UNSC ECONOMICSANCTIONS IN AFRICA
By Sandeep Rajgopal

AGENDA
I. Introduction!
II. Case-by-Case Analysis!
III. Cross-Analysis!
IV. Conclusion & Policy Recommendations

I. INTRODUCTION: RATIONALE & LIT REVIEWLong history of sanctions!
Chapter VII, Article 41!
Africa: target!
3 most important literature pieces:!
Doxey, M.P. (1980) Economic Sanctions and International Enforcement !
Hu%auer, Schott, Elliot & Oegg (2007): Economic Sanctions Reconsidered!
Miyagawa, M. (1992): Do Economic Sanctions Work?!

I. INTRODUCTION: LIT REVIEW &METHODOLOGY
Research Topic: Examine the factors that led to the success/failure of UNSC mandated
economic sanctions on African states!
Dependent Variable: Success (score) of sanctions!
Independent Variables:!
1. Foreign policy goals !
2. Target Country Costs!
3. Target Industry of Sanctions!
4. Duration of Sanctions!
5. Health & Stability !

Hypothesis: Success of economic sanctions are high, when the cost of sanctions are damaging
to a state and the duration of sanctions are restricted to the medium term (5-10 years)

II. CASE-BY-CASE ANALYSIS: RHODESIA
History: Racist Minority Rule!
Resolution 253: Comprehensive!
Success Score: 12!
Goal: Majority Rule!
Costs: $28.89 per capita!
Industry: General!
Duration: 14 years!
H&S: Medium

II. CASE-BY-CASE ANALYSIS: ANGOLA
History: Rejected elections & conflict!
Resolution 864 (1993), 1127 (1997), 1173(1998), 1237(1999) >>> 1295(2000)!
Success Score: 12!
Goal: Accept democracy & ceasefire!
Costs: $32.81 per capita!
Industry: Oil & Diamonds!
Duration: 9 years!
H&S: Low

II. CASE-BY-CASE ANALYSIS: SIERRA LEONE
History: Rejected elections & conflict!
Resolution 1132 (1997)!
Success Score: 8!
Goal: Accept democracy & endconflict!
Costs: $12.22 per capita!
Industry: Diamonds!
Duration: 6 years!
H&S: Low

II. CASE-BY-CASE ANALYSIS: SOMALIA
History: Decades long strife!
Resolution 733 (1992), +62!
Success Score: 2!
Goal: End civil war & establish ruleof law!
Costs: $7.30 per capita!
Industry: -!
Duration: 23+ years!
H&S: Low

II. CASE-BY-CASE ANALYSIS: RWANDA
History: Ethnic conflict!
Resolution 918 (1994)!
Success Score: 2!
Goal: End civil war & genocide!
Costs: $(5.38) per capita!
Industry: -!
Duration: 1 year!
H&S: Low

III. CROSS-ANALYSIS (TABLE)
Rhodesia

AngolaSierra Leone

SomaliaScore

1212822Goal

Majority

Democracy

Democracy

Civil War

Civil War

Costs

28.89

32.81

12.22

7.30

(5.38)

Industry

GeneralOil &Diamonds

Diamonds--Duration

149623+

1

H&S

Medium

Low

Low

Low

Low

III. CROSS-ANALYSIS: FINDINGS

1. Foreign policy goals !
2. Target Country Costs!
3. Target Industry of Sanctions!
4. Duration of Sanctions!
5. Health & Stability

III. CROSS-ANALYSIS: EXTRAPOLATIONLiberia:!

DRC: !

History: Charles Taylor &fueling Sierra Leone
conflict!

History: permanent
conflict since
independence in 1960s!

Resolution: 1343 (2001) &1521 (2003) !

Resolution: 1493 (2003) &1952 (2010) !

Successful: resolution
1689 (2006)

Limited success, externalplayers

IV. CONCLUSION & POLICYRECOMMENDATIONSPolicy Recommendations: !
1. Information collection!
2. Conflict identification!
3. Key industry identification!
4. Ensuring global cooperation!
5. Humanitarian struggle consideration!
Conclusion:!
Learn lessons!
Understand limitations

FIN"We need to keep hope alive and strive to do better" Kofi Annan

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Askari, H.G. (2003) Economics Sanctions: Examining their Philosophy and Eﬃcacy. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. !

Chatterji, M., Jager, H. & Rima, A. (1994) The Economics of International Security. New York: St. Martin’s Press. !

Cortright D. & Lopez, G.A. (2000) The Sanctions Decade: Assessing UN Strategies in the 1990s. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Riener Publications. !

Cortright D. & Lopez G.A. (2002) Smart Sanctions: Targeting Economic Statecraft. Lanham, MD. : Rowman & Littlefield. !

Doxey, M.P. (1980) Economics Sanctions and International Enforcement. 2nd Ed. London: Macmillan-Royal Institute of International Aﬀairs.!

Doxey M.P. (1996) International Sanctions in Contemporary Perspective. 2nd Ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan.!

Drezner, D.W. (1999) The Sanctions Paradox: Economic Statecraft and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. !

Eyler, R. (2007) Economic Sanctions: International Policy and Political Economy at Work. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. !

Guimaraes, F.A. (2001) The origins of the Angolan civil war. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan. !

Haass, R.N. (1998) Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Hakimdavar G. (2014) A Strategic Understandings of UN Economic Sanctions: international relations, law and development. New York: Routledge.!

Harris, D. (2012) Civil War and Democracy in West Africa. London: I.B. Tauris. !

Hesse, B. (2011) Somalia: state collapse, terrorism and piracy. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. !

Hu%auer, G.C., Schott, J.J., Elliott, K.A. & Oegg, B. (2007) Economic Sanctions Reconsidered. 3rd Ed. Washington D.C.: Peterson Institute for International
Economics. !

Jackson, M. (2004) In Sierra Leone. Durham: Duke University Press.!

Leyton-Brown, D. (1987) The Utility of International Economic Sanctions. London/Sydney: Croom Helm.!

Losman, D.L. (1979) International Economic Sanctions: the cases of Cuba, Israel and Rhodesia. Alburquerque: University of New Mexico Press. !

Miyagawa, M. (1992) Do Economic Sanctions Work?. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press. !

Rutherford, K.R. (2008) Humanitarianism under fire: the US and UN intervention in Somalia. Sterling, Vt.: Kumarian Press.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Simons, G. (1999) Imposing Economic Sanctions: Legal Remedy or Genocidal Tool. London: Pluto. !

Stearns, J.K. (2012) Dancing in the glory of monsters: the collapse of the Congo and the great war of Africa. New York: Public Aﬀairs. !

UNSC (2010) Resolution 1952. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

UNSC (2006) Resolution 1689. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

UNSC (2003) Resolution 1521. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

UNSC (2003) Resolution 1493. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

UNSC (2001) Resolution 1343. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

UNSC (2000) Resolution 1295. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

UNSC (1999) Resolution 1237. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

UNSC (1998) Resolution 1173. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations. !

UNSC (1997) Resolution 1132. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.

BIBLIOGRAPHYUNSC (1997) Resolution 1127. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

UNSC (1994) Resolution 918. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

UNSC (1994) Resolution 912. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

UNSC (1994) Resolution 909. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

UNSC (1993) Resolution 872. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

UNSC (1993) Resolution 864. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

UNSC (1992) Resolution 733. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

UNSC (1968) Resolution 253. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

UNSC (1965) Resolution 216. In Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council. New York: United Nations.!

Verwimp, P. (2013) Peasants in Power: the political economy of development and genocide in Rwanda. Dodrecht: Springer. !

Watson Institute for International Studies (2006) “Strengthening Targeted Sanctions through Fair and Clear Procedures”, White Paper by Watson Institute
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Weiss, T.G. (1997) Political Gain and Civilian Pain: Humanitarian Impacts of Economic Sanctions. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.