted.
Twist liftsb) In the Short Program a twist lift take off is limited to either a Lutz or a
Flip take off by the Woman. The number of revolutions of the Woman
rotating freely in the air is two or three for Seniors and Juniors.
Throw jumpsc) For Seniors, any double or triple throw jump is permitted. For Juniors
only the prescribed throw jump is permitted.
Solo jumpsd) For Seniors, any double or triple jump is permitted. For Juniors only
the prescribed jump is permitted.
Spins
Solo spin combinatione) The Solo spin combination must have a minimum of two different
basic positions with two revolutions in each of these positions by bothpartners anywhere within the spin. To receive full value, a Spincombination must include all three basic positions by both partners.
Solo spin combinations may be commenced with jumps.
The spin combination must include only one change of foot with notless than five revolutions on each foot by both partners. The change
of foot may be executed in the form of a step over or a jump. Thechange of foot and the change of positions may be made either at thesame time or separately.
Death Spiralsf)
Only the prescribed death spiral is permitted.
Death Spiral backward outside:
Both partners are skating on a backward outside edge. The Man
performs a pivot and holds the hand of the Woman with the samearm as his skating foot fully extended. The Woman is leaning
backwards to the ice and her arm is fully extended as she circles
117around the Man in this position. Any variation of the Man’s position,
skating direction or edge is allowed as long as he keeps the pivot
position as described and the Woman circles around him on an
outside edge.
Death Spiral forward inside:
The Man is skating on a backward outside edge, and the Woman isskating on a forward inside edge. The Man performs a pivot and holds
the hand of the Woman with the same arm fully extended as his
skating foot. The Woman is leaning sideways to the ice and her arm
is also fully extended as she circles around the Man in this position.
Any variation of the Man’s position, skating direction or edge isallowed as long as he keeps the pivot position as described and the
Woman circles around him on an inside edge.
Death Spiral backward inside:
The Woman is leaning towards the ice and her arm is fully extended
and she circles around the Man on a firm backward inside edge.
Death Spiral forward outside:
The same as for the death spiral forward inside, except that the
Woman circles around the Man on a firm forward outside edge.
Step sequencesg) Step sequence should be executed together or close together andmay include any unlisted jumps. Short stops in accordance with themusic are permitted.

Rule 621
Free Skating Pairs
1. Free Skating for pairs consists of a well-balanced program composedand skated to music of the pair’s own choice for a specified period of time.
Vocal music with lyrics is permitted. A good program contains moves ofSingle Skating executed simultaneously either symmetrically (mirror
skating) or in parallel (shadow skating) and especially typical Pair Skating
moves such as pair spins, spirals, lifts, partner assisted jumps and the like,linked harmoniously by steps and other movements.
2.
•
•
118

A Senior Well-Balanced Program must contain:
maximum of three lifts, not all from the same group, with full extensionof the lifting arm/s;
maximum of one twist lift;

•
•
•
•
•
•

maximum of two different throw jumps;
maximum of one solo jump;
maximum of one jump combination or sequence;
maximum of one pair spin combination;
maximum of one death spiral different from the death spiral of the
Short Program;maximum of one choreographic sequence.

3.
•

A Junior Well-Balanced Program must contain:
maximum of two lifts, not all from the same group with full extensionof the lifting arm/s;•
maximum of one twist lift;•
maximum of two different throw jumps;•
maximum of one solo jump;•
maximum of one jump combination or sequence;•
maximum of one pair spin combination;•
maximum of one death spiral;•maximum of one choreographic sequence.
Any additional element or elements exceeding the prescribed numbers will
not be counted in the result of a pair. Only the first attempt (or allowed
number of attempts) of an element will be taken into account.
4. Remarks
For all pair programs, the following will apply:
Lifts
All Lifts must have different abbreviations, if two Group 5 Lifts are
executed, the take-offs have to be of a different nature (abbreviation). If
the take-off is not different, the second executed lift with the same
abbreviation will not be marked, but will block a Lift box.
Carry Liftsa) Lifts with at least one continuous revolution of the Man may include acarry. Only the first carry included in the one of such lift can be counted
for a possible level feature.
b) Lifts that are just "Carries" consist of the simple carrying of a partner
without rotation, only half a revolution of the Man is allowed on the
take-off and/or exit. All holds in “Carry” lifts are unrestricted. The
carrying of one partner by the other on the back, shoulders or knees
is allowed in these lifts. Carry lifts shall not be counted in the numberof overhead lifts. These lifts will be considered in the component"Composition". They do not have a value and are not limited in
number.
119

Twist lift
In Free Skating the number of revolutions in the twist lift is not limited. A
Lutz, Flip, Toe loop or Axel take-off by the Woman is accepted.
Solo jumps, jump combinations and jump sequences
The jump combination may consist of two or three jumps.
All jumps executed with more than two revolutions (Double Axel and all
triple and quadruple jumps) must be of different nature (different name),
however the jump combination or sequence can include two same such
jumps. If an extra jump(s) is executed, only the individual jump(s) which is
not according to the requirements will have no value. The jumps are
considered in the order of execution.
Pair Spin Combination
The pair spin combination must have a minimum of two different basic
positions with two revolutions in each of these positions by both partners
anywhere within the spin.
The pair spin combination must include at least one change of position ofboth partners.
The pair spin combination must include at least one change of foot of bothpartners, not necessarily executed by both partners at the same time.
If there is no change of foot or no change of position by both partners, theelement will have no value.
The pair spin combination must have a minimum of eight revolutions, thelack of which must be reflected by Judges in their marking. However, aspin with less than three rotations is considered as a skating movement
and not a spin. The minimum number of required revolutions must be
counted from the entry of the spin until its exit.
Death Spiral
Variations of arm holds and pivot positions (backward or forward) are
possible.
For Seniors the death spiral of Free Skating must be of a different typethan the death spiral of the Short Program.
Choreographic Sequences
A Choreographic Sequence consists of at least two different movements
like spirals, arabesques, spread eagles, Ina Bauers, hydroblading, any
jumps with maximum of two revolutions, spins, small lifts etc. Steps andturns may be used to link the two or more different movements together.
Listed elements included in the Choreographic Sequence will not be called
and will not occupy a box. The pattern is not restricted, but the sequencemust be clearly visible.
120

The Technical Panel identifies the Choreographic Sequence which
commences with the first skating movement and is concluded with the
preparation to the next element (if the Choreographic Sequence is not thelast element of the program).
This element has a fixed base value and will be evaluated by the judges
in GOE only.

121III. TECHNICAL RULESICE DANCE
A. Ice Dance definitions

Rule 701
Axis
1. Long Axis – A straight line that divides the ice surface into two halves
lengthwise (midline).
2. Short Axis – A straight line that divides the ice surface into two halvescrosswise.
3. Continuous Axis – An imaginary line running around the ice surface
that serves as the basis for the dance pattern. Usually, in Pattern
Dances and Rhythm Dance, the continuous axis consists of two lines
running parallel to the long axis of the ice surface, approximately
halfway between the long axis and the sides. These lines are joinedat each end of the ice surface by a semi-circle. These semi-circles areflattened in some dances so that they run parallel to the ends of theice surface. In circular dances, such as the Kilian, the continuous axis
approximates a circle. The continuous axis of the Paso Doble is anoval.
4. Transverse Axis – An imaginary line intersecting the Continuous Axis
of a dance at right angles.

Rule 702
Patterns
The pattern of any dance is the design of the dance on the ice. The
diagram of a Pattern Dance includes all the information needed to execute
one complete pattern (sequence) of the dance.
1. Set Pattern Dance – A Pattern Dance for which the location, direction
and curvature of all edges to be skated are designated in the diagram.
This diagram must be followed as closely as possible.
2. Optional Pattern Dance – A Pattern Dance for which the pattern may
be altered by a Couple provided that the original step sequences,
positions and timing are maintained. Each repetition of the alteredpattern must be executed in the same manner and the restart must becommenced from the same place.
1223. Lobe – Any sequence of steps on one side of the Continuous Axis thatis approximately semi-circular in shape.

Rule 703
Series of steps
1. Introductory Steps – All Pattern Dances (does not apply to Pattern
Dance Elements) may be started with optional introductory steps.
2. Start of Pattern Dance – The first step of the Pattern Dance after the
Introductory Steps.
3. Sequence – The set order of the prescribed steps/turns that compose
one pattern (sequence) of a Pattern Dance.
4. Step Sequence – A series of prescribed or un-prescribed steps, turns
and movements in a Rhythm Dance or a Free Dance. Step
Sequences are divided into Types, Groups and Styles.
a) There are the following Types of Step Sequences, which may beskated either in hold or not- touching.
i) Step Sequences in Hold must be skated in any Dance Holds
or variation thereof (unless otherwise specified by the Ice
Dance Technical Committee). Any separation to change ahold must not exceed one measure of music;ii) Not Touching Step Sequences must incorporate mirror
and/or matching footwork. Both partners may cross eachother’s tracing(s) and may switch from matching footwork to
mirror and vice versa, unless otherwise specified by the Ice
Dance Technical Committee. The partners should remain as
close together as possible, but they must not touch. The
distance between the partners should generally not be morethan two arm length apart, except for short distances when
the partners are performing edges and turns in opposite
directions.
b) Types of Step Sequences are divided into Groups:i) Group A: Straight Line Step Sequences• Midline − skated along the full length of the ice surface
on the Long Axis or Short Axis;• Diagonal − skated as fully corner to corner as possible.
ii) Group B: Curved Step Sequence• Circular (may be skated in anticlockwise or clockwise
direction) − utilizing the full width of the ice surface on
the Short Axis;•
Serpentine − commences in either direction (clockwiseor anticlockwise) at the Long Axis at one end of the rink
123

c)

and progresses in three bold curves or in two bold
curves (S-Shaped) and ends at the Long Axis of the
opposite end of the rink, the pattern utilizing the full
width of the ice surface.
iii) Group C: Partial Step Sequences• Pattern Dance Type Step Sequence– performed on theice surface anywhere or as prescribed by the Ice
Dance Technical Committee.
Style of Step Sequences
Characteristics of Levels of Step Sequences, organized as
Styles, are technical requirements with ongoing validity and are
published in an ISU Communication

Any variation or combination of Groups, or other Groups of Step
Sequences as decided upon by the Ice Dance Technical Committee aredescribed and published in an ISU Communication.
5. Section – A part of a Sequence of a Pattern Dance.
6. Pattern Dance Element – A series of prescribed steps, turns andmovements in a Rhythm Dance, consisting of:a) a Sequence of a Pattern Dance listed in Rule 707 orb) a Section of a Pattern Dance listed in Rule 707 orc) a combination of steps/turns from Pattern Dances listed in Rule
707.

Rule 704
Steps, Turns and Movements
1. Step – The visible tracing on the ice that is executed on one foot. It
may consist of an edge, change of edge, a turn on one foot such as a
Three-Turn or Counter or a flat (which usually is not acceptable).
a) Edge – The visible tracing of a skate on one foot that is on one
curve;b) Change of Edge – The visible tracing of a skate on one foot thatchanges from one curve and edge to a different curve and edge;c) Flat – The visible double tracing of a skate on one foot that is
straight.
2. Open Stroke – A step started close beside the skating foot withoutcrossing in front or behind. It should be noted that on all forward edges
the free leg is held behind before coming to the skating foot for the
next step. On all backward edges the free leg is held forward before
returning to the skating foot for the next step.

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3. Cross Stroke – A step started with the feet crossed so that the impetusor power is gained from the outside edge of the foot that is becoming
the free foot. (Note – the legs cross above the knees).
4. Crossed Step In Front – A step in which the free foot is placed on theice on the outer edge side of the skating foot with the free leg tightly
crossed in front of the skating leg (note – the legs cross below theknees).
5. Crossed Step Behind – A step in which the free foot is placed on theice on the outer edge side of the skating foot with the free leg tightly
crossed behind the skating leg (note – the legs cross below theknees).
6. Chasséa) Simple Chassé – A series of two edges (usually outside, inside)in which on the second edge the free foot is placed on the ice
beside the skating foot, but not ahead of or behind it, and the freefoot is lifted with the blade parallel to the ice;b) Crossed Chassé is the same as Simple Chassé except that on
the second step the free foot crosses the skating foot (crossing
behind if the Skater is skating forward, and crossing in front if the
Skater is skating backward);c) Slide Chassé is the same as Simple Chassé except that on thesecond step the free foot slides off the ice in front of the skatingfoot when the Skater is skating forward and to the back if the
Skater is skating backward (example: Man's Step 32 in theStarlight Waltz).
7. Progressive (or Run or Crossover) – A step or sequence of steps inwhich the free foot passes the skating foot before it is placed on theice, thereby bringing the new free foot off the ice trailing the newskating foot.
8. Roll – A short or long, forward or backward edge.
a) Swing Roll – A Roll held for several beats of music during which,when skating backward, the free leg lifts and then first swings
forward, then backward past the skating foot, then back beside toskate the next step. When skating forward, the free leg first swings
backward, then forward and then back beside to skate the next
step. The swing of the leg gives the sense of a “rolling movement”;b) Cross Roll (Forward/Backward) - A Roll started with the action of
the free foot approaching the skating foot from the side andpassing continuously the skating foot on ice to the next outside
curve. At the same time, the body weight transfers from one
125

outside curve to the new outside curve to create a “rolling
movement”. Following this action, an outside edge is required.
9. Slip Step – A step skated in a straight line with the blades of bothskates being held flat on the ice. The weight is over the skating leg
that may be well bent or straight while the free foot slides forward on
the ice to full extension.
10. Toe Step – A step where the Skater steps from one toe to the otherwithout jumping.
11. Turna) One Foot Turn – A rotational movement on one foot in which the
Skater moves from forward to backward or backward to forward.
i)

Three Turn – A turn executed on one foot from an outsideedge to an inside edge or an inside edge to an outside edge,
with the exit curve continuing on the same lobe as the entry
curve. The Skater turns in the direction of the curve;ii)

American Waltz Type Three Turn (or Swing Three Turn) – A
Three Turn from an outside edge in which the free leg is
extended and the toe and hip are well turned out and held
over the tracing. The instep of the free foot is drawn close to
the heel of the skating foot as the turn is made. After the turnonto an inside edge, the free foot is extended back of the
tracing before being brought back beside the skating foot intime for the next step;iii) European Waltz Type Three Turn – A Three Turn which
begins as in ii). After the turn the back inside edge is held for
one beat before the weight is transferred to the free foot as it
becomes the skating foot;iv) Ravensburger Waltz Type Three Turn – An inside Three Turnthat begins as in i) and ii) with the free leg extended over the
tracing and left behind during the turn, and swings throughafter its completion in front of the tracing before being broughtback beside the skating foot in time for the next step.
(example: Man's Step 1 in the Ravensburger Waltz);v) Touchdown Three Turn – A Three Turn in which the weight isalmost immediately transferred to the free foot as it becomes
the skating foot for the next step. The turn is made from aforward outside three to the backward outside edge of the
opposite foot without full weight transfer, then the Skater
immediately steps forward onto the original foot (example:
Steps 1 and 2 in the Austrian Waltz). Such a sequence may
126be skated with forward or backward, inside or outside Three
Turns and may be skated alone or as a Couple side by side;vi) Walk-Around Three Turns – Three Turns turned by a Couple
at the same time around a common axis. The partners skatethese turns in Waltz Hold (example: Step 29 to 31 in theAustrian Waltz, Steps 39 and 40 in the Ravensburger Waltz)
or offset in partial Tango Hold (Steps 1 to 5 in the Golden
Waltz);
vii) Bracket – A turn executed on one foot from an outside edge
to an inside edge or an inside edge to an outside edge, withthe exit curve continuing on the same lobe as the entry curve.
The Skater turns in the direction opposite to the curve;viii) Rocker – A turn executed on one foot from an outside edge
to an outside edge or an inside edge to an inside edge, withthe exit curve on a different lobe from the entry curve. The
Skater turns in the direction of the entry curve;ix) Counter – A turn executed on one foot from an outside edge
to an outside edge or an inside edge to an inside edge, withthe exit curve on a different lobe from the entry curve. The
Skater turns in the direction opposite to the entry curve (i.e. in
the direction of the exit curve);x) Swing Rocker or Counter – A type of Rocker or Counter inwhich the free foot swings smoothly past close to the skatingfoot before the turn and after the turn is either moved past theskating foot and held behind over the tracing or allowed toswing forward.
b) Two Foot Turn – A rotational movement from one foot to the otherfoot in which the Skater moves forward to backward or backward
to forwardi)Mohawk – A turn from one foot to the other in which the entry
and exit curves are continuous and of equal depth. Thechange of foot is from an outside edge to an outside edge orfrom an inside edge to an inside edge.
••

Open Mohawk – A Mohawk in which the heel of the freefoot is placed on the ice at the inner side of the skatingfoot, the angle between the two feet being optional.
Following the weight transfer, the immediate position of
the new free foot is behind the heel of the new skating foot(examples: the Man’s Steps 8 and 9 and the Woman’s
Steps 12 and 13 in the Fourteenstep);
Closed Mohawk – A Mohawk in which the instep of thefree foot is brought to the heel of the skating foot until the
127

•

ii)

free foot is placed on the ice behind the heel of the skatingfoot. Following the weight transfer, the immediate positionof the new free foot is in front of the new skating foot(examples: Steps 11 and 12 of the Rocker Foxtrot);
Swing Mohawk – An Open or Closed Mohawk in which
the free leg swings forward closely past the skating leg,and then back to the skating foot to execute the turn(examples: Steps 20 and 21 in the Tango).

Choctaw – A turn from one foot to the other in which the curveof the exit edge is opposite to that of the entry edge. Thechange of foot is from outside edge to inside edge or insideedge to outside edge. Unless otherwise specified in the dancedescription, the free foot is placed on the ice close to theskating foot. The entry and exit edge are of equal depth.
•

Open Choctaw – A Choctaw in which the free foot isplaced on the ice at the inner side of the skating foot.
Following the weight transfer the immediate position of
the new free foot is behind the heel of the new skating
foot;

•

Closed Choctaw – A Choctaw in which the instep of thefree foot is brought to the heel of the skating foot until thefree foot is placed on the ice behind the heel of the skatingfoot. Following the weight transfer the immediate positionof the new free foot is in front of the new skating foot(example: Steps 12 and 13 in the Blues);•

Swing Choctaw – An Open or Closed Choctaw in which
the free leg swings forward closely past the skating leg
and then back to the skating foot to execute the turn(example: Steps 5 and 6 [first part] of the Quickstep);•

Crossed Open Choctaw – A Choctaw in which the outsideof the free foot is held in front of and at right angles to theskating foot. The hip is open after the turn. It may be widestepped (example: Steps 11 and 12 in the Rhumba).

c) Twizzle – A traveling turn on one foot with one or more rotations
which is quickly rotated with a continuous (uninterrupted) action.
The weight remains on the skating foot with the free foot in any
position during the turn then placed beside the skating foot toskate the next step. A series of checked Three Turns is not
acceptable as this does not constitute a continuous action. If thetraveling action stops during the execution, the Twizzle, it
becomes a Solo Spin (Pirouette).
128

The four different types of entry edges for Twizzles are as follows:- Forward Inside;- Forward Outside;- Backward Inside;- Backward Outside.
d) Twizzle Like Motion – While the body performs one full continuous
rotation, the skating foot technically executes less than a full turnfollowed by a step forward.
12. Turn Sequencesi) Set of Twizzlesa) Set of Synchronized Twizzles – A series of two Twizzles foreach partner with up to four steps between Twizzles;b) Set of Sequential Twizzles – A series of two Twizzles for eachpartner with up to one step between Twizzles.
For both a) and b), each Twizzle shall be at least one fullrotation on one foot performed simultaneously (at the sametime) by both partners.
ii) One Foot Turns Sequence
Specified Turns performed on one foot by each partner
simultaneously, in Hold or separately.
13. Solo Spin (Pirouette) – A spinning movement performed on one footon the spot by one partner alone (with or without the assistance of theother partner) or by both partners simultaneously (around separate
centers);
14. Dance Spina) Dance Spin – A spin skated by the Couple together in any hold.
To be performed on the spot around a common axis on one footwith or without change(s) of foot by one or both partners;b) Basic Positions in Dance Spinsi)

Upright Position – Performed on one foot with skating leg
straight or slightly bent and upper body upright (on a nearlyvertical axis), arched back or bent to the side.

ii)

Sit Position – Performed on one foot with skating leg bent ina one-legged crouch position and free leg forward, to the sideor back;iii) Camel Position – Performed on one foot with skating leg
straight or slightly bent and body bent forward and free leg
extended or bent upward on a horizontal line or higher.

12915. Leg and Foot Positionsa) Coupée – The free foot is held up in contact with the skating leg
from an open hip position so that the free foot is at a right angles
to the leg of the skating foot;b) Passé – The free foot is brought up to the side of the skating leg
from a closed hip position so that the free foot is parallel to the legof the skating foot;c) Attitude – The free leg is bent, and brought up out and behind at
a ninety degree angle to the leg of the skating foot.
16. Dance Lift – A movement in which one of the partners is elevated withactive and/or passive assistance of the other partner to any permitted
height, sustained there and set down on the ice. Any rotations andpositions and changes of such positions during the lift are permitted.
Lifts should enhance the music chosen and express its character andshould be performed in an elegant manner without obvious feats ofstrength and awkward and/or undignified actions and poses. Types ofDance Lifts are classified as follows:
Short Lifts – the duration of the lift should not exceed seven secondsa) Stationary Lift – A lift that is executed on the spot (stationary
location) by the lifting partner who may or may not be rotating;b) Straight Line Lift – A lift in which the lifting partner travels in astraight line in any position on one foot or two feet;c) Curve Lift – A lift in which the lifting partner travels on one
curve (lobe) in any position on one foot or two feet;d) Rotational Lift – A lift in which the lifting partner rotates in one(clockwise or anticlockwise) direction while travelling acrossthe ice.
Combination Lifts – the duration of the lift should not exceed 12
seconds. A lift combining:e) two Rotational Lifts (as per paragraph d) above): in different
directions;f)

two Curve Lifts: on two different curves forming a serpentine
pattern;g) two different Types of Short Lifts a), b), c) or d) above.
17. Jumpsa) Dance Jump – A jump of not more than one revolution.
b) Jump Entry – A jump of not more than one and a half revolutions,performed by one partner as an entry to a Required Element
unless otherwise specified in an ISU Communication.
130c) Jump Exit – A jump of not more than one and a half revolutions,performed by one partner as an exit from a Required Element
unless otherwise specified in an ISU Communication.
d) Hop – A small jump without revolution.
18. Types of Movementsa) Crouch – A two-footed movement in which a Skater travels
along the ice with both legs bent at an angle;b) Ina Bauer – A two-footed movement in which the Skater travels
along the ice with one foot on a forward edge/tracing and theother on a matching backward edge/tracing on a different but
parallel tracing;c) Lunge – A movement in which a Skater travels along the ice with
one leg bent and the other leg directed behind with theboot/blade touching the ice;d) Pivot – A two footed movement in which the toe picks of one footare inserted into the ice by a Skater as a central pivoting point
while the other foot travels in a circular pattern around the pivot
point;e) Shoot the Duck – A one foot movement in which a Skater
travels along the ice with one leg in a strongly bent position
and the other leg directed forward parallel to the ice;f) Spread Eagle – A two-footed movement in which a Skater
travels along the ice with one foot on a forward edge/tracing andthe other on a matching backward edge/tracing on the same
tracing.
19. Choreographic Element – Listed or unlisted movement or series of
movement(s) as specified by the Ice Dance Technical Committee.
20. Any variation(s) or combination(s) of Turns/Steps/Movements/Spins/
Lifts approved by the Ice Dance Technical Committee and publishedin an ISU Communication when applicable.
21. Illegal Elements/Movements/Poses – The following elements,
movements and/or poses are illegal in Rhythm Dance, Free Danceand in the Pattern Dances including the introductory and concluding
steps (unless otherwise stated in an ISU Communication):a) sitting on the partner’s head;b) standing on the partner’s shoulder;c) lifted partner in upside down split pose (with sustained angle
between thighs more than 45 degrees);d) lifting partner swinging the lifted partner around by holding theskate(s)/boot(s) or leg(s) only with fully extended arm(s)131e) lifting partner swinging the lifted partner around without theassistance of hand(s)/arm(s) and the lifted partner holding onlywith feet around the lifting partner’s neck;f) point of contact of the lifting hand(s)/arm(s) of the lifting partnerwith any part of the body of the lifted partner is sustained with the
fully extended arm(s) higher than the lifting partner’s head (thesupporting arm may be sustained and fully extended above thehead);g) Jumps of more than one revolution except Jump Entry and/or
Jump Exit;h) Lying on the ice.
A brief movement through poses a) to f) will be permitted if it is notestablished and sustained or if it is used only to change pose.

Rule 705
Dance Holds
1. Hand-in-Hand Holda) Facing in same direction – The partners face in the same direction
and are skating side by side or one behind the other with theirarms extended and their hands clasped. A variation of this is thearm-in-arm side by side hold.
b) Facing in opposite directions – The partners usually face eachother while one skates backward and the other skates forwardwith the arms extended to the side but sometimes the hold can beskated back to back (example: Steps 22 to 25 in the Cha Cha
Congelado).
2. Closed or Waltz Hold – The partners are directly opposite each other.
One partner faces forward while the other partner faces backward.
The Man’s right hand is placed firmly on his partner’s back at theshoulder blade with the elbow raised and the arm bent sufficiently tohold the Woman close to him. The left hand of the Woman is placed
at/on the shoulder of the Man so that her arm rests comfortably, elbow
to elbow, on his upper arm. The left arm of the Man and the right armof the Woman are extended comfortably at shoulder height. Theirshoulders remain parallel.
3. a) Open or Foxtrot Hold – The hand and arm holds are similar to
those of the Closed or Waltz Hold. The partners simply turnslightly away from each other so that they both face in the same
direction.
132b) Crossed Foxtrot Hold – The partners are in the same hold as
above except that the Man’s right arm passes behind the Woman
and his right hand is on her right hip, and the Woman’s left arm
passes behind the Man and her left hand is on his left hip.
4. Outside or Tango Hold – The partners face in opposite directions –one partner skating forward; the other partner backward. However,unlike the Closed Hold, the partners are offset with the Man to the rightor left of the Woman so that the front of his hip is in line with the frontof her corresponding hip. Tight hip-to-hip position is undesirable since
it impedes flow.
5. a) Kilian Hold – The partners face in the same direction with the
Woman to the right of the Man and his right shoulder behind herleft. The left arm of the Woman is extended across the front of the
Man’s body to hold his left hand. His right arm crosses behind the
Woman’s back to clasp her right hand. Both right hands rest overher hip bone;b) Reversed Kilian Hold – This hold is similar to the Kilian Hold butwith the Woman at the Man’s left;c) Open Kilian Hold – The Man’s left hand holds the Woman’s left
hand, with his right hand resting over the Woman’s left hip or
behind her back. The Woman’s right arm is extended. This hold
may also be reversed;d) Crossed Kilian Hold – The Woman’s left arm is extended acrossthe front of the Man’s body to his left hand, while his right arm isextended across in front of her body with both partners’ righthands resting clasped over her hip. This hold may also bereversed;e) High Kilian Hold – A Kilian Hold in which one pair of the joined
hands are elevated to slightly above shoulder height with theelbows slightly bent (example: Steps 3 to 12 in the Yankee Polka).
6. Leading Hand – The leading hand of the Man is the right hand except
in the case of “Reversed” hold when it is the left hand.
7. Promenade – A type of "progressive" skated in Open Hold by a Couple
on the same (example: Steps 9 to 11 in the Blues) or opposite(example: Steps 16 to 19 in the Tango) feet derived from a similar
forward walking movement in some ballroom dances.
Note: photographs of all Dance Holds listed above are found in the ISU
Handbook Ice Dance 2003. In certain cases, some Dance Holds cannot
be defined by standardized descriptions.

133

Rule 706
Musical definitions
1. Beat – A note defining the regular recurring divisions of a piece ofmusic.
2. Tempo – The speed of music in Beats or Measures per minute.
3. Rhythm – The regularly repeated pattern of accented and unaccented
Beats which gives the music its character.
4. Measure (Bar) – A unit of music which is defined by the periodic
recurrence of the accent. Such units are of equal number of Beats.
5. Strong Beat – The first Beat of the Measure or group of two Measures
supporting the skating count of the Rhythm.
6. Weak beat – For Rhythms with a skating count on two Measures, thefirst Beat of the second Measure (examples: skating count 3 of the
Quickstep; skating count 4 of the American Waltz). The skating countof each Rhythm is explained in the ISU Ice Dance Rhythms Booklet &Compact Disc.

134

B. Pattern Dances

Rule 707
Introduction
1. Pattern Dances consist of the skating of prescribed Patterns, Stepsand Turns to music with a defined Rhythm and constant Tempo.
2. In an International Competition including a Pattern Dance(s) Segment,
the Pattern Dances to be skated will be selected from the following:
1. Fourteenstep
2. Foxtrot
3. Rocker Foxtrot
4. Tea Time Foxtrot
5. Swing Dance
6. Dutch Waltz
7. Willow Waltz
8. European Waltz
9. American Waltz
10. Westminster Waltz
11. Viennese Waltz
12. Austrian Waltz
13. Starlight Waltz
14. Ravensburger Waltz
15. Golden Waltz
16. Kilian
17. Maple Leaf March

18. Yankee Polka
19. Quickstep
20. Finnstep
21. Paso Doble
22. Rhumba
23. Rhumba D’Amour
24. Cha Cha Congelado
25. Silver Samba
26. Tango Fiesta
27. Tango Canasta
28. Tango
29. Argentine Tango
30. Tango Romantica
31. Rhythm Blues
32. Blues
33. Midnight Blues

The descriptions, charts and diagrams of the Sequences of the above
Pattern Dances are included in the ISU Handbook Ice Dance 2003.
The Man must skate the Man’s Steps and the Woman must skate the
Woman’s Steps. Descriptions of the additional Pattern Dances will be
published in an ISU Communication.
3. The Pattern Dances must be skated in the order listed in paragraph 2
above. Each Pattern Dance must be skated by each Couple alone on
the ice surface as follows, unless otherwise directed by the Ice Dance
Technical Committee in an ISU Communication:

135a) For two Sequences of the dance:
Swing Dance
Dutch Walz
Willow Waltz
European Waltz
American Waltz
Starlight Waltz
Ravensburger Waltz
Westminster Waltz

Austrian Waltz
Golden Waltz
Yankee Polka
Finnstep
Cha Cha Congelado

Silver Samba
Argentine Tango
Tango
Tango Romantica
Midnight Bluesb)

For three Sequences of the dance:
Tango Fiesta
Tango Canasta
Viennese Waltz
Rhythm Blues
Blues
Paso Doblec)

For four Sequences of the dance:
Fourteenstep
Quickstep
Foxtrot
RhumbaRocker Foxtrotd)

For six Sequences of the dance:
Kiliane)

The number of Sequences may vary per season and will beannounced in an ISU Communication when applicable:
Rhumba D’Amour
Maple Leaf MarchTea Time Foxtrot.

4. All Pattern Dances shall be started so that the steps of the first side of
the pattern are skated in front of the Judges unless otherwise directedby the Ice Dance Technical Committee in an ISU Communication.
5. In International Competitions, the current series of ISU Ice Dancemusic shall be used for the Pattern Dance unless the Ice Dance
Technical Committee has decided that the music for one or several
Pattern Dances is to be provided by the Couple, following certain
requirements, as announced in an ISU Communication. In this case,
Pattern Dance music that does not adhere to these specifications will
be penalized by deduction(s) (see Rule 353, paragraph 1. n).
When ISU Ice Dance music is used, five pieces of music will beplayed, unless otherwise directed in an ISU Communication, for each
Pattern Dance from ISU tunes 1 to 5. For each starting group the136music will be played in the above mentioned numerical order. The last
(sixth) tune of each dance shall be only used during the warm-up ofeach starting group.
6. After the completion of the last step of the Pattern Dance, the couple
must reach their final pose within 20 seconds. If this time limit isexceeded a deduction according to Rule 353, paragraph 1. n) shallapply.
7. An interrupted Pattern Dance shall be resumed at the nearest
technically practicable point in the step sequence and which must be
after the point of interruption. The Couple may not skate the steps
missed by the interruption.

Rule 708
Requirements and marking
1. General requirements for Pattern Dancesa)Accuracy – The steps, edges, elements/movements and danceholds must be in accordance with the dance description and theRules. Subject to general conformity with the basic
requirements, some latitude is given to allow a Couple todemonstrate their own individual style. This is usuallyaccomplished by the use of a variety of arm and/or leg
movements. Movements or positions of arms and/or hands,
which differ from those specified in the descriptions of therequired dance holds are permitted, provided that the Leading
Hand of the Man remains in the prescribed position for the hold;b)

Placement – The pattern of the dances must be in accordancewith the Rules. Maximum utilization of the ice surface isdesirable, which requires deep edges and good flow. Ice
coverage must not be obtained by the use of flat or shallow
edges. In a regulation-sized rink (Rule 342), the Couples may
not cross the Long Axis. In rinks less than regulation-size, theCouple may cross the Long Axis proportionally to the width of
the rink;c)

Skating Skills – Good basic skating skills are required:Deep edges skated with speed, flow and easy glide in aneffortless manner. Cleanness and sureness of steps, edges andlobe transitions evident. The Skaters must carry their weightover the skating foot. Footwork must be neat and precise. Twofooted skating must be avoided except where it is required.
Good and equal technical ability are required for both partners.
The knee of the skating leg should be flexible with a rhythmic137

rise and fall. On Chassés and Progressives the feet must be
lifted a small distance from the ice;d)

Timing – The dances must be skated in strict time to the musicwith the start of the first step of the dance on beat 1 of the nineth
measure of the particular tune (unless otherwise specified in thedescription of the Pattern Dance or by the Ice Dance TechnicalCommittee and announced in an ISU Communication). The
prescribed number of beats employed for each step/movement
must be in accordance with the Rules. All movements must be
coordinated with the rhythm of the music so that all steps arecompleted without any break in continuity;e)

Style – Carriage should be upright but not stiff with the head held
up. All actions should be easy and flowing and performed in an
elegant manner. The Dance Holds (see Rule 705), should befirm and the fingers neither spread nor clenched. There should
be no apparent struggle for speed and speed should not be
obtained at the expense of good style. The free leg should be
extended; the foot turned out and pointed down;f)

Unison – The Couple should skate as close together as possible
keeping a constant distance between them. All movements suchas leg swings, knee bends and lean should be equal and wellcoordinated and their performance should be balanced. The
partners should move as one. The Man should show his ability
to lead and the Woman to follow;

g)

Presentation – The dance must be skated smoothly andrhythmically with the character of the music being correctly
displayed. Such interpretation shall be shown by variations in
the execution of dance movements, which reflect the rhythm
patterns in the music. The overall effect should be such thateach Pattern Dance has a distinct flavor. The partners should
relate to one another.

2. Required Sections of Pattern Dances
The pattern of each Pattern Dance may be divided into a certain
number of Sections published and updated in an ISU Communication.
The number of Sections of the particular dance depends on its length(number of steps) and number of Sequences in the dance.
3. Marking Pattern Dancesa) Technical Scorei)
138

Scale of Values
A table with the Scale of Values of the Sections of the PatternDances is published and updated in ISU Communications.
This Scale of Values (SOV) contains Base Values of all the
Sections of each Pattern Dance and adjustments for thecorrectness and quality of their execution;ii)

Levels of Sections
For Novice Competitions and for competitions having
specified such procedure in their Announcement, Technical
Specialists will determine the Level of every Section in the
Pattern Dance (if a description of Levels of Sections andcorresponding Scale of Value are available for that Pattern
Dance in an ISU Communication);
The description of characteristics that give a Section a certain
Level is published and updated in ISU Communications.

iii)

Grade of Execution (GOE)
Every Judge will mark the quality of execution of every
Section of the Pattern Dance depending on the positive andnegative features of the execution and errors on the elevengrades of execution scale: +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, Base Value, 1, -2, -3, - 4, - 5. Each + or - grade has its own + or - numericalvalue indicated in the SOV Table. This value is added to theBase Value of the Section or deducted from it;
The guidelines for marking of Sections/Sequences are
published and updated in ISU Communications.

b) Components Scorei)

Component definitions
In addition to the Technical Score each Judge evaluates the
Couple's whole performance in the Pattern Dances by three
Components (Timing, Presentation, Skating Skills), unlessotherwise specified in an ISU Communication.
TIMING
Definition:
The ability of the Couple to skate strictly in time with themusic.
Criteria:• Musical sensitivity• Skating in time with the music• Skating on the strong beat• Start of the first Step on beat 1.

139

PRESENTATION
Definition:
Through the involvement of the Skaters, the display of thecorrect rhythm or style as required by the description of thedance or by the specific style of the dance.
Criteria:• Expressiveness and projection• Unison and awareness of space.
SKATING SKILLSDefinition:
The ability of the Couple to precisely execute dance steps andmovements in accordance with the dance description withpower, balance, depth of edges, easy transition from one footor lobe to the other, glide and flow.
Criteria:• Clarity of edges, steps, turns, movements• Overall skating quality• Balance and glide• Flow• Power and speed• Ice coverage.
ii)

Marking of Components
Components are evaluated by Judges after the completion of
the dance on a scale from 0.25 to 10 with increments of 0.25.
Points given by the Judges correspond to the following
degrees of the Components: <1- extremely poor, 1 very poor,
2 - poor, 3 -weak, 4 - fair, 5 - average, 6 - above average, 7 good, 8 - very good, 9 to 9.75 - excellent, 10 - outstanding.
Increments are used for evaluation of performances
containing some features of one degree and some of the next
degree.
Guidelines for judging are published and updated in ISU
Communications.

140c) Deductions
Deductions are applied for certain violations according to Rule353.
C. Rhythm Dance
Rule 709
1. General Requirements for the Rhythm Dancea) Rhythm Dance is a dance created by an Ice Dance Couple todance music with designated rhythm(s) and/or theme(s) selectedby the Ice Dance Technical Committee annually for the season.
The dance must:i) reflect the character of the music / the selected dance
rhythm(s) and/or theme(s);ii) be translated to the ice by demonstrating the repertoire oftechnical skill with a variety of steps, turns, and movements
executed precisely and completely along with balance andglide, flow, power and speed and unison;iii) be delivered with unison, in harmony and spatial awareness;iv) fit to the phrasing of the music.
Couples must skate primarily to the rhythmic beat. The dance willcontain elements selected by the Ice Dance Technical Committee
from the list of required elements specified in paragraph 2 below.
Elements should be integrated into the composition of the dance
so the concept and choreography must produce the feeling of a
unified dance. The rhythm (or group of rhythms) and/or theme(s)as well as the guidelines and technical requirements for the Juniorand Senior programs, including specified elements will be decided
annually by the Ice Dance Technical Committee and published in
an ISU Communication.
b) The duration of the Rhythm Dance is indicated in Rule 502,
paragraph 3.
c) The music for the Rhythm Dance, including music for the specified
Pattern Dance (if required) is to be provided by the Couple. The
music may be vocal and must be suitable for Ice Dance as a sportdiscipline. The music must have the following characteristics:i) Only dance music with an audible rhythmic beat may be
used. The music may be without an audible rhythmic beat for
up to 10 seconds at the beginning of the program;ii) The music must be selected in accordance with thedesignated rhythm(s) and/or theme(s);
141

d)

iii) The music selected must have a constant tempo and be inaccordance with the specified tempo, when applicable.
Rhythm Dance music that does not adhere to these specifications
will be penalized by deduction(s) (see Rule 353, paragraph 1. n)).
The Couple is required to submit the name/title of the selectedmusic and the rhythm(s)/theme(s) of their program whenregistering their music for the information of the Referee andJudges.
The pattern must proceed in a generally constant direction andmust not cross the Long Axis of the ice surface except once ateach end of the rink (within no more than 30 meters of the barrier).
Loops in either direction are permitted provided that they do not
cross the Long Axis (unless specified by the Ice Dance TechnicalCommittee and announced in an ISU Communication).

e) All dance steps, turns, rotations and changes of position are
permitted provided that they are appropriate to the designatedrhythm(s) and the music chosen. Repetition of any steps, turns
and movements is permitted. Difficult, original, varied and intricate
footwork is required for both partners.
f) There are no restrictions on Dance Holds (or variation thereof).
Skating in Hand-in-Hand Hold with fully extended arms ispermitted only if in the character of the rhythm chosen, but mustnot be used excessively.
g) Partners must not separate except to change hold or to perform
Required Elements requiring a separation, Turns as transitional
elements and moves during the permitted stops. The distance
between partners during such separations should not exceed two
arm lengths. Change of hold and Turns as transitional elements
must not exceed the duration of one measure of music.
Separations at the beginning and/or end of the program may be
up to 10 seconds in duration without restrictions on the distanceof the separation, unless otherwise specified in an ISU
Communication.
h) After the clock is started with the first movement, the Couple must
not remain in one place for more than 10 seconds at the beginning
and/or the end of the program. During the program up to two fullstops in addition to stops required in Required Elements are
permitted (duration must not exceed 5 seconds each) unlessotherwise specified in an ISU Communication.
i) The program must be developed through skating skill and quality
rather than through non-skating actions such as sliding on one
knee, or use of toe steps which should be used only to reflect thecharacter of the dance and underlining rhythm and nuances of thechosen music. In the interest of the public in the arena, programs
142

should be choreographed to all sides of the arena and not only
focused to Judges’ side.
j) Touching the ice with the hand(s) is not permitted. Unlessotherwise allowed by the IDTC and announced in a
Communication.
k) Kneeling or sliding on two knees, or sitting on the ice is not allowed
and it will be considered by the Technical Panel as a Fall unlessotherwise announced in an ISU Communication.
2. Required Elements
The list of Required Elements to be included in the Rhythm Dance andspecific requirements for these elements will be announced in an ISU
Communication annually.
The following are options that may be included as Required Elements:• Dance Lift(s) – see Rule 704, paragraph 16;• Dance Spin(s) – see Rule 704, paragraph 14;• Turn Sequence(s) – see Rule 704, paragraph 12;• Step Sequence(s) – see Rule 703, paragraph 4;• Pattern Dances Element(s) – see Rule 703, paragraph 6(Pattern Dance Element as per Rule 703, paragraph 6. a) or 6.
b) included in the Junior Rhythm Dance as set Required
Element(s);• Choreographic Element(s) see Rule 704, paragraph 19.

D. Free Dance
Rule 710
1. General Requirements for the Free Dancea) Free Dance is the skating by the Couple of a creative dance
program blending dance steps and movements expressing thecharacter/rhythms(s) of the dance music chosen by the Couple;
The Free Dance must contain combinations of new or known
dance steps and movements including Required Elementscomposed into a well-balanced, whole unit displaying excellent
skating technique and the personal creativity of the Couple inconcept, arrangement, and expression. The program, including
Required Elements, must be skated in time and phase with themusic. The Couple should skate primarily in time to the rhythmic
beat, and not to the melody alone. The choreography should
clearly reflect the dance character, accents and nuances of the143chosen dance music, demonstrating a close relationship between
partners with obvious, distinct changes of mood and pace withvariations in speed and tempo. The program must utilize thewhole ice surface. The Free Dance must not have the concept ofa Pair or show program.
b) The duration of the Free Dance is indicated in Rule 502,
paragraph 4.
c) The music for Free Dance may be vocal and must be suitable forIce Dance as a sport discipline and must have the following
characteristics:i) The music must have an audible rhythmic beat and melody,or an audible rhythmic beat alone, but not melody alone, andmay be vocal. The music may be without an audible rhythmic
beat for up to 10 seconds at the beginning or at the end of
the program and up to 10 seconds during the program.
ii) The music must have at least one change of tempo/rhythm
and expression. These changes may be gradual or
immediate.
iii) All music including classical music must be cut/edited,orchestrated or arranged in a way that it creates aninteresting, colorful, entertaining dance program withdifferent dance moods or a building effect.
Free Dance music that does not adhere to these requirements will
be penalized by a deduction (see Rule 353, paragraph 1.n).
d) All steps and turns are permitted. Deep edges and intricate
footwork displaying skating skill, difficulty, variety and originalitythat constitute the distinct technical content of the dance must be
included in the program and performed by both partners. In theinterest of the public in the arena, programs should bechoreographed to all sides of the arena and not only focused toJudges’ side.
e) All elements and movements are permitted provided that they areappropriate to the character of the music and to the concept of a
Well-Balanced Program and are in accordance with the definitions
in Rule 704.
f)

144

The number of separations to execute transitional footwork or
moves is not restricted. The distance between partners should notexceed two arms lengths. The duration of each such separation,
outside of Required Elements requiring a separation, must notexceed 5 seconds. Separations at the beginning and/or end of
the program may be up to 10 seconds in duration without
restrictions on the distance of separation, unless otherwise
specified in an ISU Communication.

g) All changes of hold are permitted. Many and varied holds increase
the difficulty of the program and therefore, should be included.
Skating face to face is considered to be more difficult than skatingside by side, hand in hand, separately or one after the other.
h) After the clock is started with the first movement, the Couple must
not remain in one place for more than 10 seconds at the beginning
and/or end of the program. During the program full stops (up to 5
seconds) in addition to stops required in Required Elements, inwhich the Couple remains stationary on the ice while performing
body movements, twisting, posing and the like are permitted,
unless otherwise specified in an ISU Communication.
i)

The program must be developed through skating quality rather
than through non-skating actions such as sliding on one knee, or
use of toe steps which should be used only to reflect the characterof the dance and underlining rhythm and nuances of the chosenmusic.

j)

Touching the ice with the hand(s) is not permitted.

k) Kneeling or sliding on two knees, or sitting on the ice is not allowed
and it will be considered by the Technical Panel as a Fall unlessotherwise announced in an ISU Communication.
2. Well-Balanced Free Dance Programs
The list of Required Elements to be included in a Well-Balanced Program
for Novice, Junior and Senior Free Dances and the specific requirements
for those elements will be announced in an ISU Communication annually.
The following are options that may be included as Required Elements:• Dance Lift(s) – see Rule 704 paragraph 16;• Dance Spin(s) – see Rule 704 paragraph 14;• Step Sequence(s) – see Rule 703 paragraph 4 (Groups A and B);• Turn Sequence(s) – see Rule 704 paragraph 12;• Choreographic Element(s) – see Rule 704, paragraph 19.

145

E. Announcement and draw of Pattern Dances andannouncement of requirements for Rhythm Dance and Free Dance
Rule 711
1. For Novice International Competitions, the lists of Pattern Dances will
be announced annually by the Ice Dance Technical Committee in an
ISU Communication not later than June 1st, to become effective on
July 1st of the year following the announcement. For other
International Competitions which include a Pattern Dance(s)Segment, the Pattern Dance(s) to be skated may be decided by theOrganizers and included in the Announcement. If a draw is required,
the Pattern Dance(s) to be skated shall be drawn on site andannounced prior to the first official practice. The draw shall be carriedout by the Referee in the presence of, if possible, one participating
Couple.
2. a) The specific requirements for the Rhythm Dance and Free Dance
will be decided annually by the Ice Dance Technical Committee
and announced in an ISU Communication;b) The specific requirements announced for the Rhythm Dance andFree Dance must be used at all ISU Championships andInternational Competitions during the year, from July 1st to June
30th, for which they are announced.
3. All Communications concerning technical requirements must be
published before June 1st except for pending decisions as a result ofa Congress, clarifications and additional examples which may be
published as needed.
Rules 712 – 799 (reserved)

146

INTERNATIONAL SKATING UNION
Founded: July 23rd, 1892, at Scheveningen (Netherlands)
ISU MEMBERS
AND

AndorraFederacio Andorrana d’Esports de Gel (Figure)

ARG Argentina

Argentine Ice Speed Skaters Union (UVEPA) (Speed)
Federacion Argentina de Patinaje Sobre Hielo (Figure)

ARM Armenia

Figure Skating Federation of Armenia (Figure)

AUS

Australia

Australian Ice Racing Inc. (Speed)
Ice Skating Australia Incorporated (Figure)

AUT

AustriaÖsterreichischer Eisschnelllauf Verband (Speed)Österreichischer Eiskunstlauf Verband (Figure)

AZE

Azerbaijan

The Skating Federation of Azerbaijan Republic (Figure)

BEL

Belgium

Fédération Royale Belge de Patinage de Vitesse (Speed)
Fédération Royale Belge de Patinage Artistique (Figure)

BIH

Bosnia andHerzegovina

Skating Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

BLR

Belarus

Skating Union of Belarus

BRA

BrazilBrazilian Ice Sports Federation

BUL

Bulgaria

Bulgarian Skating Federation

CAM Cambodia

Cambodia Ice Skating Federation (Provisional Member
Figure)CAN

CanadaSpeed Skating Canada (Speed)
Skate Canada (Figure)

CHI

Chile

Chilean National Figure Skating Federation (Provisional
Member Figure)

CHN

China

Chinese Skating Association (Speed)
Chinese Figure Skating Association (Figure)

COL

Colombia

Federacion Colombiana de Patinaje (Provisional Member
Speed)CRO Croatia

Croatian Skating Federation

CYP

CyprusCyprus Skating Federation (Figure)

CZE

Czech RepublicCzech Speed Skating Federation (Speed)
Czech Figure Skating Association (Figure)

DEN

Denmark

Dansk Skøjte Union

ECU

EcuadorEcuadorian Skating Federation (Provisional Member
Figure)

EGY

Egypt

Ice Skate Egypt (Provisional Member Figure)

ESP

Spain

Federacion Española de Deportes de Hielo

EST

Estonia

The Estonian Skating Union
147

FIN

Finland

Suomen Luisteluliitto (Speed)
Suomen Taitoluisteluliitto (Figure)

FRA

FranceFédération Française des Sports de Glace

GBR Great Britain

British Ice Skating

GEO Georgia

Georgian Figure Skating Federation (Figure)

GER

Germany

Deutsche Eisschnelllauf-Gemeinschaft (Speed)
Deutsche Eislauf-Union e.V. (Figure)

GRE

GreeceHellenic Winter Sports Federation (Figure)

HKG Hong Kong/
China

Hong Kong Skating Union Ltd

HUN

Hungary

Hungarian National Skating Federation

INA

Indonesia

Federasi Ice Skating Indonesia

IND

India

Ice Skating Association of India

IRL

IrelandIce Skating Association of Ireland

ISL

Iceland

Icelandic Skating Association (Figure)

ISR

IsraelIsrael Ice Skating Federation

ITA

Italy

Federazione Italiana Sport del Ghiaccio

JPN

Japan

Japan Skating Federation

KAZ

Kazakhstan

National Skating Federation of the Republic of Kazakhstan

KGZ

Kyrgyz Republic Skating Federation of the Kyrgyz Republic (Figure)

KOR Rep. of Korea

Korea Skating Union

KUW Kuwait

Kuwait Figure Skate Federation (Provisional Member
Figure)LAT

LatviaLatvian Skating Association

LIE

Liechtenstein

Liechtensteiner Eislauf Verband (Figure)

LTU

Lithuania

Lithuanian Speed Skating Association (Speed)
Lithuanian Skating Federation (Figure)

LUX

Luxembourg

Union Luxembourgeoise de Patinage de Vitesse (Speed)
Union Luxembourgeoise de Patinage (Figure)

MAR Morocco

Association of Moroccan Ice Sports (Figure)

MAS Malaysia

Ice Skating Association of Malaysia

MDA Moldova

Figure Skating Federation of the Republic of Moldova(Figure)MEX

Federacion Mexicana de Patinaje Sobre Hielo y Deportes
de Invierno, A. C. (Figure)

Mexico

MGL Mongolia

Skating Union of Mongolia

MKD North Macedonia Skating Federation of North Macedonia (Figure)
MON Monaco

Fédération Monégasque de Patinage (Figure)

NED

Koninklijke Nederlandsche Schaatsenrijders Bond

Netherlands

NOR Norway
148

Norges Skøyteforbund

NZL

New Zealand

Ice Speed Skating New Zealand Inc (Speed)
New Zealand Ice Figure Skating Association (Inc) (Figure)

PER

Peru

Peruvian Ice Skating Federation

PHI

Philippines

Philippine Skating Union

POL

PolandPolish Speed Skating Association (Speed)
Polish Figure Skating Association (Figure)

POR

PortugalPortuguese Winter Sports Federation (Provisional Member
Speed & Figure)

PRK

D.P.R. Korea

Skating Association of the Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea

QAT

Qatar

Qatar Skating Federation (Speed)

ROU Romania

Romanian Skating Federation

RSA

South Africa

South African Speed Skating Association (Speed)South African Figure Skating Association (Figure)

RUS

RussiaRussian Skating Union (Speed)
The Figure Skating Federation of Russia (Figure)

SGP

Singapore

Singapore Ice Skating Association

SLO

Slovenia

Slovene Skating Union

SRB

SerbiaSerbian Skating Association

SUI

Switzerland

Schweizer Eislauf-Verband
Internationaler Schlittschuh-Club Davos (Club Member)

SVK

Slovak Republic Slovak Speed Skating Union (Speed)
Slovak Figure Skating Association (Figure)

SWE Sweden

Swe-Sports - Svenska Skridsko-, kälk-och
Rullidrottsförbundet (Speed)
Svenska Konstakningsförbundet (Figure)
Stockholms Allmänna Skridskoklubb (Club Member)

THA

ThailandFigure and Speed Skating Association of Thailand

TKM Turkmenistan

National Center of Turkmenistan for Winter Sport(Provisional Member Figure)

TPE

Chinese Taipei

Chinese Taipei Skating Union

TUR

TürkiyeTurkish Ice Skating Federation

UAE

United ArabEmirates

UAE Ice Sports Federation (Figure)

UKR

UkraineUkrainian Speed Skating Federation (Speed)
Ukrainian Figure Skating Federation (Figure)

USA

United Statesof America

US Speedskating (Speed)
The United States Figure Skating Association (Figure)

UZB

Uzbekistan

Winter Sports Association of Uzbekistan

VIE

Vietnam

Skating Federation of Vietnam (Figure & Provisional
Member Speed)149

INTERNATIONAL SKATING UNION
Headquarters: Registered postal address:
Avenue Juste-Olivier 17, 1006 Lausanne, Switzerland, Phone: (+41) 21 612 66 66,
Fax: (+41) 21 612 66 77, E-Mail: info@isu.ch

OFFICE HOLDERS 2022-2026
Council:President:
1st Vice President: Speed Skating:Vice President:
Figure Skating:Jae Youl Kim
Tron Espeli
Benoit Lavoie

Republic of Korea
NorwayCanadaMembers:

Speed Skating:

Suwanna Silpa-Archa
Sergio Anesi
Stoytcho G. Stoytchev
Alexander Kibalko
Albert Hazelhoff

Thailand
Italy
Bulgaria
RussiaNetherlands

Figure Skating:

Patricia St. Peter
Tatsuro Matsumura
Susanna Rahkamo
György Elek
Maria Teresa Samaranch

USA
Japan
Finland
Hungary
Spain

Eric Radford

CanadaFredi Schmid
Ulrich Linder
Michael Geistlinger

Switzerland
Switzerland
Austria

Athletes
Representative:
Director General:
Treasurer:
Legal Advisors:

Figure Skating Sports Technical Director:
Charles Z. Cyr

USA

Speed Skating Sports Technical Director:
Hugo Herrnhof

Italy

Technical Committees:
Single & Pair
Skating:

Chair:
Members:

Appointed Skater:
Appointed Coach:Ice Dance:

Chair:
Members:

Appointed Skater:
Appointed Coach:150

Fabio Bianchetti
Leena Laaksonen
Yukiko Okabe
Emilie Billow
Susan Lynch
Cong Han
Patrick Meier

Italy
FinlandJapan
SwedenAustralia
China
Switzerland

Shawn Rettstatt
Hilary Selby
David Molina
Ingrid Charlotte Wolter
Kaitlyn Weaver
Alper Uçar

USA
Great Britain
FranceGermany
CanadaTürkiyeINTERNATIONAL SKATING UNION
Synchronized
Skating:

Chair:
Members:

Appointed Skater:
Appointed Coach:
Speed
Skating:

Chair:
Members:

Appointed Skater:
Appointed Coach:
Short Track
Speed Skating:

Chair:
Members:

Appointed Skater:
Appointed Coach:Philippe Maitrot
Petra Tyrbo
Lois Long
Nina Bischoff
Ida Hellström
Cathy Dalton

FranceSwedenUSA
Switzerland
Finland
CanadaNick Thometz
Hanjo HeidemanØystein Haugen
Alexei Khatylev
Pending
Pending

USA
Netherlands
NorwayBelarusNathalie Lambert
Reinier Oostheim
So Hee Kim
Christoph Milz
Pending
Wim de Deyne

CanadaNetherlands
Korea
Germany

Eric Radford
Douwe de Vries
Evan Bates
Nathalie Lindqvist
Viktor Knoch

CanadaNetherlands
USA
SwedenHungary

Susan Petricevic
Allan Böhm
Jean-François Monette
Eugen Larasser
Keith KingNew Zealand
Slovak Republic
CanadaGermany
USA

Jane M. Moran
Joel C. Shobe
Hiroya Sakai
Ruben Ambartsumov
Hannu Koivu
Eunkuk Kim
Marieke Becker

CanadaUSA
Japan
UkraineFinlandRep. of Korea
Netherlands

Jildou Gemser
Xu XunNetherlands
China

Belgium

Athletes Commission(elected until March 2026)
Chair
Vice Chair

Disciplinary Commission:
Chair:
Members:

Medical Commission:
Chair:
Members:

Development Commission:
Coordinator:

151

INTERNATIONAL SKATING UNION
Honorary Presidents:
Viktor Gustaf Balck †Emerich von Szent Györgyi †Herbert J. Clarke †James Koch †Jacques Favart †Olaf Poulsen †Ottavio Cinquanta †Jan Dijkema

SwedenHungary
Great Britain
Switzerland
FranceNorwayItaly
Netherlands

Year of election
1925
1933
1955
1967
1982
1994
2016
2022

Honorary Vice Presidents:
Sven Låftman †Hendrik Roos †John R. Shoemaker †Hermann Schiechtl †Georg Pettersson †Jean Heckly†
Josef Dedic †Lawrence Demmy M.B.E. †Gerhard Zimmerman
David Dore †Alexander Lakernik

SwedenNetherlands
USA
F.R.G.
SwedenFranceCzech RepublicGreat Britain
Germany
CanadaRussia

1971
1977
1980
1984
1986
1992
1994
1998
2010
2016
2022

Honorary Secretary:
Georg Häsler †Switzerland

1975

Honorary Members:
Hans Pfeiffer †Gustavus F. C. Witt †Marcel Nicaise †Friedrich Kachler †Walter S. Powell †Reginald J. Wilkie †Georg Krog †Ernest Labin †Harald Halvorsen †Ernest J. G. Matthews †Heinz Dragunsky †Oskar Madl †George Blundun †Emil Skàkala †Viktor Kapitonov †Arne Kvaalen †Icilio Perucca †Elemér Tertak †Donald H. Gilchrist †Herman J. van Laer †Benjamin T. Wright †John Hurdis †Charles A. De More †Hans Kutschera†
Jean Grenier

Austria
Netherlands
Belgium
Austria
USA
Great Britain
NorwayAustria
NorwayGreat Britain
G.D.R.
Austria
CanadaCzechoslovakia
U.S.S.R.
NorwayItaly
Hungary
CanadaNetherlands
USA
CanadaUSA
Austria
Canada152

Year of election
1939
1953
1959
1959
1961
1963
1969
1969
1969
1977
1980
1980
1980
1980
1984
1984
1988
1988
1992
1992
1992
1992
1994
1996
1996

INTERNATIONAL SKATING UNION
Honorary Members: (continued)
Jürg Wilhelm †Lars-Olof Eklund †Jan W.P. Charisius †Wolfgang Kunz †Joyce Hisey
Walburga Grimm †John Hall †Maria Bialous-Zuchowicz †Claire Ferguson
Monique Georgelin
Myong-Hi Chang
Courtney J.L. Jones O.B.E.
Ulf Lindén
Gerhardt Bubník
James L. Hawkins
Phyllis HowardTjasa Andrée-Prosenc
German Panov
Lan LiGyörgy Martos
Peter Krick
Alexander Gorshkov
Ann Shaw
Olga Gilardini
Junko Hiramatsu
Marie Lundmark
Roland Maillard
Volker Waldeck
Béatrice Pfister

Switzerland
SwedenNetherlands
Germany
CanadaGermany
Great Britain
PolandUSA
FranceRep. of Korea
Great Britain
SwedenCzech Republic
USA
USA
Slovenia
RussiaChina
Hungary
Germany
RussiaCanadaItaly
Japan
Finland
Switzerland
Germany
Switzerland

Past Presidents:
Willem H.J. Mulier †Viktor Gustav Balck †Ulrich Salchow †Gerrit W.A. van Laer †Herbert J. Clarke †James Koch †Ernest Labin †Jacques Favart †Olaf Poulsen †Ottavio Cinquanta †Jan Dijkema

Netherlands
SwedenSwedenNetherlands
Great Britain
Switzerland
Austria
FranceNorwayItaly
Netherlands

Year of election
1998
1998
1998
1998
2002
2002
2002
2006
2006
2006
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2016
2016
2016
2016
2016
2016
2016
2016
2016
2018
2022
2022
2022
2022
Years of service
1892–1894
1895–1924
1925–1937
1937–1945
1945–1953
1953–1967
1967
1967–1980
1980–1994
1994–2016
2016–2022

153

INTERNATIONAL SKATING UNION
Jacques Favart Trophy:
established 1981
Irina Rodnina
Eric Heiden
Jayne Torvill / Christopher Dean
Scott Hamilton
Katarina Witt
Karin Kania
Natalia Bestemianova / Andrei Bukin
Tomas Gustafson
Gaétan Boucher
Bonnie Blair
Kurt Browing
Johann Olav Koss
Ludmila † & Oleg Protopopov

Year of award
U.S.S.R.
USA
Great Britain
USA
G.D.R.
G.D.R.
RussiaSwedenCanadaUSA
CanadaNorwaySwitzerland

1981
1983
1986
1987
1988
1990
1992
1993
1994
1998
1998
1998
1998

Hungary
Switzerland
USA
F.R.G.
Bulgaria
USA
U.S.S.R.
G.D.R.
Yugoslavia
Great Britain
Czechoslovakia
CanadaFranceRussiaUSA
Great Britain
Netherlands
Slovak Republic
Romania
Australia
Switzerland
Japan
CanadaRussia

1987
1987
1988
1989
1989
1989
1990
1990
1990
1991
1992
1992
1993
1993
1993
1994
1994
1995
1996
1996
1998
2000
2002
2002

Georg Häsler Medal:
established 1985
Zoltán Balázs †Willi Zipperlen †F. Ritter Shumway †Herbert Kunze†
Assen Pavlov
W. Thayer Tutt †Victor Blinov †Andrea Ehrig
Radovan Lipovscak†
Courtney J. L. Jones O.B.E.
Milan Duchon
Klaas Schipper
Lysiane Lauret †Anna Sinilkina †George Howie†
Pamela E.L. Davis, M.B.E. †Jurjen Osinga
Ivan Mauer †Florea GamuleaDavid E. Morgan †Beat Häsler
Mitsuo Matsumoto †Robert Moir †Valentin Piseev154

INTERNATIONAL SKATING UNION
ISU Gold Award of Merit:established 2004
Lysiane Lauret †Lucy Brennan
Susan Johnson
Joachim Franke
Ann Shaw
David Mitchell
Robert Horen
Joseph Inman
Christa Elisabeth Krick
Erik Ømundset
Kenneth Pendrey
Gale Tanger
Michel Verrault
Susan Heffernan
Joanne Shaw
Sally Rehorick
Knut Ludahl
Jan Marmstål

FranceUSA
USA
Germany
CanadaGreat Britain
USA
USA
Germany
NorwayGreat Britain
USA
CanadaCanadaCanadaCanadaNorwaySweden

2006
2007
2007
2008
2008
2016
2017
2017
2017
2017
2017
2017
2017
2019
2019
2019
2019
2019

155