Energy Security and Sustainable Transport:
The Future of Jeepneys in the Philippines

J. Mikhail Roxas Nacino

22 May 2014

Energy Security and Sustainable Transport:
The Future of Jeepneys in the Philippines

A Research Paper Submitted
to the Graduate School of Public Policy,
The University of Tokyo
in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the Degree
Master of Public Policy

By

J. Mikhail Roxas NacinoStudent No. 51-128203

Adviser: Professor Nobuo Tanaka

22 May 2014

Abstract

This paper discusses the dynamics between energy security and land transportation systemin the Philippines. With focus on the Jeepney, a cultural icon in the country, the paper will
examine how trends in the promotion of alternative energy, in particular the utilization ofelectricity as fuel will transform one of the nation's primary modes of public landtransportation. The paper argues that while the introduction of the electric vehicle
technology to jeepneys would help achieve certain environmental and energy goals, anumber of issues need to be addressed before successful mainstream implementation. The
ultimate aim of the paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the relationshipbetween energy security and sustainable land transport; through this lens, this paper hopes
to bring clarity to the pursuit of the requisite groundwork for the deployment of sustainable
land transport, while simultaneously ensuring energy security for the industry and thegeneral public.

Keywords: Energy Security, Sustainable Land Transport, Jeepneys, Electric Jeepneys

Table of Contents

List of Acronymsi

List of Figures and Tablesii

Outlineiii

I. Introduction

1

II. The Philippines: Economy, Energy and Power1

III. Jeepneys in the Philippines

3

IV. Electric Jeepneys

5

V. Analysis

7

VI. Policy Recommendation

9

VII. Conclusion

9

References

10

Annex: Figures and Tables

12List of Acronyms
ADB
APS
BAU
COMET
CIA
CO2
DOE
DOTC
GDP
GET
IEA
IEEJ
JICA
kWh
LPG
LTFRB
MTOE
MW
PhUV
PM
VKT

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Asian Development Bank
Alternative Policy Scenario
Business-as-Usual (Scenario)
City Optimized Managed Electric Transport
Central intelligence Agency
Carbon Dioxide
Department of Energy
Department of Transportation and Communications
Gross Domestic Product
Global Electric Transportation, Ltd.
International Energy Agency
Institute of Energy Economics, Japan
Japan International Cooperation Agency
Kilowatt hour
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Land Transportation Franchise Regulatory Board
Million Tons of Oil Equivalent
Megawatt
Philippine Utility Vehicle, Incorporated
Particulate Matter
Vehicle Kilometer TravellediList of Figures and Tables
Figure 1: Philippine Primary Energy Mix 2011 and 2012
Figure 2: Total Primary Energy Supply 1990-2030
Figure 3: Total Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type
Figure 4: Total Power Generation 2011-2012
Figure 5: Luzon Grid Supply-Demand Outlook, 2012-2030
Figure 6: Visayas Grid Supply-Demand Outlook, 2012-2030
Figure 7: Mindanao Grid Supply-Demand Outlook, 2012-2030
Figure 8: Jeepney Fare Rate and Diesel Pump Price in Metro Manila

12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15

Table 1: Clean Energy in the Philippines
Table 2: Distribution of Land Transport Services (as of December 2012)
Table 3: GET COMET Technical Specifications
Table 4: PHUV Electric Jeepney: Detailed Product Description and Technical Specifications
Table 5: Price Estimates of Selected Electric Vehicles
Table 6: Annual Fuel Requirement of Jeepneys (per unit)
Table 7: Annual Power Requirement – E-Jeepney
Table 8: Estimated Annual Power Requirement and Fuel Displacement of Electric Jeepneys

16
16
17
18
19
20
20
20

ii

Outline
Section 1 gives a background on the trends concerning electric vehicles, particularly electric
jeepneys in the Philippines. Section 2 provides a brief background on the Philippine
Economy, Energy and Power. Section 3 discusses Jeepneys and its role in the land transportsystem of the Philippines. Section 4 explores Electric Jeepneys as a successor to the Jeepney.
Section 5 analyzes the impact of electric jeepneys to energy security in the Philippines.
Thereafter, recommendations based on the analysis shall be discussed in Section 6. Finally,
concluding remarks are discussed in Section 7.

iii

I. Introduction
In April 2014, the President of the United States of America, President Barack Obama, madean official visit to the Philippines. Among the many activities that formed part of his 2-daytrip to the country was a visit to the unveiling of the City Optimized Managed ElectricTransport or COMET, an electric vehicle poised to succeed the jeepney, one of the mainstaysof the Philippine public land transportation system. (Bacani 2014) The COMET is set to be
manufactured and rolled out en masse in the coming years, having garnered interest andeventual sale agreements from jeepney operators and cooperatives.
The electric jeepney is part of the growing trend in the country which is gearing towards amore sustainable land transport system in the country. The introduction of the successor to
the jeepney was lauded for the benefits that it will bring. On an environmental sustainability
aspect, this project is seen as the right way to go to curb the ever-increasing contribution of
the transport sector to air pollution in the country. On the other hand, the system thatcomes along with the introduction of the new system will remedy the woes of passengers
and the motorists, as far as orderly transportation system is concerned. However, theoverarching goal of providing a sustainable transport system cuts across a number of
aspects, such as its effect to the energy security of the country, particularly the power grid,among others.

II. The Philippines: Economy, Energy and PowerA developing country of 97.4 million inhabitants, the Philippines has sustained a relatively
high economic growth for the past 4 years. (Philippine Statistics Authority 2014) With anaverage GDP growth rate of 7.0%, the country is at par with the People’s Republic of China,
in terms of economic growth. (Sydney Morning Herald 2013) Coupled with a growing
population, a growing economy entails growing energy demand, which powers the growing
industries, as well as the households.
State of Philippine Energy
As shown in Figure 1, The Philippines’ primary energy supply increased by 7.8 percent to42.9 Million Tons of Oil Equivalent (MTOE) in 2012, from 39.8 MTOE the previous year. (DOE2013) The country is well endowed with renewable energy, that it comprises a significant
share of the total energy mix. Renewable energy, such as biomass, geothermal and hydrocomprises 38.46% of the total primary energy mix. (DOE 2013) Moreover, indigenous energy
resources amounted to 56.32% of the total energy mix. (DOE 2013)
The Philippines is currently a net fossil fuel importer and will continue to be so in the future.
According to the International Energy Agency (2013), the country will increase its
Page | 1

importation of coal, oil and gas from now up until 2035. In terms of proven crude oil
reserves, the Philippines rank 67 out of all the countries in world. (CIA Factbook 2013)
Furthermore, a study by the Institute of Energy Economics Japan (2011) shows that, in bothBusiness as Usual (BAU) and Alternative Policy Scenarios (APS), fossil fuels such as coal, oiland natural will still be dominating the share of the total primary energy supply. (Figure 2)
With regard to final energy consumption (Figure 3), oil is predicted to be the dominant fuelof choice due to the growth of the transportation sector, while electricity is expected to
grow rapidly up to 2030. Likewise, the transportation sector consumption will still have thefastest growth, in terms of per sector energy consumption. (IEEJ 2011)
Philippine Power Sector
In terms of power generation (Figure 4), the Philippine power sector generates electricity
through a variety of sources, of which roughly 28% are from renewables while a significant
share of the power generation comes from coal at around 38%. The Philippine power
generation is 58.78% self-sufficient as of 2012. (DOE 2013) While the share of oil as a fuelsource for power generation has declined steadily, coal remains to be the most dominant
power generation source. Natural gas, on the other hand is steadily increasing its sharesince 1994. (IEEJ 2011)
Renewable energy remains to be a promising source for power generation in the Philippines.
Table 1 show that prospects are particularly bright for hydro, wind and geothermal energy.
(Sinocruz 2012) As such, the government, as part of its National Renewable Energy Program(NREP), aims to increase the power output generated from renewable energy by as much as
9,900MW from now until 2030. (DOE 2012)
Power Grid
As an archipelago, the Philippines is subdivided into three (3) grids namely, Luzon, Visayas
and Mindanao. With the exception of the Mindanao grid, the Luzon and Visayas grids areinterconnected. While the three grids are not equal in terms of capacity, the similarity lies intheir respective power supply-demand outlook. As seen on Figures 5 and 6, both the Luzon
and Visayas grids are facing imminent power supply shortage in the near future, due to alack of adequate power generating facilities, despite the committed power facilities which
are set to be constructed in the coming years. Mindanao (see Figure 7), on the other hand,is already experiencing power shortages as the current power supply is already inadequate
to meet the power demand.
Electric Power Liberalization
The Philippines is among the top 10 countries in the world with the highest electricity rates.
(Visconti 2012) This has been so, even if the power industry underwent liberalization
following the enactment of Republic Act No. 9136, otherwise known as the “Electric Power
Page | 2

Industry Act of 2001.” The enactment of the said law has led to the opening of the industry
to the private sector, with the privatization of the state-owned National Power Corporation,
particularly the sale of its generation and transmission assets. It also led to the unbundlingof the operations of the power sector into generation, transmission, distribution, and supply.
The law paved the way to the entry of private sector players, in order to induce competition
which will bring down the costs of electricity for end-users. Moreover, the law provides thatthe government will no longer engage in power generation, whose responsibility is left tothe private sector.

III. Jeepneys in the Philippines
In terms of usage, vehicles for public transportation far outnumber private vehicles in thePhilippines. According to the National Center for Transportation Studies (2011) 70% of thetotal person trips nationwide are done by means of public transportation. Of these, jeepneys
comprise 39% of all the trips with users coming from various income groups. (Bacero andVergel 2009) In terms of Vehicle Kilometer Travel (VKT), the jeepneys account for 80% of thetotal VKT in the Philippines in 2005. (Fabian and Gota 2009)
The jeepney traces its origins from World War II-era military vehicles called jeeps. After thewar, a significant number of these jeeps were left in the Philippines by the Allied Forces. Dueto the lack of necessities after the war, the jeeps served its purpose as the solution to the
problem of transportation. (Chiu 2006) As the vehicles were introduced as public
transportation, the jeeps gradually evolved in terms of dimension and image into what it istoday. From lengthened chassis to glamorous ornaments, the jeepney transformed from a
war icon to the trendy vehicle that Filipinos take pride of as a cultural icon.
Based on the data from the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (2012),
there are 234,406 registered jeepneys in the Philippines (Table 2) However, the government
figure is surely lower than the actual number of operating jeepneys due to the prevalence of
non-registered jeepneys operating around the country. Relative to the number of buses in
the Philippines, there are approximately 8 jeepneys per bus in the country.
While jeepneys are categorized as a class of its own, there are no particular standards
followed by manufacturers. In fact, jeepney manufacturers follow different specifications on
the capacity, weight and dimensions for jeepneys, allowing for customization based on thepreference of the buyer. (Bacero and Vergel 2009) In addition, the jeepneys receive nooperating subsidy from the government on a regular basis. (Lau 1997) Moreover, Jeepneys
are assembled using an estimated 50-80% brand new and 20-50% surplus materials, towhich Japanese-made 4BC2 surplus or reconditioned second-hand engines are installed.
(Bacero and Vergel 2009)
Page | 3

Like buses and taxis, jeepneys are regulated by the Land Transportation Franchising andRegulatory Board (LTFRB, a line agency of the Department of Transportation andCommunications (DOTC). However, the day-to-day operations of jeepneys are regulated
among the operators themselves. Jeepney fleets are mostly owned by individual operators
but are leased to drivers. (Bacero and Vergel 2009) Jeepney Cooperatives are thenresponsible for licensing, insuring and dispatching jeepneys owned by their members. (Lau
1997) On the average, Jeepneys operate around 100-150 kilometers daily. (Gota 2014)
Jeepneys: Pros and Cons
The Jeepney as a mode of transportation has proven its reliability and usefulness since its
use after the Second World War. Bayan (1995) and Ebata et. al (1996) in Bacero and Vergel(2009) explains the reason for the popularity of the jeepney as a mode of transportation, towit:“(1) local availability – manufacturing technology is locally available andparts such as second-hand engines and imported chassis are readily
available; (2) the intermediate size or capacity – compatible to mostMetro Manila road network and configuration, enabling it to easily move,stop, load and unload passengers as well as penetrate even the smallest
interior areas; and (3) accessibility – providing a door-to-door service atpractically any time and place”
JICA (1995), as quoted by Bacero and Vergel (2009), likewise enumerated a number offactors for the dominance of jeepneys, such as: abundance of low-cost labor; self-regulating
industry; availability of local technology for vehicle supply, and; fare levels equivalent topublic utility buses which provides generally lower service level.
On the other hand, a number of issues have been associated with the jeepney over the years.
Foremost is the fare for use. While the jeepney fare is relatively inexpensive, it has increasedby more than 500% since 1990, from P1.75 in 1990 to P8.00 in 2012. One reason for this is
the continuous increase of retail oil prices, which directly increases the cost to operate
jeepneys. As shown in figure 8, the average cost of Diesel per liter has skyrocketed over the
past two decades. Along with the tricycle, jeepneys are the most sensitive in times of fuelprice hikes due to its low fuel efficiency. (Gota 2014)
Moreover, Jeepneys in general are blamed for the worsening air pollution in the country.
Most of the jeepneys use either surplus or reconditioned pre-owned Japanese engines
which are not compliant under Philippine laws, such as the Clean Air Act. (Bacero and Vergel2009) Moreover, Fabian and Gota (2009) concluded that “addressing emissions fromjeepneys is tantamount to reducing the over-all contribution of the transport sector to CO2
and PM emissions.”
Page | 4

Given the problems pertaining to environmental degradation as well as the ever growing
reality of continuous increase of global petroleum prices, the government has initiated anumber of programs which aims to increase energy self-sufficiency and promote
environmentally friendlier alternatives.
First of which is the National Gas Vehicle Program for Public Transport, under Executive
Order No. 290, which aims promote the use of natural gas as a clean alternative fuel fortransport systems, such as buses, jeepneys, taxis and other public utility vehicles. Among thevarious modes of transport that caught up with this program, taxis took advantage of the
program the most. As of 2011, 19,052 taxi units were converted to run on auto-LPG. (DOE2012).
Another program is a joint project with the Asian Development Bank (ADB), commonly
known as the E-trike project. This project aims to replace 100,000 gasoline-fueled tricycles
with electric tricycles (e-trikes) by 2017. The project shall be supported financially by ADB
through a $300 million loan. (ADB 2012) However, as of the latest update by ADB, only the
initial 20 units of the program are operating under the said project. (ADB 2012)

IV. Electric Jeepneys
The electric jeepneys were introduced as early as 2008, when it was launched in the Central
Business District of City of Makati, in Metropolitan Manila. (PhUV 2014) However, it was
only recently that electric jeepneys are making headways as the forthcoming successor tothe conventional jeepney as a mainstream transport. First and foremost is the agreement
between Global Electric Transport, a US-based automobile manufacturer, and Pasang Masda,a Philippine jeepney association, to purchase 10,000 units, to be deployed in in tranches
every 3 years. (Ranada 2014). On the other hand, Philippine Utility Vehicle Inc. (PHUV), a
Filipino firm engaged in the manufacture of electric vehicles, was able to secure an incentive
package from the government as it aims to produce electric vehicles in the form of e-trikes
and electric jeepneys locally. (Desiderio 2013)
The arrival of electric jeepneys to the Philippines is much welcomed by a number of sectors.
It is poised as the successor to the conventional jeepney. In terms of utility, it will be similar
to how jeepneys operate, although commitments were made by proponents that
operational changes will be made. (Ranada 2014) Moreover, similar to its predecessor,
electric jeepneys introduced to the market do not follow any standard specifications. Whilesimilar in terms of utility and configuration, electric jeepneys as introduced have lessornaments and a more standardized design: each unit closely resembles the other units ofthe same model. Its biggest difference to the jeepney is that it has a quieter engine, lesser
moving parts, cheaper operating costs, has no tailpipe emissions, and it runs on electricity.
Page | 5

To date, there are a number of local and overseas automobile manufacturers who are
engaged or have expressed interest to engage into the manufacture of electric jeepneys. For
this study, two models from different manufacturers will be used as an example: the City
Optimized Managed Electric Transport (COMET) by Global Electric Transport, Ltd.; and the EJeepney by Philippine Electric utility Vehicle.
The COMET is a product made by Global Electric Transport, Ltd., a US-based automobile
manufacturing firm. The COMET (Table 3 for detailed specifications) features include:
lithium ion batteries for power supply; top speed of 60 kilometers per hour, and; range ofup to 100 kilometers on a full charge. (Ranada 2014) On the other hand, the Electric Jeepneyor E-Jeepney (Table 4 for detailed specifications), manufactured by Philippine Utility Vehicle
Inc. (PHUV), a local-based firm, features a maximum range of 55 kilometers on a single fullcharge, with a top speed of 35 kilometers per hour. (Desiderio 2013)
In the Philippines, as in the rest of the world, penetration of electric vehicles in theautomobile market has been modest. In a survey conducted by KPMG (2012), automotive
executives forecasted that globally, electrified vehicles will not go beyond 15% the annual
car registrations. Official statistics In the Philippines paint a similar picture: the number ofelectric vehicles remains miniscule, numbering around 524 units as of 2012 nationwide.
(DOE 2012)
With regard to the transition to electric vehicles, price has been a consistent point made by
a number of experts in trying to explain why electric vehicles do not seem as a viable option.
Using a simple cost analysis for a 10-year period, Jalotjot (2012) concluded that electricvehicles such as plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles are more expensive to operateby 47% and 79%, respectively, as against to conventional vehicles. Moreover, the 40% fuelsavings are inadequate to make up for its expensive price tag. (Jalotjot 2012)
Table 5 shows an estimate of prevailing market prices of various electric vehicle models
available in the market. As shown in the table, the purchase cost per unit of electric
jeepneys (PHUV E-jeepney and GET COMET) are equal or lower than the price of thecheapest electric vehicle models in the market. While it is true that electric jeepneys are
more expensive compared to conventional jeepneys by almost twice the amount of thelatter (Roque 2012), the fact that the mass adoption of these vehicles could initiate a freefallof prices as vehicle construction will drop due to economies of scale. Moreover, firms such
as GET also provide financing schemes which helps jeepney owners to transition to electric
jeepneys. (Ranada 2013)

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V. Analysis
In order to find the impact of the mainstreaming of electric jeepneys in the Philippines toenergy security, this study shall look into (fossil) fuel displacement and load impact to thepower grid.
Shifting Fuel Demand: Oil (Diesel) to Electricity
As electric jeepneys will replace the current fleet of jeepneys plying various routes
nationwide, this study shall formulate a working estimate of the amount of diesel fuel thatwill be displaced as a result using the following formula:[(Jeepney mileage per liter of diesel x average range] x number of operating days]
Using the jeepney mileage per liter data from Pokaharel et. al. (2013), average driving range
of jeepneys from Gota (2014) and the number of operating days based on the assumptionthat jeepneys operate 6 times a week, it is estimated that 173,402 liters of diesel fuel isdisplaced per jeepney unit annually. (Table 6) That translates to 1.734 Billion liters of diesel
fuel displaced per 10,000 jeepney units, or 17.34 Billion liters per 100,000 jeepney units
annually.
At the same time, the study shall also provide an estimate on the amount of electricity thatwill be added to the total power demand, using the following formula:[(electric jeepney battery capacity x average range] x number of operating days]
Using the battery capacity value and average driving range of the GET COMET, and the same
number of operating days used in the previous equation, it is estimated that each unit shall
add 5,634 kWHrs of electricity to the total demand annually. (Table 7) Using the same unitof measurement used in power supply-demand, 10,000 electric jeepneys will add 6.43MW
to the annual power demand. Table (8) shows the estimated annual power requirement andfuel displacement for each jeepney replaced with an electric jeepney.
Impact to the Power Sector
Putting into perspective, assuming that the entire jeepney fleet will be replaced by theirelectric-powered counterparts, an estimated 160MW of electric power will be added to thetotal power demanded in the grid annually. This figure is equivalent to 9.9% of the total
existing capacity of the smallest grid (Mindanao), 1.48% of the largest grid (Luzon), and1.11% of the Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao grid combined (14,397MW) in 2012.
While the additional load burden is quite miniscule, the issue at hand is whether there isenough power supply in the grid. Looking at power supply-demand outlook from DOE
Page | 7(2013) in Figures 5, 6, and 7, there is a current power supply shortage in the Mindanao gridby 150 MW, while there is a looming deficit for Luzon (500 MW) and Visayas (50 MW) gridsby 2016. Despite the assumption that electric jeepneys will be charged during off-peak hours,
deficits in the power supply should be a cause of alarm.
On the other hand, it is also worth noting that the sources of fuel for power generation at
the present are still dominated by fossil fuels, with coal having the largest share. Moreover,both Business as Usual (BAU) and Alternative Policies Scenarios (APS) forecast a similar
picture for the power generation mix until 2035. (IEEJ 2011) Given that, the benefits ofreduced fossil fuel imports and air pollution impacts can be diminished without proper
safeguards on the type of power plants to be constructed and utilized to meet existing andfuture power demand.
Aside from problems that can arise at the power generation level, a number of studies haveraised serious concerns regarding the effect of charging electric vehicles to the power
distribution network as well. Shao, et. al. (2009) argues that with the increase of plug-in
electric vehicles in the power grid, new load peaks will form, which in some cases may
exceed the capacity of distribution transformers. Moreover, Liu, et. al. (2011) argues that
uncontrolled charging of electric vehicles particularly during peak summer hours can cause
power grid overload. Other impacts of increased electric vehicle charging to the power
distribution systems include: (1) phase imbalance; (2) power quality; (3) transformer
degradation and failure, and; (4) circuit breaker and fuse blowout. As such, it is imperativethat while promoting plug—in electric vehicles, mitigation strategies should be developed at
the same time. (Liu et. al. 2011)
In the Philippine setting, Cano (2012) provided a number of scenarios wherein electric
jeepneys were charged in a given distribution transformer. Using the example of a PhUV
electric jeepney as an example, his model shows that two (2) plug-in electric vehicles
charged at the same time in a given distribution network will lead to an overload in the
distribution transformer. (Cano 2014)
Impact on Consumers: Fare rate
In the discourse of public transportation, one of the significant factors to consider is the fare.
As previously mentioned, the retail oil price affects the fare of jeepneys. With the transition
to electric jeepneys, it is commonsensical to say that the fare prices will be insulated to retailoil price increases since electric jeepneys feed on the power grid than to the diesel pump.
However, it should be worth noting that the Philippines has one of the highest electricity
costs in the world, as mentioned earlier. While promoters of electric jeepneys say that thecurrent fare can be reduced due to lower operating costs (Raneda 2014), the possibility offare hikes in the future looms over.

Page | 8

VI. Policy Recommendations
The introduction of a successor to the jeepney on a considerable scale comes at an
opportune moment for the transport industry and commuters, in particular. As the trend
towards the transition to electric vehicles has been slow among private vehicle users, theobsolescence of the jeepney, the availability of a suitable successor, the acceptance of
operators to transition to the replacement, and the interest of various manufacturers tomeet the demand created a growing market for electric vehicles in the form of public
transport. Given the fact that most, if not all electric vehicles available in the market to dateare still more expensive to their fossil fuel-powered counterparts, the growing demand forelectric jeepneys in the Philippines can push the cost of the vehicle down througheconomies of scale.
As the Philippine government has shown its commitment to promote electric vehicles in the
country through a number of programs, such as the e-trike program, it is imperative to also
address the issues which could affect the attainment of the objectives of the program, suchas providing sustainable transportation system, better air quality, and reliability.
In terms of power generation, the government, despite the inability to directly engage inpower generation, should provide a clear-cut policy towards the promotion on the use ofrenewable, if not cleaner fuels. The fact that the there is still a huge renewable energy
potential in the country, the government should, as far as practicable, exhaust theseresources to the fullest.
With regard to the issue on power distribution, this study echoes the concerns raised by Liuet.al. (2011) and Shao et. al. (2009) on the possible impacts of electric vehicle charging to
the power distribution networks. As such, studies on the impact of electric jeepneys to thepower distribution grid, and mitigating efforts towards securing distribution networks
expected to cater to electric jeepney charging is necessary.

VII. Concluding Remarks
The discussion provided in this paper has tackled a number of key issues regarding electric
jeepneys, as successor for the traditional jeepneys, in an energy security perspective. While
the mainstream use of electric jeepneys would yield beneficial impacts toward reducing oil
dependence and improved air quality, there are a number of factors that need to beaddressed, as in the case of power generation and distribution. The success or failure of thisinitiative towards sustainable land transport shall serve as a benchmark for mainstreaming
electric vehicle use for public transport in other countries. Hence, a concerted effort fromvarious sectors is needed in order to ensure its success.

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history." http://ltfrb.gov.ph/media/downloadable/fare_rates_MM.pdf.” Accessed April
2, 2014Lau, Samuel. (1997) “Strategies for Improving Jitneys as a Public Transport Mode.”
September 1997. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Liu, Ryan, et. al. (2011) “A Survey of PEV Impacts on Electric Utilities.” January 17-19, 2011.
IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference.
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Environmentally Sustainable Transport Strategy for the Philippines – Final Report.”
United Nations Centre for Regional Development.
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2014) “National Accounts of the Philippines.” January 2014.
“http://www.nscb.gov.ph/sna/2013/4th2013/tables/1Q4-Rev_Summary_93SNA.pdf”.
Accessed May 5, 2014.
Philippine Utility Vehicle Incorporated. (2014) “The Electric Jeepney: Detailed Product
Description and Technical Specifications.”“http://www.ejeepney.com.ph/index.php/products/.” Accessed April 18, 2014.
Pokharel, Nirman, et. al. (2013) “Development of Drive Cycle and Assessment of the
Performance of Auto-LPG Powered Public Utility Jeepneys in Makati City, Philippines.”2013. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies. Vol. 9.
Ranada, Pia. (2014). “COMET e-shuttles to start operations by April.” February 27, 2014.
Rappler. “http://www.rappler.com/science-nature/society-culture/51712-cometeshuttle-april.” Accessed May 13, 2014.
Ranada, Pia. (2013). “E-shuttle to improve lives of PH jeepney drivers.” October 29, 2013.
Rappler. “http://www.rappler.com/science-nature/society-culture/51712-cometeshuttle-april.” Accessed May 13, 2014.
Roque, Joyce. (2012). “Green Pasada: eJeepney concept now available for franchising.”
February 29, 2012. Entrepreneur Philippines.
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S. Shao, M. Pipattanasomporn,and S. Rahman. (2009) “Challenges of PHEV Penetration to
the Residential Distribution Network.” July 2009 .PES General Meeting 2009.
Sinocruz, Michael. (2012) “Philippines Country Presentation.” June 2012. Presentation on
Energy Policy Course - The Institute of Energy Economics,“http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/4482.pdf” Japan. Accessed April 18, 2014.
The Sydney Morning Herald. (2013) “Philippine Economic Growth Matches China’s”. August 29,
2013. “http://www.smh.com.au/business/world-business/philippine-economic-growthmatches-chinas-20130829-2ssn3.html”. Accessed May 5, 2014
Visconti, Katherine. (2012) “Philippine electricity prices to stay high.” August 18, 2012. Rappler.
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Page | 11

Annex: Figures and Tables
Figure 1: Philippine Primary Energy Mix 2011 and 2012

Source: Department of Energy. (2013) “Energy Sector Accomplishment Report 2013.”
Figure 2: Total Primary Energy Supply 1990-2030

Source: The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. (2011)
Page | 12

Figure 3: Total Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type

Source: The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. (2011)
Figure 4: Total Power Generation 2011-2012

Page | 13

Source: Department of Energy. (2013) “Energy Sector Accomplishment Report 2013.”
Figure 5: Luzon Grid Supply-Demand Outlook, 2012-2030

Source: Department of Energy. (2013) “2013 Supply-Demand Outlook.”
Figure 6: Visayas Grid Supply-Demand Outlook, 2012-2030

Page | 14

Source: Department of Energy. (2013) “2013 Supply-Demand Outlook.”
Figure 7: Mindanao Grid Supply-Demand Outlook, 2012-2030

Source: Department of Energy. (2013) “2013 Supply-Demand Outlook.”
Figure 8: Jeepney Fare Rate and Diesel Pump Price in Metro Manila

Philippine Peso

Jeepney Fare Rate vs Diesel Pump Price(Metro Manila)
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00

1990

1996

2000

2005

2008

2012

Diesel (per Liter)

7.75

8.07

14.23

27.00

35.98

45.00

Public Utility Jeep
(Minimum Fare)

1.50

2.00

4.00

7.50

7.50

8.00

Source: Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board. (2012). "Metro Manila Fare Rates history."
Page | 15

Table 1: Clean Energy in the Philippines
Type ofTechnology
Hydropower
GeothermalWind
Biomass
Solar
Ocean

Committed
27.80*
90.00
23.00

Total
140.80*includes off-grid hydro committed projects**includes own use

Estimated Capacity
Indicative
Potential
407.004,535.94
200.001,165.00
145.002,205.00
190.30107.60284.0570.50
942.308,638.09

Total
4,970.74
1,455.00
2,350.00
320.90284.0570.50
9,451.19

Source: Sinocruz, Michael. (2012) “Philippines Country Presentation.” June 2012. Presentation on Energy Policy Course - The Institute of Energy Economics,
Japan.
Table 2: Distribution of Land Transport Services (as of December 2012)
Type
Total
Public Utility Bus
26,483
Mini Bus
6,193
Public Utility Jeepney
234,406
Taxi
45,621
Source: Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board. (2012). "Distribution of Land Transportation Services as of December 2012."

Page | 16

Table 3: GET COMET Technical Specifications
Motor:
30 kW continuous with 56 kW peak power
Motor Torque:
150 Nm @ 200 RPM
DC:DC Converter:
12V 500W
Battery Chemistry:
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
Battery Pack Capacity:
18 kWHr
Nominal Voltage:
115-144V
Charger:
4 kW onboard, 240 V input
Transmission:
13:15:1 total gear reduction to the wheels
Steering:
Rack and pinion
Wheels:16 x 6.5 inches
Brakes:Hydraulic dual circuit disk
Vehicle Range:
up to 100 km
Speed:
56 kphCharge time:
5 hours on 220V
Occupancy:
16 passengers plus driver
Gross vehicle weight:
2700 kg
Net vehicle weight:
1360 kg
Vehicle Length:5.75 mVehicle Height:
2.22 mVehicle Width:
2.05 mSource: Global Electric Transport. (2014) “COMET: Technical Specifications.”

Page | 17

Table 4: PHUV Electric Jeepney: Detailed Product Description and Technical Specifications
Passenger Capacity
Dimensions (LxWxH)
WheelbaseRear truck width
Minimum ground clearance
Tare weight
Gross vehicle weightTop speed
Maximum gradeability (fullload)
Wheel size
Braking distance (full load,
20km/hr)
Minimum turning diameter
Motor rated power
Voltage/batteries
Consumption time per charge
Maximum continuous mileageafter recharging batteries (onetime, full load, plain roadcondition)

14 persons
4069mm x1492mm x 1980mm
2080mm
1210mm
180mm
Approx. 1,250kg
Approx. 2,230kg
40km/hr20%
155/80 R12
7m
5m
7kw
84V (6 x 14), 225Ah
8-10 hours

55kms

Source: Philippine Utility Vehicle Incorporated. “The Electric Jeepney: Detailed Product Description and Technical Specifications.”

Page | 18

Table 5: Price Estimates of Selected Electric Vehicles
Model/Type
Cost
Currency
Beijing Auto E150EV
CNY
BYD e6CNY
Geely EK-2
CNY
Chery Riich M1
CNY2013 Tesla Model S

Amount249,800
300,000
100,000
149,800

Cost
in Philippine Peso
1,748,600
2,100,000
700,000
1,048,600

Costin US Dollar
39,96848,00016,00023,968USD

69,9003,044,844

69,900BMWi3

USD

41,3501,801,206

41,3502013 Chevrolet Volt Plug-in Hybrid

USD39,145

1,705,156

39,1452013 Nissan Leaf

USD

28,8001,254,528

28,800

Chevrolet Spark EV
GET Comet
PhUV Ejeepney

USD
PHP
PHP

27,495800,000
700,000

1,197,682
800,000
700,000

27,495
18,400
16,100Conversion Rate (as of May 14,
2014)
Chinese Yuan (CNY) to Philippine
Peso (PHP)
Chinese Yuan (CNY) to US Dollar(USD)
Philippine Peso (PHP) to US Dollar(USD)
US Dollar (USD) to Philippine Peso
(PHP)

SourceChina Auto Web
China Auto Web
China Auto Web
China Auto Web
Davis and Nudelman
2013
Davis and Nudelman
2013
Davis and Nudelman
2013
Davis and Nudelman
2013
Davis and Nudelman
2013
Ranada 2013
Roque 2012

CnY 1 = PhP 7
CnY 1 = USD 0.16
Php 1 = USD 0.023
USD 1 = PhP 43.56

Page | 19

Table 6: Annual Fuel Requirement of Jeepneys (per unit)
Fuel Efficiency (Jeepney)
5.54
Range
100
Operational Days (Annual)
313
Annual Diesel Requirement
173,402
per Unit

LitersKilometers
Days
Liters/Year

Data Source: Pokharel, et. al. (2014); Gota (2014)
Table 7: Annual Power Requirement – E-Jeepney
Battery Capacity
GET COMET (Daily)
Range
Operational Days (Annual)
Annual Power
Requirement
per unit
Data Source: Global Electric Transport (2014)

18

KiloWatt-Hour

100 Kilometers
313 Days
5,634 KiloWatt-Hour per
year

Table 8: Estimated Annual Power Requirement and Fuel Displacement of Electric Jeepneys
Annual Power Requirement
Number of E-Jeepney
Annual Fuel Displacement
Units(in KiloWatt-Hour per year)(in MegaWatt)(in Liters of Diesel)
10,00056,340,000
6.43
1,734,020,000
20,000112,680,000
12.86
3,468,040,000
50,000281,700,000
32.16
8,670,100,000
100,000
563,400,000
64.32
17,340,200,000
150,000
845,100,000
96.47
26,010,300,000
200,000
1,126,800,000
128.6034,680,400,000
250,000
1,408,500,000
160.8043,350,500,000

Page | 20