17南太平洋海域調査研究報告 No.54（2014年12月）
OCCASIONAL PAPERS No.54（December 2014）

Potential Development of Local Animal Genetic Resourcesin Maluku
SALAMENA J. F., MALLE D., LATUPEIRISSA C. Ch. E. and SIWA I. P.
Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, Pattimura University

Abstract
Maluku has been well known as an archipelagic province consisting of small islands which are rich innatural resources such as exotic animals. Moa buffalo, Lakor goat, and Kisar sheep are local genetic
resources of livestock from Maluku which have been endorsed by the Ministry of Agriculture of the
Republic of Indonesia to be protected, conserved, and sustainably utilized for human welfare purposes.
These three species have been a part of the local people life as food, income, savings, and organic fertilizer
sources. Formulation of the Grand Design for the development of these species was completed in 2013,
which includes some strategic policies for the development. Real follow-up actions in forms of researchshould be designed covering various aspects to accelerate the achievement of the development of thesepotential local livestock. The research aspects that should be considered are local human resource capacity
strengthening, genetic quality improvement, animal feedstock development including local forage andpasture quality improvement, animal diseases control, animal waste-based bioenergy development, productand post-harvesting handling, and policy and regulation aspects.
Keywords: Kisar sheep, Lakor goat, Moa buffalo

Introduction
Maluku Province, Indonesia, as an archipelagic province, which consists of small islands,
has specific local genetic resources of livestock, namely Moa buffalo, Lakor goat, and Kisar
sheep. Moa buffalo, Lakor goat, and Kisar sheep can be found in Moa, Lakor, and Kisar
islands, respectively. Those livestock have been existed and survived for generations, so thatthey have accustomed to specific characteristics possessed only by these livestock.
In 2011, Moa buffalo, Lakor goat, and Kisar sheep have been endorsed by the Ministryof Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, as native Indonesian livestock from Maluku.
As the matter of fact, these local livestock have excellent characters that are able tosurvive on low quality of feed, able to live on pressure of climate, and high endurance to local
parasites and diseases. Therefore, these livestock are a good source of special genes that can

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SALAMENA J. F., MALLE D., LATUPEIRISSA C. Ch. E. and SIWA I. P.

be used for breeding livestock to increase production on low cost, to support food variety,agriculture, and culture, and to achieve the aim of local food security (FAO 2002).
Academic researches on Moa buffalo, Lakor goat, and Kisar sheep, such as livestock
characterization, evaluation on potential of feed source and farmer potency, andsocio-economy analysis, have been done. Special examine in formulating “Grand Design”, ofdevelopment of these three commodities has also been done. In the “Grand Design” document,
the development of these livestock aimed to be done on the basis of local resources, based on
characteristics of the local area, and it has been formulated in development strategies andpolicies. In the development strategies and policies, more researches need to be continued inorder to achieve targets stated in the “Grand Design” document. Real follow-up actions informs of research should be designed covering various aspects to accelerate the achievementof the development of these local livestock’s potential. Research aspects that should beconsidered are local human resource capacity strengthening, genetic quality improvement,
animal feedstock development including local forage and pasture quality improvement,
animal diseases control, animal waste-based bioenergy development, product andpost-harvesting handling, and policy and regulation aspects.
Therefore, collaborating research need to be designed in developing Moa buffalo, Lakor
goat, and Kisar sheep to support local people welfare.

Morphological Characteristics of Moa Buffalo, Lakor Goat, and Kisar Sheep
Moa buffalo is a swamp buffalo, which has twisted neck by black line “chevron”.
Morphological characteristics of Moa buffalo based on characterization on 174 Moa buffalo isshown in Table 1. Color of body is one of the most specific characters of animal breeding. It
can be seen from Table 1 that color of the buffalo vary from black (46. 67%), followed bygrey (28.74%), white (15.52%), and combination of these three colors (black, white, andgrey) (12.07%). Combination of black and white color of Moa buffalo is similar to Bonga
buffalo in Toraja. Bonga buffalo can be found in TO Bada, Central Sulawesi, Sumba, Flores,
Roti, and Timor (NOOY-PALM 1979) and it is very expensive up to hundreds million rupiah.
Variation in the color of Moa buffalo body is different with swamp buffalo in Kalimantan
which states by LENDHANIE (2005), in which those in Kalimantan are brown-grey.
Lakor goat is cross-breed between Etawah goat descendent and Kacang goat (Indonesian
native goat), in which genetically Etawah is dominant. A specific character of Lakor goat iscolor of hair which varies from white, black, brown, grey, crème, and combination of those
five colors. Characteristic of Etawah goat which still exists is drooping long ear.
Morphological characteristics of Lakor goat is shown in Table 2.

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Potential Development of Local Animal Genetic Resources in Maluku

Table 1. Morphological characteristics of Moa buffalo.
Parameter
Face line

Character / Percentage (%)
Strairght

Horn
Position of horn

Presence
Arch-shaped (curve from side to back-side)

Position of ear
Back-line

Straight to the side
Concave (bowl-shaped)
Grey (40.80), black (44.25), and white (14.94)

Color of head

Grey (28.74), dominant grey, combine with white (2.30), black (43.67),
dominant black combine with white (6,32), white (15.52), dominant whitecombine with grey (1.15), dominant white combine with balck (2.30)
Big pock-mark (9.20), small pock-mark (0.57), speckle (4.02), and smooth
Pattern of skin color(86.21)Grey (0.57), brown (0.57), black (55.75), white (24.71), combination of black
Color of toe-nailand white (18.39)
Source: SALAMENA et al . (2009).
Color of body skin

Table 2. Morphological characteristics of Lakor goat.

Parameter
Horn
Ear
Color of hairSource: BERHITU (2004).

Characteristics
Presence, small, grow up, and curve to the backLong and dropping
White, black, brown, grey, crème, and combination of these five colors

The measurement of 273 sheep on Kisar island indicates that Kisar sheep is Ekor Gemuk
sheep, in which male has horn, while female does not have. A specific character of Kisar
sheep is color and motif of body hair color. Hair color is dominated by white-black (55.41%),
white (30.30%), and black-white (10.39%). Motif of body hair color varies from small
pock-mark (40.26%), plain (28.41%), big pock-mark (21.21%), and speckle 10.39 %).
Morphological characteristic of Kisar Sheep is shown in Table 3.

Production and Reproduction of Moa Buffalo, Lakor Goat, and Kisar Sheep
Live weight is one of the production indicators of meat producing animal. Live weight of
Moa buffalo, Lakor goat, and Kisar sheep is shown in Table 4. Average live weight of Moa
buffalo aged 3-4 years is 228.4 kg for male and 215.68 kg for female. Average live weight of20
SALAMENA J. F., MALLE D., LATUPEIRISSA C. Ch. E. and SIWA I. P.

Lakor goat aged 2-3 years is 70.43 kg and 40.98 kg for male and female, respectively.
Meanwhile, average live weight of Kisar sheep aged 2-3 years is 25.82 kg for male and 18.87
kg for female.
Live weight of those animals has decreased dramatically due to two factors. Firstly,
farmers tend to sell big and heavy animals, associated with high price, so they will receive
enough money to meet their need. Secondly, traditional system in raising animals leads todecreasing in production and live weight.
Reproduction is an important factor which needs to be considered because more efficient
reproductive characters will result in increasing population of animals in an area.
Reproductive characteristics of Moa Buffalo, Lakor Goat, and Kisar Sheep can be seen in
Table 5.
Table 3. Morphological characteristics of Kisar sheep.

Parameter
Concave face line
Presence of horn :MaleFemaleTwisted horn on maleEar, downward
Color of face hair :Black-

Combination of black and white
Combination of white and black

Color of ear hair:
Solid black
Solid white
Combination of black and white
Combination of white and black
Color of body hair:Black and white (dominant white)
Solid white
White and black (dominant black)
Solid black
Brown and black (dominant
Pattern of body hair color:
Small pock-markPlain
Big pock-mark
SpottedSource: SALAMENA (2006).

Proportion (%)
99.13
100.000.00
100.00
97.84
40.26
33.77
23.38
52.81
23.38
13.42
10.39
55.41
30.3
10.39
0.43
0.43
40.26
28.14
21.21
10.39

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Potential Development of Local Animal Genetic Resources in Maluku

Table 4. Live weight of Moa buffalo, Lakor goat, and Kisar sheep.

Average live weight (kg)(x ± s)1 – 2 year
2 - 3 year
3 - 4 year
Male
Moa buffalo
79.80 ± 82.70 186.10 ± 34.16 228.40 ± 51.30
Lakor goat
59.17 ± 3.10
70.43 ± 2.20
80.59 ± 1.80
Kisar sheep 13.69 ± 2.11
19.00 ± 3.45
25.82 ± 4.75
29.43 ± 6.69
FemaleMoa buffalo
119.50 ± 68.30 171.20 ± 67.20 215.68 ± 30.89
Lakor goat
34.43 ± 6.44
40.98 ± 1.30
46.64 ± 1.30
Kisar sheep 13.44 ± 2.50
20.66 ± 1.88
18.87 ± 2.49
21.74 ± 4.53
Source: BERHITU (2004), SALAMENA (2006), and SALAMENA et al . (2009).
Livestock< 1 year4 - 5 year
288.20 ± 49.10
27.71 ± 8.18
279.70 ± 45.20
19.50 ± 6.33

Table 5. Reproductive characteristics of Moa buffalo, Lakor goat, and Kisar sheep.

Parameter
The onset of puberty (month)
Estrous cycle (day)Length of estrous cycle (day)Gestation length (month)
Rate of conception (%)

Moa buffalo
25 - 37
21 - 23
1-3
9 - 1078.92

Lakor goat
6-8
18 - 211-2
5100.00Kisar sheep
6-8
14 - 19
1-2
5
86.36

Age at first calving
Calving interval (month)

41 – 49
19 - 21

11 - 138-9

15 - 17
8-9

Calving rate (%)
Post partum interval (month)
Mortality rate (%)
Survival rate of mature animal (%)
Length of raising (year)
Length of life (year)

55.95
9 - 11
11.23
88.52
11 - 1318 - 20160.00
3-4
12.00
88.00
5-8
10 - 12102.58
2.5 - 4
21.18
78.82
5-8
10 - 12

Reproductive efficiency of female
Weaning (month)Type of birth

70.91
8 - 10Single

3-4
Twin

3-4
SingleSource: MANUPUTTY (2004) and SIWA (2007).

The Use of Local Animal Genetic Resources: Moa Buffalo,
Lakor Goat, and Kisar Sheep
Moa buffalo, Lakor goat, and Kisar sheep have been a part of live of farmers in Moa,
Lakor, and Kisar islands.
In Moa, buffalo has been used as ritual animal for traditional ritual, wedding-present, and22
SALAMENA J. F., MALLE D., LATUPEIRISSA C. Ch. E. and SIWA I. P.

fine. It is also has been consumed in both fresh and dried meat which preserved in traditional
ways (smoked and dried under the sun). In calving season, milk is consumed in limited
amount, both fresh and preserved. Milk is preserved with sap of jawi-jawi tree (local name:aylieru) (SALAMENA et al. 2009). Moa buffalo is also source of income and live savings
which can be sold anytime to meet farmers need. Selling price of mature male of buffalo,
weight approximately 300-400 kg on farmer level, is 7-9 million rupiah. Manure of thebuffalo has been used as organic fertilizeres by small number of farmers in limited volume.
In contrast to Moa buffalo and Kisar sheep, Lakor goat is mainly used as source ofincome and live savings for the farmers. Farmers in Lakor sell more goats because of highdemand of goat meat and high price. Trading of goats has been done by farmers and vendor,
to Ambon, Papua, Kupang, Timor Timur, and Sulawesi (SALAMENA et al. 2013). In Kisar,
sheep have been used as source of organic fertilizers on an integrated agriculture system,
between corn and sheep. Staple food of Kisar people is corn, so it became the main crop
planted by local people. On an integrated corn-sheep system in Kisar, sheep manure is used asorganic fertilizers, while corn by-products such as fresh leafs and stems, and straws, are used
as sheep feed. SALAMENA et al. (2013) found that 5,540 sheep produce 465,375 ton (DMbasis) manure per year, while only 156,572 ton (DM basis) has been used as organic fertilizer.
The excess amount of this manure has been left spreading on nature pasture or dumping infence. Sheep is also source of income and live saving for the farmers.

Potential Development of Local Animal Genetic Resources of
Moa Buffalo, Lakor Goat, and Kisar Sheep
Development parameters of Moa buffalo, Lakor goat, and Kisar sheep have been foundbased on the “Grand Design” research on development of those animals in 2013, as can beseen in Table 6.
It can be seen from Table 6 that from economics side LQ value >1, shows excellent
comparative, therefore development area (Moa, Lakor, and Kisar islands) can be stated as
excellent commodities. Trend of population development is high, in which for Moa buffalo
165.45%, for Lakor Goat 124.05%, and for Kisar sheep 529.11%. This indicates that growthincreases 1-5 times from population in the early year.
Data from Table 6 also show that surplus of dry matter (DM) for the buffalo is 6,768.03
ton/year which can be used to feed about 2,603 AU of buffalo. Surplus of DM for Lakor goatis 2,502.87 ton/year, so are available for 4,813.21 AU, while for Kisar sheep, surplus of DM is
4,179.38 ton/year therefore are available for 7,970.94 AU. This abundant of feed, need to be
wisely utilized through preservation, and used for intensification system in raising theanimals.

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Potential Development of Local Animal Genetic Resources in Maluku

Table 6. Parameters of population and feed trend of local animal genetic resources.

Parameter
Trend of population

Moa buffalo

Lakor goat

Kisar sheep

Population

13,012 head

16,132 head

5,540 head

Development trend 2013165.45%124.05%529.11%

Location quantion

1.96

1.12

3.25

Natural increase (NI)33.58%

188.42%

11.40%

Total breed growth

87 head1,492 head

197 head

Requirement of dry

40,599.23 ton/year
33,831.20 ton/year

3,760.46 ton/year
1,257.59 ton/year

4,603.73 ton/year
424.35 ton/year

Excess of dry matter

6,768.03 ton/year

2,502.87 ton/year

4,179.38 ton/year

Increase carrying

2,603.19 AU

4,813.21 AU

7,970.94 AU

Trend of feed
Dry matter availability

Problems Related to Research Development
The “Grand Design” for development of these three commodities has been formulated,
but integrated and planned actions facilitated by the local government and the other relatedside has not been taken yet. On the other hand, the potency of these local livestock should be
extensively studied for, in relation to attain maximum production. Several problems faced indeveloping those animals which need to be examined are as follows.
1. Potency of animal source and feed have not been used optimally to meet therequirement as source of feed from animal, source of income, and source of organic
fertilizers.
2. Improve quality of genes in supporting animal productivity in order to produce
superior animals.
3. Strengthening capacity of local human resource, in order to support animal
productivity and to use natural resources wisely.
4. Policy and regulation on conservation and to establish development area of
integrated agriculture, based on animal husbandry, and other social regulation indevelopment of animal husbandry.
5. Utilization of animal manure as source of bioenergy (biogas) and organic fertilizer.
6. The use of animal product and post-harvesting handing of animal product.
7. Control of animal diseases and health of veterinarian in the development of animalhusbandry.
8. Development of Integrated Agriculture system based on Animal husbandry.

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SALAMENA J. F., MALLE D., LATUPEIRISSA C. Ch. E. and SIWA I. P.

Closing
Protection, conservation, and utilization of Moa buffalo, Lakor goat, and Kisar sheep areimportant for human welfare purposes, therefore real actions in form of research need to be
designed covering various aspects to accelerate the achievement of the development of thesepotential local livestock. It is expected that in the future, Pattimura University should have acollaboration research with other universities in the world, such as Kagoshima University, indeveloping of these commodities. The research aspects that should be considered are local
human resource capacity strengthening, genetic quality improvement, animal feedstock
development including local forage and pasture quality improvement, animal diseases control,
animal waste-based bioenergy development, product and post-harvesting handling, and policy
and regulation aspects.

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Potential Development of Local Animal Genetic Resources in Maluku

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