Abstract

INVOLVEMENT OF NGOS IN
CONTEMPORARY SOCIETYIMPLICAREA ONGURILOR ÎN SOCIETATEACONTEMPORANĂ

Mihaela PĂCEȘILĂ
Lecturer PhD, Faculty of Administration and Public
Management, Bucharest University of Economic Studies
E-mail: mihaela.pacesila@man.ase.ro

Abstract

This paper examines the activities and roles ofNGOs in order to determine their place incontemporary society. The first part of the paper
outlines the criteria for definition and classification ofNGOs. The second part of the paper provides ananalysis of NGO evolution and development
throughout history focusing on their influence androle in the world. In the end, the author concludes
that NGOs represent a citizens' initiative in order tosolve community problems and their involvement insociety requires time and resources.
Keywords: explosion of NGOs, civil society

development, democratic consolidation, NGOsagents of change, community problem solving

RezumatAceastă lucrare analizează activitățile și rolurile ONG-urilor în
scopul determinării locului ocupat de acestea în societatea
contemporană. Prima parte a lucrării prezintă criteriile de definire
și clasificare a ONG-urilor. A doua parte a lucrării realizează oanaliză a evoluției și dezvoltării ONG-urilor de-a lungul istoriei cu
accent pe influența și rolul lor în lume. În final, autorul ajunge laconcluzia că ONG-urile reprezintă o inițiativă a cetățenilor cu
scopul de a rezolva problemele comunității, iar implicarea lor în
societate necesită timp și resurse.

Cuvinte cheie: explozia ONG-urilor, dezvoltarea societăţii

civile, consolidare democratică, ONG-urile – agenţi ai schimbării,rezolvarea problemelor comunităţii.

JEL CODES: L30, L31, L44………………
Keyword…………………

Proceedings of the 11th Administration and Public
Management International Conference”Strategic Management for Local Communities”

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1. OBJECTIVE AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGYPROCEEDINGS OF THE 11TH ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE”Strategic Management for Local Communities”
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The purpose of this paper is a survey on the nongovernmental sector taking into account its increasingly
important role over the past decades which makes it a distinctive sector within civil society.
To accomplish the purpose, the following objectives were established:

Presentation of the definitions and classification of non-governmental organizations;

Analysis of the non-governmental sector development;Description of the spectrum of NGO activities

The contribution of this paper consists in summarising definitions, classifications as well as developmentsin the field and in providing an analysis of the spectrum of NGO activities.
The data collection method used in this descriptive, qualitative and exploratory study was the document
analysis method. In this regard, the paper is focused on the study of a range of publications relating to
the NGO sector which provide both theoretical and practical insights of relevance to researchers.

2. DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONSCurrently, there are many nongovernmental organizations operating worldwide, with major differencesfrom country to country as regards their structure and position in society. (Bagci, 2007). Therefore, it isdifficult to formulate a precise and commonly accepted definition at global level.
According to some authors and literature studies, the definition of an NGO should be based on several
criteria. In this regard, Dreesmann (1987) believes that any NGO should be autonomous and notdependent on the state and its funds. This does not mean that NGOs could not receive public funds. They
could receive funds from public sources, but it is important that the state should not interfere in theiractivities. The author also specifies two other criteria: they should be not for profit organizations and two
thirds of their funds should be obtained through voluntary contributions.
Other authors (Edwards and Hulme, 1992; Moore, 1993) consider that NGOs have four essential
characteristics that distinguish them from other civil society organizations: voluntary, dependent, nonprofit, self-serving.
The World Bank’s Operational Directive on NGOs no 1470 defines NGOs as private organizations
dedicated to promoting the interests of the poor, protecting the environment, providing basic social
services, developing communities (Fischer, 2006).

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According to Official Development Assistance (1990), NGOs are voluntary organizations serving
organizations are essential vehicles of democracy and key elements for the success of civil society. Frantz(1987) defines them as formal organizational structures that arise when people constitute themselves into
a social unit and pursue an explicit objective. They formulate rules governing the relations between theirmembers as well as their obligations. Korten (1991) argues that NGOs are the earliest form of humanorganization arising before the establishment of governments. Furthermore, Banks and Hulme (2012)
believe that the failure of the state in certain fields between 1970 and 1980 fueled interest in NGOs as analternative to development, focused on solving community problems and providing services. Lewis and
Kanji (2009) state that these organizations have emerged due to philanthropic tradition and helpfulness.
An important issue in defining NGOs is that in many countries the concept of NGOs is consideredsynonymous with the concept of civil society (Frantz, 1987). However, the concept of civil society has awider scope. There is no commonly accepted definition of the concept of civil society in communities orin academic debate. Civil society is the arena of collective voluntary actions grouped around interests,
goals and shared values, an intermediate space between the state and family populated by organizations
that are separate from the state and have autonomy (Buzec, 2007).
With respect to nongovernmental organizations classification, it is very difficult to distinguish between
different types of NGOs because the boundaries between them are vague. Therefore, a single - standard
typology of NGOs does not exist. Taking into account the definitions of different authors in literature, wecannot say that NGOs could be seen as one class of organization. (Hailu Senbeta, 2003). Probably the
only way to analyse the organizations of this sector is the study of a small sample and massive repetitionof the study on other small samples by taking into account their similar characteristics.
It is also important to mention that the same NGO may evolve to a great extent during its life, for example
from a volunteer based organization to a professional staff organization successful in attracting additional
funding from private donors and governments (Sooryamoorthy and Gangrade, 2001; Wood, 1997).
Additionally, non-governmental organizations vary depending on the following criteria: size and scope,structure, role, funding, origin, membership forms, motivations, values, religious orientation, their use ofvolunteers or professionals, and their relationships to governments and donors etc.
Therefore, in terms of size, they could be small or large; in terms of organizing they could be formal orinformal, bureaucratic or flexible. Other difference regards the funding: some of them are externally
funded receiving funds from donors, while others are based on locally mobilized resources. The literature
makes also a distinction between “Northern NGO” and “Southern NGO”. The former concerns the

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community interests locally, nationally and internationally. Moore (1993) considers that thesePĂCEȘILĂ Mihaela
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organizations that originate in the industrialized countries, and the former refers to organizations that
operate in underdeveloped areas (Lewis, 2009). Another distinction regards the membership forms of
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11TH ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE”Strategic Management for Local Communities”
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NGO. On the one hand there are community-based organizations or people’s organizations, and on theother hand intermediary forms of NGO also called grassroots support organizations. As regards
resources, some NGOs are rich while others struggle to survive from one year to another (Lewis and
Kanji, 2009).
Some NGOs have permanent well-trained staff and low level of volunteering, while others have a highrate of volunteering or rely almost entirely on volunteers (USAID, 2009).
With respect to motivations and values, some NGOs are paternalistic, trying to respond quickly to people's
problems (Brown and Kalegaonkar, 2002), while others promote a radical approach to problems andidentify solutions having long term effects. However, it is sometimes possible that one single organization
incorporate all these features (Lewis and Kanji, 2009).
Gauri and Fruttero (2003) highlight two accounts of NGO motivation: a so-called “opportunistic” one anda “benevolent” one. The former aims to maximize funding through grants and contracts. The latter isaimed at reducing poverty and improving living conditions for people with disabilities. Therefore, NGOs
could be classified into benevolent and pragmatic. If they choose to perform in poor areas, they should
pay attention because the risk of failure is very high, putting in danger the flow of funds from donors.
According to Clark (1991), most researchers have concluded that there are six categories of NGOs: relief
and welfare agencies, technical innovation organizations, public service contractors, populardevelopment organizations, grass-roots development organizations and advocacy groups and networks.
Unfortunately, this classification does not allow differentiation of NGOs depending on functions, ownershipand scale of operations.
In 1996, Salamon and Helmut developed the International Classification of Non-profit Organizations bytaking into account the third sector organizations in different countries. By means of this classification they
proposed a series of criteria that should be taken into account when categorizing NGOs from all levels.
The system put forward by Salamon and Helmut identified 12 major activity groups by using economic
activity as a key for selection: culture and recreation, education and research, health, social services,
environment, development and housing, law, advocacy and politics, philanthropic intermediaries andvoluntarism promotion, international, religion, business and professional associations, unions, notelsewhere classified.

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According to Hailu Senbeta (2003), this classification has both advantages and disadvantages: provides
difference between them depending on their goals.
Another significant classification is made by Union of International Associations which maintains a
database on international civil society since 1948: international non-governmental organizations and intergovernmental organizations (Union of International Associations, 2012). This classification is certainly
different from that made by Salamon and Helmut, focusing on the size instead of type (Hailu Senbeta,2003).
Stromquist and Monkman (2000) consider that NGOs are a heterogeneous set of institutions that operate
in different sectors and addresses different target groups. Therefore, they can be divided into the following
categories depending on their field of activity: grass-roots operations involved in social actions; non-profit
businesses run by professionals who provide jobs in order to integrate people with disabilities into thelabour market; locally-based institutions using the resources of those involved in their activities; andinternational entities with large budgets built from grants and contracts from governments and various
international organizations (Ginsburg, 1998).
Eade and Ernst (2001) show another classification system, namely International Standard Industrial
Classification’s. However, this classification excludes the vast majority of NGOs involved in various
support activities: half NGOs receiving funds from governments as well as advocacy NGOs, whose
number has increased dramatically in recent years due to the growing number of projects aimed atbuilding and strengthening support organizations.
According to Willetts (2002), NGOs can be divided into two groups: operational and advocacy NGOs. The
former attract resources through donations from various companies and foundations, grants, contracts
from governments, volunteers’ labour in order to support their projects and programs. This process
requires a complex organization, as well as time and expertise to prepare the applications. Generally
speaking, the latter have the same functions as the operational NGOs, aiming to raise funds, but at asmaller scale. They are more interested in organizing large events in order to attract favourable publicity
rather than raise funds, as well as the mobilization of a small number of people in a short period of timein order to involve them in the organization’s activities.
Another classification system is the General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities being used in
the EU since 1970 in order to classify economic activities. This classification system is also flawed
because it excludes organizations that receive money from governments as well as grass-root

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organizations which are subsumed under other community services (European Commission Eurostat,

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2011; Hailu Senbeta, 2003).
One of the richest classification systems is considered the National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities
developed by National Center for Charitable Statistics (n.d.) in collaboration with many non-profit
organizations. The system classifies non-governmental organizations in two categories: „the product orfield in which the entity is engaged and what they do in that field” (Hailu Senbeta, 2003).
Although they are different due to the variety of NGOs, all these classifications are important and can beused to facilitate, if necessary, meetings and consultations between the third sector organizations andacademics, governments, industries, etc. for planning future work.

3. ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NGO SECTOR
Throughout history, two categories of actors have distinguished within the society: the state and civilsociety. Due to this model, the society was divided into two sectors: public and private sector. Thisdifferentiation has become outdated with the passage of time. In modern societies there is a new
distinction: a profit-oriented sector and another one, not for profit, called the non-governmental sector or
the third sector (Hințea and Marton, 2003; Păceșilă, 2014).
The first non-governmental organizations have emerged in the nineteenth century in industrializedcountries, being involved in charitable or philanthropic activities. The first organization was the AntiSlavery Society set up in 1839 followed by the Red Cross and Caritas (Young and Dhanda, 2013).
After World War II, Western European governments have recognized the importance of the NGO sector
in ensuring democratic consolidation and expansion. Therefore, they began to create a uniform legal
framework in order to reduce state influence on this sector and to bring more transparency on its
organizations’ activities.
The role of NGOs in society has grown tremendously in the past few decades due to their increasing
involvement in population welfare activities. Over time, they began to operate in fields where governments
had no mechanisms for handling problems. The importance of the work done by NGOs has beenrecognized both in developed countries and in developing ones. Subsequently, the welfare andphilanthropy activities have been complemented by actions involving the transformation of existing
structures, democratization and strengthening civil society. In other words, NGOs have become
organizations working for structural change in the society (Bagci, 2007).

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The decolonization of African societies in the 1960s led to a change in addressing the poverty issues:countries during the 1970s and 1980s (Vietnam, Angola, Palestine) led the European NGOs to act as
mediators in order to support informal diplomacy. In addition, in the mid-1980s, the World Bank found thatNGOs were more efficient and less corrupt than typical government channels (Berthoud, 2001).
The history of NGO movements is marked by several stages. The first stage was the solidarity movement
which led to important political changes in Poland in the 1980s. Another stage is represented by the
impact of environmental activists on the Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The latest stage reference
is represented by the anti-globalization and environmental organizations who have protested against theWorld Trade Organization (WTO) meeting in Seattle in 1999 (McGann & Johnstone, 2006).
NGO involvement in social, economic, political and environmental issues turned them into key actors ofsociety which promote the change. They could be the solution to the collapse of traditional structures andthe failure of governments in some fields. Moreover, in democratic societies citizens have the right tofreedom of association. The exercise of this right leads to the emergence of political religious, artistic,
sporting, commercial organizations, etc, which operate within society and mobilize resources in order toproduce wealth and improve the quality of life (Korten, 1990; Bagci, 2007).
In the 1980s, the recognition of the essential role of civil society in the civic and political development ofcountries increases the importance of non-governmental sector. In this context, people consider that
NGOs, the expression of citizens’ freedom of association, contribute to bridging the opportunity gap
between the advantaged and the disadvantaged people in the society. Furthermore, another authors(Bebbington and Farrigon, 1992; Bebbington and Thiele, 1993) considers that not only social activities
contribute to the growing importance of NGOs, but also military activities, especially in developing
countries.
According to Edwards and Hulme (1992, 1996) NGOs are considered an important channel for social
welfare, poverty alleviation and development of civil society at the end of the Cold War in 1989. The
explosion of NGOs is also related to reducing the role of the state in the economy. Taking into accounttheir effectiveness in reducing poverty, the states increasingly support NGOs in providing services in
sectors where government intervention is not enough. Moreover, many NGOs operate in fields whichwere previously the exclusive jurisdiction of the state, such as education and health (Gideon, 1996).
The increasing global influence of NGOs is an important phenomenon with implications on thedevelopment perspectives of poor people, on the future of these organizations and on the economy inwhich they operates (Bagci, 2007). However, while the governments of many developing countries are

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reduce the causes rather than the consequences of poverty. The armed conflicts that ravaged thePĂCEȘILĂ Mihaela

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seeking ways to encourage the NGOs activities, others are suspicious about their role as agents ofchange. According to Williams (1990) the growth of NGOs is often a dilemma for the state, especially in
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the societies where voluntary associations have not played a formative role and the state has had a
predominant role in all areas. Other governments insist on their political sovereign right to act as guards
in relation to organizations operating in their territory and agencies from the outside world.

4. THE CURRENT SPECTRUM OF NGO ACTIVITIES AND ROLES
In the current societies NGOs became more of a necessity than a luxury. The 20th century history has
demonstrated quite convincingly that the welfare state is unable to provide welfare, economic and civilsociety development. The shortcomings of the state and the disadvantages of the market system havespurred citizens around the world to create civil society organizations - NGOs - in order to solve society's
problems. Currently, a wide range of non-governmental organizations could be found in democraticsocieties having social, political, cultural, civil, sportive, religious, business or recreational purpose. Taking
into account the multitude of needs and the inability of governments to meet them due to globalizationand economic constraints, the activities and the role of NGOs has expanded.
In the report elaborated by the Commonwealth Foundation (1994) NGOs activities are grouped into two
categories:
Care and welfare

Change and Development

Service and delivery

Welfare organisations

Mobilizing resources

Development organisations

Research and innovation

Environmental organisations

Human resource development

Indigenous people’s organisations

Public information

Women’s organisations
Youth organisations
Human right organisations
Environmental groups
Income generating projects
Job creation programmes
Children organisations
Disabilities organisations
Workers organisations
NGO Activities in Modern World

Source: Commonwealth Foundation (1994).

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In the current societies NGOs fulfill a range of roles:
Give citizens the opportunity to work together in order to promote social values and civic goals
important to them. The NGOs are involved in various fields (Burlacu, 2011) such as health,education, rural and urban development, environment, population, social welfare, job creation,
skills training, economic development, peace and human rights as well as the informal sector.
(Commonwealth Foundation, 1994). In all these fields, NGOs have tried to explore new policies
and practices for a better understanding and awareness of social, economic, environmental
problems and other things. (Bagci, 2007)..


Represent a unique and essential space between for profit and the government sector. The
private enterprise produces private goods and services while the government is focusing on theprovision of public goods and services. Most government expenditures are allocated for large
projects such as dams, hospitals, schools, etc. In general, the governments do not conduct
income-generating activities and rarely make investments that generate employment
opportunities. Therefore, NGOs have turned into an alternative sector (Uphoff, 1995; Korten,
1990), the third sector. The non-profit and non-governmental sector contributes to thesatisfaction of the community needs, ensuring a balance between the state and the free market.
At the same time, NGOs can build partnerships between the three sectors that should rely on
the unique strengths of each sector in order to contribute to the common good (Heintz, 2006).

Enable social change by taking into account the challenges that public and private sectors do
not focus. NGOs are able to take risks that are economically unacceptable for the private sector
and politically unacceptable for the government (Drabek, 1987; Simmons, 1998). In fact, thelevel of organizational flexibility has a major influence on its ability to adapt and respond tochanges (Moldoveanu and Dobrin, 2012) and to take risks.
In modern societies around the world, many services currently considered that best practices
have been designed, tested and improved by NGOs over many years. In addition, advocacy
campaigns conducted by NGOs determine governments to adopt political reforms and improve
the legislative framework for business environment (Baitenman, 1990). The NGO sector also
allows establishing a healthy balance between the potential excesses of capitalism and the lackof adequate state resources (Heintz, 2006).

Have an important role in ensuring compliance with the fundamental values: human rights,
democracy and the rule of law. In the context of the failure of conventional development models
and of the emphasis on the role of the individual in the development process, the NGO sector

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becomes an agent of democracy and development. (Bayat, 1996; Heintz, 2006). In recent
decades, NGOs have taken a more active role in setting the agenda and in elaborating and
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implementing public policies (Porter and Brown, 2000). Civil society participation in the decision
making process strengthens the democratic system because the key component of a democracy
is public participation.
Use existing resources more efficiently than public institutions and mobilize additional resources.
The rapid growth in number of NGOs has not been accompanied by an increase in the qualityof work performed, leading to many problems with regard to responsibility. The increase in NGO
number and in their fields of application needs for sustainable financing mechanisms. The
answer to the apparently limited resources could be the identification of new modalities formobilizing resources or the development of new modalities for increasing them (CommonwealthFoundation, 1994).

According to Edwards şi Hulme (1995), NGOs have three roles in society:Preferred channel for delivering services



Vehicles for democratization and essential components of civil society

Effective vehicles for achieving economic and political objectives

Uphoff (1995) argues that there are two general categories of NGOs according to their role in society:NGOs involved in supporting development initiatives. They are the expression of the free will ofsocial groups and try to build a collective society where every individual becomes a citizen.

NGOs having some degree of institutionalization. They are the expression of social movements
as well as of civil society's capacity to organize itself in different historical epochs.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The involvement of NGOs in contemporary societies were investigated in this paper by studying different
researches in the field. This paper attempted a qualitative research in order to identify the definitions andclassifications of non-governmental organizations, to analyze the establishment and development of the
NGO sector and to describe the current spectrum of NGO activities and role.
The emergence of NGOs is not an accident, but a response to voluntary action of citizens in order to solve
community problems. They should not be regarded only as organizations providing services or as vehicles
of development and democratization. Their dynamics should be understood as a consequence of the65PĂCEȘILĂ Mihaela

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process of economic, social and political development. The explosion of NGOs should not be separated

In contemporary societies, the involvement of NGOs in different fields requires significant timecommitment and substantial financial resources. In these circumstances, it is necessary that NGOs
should focus on creating and nurturing relationships through building local, regional, national andinternational coalitions, creating partnerships with the for-profit and governmental sector as well as
increasing dialogue and exchange of information with public institutions.
Another priority should be attracting human resources by organizing campaigns in order to raise publicawareness on the role of NGOs in a democratic society and the importance of volunteering.
Although NGOs are everywhere and have access to different types of resources due to the complex
mixture consisting of alliances and rivalries, businesses and charities, conservatives and radicals (Youngand Dhanda, 2013), it is recommended that they focus on identifying new fundraising formulas andpractices.
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67PĂCEȘILĂ Mihaela

FAMP

CCASP

INVOLVEMENT OF NGOS IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11TH ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC MANAGEMENT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE”Strategic Management for Local Communities”
30th – 31st October 2015
Bucharest

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