B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESB20 ITALY

Action Council on Sustainability
and Global Emergencies
Policy Paper 2021

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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESTABLEOF CONTENTS
Foreword by the Task Force Chair

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Quotes by the Co-Chairs

7

Recommendations – Executive Summary

9

Introduction

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Recommendation 1

15

Recommendation 2

36

Recommendation 3

50

Annex

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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIES

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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESB20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIES

Foreword by the Taskforce Chair
2020 definitely marked a discontinuity in everybody’s life. The outbreak of theCovid-19 pandemic highlighted the exposure of our society to global risks, and it
showed how interconnected our systems are. A local crisis can rapidly turn into
a global emergency, capable of affecting our lives, economies, and the environment around the world.
In this framework, the newly established Action Council in the B20 Italy has
worked on a concrete plan to address government responses to global risks, focusing on two arising priorities: “Sustainability” and “Global Emergencies”.
Referring to sustainability, we have been guided by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations in the 2030 Agenda, which provide a global perspective to fill the existing, social, economic and environmental
gaps within and among countries.
Concerning global emergencies, through a risk-based methodology we have selected three major challenges: Environmental Disasters, Infectious Diseases andCyber Incidents. In light of their effects, their probability of occurrence and theirpotential impact on the achievement of the SDGs, these threats require actionsat global level.
Furthermore, to be effective in our goal, we have analyzed global emergencies along the entire management “life-cycle”: from the preparedness phase,to enhance the resilience of a system against the emergency; during the crisis, to help manage an emergency with an effective and timely response; andafterwards, to support a sustainable recovery. This approach is also reflected in
the structure of the policy paper.
The Action Council’s policy recommendations to the G20 hence deal with: i)committing to a sustainable and just transition as well as establishing a comprehensive mechanism to prevent, manage and promote sustainable recovery
from environmental disasters; ii) improving resilience and management against
the spread of infectious diseases; iii) strengthening infrastructure and data security against major cyber incidents.
In order to be pragmatic, we enriched the policy actions with business cases andbest practices related to public-private partnerships, namely examples to show
the immediate applicability of our proposals.
Nonetheless, while addressing the prioritized emergencies, we have acknowledged some general principles that are crucial to manage global risks of all kinds
and should underpin the world’s responses through “including”, “sharing” and“acting”. These fundamentals cover: empowering people, who are key in theprevention and response to risks, by providing public awareness as well as education programs; sharing information to improve decision-making processes;
harnessing advanced technologies and digitalization, which are enablers to build resilience and improve emergency management, committing investments inprevention.
As Chair of the Action Council, I want to thank our Co-chairs and all members,
Confindustria and our Knowledge Partner McKinsey, who have contributed tothe drafting of the Policy Paper through a fruitful and continuous discussion,
providing wide and cross-sectoral perspectives.

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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIES

Leveraging our business experience, we wish to convey to the G20 concrete andimpactful recommendations to support governments around the world in finding sustainable solutions and in delivering proper tools for the protection ofpeople, economies and the environment against global emergencies.
Sincerely,
Claudio Descalzi
Chair of the 2021 B20 Action Council on Sustainability and Global Emergencies

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Quotes by the Co-Chairs

Dina Hasan
Al Nahdy

ENTEC Environmental
Technology, CEO

Jean-Pierre
Clamadieu

ENGIE, Chairman

Wendy Mars

Cisco, President EMEAR

Paulo Nigro

GranBio, Former CEO;InConnection, Founder& Senior Advisor

Dilip S. Shanghvi
Sun Pharmaceuticals,Managing Director“The growing deterioration of the environment and climate change take ahuge toll on the economy and natural
resources, therefore should be the highest priorities for legislators and global
society. In a time of an unprecedented
climate and environmental crisis, it isour duty as B20 Members to find global circular economy solutions to ensurea sustainable future for generations tocome.””The COVID-19 crisis is a wake-up callfor States and corporations. Environmental disasters prevention and climatechange call for unprecedented public
policy initiatives. Long-term objectives
for carbon-neutral growth, combinedwith targeted public investments andappropriate market incentives, will contribute to a sustainable, fair and inclusive future.”“As business leaders, we hope to give
useful insights to the G20 on how todeal with the global emergencies thatthreaten us all. Recent cyber incidents
have proved that quick, decisive and coordinated action is vital to protect ourcritical infrastructure and to strengthen
cybersecurity for everyone.”“We only have one planet and yet weseem not to have learned from past
generations. We produce today more
greenhouse gases than ever before, withareas such as the Brazilian Amazon Forest at risk of “savannization”. We need tostop, act, mitigate and adapt to reducethe current human footprint. We cannot
wait any longer.”“Sustainable action policies are key toeffectively prevent, mitigate and manage the 3 priority global emergencies(environmental disasters, infectious diseases and cyber incidents). Clear actionplans have been outlined for emergency preparedness and resilience building,timely response, equitable access to resources and sustainable recovery – for
the G20 and others to act upon”.

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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESJian Wang

BGI Group, CEOBill WintersStandard Chartered, CEO

8“Environmental disasters, infectious
diseases, and cyber incidents are truly
emergencies we have to confront globally in a sustainable way. For infectious
diseases, strengthening cooperation in
their surveillance and control as well asbuilding-up a more responsive healthsystem at the B20 level are key for prevention and responsiveness.”“The G20 has a critical leadership roleto play in unlocking the large sums ofcapital required to avert the ongoingclimate emergency. I look forward toworking together to secure a sustainable
low-carbon future for our planet.”

B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIES

Recommendations: Executive Summary
Recommendation 1: Commit to and set clear pathways to a sustainable
and just transition and establish a global mechanism to prevent, manage
and foster sustainable recovery from environmental disasters – The G20
should confirm its commitment to and encourage further action for environmental risks reduction and climate change mitigation as driving forces todeliver on net-zero emissions targets and achieve sustainable development
in line with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• Policy action 1.1: Commit to and set clear pathways to a sustainable andjust transition – To accelerate the transition to a carbon-neutral, environmentally sustainable and inclusive economy and deliver on Paris Agreement
goals, G20 members should encourage the financing and development of climate mitigation measures such as carbon-reducing technology and carbon
markets, and incentivize sustainable research and development, investments, consumption and production choices. At the same time, G20 members
should develop initiatives to support the transition towards carbon-neutral
solutions of countries, regions, industries, communities and workers that areexperiencing barriers in the adoption of sustainable and carbon-neutral economy models.
• Policy action 1.2: Promote the consistency of environmental sustainability reporting standards and reinforce global governance to enhance
technological innovation – G20 members should promote harmonizationand improve the transparency of existing non-financial disclosure standards
to help allocate sustainable financing more efficiently, and reinforce global
governance to speed innovation for environmental disaster management.
• Policy action 1.3: Enhance emergency recovery and financing schemes –G20 members should cooperate to create worldwide recovery and financing
schemes that facilitate fast and targeted relief where it is needed the mostwith green, sustainable and equitable approaches, turning climate and environmental challenges into opportunities.
Recommendation 2: Enhance resilience and management against future
infectious disease outbreaks – The G20 should build on COVID-19 experience to develop consistent and coordinated plans to enhance resilience andmanagement in future pandemics, reinforcing healthcare and surveillancesystems, supporting global value chains during crises, and favoring global
equitable access to diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines.
• Policy action 2.1: Build future pandemic preparedness – G20 members
should strengthen pandemic preparedness by increasing coordinated R&D
efforts, reinforcing global frameworks, adopting a “One Health” approachand promoting education campaigns.
• Policy action 2.2: Promote global cooperation and value chain resilienceduring outbreaks – G20 members should reinforce global cooperation, transparency and information-sharing to manage emergencies and foster the
adoption of disease surveillance systems and advanced technology, e-Healthsolutions, business continuity plans, and the resilience of global value chains.

9B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIES• Policy action 2.3: Scale up diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccine development and rollout, and adopt economic measures to speed a sustainable
and inclusive recovery – G20 members should support the rapid scaling of
diagnostic, therapeutic and vaccine production and equitable availability
after infectious disease outbreaks, adopting clear guidelines and economic
measures.
Recommendation 3: Reinforce critical information infrastructure anddata security against major cyber incidents – The G20 should strengthen
its efforts to develop more resilient and sustainable critical information infrastructure and data security, and clear approaches to crisis management
and recovery, to protect digital access and cross-border data flows, especially during and after major cyber incidents.
• Policy action 3.1: Improve global coordination to strengthen cybersecurity – G20 members should promote global coordination to improve thesecurity and resilience of critical information infrastructure and data, developing a shared risk-based framework rooted on existing global standards,
promoting the adoption of security and privacy-by-design principles, andenhancing cyber defense resources and capacity for both single organizations and supply chain networks.
• Policy action 3.2: Facilitate data- and intelligence-sharing during major
cyber incidents – G20 members should promote a shared cyber incident
response plan, encourage global information-sharing practices, and address
the interoperability of cross-border data flows during major cyber incidents
while protecting data privacy and security.
• Policy action 3.3: Implement post-breakdown recovery plans – G20
members should build public-private relationships to design and implementa robust and resilient joint post-emergency recovery plan for major cyberincidents, and ensure stable and secure network operations and data management at all times.

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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESIntroduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has served as an unprecedent wake-up call for
leaders, highlighting the deep interconnectedness and interdependenceof global systems.
The COVID-19 pandemic has tragically caused nearly 4.8 million deaths at
the time of this writing1, and it will continue to have significant impacts onhuman health and the global economy. Research suggests that global GDP
fell by 4.2% in 20202, and that 255 million full-time jobs were lost3. As theOECD put it in 2020, “the deep interconnectedness and interdependence of
global systems imply that any local crisis can rapidly scale up to contribute toplanetary environmental, social, economic, and political emergencies.”
The pandemic’s extraordinary impact has highlighted the fragility of our systems and the urgent need for coordinated and cooperative action at the
global level, “laying bare deep inequalities,” as the United Nations put it, “andexposing precisely the failures that are addressed in the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement on climate change.”
Humans have already crossed a number of “tipping points” in the Earth's systems. It is time for all leaders in government, international institutions, business and academia to devise an “emergency response plan to protect theireconomies, jobs, cities and other crucial assets from potential disaster,” in thewords of the World Economic Forum, with coordination at the global level.
In this historical context, the B20 included in its 2021 agenda a new Action
Council on Sustainability & Global Emergencies, whose activities and efforts
are focused on the growing impact of global emergencies and the critical importance of sustainability in addressing them.

How to define a global emergency
The United Nations defines a global emergency or disaster as “a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which
exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its
own resources4.” While emergencies can be fundamentally different, theyusually share most of the following characteristics:
i. They are unusual or unexpected, without early signals, or with impacts thatare different from past events;
ii. Imply severe system losses and damages—human, social, economic, environmental or material;iii. Have a global or international dimension as they spread rapidly across geographies or require international intervention;
iv. Require the immediate action of multiple stakeholders such as governments, private sector agents or NGOs;
v. Have significant impacts on countries, economies and industries that lastat least ten years.
Major global emergencies can be ranked by likelihood and impact, and by thehurdles they may present in achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.
In its 2021 Global Risks Report, the World Economic Forum identified 35 global risks and assessed each one on two dimensions (Fig.1): its expected like-“Coronavirus dashboard”, World Health Organization“Turning hope into reality”, OECD Economic Outlook, December 2020
3
“Covid-19 and the world of work”, 7th edition, International Labour Organization Monitor
4“2009 Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction”, UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, 2009
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2

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lihood and impact in the next ten years, all ranked on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1
representing an unlikely risk with a relatively low impact, and 5 a very likely
risk with a major impact.
Figure 1: Global Risk Landscape,World Economic Forum (2021)

The 23 global risks with either or both above-average likelihood and impact—
those in the three shaded quadrants—span the WEF risk categories: geopolitical, societal, environmental, economic and technological. As perceptions ofrisk have evolved over the past five years, technological, environmental andsocietal risks have become more prominent (Fig. 2).
Figure 2: Evolving Risks Landscape,World Economic Forum (2021)

All of these risks could occur and have significant impact, but they could also
create hurdles in efforts to achieve the UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Fig.3). As suggested by the Action Council’s name, “sustainability”
is the overarching principle of its scope of action and the lens through whichit considers global emergencies.

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Figure 3: Most impactfulrisks and their correspondence
to the UN SDGs

The Action Council has chosen to focus on three main global emergencies: environmental disasters, infectious diseases, and cyber incidents.
To select which global emergencies should be the focus of its recommendations, the Action Council has taken into account trends in global risk perception, the SDGs affected, and the business community experience that governments can leverage in preventing, managing and recovering from crises. In
light of these considerations, the Council has identified three priority emergency areas (environment, health and cyberspace), for which the following
cases in point have been selected:
1. Environmental disasters: Natural disasters are increasingly intense, frequent and costly, with losses estimated at $165 billion in 20185. The world will
experience permanent losses even if we can limit the global average temperature increase to 2°C. Projections suggest that 99% of coral reefs will be lost,for example6.
2. Infectious diseases: Healthcare systems have proven inadequate in responding to global pandemics. In June 2020, for example, 94% of countries
reported that ministry of health staff previously tasked with working on
non-communicable diseases were partially or fully reassigned to address
COVID-19, stretching their resources thin7.
3. Cyber incidents: Without common international digital standards and governance, IT systems and data protection mechanisms will continue to fail; in
2021 alone, cybercrime damages could top $6 trillion8.
For overall sustainability efforts to be efficient and effective, leaders need toact in all the lifecycle phases of emergencies:
1. Before they happen, by enhancing preparedness and resiliency, improving
the accuracy of their predictions and reducing risks;
2. As they unfold, by mounting effective and timely responses in coordinatedand cooperative ways at an international level;
3. In the aftermath of the emergencies, by developing mechanisms for asustainable recovery and transitions to a new normal.
We urge stakeholders to view actions in the three phases not as a linear process but as a self-reinforcing virtuous cycle that can help the world preventand manage future crises more effectively.
“Natural catastrophes and man-made disasters in 2018: ‘secondary’ perils on the frontline”, SwissRe Institute, 2019
“Global Warming of 1.5 ºC”, Special Report, IPCC
7“COVID-19 significantly impacts health services for noncommunicable diseases”, World Health Organization, June 1, 2020
8
“Cybercrime to Cost the World $10.5 Trillion Annually by 2025”, Cybersecurity Ventures, 2019
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Proposed recommendations
In the light of these considerations, the Action Council has organized its recommendations as follows:• One recommendation for each of the three global emergencies selected:
natural disasters, infectious diseases and cyber incidents;• For each recommendation, one policy action for each of the three dimensions of resiliency: preparedness & prevention, emergency management, andsustainable recovery;• For each policy action, two to nine more detailed topics for further consideration and in-depth analysis.

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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIES

Recommendation 1: Commit to and set clear
pathways to a sustainable and just transitionand establish a global mechanism to prevent,manage and foster sustainable recovery fromenvironmental disasters
The G20 should confirm its commitment to and encourage further action
for environmental risks reduction and climate change mitigation as driving
forces to deliver on net-zero emissions targets and achieve sustainable development in line with the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Policy Actions
1.1 Commit to and set clear pathways to a sustainable and just transition
To accelerate the transition to a carbon-neutral, environmentally sustainable and inclusive economy and deliver on Paris Agreement goals,
G20 members should encourage the financing and development of climate mitigation measures such as carbon-reducing technology and carbon
markets, and incentivize sustainable research and development, investments, consumption and production choices. At the same time, G20 members
should develop initiatives to support the transition towards carbon-neutral
solutions of countries, regions, industries, communities and workers that areexperiencing barriers in the adoption of sustainable and carbon-neutral economy models.
1.2 Promote the consistency of environmental sustainability reporting
standards and reinforce global governance to enhance technological innovation
G20 members should promote harmonization and improve the transparency of existing non-financial disclosure standards to help allocate sustainablefinancing more efficiently, and reinforce global governance to speed innovation for environmental disaster management.
1.3 Enhance emergency recovery and financing schemes
G20 members should cooperate to create worldwide recovery and financing
schemes that facilitate fast and targeted relief where it is needed the mostwith green, sustainable and equitable approaches, turning climate and environmental challenges into opportunities.
Leading Monitoring KPI

Baseline

TargetEnvironmental Performance Index, Median9(0-100 scale)44(2020)

55-60(203010)Source: Yale Center for Environmental Law
and Policy (YCELP), Yale University;
Center for International Earth Science Information
Network (CIESIN), Columbia University
Owner: G20

Based on a methodology that can be subject to revision over time; see the Annex for more details
Depending on Index availability for 2030; environmental performance improvement in 2030 could also beappreciated by considering the 10-year change, computed backcasting scores, if released
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Recommendation 1 contributes to eleven SDGs with primary effects on
SDG 7, SDG 11, SDG 12, SDG 13, SDG 15 and SDG 17. The recommendation isdesigned to significantly reduce carbon emissions, support the implementation of a circular economy and include climate adaptation measures in business planning and development. These efforts will create positive spillovers
to SDG 2, SDG 6, SDG 8, SDG 9 and SDG 10.
Priorities include targets 2.3 and 2.4, with focus on increasing the productivity of small-scale food producers and the adoption of sustainable food production systems and resilient agricultural practices
The main focus areas are targets 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5, thanks to climate change
adaptation’s effects on water management, including efficient water use andpollution reduction.
Priorities include targets 7.2, 7.4 and 7.5, given the recommendation’s effects
on the penetration of renewables and best-practice-sharing among countries.
The main focus is on targets 8.2 and 8.4, thanks to efficiency improvements resource in consumption, production and diversification, and innovations
and upgrades in economic productivity.
The focus is on target 9.4, thanks to the implementation of resource-efficient solutions, clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial
processes.
The main focus is on target 10.6, thanks to the fair representation and a voice
for developing countries in global decision-making.
Priorities include targets 11.5, 11.6, and 11.b as investments are mobilized forsustaining populations in disasters, and for launching initiatives to reduce urban environmental impacts.
The primary concerns are on targets 12.1, 12.2, 12.5, thanks to the focus on resource efficiency, recycling, and a shared framework to enhance responsible
consumption and a circular economy.
Great efforts are concentrated on sustaining climate actions, specifically ontargets 13.1, 13.2 and 13.3, for strengthening environmental disaster resilience.
The main focus areas are targets 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, to preserve biodiversity andstrengthen environmental and pandemic emergencies resilience with responsible resource consumption and circular economy practices.
Targets 17.9 and 17.16 are critically important, with the objective to strengthen
multi-stakeholder partnerships, and share knowledge, expertise, technology,
and financial resources to build capacity.

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3Ps Impacted
Recommendation 1 is in line with all three principles of the G20 Italian Presidency: People, Planet and Prosperity

Context
Climate change and the accelerating destruction of nature are priority threats to humanity that require action from policymakers and global society.
Climate change is making natural disasters more frequent: the number ofdroughts, floods, extreme weather events and other environmental accidents, such as earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity, wildfires, has risen by approximately 50% in the last 18 years, imposing damages of about $2.2 trillion11,
more than double the costs of the previous 18 years (Fig. 4). Severe wildfiresin Australia in 2020, for example, burned more than one-fifth of the continent’s entire temperate broadleaf vegetation12. In this context, emerging
markets are particularly vulnerable. For example, around 1.36 billion people
across South and East Asia are exposed to flood risk13. Between 2008 and2018, research suggests that almost 55 million people across the region weredisplaced by weather-related natural disasters14.
Figure 4: Natural disasters haveincreased in number and in related
damage costs over the last 18 years,
Oxford University and McKinsey
Analysis

Carbon dioxide emissions, responsible for 64% of human-made global warming, have reached, with greenhouse gas emissions, more than 50 gigatons
per year, and are increasing continuously with no sign of peaking. Policies inplace today will not keep the world well below the 2.0°C temperature increase limit defined in the Paris Agreement (Fig. 5). Scientific evidence showsthat limiting global warming to 1.5°C should help limit the intensity and frequency of climate and weather extremes, including severe droughts and themany risks associated with water availability, such as water stress18. The World
Economic Forum (WEF) estimates that staying below the 1.5°C limit through2030 would require a reduction of 50% of net emissions—about 23 gigatons
per year—compared to 2019 levels19.

Oxford University, McKinsey Analysis“ Bushfires burned a fifth of Australia’s forest: study”, Phys.org, 2020
“People in Harm’s Way Flood Exposure and Poverty in 189 Countries“, World Bank Group, 2020
14
“Southeast Asia’s Coming Climate Crisis” Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 22, 2020
15
“Global warming and Climate Change”, ECHA
16
“Trends in Global CO2 and Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions; 2020 report”, PBL Netherlands Environmental
Assessment Agency, 2020
17
IPCC Chair Hoesung Lee’s opening statement at COP 25, Dec. 2, 201918
“Impacts of 1.5ºC global warming on natural and human systems”, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
19“Nature and Net Zero,” World Economic Forum, May 27, 2021
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Decarbonization is critically important in limiting climate change, and theprivate sector must play a major role, applying pressure where governments
have yet to take action. Decarbonizing supply chains could be a “game-changer,” for example, in reducing CO2 emissions throughout the economy andhelping the world reach the net zero transition more quickly, according to
the WEF. Digital technologies can play a pivotal role in accelerating the green
transition: in particular, an extensive uptake of smart digital solutions acrosssectors could already enable a 15% cut in global carbon emissions20.
Figure 5: Global historical andprojected greenhouse gas
emissions in billions of tonnes of
CO2 per year (Climate Action
Tracker, 2020)21

The speed and scale of urbanization pose challenges in the fight against climate change. About 4.2 billion people, more than half the global population, live in cities today, a share that is likely to rise to 70% by 205022. Urban
land consumption has outpaced rising populations by about 50%23, and urban
energy consumption now generate about 70% of greenhouse gas emissions 24.
Ecosystem destruction and sharp declines in biodiversity have become serious threats “at least as much as human-induced climate change,” accordingto Robert Watson, former chair of the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change25. Some 40% of invertebrate pollinators face extinction, andland surface productivity has shrunk by 23% due to land degradation26.
The Action Council approach
In our first recommendation, we strongly encourage the G20 advocacy on climate change and nature preservation to facilitate the transition in just and sustainable ways. G20 members, working closely with the business community,
should commit to carbon emission reduction measures, such as carbon pricing,compliance and voluntary carbon markets and disclosure of carbon footprints,
a wider adoption of circular economy principles, and the inclusion of climate
adaptation measures in governments’ strategic plans, in accordance with theParis Agreement framework. To foster a more comprehensive just transition,
the G20 should be careful to include the countries and communities that will
be most disrupted by the adoption of carbon-neutral economy models.

“Scaling 36 solutions to halve emissions by 2030”, Exponential Roadmap Initiative, 2019.
In Figure 5, “pre-industrial level” refers to the reference period 1850-1900, identified by the IPCC in his “Frequently Asked Questions” report
22
United Nations – Department of Economic and Social Affairs
23“Urban Development”, World Bank Group24“Why Cities”, C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group25“Destruction of nature is as big a threat to humanity as climate change”, NewScientists, May, 6, 201926
“Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services”, Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), 2019
20
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Another key element will be the shared commitment to a sustainable transformation of cities in a post-pandemic world and support for those businessmodels compatible with the carbon-neutrality objectives of cities as part ofthe solution. To help prevent and manage global emergencies, G20 governments should enhance low-carbon and circularity processes with regulatory
and financial incentives for sustainable urban development.
We are monitoring the COP26 work and asking the G20 to ensure the consistency of commitments across international venues.
Policy Action 1.1: Commit to and set clear pathways to a sustainable and justtransition
To accelerate the transition to a carbon-neutral, environmentally sustainable
and inclusive economy and deliver on Paris Agreement goals, G20 members
should encourage the financing and development of climate mitigation measures such as carbon-reducing technology and carbon markets, and incentivize sustainable research and development, investments, consumption andproduction choices. At the same time, G20 members should develop initiatives to support the transition towards carbon-neutral solutions of countries,
regions, industries, communities and workers that are experiencing barriersin the adoption of sustainable and carbon-neutral economy models. In thiscontext, we identify the following actions as the most urgent:
1.1.1 Adopt policy measures, including fiscal stimuli and market incentives, to boost resource efficiency, speed the energy transition and support
long-term investments;
The G20 should promote global coordination on policy measures, including public-private investments and fiscal incentives, and encourage adoption at thecountry level. Policymakers should define clear sustainability and transition
strategies at a national level in accordance with the Paris Agreement and eachcountry’s National Determined Contributions (NDCs) by defining pragmatic
but ambitious strategies, roadmaps and targets.
Each country’s strategy should be based on three systemic imperatives: environmental sustainability; energy security and access; and economic development
and competitiveness. The WEF has identified six enabling dimensions to achieveenergy transition and resource efficiency: regulation and political commitment;
governance and institutions; infrastructure and innovative business environment; human capital and consumer participation; energy system structure; andcapital investments27.
We see a predictable and reliable regulatory framework as a key lever to accelerate the transition by creating fair and attractive market conditions on a
global scale. A proper and stable regulatory framework will define the playing
fields for the private sector, and encourage long-term investment such as inmore energy-efficient production processes or in renewables generation technologies. Fiscal stimuli for long-term investments might also help in the initial
phase of a newly developed technology until it is available at competitive prices.
Regulation disincentivizing longer-term investments, such as the IFRS 9, should
be addressed and revised, as outlined by Recommendation 2 of the Policy Paper
by the Finance & Infrastructure Task Force.

27“Fostering Effective Energy Transition: A Fact Based Framework to Support Decision Making”, WEF, 201819

B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIES

Policymakers have several levers, including: implementing green procurement
principles (for example, energy-linked parameters in private/public procurement tenders); stimulating private companies to disclose and improve ESG
performance (for example, use of open data platforms to measure and disclosecompany ESG performance) also through tax benefits mechanisms or mandatory frameworks; promoting public-private partnerships and ventures suchas EU JESSICA Urban Development Funds, to enable and de-risk investments;
scaling the adoption of new technology to decarbonize energy such as clean
energy and advanced power storage solutions28; promoting green certificates;
enabling the development of carbon-trading markets; and proposing international principles to stimulate the integration of environmental considerations inpublic investments, such as the G20 Principles for Quality Infrastructure Investments, and boost sustainable development financing, such as the UN Declaration on Innovative Financing for Development.
The G20 should ensure that regulatory frameworks minimize bureaucratic burdens, which can be an obstacle especially for SMEs, to foster the adoption of themeasures on a large scale.
The G20 should also help disseminate information about just transition initiatives already underway, such as the EU Just Transition Mechanism for financing schemes, the Solidarity and Just Transition Silesia Declaration signed by 50
countries at COP24 for workforce repurposing, and the Climate Action for Jobs
Initiative for the creation of decent green jobs.
Open-es – A platform for the sustainable development of supply chains
Open-es is a digital platform that connects companies and organizations acrossindustries to measure and improve ESG performance.
The platform “powered” by Eni is a new private-led initiative open to all companies and aimed at promoting the sustainable development of industrial production chains.
Open-es has a distinctive approach in which ESG data disclosure and transparency is intended as a competitive success factor, favoring the growth of theentire ecosystem. The platform has been released on March 2021 and in the firsttwo months more than 1,600 companies joined the community and also otherleading companies are currently evaluating the opportunity to engage their
supply chain on Open-es.
Open-es allows all players in the industrial ecosystem and along the entire value
chain to: i) measure sustainable development performance through a flexible
model based on WEF Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics; ii) share ESG data, information and experiences with their clients, to increase disclosure and create business opportunities; iii) receive a gap analyses (compared to reference data byindustry) as benchmarks to identify opportunities for improvement; iv) acquire
services directly offered by the platform to fill identified gaps.
The promotion of an “open data approach” on ESG performance can mark an
important step towards creating a transparent ecosystem, enhancing strong
synergies throughout business processes and accelerating progress towards climate targets and a just energy transition.

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1.1.2 Support the development and coexistence of compliance and voluntary carbon markets to help drive investments in carbon-reducing technology and nature-based solutions that preserve biodiversity and sequester carbon, and to advance the energy transition while minimizing thecosts to vulnerable communities and supporting economic growth;
Carbon pricing and compliance carbon markets
The G20 should support the adoption of local carbon pricing regulation, including explicit and implicit carbon pricing29, in accordance with global frameworks while taking into account local market peculiarities. Article 6 of theParis Agreement can provide a shared framework for compliance market
structures, such as the European Emission Trading System and other industry-specific markets such as CORSIA for the aviation sector and the Low
Carbon Fuel Standard in California’s transportation sector. The G20 should
promote the adoption of carbon market pricing systems, such as emissions
trading systems, carbon taxes, carbon-border adjustment mechanisms andcarbon offset mechanisms, such as the Joint-Crediting Mechanism, to discourage emissions and reduce the overall burden of compliance, across awider range of sectors and increase cooperation across international jurisdictions. A coordinated global approach is required to avoid market distortions
and unfair competition among states. On carbon pricing, see also Recommendation 3 of the Policy Paper by the Energy and Resource Efficiency Task
Force.
Voluntary Carbon Markets (VCM)
As more corporations set voluntary net-zero and carbon-neutral targets,carbon offsets will play an important role channeling investments into net technologies and nature-based solutions that will avoid, reduce or remove carbon. Voluntary carbon offsetting has the potential to unleash large amountsof capital for financing clean technologies and nature-based solutions forcarbon sequestration.
The G20 should encourage countries to promote voluntary carbon markets in line with globally accepted standards and to allow the use of voluntary carbon credits within national and subnational compliance schemes. To
enable VCM practices, coordinated action is critical, including setting sharedcore carbon principles and taxonomy, creating core carbon reference contracts, developing a resilient, flexible and large-scale infrastructure for trade,post-trade, financing and data purposes, setting a consensus principles foroffsetting legitimacy, and developing market integrity assurance.
Taskforce for Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets
The Taskforce on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets (TSVCM) is an example ofan initiative led by the private sector that provides a blueprint for G20 countries
to implement and develop VCM trading hubs to help companies facilitate theirown net-zero targets and funding for carbon-reduction and sequestration activities around the world.
The Taskforce was founded by Mark Carney, UN Special Envoy for Climate
Action and Finance Advisor to British Prime Minister Boris Johnson for COP26.
To help create a scalable global market for voluntary carbon markets, thetaskforce has drafted a blueprint to connect carbon credits supply to demandin a seamless, cost-effective and transparent way that builds confidence andinstills credibility in the carbon credits being traded. The blueprint can be scaled

The OECD defines explicit carbon pricing direct measures, such as carbon taxes or emission-trading systems,
and implicit measures, such as abatement incentives embedded in other policies that influence greenhouse gas
emissions, such as gasoline taxes (“Effective Carbon Prices”, OECD, Nov. 2013)29

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to meet rising demand as more companies align their business models with thegoals of the Paris Agreement.
In Phase 1, concluded in January 2021, the taskforce addressed: 1) core carbon
principles and taxonomy; 2) standardized reference contracts; 3) market infrastructure and data; 4) legitimacy of off-sets; 5) market integrity; and 6) demand
signals.
Since March 2021, the taskforce has been moving to Phase 2, creating working
groups to drive stakeholder engagement, define governance, standardize documentation, legal principles and contracts, and improve carbon credit-level
integrity by defining Core Carbon Principles (CCPs), additional attributes anddevelopment assessment frameworks.
To help develop a stock exchange for a voluntary market, CME Group collaborated with CBL Markets to launch a Global Offset Emission (GEO) futures contract for delivery of CORSIA-eligible voluntary carbon offset credits
from three registries: Verified Carbon Standard (VCS), American Carbon
Registry (ACR), and Climate Action Reserve (CAR). This contract helps theglobal market base access standardized and validated instruments for the
emerging voluntary emissions market. CBL Markets says it will soon launcha Nature-Based Global Emissions Offset (N-GEO) contract, composed ofAgriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) projects with additional
Climate, Community, and Biodiversity (CCB) accreditation. The N-GEO will
provide a benchmark for nature-based emissions offsets, allowing companies to meet climate commitments, while promoting the biodiversity of natural environments and supporting developing communities.
Complementary supporting mechanisms for low-carbon technologies
Although carbon price policies are crucial to reach the energy transition
targets, complementary supporting mechanisms are needed to foster investment in low-carbon technologies. In particular, long-term contracting
mechanisms should be put in place as hedging instruments for operators investing in new technologies and processes, such as low-carbon hydrogen production and storage. Possible options, already available for renewable power
technologies, are contracts for differences, for instance linked to the carbon
price. If well designed, these could be adequate de-risking instruments while
maintaining proper incentives for the efficient use of assets.
1.1.3 Support the transition to zero emissions by promoting measures tosustain the technology shift and enhance R&D programs on pragmatic
paths, including sustainable biofuels, natural and green gas, carbon capture and conversion, and low-carbon hydrogen, to abate emissions immediately;
The G20 should promote R&D programs in cooperation with the public sector, and provide incentives for the use of alternative fuels, including biofuels,
natural and green gas, low-carbon and green hydrogen, and carbon capture
and conversion technologies to reduce CO2 emissions30.
Sustainable biofuels
The G20 should promote the development of advanced biofuel technologies,
which have a large untapped potential. “Conventional” biofuels are those“Energy Transition 101: Getting back to basics for transitioning to a low-carbon economy”, WEF, July 202030

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produced from food crop feedstocks such as sugar cane ethanol, starch-based ethanol, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), straight vegetable oil (SVO) andused cooking oil (UCO). “Advanced” biofuels are produced from non-foodcrop feedstocks, capable of delivering significant lifecycle greenhouse gas
emissions savings compared with fossil fuel alternatives, and which do not directly compete with food or feed crops for agricultural land or cause adverse
sustainability impacts31. Advanced biofuels, mainly biogas and biomethane,
also include those produced from agro-industrial waste from the food processing chain such as sugarcane straws, corn straws and other agriculturalresiduals and the organic fraction municipal solid waste. Alternative fuels are
already in use in road transport, railways, aviation and waterborne transportand can help drive emissions abatement.
Second-generation ethanol in Brazil from sugarcane straws
Residues turned into second-generation ethanol help to produce renewableenergy and use resources in a sustainable way.
In Brazil, sugar cane residues are now collected, baled and stored, rather than left
in the field or burned, and are transformed into ethanol and other renewable products. This is possible thanks to the technologies developed by GranBio and Raízen.
GranBio and Raízen maintain alliances with first-generation plants to supply
the raw material, a critical competitive factor for the production of renewables.
For example, GranBio developed a system for collecting, storing and processing
sugar cane straws equivalent to 200,000 tons per year to feed the biorefinery inthe state of Alagoas, which produces the lowest carbon-footprint biofuel available. It is the largest plant of its kind in the world, with a capacity of 30 million
liters per year.
The process does not compromise sugar cane crops and is possible only in areas
where harvesting is mechanized.
Initiatives such as Second-Generation Ethanol GranBio Biotech are supported
by Brazilian regulations including RenovaBio, the Brazilian National Biofuel Policy, instituted by Law No. 13,576/2017. The regulation provides an important
contribution to the fulfillment of the commitments determined by Brazil under
the Paris Agreement and promote the expansion of biofuels in the energy matrix, with an emphasis on regular supply.
Carbon capture
Carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS) technologies harness CO2 from fuelcombustion or industrial processes, transport this CO2 mainly by ship or pipeline, and either use it to create valuable products or services, or permanently
store it deep underground in geological formations. CCUS technologies also
provide the foundation for carbon removal or "negative emissions" when theCO2 comes from bio-based processes or directly from the atmosphere.
CCUS technologies contribute to clean energy transitions in several ways: (i)tackling emissions from existing energy infrastructure by retrofitting power
and industrial plants; (ii) offering a solution, virtually the only one, for deep
emission reductions from heavy industries; (iii) supporting the developmentof low-carbon hydrogen production; and (iv) removing carbon from the atmosphere32. CCUS needs more specific government incentives, including“World Energy Outlook 2020”, International Energy Agency, Oct. 2020

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financial schemes to overcome commercial barriers, which could support
investments and plant operations for a limited time. However, incentives
should be eventually defined according to firms’ ability to reduce CO2 emissions. Momentum is growing for CCUS, after years of a declining investment
pipeline, with several plans for new integrated CCUS facilities announced
since 2017 (see the Box “Oil and Gas Climate Initiative CCUS KickStarter” in
the Annex).
Policymakers should adopt a shared global framework of guidelines and incentives based on existing agreements to scale technologies across relevant
sectors. The Carbon Capture and Storage Legal and Regulatory Indicator(CCS-LRI) represents a global initiative offering a detailed examination andassessment of national legal and regulatory frameworks that support CCS
deployment and a comprehensive model for tracking opportunities for thedevelopment of global frameworks33.
Hydrogen
The G20 should promote the development of reliable hydrogen supply chain
infrastructure to meet hydrogen demand, which the IEA expects to quadruple by 205034. This growth will be driven mainly by new hydrogen uses acrosssectors, from hard-to-abate industrial sectors to transportation (especiallyheavy road and long-haul transportation, where the electric solution is nottechnologically viable and, in the long term, for maritime and air mobility),
and in ammonia and methanol production. As they become cost-competitive, green and blue hydrogen should progressively replace grey hydrogen35.
Due to hydrogen‘s intrinsic characteristics, including its flammability and low
density, which make it easily dispersed into the air, the G20 should incentivize
investments in hydrogen, ammonia and methanol infrastructures, enabling
upstream, midstream (including logistics and trading) and downstream operations.
1.1.4 Incentivize sustainable investments in low-emission, resource-efficient and climate-resilient infrastructure, including in developing countries to support local growth, and in developed countries to support infrastructure upgrades, improving economic diversification and access tocleaner and renewable energy;
The G20 should offer incentives for investments in infrastructure development, including modernizing, upgrading or extending existing systems, supporting sustainable transitions and carbon-neutral energy mixes. Hydro,
solar, wind, green hydrogen and other forms of renewable energy are taking share from fossil fuels; 71% of the countries that have signed the Paris
Agreement have quantified renewable energy targets for 2030 in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)37. Developing renewable energy
poses additional challenges along the value chain. In terms of transmission
and distribution infrastructure, power grids are evolving into more complex
systems with decentralized generation and bi-directional power flows. In terms of technology advances, electrification and variability supply, advanced
storage systems such as hydropower plants with reservoirs, or in connection
with on site-renewables such floating PV systems, or other advanced battery“CCUS in Clean Energy Transitions, Part of Energy Technology Perspectives Report”, IEA, 2020
“Legal and regulatory indicator: A global assessment of national legal and regulatory regimes for carbon
capture and storage”, Global CCS Institute, Sept. 2015
34
IEA, 2020 – Global hydrogen demand by sector in the Sustainable Development Scenario, 2019-2070
35
Grey hydrogen is produced using fossil fuels such as natural gas. In blue hydrogen, carbon emissions are
36
Upstream operations focus on production, midstream operations on transportation and storage, and downstream operations on refining and marketing. For more information, please visit: https://guides.loc.gov/oil-andgas-industry/companies
37“Renewable Energy and Climate Pledges: Five years after the Paris Agreement”, International Renewable
Energy Agency, Dec. 2020
32

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energy storage systems are required.
New investments will be needed to adapt and develop the electricity grid
infrastructure backbone. Upgrades will enable the integration of new renewable generation capacity in the system and create new links between urban and rural areas. Storage systems will be needed to compensate for thevolatility of renewables and balance supply and demand. The G20 should
promote investments in low-carbon generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure and support innovation to enable the transition, such as
through public-private research projects or joint ventures.
The G20 should promote and accelerate the transition towards the digitization of industrial processes, aimed at introducing technologies such as the
IoT, sensors and actuators, cloud solutions and additive manufacturing, tosupport more energy-efficient and sustainable production processes. Moreover, the G20 should promote the development of sustainable agricultural
mechanization to enhance food security and availability, especially in developing countries. Sustainable mechanization will improve productivity, help
farmers use resources more efficiently, enhance market access and help mitigate climate-related hazards38. The G20 should also incentivize the adoption of digital solutions such as of precision agriculture and digital farming(see the Box ”ConectarAGRO” in the Annex). Combining precision farming
technology such as drones and improved satellite imaging with intelligent
networks (IoT, smart devices, AI) and data management tools, farmers willproduce more food with less land, water, fertilizer and fewer seeds while protecting the environment.
Since digital tools have the potential to considerably exploit resource-efficient opportunities in different sectors, the G20 should foster further investments in other enabling technologies, including AI, big data, analytics and 5G,
as outlined by Recommendation 3 of the Policy Paper by the Digital Transformation Task Force.
1.1.5 Encourage a more resilient and decentralized urban infrastructure,such as district heating and cooling (DHC) and on-site renewable generation, to balance energy supply and demand, water distribution and access;More cities are now starting points and laboratories for a wide range of economic, social and sustainability experiments that promise environmental,social and economic benefits. G20 governments should encourage city andurban plans for more resilient and “complete neighborhoods,” where residents can access all their essential needs quickly through sustainable and decentralized infrastructures, considering each country’s unique context andinfrastructure.
New urban green spaces, the use of renewables, more energy-efficient buildings and plants, digitalization, waste recycling, biofuels, sustainable mobility and other new technologies can provide energy savings and tangible reductions of CO2 emissions. G20 countries should recalibrate the relationshipbetween city and nature, promote proximity and improve accessibility byrevisiting public spaces, urban design and planning and the negative externalities of agglomerations39.
In this process, the private sector can make technological capabilities andinnovations available to all areas of production to extend the lifespans of“Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization”, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN“Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19): Cities policy responses”, OECD, July 23, 2020

38
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products and save materials and other resources. Companies can share theirexperience in remediating and reusing water and soil, and other innovations
that can help cities save resources and improve overall energy efficiency.
Actions and policies, including appropriate regulations, should be developed
to change consumers’ behaviors to support efficient energy use and transition towards the use of green and sustainable energy sources.
G20 countries should provide incentives to decentralize urban infrastructure
to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy and water security. A decentralized urban infrastructure strategy has several positive implications, including the deployment of renewable energy, the reduction of therisk associated with relying on single providers for energy, water and otherresources, and the creation of more competitive resource markets in the longrun. In particular, the G20 should support the development and modernization of green DHC networks and promote the acceleration of urban andindustrial decarbonization, when appropriate.
The G20 should also enhance the development of on-site renewable generation by facilitating a competitive and fair market through appropriate
regulation. On-site renewable generation will include low-carbon technologies such as solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, wind turbines, geothermal
stations, marine energy and waste-to-energy solutions such as urban waste
processing and biomethane gas production. The G20 should accelerate thistransition by adopting financial incentives such as tax incentives and solar
renewable energy credits, or by facilitating financing options such as powerpurchase agreements, leasing and project finance.
As decentralized networks and on-site generation expand, governments
must support local supply and demand balancing mechanisms, such as thesale of excess power to the network and direct power sales to customers.
Coordinating transmission system operators and distribution system operators will help cities manage the flexibility of distributed resources. Since public-private partnerships with local governments are an important lever, theG20 should promote the development of integrated energy platforms designed to guarantee flexibility for decentralized energy sources. This would
allow effective management of the new distributed resources and the coordination and participation of all the stakeholders in new electricity systems.
As an overarching goal, governments should encourage the optimization of
production and supply chain processes and make larger use of digitalization
opportunities such as smart metering, IoT and AI.
1.1.6 Enhance the development of circular economy and nature-based
solutions to achieve sustainability, accelerate the transition and preserve
biodiversity;
The G20 should foster the adoption of circular economy practices, characterized by innovation and high technological capabilities, and nature-based
solutions to reduce environmental impacts and preserve and regenerate natural ecosystems.
As defined by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, the circular economy is a “systemic approach to economic development designed to benefit businesses,
society, and the environment. In contrast to the ‘take-make-waste’ linear

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model, a circular economy is regenerative by design and aims to gradually
decouple growth from the consumption of finite resources.” This concept
is based on closing loops around extraction, production, and consumption
systems; resources, materials and products use is maximized within the loop
for the longest time possible, minimizing or eliminating waste across systems.
The G20 should promote partnerships, such as the Global Alliance on Circular Economy and Resource Efficiency and the Platform for Accelerating the
Circular Economy (PACE), to advance initiatives related to circular economy
transition and sustainable consumption and production. The alliances should
bring together private and public sector players to identify gaps in knowledge and governance to enable the circular economy transition.
The G20 should encourage the transition towards circular business models
not only to meet sustainable and energy transition objectives but also to create value and spur technological advances. Private organizations should aim
to bring circular business models into companies’ missions, commitments,
targets, commercial plans and value chains. Several of those business models
can create value while minimizing the use of new resources and exploiting
recycled material with low carbon footprints. Circular business models andprinciples can be applied to any industry, including manufacturing, agriculture and forestry, energy systems, transportation and mobility, healthcare,and information and communications technology. Modern urban planningand modernization should sustain the role of cities as strategic laboratories
of low-carbon societies.
In agriculture and industrial processes, for example, circular business models
can help limit or eliminate waste generation (see the Box “Cestas Biomethane Circular Economy” in the Annex). Examples include material-efficientbuilding designs; industrialized construction processes; lightweight designs
for vehicles; reutilization of products and components such as through renting, sharing or pay-per-use; valorization of waste in hydrogen projects; production material recirculation, such as collection, sorting and recycling; andthe adoption of nature-based or biological materials such as green building
materials and biofuels, especially biomethane, as power sources for agriculture machineries44.
To accelerate the adoption of circular business models, governments can offer tax incentives and create clearer, more consistent standards for sustainability certification, especially for SMEs. An important example in manufacturing is the lifecycle assessment (LCA) analysis, which is based on recognizedinternational standards that could be extended to all G20 countries, thus
limiting the complexity of national certifications and protocols. The convergence of existing corporate non-financial disclosure frameworks for sustainability (including circularity) reporting and for metrics measurement is already underway and detailed in policy action 1.2.1.
The G20 should take urgent action across society to put biodiversity on apath to recovery for the benefit of planet and people. Action is required at
the regional, national and global levels to transform economic, social and financial models and reverse trends that have exacerbated biodiversity loss.
The G20 should implement regulatory measures for public and private financial institutions and businesses to: (i) integrate biodiversity into businessand financial decision-making and strategies; (ii) support business in standardizing metrics to measure and value impacts and dependencies on biodiversity; (iii) adopt disclosure requirements on biodiversity risks, impacts andopportunities. Policymakers should adopt a shared global framework for de-44”How the circular economy tackles climate change”, Ellen Macarthur Foundation, Sept. 201927

B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIES

fining common guidelines and incentives for implementing the bioeconomy
as a strategy for sustainable development.
Nature-based solutions (NbS) are crucial to help reduce environmental impacts and preserve and regenerate natural ecosystems. As defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), NbS “are actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems that
address societal challenges (e.g., climate change, food and water security or
natural disasters) effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing humanwell-being and biodiversity benefits.”45 These solutions could play an important role in reducing disaster risks and help achieve sustainable and resilient
development. In some cases, NbS have a preliminary goal to mitigate climatechange along with social challenges: these solutions are called NCS (Natural
Climate Solutions). For example, a mangrove conservation project that addresses climate change, disaster risk prevention, environmental degradation
and biodiversity loss, but may improve food security by providing shelter tofish and economic and social development by supporting sustainable fisheries and/or ecotourism46. This kind of project can be included under the UN
REDD+ 47 scheme, which encompasses conserving forests to reduce emissions,improve the natural storage capacity of CO2, and support local communities
development through socio-economic projects in line with the principles of sustainable management, forest protection and nature conservation.
Options for supporting and financing NbS include monetary and non-monetary incentives for local communities, farmers and private land owners
to protect, restore and conserve natural ecosystems and adopt sustainableagricultural and other land use practices. One option still in development
could be a non-fungible token (NFT)48 market based on natural forestry
preservation: landowners would be paid in digital currency for preservation.
Such projects would use satellite imagery to monitor changes in natural forestry throughout the planet.
Nature-based solutions should also be promoted in water resources management. In this regard, the G20 should develop public-private water conservation initiatives, including international and supranational governanceprojects to improve cooperative transboundary basins management.
The G20 should promote global alliances and bring public and private sector
players together to overcome obstacles to financing nature-based solutions.
In this context, it would be fundamental to support the development of specific and standardized instruments to evaluate the material risks and opportunities associated with nature to attract more capital to NbS projects. For
example, the Task Force on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) “willprovide a framework for corporates and financial institutions to assess, manage and report on their dependencies and impacts on nature, aiding in theappraisal of nature-related risk and the redirection of global financial flows
away from nature-negative outcomes and towards nature-positive outcomes.”49 Other coalitions, such as Business for Nature and the NCS Alliance,
co-hosted by the World Economic Forum and World Business Council for
Sustainable Development, have been created to help scale up NbS projects.
On preserving the equilibrium of the natural ecosystem, see also Recommendation 4 of the Policy Paper by the Energy and Resource Efficiency Task Force.

Definition of nature-based solutions from the International Union for Conservation of Nature“Accelerating business solutions for climate and nature – Report I: Mapping nature-based solutions and natural climate solutions”, World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Dec. 7, 2020
47
REDD+ platform at the UN’s Framework Convention on Climate Change
48"Non-fungible tokens are cryptographic assets on blockchain with unique identification codes and metadatathat distinguish them from each other. Unlike cryptocurrencies, they cannot be traded or exchanged at equivalency." Definition from Investopedia website
49
Bringing together a Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures, tnfd.info
45

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1.1.7 Encourage greater international collaboration on predictive studies
and scenario analyses to better assess the impact of different types of risks;
The G20 should promote coordination on collaborative methodologies for assessing the long-term impact of physical, transition and systematic risks, andresilience. Physical risks include those arising from changes in the frequency
and impact of natural events such as droughts or floods due to climate change,
and made-man events such as those arising from changes in land use, infrastructure, reformed forestry industry or consumer culture that alter our exposure to climate risk. Transition risks include those arising from changes in policy,
litigation, reputation, shareholder activism, energy technology during the shift
to a low-carbon economy50. Systemic risks can emanate from all of the aboveor may be due to supra-regional policy changes, concentrations of exposureor hazards, and global shifts of resources and people. Resilience can be tested
through system models that compare countermeasures’ effects on changes inhazards and exposures. Although system models exist, much needs to be done
to share, harmonize and connect data and strategies so these tools can help
support decisions across all levels of society.
The G20 should promote the adoption of common climate scenarios, such as
through convergence of underlying assumptions, financial modeling methodology, a shared taxonomy of potential hazards or shocks and common scenario outputs. The G20 should foster the inclusion of macroeconomic environmental factors and value chain characteristics to evaluate climate-related
physical risks51. To this end, the UNEP Finance initiative is working with Carbon
Delta to coordinate a group of 20 investors to test scenario-based analyses of
their portfolios in line with recommendations of Task Force on Climate-related
Financial Disclosures.
Comprehensive data and a long-term program for global observations, suchas satellite earth observation, are critical for predictive scenario analysis, early
warning systems and effective resilience (see also policy action 1.2.2)52. With regards to data, the Insurance Development Forum (IDF) is leading the industry
in an open source (data) modelling collaboration in order to develop interoperability between models and platforms, and develop open data standards for
exposure data.
(Re)Insurance solutions are paramount to calculate, share and assume risk
while sharing ideas about risk management and mitigation and helping to create an infrastructure for risk communication and sharing from homeowners
over larger commercial organizations to investors and governments. Resiliencemodels should be launched and further evolved including all of the above inorder to understand cost-benefit of action and how best risk can be sharedacross all levels over the next decades. Understanding the systemic nature andlong-term effects of climate policy and change will help mitigate risk and foster communication, informed planning and decision making across all levelsof society.
European Extreme Events Climate Index53
The European Extreme Events Climate Index (E3CI) is a metric to evaluate andmanage the impact of extreme atmospheric phenomena, developed by Unipol
Group as part of the International Foundation Big Data and Artificial Intelligencefor Human Development (IFAB) project, in collaboration with the Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change (CMCC) and Leithà.

“An Investor Guide to Physical Climate Risk & Resilience”, Global Adaptation & Resilience Investment Working
Group, Nov. 201751
“Changing Course: A comprehensive investor guide to scenario-based methods for climate risk assessment, in
response to the TCFD,” UN Environment Program Finance Initiative, May 201952
“A vision for managing natural disaster risk”, WEF, April 201153
For details, please visit the Unipol Group website
50

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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESThe E3CI facilitates the identification of the damages caused by whether eventsand the estimation of their severity, for example supporting insurance, reinsurance and finance players in climate-related insurance products pricing and risk management.
Developed on the basis of the North American Actuaries Climate Index, the E3CI
includes five components: cold stress, heat stress, drought, extreme precipitations
and extreme winds.
Initiatives such as the E3CI represent a significant step towards the objectivizationof weather events impact estimation and, therefore, the creation of a transparent
market for climate-related risks.
1.1.8 Supporting risk preparedness and preventions of companies against
all kinds of hazards with the aim to guarantee business continuity andstrengthen long-term resilience;
The G20 should help companies adopt risk assessment practices and prevention measures, and foster business preparedness and resilience against environmental risks. In particular, the G20 should promote the adoption by firmsof business continuity plans, risk management practices, training programs andinvestments to strengthen physical assets, plants and facilities against calamitous events such as floods and fires. For example, the UNDRR has identified
guidelines to help SMEs improve resilience against multiple hazards throughpreventive activities54. Moreover, the G20 should also promote partnerships
between public organizations and industry associations, such as the alreadyexisting cooperation between UNDRR and ICMIF in the insurance industry, tostimulate the identification and diffusion of sustainability best practices (seethe Box ” The Emergency Management Programme” in the Annex).
Firms’ ability to reduce disaster risks not only improves their own competitiveness but also community resilience and innovation. Using IoT in construction,for example, can increase resilience against adverse events.
The G20 should adopt stable medium- and long-term policy measures, suchas tax credits and grants, and incentivize public-private partnerships to help
companies assess risks and take preventive measures (see the Box “LIFE DERRIS” in the Annex). The G20 should also support public-private investments inlocal infrastructure, including roads and bridges, which are critical to supply
chains and can help protect community assets from environmental risks.
1.1.9 Promote educational and vocational programs on sustainability andjust transition to raise community awareness, develop knowhow and technical skills, and foster social inclusiveness.
Education and training play crucial roles in the just transition. In particular, theG20 should target two macro-objectives through differentiated policy actions.
First, the G20 should aim at increasing environmental and sustainability awareness throughout society, from the first levels of education to adults. Awareness across a broad spectrum of the population would allow behavioral changes that are essential to the transition and the diffusion of circular economy
practices and NbS, and it would foster bottom-up, grassroots initiatives that
can accelerate the transition itself.

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30“Reducing risk & building resilience of SMEs to disasters”, UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2020

B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESThe G20 should also support appropriate educational and vocational programs to develop the wide range of new skills needed to:• develop environmentally friendly technologies, production processes, products, services and business models across all sectors of the economy;• perform traditional jobs in the new context of the low carbon economy;• upskill or reskill workers prepare workers to do new green jobs.
Raising awareness, developing new skills and providing upskilling and reskilling
opportunities are essential steps for a just and inclusive transition. Inclusiveness should be viewed not only as a goal but also as a strategy to enhance theeconomic and social potential of nations. The G20 should reorient their education systems to build a global economy that ensures long-term sustainable
development and resilience to economic shocks, and tackles social challengesof our times. Climate change, frequent natural disasters, poverty, and dramatic social inequities are just some of the unprecedented challenges the global
community faces today. Education is a key to encouraging learners to become“change agents” with the knowledge, means and will to find solutions for thesechallenges. Education is also key to setting a strong basis for a global support
on ambitious public policies oriented on sustainability, equality, diversity andinclusion. Policymakers can take actions to reorient education towards sustainability, including: financial support and incentives to develop sustainability-oriented educational and training initiatives; policies and regulations to include
sustainability and environmental topics as mandatory at all levels of education;
schemes to prepare teachers to educate for sustainable development; frameworks and guidelines to support the design and implementation of educational and training initiatives that integrate priority sustainable development
issues into teaching and learning, such as in the Education for Sustainable Development initiative promoted by UNESCO55.
Policy Action 1.2: Promote the consistency of environmental sustainability
reporting standards and reinforce global governance to enhance technological innovation
G20 members should promote harmonization and improve the transparencyof existing non-financial disclosure standards to help allocate sustainable financing more efficiently, and reinforce global governance to speed innovationfor environmental disaster management. We recommend that the G20:
1.2.1 Promote the convergence and harmonization of existing corporate non-financial disclosure frameworks to create transparent, globally
accepted standards for environmental sustainability reporting and measurement practices, with “stakeholder capitalism”56 as an overarching
perspective;
The G20 should promote the international convergence and harmonizationof non-financial disclosure frameworks, such as CDP and CDSB, taxonomies
and standards, such as GRI, SASB and IR. Sustainability metrics, models andmethodologies need to be harmonized and made more transparent to inform
investment outcomes, better understand economic activities’ impacts on people and planet, and drive capital allocation to where it is needed most.

“What UNESCO Does on Education for Sustainable Development”, UNESCO
In “stakeholder capitalism,” companies create long-term value by taking into
account the needs of all stakeholders, including society at large
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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESAs such, the G20 should ask market and prudential authorities to work towards
the alignment of ESG disclosure frameworks (see also Recommendation 1 of
the Policy Paper by the Finance and Infrastructure Task Force), involving global
standard-setting bodies in the process. A harmonized framework should set
clear reporting guidelines, shared governance principles and universal, industry-agnostic metrics. The framework should address company-specific “coremetrics” as well as “expanded indicators” for a wider value-chain scope, as promoted in the WEF-IBC “Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics” initiative. To this end,
the G20 should incentivize non-financial disclosure and certification schemesthat recognize companies’ commitment towards the entire value chain, such as
in Ireland’s sustainable program “Origin Green” for the food and drink industry.
More effort is required to increase, improve and harmonize data and disclosures from all sectors of the economy, in particular from emerging markets, which are the most at risk from climate change and represent some of the biggest
investment opportunities.
Information transparency is improving, thanks to initiatives such as the Task
Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (see the Box “Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD)” in the Annex), CDP and CDSB Framework. However, the quality and consistency of broader sustainability data isoften poor, non-comparable and inconsistently disclosed.
Internationally, fragmentation undermines progress. The proliferation of taxonomies, for example, prevents interoperability, increases compliance burdens
on companies operating across multiple markets, and ultimately prevents global sustainable capital mobility. At the global level, the International Platformon Sustainable Finance has great promise in improving convergence: its ultimate goal is to “scale up the mobilization of private capital towards environmentally sustainable investments.”57
The G20 should promote clear and practical methodologies for metrics to preserve trust and sustainability information assurance. Accredited auditing firms
or certification agencies should verify the information and value of non-financial disclosure frameworks and enable companies to report in more consistentand comparable ways.
A shared and transparent non-financial sustainability reporting framework
will foster transparency and trust among corporations, investors and otherstakeholders. Transparency will be a key to advancing a global sustainable finance approach and driving investment decisions more efficiently. According
to the World Bank, “investors are becoming more conscious of the effects of
their economic footprints and the benefits of integrating sustainability, mainly
by adding ESG considerations, into investment decisions.”58 Common reporting and metrics are important, but it is also important to converge on standards that describe environmentally positive and socially sustainable activity. The G20 should support the development of such standards to promote
cross-border investments.
Policymakers should rely on a mix of instruments to promote framework adoption, depending on each company’s characteristics. Disclosure requirements,for example, could be required for listed companies, while small and medium-sized companies could have fiscal incentives and simplified sustainability
reporting frameworks for voluntary adoption.

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58

European Commission International platform on sustainable finance“Riding the Wave: Navigating the ESG Landscape for Sovereign Debt Managers”, World Bank Group, 2020

B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESWEF-IBC Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics
The WEF-IBC is already leading this effort alongside more than 60 global business leaders committed to aligning their corporate goals with ESG principles. The
Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics released by the WEF-IBC, drawn from existing
voluntary standards, include 21 “core” metrics, defined as “universal, comparable
core disclosures focused on people, planet, prosperity and principles of governance that are considered most critical for business, society and the planet, and thatcompanies can report on regardless of industry or region59.” The initiative aims
to enhance transparency and accountability on sustainability, and provide measurable, monitorable and comparable standards and governance principles thatwill benefit companies and investors. The organizations involved have committed
to report the metrics to investors and stakeholders in annual reports, proxy statements and so on, publicly support the initiative and encourage their business partners to adopt it, and promote the harmonization of sustainability standards andframeworks to create a globally accepted solution for non-financial reporting.
1.2.2 Reinforce global governance and coordination with public-private
partnerships, and establish an integrated strategy to identify, develop
and share innovative technologies and best practices for environmental
risk and disaster management;
The G20 should recognize the critical role of innovation and technology in environmental disaster management, reinforcing global coordination and commitments to existing frameworks, such as the technology framework under
Article 10, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement. The G20 should promote global initiatives, including research programs, joint ventures and pilot projects,
leveraging public-private knowhow and resources. Some global mechanisms
are already in place, including the Technology Mechanism established in 2010by COP that created two bodies that work together: the Technology Executive
Committee (TEC) and the Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN)60.
TEC identifies policies to accelerate the development of low-emission and climate-resilient technologies; CTNC promotes the development and transfer ofclimate technologies by providing technical assistance and access to information about climate technologies and by fostering collaboration among climate
technology stakeholders61. Moreover, the G20 should incentivize public-private partnerships aimed at developing and promoting sustainable technologies
to improve environmental risks data collection and monitoring.
Space technology, for example, could help achieve these objectives. The G20
should extend its access on a global scale and promote Free and Open Accessregulations, such as EU Copernicus, especially in the interest of less-developed
countries. Natural disaster management in all its phases could benefit considerably from space assets. Earth observation from space improves modeling andweather forecasting, helps to predict environmental catastrophes, and provides early warnings. Satellites are reliable tools for communication, mapping
and positioning on a global scale, and vital for relief and recovery, assessing
damages, locating those in need and delivering first aid.
Moreover, the G20 should promote initiatives aimed at ameliorating humanitarian operations and logistics, involving different stakeholders, such as publicagencies, non-governmental organizations and companies. For example, theUN agencies and the Pan American Health Organization developed a joint instrument, called Logistics Support System (LSS), to facilitate and improve coordination at national and international level among all interested humanitarian partners.
“Global Business Leaders Support ESG Convergence by Committing to Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics”, WEF,
Jan. 26, 2021
60
“What is technology development and transfer?”, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
61
For details, visit the websites of the Climate Technology Centre & Network and Technology Executive Committee at the UNFCC
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Policy Action 1.3: Enhance emergency recovery and financing schemes
G20 members should cooperate to create worldwide recovery and financing
schemes that facilitate fast and targeted relief where it is needed the mostwith green, sustainable and equitable approaches, turning climate and environmental challenges into opportunities. In particular, they should:
1.3.1 Promote collaborative public-private partnerships among financiers,
investors and responders to share data and technical knowledge and toprovide economic relief, also through innovative post-disaster financing
mechanisms;
The G20 should adopt a disaster risk management strategy based on public andprivate partnerships among national and international bodies, such as, disastermanagement agencies, civil protection and environmental ministries, and investors, insurers, reinsurers and banks. The private sector has a crucial role inproviding capital and technical expertise, and driving innovation in prevention
and post-disaster financing mechanisms for large companies and SMEs.
The availability of risk-bearing capital in the insurance and capital markets has
already allowed countries to transfer excess risk to the private sector, such as
through international reinsurance companies, and outside domestic markets.
Financial market development and innovations, such as catastrophe bonds
and catastrophe swaps, are boosting flexibility and capital availability, allowing
pension funds, for example, to invest in such innovative solutions.
Private insurers and banks can provide data, catastrophe risk modeling andother technical expertise to quantify and manage risk accumulations62, withthe appropriate recognition of costs sustained to collect and manage data.
They can also participate in PPPs and encourage investment in disaster prevention, for example by offering lower premiums to reward risk-reducing
behavior, thus incentivizing businesses to adopt prevention measures and contributing to risk mitigation.
Insurance companies are already offering innovative solutions for disaster risk
management, including the Global Index Insurance Facility and environmental
disaster-linked insurance products. GIIF, a global fund, is supporting the development of a weather and disaster index-based insurance market in developing countries, and expanding access to finance through index insurance as arisk management tool in agriculture, food security and disaster risk reduction.
1.3.2 Coordinate and promote investments to rebuild damaged infrastructures in affected countries in a sustainable and more resilient way;
The G20 should encourage the adoption of sustainable infrastructure principles, in combination with structural protection measures in infrastructurereconstruction projects, to increase resilience in environmental disasters andpromote sustainable urbanization. Keys to resilience include the involvementof territorial organizations and local community capabilities in emergency management and recovery.
The G20 should promote the adoption of shared guidelines to design andimplement resilience and sustainability objectives and targets into countries’
master plans, standards and regulation. Infrastructure regulation should beconsistent with risk-informed land use and urbanization plans to minimize“Disaster Risk Finance Requires Public and Private Partnership”, World Bank Group62

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spatial development and community exposure to natural disasters. Reconstruction projects should account for risks and adopt sustainable practices inearly project designs and master plans63.
Blended finance remains an under-utilized financing mechanism. The OECD
has defined it “as the strategic use of development finance and philanthropic
funds to mobilize private capital flows to emerging and frontier markets.64”
Particularly in the COVID-19 recovery phase, it can help leverage private investment towards sustainable infrastructure projects, for example, where government spending alone cannot finance all necessary rebuilding.
The G20 should continue to encourage policies that help de-risk infrastructure
projects, particularly in emerging markets, where global investors are unable to
make investments due to their own risk management standards. This is particularly important because some of the investments needed most find it moredifficult to attract international capital due to perceived risks. The G20 should
also promote better institutional coordination, capacity-building and bureaucratic streamlining to mobilize blended finance.
Examples include the Global Infrastructure Hub, a G20 initiative, and the OECD’s Blended Finance Guidance.

“Lifelines: The resilient infrastructure opportunity”, World Bank Group, June 19, 2019
“Blended Finance Vol. 1: A Primer for Development Finance and Philanthropic Funders”, OECD, 2015

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Recommendation 2: Enhance resilience andmanagement against future infectious disease outbreaks
The G20 should build on COVID-19 experience to develop consistent andcoordinated plans to enhance resilience and management in future pandemics, reinforcing healthcare and surveillance systems, supporting global value chains during crises, and favoring global equitable access to diagnostics,
therapeutics and vaccines.

Policy Actions
2.1 Build future pandemic preparedness
G20 members should strengthen pandemic preparedness by increasing coordinated R&D efforts, reinforcing global frameworks, adopting a “One Health” approach and promoting education campaigns.
2.2 Promote global cooperation and value chain resilience during outbreaks
G20 members should reinforce global cooperation, transparency and information-sharing to manage emergencies and foster the adoption of disease-surveillance systems and advanced technology, e-Health solutions, business continuity plans, and the resilience of global value chains.
2.3 Scale up diagnostic, therapeutic and vaccine development and rollout, and adopt economic measures to speed a sustainable and inclusive
recoveryG20 members should support the rapid scaling of diagnostic, therapeuticand vaccine production and equitable availability after infectious disease
outbreaks, adopting clear guidelines and economic measures.
Leading Monitoring KPI

Baseline

TargetGlobal Health Security Index, Median65(0-100 scale)37(2019)

45-50(203066)

Source: Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and the Johns
Hopkins University Center for Health Security,with The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)
Owner: G20

SDGs Impacted
Recommendation 2 contributes to five SDGs with primary effects on SDG
3, SDG 8 and SDG 10, proposing actions to significantly reduce the risks ofglobal pandemics, supporting health systems, R&D, vaccines and therapy development to grant equitable access to all countries. The recommendation
aims at enhancing the resiliency of global value chains in outbreaks and improve crisis management and recovery. These efforts will advance SDG 9 andSDG 11.

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Based on a methodology that can be subject to potential revision over time; see the Annex for more details
Depending on Index availability for 2030

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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESThe main focus areas are targets 3.3, 3.b, 3.c and 3.d, with the intervention on
R&D support, vaccine and therapy development, production, and distribution for all countries.
Actions are meant to support target 8.2, enhancing global productivity, with
innovations and new models of partnership across stakeholders
Advances will be made on target 9.5 with increased R&D expenditures andsupport for technological innovation.
Pursuing target 10.3 will provide equal opportunities for all countries, including fair access to vaccines at affordable prices.
Primary attention is on target 11.5 to reduce and mitigate direct economic
losses from infectious disease outbreaks.
3Ps Impacted
Recommendation 2 is in line with all three principles of the G20 Italian Presidency: People, Planet and Prosperity.
Context
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented humanity with one of its most severe challenges, with suffering and economic disruption on a global scale. The
World Economic Forum estimates overall costs at $8-16 trillion67.
The growing frequency of zoonotic infectious diseases outbreaks is alarming.
In the last 200 years, about four infectious diseases68 emerged each century,
on average, four times more frequently than in the previous 2,000 years (Fig.
6). Several deadly new infectious diseases emerged in just the last two decades, including SARS, swine flu and Ebola, that may recur, especially in more
vulnerable countries. While the frequency of infectious diseases has increased, the severity of the infections has been contained compared to historical
pandemics, such as the Spanish flu. Globalization and greater access to information allows countries to identify causes, develop vaccines and manage
crises more quickly.
Figure 6: Major historical infectious
diseases in the last 2,000 years(>1Mn), Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC)69“Fighting COVID-19 could cost 500 times as much as pandemic prevention measures”, WEF, Aug. 3, 2020.
Total costs include global loss of gross domestic product, workforce deaths and health impairment
68
Defined by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as those causing more than one million deaths
69
Covid-19 deaths datum at the time of this writing (Coronavirus dashboard, World Health Organization)
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Investments in health still lag the rise in threats, however. Around 90% ofcountries70 experienced disruption to essential health services, and 94% reassigned NCDs health ministries to face the emergency, as noted. Challenges
were not limited to healthcare: a third of companies experienced significant
disruptions in their supply chains, 33% had material shortages and 31% worker shortages (Fig. 7)71.
Antibiotics are a critical tool in treating bacterial and viral disease outbreaks,
such as pneumonia and other deadly comorbidities in COVID-19 patients72.
Resistance to antibiotics is growing quickly, however, and not enough antibiotics are in development to meet current or anticipated patient needs due toa lack of commercial sustainability.73
To reach the post-pandemic era, a huge number of actors will need to work
intensively for months and even years. Challenges range from the logisticaland contractual to diplomatic. New forms of partnerships are required. Collaboration will be a crucial component of the transition to the new normal.
According to early estimates, the world has sufficient manufacturing capacity for syringes and fill-finish materials. The two largest US manufacturers, forexample, can produce 280 million vials each year, capable of holding up to 2.8
billion doses. But suppliers of niche chemical and biological components arescattered, and countries compete for limited resources. Many vaccine manufacturers are entering into arrangements with highly specialized partners
to meet strict production regulations. These new forms of partnerships “willlikely become increasingly necessary to meet global vaccine demand and will
be a major determinant of the campaign’s overall success”74. For instance,
Moderna collaborated with Catalent and Lonza for fill-finish operations andactive principle production. Pfizer reached an agreement with Sanofi for the
production of 125 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine for EU starting in thesummer of 2021.75
Figure 7: Global challenges facedby companies during
COVID-19, McKinsey, 2020

Survey completed by 155 countries over three weeks in May 2020 (WHO)
McKinsey COVID-19: Global Manufacturing & Supply Chain Pulse Survey
72“COVID-19 pneumonia and the appropriate use of antibiotics”, Ginsburg & Klugman, Nov. 11, 202073
“Tracking the Global Pipeline of Antibiotics in Development", Pew Charitable Trust, March 2021
74
“The risks and challenges of the global COVID-19-vaccine rollout”, Gaurav Agrawal et alia, Jan. 26, 2021
75
“Covid, svolta di Sanofi: produrrà il vaccino Pfizer/BioNTech. 125 milioni di dosi al l’Ue dall’estate”, Il Sole 24
Ore, Jan. 27, 2021
70
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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESThe Action Council approach
In our recommendation 2, we strongly encourage the G20 to support and implement actions to empower global health systems. We recommend priority actions to strengthen pandemic preparedness and incentivize continuous
R&D spending on effective innovation development, including antibiotics. G20
members should set forth an equitable regulatory framework facilitating new
forms of partnership to scale up production massively. They should also put
levers in place to guarantee the continuous operation of global value chains.
G20 governments should invest in their own national offices for pandemic
preparedness and health systems and in international institutions that canfoster international monitoring, collaboration and responses to epidemics
and pandemics76. Efforts can also benefit from global coordination at a summit level, as in the extraordinary summit called by the 2020 G20 Presidency
of Saudi Arabia at the outbreak of the Covid19 pandemic. Just as countries
prepare for worst-case scenarios, including in civil protection services anddefense spending, they need to prepare for pandemics by maintaining thereadiness of science, manufacturing capacity and specific supply chains.
Policy Action 2.1: Build future pandemic preparedness
G20 members should strengthen pandemic preparedness by increasing coordinated R&D efforts, reinforcing global frameworks, adopting a “One Health”
approach and promoting education campaigns. In particular, the G20 should:
2.1.1. Ensure a coordinated approach and continuous R&D investments toaddress infectious diseases that could result in pandemics;
The G20 should encourage a coordinated and innovative value-creation approach, including continuous investment, to fight infectious diseases77 before crises arise. A credible commitment in strengthening preparedness should
entail the allocation of a determined percentage of GDP to R&D investments
against infectious diseases . G20 members should also foster contributions to
global vaccine and treatment programs, such as CEPI (see the Box “The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)” in the Annex) and GAVI,
and support coordinated “always-on” public-private initiatives, such as platform technologies, biobanks, centralized laboratory networks, and a library of
prototype vaccines, to accelerate the development of diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines.
These efforts against known threats, such as COVID-19, are critical to containing and managing pandemics, but a coordinated effort to recognize emerging infectious diseases is crucial to building resilience and preparedness. Private companies find it difficult to estimate financial returns for investments
and R&D for diseases that emerge sporadically and that could be controlled
before clinical trials are completed. Governments should create regulations
and incentives to reward private innovations in countering emerging infectious
diseases, including research in antibiotics to strengthen our ability to respondto the threat of growing antimicrobial resistance.
Global R&D cooperation among private and public entities should aim toenhance vaccine development, such as with “vaccine printers” and self-amplifying RNA vaccine platforms, improving genomic sequencing and diagnostic
testing, and developing more sustainable personal protective equipment suchas biodegradable face masks.

“Saudi Arabia’s ruthless fight against coronavirus”, UN Development Programme, May 25, 2020
For a 2012 example of a possible quantitative assessment, see “Consultative Expert Working Group on Researchand Development: Financing and Coordination”, WHO, 2012
76
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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESThe need for personal protective equipment (PPE) increased dramatically during the pandemic: the market should grow from $12.9 billion annually in 2019
to about $33.4 billion by 2027, a rise of more than 158%.78 The sustainable management of PPE is a growing area of concern. A coordinated global approach to production and the waste lifecycle should be pursued at the public andprivate levels.
2.1.2 Reinforce the existing global framework and guidelines to enhance
pandemic preparedness at local and global levels;
G20 members should help reinforce and optimize the global framework forpandemic preparedness based on lessons learned in the COVID-19 outbreak. The framework should aim to “prevent current and future threats from
infectious diseases, strengthen health service resilience […] and improve theoverall quality of health care delivery.” This goal echoes the G7 Health Ministers’ Meeting Communique of June 2021, focused on global health security,
antimicrobial resistance, clinical trials and digital health80.
The framework should contain clear guidelines on core components of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) programs, applicable for any country andsuitable for local adaptation. IPC guidelines should include minimum capacity
and resource requirements (e.g., facilities, PPE and medical supply stockpiling),
KPIs for tracking purposes, procedures to follow, and responsible actors81. The
framework should also define emergency supply mechanisms that should betested regularly in outbreak simulations. G20 members should encourage theadoption of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) guidelines at the nationaland regional levels (see also Policy Action 2.2.1).
WHO has put in place some global initiatives such as the International HealthRegulations (IHR) to promote cooperation and coordination. Countries should
foster the adoption of guidelines and requirements at national and regional levels, starting with the implementation of emergency operations centers, suchas National IHR Focal Points82, to coordinate epidemiological responses.
The G20 should also support the development of a global preparedness index,
modeled on the Global Health Security Index. The initiative should define clear
guidelines and actions to assess and improve each country’s pandemic preparedness.
G20 countries should also promote the prudent use of antibiotics in all sectors
by developing or strengthening national plans for antibiotic stewardship. Thisaligns with the commitment made in the 2017 Leaders’ Declaration on Shaping
an Interconnected World83.
2.1.3 Promote a collaborative “One Health” approach that recognizes the interconnection between people, animals, plants and their shared environment;
The G20 should foster the adoption of a One Health approach at the local
and global levels. One Health, a collaborative, multisectoral, transdisciplinary
approach, aims to achieve optimal health outcomes by recognizing the interconnections among people, animals, plants, and their shared environment84.
“Healthcare Personal Protective Equipment Market Expected to Reach $33.4 Billion by 2027”, Allied Market
Research, June 2020
79
“Guidelines on core components of infection prevention and control programmes at the national and acutehealth care facility level”, World Health Organization
80“G7 health minister’s meeting communique”, Oxford, 4 June, 2021
81
“Minimum requirements for infection prevention and control programmes”, WHO, 201982
International Health Regulations, WHO
83“Leaders' Declaration: Shaping an Interconnected World”, G20 Information Centre- G20
84“One Health: People, Animals, and the Environment”, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, April 20167840

B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESThe One Health approach dissolves conventional boundaries among disciplines and involves scientists and experts across areas, including comparative andveterinary medicine, biology, ecology, social sciences and humanities.
The G20 should promote One Health global initiatives and research programs
to address critical risks such as those arising from zoonotic infectious diseases,
cross-species host-switching, pathogen spill-over to humans, and pathogen
spread.
The G20 should encourage the joint adoption of international legal frameworks to build capacity in human and animal health, such as the IHR and OIE standards, and assessment tools, such as the IHR Monitoring and Evaluation Framework and Performance of Veterinary Services pathway.
G20 members should also foster participation in WHO’s National Bridging
Workshops and field simulation exercises to support the One Health mechanisms at the country level85.
2.1.4 Support the development of education campaigns to raise publicawareness and preparedness and increase confidence in vaccines;
Education campaigns can help spread knowledge and raise awareness about
the risks associated with COVID-19 and other known infectious diseases. Educational programs should help change behaviors to enhance individual willingness and ability to take preventive action and to improve emergency responses around the world. The G20 should encourage all countries to decide how
best to deliver education programs, measure their effectiveness, and make
improvements based on what they learnt. The G20 should also help countries
share insights and knowledge about education campaigns with each other andwith international institutions such as the WHO.
Education campaigns could also increase public confidence in vaccines. Messages should be targeted to specific audiences and spread at international andnational levels through public and private channels: public service announcements and advertisements on television, radio, print, and digital media; government websites and media channels; conferences, seminars, expert panels andwebinars; and in private companies’ internal communication.
While vaccination programs are making progress, a significant share of the population is still resistant to vaccines against COVID-19 and other pathogens.
Education campaigns should account for religious teaching, lack of trust in healthcare systems and science, and different educational levels.
The G20 should also promote education and training to expand the skilledworkforce required to manage pandemics, and produce and distribute treatments and vaccines (see also Recommendation 1 of the Policy Paper by the
Health & Life Sciences Task Force).
Policy Action 2.2: Promote global cooperation and value chains resilienceduring outbreaks
G20 members should reinforce global cooperation, transparency and information-sharing to manage emergencies and foster the adoption of disease-surveillance systems and advanced technology, e-Health solutions, business“Strengthening collaboration between human and animal health sectors for improved health security”. WHO

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continuity plans, and the resilience of global value chains. In particular, the G20
should:2.2.1 Reinforce WHO authority as the central coordination body against
pandemics, agree on common standards and support countries with healthcare shortages;
The G20 should reinforce WHO‘s global pivotal role in providing evidence-based guidelines on core components of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC)
programs and practices, while supporting countries and healthcare facilities in
implementing them at the public and private levels.
G20 countries should commit to transparency and sharing information to
manage emergencies. They should also encourage the adoption of IPC requirements and standards by involving stakeholders, including regulatory bodies
and allied organizations, national IPC professional bodies, academia, privatecompanies, nongovernmental organizations, and civil society groups.
Moreover, G20 members should intervene promptly and cooperate with WHO
to support countries experiencing shortages in resources and healthcare facilities (e.g., supporting the distribution of PPE, vaccines and treatments).
2.2.2 Strengthening disease-surveillance systems and sharing information practices, and rolling out advanced technology;
The G20 should promote the adoption of a global information-sharing andsurveillance framework that outlines data requirements and surveillance strategies at the country level.
An effective interoperable health surveillance system is critical in identifying
and assessing pandemic risks and, consequently, for taking informed risk management decisions. At the country level, the system will support the identification of public health response initiatives to respond to and manage thepandemic locally. At the global level, standardized and coordinated international information sharing will allow authorities to monitor and take coordinated actions for crisis management. Surveillance systems for the prevention,
preparedness, and control of emerging and re-emerging infections, including
antimicrobial resistance, need to be strengthened (see the Box “Antibiotic
stewardship: The example of bedaquiline and drug-resistant tuberculosis” in
the Annex). The G20 should collaborate with global surveillance systems, suchas the WHO Global AMR Surveillance System; adapt and reinforce national systems where appropriate; and scale up surveillance capacities as needed. The
G20 should strengthen surveillance capacities to rapidly identify, trace andmonitor cases of infectious diseases and provide recommendations for local
quarantining policy. Emerging innovative technologies for preparedness andcontrol of endemic diseases need to be incorporated. New pathogen genomics tools will improve detection and prevention of zoonotic diseases before theyjump to humans, improve outbreak management by rapidly identifying causative agents, and facilitate the design of diagnostics and preventive, therapeutic, and other countermeasures, while monitoring their effectiveness. Pathogen genomics can also help identify gaps in infection prevention and control
measures, improve assessment of transmission dynamics, identify networks to
aid in tracing potential contacts, assess the spatial and temporal distributionof the epidemic, and identify the reproduction rate (R0) and missing transmission chains, which are especially important early in the epidemic. A sustainable86

42“Minimum requirements for infection prevention and control programs”, Nov. 18, 2019, WHOB20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIES

biobanking mechanism for the standardized collection, characterization, andarchiving of specimens, and sharing these specimens is necessary to facilitate and accelerate diagnostic test development and evaluation for diseases of
epidemic potential. Sustainable biobanking networks for diseases of epidemic
potential would be needed nationally and globally.
Digital technologies for rapid reporting, contact tracing and data management and analysis support surveillance capacities (see also Policy Action 2.2.3).
The information-sharing system should be powered by real-time data basedon shared indicators on transmissibility, such as incidence rate, seriousness, including cumulative deaths and hospitalization ratios, and impact, such as theshare of cases with acute manifestation. In setting up disease-surveillance systems, patient data must remain secure and private. Investments in technology
and human capacity are required to guarantee the interoperability of systems
and compliance with the global framework. Trustworthy data governance models for both primary and secondary use of data will be keys to sustainable,
efficient and secure access to data to improve the delivery of care during pandemics, enhance public health planning and foster research and innovation
to discover and develop new treatments and vaccines.Investments in digital
infrastructure will be required to tap the full potential of advanced technologies that can improve health system performance and increase pandemic
preparedness and flexibility (see the Box “Pharmaledger: A blockchain-based
healthcare platform” in the Annex).
The G20 should also promote and improve computing capacity, modeling andanalytic tools for strategic planning in preventive and remedial measures. Data-sharing is a key to exploiting the opportunities of increased data availability
while ensuring data privacy. The efforts must be focused on the quality andreliability of data and other inputs to ensure that analytical models are efficient and accurate. Analytical models and tools such as heat maps can managea large number of variables to identify people exposed to infection. Mobility
patterns, for example, can help experts understand the mechanisms of contagious disease transmission, so digital models will be valuable in managing
emergencies. In particular, they could help decision makers identify the best
preventive measures such as self-isolation and vaccination, and remedial measures such as clinical admission. The models could also be used to develop
digital applications that would help prevent and monitor disease transmission.
Health data: The Finland example
Finland’s framework is a leading example of how to unlock the power of healthdata based on trust. This framework has four essential pillars:• A national strategy on eHealth (2015), which boosts the digital transformation
efforts taken by the country for two decades• A legislative framework, the Act on Secondary Use of Health Data (2019), whichenables the use of data for scientific research, innovation, education, knowledge
management, while ensuring high data protection• An interoperable infrastructure, Kanta (2010), that connects data sources through a common national structure for health information exchange• A Health Data Permit Authority, FINDATA (2020), responsible for data permits anddata requests, involving health data from the most important sources of the country.
This solid approach allows for trustworthy, efficient and secure access to data inresearch, development and innovation activities, education and knowledge management; it could be foundational for the European Health Data Space and inspire similar efforts in other countries across the globe.

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2.2.3 Incentivize the adoption of e-Health solutions and telemedicine during infectious disease outbreaks;
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the lack of investment in and adoptionof digital health solutions, leaving the potential of health data untapped andmaking health systems and organisations more vulnerable to crises.
The G20 should incentivize the use of e-Health solutions, such as contact tracing, warning apps and digital certificates, to enhance mitigation strategies
and support public health management during pandemics. During the COVID-19 outbreak, South Korea’s “always-on” disaster- and safety-information
system used real-time data and risk information including localized geospatial
information and credit card records, from existing disaster-management systems and government ministries87. It shared risk information directly throughmobile notification alerts. Another example is Health Kit, a mobile app in Chinathat traces contacts, record virological and serological test results and vaccines
to monitor and manage the COVID-19 pandemic.
The G20 should support the adoption of telemedicine to ensure continuous
health assistance and monitoring while preserving social distancing, including
providing better technology to healthcare facilities and patients.
G20 members should cooperate to establish a trust framework on e-Healthand telemedicine by promoting mutual recognition and interoperability andshared guidelines on telehealth modalities, including synchronous real-time
telephone or live audio-video interaction, asynchronous “store and forward”
technology, and remote patient monitoring. (For more on the strategic use ofscience, technology and data, see Recommendation 1 of the Policy Paper by
the Health & Life Sciences Task Force).88
2.2.4 Support firms in the adoption of Business Continuity Plans (BCPs)
and take preventive measures;
The G20 should help firms establish or revise business continuity strategies
and plans in the wider context of pandemic planning, by capitalizing on lessons
learned in health crises. Measures needed to slow the spread of the illness (e.g.,
reduced labor supplies and physical distancing) should be key inputs in addition to the determination of business priorities, critical assets and operations.
Every business continuity plan should identify the human, material and financial resources that will be required in an emergency.
The COVID-19 pandemic has made it clear that all industries should develop
reliable, deployable BCPs, particularly in digitizing business processes. Similarly, developing preparedness against emerging risks may help increase theinsurability of pandemic risks. G20 should encourage national authorities toanalyze local contexts and firms’ efforts to maintain their businesses during
the pandemic and adopt regulations and standards for business continuity
plans to preserve economic value and human capital and to create new business opportunities. Government policies should provide an enabling environment for the private sector, particularly SMEs, which are more susceptible to
the risks and more likely to lack the resources to create BCP tools. For instance,
governments can provide financial support to help companies develop effective BCPs. Such incentives may include subsidies for companies to build remote-working capabilities or procure protective gear. Policymakers may consider
tax reductions or refunds to businesses that establish or contribute to funds to“Not the last pandemic: Investing now to reimagine public-health systems”, McKinsey, May 21, 2021
“Using Telehealth to Expand Access to Essential Health Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic”, CDC, June
10, 2020
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prepare for a sudden loss of income in case of a pandemic, in addition to (re)insurance schemes.
The G20 should support the coordination of global BCPs across countries topreserve supply chains and the movement of persons essential for businessand healthcare.
Occupational health physicians and company medical services should play key
roles in defining and implementing BCPs, and in activating preventive and control measures. An innovative approach will be crucial in health systems governance. The public and private sectors can contribute to creating prevention
programs, improving health care and monitoring specific conditions and chronic diseases. Company medical services should be linked to territorial assistance services to integrate health care provision, health promotion and welfare
activities. Digitizing systems will enable more effective management of BCPs.
Each BCP should specify the coordination and communication channels in local public and private health system networks, with a focus on sharing data andinsights.
2.2.5 Reinforce the resilience of value chains by promoting the diversificationof procurement and the conversion of production plants based on needs;
The G20 should promote the diversification of procurement, both private andpublic, to lower risks and make value chains more robust.
Public and private sectors have different levers to improve value chain resilience, starting with developing and assessing supply chain risks and mitigation
strategies and promoting investments to increase resilience to different typesof shocks. One of the lessons learned from COVID-19 has been that companies tend to focus on the shocks that occur most often, even though some lessfrequent shocks can inflict bigger losses89. G20 countries should incentivize
supply chain risk management and end-to-end transparency: the first critical step entails a comprehensive view including detailed sub-tier mapping of
the entire value chain to identify vulnerabilities. Regular and comprehensive
stress-testing activity of the value chain should be performed at company andsector level. In addition, companies should develop an adequate governancestructure with value chains risk indicators. The indicators should serve as an
alarm system for risk and as triggers for mitigation plans.
G20 countries should also incentivize the conversion of production plants based on needs to support health goods production, including vaccines and PPE,at the country level; the G20 should beforehand support the innovation ecosystems essential to a quick conversion.
The G20 should also encourage open and resilient value chains with limited trade restrictions on essential goods, including pharmaceuticals, medical goods andvaccines, to better manage emergencies (for specifics see Recommendation 2 of
the Trade and Investment Task Force). In addition, initiatives such as the “Global Value Chain Passport” on financial compliance could reinforce value chains,enhance transparency and strengthen inclusive and sustainable growth.90“Risk, resilience, and rebalancing in global value chains”, McKinsey, Aug, 6 2020
“GVC Passport concept on Financial Compliance to Reinvigorate Firms’ Growth Post-COVID-19”, SME Finance
Forum, Business at OECD and B20 Saudi Arabia, Sept. 11, 2020
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Policy Action 2.3: Scale up diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines development and rollout, and adopt economic measures to speed a sustainable
and inclusive recovery
G20 members should support the rapid scaling of diagnostic, therapeutic andvaccine production and equitable availability after infectious disease outbreaks, adopting clear guidelines and economic measures. The G20 should:
2.3. Expedite regulatory approvals for new diagnostics, therapeutics andvaccines, ensuring the application of shared quality and safety standards
and guidelines;
The G20 should review the existing regulatory framework to guarantee timely
and effective diagnostic, therapeutic and vaccine approval. This goal echoes
the 100 Days Mission, presented at the G7 Heath Ministers’ meeting in June
2021, that aims at reducing the time to develop and deploy diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines against future pandemics to 100 days. The WHO shouldplay a central role, providing support to all stakeholders, including marketing
authorization holders and national regulatory authorities, by defining standards and guidelines. Guidelines should suggest governance, procedures andrequirements to maintain high quality and safety standards.
G20 countries should encourage frequent dialogue to coordinate industry
leaders and public authorities, and create taskforces to coordinate the development, authorization and safety monitoring of vaccines and treatments
during emergencies. Taskforces should foster cooperation with stakeholders
and international organizations, facilitate clinical trials by providing scientificsupport, request and review scientific data, and provide feedback on vaccine
and treatment development plans.91
2.3.2 Facilitate commercial and/or government partnerships to increase
mass production of diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines;
The G20 should facilitate commercial and/or government partnerships tosecure the necessary supplies and support the scaling up of diagnostic, therapeutic and vaccine production, while strengthening cooperation among
stakeholders including governments, international organizations, the private
sector, from SMEs to large manufacturers, research institutes, and non-profits.
The G20 should promote the development and funding of vaccine platform
technology. Due to its intrinsic flexibility and scalability, platform technology
will allow faster and cheaper vaccine development, regulatory approval andmass production. Indeed, platform technologies use “backbone” carriers or
vectors that can be modified with antigens for each vaccine derived fromthe platform. Once a vaccine is developed and licensed, future development
should be faster, requiring only the substitution of the antigen.92
The G20 should also promote investments in the development of a broad
spectrum of anti-viral medicines. R&D should aim to develop small-moleculedrugs that can stop viruses from spreading and replicating in the human body.93
Anti-viral medicines play a key role between the emergence of a pandemic andthe delivery of an effective vaccine. They could have several benefits including
low costs and faster and easier distribution, since they do not require a cold
chain.

“EMA’s governance during COVID-19 pandemic”, European Medicines Agency, Sept. 4, 2020“Concept paper for the development of a guideline on data requirements for vaccine platform technology
master files”, European Medicines Agency, Jan. 20, 2021
93
“We Need to Start Investing in Antiviral Drugs for the Next Pandemic”, Harvard Business Review, Feb. 1, 2021
91

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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESThe WHO should strengthen its pivotal role in coordinating mass productionof vaccines and treatments and provide comprehensive guidelines on strategy, scenario assessment, operations, and distributions for both the public andprivate sectors.94
Huo-Yan laboratories – Large-scale nucleic acid testing laboratories
When COVID-19 broke out in 2020, BGI Genomics created Huo-Yan laboratories, for testing and screening, combining automated nucleic acid extraction
with high-throughput sequencing. The laboratories have been used in large-scale screening of suspected cases, assembling genome sequences, monitoring mutations and other critical efforts in the fight against COVID-19. Huo-Yan laboratories provided major technical support for the control of the pandemic byrapidly enhancing local capacity for nucleic acid testing. Set up in 13 major cities
in China, they have become outposts of the international community's fightagainst COVID-19: daily testing exceeds 160,000 samples. So far, more than 80
Huo-Yan laboratories have been built in more than 30 countries and regions, fromthe United Arab Emirates, to Australia, the Philippines, Canada and Gabon, withtotal throughput of more than 435,000 samples per day.
Huo-Yan capabilities extend beyond rapid screening, and the laboratories canbe built quickly, rapidly improving the local testing capacity. When the epidemic
mitigates, they will play a critical role in large-scale population genetic testingsuch as in other infectious diseases and tumor detection, upgrading local medical and health systems, promoting the development of life science research andthe health industry.
Huo-Yan laboratories bring advanced technologies and equipment to countries
in need, and provide training and technical support to local laboratory staff.
Using China's experience in COVID-19 prevention and control, many countries
have quickly expanded their capabilities for nucleic acid testing of SARS-CoV-2
and other pathogens.

2.3.3 Support equitable global access to diagnostics, therapeutics andvaccines and invest in adequate transport and logistics infrastructure;
The G20 should support global initiatives to provide equitable and global
access to diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines at affordable prices, strengthen cooperation among stakeholders, and apply an effective vaccine management system to measure, monitor and evaluate vaccine-related performance, including availability, quality and cost95. G20 countries should pool
resources and focus on groups and communities at a higher risk and countries with limited access to healthcare.
The G20 should recognize the relevance of transport and logistics in the fight against infectious diseases and invest in infrastructure and supply chain
capacity (e.g., inventory capacity, cold-chain capacity, facilities and staff) to
support the delivery of vaccines and treatments, especially in fragile settings,
while increasing preparedness and flexibility.96

National Governors Association, 2020 – Preparing For The COVID-19 Vaccine And Considerations For Mass
Distribution
95“COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan Operational Planning Guideline”, WHO, 3 March 2021
96
“Immunization supply chain and logistics—A neglected but essential system for national immunization programmes”, WHO, March 201494

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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESCOVAX - COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access
COVAX is the vaccines pillar of access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator, apartnership launched by WHO, academia, private sector and government, “supported the fastest, most coordinated, and successful global effort in history todevelop tools to fight a disease.97” With some of the world’s strongest partnerships, including CEPI, GAVI – The Vaccine Alliance, UNICEF and WHO, COVAX
aims to accelerate the development of COVID-19 vaccines and guarantee fairand equitable access for every country in the world.
COVAX has developed two initiatives in parallel: COVAX Facility and COVAX
AMC. COVAX Facility, a global procurement mechanism, aims at selecting andinvesting in the most promising vaccine candidates and equitably distributethem among at-risk groups of all participating countries. COVAX AMC represents the financing instrument that supports the participation of 92 low-income economies in the COVAX Facility.

2.3.4 Promote public-private partnerships to enable financing and insurance activities for a fast and sustainable economic recovery.
The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that a key policy challenge is to prevent
widespread insolvencies and avoid excessive leverage across firms. Complexities have arisen in identifying the prevalence of non-viable firms, as locking inresources in less productive firms would slow the pace of a sustainable economic recovery. A balance must be found between the risk of supporting firmsthat may not be viable firms and prematurely liquidating productive firms.
It is therefore critical in the recovery phase to ensure that private financesupports long-term economic recovery and addresses risks of procyclicality.
Access to private capital, including via capital markets, is necessary but needs
to be facilitated and coordinated through a collaboration between the private sector and public institutions such as the IMF, MDBs, Paris Club, ECAs andlarge bilateral government lenders. These extraordinary efforts are essential
in reestablishing capital market risk-taking, liquidity, price stability and market functionality.
To further leverage private finance, actions such as reprieves, standstills, forbearance, public sector guarantees, and more blended finance should beconsidered. Regulators and supervisors would need to remain flexible in terms of accounting, loan-loss management and capital buffers.
It is difficult to limit pandemic risks and make them insurable under traditional business models, leaving a protection gap that needs to be addressed.
The insurance market could still play a role if stakeholders can create newmodels of shared responsibility between the private and the public sector, including public/private partnerships, as in the case of other catastrophic risks.
In fact, insurance mechanisms could benefit the whole private and public
ecosystem from a risk-reduction perspective. First, by generating insights
to identify risk drivers and mitigants through financial and risk management
models; second, by creating incentives for governments and private sector
leaders to take actions to reduce risk and thus premiums. Innovative solutions will be required, including public- and private-led parametric insurance
funds with premiums98 funded by donor nations. New partnerships between
multilateral organizations and insurance companies could speed innovation“The Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator”, WHO“From Panic and Neglect to Investing in Health Security: Financing Pandemic Preparedness at a National Level”,
International Working Group on Financing Preparedness in collaboration with World Bank and Wellcome Trust
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to manage pandemic risks, following the example of IDF, a public-private
partnership led by the insurance industry, that since 2015 aims to better manage the risks of extreme events and climate.

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Recommendation 3 – Reinforce critical information infrastructure and data security
against major cyber incidents
The G20 should strengthen its efforts to develop more resilient and sustainable critical information infrastructure and data security, and clear approaches to crisis management and recovery, to protect digital access andcross-border data flows, especially during and after major cyber incidents.

Policy Actions
3.1 Improve global coordination to strengthen cybersecurity
G20 members should promote global coordination to improve the security
and resilience of critical information infrastructure and data, developing ashared risk-based framework rooted on existing global standards, promoting
the adoption of security and privacy-by-design principles, and enhancing cyber defense resources and capacity for both single organizations and supply
chain networks.
3.2 Facilitate data- and intelligence-sharing during major cyber incidents
G20 members should promote a shared cyber incident response plan, encourage global information-sharing practices, and address the interoperability of cross-border data flows during major cyber incidents while protecting
data privacy and security.
3.3 Implement post-breakdown recovery plans
G20 members should build public-private relationships to design and implement a robust and resilient joint post-emergency recovery plan for major
cyber incidents, and ensure stable and secure network operations and data
management at all times.
Leading Monitoring KPI

Baseline

TargetGlobal Cybersecurity Index, Median99(0-1 scale)

0.44(2018)

0.60-0.65100(2030 )

Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Owner: G20

SDGs Impacted
Recommendation 3 contributes to SDGs 8, 9 and 17 by suggesting policy
actions to boost technological upgrades and consolidate digital infrastructure, leveraging international cooperation:
Focus is on target 8.2, defending economic productivity through renewed attention to cybersecurity and data protection, and boosting resiliency against
infrastructure breakdowns.

99

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Based on a methodology that can be subject to potential revision over time; see the Annex for more details
Depending on Index availability for 2030

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Actions are aimed at supporting target 9.b and 9.c, advocating international coordination for technological development around the world, including
in developing countries, contributing to the universal and affordable digitalaccess.
Global cooperation is a key to achieving targets 17.6 and 17.8, thanks to thedefinition of international frameworks for information, capabilities and bestpractice-sharing.
3Ps Impacted
Recommendation 3 is in line with two principles of the G20 Italian Presidency: People and Prosperity
Context
In the 21st century, information infrastructure and data security have evolved
from primarily technical domains to topics of global strategic importance.
As noted, technological and cyber risks now rank among the global risks withthe highest likelihood of coming to fruition and severity. While there is nouniversally accepted definition of “cybersecurity,” one widely used definitionof information security is “the preservation of confidentiality, integrity andavailability of information.” ENISA provides an alternative interpretation, by
defining cybersecurity as “security of cyberspace, where cyberspace itself refers to the set of links and relationships between objects that are accessible
through a generalized telecommunications network, and to the set of objects
themselves where they present interfaces allowing their remote control, remote access to data, or their participation in control actions within that Cyberspace.”103 In this sense, cybersecurity can be defined as the practice ofprotecting physical infrastructure, networks, systems, programs, devices anddata from any potential loss or harm.
In this chapter, the Action Council on Sustainability & Global Emergencies focuses on the concept of major cyber incident. An incident can be consideredmajor when the disruption is too extensive for a single country to handle on
its own or when it affects several countries, with such wide-ranging technicalor political impacts that it requires timely coordination and response at global level.104
Major cyber incidents are thus characterized by their global scale, which canbe more easily reached nowadays given the continuing consolidation of a digital marketplace that spans national and cultural boundaries. Their magnitude can generate severe damage, direct or indirect, beyond network andinformation systems, including democracy, society, health and the economy.
They can be caused by cyberattacks, unintentional human error or other human actions, or by external events such as earthquakes or hurricanes.
The number of cyber incidents worldwide is growing quickly. Significant cyber incidents almost quadrupled from 2015 to 2020105 and despite ongoing
efforts to combat cybersecurity, the cost of cybercrime may reach $6 trillion
annually in 2021106. Incidents can also be aggravated by more frequent natural disasters due to climate change, which increased by approximately 50%
in the last 18 years compared to the previous period107, causing damages to
network infrastructures.
“Definition of Cybersecurity: Gaps and overlaps in standardisation”, European Union Agency for Cybersecurity, July 1, 2016
104
See for example the identification of cyber incidents as a crisis at the EU level: “Commission recommendationon coordinated response to large-scale cybersecurity incidents and crises”
105“Significant Cyber Events”, CSIS, 2021
106
“Cybercrime to Cost the World $10.5 Trillion Annually by 2025”, Cybersecurity Ventures, 2019107
Oxford University, McKinsey Analysis
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Recent major cyber incidents include:• In March 2021, a European cloud service company’s datacenter was destroyed by a fire, affecting 3.6 million websites belonging to public authorities, banks and other commercial players, mostly in Europe108;• In 2021, a thankfully averted cyberattack on a US water plant could havecaused an increase in the concentration of sodium hydroxide—also known aslye or caustic soda—making the water potentially dangerous for use;
• In 2020, more than a thousand customers, including several US government
agencies, were victims of cyberattacks through a widely used third-party
cloud-based network management software, compromising the confidentiality and integrity of vital data and systems;• In 2020, two submarine cables in the Mediterranean Sea suffered major damage, causing internet disruptions and slowdowns for users in the Middle
East and Africa;• In 2019, cyber attackers stole administrative and operational data from an
Indian nuclear power plant;• In a hurricane in 2017, Puerto Rico’s internet network and telecom infrastructure collapsed, with prolonged effects on island and the neighboring
countries it served, including Brazil;• In 2017, cyber attackers stole personal information, including the social security numbers, addresses and credit card numbers of more than 143 million
consumers, from one of the largest US consumer credit reporting agencies109;• In 2017, “WannaCry” ransomware infected more than 200,000 computersworldwide, with critical impacts on sensitive facilities, including hospitals andfinancial institutions110;• In 2015, malicious actors broke into several Ukrainian electricity distribution
companies remotely and took control of their systems, opening breakers at
some 30 substations.
The risks associated with cyberattacks and incidents have continued to riseover the last decade. The number of devices and connections in general continues to grow, increasing the threat surface111. In particular, the continued
convergence of IT and OT infrastructure and the acceleration of industrial
IoT in critical infrastructure is increasing the potential destructive impact ofincidents in sectors that are crucial for the functioning of our economy andsociety. While there are also security benefits associated with the concentration of network and data infrastructure in a small number of hyperscalers, such as the ability to achieve the optimal scale to meet system demand,
that concentration arguably increases the potential impact of incidents thatstrike one or more of them. Moreover, attacks and the actors behind themcontinue to grow not only in number but also in diversity and sophistication.
The growing complexity and digitalization of supply chain networks are raising the risk of third-party attacks, as well as the need for new supply chain
security solutions.
Powerful trends are unfolding
Several trends are increasing the need for cybersecurity, including:• Growing internet penetration around the world, across all countries;• Increasing dependence on cloud storage;• The growing number of interconnected devices, enabled by the proliferation of new technologies such as, IoT, and digital infrastructures such as 5G.
Internet penetration has grown significantly in the past decade. About 4.1 bil-

“Millions of websites offline after fire at French cloud services firm”, The Straits Times, 2021
“Massive Equifax data breach hits 143 million”, BBC, 2017110
“Randsomware cyber-attack: Who was been hardest hit?”, BBC, 2017111
The cyber threat surface “refers to all the available endpoints that a threat actor may attempt to exploit inInternet-connected devices within the cyber threat environment,” according to the Canadian Centre for Cybersecurity
108

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lion people are online today, and the number of worldwide users was rising by
an average of 7.5% per year (Fig. 8), even before Covid-19 struck and forced
tens of millions to work and study from home. Efforts to recover from thepandemic have also triggered a multitude of innovations in work collaboration, distribution and service delivery, shifting multiple customer behaviors,
habits and expectations.

Figure 8: Internet user penetration
growth and total internet users
2009-2019, ITU (2020)

Figure 9: IT spending on cloud andtotal number of datacenters (IDC)

Rising volumes of data have boosted demand for cloud storage and digital
services—by 2022, 28% of the spending of key IT companies may be allocatedto the cloud112. The current trend is to outsource servers and data center
storage (Fig. 9), especially to hyperscale public cloud providers, meaning thatfewer players are likely to manage ever-larger amounts of data.
The number of IoT-connected devices worldwide has risen dramatically, andexperts project that the number of connected devices will rise to 43 billion
by 2023, an almost threefold increase from 2018. Meanwhile, the share ofbusinesses that use IoT technologies has grown from 13 percent in 2014 toabout 25 percent today. Indeed, IoT technologies have already given rise tolandmark applications in sectors as diverse as Industry 4.0113, smart cities andhomes, connected cars and e-Health, also thanks to the increased availability
and cost-effectiveness of the solutions.114“Gartner Says 28 Percent of Spending in Key IT Segments Will Shift to the Cloud by 2022”, Gartner, 2018
Industry 4.0 commonly refers to the automation of manufacturing and industrial processes and practices
114“Growing opportunities in the Internet of Things”, McKinsey, July 22, 2019
112

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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESThe Action Council approach
Cyber incidents can affect everyone, from individuals to public institutions,
corporations and critical infrastructure. In Recommendation 3, we ask the
G20 to reinforce its commitment to boosting cyber resiliency and reducing
capacity gaps. A shared approach to cyber crisis management and global frameworks are urgently needed to protect information infrastructure, data security and reliability. An effective response to global cyber incidents requires
coordination among all relevant stakeholders and joint actions supported byeach stakeholder’s capabilities and resources.115
The Action Council on Sustainability & Global Emergencies believes that cyber incidents should be addressed through security policies with three key
characteristics:• Global. Given interdependencies across systems and sectors, global problems need to be tackled with global solutions—which is why global forums
like the G20 are so important;• Risk-based. Security comes at a cost, not just financial but often in functionality, that must be balanced against the risks. An analytical risk-based
approach should help stakeholders identify, prioritize, deliver and manage
security and privacy controls in line with their risk;116• Responsive. As the threat landscape is always evolving, so too must our defenses. While Governments and organizations should adopt risk-based procedures, they should not set specific controls or technologies in stone.
Policy Action 3.1: Improve global coordination to strengthen cybersecurity
G20 members should promote global coordination to improve the security
and resilience of critical information infrastructure and data, developing ashared risk-based framework rooted on existing global standards, promoting
the adoption of security and privacy-by-design principles, and enhancing cyber defense resources and capacity for both single organizations and supply
chain networks. The G20 should:
3.1.1 Promote the development of a global risk-based framework based on
existing international standards and principles to foster a predictable regulatory environment and provide public institutions and private companies, including SMEs, with a state-of-the-art information security scheme;
The G20 should foster coordination on promotion and adoption of global cyber standards and policies, with the aim of building cybersecurity inclusivity
at a global scale. Governments and organizations need to define and implement a global risk-based cybersecurity framework to increase trust and security in ICT products and services and move towards a de facto single global
digital market117. The framework will allow stakeholders to build flexible butstandardized reference schemes, based on risk-weighted industry characteristics, with a set of minimum rules, technical requirements, standards andprocedures to preserve the general public’s interests and boost global cyber
resilience.
An holistic cyber risk approach will take into consideration several company
characteristics, including critical assets (i.e., people, infrastructure, applications), controls, processes, organization and governance and more broadly
all of its supply chain118. This requires a strategic dialogue with upstream anddownstream partners to identify critical risks along the supply chain and pro-“Commission recommendation on coordinated response to large-scale cybersecurity incidents and crises”, Sept.
13, 2019
116“The risk-based approach to cybersecurity”, McKinsey, Oct. 8, 2019117
“Future Series: Cybersecurity emerging technology and systemic risk 2020”, WEF, Nov. 16, 2020
118
“Perspectives on transforming cybersecurity”, McKinsey, March, 2019115

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mote the adoption of shared standards to increase systemic resilience.
In such a risk-based framework, security standards should be adopted in theprivate and public sectors as appropriate to the intrinsic risk of companies
depending on the size, sector and services or products offered. Organizations handling critical information infrastructure and/or data, for example,
will have to comply with more comprehensive standards, while minimum requirements, such as application of cyber hygiene principles, will be applied inother cases, such as for companies in non-critical sectors, particularly SMEs.
The framework should include sector-agnostic and sector-specific principles. International institutions, national cybersecurity agencies, standardization bodies and private-sector technical experts (especially from technology
and security vendors and critical sectors, such as telecommunication andhealth) should work together to develop the framework, building on international standards and frameworks already in place, such as ISO/IEC 27000
series, SOC 2, NIST Cybersecurity Framework and IEC62443.119
3.1.2 Address weaknesses in supply chain security by fostering security-by-design and privacy-by-design (or by-default), encouraging the
adoption of secure and standardized principles in software development
life cycles and sharing best practices on risk assessment of supply chainsin critical sectors;
The G20 should encourage the adoption of existing global cybersecurity
practices and standards, such as ISO 27034, in the software development
lifecycle (i.e., SDLC) to protect data, intellectual property, transactions anduser trust. As highlighted in policy action 3.1.1, a wider adoption of security-by-design and privacy-by-design standards along the supply chain would
boost resilience.
Overall product security should be defined in terms of both security-by-design and privacy-by-design. Security should be incorporated into every stepof the product development process to minimize system vulnerabilities,
especially in IoT products,120 and to increase product resilience and trustworthiness. Security requirements will need to evolve based on the threat landscape.
Recent attacks on third-party providers have spurred policymakers and industry leaders to think more carefully about supply chain security. With supportand input from private sector and academia, governments and cyber authorities should share best practices in assessing risk in critical supply chains to
identify weaknesses and protect against threats
3.1.3 Incentivize private and public investments in cybersecurity and inresilient and secure network infrastructures, to help private and public
sector organizations, especially SMEs and those operating in critical sectors, enhance cyber defense resources and capacity, including a skilledworkforce, security procedures and technological infrastructure;
The G20 should promote investments in capacity-building to increase systemic cyber resilience. Governments should incentivize, also with fiscal stimuli,
private and public investments to fuel cyber defense initiatives and projects
at international, country and individual levels.
At the international level, stakeholders should invest collectively in global
projects and information infrastructure to avoid duplicating efforts and119“Shaping a New Global Architecture in the Age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution”, WEF, April 2019
“Incentivizing Responsible and Secure Innovation”, WEF, June 2020

120

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maximize the value of stakeholders’ expertise, such as in the IMF, UNODC,
Global Forum on Cyber Expertise and Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (see the Box “Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP):
FinCyber Project” in the Annex). For example, The G20 should strengthen
their involvement in public-private initiatives aimed at promoting cyber terrorism (re)insurance pools, such as the International Forum of Terrorism Risk
(Re)Insurance Pools (IFTRIP).
At the country level, public institutions should foster cybersecurity ecosystems for research and innovation where government, private sector andacademia collaborate,121 along the lines of initiatives such as Cyber NYC, CyberSpark in Israel and Cyber Campus France.
At the individual level, governments and private organizations should collaborate on educational and training campaigns to address cyber skills shortages.122 Examples include the EU Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition123 and ENISA
Cybersecurity Higher Education Database124. The G20 should build education programs to foster cybersecurity skills and training programs to covercybersecurity employability needs on a global scale. The G20 should also increase cybersecurity awareness, such as of social engineering, among citizens
and the private and public sectors through education and communication
programs. Kuratorium Sicheres Österreich in Austria is one example of a public-private awareness initiative.
The G20 can improve resilience and preparedness against cyber incidents
by incentivizing investments in cyber defence resources and capacity and in
risk-oriented governance structures, especially in SMEs and critical sectors.
For example, public and private healthcare systems, including network facilities and medical services, should be reinforced against cyber incidents toprevent leakages in patient data, medical innovation and more broadly in healthcare operating systems.
Cyber NYC
Cyber NYC, a $100-million public-private partnership launched in 2018 by the
New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC), is funded by
the City of New York, Jerusalem Venture Partners and Sosa, a corporate innovation specialist. Its objective is to identify “strategic investments to grow New
York City’s cybersecurity workforce, help companies drive innovation and business development, and build networks and cyber community spaces.125”
The initiative stands on three main pillars:• Develop the cyber workforce of tomorrow by creating 10,000 good jobs. Cyber
NYC has partnered with industry and academia to support undergraduate andmaster degree programs, bootcamps and training;• Make NYC a global leader in cybersecurity. Cyber NYC promotes frequentdialogues among corporate, investors, startups, governments, and global cyberstakeholders;• Catalyze the next billion-dollar company. Cyber NYC supports start-ups andideas with acceleration programs and start-up challenges.

“Shaping a New Global Architecture in the Age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution”, WEF, April 2019
For more information on how educational strategies can address the gap in digital skills, see Recommendation
4 of the Digital Transformation Task Force
123“Digital skills and jobs coalition, European Commission
124“Cybersecurity skills development in the EU”, ENISA
125
CyberNYC
121

122

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3.1.4 Promote regular public-private dialogue, such as forums andcross-country projects, to share best practices, seek a common understanding on norms of behavior in cyberspace, and stimulate research into
cyber incident prevention and technological advances;
The G20 should promote initiatives to facilitate strategic dialogue and interactions across a global network of public institutions, organizations, agencies, academics and technical experts, such as the World Economic Forum
Centre for Cybersecurity Platform. The initiatives should pursue a sharedpublic-private commitment to raise systemic awareness, prevent cyber incidents and promote technological enhancements. The main stakeholders
should commit to long-term strategic alignment and concrete operational
cooperative efforts, based on the principles of cooperation, trust and sharedchallenges.
Forums that address norms of behavior include government groups such as
the UN GGE and OEWG, public-private initiatives, such as the Paris Call for
Trust and Security in Cybersecurity, and private-led programs such as the
Cybersecurity Tech Accord.
One example of a shared public-private effort is the World Economic Forum’s
Partnership against Cybercrime, launched in 2020 with three main levels: a
global partnership, “bringing international stakeholders together to provide
an overarching narrative and commitment to cooperate”; Permanent Nodes,“a global network of organizations that strive to facilitate public-private cooperation,” and Threat Focus Cells, “short-term, mission-driven groups ofpartners who engage in concrete, operational, cooperative efforts” maintained directly by the Permanent Nodes. 126
In addition, the G20 should promote a shared effort to define a strategic
research and innovation agenda in cybersecurity to address cross-country
challenges and enable research programs.
Policy Action 3.2: Facilitate data- and intelligence-sharing during major
cyber incidents
G20 members should promote a shared cyber incident response plan, encourage global information-sharing practices, and address the interoperability of cross-border data flows during major cyber incidents while protecting
data privacy and security. The G20 should:
3.2.1 Develop a blueprint for cyber crisis management, including cyberincident response and business continuity plans, reinforcing coordination
at the public and private levels.
The G20 should develop a blueprint for cyber crisis management that defines guidelines, key objectives, procedures and actors involved. The blueprint
should complement existing national and regional plans and offer a sharedapproach and language for global incidents, including how to assess damages
directly involving information infrastructure and data security, and business
continuity plans including how to assess direct and indirect systemic damages and implications. The blueprint should also address cross-border dataflows to guarantee secure transfer and access to relevant data before andduring emergencies.

“Partnership against Cybercrime – Insight report”, WEF, Nov. 16, 2020

126

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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESThe G20 should promote cross-border coordination to facilitate the development of a shared and actionable cyber crisis management plan, addressing all relevant strategic, operational and technical aspects.
Jack Voltaic – Cyber research projects
Jack Voltaics are multi-sector, public-private cyber initiatives launched in 2016
in the US by the Army Cyber Institute (ACI) in conjunction with the private sector and major cities. Jack Voltaics include local government and industry experiments and exercises that examine a city’s ability to prepare for, prevent andrespond to a multi-sector cyber-attack, with a focus on response coordinationand information-sharing practices.127
So far, ACI has promoted four initiatives:• Jack Voltaic 1.0 is a framework to prepare for, prevent and respond to multi-sector cyberattacks on major cities;• Jack Voltaic 2.0 is a research project that identified a bottom-up approach todeveloping critical infrastructure resilience;• Jack Voltaic 2.5 is cyber workshop series to engage departments of defense(DoDs), critical infrastructure owners and municipal leaders on the relationships between commercial critical infrastructure and DoD critical missions, withthe overarching goal of strengthening cyber resiliency;• Jack Voltaic 3.0 is a regional exercise that tests cities’ cyber response capabilities and coordination against physical and cyber threats, ensuring public services and safeguarding critical infrastructure.

3.2.2 Encourage the adoption of a global “cyber information-sharing asa platform” framework to share incident-related data for investigation,
defense and management, protecting data privacy and security;
The G20 should encourage global cooperation and coordination at the private and public levels to detect and investigate cyber incidents and take action
and share data and best practices in accordance with relevant domestic legal
frameworks. A real-time, transparent and shared framework will be a key tocollective situational awareness.128
A global information-sharing framework should bring together governments, corporates and educational organizations to detect and address cyber incidents. The framework should be based on three key data dimensions: strategic, operational and technical. The sharing framework should reference
and build on international capabilities, leveraging sector-specific public-private centers such as ISACs (see the Box “Information Sharing and Analysis
Centers (ISACs)” in the Annex), CiviCert and FIRST, and private alliances andconsortiums, such as the Cyber Threat Alliance, to improve the security ofthe digital environment.129
3.2.3 Address cross-border data flows to guarantee secure transfer andaccess to relevant data before and during emergencies;
The G20 should promote the adoption of measures that facilitate information-sharing and data flow across countries during emergencies. The G20
should encourage the adoption of comprehensive and interoperable data
Army Cyber Institute“Cybersecurity Leadership Principles - Lessons learnt during the COVID-19 pandemic to prepare for the newnormal”, WEF, May 2020
129
“Shaping a New Global Architecture in the Age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution”, WEF, April 2019
127

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protection legislation that allows free, secure movement of data between
jurisdictions, respecting the rights of individuals and anchored to the core
principles of transparency, fairness and accountability.
During the WEF’s annual meeting 2019 in Davos-Klosters, the Japanese Prime Minister introduced the concept of “data free flow with trust,” in whichtrust and openness of data flows coexist and complement each other.130 For
a more detailed analysis of the concept of data free flows with trust, see Recommendation 2 of the Policy Paper of the Digital Transformation Task Force.
Policy Action 3.3: Implement post-breakdown recovery plans
G20 members should build public-private relationships to design and implement a robust and resilient joint post-emergency recovery plan for major
cyber incidents, and ensure stable and secure network operations and data
management at all times. The G20 should:
3.3.1 Promote collaborative public-private partnerships among governments, insurers, cybersecurity organizations and academia for market-oriented recovery plan development, including IT infrastructure recovery
services and cyber resilience services;
The G20 should incentivize public-private partnerships to support the implementation and enablement of recovery plans. Each recovery plan should spancybersecurity-related activity with the aim of protecting critical information
infrastructure and data security and promptly restoring damaged systems.
The G20 should promote activities to rapidly and effectively manage responses and recovery planning, leveraging expertise and know-how of all relevant
stakeholders that could play an active role in the cyber risk management andrecovery phase. “Cyber Storm,” an annual exercise promoted by the US Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency, simulates the discovery of andresponse to a large-scale, coordinated cyberattack. The exercise helps test
cybersecurity preparedness and identify effective response processes, procedures and information-sharing practices. ENISA is responsible for a parallel
programme of pan-European cyber exercises called Cyber Europe.132
3.3.2 Promote innovative, adaptive financing and insurance solutions forall stakeholders, including investments to rebuild damaged physical or information assets using shared cybersecurity standards;
The G20 should offer incentives for the adoption of financing and insurance
mechanisms to support affected organizations, firms, especially SMEs, andevery other actor in the value chain. The aim should be to develop innovative solutions to support parties affected by cyber incidents and reduce theburden of responses on companies’ budgets, including through insurance
solutions.133 The incentives should aim to rebuild damaged physical or information assets and include control mechanisms, such as incentives fragmentation, to ensure the application of shared cybersecurity principles, such as
security-by-design and privacy-by-design, and standards (see policy action
3.1.1 for an in-depth discussion).
The cyber (re)insurance market has been growing, but some factors have limited its spread and adoption in the public and private sectors: the limited
availability of historical data, the changing nature of cyber risk and the lack of“Data Free Flow with Trust (DFFT): Paths towards Free and Trusted Data Flows”, WEF, May 2020
CISA
132
“EISA manages the programme of pan-European exercises,” EU Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA)”
133“Disaster Risk Financing - A global survey of practices and challenges” OECD, 2015
134
“Enhancing the Role of Insurance in Cyber Risk Management”, OECD, 2017
130
131

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access to corporate security information.134 The business model is still emerging, but part of the answer may be a joint go-to-market approach with cyber companies that have the skills, intel, technology and insights to calculate
risk based on real-time data.
There is growing concern that insurance companies or the private sector will
not be able to manage the financial impact of cyber incidents on their own,with the potential of significant accumulation losses. The cost of major cyberincidents can be extreme. The 2017 NotPetya “wiper” malware attack, forexample, affected thousands of organizations with total damages of about$10 billion.135 G20 countries will need to promote initiatives to manage cyber
accumulation risk, such as risk pooling, which can enhance private market
capacity, limiting each company’s exposure and benefiting from risk diversification. The first commercial cyber risk pool was launched in Singapore in
2018, backed by traditional reinsurance and insurance-linked securities, witha commitment up to $1 billion.
3.3.3 Foster cyber incident post-mortem analysis through dedicated public-private taskforces, based on a shared blueprint for cyber crisis management.
The G20 should promote post-mortem cyber incident assessments, including identifying and limiting breaches of other critical infrastructure anddata security. Governments, private companies and academia should pool
resources to promote coordinated researches and actions.

“How the Worst Cyberattack in History Hit American Hospitals”, Slate, Nov. 5, 2019

135

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Annex
Examples / Initiatives

Oil and Gas Climate Initiative CCUS KickStarter
The CCUS KickStarter initiative was launched by the Oil and Gas Climate Initiative (OGCI) in 2019 to facilitate large-scale commercial investment in CCUS.
It aims to enable multiple low-carbon industrial hubs. These hubs will capture carbon dioxide from several industrial sources within one region and bringeconomies of scale by sharing transport and storage infrastructure. The final
aim is to create the market conditions for CCUS to play a significant role in decarbonizing industry. This objective is achieved also engaging with national andlocal governments, industrial emitters and other investors, investing in anchor
projects to enable hubs.
At the moment, OGCI selected eight hubs, of which four (Net Zero Teesside,
UK; Northern Lights/Longship, Norway; Rotterdam, Netherlands; and China
North-West) have a defined CCUS concept, while the remaining four are underevaluation.
ConectarAGRO
ConectarAGRO is a non-profit association that aims to guarantee in-field internet access to producers all over Brazil, as more than 70% of rural and remote
properties in Brazil currently do not have access to the network. The association
was established by CNH Industrial, in partnership with seven telecommunications companies (AGCO, Bayer, Jacto, Nokia, Solinftec, TIM and Trimble)
By 2020, the association was able to expand connectivity to more than 5.1 million hectares in rural areas, representing around 8% of the country’s grain andsugarcane plantations. This achievement benefited more than 575,000 people,
50,000 farms, and 218 towns across 8 States.
Now, the goal is to further expand connectivity to an additional 13 million hectares of land by the end of 2021. As a result, ConectarAGRO will enable rural producers to fully benefit from today's precision farming, digital and automatedtechnological resources, whilst gaining access to a full range of new products
and services enabled by connectivity.
Cestas Biomethane Circular Economy
In Cestas, near Bordeaux, France, Pot au Pin Energie, Air Liquide and Carrefour have promoted a partnership with local companies operating in the energy,
food and automotive industries, to establish a biomethane production unit anda multi-energy distribution station.
The production unit collects around 20,000 tons per year of intermediary andconverts it into biogas through a biodigester. The biogas is upgraded to biomethane and then fed into the methane distribution network that supplies astation with the capacity to refuel up to 100 industrial vehicles per day, including buses and commercial vehicles. The biomethane-powered vehicles transport goods to local supermarkets, thus completing the methane value chain
and offsetting almost all CO2 transport emissions.
This initiative is an example of how private partnerships, building on circular economy solutions, can establish sustainable value chains centered around local sites.
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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESThe Emergency Management Programme
The Emergency Management Programme (EMP) of Confindustria (the Confederation of Italian Industries) aims to promote prevention and risk management culture in SMEs and to support companies to face an emergency crisis.
This is an example of public-private partnership between Confindustria and the
National Civil Protection Department, which is a structure of coordination under
the direct responsibility of the Prime Minister. The partnership was formalized in2016 with a MoU that matches the deep knowledge of a large numbers of companies all over Italy and specific sectoral skills with the contextualized control of
the needs of the affected areas and the knowledge of preparedness techniques.
This EMP allows to boost a country's response to emergencies (earthquakes,
floods, Covid-19, etc.) and, during “peacetime”, to promote widespread awareness aimed at both SMEs and local administrations, training activities, company
exercises to enhance preparedness and risk management skills, with a specificfocus on georisks and anthropic risks, that constitutes the core business of civil
protection.
EMP is also developing, with the Italian Ministry of Economic Development, an
initiative to identify SMEs’ risk awareness level, by collecting best practices andresilient business models and analyzing which strategies are adopted by SMEs toreact to external shocks and to ensure their production continuity. The objectiveis also to identify policy recommendations on the subject.
LIFE DERRIS
LIFE DERRIS is a EU-funded initiative launched in 2015 by Unipol Group with theacademic consortium CINEAS, the local governmental association Coordinamento Agende 21 Locali, the Municipality of Turin and the National Associationof Italian Municipalities ANCI, with the objective of preventing and mitigating
the risks posed by extreme weather events to SMEs.
This initiative aims to stimulate public-private coordination to strengthen SMEs’
resilience in weather events by developing distinctive climate-related risk management capabilities, tools and financial instruments for adoption solutions.136
The project promotes the diffusion of risk prevention and management culture
by organizing dedicated training sessions.
LIFE DERRIS is one example of an initiative to transfer climate-related risk management knowledge and expertise from insurers to SMEs and municipalities.
Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD)In April 2015, the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (under
Turkey’s Presidency of the G20) asked the Financial Stability Board (FSB) to review how the financial sector can take account of climate-related issues. As partof its review, the FSB identifies the need for better information to support informed investment, lending, and insurance underwriting decisions and improveunderstanding and analysis of climate-related risks.
The TCFD was established by the FSB in December 2015 to develop a set of voluntary, consistent disclosure recommendations for use by companies in providing information to investors, lenders and insurance underwriters about theirclimate-related financial risks.

“Collaborating for resilience – Partnerships that build disaster-resilient communities and economies”, UN
Environment Programme Finance Initiative, 2015
136

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B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESThe FSB selected an initial group of 29 representatives across banks, insurers,
asset managers, pension funds, credit rating agencies and non-financial companies. In February 2020, TCFD had amassed over 1,000 supporters.
The United Kingdom is the first country to announce that TCFD-aligned disclosures will be mandatory across the economy by 2025. Adoption around the world remains nascent, however.
While the TCFD addresses reporting standardization, the quality of reporting
remains as good as the data provided as inputs. Accessing high quality data andmethodologies for TCFD reporting remains a key issue for industry and governments to work out. The TCFD represents a worthwhile example of a private-sector led initiative in partnership with the G20 process.
The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)
CEPI, a global partnership among public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organizations, aims to “accelerate the development of vaccines against
emerging infectious diseases and enable equitable access to these vaccines during outbreaks.” CEPI has identified critical gaps in vaccine funding and R&D
implementation and has defined three main areas of intervention:• CEPI will support vaccine proof-of-concept and safety testing and define investigational vaccine stockpiles against known threats.
• It will fund and promote platform technologies to accelerate the development
and manufacture of vaccines against unknown and emerging infectious diseases and pathogens.
• It will coordinate activities to strengthen healthcare systems’ capacity and advance product development regulatory science.
Antibiotic stewardship: The example of bedaquiline and drug-resistanttuberculosis
By 2050, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) infections could cause 10 million deaths
annually—more deaths than are caused by cancer or diabetes today137. Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), which shares a mode of transmission and symptoms
with COVID-19, now accounts for one-third of all AMR-related deaths.138
It’s clear that we need to take action now to protect antibiotics like those used
to treat DR-TB, so that they can continue to protect us. Stewardship is crucial toensure that antibiotics are used safely and correctly and, ultimately, to protect
their long-term effectiveness.
In collaboration with multisectoral partners, Johnson & Johnson promotes thestewardship of bedaquiline, the first tuberculosis medicine with a new mechanism of action to be introduced in more than 40 years.139 The company does
this through continuing medical education activities and the dissemination of
relevant resources to physicians who request information about the product.
In addition, it has a rigorous pharmacovigilance framework in place to document global safety data related to bedaquiline, allowing identification of any
emerging trends from ongoing use of bedaquiline in the field. The company also
participated in antibiotic resistance surveillance programs for bedaquiline in collaboration with WHO-recognized reference laboratories and supports assay development of drug sensitivity testing in collaboration with external partners.
By working through the Stop TB Partnership’s Global Drug Facility, a globally recognized procurement mechanism that facilitates worldwide, equitable access totuberculosis medicines, the company continues to safeguard the supply security
and ensure the quality of its medicine for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
“A call to action: It’s time to end drug-resistant tuberculosis”, The Economist Intelligence Unit; 2019
Tuberculosis, Johnson & Johnson
139
Ibid.
137

138

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Pharmaledger: A blockchain-based healthcare platform
Pharmaledger is a “36-month project that brings together 12 global pharmaceutical companies and 17 public and private entities, including technical, legal,
regulatory, academia, research organizations and patient representative organizations,” according to the website. The project is sponsored by the Innovative Medicines Initiative and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries andAssociations under the Horizon 2020 program.
Its objective is to develop a “widely trusted platform that supports the design andadoption of blockchain-enabled healthcare solutions while accelerating deliveryof innovation that benefits the entire ecosystem, from manufacturers to patients.” The platform will serve as a single source of truth and be validated throughuse cases in supply chain, clinical trials and health data.
In supply chain, Pharmaledger will address priorities for pharmaceutical manufacturers, distributors, dispensers, and governments, including patient safety, reliable product traceability, counterfeiting and fraud reduction, and compliancewith regulations.
In clinical trials, it will speed clinical development and submissions by providing an
end-to-end clinical trial solution that will guarantee transparency, auditability,
traceability and fine-grain access control across all the processes.
In health data, it will pursue wide and global access to health data to guarantee
timely and effective response measures, develop new medicines, and improve thesafety, effectiveness and monitoring of clinical trials.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP): FinCyber Project
The FinCyber Project is an initiative promoted by CEIP, aimed at increasing financial system security against cyberattacks.
The project was born through the cooperation of more than 200 international
stakeholders, including government organizations, financial regulators, companies and academics.140
The initiative promotes research, proposing actionable policies and updating public and private sector organizations on key developments.
The FinCyber Project has developed a tool box with material supporting cybersecurity capability building, dedicated, in particular, to low-income countries, lesscyber-mature and smaller organizations.141
Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs)
Information Sharing and Analysis Centers are non-profit organizations "thatprovide a central resource for gathering information on cyber threats (in manycases to critical infrastructure) as well as allow two-way sharing of information
between the private and the public sector."142
ISACs were introduced in 1998 in the US to protect critical infrastructure fromcyber and physical security threats and other hazards. Their objective is to "helpcritical infrastructure owners and operators protect their facilities, personnel andcustomers from cyber and physical security threats and other hazards. ISACs collect, analyze and disseminate actionable threat information to their members
and provide members with tools to mitigate risks and enhance resiliency."143

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace“Cyber Resilience and Financial Organizations: A Capacity-building Tool Box”, Carnegie Endowment forInternational Peace
140

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There are 21 sector-dedicated ISACs including financial service, automotive,
energy, aviation, communication and defense industrial base sectors. Most
ISACs have 24/7 threat warning and incident reporting systems and records of
responding to and sharing actionable and relevant information quickly.
A successful example is the Aviation ISAC, which facilitates collaboration acrossthe aviation industry worldwide and builds resiliency against cyber threats. Its
working groups address some of the most critical topics of the industry including
network security architecture, product security, airport technology, compliance &third-party risk, threat actors and fraud. Aviation ISAC provides its members withstrategic and correlation analysis to identify and assess potential cyber threats.
"Information sharing occurs across multiple channels, including a secure threat
intelligence platform where members have access to IOCs, APT data, campaign
activity, mitigation strategies, reports, discussion forums, and more." 144

142
143
144

Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs), ENISA, 2017
National ISACs
Aviation ISAC

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Monitoring KPIs

One of the objectives of the B20 Italy 2021 is to show up with concrete andpractical policy recommendations. At this aim, we have worked to identify
one KPI for each policy recommendation to allow the measurement of theirsuccess or implementation progress across countries.
An appropriate KPI should:• Already exist• Be monitored by international bodies• Be specific and directly linked to the policy recommendation.
Thanks to a joint effort among the Coordination Group, the Chair, the CoChairs, the AC members and various experts, we have identified the most
relevant KPIs for each Recommendation and then selected the three mostappropriate, balancing pros and cons.
Recommendation 1

Environmental Performance Index
The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) is a metric aimed at measuring
the environmental health and ecosystem vitality of ranked countries. In thelatest version (2020), it was based on 32 indicators relative to 11 issue categories: air quality, sanitation and drinking water, heavy metals, waste management, biodiversity and habitat, ecosystem services, fisheries, climate change,pollution emissions, agriculture and water resources.
Key points in favour: Coverage of a broad spectrum of environmental themes treated in the Policy Paper; methodology built with the aim of achieving
UN SDGs; wide global coverage
Responsible organizations: Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy(YCELP), Yale University; Center for International Earth Science Information
Network (CIESIN), Columbia University
Countries ranked in the latest version: 180 (2020)
EPI median in the latest version: 44 (2020), on a 0-100 scale
For more information, please visit the website of the Yale University.

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Recommendation 2

Global Health Security Index
The Global Health Security (GHS) Index is a metric aimed at measuring health security and capabilities of ranked countries. In the latest version (2019),
it was based on 34 indicators relative to 6 categories: prevention, detection
and reporting, rapid response, health response, compliance with international norms and risk environment.
Key points in favour: Coverage of a broad spectrum of health-related themes
treated in the Policy Paper; wide global coverage
Responsible organizations: Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and the Johns
Hopkins University Center for Health Security, with The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)
Countries ranked in the latest version: 195 (2019)
GHS Index median in the latest version: 37 (2019), on a 0-100 scale
For more information, please visit the website of the Global Health Security Index.
Recommendation 3

Global Cybersecurity Index
The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) Index is a metric aimed at measuring
cybersecurity commitment of ranked countries. In the latest version (2018),
it was based on 5 pillars: legal measures, technical measures, organizational
measures, capacity development, and cooperation.
Key points in favour: Coverage of a broad spectrum of cybersecurity themes
treated in the Policy Paper; wide global coverage
Responsible organizations: International Telecommunication Union (ITU)Countries ranked in the latest version: 175 (2018)
GCI median in the latest version: 0.44 (2018), on a 0-1 scale
For more information, please visit the website of the International Telecommunication Union.
Methodology to estimate Monitoring KPIs target

2030 has been set as the target year in line with the 2030 UN Agenda for
Sustainable Development (UN SDGs).
Expected countries median has been selected as metric to define the target.
We assumed a positive impact of policy recommendations on countries environmental, health and cybersecurity performance; in particular, we expected
a rapid convergence of many medium-ranked countries towards high scoresin the next 10 years, resulting in the increase of the indices’ median.

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List of abbreviations

68

ACI

Army Cyber InstituteAI

Artificial Intelligence

ANCI

Associazione Nazionale Comuni Italiani

APT

Advanced Persistent Threat

BCP

Business Continuity Plan

CEPI

Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations

CISA

Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency

CCS

Carbon Capture and Storage

CCUS

Carbon Capture, Use and Storage

CDSB

Climate Disclosure Standard Board

CME

Chicago Mercantile Exchange

CO2

Carbon dioxide

COP

Conference of the PartiesCORSIA

Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation

COVAX

COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access

CSIS

Center for Strategic and International Studies

CTCN

Climate Technology Centre and Network

DHC

District Heating and Cooling

DoD

Department of Defense

EC

European Commission

ECA

Export Credit Agencies

ECHA

European Chemicals Agency

ESG

Environmental, Social and Governance

EMA

European Medicines Agency

ENISA

European Network and Information Security Agency

EU

European Union

EU JESSICA

European Union Joint European Support for Sustainable Investment in City Areas

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization

FIRST

Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams

GAVI

Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization

GIIF

Global Index Insurance Facility

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

ICMIF

International Cooperative and Mutual Insurance Federation

ICT

Information and Communications Technology

IEA

International Energy Agency

IEC

International Electrotechnical Commission

IHR

International Health Regulations

ILO

International Labour Organization

IMF

International Monetary FundIOC

Indicator of Compromise

IoTInternet of Things

IPC

Infection Prevention and Control

IPBS

International Partnership of Business Schools

IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IRENAInternational Renewable Energy Agency

ISAC

Information Sharing and Analysis Center

ISO

International Organization for Standardization

ISO/IEC

International Organization for Standardization / International Electrotechnical Commission

IT

Information Technology

ITU

International Telecommunication Union

IUNC

International Union for Conservation of Nature

KPI

Key Performance Indicator

MDB

Multilateral Development Bank

Nbs

Nature-based solutions

NCD

Non-Communicable DiseaseB20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESNCS

Natural Climate Solutions

NDC

National Determined Contributions

N-GEO

Nature-based Global Emissions Offset

NGO

Non-Governmental Organization

NIST

National Institute of Standards and Technology

OECD

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OGCI

Oil and Gas Climate Initiative

OIE

Office International des Epizooties

OT

Operational Technology

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

PPP

Public-private partnership

PV

Photovoltaic System

R&D

Research and Development

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid

SARS

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

SDG

Sustainable Development Goal

SME

Small and Medium-sized Enterprise

TCFD

Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures

TEC

Technology Executive Committee

UN

United Nations

UNDRR

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction

UNEP

United Nations Environmental Programme

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNFCCC

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UN GGE

United Nations Group of Governmental Experts on Developments

UNHCR

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

UNICEF

United Nations Children's Fund

UNODC

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

UN OEWG

United Nations Open-ended Working GroupUN REDD

United Nations Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation

VCMUS

Voluntary Carbon Market United States

WEFVCM

World Economic Forum Voluntary Carbon Market

WEF-IBCWEF

World Economic Forum International Business Council World Economic Forum

WHOWEF-IBC

World Health Organization - World Economic Forum International Business Council

WHO

World Health Organization69

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Schedule of Taskforce Exchanges
#

Date

Theme

1

February 26th , 2021

Task Force Member Call on first draft

2

March 26th, 2021

Task Force Member Call on second draft

3

April 30th, 2021

Task Force Member Call on third draft

4

June 4th, 2021

Task Force Member Call on fourth draft

World map with members by region

Taskforce Members

NameCompany/Organization

Country

DeputyEni

Italy

Lapo Pistelli

Dina Hasan Al Nahdy

ENTEC Environmental Technology

Saudi Arabia

Tariq Basmair

Jean Pierre Clamadieu

ENGIE

FranceArnaud Erbin

Wendy Mars

Cisco

GlobalAgostino Santoni

Paulo Nigro

GranBio

BrazilFrancisco Vassellucci

Dilip S. Shanghvi

Sun Pharmaceuticals

India

Seema Ghosh

Jian Wang

BGI Group

China

Lili Wang

Bill WintersStandard Chartered

USA

Tracey McDermott

Chair
Claudio Descalzi

Co-Chairs

70B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESMembers
Name

Company/Organization

Country

Martine Allaire

OrangeFranceFahad Alqahtani

Saudi Aramco

Saudi Arabia

Abdulwahab Alsadoun

Gulf Petrochemicals & Chemicals Association

Saudi Arabia

Nicola Altobelli

Eceplast

Italy

Flavia Alves

Facebook

BrazilFaisal Anwar

Independent Consultant

Pakistan

Ruggero Arico

Enel Green Power

Italy

Alessandro Arioldi

Opstart

Italy

Edward Barron

AIG

United Kingdom

Anton Bazulev

RUSAL

RussiaMartin Berardi

Ternium Argentina

Argentina

Pietro Bertazzi

CDP

Italy

Filippo Bettini

Pirelli

Italy

Marta Blanco

CEOE – Spanish Confederation of Industries and Employers

Spain

Olivier Bogillot

SANOFI

FranceCristina Bombassei

BremboItaly

Francesco Borgomeo

Saxa Gres

Italy

Lorenzo Bottinelli

BASF Italia S.p.A.

Italy

Leonardo Brunori

RINA Consulting

Italy

Luis Cabra

RepsolSpain

Gianfranco Caccamo

Icaro Ecology S.p.A.

Italy

Mauro Celli

Italia Technology Alliance

Italy

Antonio Ceniccola

CESTARO ROSSI

Italy

Antonella Centra

Guccio Gucci

Italy

Viviane Chaine-Ribeiro

Talentia-Software

FranceSergio E. Contreras P.

Consejo empresarial Mexicano de Comercio exterior,
Inversión y Tecnología (COMCE)

MexicoDaniella Cunha

Syngenta Brasil

Brazil71

B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIES

72

Rhoodie Dakamela

Absa Group Limited

South Africa

Paulo Dallari

Natura&Co

BrazilAntonio D'Amato

Seda Group

Italy

Lisandro Deleonardis

Organizacion Techint – Tecpetrol

Argentina

Marco Dettori

ASSIMPREDIL ANCE

Italy

Ebru Dicle

Turkish Industry and Business Association (TUSIAD)

TurkeyHentie Dirker

SNC LAVALIN

CanadaSebastian Dr. Lochen

Thyssen Krupp

Germany

Adolph DuBoseathenaHealth

USA

Gisoo Ehteshamzadeh

OMV Supply & Trading

United Kingdom

Maria Cristina Elmi

SIBEG COCA COLA

Italy

Facundo Etchebehere

DanoneArgentina

Ernesto Ferlenghi

Confindustria Russia

Italy

Evgeny Fokin

En+ Group

RussiaAlexandre Fongaro

KeringFranceAlessandro Gasparetto

IQT Consulting

Italy

Deborah Geideman

JacobsUSA

Bettina Geisseler

GEISSELER LAW

Germany

Paolo Ghirelli

Bonatti

Italy

Jonathan Gill

UnileverUnited Kingdom

Domenico Greco

Società Chimica Bussi

Italy

Karen Griffin

Mastercard

USA

Karine Guenan

AirbusFrancePaul Holthus

World Ocean Council

USA

Renate Hornung-Draus

Bundesvereinigung der Deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände(BDA)

Germany

Ruihong Hu

BGI Group

China

Charles Johnston

Citibank

USA

Farida Khan

Sasol South Africa

South Africa

Ahmed Kouther

Mindstreamgroup.com

Saudi Arabia

B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIESSun Joo Lee

Korea Telecom

Korea SouthJean Liu

Didi Chuxing

China

Jiaqiang Liu

China National Chemical Engineering Group Corporation

ChinaMark Lloyd Davies

Johnson & Johnson

United Kingdom

Brian Lowry

United States Council for International Business

United States

Jeffrey Minfang Lu

China Mengniu Dairy Company Limited

China

Elena Mannucci

Termisol Termica

Italy

Vincenzo Marinese

Società Italiana per la Riqualificazione Ambientale e
Infrastrutturale

Italy

Roberta Marracino

UniCredit

Italy

Louise McGrath

Australian Industry Group

Australia

Andrey Melnichenko

Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs

RussiaMaxim Merkulov

VEB.RF

RussiaWendy Miles

Twenty Essex

United Kingdom

Robert Milliner

Australian Payments Council

Australia

Diego Mingarelli

DIASEN

Italy

Elena Morettini

Globant

Argentina

Annemarie Muntz

Randstad

Netherlands

Hisakazu O’chi

Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance CO., Ltd.

Japan

Massimiliano Paolucci

Terna

Italy

Grazielle Parenti

BRF

BrazilYves Perrier

AmundiFranceFernando Pimentel

Brazilian Textile and Apparel Industry Association (ABIT)

BrazilDaniel Purba

Pertamina

Indonesia

Monika Puri

Hoffmann-La Roche

India

Ursula Radeke-Pietsch

Siemens

Germany

Fei RenChina Chamber of International Commerce

China

Rossana RevelloChiappe RevelloItaly

Gianluca Riccio

LLOYDS BANKING GROUP, and Business at OECD (BIAC)

United Kingdom

Carlo Robiglio

Ebano

Italy

73

B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIES

74

Peter Robinson

US Council for International Business (USCIB)USA

Sara Roversi

Future Food Institute

Italy

Claudio Santoianni

Nokia

Italy

Giuseppe Santoni

Santoni SpA

Italy

Luisa Santos

BusinessEurope

PortugalMarcela Sarruf

Magazine Luiza

BrazilAntonella Scaglia

IMQ Group

Italy

Afke Schaart

Huawei

Netherlands

Bettina Schaller

World Employment Confederation

Switzerland

Lisa Schroeter

Dow

USA

Lucia Silva

Generali

Italy

Denis Simonneau

L'OréalFranceBernard Spitz

MEDEF

FranceClaire Starza-Allen

G20 YEA

United Kingdom

Pierluigi Stefanini

Gruppo Unipol

Italy

Giovanni Sylos Labini

Planetek Italia

Italy

Ebru Tuzecan

Koc Holding

TurkeySergey Vakulenko

PJSC Gazprom Neft

RussiaMiguel Angel Vargas Cruz

GRUPO ALIANZA EMPRESARIAL

MexicoViktor Vekselberg

Skolkovo Foundation

RussiaKarl Vella

World Business Council for Sustainable Development(WBCSD)

Malta

Marco Venturelli

Novartis

Italy

Luigi Vianello

WEBUILD

Italy

Eberhard Von Rottenburg

BDI - Federation of German Industries

Germany

Vasiliy VysokovCenter-invest bankRussiaTeruko Wada

KEIDANREN Japan Business Federation

Japan

Wenbiao Wang

Elion Resources Group

China

Zeda Xu

China Council for the Promotion of International
Trade (CCPIT)

China

Xiaolun Zhang

SINOMACH

China

Michele Ziosi

CNH Industrial

Italy

B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIES

Coordination Group
Name

FunctionFrancesca Mazzolari

Task Force Manager

Giovanna Labartino

TF Assistant Manager

Matteo Pignatti

ExpertSilvio La Torre

B20 Secretariat

Marco Piccitto
Riccardo Boin
Federico Garimberti
Cristina Bellini
Knowledge Partner
Federico Mentesana
Pietro Russo
Edoardo Bertinelli
Arianna Checchi
Francesca Dionisi Vici
Stefania Minniti
Chair’s staff
Annalisa Muccioli
Alessandro Pandolfi
Marco Piredda
Raffaella Cagliano
Francesco Perrini

Scientific Partner

Stefano Pogutz
Gary Litman

Network Partner75

B20 POLICY PAPER ACTION COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABILITY AND GLOBAL EMERGENCIES

An initiative byKnowledge partners

Network partners

Scientific partners

76

1 lande nam es ex estem.