THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 2019

Published July 2019Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.
Jidosha Kaikan, 1-30 Shiba Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 JapanFor inquiries about this booklet, write or telephone:
Public Relations Office, JAMA Tel: +81 (3) 5405-6119
http://www.jama.or.jp/©JAMA. All rights reserved. Printed with vegetable oil ink.

THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 2019

Attention to the Environment
Climate Change ........................................................................................................................ 30
Vehicle Fuel Efficiency .............................................................................................................. 31

Contents

Next-Generation Vehicles and CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities ........................ 32
Hazardous Substances .............................................................................................................. 33
Page

Recycling ................................................................................................................................... 34
Emissions ................................................................................................................................... 36
Measuring Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions ................................................. 37

Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry
Automotive Shipments in Value Terms ...................................................................................
Automotive Trade .....................................................................................................................

2

Automobile-Related Industries and Total Employment .........................................................

5

4

Taxes on Automobiles .............................................................................................................. 38
Tax Incentive Measures for Eco-Friendly Vehicles .................................................................. 40
Auto Tax Reform Measures ...................................................................................................... 42
The Burden on Motor Vehicle Users ....................................................................................... 44

Motor Vehicles
Production .................................................................................................................................
New Registrations ....................................................................................................................

Taxes

6
8

Imported Vehicle Sales ............................................................................................................. 10
Used Vehicle Sales .................................................................................................................... 11
Motor Vehicles in Use and Motor Vehicle Density ................................................................. 12
Exports ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Exports by Destination ............................................................................................................. 16

The Tokyo Motor Show
The 46th Tokyo Motor Show 2019 .......................................................................................... 45

Vehicle-Based Systems
Driver’s Licenses and the Driving Population ......................................................................... 46
Motor Vehicle Classification .................................................................................................... 47

Motorcycles
Production ................................................................................................................................. 18

Global Operations

Sales ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Motorcycles in Use .................................................................................................................... 20

Overseas Production ................................................................................................................. 48
Overseas Production Volumes ................................................................................................. 50

Exports ....................................................................................................................................... 21
Exports by Destination ............................................................................................................. 22

Global Industry Ties .................................................................................................................. 51

Motor Vehicles Worldwide
Assisted-Mobility Vehicles
Assisted-Mobility Vehicles ........................................................................................................ 24

Road Safety

Global Production (Including Motorcycles) ............................................................................. 54
New Registrations .................................................................................................................... 56
Motor Vehicles & Motorcycles in Use / Motor Vehicle & Motorcycle Density ....................... 58
Exports (Including Motorcycles) .............................................................................................. 59
Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs ....................................................................................................... 60

Road Safety ............................................................................................................................... 25
ITS and ASVs ............................................................................................................................. 26
Vehicle Safety ........................................................................................................................... 27
Automated Driving ................................................................................................................... 28

Locations of Auto Manufacturing Plants .......................................................................................... 61
JAMA Member Manufacturers .......................................................................................................... 62

A Mid-to-Long-Term Vision for Mobility ................................................................................. 29

Related Automotive Associations ...................................................................................................... 64

THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 2019

Attention to the Environment
Climate Change ........................................................................................................................ 30
Vehicle Fuel Efficiency .............................................................................................................. 31

Contents

Next-Generation Vehicles and CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities ........................ 32
Hazardous Substances .............................................................................................................. 33
Page

Recycling ................................................................................................................................... 34
Emissions ................................................................................................................................... 36
Measuring Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions ................................................. 37

Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry
Automotive Shipments in Value Terms ...................................................................................
Automotive Trade .....................................................................................................................

2

Automobile-Related Industries and Total Employment .........................................................

5

4

Taxes on Automobiles .............................................................................................................. 38
Tax Incentive Measures for Eco-Friendly Vehicles .................................................................. 40
Auto Tax Reform Measures ...................................................................................................... 42
The Burden on Motor Vehicle Users ....................................................................................... 44

Motor Vehicles
Production .................................................................................................................................
New Registrations ....................................................................................................................

Taxes

6
8

Imported Vehicle Sales ............................................................................................................. 10
Used Vehicle Sales .................................................................................................................... 11
Motor Vehicles in Use and Motor Vehicle Density ................................................................. 12
Exports ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Exports by Destination ............................................................................................................. 16

The Tokyo Motor Show
The 46th Tokyo Motor Show 2019 .......................................................................................... 45

Vehicle-Based Systems
Driver’s Licenses and the Driving Population ......................................................................... 46
Motor Vehicle Classification .................................................................................................... 47

Motorcycles
Production ................................................................................................................................. 18

Global Operations

Sales ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Motorcycles in Use .................................................................................................................... 20

Overseas Production ................................................................................................................. 48
Overseas Production Volumes ................................................................................................. 50

Exports ....................................................................................................................................... 21
Exports by Destination ............................................................................................................. 22

Global Industry Ties .................................................................................................................. 51

Motor Vehicles Worldwide
Assisted-Mobility Vehicles
Assisted-Mobility Vehicles ........................................................................................................ 24

Road Safety

Global Production (Including Motorcycles) ............................................................................. 54
New Registrations .................................................................................................................... 56
Motor Vehicles & Motorcycles in Use / Motor Vehicle & Motorcycle Density ....................... 58
Exports (Including Motorcycles) .............................................................................................. 59
Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs ....................................................................................................... 60

Road Safety ............................................................................................................................... 25
ITS and ASVs ............................................................................................................................. 26
Vehicle Safety ........................................................................................................................... 27
Automated Driving ................................................................................................................... 28

Locations of Auto Manufacturing Plants .......................................................................................... 61
JAMA Member Manufacturers .......................................................................................................... 62

A Mid-to-Long-Term Vision for Mobility ................................................................................. 29

Related Automotive Associations ...................................................................................................... 64

Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry

Automotive Shipments in Value Terms

Automotive Shipments Total 60.7 Trillion Yen; Equipment
Investments, 1.3 Trillion Yen; R&D Expenditures, 2.9 Trillion Yen
Automotive shipments (both domestic and export shipments, including motorcycles, auto parts, etc.) in value terms reached 60.7
trillion yen in 2017, up 5.1% from the previous year, accounting for 19.0% of the total value of Japan’s manufacturing shipments
and 41.2% of the value of the machinery industries’ combined shipments. Investments in equipment by the automobile industry in2017 totalled 1.3 trillion yen and its research and development expenditures reached 2.9 trillion yen, up 4.4% from the previous
year; those figures represent, respectively, more than 20% of the value of overall investments of Japan’s major manufacturingsectors. With motor vehicle exports in value terms amounting to 16 trillion yen in 2018 and auto-related employment in Japan
totalling 5.46 million people, the automotive industry is one of the Japanese economy’s core industrial sectors.

● SHIPMENTS OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING
SECTORS IN VALUE TERMS (2017)
x 100 million yen

Other1,004,080(31.4%)

Total
3,191,667(100%)
Metal Products
151,989(4.8%)Iron& Steel
176,867 Chemicals
Non-Ferrous(5.5%) 287,242
Metals
(9.0%)
97,620 (3.1%)

335.6

Electrical
Machinery& Equipment
398,955 (12.5%)

289.1 285.0 288.7 292.1

305.1

313.1

Transport
Equipment
682,635(21.4%)
57.8 60.7
50.3 52.0 53.3 57.1
40.5 47.3 44.0

2008 09
Year

10

11

12

13

14

15

● SHIPMENTS OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORS IN VALUE TERMS, 1970-2017
Machinery Industries

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017

55,402
104,381
179,787
205,524
235,030
233,625
237,994
250,271
281,299242,757
262,120
263,512260,379
274,092
281,230
286,222
272,496287,242Iron &
Steel

Non-Ferrous
Metals302.0

Automotive
606,999(19.0%)

56.6

Chemicals

319.2

265.3

Breakdown of automotive shipments:· Automobiles (including motorcycles) ................................ 249,548· Auto bodies and trailers ......................................................... 6,904· Automotive parts and accessories ...................................... 350,546

Metal
Products

GeneralElectrical
Machinery Machinery&
Equipment

Transport Equipment

65,648 30,547 37,277 68,028 73,305 72,758
113,063 39,087 65,731 106,112 108,213 147,935
178,956 81,186 106,465 175,998 222,346 249,536
177,543 63,836 130,944 241,904 408,422 361,793
182,687 78,217 185,736 332,249 545,286 468,582
140,727 64,964 176,465 298,844 548,309 442,145
119,630 62,189 155,868 304,132 595,817 444,474
168,964 67,116 140,159 312,108 495,083 539,999
243,322 104,805 151,492 402,477 518,797 637,666
159,884 69,400 124,267 289,320 400,593 471,866
181,463 89,114 122,920 306,186 442,848 542,136
186,656 90,225 121,277 322,495 403,789 505,870
180,121 89,228 128,607 330,816 369,426 564,858
179,053 88,059 130,606 320,911 368,283 582,032
192,022 94,220 139,328 337,273 394,772 600,633
178,420 96,795 143,057 359,715 408,060 646,539
156,693 88,892 143,986 363,611 376,748 649,912
176,867 97,620 151,989 392,279 398,955 682,635

Transport
Equipment
13,595(23.3%)

Automotive
12,902(22.2%)

17

Subtotal

Other

Total

223,008
379,551
682,457
1,055,932
1,397,439
1,330,364
1,385,612
1,385,037
1,558,940
1,161,779
1,291,170
1,232,154
1,265,100
1,271,226
1,332,678
1,414,314
1,390,271
1,473,869

287,383
589,807952,724
1,063,240
1,205,939
1,155,277
1,115,720
988,717
1,015,930
894,503944,290955,863
963,841
977,885
1,011,922
1,012,477
968,018
1,004,080

690,348
1,274,329
2,146,998
2,653,206
3,233,726
3,060,356
3,035,824
2,962,417
3,355,788
2,652,590
2,891,077
2,849,688
2,887,276
2,920,921
3,051,400
3,131,285
3,020,356
3,191,667

Chemicals
9,152 (15.7%)

Total
58,255(100%)Petroleum
2,215(3.8%)

As % of
Value of
Machinery
Shipments

As % of
Total Value of
Manufacturing
Shipments

24.5
27.7
31.1
26.2
30.3
29.7
28.9
35.3
36.3
34.9
36.6
35.7
39.7
40.9
40.0
40.3
41.5
41.2

7.9
8.3
9.9
10.4
13.1
12.9
13.2
16.5
16.9
15.3
16.4
15.4
17.4
17.8
17.5
18.2
19.1
19.0

Transport equipment

14,000ElectricalmachineryIron & Steel
5,133(8.8%)

Automotive
Other
Chemicals

7,000

General machinery

Non-Ferrous
Metals2,219(3.8%)

GeneralElectrical Machinery
Machinery 7,727
6,149(13.3%)(10.6%)

Iron & steel
PetroleumNon-ferrous
metalsPaper & pulp

2008 09
Fiscal year

0

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

● INVESTMENTS IN EQUIPMENT OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORSFiscal year

Paper &
Pulp

2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017

x 100 million yen

ChemicalsPetroleum

Iron & Steel

Non-Ferrous
MetalsGeneralMachinery

Electrical
MachineryTransport
Equipment

Automotive

11,109
7,816
7,902
7,765
8,407
6,900
7,801
8,100
9,036
9,152

2,396
3,074
1,837
1,420
1,863
2,241
2,841
2,370
2,156
2,215

8,800
9,025
5,767
3,242
5,224
5,042
5,799
5,565
7,055
5,133

4,026
1,997
1,808
2,120
2,081
1,807
1,763
1,807
1,775
2,219

9,281
4,591
5,307
5,883
6,405
5,448
6,100
7,367
7,702
7,727

16,383
10,363
10,113
9,585
8,100
8,983
8,920
8,285
5,933
6,149

20,900
11,1507,249
8,928
10,412
10,966
12,244
13,92814,387
13,595

19,292
10,0806,855
8,420
10,053
10,611
11,19913,021
13,306
12,902

2,254
1,239
955
1,415
1,040
1,580
1,372
1,274
1,252
1,283

17

Other

Total

13,856
9,318
7,048
8,508
9,098
10,381
9,980
9,500
10,537
10,78289,00558,57347,986
48,86652,63053,34856,82058,196
59,83358,255

Source: Survey on Planned Capital Spending, Development Bank of Japan● R&D EXPENDITURES OF MAJOR
MANUFACTURING SECTORS (FY 2017)
Foods
2,753 (2.3%)
Electrical
Machinery & Equipment
11,255 (9.4%)
Iron & Steel
1,598 (1.3%)

x 100 million yen

Automotive Shipments

Automotive
54,673
105,241
212,346
276,927
423,106
395,613400,429
489,548
566,053404,915
472,962
439,592
502,627
519,710533,101
570,524
577,604
606,999

16

360
340
320
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

x 100 million yen
21,000Note: Japan’s fiscal year (FY) starts on April 1 and ends on March 31 of the following year.

Notes: 1. Shipments from all manufacturing operations with four or more employees are included in this data. 2. Compilation of data on production in value terms was discontinued in 1996 andreplaced by data on shipments in value terms. 3. Figures in value terms include domestic consumption tax revenue from shipments. 4. “Electrical Machinery & Equipment” includes IT-related
electronic parts and equipment as of 2002. 5. 2017 data includes preliminary figures.
Source for statistical data on this page: Census of Manufactures, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

2

Other
10,782(18.5%)● INVESTMENTS IN EQUIPMENT OF MAJOR
MANUFACTURING SECTORS, 2008-2017

x 100 million yen

Paper & Pulp
1,283
(2.2%)● COMPARISON OF VALUE OF AUTOMOTIVESHIPMENTS TO TOTAL VALUE OF ALL
MANUFACTURING SHIPMENTS
Total value of all manufacturing shipments
Total value of automotive shipments
x 1 trillion yen

GeneralMachinery392,279(12.3%)● INVESTMENTS IN EQUIPMENT OF MAJOR
MANUFACTURING SECTORS (FY 2017)

Other
11,407(9.5%)

x 100 million yen
IT &Telecommunications
Electronic
Equipment
Circuits, Parts
13,374& Equipment(11.2%)
6,427(5.4%)

Total
119,818(100%)

General Machinery& Equipment
Chemicals
19,1808,525 (7.1%)(16.0%)● R&D EXPENDITURES OF MAJOR
MANUFACTURING SECTORS, 2008-2017
x 100 million yen
33,000Automotive
Transport
equipment

Automotive
29,296(24.5%)

General machinery& equipment
IT & telecommunications equipment

Pharmaceuticals

Other

11,000Electrical machinery & equipment

Pharmaceuticals
14,653 (12.2%)

Transport
Equipment
30,646 (25.6%)

Foods

ChemicalsElectronic circuits,parts & equipment

Iron & steel02008 09
Fiscal year

10

11

12

13

14

15

● R&D EXPENDITURES OF MAJOR MANUFACTURING SECTORSIT &Electronic

Fiscal Telecommunications Circuits, Parts Transport
Equipment Automotive
Equipment& Equipment
year
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017

21,441
17,724
17,293
17,451
16,623
16,70816,23815,476
13,572
13,374

8,032
6,783
5,191
7,115
6,595
5,998
6,181
6,093
6,075
6,427

23,60819,78921,213
22,37822,711
24,97228,44729,52929,25530,64622,00022,97019,28820,613
21,79622,062
24,13727,49528,372
28,07129,296

Pharmaceuticals

Chemicals

GeneralMachinery &Equipment

12,956
11,937
12,76012,29913,061
14,371
14,953
14,577
13,516
14,653

8,260
7,552
7,439
7,441
7,469
7,519
7,534
8,166
8,494
8,525

18,207
16,73916,397
16,933
16,472
18,02718,44019,00519,047
19,180Iron &
Steel

1,634
1,493
1,511
1,633
1,432
1,392
1,501
1,552
1,577
1,598

16

17

x 100 million yen
Electrical
Machinery &Equipment

10,314
9,610
9,922
9,681
10,214
10,724
11,18911,569
11,211
11,255

Foods

2,670
2,420
2,375
2,241
2,204
2,337
2,097
2,195
2,267
2,753

Other

Total

11,70910,33910,556
10,661
10,26010,567
10,971
10,47910,734
11,407

118,831
104,386
104,657
107,833
107,041
112,615
117,551
118,641
115,748
119,818

Source: Survey on Research Activities in Science and Technology, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

3

Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry

Automotive Trade

Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry

In Value Terms, Motor Vehicle Exports Total 16.7 Trillion Yen;
Imports, 2.5 Trillion Yen
In 2018 Japan’s gross exports and imports increased from the previous year, by 4.1% and 9.7% respectively. In value
terms, automotive exports grew 3.7% from 2017 to 16.7 trillion yen, and automotive imports expanded 7.7%
year-on-year to 2.5 trillion yen.

● EXPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY(FOB) IN 2018x 10 billion yen
Scientific &OpticalEquipment
231 (2.8%)● IMPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY(CIF) IN 2018 Transport Equipment

Other
1,237
(15.2%)

Total
8,148
(100%)

Electrical
Machinery &Equipment
1,414(17.4%)

GeneralMachinery
1,651(20.2%)

Other
1,555 (18.8%)
Electrical
Machinery &Equipment
1,234(14.9%)

Chemicals892 (10.9%)
Iron & Steel
Products
344 (4.2%)

GeneralMachinery795(9.6%)

Non-Ferrous
Metals &Metal Products
Textile Yarn
282 (3.5%)& Textiles
72 (0.9%)

93,679125,956
115,417
127,521
142,411
147,849
158,912151,175
161,092
166,972

53.5
134.5
91.6
110.5
111.7
103.8
107.5
95.1
106.6
103.7

Mineral Fuels
1,929 (23.3%)
Chemicals855(10.3%)

Passenger Cars,
Trucks, Buses

x 100 million yen

Auto Parts

66,93391,741
82,042
92,250104,125
109,194
120,463
113,329
118,254
123,072

23,08930,83329,972
32,051
34,762
34,75034,83034,61738,96639,909Motorcycles &Motorcycle Parts
3,657
3,382
3,403
3,220
3,524
3,905
3,619
3,229
3,872
3,990

59.3
128.2
111.2
121.1
122.2
110.4
101.6
98.9
111.4
107.7

Passenger Cars,
Trucks, Buses
4,549
5,958
7,352
9,082
10,857
11,623
11,398
11,781
13,07014,284Chg. (%)
541,706
673,996
655,465
637,476
697,742
730,930
756,139
700,358
782,865
814,788

66.9
124.4
97.3
97.3
109.5
104.8
103.4
92.6
111.8
104.1

● Road freight transport ........................ 1,714,000● Road passenger transport ...................... 560,000● Road transport-related services .............. 371,000● Vehicle rental services ............................... 49,000

Total employment(workforce)in Japan:
66.64 million(100%)● Automotive fuel retailing ....................... 336,000● Auto damage insurance ........................... 12,000● Automobile recycling .................................. 1,000

Materials & Equipment Supply .................................... 509,000● Electrical machinery & equipment ........... 70,000● Non-ferrous metals ................................... 21,000● Iron & steel .............................................. 147,000● Metal products .......................................... 46,000● Chemicals (including paints),
textiles, and petroleum ............................ 33,000● Plastics, rubber, and glass ....................... 160,000● Electronic parts & equipment .................. 26,000● Manufacturing machinery .......................... 6,000

x 100 million yen

Auto Parts
3,696
4,879
4,717
5,549
6,981
8,148
8,770
8,329
9,328
9,861

Motorcycles &Motorcycle Parts
736
682
736
875
1,109
1,154
1,093
913
1,021
1,079

Sales & Services .......................................................... 1,031,000

Chg. (%)
514,994
607,650
681,112706,886
812,425
859,091
784,055
660,420753,792
827,033

65.2
118.0
112.1
103.8
114.9
105.7
91.3
84.2
114.1
109.7

Notes: 1. “Passenger Cars, Trucks, Buses” includes chassis. 2. FOB: Free on board; CIF: Cost, insurance, and freight. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with theprevious year’s result indexed at 100).
Source for all statistical data on this page: The Summary Report on Trade of Japan, Japan Tariff Association

4

Road Transport ........................................................... 2,694,000

Automotive Fuel/Insurance/Recycling ......................... 349,000

Imports Total

Chg. (%)
8,982
11,51812,805
15,506
18,94820,925
21,261
21,023
23,41925,223

Total employment
in auto manufacturing& related industries:
5.46 million (8.2%)

Non-Ferrous Metals &Metal Products329 (4.0%)

Motor Vehicles

2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

● Automobile manufacturing(including motorcycles) ........................... 199,000● Auto parts and accessories manufacturing................................................................... 661,000● Auto body and trailer manufacturing ..... 20,000

Petroleum &Petroleum Products
1,098 (13.3%)● AUTOMOTIVE IMPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (CIF)

Year

Automobile Production ................................................ 880,000

Exports Total

Chg. (%)

Number of employees

Raw Materials
499 (6.1%)

Total
8,270
(100%)

Motor Vehicles

2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

● EMPLOYMENT IN THE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING AND RELATED INDUSTRIES

Motor Vehicles(including motorcycles and parts)
252 (3.1%)● AUTOMOTIVE EXPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (FOB)Year

Automobiles are the focus of an extremely wide range of industrial and related activity, from materials supply andvehicle production to sales, servicing, freight shipping and other auto-centered operations. Auto-related
employment in Japan at present totals 5.46 million people.

Foodstuffs
725 (8.8%)

Motor Vehicles(including motorcycles and parts)
1,670 (20.5%)

Ships
137 (1.7%)

Auto-Related Employment Totals 5.46 Million People

x 10 billion yen

349 (4.2%)

Transport Equipment
1,888 (23.2%)

Automobile-Related Industries and Total Employment● Automobile retailing(including motorcycles, used vehicles, andauto parts and accessories) ..................... 577,000● Automobile wholesaling(including motorcycles, used vehicles, andfinished/used parts and accessories) ...... 190,000● Automobile servicing .............................. 264,000
Note: Figures are rounded off to the nearest thousand.

Sources: Industrial Statistics, Labor Force Survey, Input-Output Tables for Japan, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications’ Statistics Bureau; Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

5Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry

Automotive Trade

Automobile Manufacturing: A Core Industry

In Value Terms, Motor Vehicle Exports Total 16.7 Trillion Yen;
Imports, 2.5 Trillion Yen
In 2018 Japan’s gross exports and imports increased from the previous year, by 4.1% and 9.7% respectively. In value
terms, automotive exports grew 3.7% from 2017 to 16.7 trillion yen, and automotive imports expanded 7.7%
year-on-year to 2.5 trillion yen.

● EXPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY(FOB) IN 2018x 10 billion yen
Scientific &OpticalEquipment
231 (2.8%)● IMPORTS BY PRINCIPAL COMMODITY(CIF) IN 2018 Transport Equipment

Other
1,237
(15.2%)

Total
8,148
(100%)

Electrical
Machinery &Equipment
1,414(17.4%)

GeneralMachinery
1,651(20.2%)

Other
1,555 (18.8%)
Electrical
Machinery &Equipment
1,234(14.9%)

Chemicals892 (10.9%)
Iron & Steel
Products
344 (4.2%)

GeneralMachinery795(9.6%)

Non-Ferrous
Metals &Metal Products
Textile Yarn
282 (3.5%)& Textiles
72 (0.9%)

93,679125,956
115,417
127,521
142,411
147,849
158,912151,175
161,092
166,972

53.5
134.5
91.6
110.5
111.7
103.8
107.5
95.1
106.6
103.7

Mineral Fuels
1,929 (23.3%)
Chemicals855(10.3%)

Passenger Cars,
Trucks, Buses

x 100 million yen

Auto Parts

66,93391,741
82,042
92,250104,125
109,194
120,463
113,329
118,254
123,072

23,08930,83329,972
32,051
34,762
34,75034,83034,61738,96639,909Motorcycles &Motorcycle Parts
3,657
3,382
3,403
3,220
3,524
3,905
3,619
3,229
3,872
3,990

59.3
128.2
111.2
121.1
122.2
110.4
101.6
98.9
111.4
107.7

Passenger Cars,
Trucks, Buses
4,549
5,958
7,352
9,082
10,857
11,623
11,398
11,781
13,07014,284Chg. (%)
541,706
673,996
655,465
637,476
697,742
730,930
756,139
700,358
782,865
814,788

66.9
124.4
97.3
97.3
109.5
104.8
103.4
92.6
111.8
104.1

● Road freight transport ........................ 1,714,000● Road passenger transport ...................... 560,000● Road transport-related services .............. 371,000● Vehicle rental services ............................... 49,000

Total employment(workforce)in Japan:
66.64 million(100%)● Automotive fuel retailing ....................... 336,000● Auto damage insurance ........................... 12,000● Automobile recycling .................................. 1,000

Materials & Equipment Supply .................................... 509,000● Electrical machinery & equipment ........... 70,000● Non-ferrous metals ................................... 21,000● Iron & steel .............................................. 147,000● Metal products .......................................... 46,000● Chemicals (including paints),
textiles, and petroleum ............................ 33,000● Plastics, rubber, and glass ....................... 160,000● Electronic parts & equipment .................. 26,000● Manufacturing machinery .......................... 6,000

x 100 million yen

Auto Parts
3,696
4,879
4,717
5,549
6,981
8,148
8,770
8,329
9,328
9,861

Motorcycles &Motorcycle Parts
736
682
736
875
1,109
1,154
1,093
913
1,021
1,079

Sales & Services .......................................................... 1,031,000

Chg. (%)
514,994
607,650
681,112706,886
812,425
859,091
784,055
660,420753,792
827,033

65.2
118.0
112.1
103.8
114.9
105.7
91.3
84.2
114.1
109.7

Notes: 1. “Passenger Cars, Trucks, Buses” includes chassis. 2. FOB: Free on board; CIF: Cost, insurance, and freight. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with theprevious year’s result indexed at 100).
Source for all statistical data on this page: The Summary Report on Trade of Japan, Japan Tariff Association

4

Road Transport ........................................................... 2,694,000

Automotive Fuel/Insurance/Recycling ......................... 349,000

Imports Total

Chg. (%)
8,982
11,51812,805
15,506
18,94820,925
21,261
21,023
23,41925,223

Total employment
in auto manufacturing& related industries:
5.46 million (8.2%)

Non-Ferrous Metals &Metal Products329 (4.0%)

Motor Vehicles

2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

● Automobile manufacturing(including motorcycles) ........................... 199,000● Auto parts and accessories manufacturing................................................................... 661,000● Auto body and trailer manufacturing ..... 20,000

Petroleum &Petroleum Products
1,098 (13.3%)● AUTOMOTIVE IMPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (CIF)

Year

Automobile Production ................................................ 880,000

Exports Total

Chg. (%)

Number of employees

Raw Materials
499 (6.1%)

Total
8,270
(100%)

Motor Vehicles

2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

● EMPLOYMENT IN THE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING AND RELATED INDUSTRIES

Motor Vehicles(including motorcycles and parts)
252 (3.1%)● AUTOMOTIVE EXPORTS IN VALUE TERMS (FOB)Year

Automobiles are the focus of an extremely wide range of industrial and related activity, from materials supply andvehicle production to sales, servicing, freight shipping and other auto-centered operations. Auto-related
employment in Japan at present totals 5.46 million people.

Foodstuffs
725 (8.8%)

Motor Vehicles(including motorcycles and parts)
1,670 (20.5%)

Ships
137 (1.7%)

Auto-Related Employment Totals 5.46 Million People

x 10 billion yen

349 (4.2%)

Transport Equipment
1,888 (23.2%)

Automobile-Related Industries and Total Employment● Automobile retailing(including motorcycles, used vehicles, andauto parts and accessories) ..................... 577,000● Automobile wholesaling(including motorcycles, used vehicles, andfinished/used parts and accessories) ...... 190,000● Automobile servicing .............................. 264,000
Note: Figures are rounded off to the nearest thousand.

Sources: Industrial Statistics, Labor Force Survey, Input-Output Tables for Japan, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications’ Statistics Bureau; Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

5Motor Vehicles

Production

Motor Vehicle Production Reaches 9.73 Million Units● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION IN VALUE TERMS

x 1 trillion yen
25

In 2018 motor vehicle production in Japan totalled 9.73 million units, up 0.4% from 2017, expanding for the second
consecutive year. Passenger car production rose 0.1% to a total of 8.36 million units. Within that category, standard
cars climbed 2.1% to 5.26 million units and minicars grew 0.9% to 1.50 million units, but small cars fell 6.5% to 1.61
million units. Meanwhile, truck production increased 3.1% from 2017 to 1.26 million units, whereas bus production
decreased 8.0% to 113,000 units.

20

Total

15

Passenger
Cars● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY TYPE
IN 2018
In vehicle units

Trucks& Buses● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION

10x 1 million units
14

Buses
Mini
Small
306,259 433,211 113,197(3.1%) (4.5%) (1.2%)

12
0

Total

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION IN VALUE TERMS

Trucks1,257,111(12.9%)
Standard
5,256,226(54.0%)

6

4

Passenger Cars
8,359,286(85.9%)

Trucks & Buses

2

0
2009
Year

10

11

12

13

14

Passenger Cars

8

Passenger Cars

Total
9,729,594(100%)

Small
1,605,162(16.5%)

2009
Year

10

Standard
517,641 (5.3%)
Mini1,497,898(15.4%)

5

15

16

17

18

Year Standard

Small

1985

895,041

1990

3,717,356

1995

x 1 million yen

TrucksMini

SubtotalStandard

Small

Mini

7,049,323

85,9258,030,289

1,793,000

1,519,934

8,676,715

572,188 12,966,259

1,953,924

1,180,028

5,147,637

4,869,427

790,303 10,807,367

1,619,428

2000

6,640,075

4,298,370

1,237,605 12,176,050

2005

9,352,545

4,178,641

2009

7,261,654

18

Buses
Subtotal

Total

Tractors

Subtotal

Large

Small

679,498

46,745

4,039,177

103,053

101,007204,060 12,273,526

591,144

64,9133,790,009

134,015

66,988201,003 16,957,271

849,511510,579

124,764

3,104,282

107,647

89,441

197,088 14,108,737

1,111,558

543,408

357,765

45,453

2,058,184

80,897

109,007

189,904 14,424,138

1,169,871 14,701,057

1,916,692

588,224357,615

104,567

2,967,098

127,605

163,069

290,674 17,958,829

2,548,371

1,155,681 10,965,706

1,127,974

312,497

281,888

34,7781,757,137

109,723

166,115275,838 12,998,681

2010 10,239,303

2,609,861

1,207,423 14,056,587

1,684,489

358,081323,800

75,9442,442,314

118,300

211,359

329,659 16,828,560

2011

8,451,638

2,343,337

1,045,460 11,840,435

1,713,798

351,515

285,454

89,9762,440,743

97,157

199,301

296,458 14,577,636

2012

9,683,441

3,091,067

1,486,926 14,261,434

1,954,449

422,502302,836

106,2092,785,996

120,992

237,199

358,191 17,405,621

2013 10,422,008

2,628,986

1,579,510 14,630,504

1,987,340

479,914

312,959

102,073

2,882,286

119,670

290,001

409,671 17,922,461

2014 11,110,107

2,636,872

1,795,440 15,542,419

2,189,242

546,377

313,522118,091

3,167,232

124,114

318,410442,524 19,152,1752015 12,047,649

2,458,198

1,473,103 15,978,950

2,189,038

576,037

300,368

131,0023,196,445

139,614

328,498

468,112 19,643,507

2016 12,321,649

2,438,906

1,280,853 16,041,408

1,888,981

566,781

290,991

129,7812,876,534

172,906

299,220472,126 19,390,068

2017 12,958,155

2,516,379

1,517,786 16,992,320

1,986,030

538,716

319,178

126,867

2,970,791

175,090

288,317463,407 20,426,518

2018 13,367,843

2,398,835

1,545,687 17,312,365

2,007,940

571,108

359,483

128,658

3,067,189

138,240

275,391

413,631 20,793,185

Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION

In vehicle units

Passenger Cars
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Standard
51,619209,032
403,338
494,792
1,750,783
2,553,703
3,376,447
4,191,360
3,459,589
4,846,411
4,180,361
4,686,396
4,618,014
4,657,765
4,744,471
4,999,566
5,147,256
5,256,226

Small

Mini

2,377,639
4,198,550
6,438,847
6,991,432
7,361,224
4,140,629
3,699,893
3,416,622
2,145,279
2,159,119
1,861,279
2,252,672
1,888,759
1,750,895
1,555,548
1,610,486
1,715,970
1,605,162

749,450
160,272
195,923
160,592
835,965
916,201
1,283,094
1,408,753
1,257,293
1,304,832
1,116,885
1,615,435
1,682,550
1,868,410
1,530,703
1,263,834
1,484,610
1,497,898

TrucksSubtotal
3,178,708
4,567,854
7,038,108
7,646,816
9,947,972
7,610,533
8,359,434
9,016,735
6,862,161
8,310,362
7,158,525
8,554,503
8,189,323
8,277,070
7,830,722
7,873,886
8,347,836
8,359,286

Chg. (%)
121.7
116.2
114.0
108.1
109.9
97.5
103.2
103.4
69.1
121.1
86.1
119.5
95.7
101.1
94.6
100.6
106.0
100.1

Standard
258,100
288,170885,198
1,278,212
1,249,525
824,140649,180
723,663371,686
520,627
512,260
583,156
580,012604,768
586,645505,970
515,521517,641

Small

Mini

1,253,861
1,610,475
2,113,311
1,877,893
1,262,943
909,321483,282436,763
215,139
238,776
234,586
275,992
300,635
327,928
330,814317,182
292,901
306,259

551,922438,987
914,679
1,388,583
986,171804,276594,356
546,185
398,276
449,776
389,150
407,206
427,530
425,065
392,290377,921411,319433,211

Notes: 1. Passenger cars and trucks are classified under Japan’s Road Vehicles Act in three categories, based primarily on engine capacity: “standard” (over 2,000cc), “small” (661cc-2,000cc),
been treated as components since 1988. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

6

Buses
Subtotal
2,063,883
2,337,632
3,913,188
4,544,688
3,498,639
2,537,737
1,726,818
1,706,611
985,101
1,209,179
1,135,996
1,266,354
1,308,177
1,357,761
1,309,749
1,201,073
1,219,741
1,257,111

Chg. (%)
102.1
90.8
115.2
105.2
89.0
93.9
98.8
98.6
65.3
122.7
93.9
111.5
103.3
103.8
96.5
91.7
101.6
103.1

46,566
36,10591,58879,59140,18547,26654,54476,31386,795
109,334
104,109122,220
132,681
139,834
137,850
129,743
123,097
113,197

Total
Chg. (%)
111.3
78.8
146.4
110.2
95.5
96.2
112.7
126.3
62.4
126.0
95.2
117.4
108.6
105.4
98.6
94.1
94.9
92.0

5,289,157
6,941,591
11,042,884
12,271,095
13,486,796
10,195,536
10,140,796
10,799,659
7,934,057
9,628,875
8,398,630
9,943,077
9,630,181
9,774,665
9,278,321
9,204,702
9,690,674
9,729,594

Chg. (%)
113.1
105.9
114.6
107.0
103.5
96.6
102.5
102.7
68.5
121.4
87.2
118.4
96.9
101.5
94.9
99.2
105.3
100.4

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

and “mini” (660cc and under); see page 47 for details. 2. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have
Sources: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association; Current Survey of Production, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

7

Motor Vehicles

New Registrations

Motor Vehicle Sales Total 5.27 Million Units
Passenger car and commercial vehicle demand in Japan in 2018 totalled 5.27 million units, a 0.7% increase over theprevious year. Total passenger car sales grew 0.1% to 4.39 million units, with standard cars rising 2.2% to 1.58
million units and minicars climbing 3.6% to 1.50 million units, but small cars dropping 5.9% to 1.31 million units.
Meanwhile, sales of trucks increased 4.2% over 2017 to 867,000 units, whereas sales of buses declined 12.1% to14,000 units.

● NEW MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATIONSBY TYPE IN 2018
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN NEW MOTOR VEHICLEREGISTRATIONS
x 1 million units● NEW MINI-VEHICLE SALES BY TYPE
In vehicle units
8

Small
258,521(4.9%)
Standard
180,266(3.4%)

Buses
13,702(0.3%)

7Mini
428,418(8.1%)

6

Total
Standard
1,582,828(30.0%)

Trucks867,205(16.4%)

5

Passenger
Cars

4

Total
5,272,067(100%)
Mini
1,495,706(28.4%)

3

Passenger Cars
4,391,160(83.3%)

2

Trucks & Buses

Small
1,312,626(24.9%)

1
0

2009
Year

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Passenger Cars
(Minicars)
Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

1,281,805
1,273,570
1,307,296
1,291,889
1,372,083
1,387,068
1,507,598
1,447,106
1,426,979
1,283,429
1,284,665
1,138,752
1,557,681
1,690,171
1,839,119
1,511,404
1,344,967
1,443,367
1,495,706

Commercial
Vehicles(“Bonnet”
minivans)

Commercial
Vehicles(Cab-over-engine
minivans)

138,672
120,010
101,789
89,532
77,297
77,547
68,71457,50951,62242,932
41,63033,02327,73025,19922,92918,536
19,456
16,37333,907

177,143
175,594
163,412
172,644
183,995
197,141
204,838
196,040
185,806
167,358
180,505
168,705
198,843
194,728
194,431
184,127
185,927
201,873
208,822

Commercial
Vehicles(Mini-trucks)

Total
Chg. (%)

277,295
284,346258,203
250,690257,775
261,960
242,469
219,164
205,486
194,452
219,620
180,665
195,192
202,893
216,311
182,133
175,110
181,728
185,689

1,874,915
1,853,520
1,830,700
1,804,755
1,891,150
1,923,716
2,023,619
1,919,819
1,869,893
1,688,171
1,726,420
1,521,145
1,979,446
2,112,991
2,272,790
1,896,200
1,725,460
1,843,341
1,924,124

Source: Japan Mini Vehicles Association

Note: “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

● NEW MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS

In vehicle units

Trucks

Passenger Cars
Year

Standard

Small

Mini

Subtotal

1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

9,068
49,12571,93173,539467,490889,260
770,220
1,271,349
1,160,175
1,419,909
1,139,910
1,411,700
1,399,407
1,437,589
1,354,541
1,490,216
1,548,214
1,582,828

1,652,899
2,531,396
2,608,215
2,869,527
3,839,221
2,654,291
2,208,387
2,089,992
1,480,137
1,507,693
1,246,126
1,602,951
1,472,704
1,422,883
1,349,944
1,311,275
1,394,796
1,312,626

717,170
157,120
174,030
161,017795,948900,355
1,281,265
1,387,068
1,283,429
1,284,665
1,138,752
1,557,681
1,690,171
1,839,119
1,511,404
1,344,967
1,443,367
1,495,706

2,379,137
2,737,641
2,854,176
3,104,083
5,102,659
4,443,906
4,259,872
4,748,409
3,923,741
4,212,267
3,524,788
4,572,332
4,562,282
4,699,591
4,215,889
4,146,458
4,386,377
4,391,160

Chg. (%)
116.8
119.7
94.0
100.3
115.9
105.6
102.5
99.6
92.8
107.4
83.7
129.7
99.8
103.0
89.7
98.4
105.8
100.1

Standard

Small

168,086
121,118
154,472
118,009
193,775
177,264
84,626
197,548
87,692
101,697
107,290
136,359
143,272
164,815
172,502173,249
176,385
180,266

986,673
999,155
1,144,167
945,484
1,449,678
1,411,296
1,015,313
351,708
180,509
187,642
185,097
227,326
235,883
252,828
259,936
254,560
255,836
258,521Mini
538,743431,181
839,308
1,367,685
1,006,456
815,265586,660
536,648404,742441,755
382,393421,765
422,820433,671384,796
380,493399,974
428,418

Buses
Subtotal
1,693,502
1,551,454
2,137,947
2,431,178
2,649,909
2,403,825
1,686,599
1,085,904
672,943
731,094
674,780
785,450
801,975
851,314817,234
808,302
832,195
867,205

Chg. (%)
95.6
100.7
102.2
104.7
93.7
104.6
99.6
101.8
80.2
108.6
92.3
116.4
102.1
106.2
96.0
98.9
103.0
104.2

Notes: 1. Chassis-based through 2002, data compilation became vehicle registration number-based as of 2003. 2. Truck figures include special-purpose vehicles (except large ones). 3. Data

8

99.7
98.9
98.8
98.6
104.8
101.7
105.2
94.9
97.4
90.3
102.3
88.1
130.1
106.7
107.6
83.4
91.0
106.8
104.4

Large
10,256
8,818
9,414
8,798
9,162
6,475
4,333
5,856
4,234
4,777
3,136
4,266
4,181
4,498
5,260
6,543
6,602
5,131

Small
17,572
11,018
13,973
12,775
15,763
10,828
12,238
11,898
8,338
7,998
7,515
7,672
7,075
7,485
8,127
8,955
8,991
8,571

Total

Subtotal
27,828
19,83623,387
21,57324,92517,303
16,571
17,754
12,572
12,775
10,651
11,938
11,256
11,983
13,387
15,49815,593
13,702Chg. (%)
104.2
87.4
97.5
106.4
105.9
97.0
114.5
97.8
82.0
101.6
83.4
112.1
94.3
106.5
111.7
115.8
100.6
87.9

4,100,467
4,308,931
5,015,510
5,556,834
7,777,493
6,865,034
5,963,042
5,852,067
4,609,256
4,956,136
4,210,219
5,369,720
5,375,513
5,562,888
5,046,510
4,970,258
5,234,165
5,272,067

Chg. (%)

Total
Vehicles

106.9
111.9
97.3
102.2
107.2
105.2
101.7
100.0
90.7
107.5
84.9
127.5
100.1
103.5
90.7
98.5
105.3
100.7

2,844,554
3,720,630
4,002,172
4,028,132
5,975,089
5,149,414
4,095,117
3,928,351
2,921,085
3,229,716
2,689,074
3,390,274
3,262,522
3,290,098
3,150,310
3,244,798
3,390,824
3,347,943

Chg. (%)
104.9
118.8
93.1
101.3
107.4
104.8
102.7
99.1
90.9
110.6
83.3
126.1
96.2
100.8
95.8
103.0
104.5
98.7

Total MiniVehicles
1,255,913
588,301
1,013,338
1,528,702
1,802,404
1,715,620
1,867,925
1,923,716
1,688,171
1,726,420
1,521,145
1,979,446
2,112,991
2,272,790
1,896,200
1,725,460
1,843,341
1,924,124

Chg. (%)
111.7
82.1
118.3
104.8
106.3
106.2
99.7
101.7
90.3
102.3
88.1
130.1
106.7
107.6
83.4
91.0
106.8
104.4

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

includes imported cars. 4. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association

9Motor Vehicles

Imported Vehicle Sales

Motor Vehicles

366,000 Imported Vehicles Sold in Total

Used Vehicle Sales Total 6.95 Million Units

Imported vehicle sales in Japan in 2018 totalled 366,000 units, up 4.3% from the previous year, with passenger cars
rising 2.8% to 343,000 units and commercial vehicles (trucks and buses) surging 33.7% to 23,000 units. Meanwhile,
sales of used imported vehicles increased 0.9% to 565,000 units, with used imported passenger cars climbing 1.0% to546,000 units but used imported trucks declining 0.6% to 16,000 units.

In 2018 sales of used motor vehicles were up 0.2% from the previous year to total 6.95 million units. Used passenger
car sales totalled 5.81 million units, remaining at the same level as in 2017, with standard passenger cars climbing
1.7% to 1.83 million units and minicars increasing 1.5% to 2.45 million units, but small cars dropping 4.1% to 1.52
million units. Sales of used trucks and buses grew 1.2% and 1.5%, to 1.05 million units and 13,000 units respectively.

● TRENDS IN IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES● USED VEHICLE SALES BY TYPE IN 2018

Year

2009

2010

2011

In vehicle units
2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

In vehicle units

2018

Used vehicles

300,000

100,000

0
Passenger Cars
Commercial Vehicles
Total
Passenger Cars
Vehicles produced
by JapaneseCommercial Vehicles
manufacturers abroad Total
Passenger Cars Total
Commercial Vehicles Total
Grand Totals
Chg. (%)

159,143
1,761
160,904
8,746
8,877
17,623
167,889
10,638
178,52781.4

180,255
1,827
182,082
33,0289,973
43,001
213,283
11,800225,083
126.1

203,800
2,057
205,857
56,907
12,88069,787
260,707
14,937
275,644122.5

239,546
2,017
241,563
61,04813,38274,430300,594
15,399315,993
114.6

278,846
1,694
280,540
52,44013,15365,593331,286
14,847346,133
109.5

288,830
1,366
290,196
30,847
14,91745,764
319,677
16,283335,960
97.1

284,471
1,025
285,496
28,61014,516
43,126
313,081
15,541
328,62297.8

294,060
1,054
295,11433,54715,012
48,559327,607
16,066343,673104.6

305,043
1,045
306,088
28,408
16,52444,932
333,451
17,569351,020
102.1

1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

71.4
118.3
128.6
136.0
109.2
98.6
63.8
158.4
118.6
121.8
103.1
98.0
95.1
103.4
101.7
106.3

Commercial
Vehicles
547
380
911
2,469
1,470
1,420
9,088
11,922
14,185
15,107
16,255
16,662
15,873
17,45520,091
26,633308,389
1,016
309,405
34,381
22,48056,861
342,770
23,496366,266
104.3

Other
1,085
546
761
390
376
660
593
780
816
948
1,348
1,278
820
651
672
839

Total Motor
Vehicles
47,91753,151
252,841404,695
285,428
284,734
155,368
243,493288,799
349,435
361,333
354,704
336,988349,313357,713385,693

2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Chg. (%)
93.3
97.9
100.3
105.5
100.0
99.4
102.1
103.5
105.6
101.0

Trucks12,547
13,381
14,37014,636
15,42815,156
15,373
15,736
15,984
15,890

72.2
118.4
128.6
130.3
109.3
98.4
63.8
156.7
118.6
121.0
103.4
98.2
95.0
103.7
102.4
107.8

17,015
7,087
28,69643,93674,906444,635
367,727
353,260
386,949
421,991
438,737
410,143
353,519
341,254458,415
540,008

In vehicle units
Chg. (%)
100.9
106.6
107.4
101.9
105.4
98.2
101.4
102.4
101.6
99.4

6

Total
6,951,398(100%)

5
4

Passenger Cars
5,807,783(83.5%)

Mini
2,449,940(35.2%)

3

Small
1,523,537(21.9%)

2

Special-Purpose
Vehicles
10,083
7,878
6,756
5,469
4,724
3,963
3,649
3,103
2,946
2,780

Chg. (%)
75.9
78.1
85.8
81.0
86.4
83.9
92.1
85.0
94.9
94.4

Other
165
182
164
248
220
185
171
202
162
184

0

Motorcycles

Chg. (%)● USED IMPORTED VEHICLE SALES
Passenger
Cars
470,986
461,050
462,435
487,675
487,750
485,055
495,170
512,294
540,946546,336

7

In vehicle units

Notes: 1. “Other” denotes special-purpose vehicles and engine-mounted chassis. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Trade Statistics of Japan, Ministry of FinanceYearStandard
1,834,306(26.4%)

1● IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLES (ON CUSTOMS CLEARANCE BASIS)
Chg. (%)

8

Source: Japan Automobile Importers Association

Note: “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

PassengerCars
46,28552,225
251,169
401,836
283,582
282,654
145,687
230,791
273,798
333,380
343,730
336,764
320,295
331,207336,950
358,221

9Standard Trucks
174,106 1,054,108(15.2%)(2.5%)

Passenger Cars
Commercial Vehicles

Vehicles produced
by non-Japanesemanufacturers

x 1 million units
10Mini
663,976(9.6%)

Small
216,026(3.1%)

200,000

Vehicles produced
by Japanesemanufacturers abroad

New vehicles

Buses Other
13,256 76,251(0.2%) (1.1%)

Passenger Cars
Commercial Vehicles

Year● TRENDS IN NEW AND USED MOTOR
VEHICLE SALES

400,000

Vehicles produced
by non-Japanesemanufacturers

Total
493,781
482,491
483,725
508,028
508,122504,359
514,363531,335
560,038
565,190

Chg. (%)
93.0
97.7
100.3
105.0
100.0
99.3
102.0
103.3
105.4
100.9

Notes: 1. For motor vehicle classifications in Japan, see page 47. 2. “Other” includes buses, large special-purpose vehicles and small-sized three-wheeled trucks. 3. “Chg. (%)” means
Source: Japan Automobile Importers Association
change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

10

Used Vehicle Sales

2009 10
Year

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

● USED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES

18

In vehicle units

Passenger Cars

Buses

Trucks

Other

Total

Year Standard

Small

Mini

Subtotal Chg. Standard
(%)

Small

Mini

Subtotal Chg.
(%)

Chg.
(%)

Chg.
(%)

Chg.
(%)

1985

160,150

3,295,092

356,726

3,811,968 100.9

139,459

589,321

1,125,545

1,854,325 108.3

11,655 103.1

44,620 116.7

5,722,568 103.3

1990

304,1933,945,086

304,7824,554,061 106.2

185,851555,634

1,746,495

2,487,980 102.1

13,377

98.3

54,118 107.3

7,109,536 104.7

1995

994,311

3,845,076

727,2595,566,646 106.6

221,523

521,244

1,538,718

2,281,485 102.2

13,327 105.4

84,409 119.1

7,945,867 105.4

2000

1,742,786

3,050,087

1,448,546

6,241,419 104.8

201,714412,5111,169,626

1,783,851

99.1

15,173 102.7

173,475 105.2

8,213,918 103.5

2005

2,002,563

2,460,410

1,890,154

6,353,127 101.0

240,060

368,778

980,714

1,589,552 101.8

18,871 109.5

144,910 106.4

8,106,460 101.3

2009

1,619,370

1,855,071

1,864,874

5,339,315

94.2

194,180

266,395

787,957

1,248,532

89.9

15,293

94.4

95,452

91.3

6,698,592

93.3

2010

1,592,110

1,816,696

1,873,466

5,282,272

98.9

177,327

245,642

732,854

1,155,823

92.6

14,163

92.6

87,23891.4

6,539,496

97.6

2011

1,542,614

1,733,519

1,906,523

5,182,656

98.1

168,470

233,556

769,613

1,171,639 101.4

13,84997.8

82,00794.0

6,450,151

98.6

2012

1,688,606

1,826,335

2,133,725

5,648,666 109.0

168,439

235,246

769,469

1,173,154 100.1

14,799 106.9

82,484 100.6

6,919,103 107.3

2013

1,666,732

1,740,725

2,255,560

5,663,017 100.3

167,793

223,734

746,631

1,138,158

97.0

12,83086.7

81,01698.2

6,895,021

99.7

2014

1,630,421

1,653,214

2,367,235

5,650,870

99.8

163,536

215,295

721,406

1,100,237

96.7

12,531

97.7

76,53694.5

6,840,174

99.2

2015

1,668,429

1,602,719

2,354,077

5,625,225

99.5

162,130

211,480

700,589

1,074,199

97.6

13,173 105.1

74,21797.0

6,786,814

99.2

2016

1,729,194

1,564,982

2,322,533

5,616,709

99.8

161,717

217,544

670,935

1,050,196

97.8

13,204 100.2

76,013 102.4

6,756,122

99.5

2017

1,802,956

1,588,747

2,414,874

5,806,577 103.4

166,629

218,601

656,703

1,041,933

99.2

13,06675,942

99.9

6,937,518 102.7

2018

1,834,306

1,523,537

2,449,940

5,807,783 100.0

174,106

216,026

663,976

1,054,108 101.2

76,251 100.4

6,951,398 100.2

99.0

13,256 101.5

Notes: 1. Passenger cars and trucks are classified under Japan’s Road Vehicles Act in three categories, based primarily on engine capacity: “standard” (over 2,000cc), “small”(661cc-2,000cc), and “mini” (660cc and under); see page 47 for details. 2. Includes imported vehicles. 3. “Other” refers to emergency vehicles, special vehicles equipped with beds,
refrigerated trucks, tank trucks, tractors, bulldozers, steamrollers, snowplows, snowmobiles, etc., that are assigned special registration numbers. 4. “Chg. (%)” means change from theprevious year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association

11

Motor Vehicles

Imported Vehicle Sales

Motor Vehicles

366,000 Imported Vehicles Sold in Total

Used Vehicle Sales Total 6.95 Million Units

Imported vehicle sales in Japan in 2018 totalled 366,000 units, up 4.3% from the previous year, with passenger cars
rising 2.8% to 343,000 units and commercial vehicles (trucks and buses) surging 33.7% to 23,000 units. Meanwhile,
sales of used imported vehicles increased 0.9% to 565,000 units, with used imported passenger cars climbing 1.0% to546,000 units but used imported trucks declining 0.6% to 16,000 units.

In 2018 sales of used motor vehicles were up 0.2% from the previous year to total 6.95 million units. Used passenger
car sales totalled 5.81 million units, remaining at the same level as in 2017, with standard passenger cars climbing
1.7% to 1.83 million units and minicars increasing 1.5% to 2.45 million units, but small cars dropping 4.1% to 1.52
million units. Sales of used trucks and buses grew 1.2% and 1.5%, to 1.05 million units and 13,000 units respectively.

● TRENDS IN IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES● USED VEHICLE SALES BY TYPE IN 2018

Year

2009

2010

2011

In vehicle units
2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

In vehicle units

2018

Used vehicles

300,000

100,000

0
Passenger Cars
Commercial Vehicles
Total
Passenger Cars
Vehicles produced
by JapaneseCommercial Vehicles
manufacturers abroad Total
Passenger Cars Total
Commercial Vehicles Total
Grand Totals
Chg. (%)

159,143
1,761
160,904
8,746
8,877
17,623
167,889
10,638
178,52781.4

180,255
1,827
182,082
33,0289,973
43,001
213,283
11,800225,083
126.1

203,800
2,057
205,857
56,907
12,88069,787
260,707
14,937
275,644122.5

239,546
2,017
241,563
61,04813,38274,430300,594
15,399315,993
114.6

278,846
1,694
280,540
52,44013,15365,593331,286
14,847346,133
109.5

288,830
1,366
290,196
30,847
14,91745,764
319,677
16,283335,960
97.1

284,471
1,025
285,496
28,61014,516
43,126
313,081
15,541
328,62297.8

294,060
1,054
295,11433,54715,012
48,559327,607
16,066343,673104.6

305,043
1,045
306,088
28,408
16,52444,932
333,451
17,569351,020
102.1

1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

71.4
118.3
128.6
136.0
109.2
98.6
63.8
158.4
118.6
121.8
103.1
98.0
95.1
103.4
101.7
106.3

Commercial
Vehicles
547
380
911
2,469
1,470
1,420
9,088
11,922
14,185
15,107
16,255
16,662
15,873
17,45520,091
26,633308,389
1,016
309,405
34,381
22,48056,861
342,770
23,496366,266
104.3

Other
1,085
546
761
390
376
660
593
780
816
948
1,348
1,278
820
651
672
839

Total Motor
Vehicles
47,91753,151
252,841404,695
285,428
284,734
155,368
243,493288,799
349,435
361,333
354,704
336,988349,313357,713385,693

2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Chg. (%)
93.3
97.9
100.3
105.5
100.0
99.4
102.1
103.5
105.6
101.0

Trucks12,547
13,381
14,37014,636
15,42815,156
15,373
15,736
15,984
15,890

72.2
118.4
128.6
130.3
109.3
98.4
63.8
156.7
118.6
121.0
103.4
98.2
95.0
103.7
102.4
107.8

17,015
7,087
28,69643,93674,906444,635
367,727
353,260
386,949
421,991
438,737
410,143
353,519
341,254458,415
540,008

In vehicle units
Chg. (%)
100.9
106.6
107.4
101.9
105.4
98.2
101.4
102.4
101.6
99.4

6

Total
6,951,398(100%)

5
4

Passenger Cars
5,807,783(83.5%)

Mini
2,449,940(35.2%)

3

Small
1,523,537(21.9%)

2

Special-Purpose
Vehicles
10,083
7,878
6,756
5,469
4,724
3,963
3,649
3,103
2,946
2,780

Chg. (%)
75.9
78.1
85.8
81.0
86.4
83.9
92.1
85.0
94.9
94.4

Other
165
182
164
248
220
185
171
202
162
184

0

Motorcycles

Chg. (%)● USED IMPORTED VEHICLE SALES
Passenger
Cars
470,986
461,050
462,435
487,675
487,750
485,055
495,170
512,294
540,946546,336

7

In vehicle units

Notes: 1. “Other” denotes special-purpose vehicles and engine-mounted chassis. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Trade Statistics of Japan, Ministry of FinanceYearStandard
1,834,306(26.4%)

1● IMPORTED MOTOR VEHICLES (ON CUSTOMS CLEARANCE BASIS)
Chg. (%)

8

Source: Japan Automobile Importers Association

Note: “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

PassengerCars
46,28552,225
251,169
401,836
283,582
282,654
145,687
230,791
273,798
333,380
343,730
336,764
320,295
331,207336,950
358,221

9Standard Trucks
174,106 1,054,108(15.2%)(2.5%)

Passenger Cars
Commercial Vehicles

Vehicles produced
by non-Japanesemanufacturers

x 1 million units
10Mini
663,976(9.6%)

Small
216,026(3.1%)

200,000

Vehicles produced
by Japanesemanufacturers abroad

New vehicles

Buses Other
13,256 76,251(0.2%) (1.1%)

Passenger Cars
Commercial Vehicles

Year● TRENDS IN NEW AND USED MOTOR
VEHICLE SALES

400,000

Vehicles produced
by non-Japanesemanufacturers

Total
493,781
482,491
483,725
508,028
508,122504,359
514,363531,335
560,038
565,190

Chg. (%)
93.0
97.7
100.3
105.0
100.0
99.3
102.0
103.3
105.4
100.9

Notes: 1. For motor vehicle classifications in Japan, see page 47. 2. “Other” includes buses, large special-purpose vehicles and small-sized three-wheeled trucks. 3. “Chg. (%)” means
Source: Japan Automobile Importers Association
change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

10

Used Vehicle Sales

2009 10
Year

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

● USED MOTOR VEHICLE SALES

18

In vehicle units

Passenger Cars

Buses

Trucks

Other

Total

Year Standard

Small

Mini

Subtotal Chg. Standard
(%)

Small

Mini

Subtotal Chg.
(%)

Chg.
(%)

Chg.
(%)

Chg.
(%)

1985

160,150

3,295,092

356,726

3,811,968 100.9

139,459

589,321

1,125,545

1,854,325 108.3

11,655 103.1

44,620 116.7

5,722,568 103.3

1990

304,1933,945,086

304,7824,554,061 106.2

185,851555,634

1,746,495

2,487,980 102.1

13,377

98.3

54,118 107.3

7,109,536 104.7

1995

994,311

3,845,076

727,2595,566,646 106.6

221,523

521,244

1,538,718

2,281,485 102.2

13,327 105.4

84,409 119.1

7,945,867 105.4

2000

1,742,786

3,050,087

1,448,546

6,241,419 104.8

201,714412,5111,169,626

1,783,851

99.1

15,173 102.7

173,475 105.2

8,213,918 103.5

2005

2,002,563

2,460,410

1,890,154

6,353,127 101.0

240,060

368,778

980,714

1,589,552 101.8

18,871 109.5

144,910 106.4

8,106,460 101.3

2009

1,619,370

1,855,071

1,864,874

5,339,315

94.2

194,180

266,395

787,957

1,248,532

89.9

15,293

94.4

95,452

91.3

6,698,592

93.3

2010

1,592,110

1,816,696

1,873,466

5,282,272

98.9

177,327

245,642

732,854

1,155,823

92.6

14,163

92.6

87,23891.4

6,539,496

97.6

2011

1,542,614

1,733,519

1,906,523

5,182,656

98.1

168,470

233,556

769,613

1,171,639 101.4

13,84997.8

82,00794.0

6,450,151

98.6

2012

1,688,606

1,826,335

2,133,725

5,648,666 109.0

168,439

235,246

769,469

1,173,154 100.1

14,799 106.9

82,484 100.6

6,919,103 107.3

2013

1,666,732

1,740,725

2,255,560

5,663,017 100.3

167,793

223,734

746,631

1,138,158

97.0

12,83086.7

81,01698.2

6,895,021

99.7

2014

1,630,421

1,653,214

2,367,235

5,650,870

99.8

163,536

215,295

721,406

1,100,237

96.7

12,531

97.7

76,53694.5

6,840,174

99.2

2015

1,668,429

1,602,719

2,354,077

5,625,225

99.5

162,130

211,480

700,589

1,074,199

97.6

13,173 105.1

74,21797.0

6,786,814

99.2

2016

1,729,194

1,564,982

2,322,533

5,616,709

99.8

161,717

217,544

670,935

1,050,196

97.8

13,204 100.2

76,013 102.4

6,756,122

99.5

2017

1,802,956

1,588,747

2,414,874

5,806,577 103.4

166,629

218,601

656,703

1,041,933

99.2

13,06675,942

99.9

6,937,518 102.7

2018

1,834,306

1,523,537

2,449,940

5,807,783 100.0

174,106

216,026

663,976

1,054,108 101.2

76,251 100.4

6,951,398 100.2

99.0

13,256 101.5

Notes: 1. Passenger cars and trucks are classified under Japan’s Road Vehicles Act in three categories, based primarily on engine capacity: “standard” (over 2,000cc), “small”(661cc-2,000cc), and “mini” (660cc and under); see page 47 for details. 2. Includes imported vehicles. 3. “Other” refers to emergency vehicles, special vehicles equipped with beds,
refrigerated trucks, tank trucks, tractors, bulldozers, steamrollers, snowplows, snowmobiles, etc., that are assigned special registration numbers. 4. “Chg. (%)” means change from theprevious year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Sources: Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association

11

Motor Vehicles

Motor Vehicles in Use and Motor Vehicle Density

A Total of 78.29 Million Motor Vehicles in Use
At the end of December 2018, motor vehicles in use in Japan (excluding motorcycles) totalled 78.3 million units, a
0.3% increase over the previous year. Passenger cars in use increased 0.4% to 62.0 million units, with standard andminicars growing 2.1% and 1.3% to 19.2 million and 22.4 million units respectively, but small cars dropping 2.2% to20.4 million units. Meanwhile, trucks in use slipped 0.2% from 2017 to 14.3 million units, and buses in use dipped
0.1% to 233,000 units. At the end of March 2018, the average service life of motor vehicles in Japan was 13.24 years
for passenger cars, 14.72 years for trucks, and 17.69 years for buses.

● MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE BY TYPE
AT END OF 2018
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE
x 1 million units
80

Buses Special-Purpose
Vehicles
233,223(0.3%) 1,734,185 (2.2%)

Total
70

Mini
Small
8,407,229
3,506,007 (10.7%)(4.5%)
Trucks
14,296,113(18.3%)
Standard
2,382,877
Total(3.1%)
78,289,437(100%)

Mini
22,444,053(28.7%)

60

Passenger Cars

Standard
19,198,666(24.5%)

50

40

30

Passenger Cars
62,025,916(79.2%)(Minicars)
20

Small
20,383,197(26.0%)

Trucks, Buses & Special-Purpose Vehicles
10(Mini-trucks)
0
2009
Year

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

● PRIVATE PASSENGER CARS IN USE PER
100 HOUSEHOLDS BY PREFECTURE(at March 31, 2018)
In vehicle units
1. Fukui
2. Toyama
3. Yamagata
4. Gunma
5. Tochigi
6. Ibaraki
7. Gifu
8. Nagano
9. Fukushima
10. Niigata
11. Yamanashi
12. Saga
13. Ishikawa
14. Mie
15. Tottori
16. Shizuoka
17. Iwate
18. Shimane
19. Shiga
20. Akita
21. Okayama
22. Tokushima
23. Kagawa
24. Kumamoto
25. Miyagi
26. Okinawa
27. Oita
28. Miyazaki
29. Aichi
30. Yamaguchi
31. Aomori
32. Wakayama
33. Kagoshima
34. Ehime
35. Kochi
36. Hiroshima
37. Nara
38. Nagasaki
39. Fukuoka
40. Hokkaido
41. Chiba
42. Saitama
43. Hyogo
44. Kyoto
45. Kanagawa
46. Osaka
47. Tokyo

43.9

Year ofFirst Registration

100

150

Year

Passenger Cars

2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

7.48
7.56
7.74
7.95
8.07
8.13
8.29
8.44
8.53
8.60

200

Source: Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association

TrucksYear

Passenger Cars

2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

11.68
12.70
12.43
12.16
12.58
12.64
12.38
12.76
12.91
13.24

Trucks

Small

Mini

Subtotal

6,457,181
14,417,680
21,011,096
25,116,179
30,554,652
31,030,462
28,593,491
26,254,546
23,919,019
23,470,003
23,143,892
22,868,749
22,435,835
21,974,741
21,547,282
21,195,621
20,842,558
20,383,197

2,244,417
2,611,130
2,176,110
2,016,487
2,584,926
5,775,386
9,901,258
14,201,714
17,412,189
17,986,982
18,486,738
19,258,239
20,090,359
20,978,424
21,504,199
21,850,275
22,160,847
22,444,053

8,778,972
17,236,321
23,659,520
27,844,580
34,924,172
44,680,037
52,437,375
57,090,789
58,019,853
58,347,387
58,670,314
59,421,009
60,035,297
60,667,517
60,987,342
61,403,630
61,803,118
62,025,916

Chg. (%)
126.6
108.7
104.4
102.6
107.1
104.7
102.5
102.0
100.3
100.6
100.6
101.3
101.0
101.1
100.5
100.7
100.7
100.4

Standard

Small

798,256
1,158,465
1,494,464
1,668,852
2,176,488
2,574,433
2,596,421
2,474,378
2,319,612
2,281,711
2,266,420
2,266,836
2,270,812
2,294,449
2,316,208
2,337,230
2,356,279
2,382,877

4,478,486 3,005,017 8,281,759
6,100,206 2,785,182 10,043,853
7,155,221 4,527,794 13,177,479
6,679,665 8,791,289 17,139,806
6,609,536 12,535,415 21,321,439
6,213,405 11,642,311 20,430,149
5,474,660 10,154,427 18,225,508
4,594,363 9,665,130 16,733,871
3,952,534 9,288,679 15,560,825
3,825,632 9,177,282 15,284,625
3,740,361 8,963,641 14,970,422
3,672,649 8,895,635 14,835,120
3,614,925 8,818,149 14,703,886
3,581,884 8,748,653 14,624,986
3,552,373 8,634,637 14,503,218
3,535,022 8,539,701 14,411,953
3,516,383 8,448,505 14,321,167
3,506,007 8,407,229 14,296,113

Mini

SubtotalChg. (%)
107.1
98.9
104.8
105.5
101.1
98.9
97.8
99.7
97.9
98.2
97.9
99.1
99.1
99.5
99.2
99.4
99.4
99.8

Notes: 1. “Special-purpose vehicles” refers to emergency vehicles, special vehicles equipped with beds, refrigerated trucks, tank trucks, tractors, bulldozers, steamrollers, snowplows,
vehicles. 3. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

12

In years
Buses

13.50
12.72
13.04
12.81
13.24
13.31
13.72
13.89
14.37
14.72

15.00
16.59
17.37
16.82
17.91
17.63
16.95
16.83
17.39
17.69

Notes: 1. “Average age” means the average number of years elapsed since firstregistration. 2. “Average service life” means average vehicle lifespan. 3. “Average age”
and “average service life” figures are as at the end of every fiscal year. 4. The above
three tables exclude mini-vehicles.
Source: Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association

Special-Purpose Vehicles

Buses

Trucks77,374
207,511472,314
711,914
1,784,594
7,874,189
13,942,626
16,634,529
16,688,645
16,890,402
17,039,684
17,294,021
17,509,103
17,714,352
17,935,861
18,357,734
18,799,713
19,198,666

10.26
10.50
10.78
11.12
11.38
11.56
11.76
11.87
11.84
11.81

In vehicle units

Passenger Cars
Standard

Buses

9.16
9.62
10.04
10.43
10.73
10.93
11.09
11.23
11.32
11.41

● MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE (at end of every calendar year)
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

In years● AVERAGE SERVICE LIFE BY TYPE

18
50

7.23
7.20
6.50
6.33
7.11
6.49
6.06
5.63
6.06
4.73
5.27
4.81
4.93
4.03
17.64
100.002,859,555
2,846,101
2,568,804
2,502,061
2,809,721
2,564,598
2,395,140
2,227,476
2,396,515
1,868,274
2,082,340
1,900,513
1,947,112
1,593,926
6,971,646
39,533,782● AVERAGE AGE BY TYPE

105.8

0

% of “Vehicles
in Use” Total

Vehicles in Use

April 2017-March 2018
April 2016-March 2017
April 2015-March 2016
April 2014-March 2015
April 2013-March 2014
April 2012-March 2013
April 2011-March 2012
April 2010-March 2011
April 2009-March 2010
April 2008-March 2009
April 2007-March 2008
April 2006-March 2007
April 2005-March 2006
April 2004-March 2005
-March 2004
Total “Vehicles in Use”

174.6
169.4
167.7
163.4
161.1
159.4
158.8
158.3
156.3
155.1
154.6
152.1
149.1
146.2
145.8
140.7
140.7
140.5
139.3
139.1
137.2
136.0
133.7
132.7
130.3
130.2
128.8
128.6
127.8
124.3
123.0
122.3
117.4
113.2
112.2
110.9
110.2
109.6
107.7
100.8
98.2
98.0
91.5
82.5
71.4
64.8

National Average● PASSENGER CARS IN USE BY YEAR OF
FIRST REGISTRATIONAt March 31, 2018

Large
104,895
102,186
106,633
108,967
114,819
114,478
110,046
109,917
108,760
108,136
107,435
107,528
107,723
108,545
110,096
112,011
112,672
112,627

Small
83,085
124,098
123,387
122,261
130,849
128,617
125,437
121,816
119,637
119,135
118,513
118,551
118,204
118,399
119,293
120,310
120,794
120,596

Subtotal
187,980
226,284
230,020
231,228
245,668
243,095
235,483
231,733
228,397
227,271
225,948
226,079
225,927
226,944229,389
232,321233,466
233,223

Chg. (%)
110.5
101.7
100.4
100.5
101.6
99.1
99.9
100.3
99.0
99.5
99.4
100.1
99.9
100.5
101.1
101.3
100.5
99.9

333,132
584,100
789,155
941,647
1,206,390
1,500,219
1,750,733
1,630,062
1,515,411
1,502,593
1,646,203
1,643,325
1,653,956
1,669,019
1,684,382
1,702,616
1,720,118
1,734,185

Chg. (%)
110.5
101.7
100.4
100.5
101.6
99.1
99.9
98.8
98.6
99.2
109.6
99.8
100.6
100.9
100.9
101.1
101.0
100.8

Total
17,581,843
28,090,558
37,856,174
46,157,261
57,697,669
66,853,500
72,649,099
75,686,455
75,324,486
75,361,876
75,512,887
76,125,533
76,619,066
77,188,466
77,404,331
77,750,520
78,077,869
78,289,437

Chg. (%)
116.2
104.9
104.5
103.7
104.7
102.8
101.3
101.4
99.7
100.0
100.2
100.8
100.6
100.7
100.3
100.4
100.4
100.3

Trailers
23,07939,80856,80465,48587,359120,171
133,676
147,626
152,381
152,834
154,100
155,835
157,212
159,863
162,350
165,769
169,989
174,657

ThreeWheeled
Vehicles
243,934
47,99817,724
6,123
4,056
3,621
3,827
3,280
3,127
3,120
3,089
14,816
15,47816,376
17,391
18,494
19,457
20,425

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

snowmobiles, etc., that are identified as special-purpose vehicles by special registration numbers. 2. “Three-wheeled vehicles” includes three-wheeled passenger cars, trucks, and special-purpose
Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

13

Motor Vehicles

Exports● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORT TRENDS BY DESTINATION

Motor Vehicle Exports Total 4.82 Million Units■ AsiaExports of motor vehicles in 2018 totalled 4.82 million units, with passenger car exports rising 3.3% from theprevious year to 4.36 million units while truck exports were tallied at 350,000 units and bus exports at 110,000 units.
(Year-on-year increase/decrease rates for truck, bus and total exports in 2017 and 2018 are not available owing to incomplete data; see note 4. below.)■ Middle EastYear
7,000,000■ Europe ■ North America■ (EU)■ (U.S.A.)■ Latin America■ Africa■ Oceania■ Other
In vehicle units

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

378,840
428,042685,026542,215
1,379,150
1,202,732
244,196
145,131347,394
8,389
3,616,168
53.8

576,440
583,684
936,496568,508
1,727,305
1,531,026
396,499
188,644425,206
7,186
4,841,460
133.9

572,417
419,715995,313521,804
1,585,327
1,426,833
358,375
148,599379,747
4,920
4,464,413
92.2

572,976525,954848,688
401,286
1,886,386
1,698,152
346,860
168,306
448,9695,452
4,803,591
107.6

540,154584,062
709,139
371,305
1,887,155
1,719,793
362,023
179,352
407,294
5,454
4,674,633
97.3

560,304
625,708
744,138
452,322
1,662,160
1,537,676
306,117
183,860
375,672
7,665
4,465,624
95.5

529,291
684,886
737,518
524,770
1,749,208
1,604,446
310,001
168,234
390,891
8,049
4,578,078
102.5

586,954
500,325
818,931
611,559
1,898,913
1,735,480
294,378
134,497
393,4576,578
4,634,033
101.2

601,204
443,963864,518
646,679
1,925,356
1,736,765
320,236
108,845434,458
7,268
4,705,848—

635,045476,157
885,705
646,943
1,929,781
1,731,025
323,591
119,549
438,362
9,280
4,817,470—

6,000,000

5,000,000● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS BY TYPE
IN 2018
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS

4,000,000

x 1 million units
7

Buses
Mini
Small
109,5975
19,082(0.4%) (0.0%) (2.3%)

3,000,000
6

Mini
7,018
(0.1%)

2,000,000

Standard
331,004
Small (6.9%)
230,684 Trucks(4.8%) 350,091(7.3%)

5

Total

1,000,000
4Passenger Cars

0

Total
4,817,470(100%)
Passenger Cars
4,357,782(90.4%)

3

2

Standard
4,120,080(85.5%)

1

Trucks & Buses

0
2009
Year

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Asia
Middle East
Europe(EU)
North America(U.S.A.)
Latin America
AfricaOceania
Other
Total
Chg. (%)

Note: “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS

In vehicle units

Passenger Cars
Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Standard
715,450
1,821,835
345,413493,047
1,343,967
1,156,122
2,333,263
3,164,603
2,403,359
3,453,951
3,176,195
3,550,010
3,564,559
3,593,941
3,759,771
3,871,859
3,944,646
4,120,080

Small

3,580,623
3,932,414
3,138,147
1,732,050
1,462,069
1,198,273
804,980
818,660
743,509641,749
499,541
239,198
205,727
241,206
270,707
230,684

Mini
10,136
5,451
21,124
1,301
16
8,044
520
292
300
2,755
10,200
6,735
1,419
2,456
4,505
5,367
3,076
7,018

TrucksSubtotal
725,586
1,827,286
3,947,160
4,426,762
4,482,130
2,896,216
3,795,852
4,363,168
3,208,639
4,275,366
3,929,904
4,198,494
4,065,519
3,835,595
3,970,003
4,118,432
4,218,429
4,357,782

Chg. (%)
129.5
105.8
127.2
111.2
101.8
86.2
101.0
103.5
54.2
133.2
91.9
106.8
96.8
94.3
103.5
103.7
102.4
103.3

Standard
65,170168,370
332,257
1,196,973
944,737
612,654
530,823
521,848
267,060
397,404
369,973410,251
397,694
408,859
392,531339,821326,120331,004

Small
272,549
643,232
1,548,251
1,029,757
364,376
236,929
86,32989,94648,44752,90853,786
66,652
74,46579,61474,245
44,13842,287
19,082

Notes: 1. Figures represent ex-factory export shipments of motor vehicles manufactured in Japan, which are classified in the above categories as per Japanese law, including the Road Vehicles
cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988. 4. Since December 2017, export figures from one JAMA member manufacturer have not been

14

Mini
13,892
22,07173,177
11,374
8
276
718
162
0
0
8
16
20
0
0
0
0
5

Buses
Subtotal
351,611
833,673
1,953,685
2,238,104
1,309,121
849,859
617,870
611,956
315,507450,312423,767
476,919472,179
488,473
466,776
383,959
368,407350,091

Chg. (%)
120.9
95.3
137.2
108.0
90.6
82.8
100.8
89.0
47.9
142.7
94.1
112.5
99.0
103.5
95.6
82.3
—
—

9,579
16,653
66,11665,60639,96144,734
41,16377,93792,022
115,782
110,742
128,178
136,935
141,556
141,299
131,642
119,012
109,597

Total
Chg. (%)
141.6
104.3
179.4
116.7
113.7
60.8
107.3
139.6
60.0
125.8
95.6
115.7
106.8
103.4
99.8
93.2
—
—

1,086,776
2,677,612
5,966,961
6,730,472
5,831,212
3,790,809
4,454,885
5,053,061
3,616,168
4,841,460
4,464,413
4,803,591
4,674,633
4,465,624
4,578,078
4,634,033
4,705,848
4,817,470

Chg. (%)
126.7
102.3
130.8
110.2
99.1
85.0
101.0
101.9
53.8
133.9
92.2
107.6
97.3
95.5
102.5
101.2
—
—

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Act. 2. Vehicle type classification in this table differs somewhat from that used in Ministry of Finance export data. 3. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
available. 5. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).

15

Motor Vehicles

Exports by Destination● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION & BY VEHICLE TYPE IN 2018

A Rise in Worldwide Motor Vehicle Exports
Motor vehicle exports to all destinations increased in 2018 from the previous year, climbing to North America (1.93
million units), Europe (886,000 units), Asia (635,000 units), the Middle East (476,000), Oceania (438,000 units), Latin
America (324,000 units), and Africa (120,000 units).

● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION IN 2018of which EU 646,943 (13.4%)

MiddleEast
476,157(9.9%)

Asiaof which U.S.A. 1,731,025 (35.9%)

EuropeLatin
America
323,591(6.7%)

Asia
635,045(13.2%)
Africa119,549(2.5%)

Oceania
438,362(9.1%)

1 million units
100,000 units
10,000 units

Note: The “Total” figure includes 9,280 units (0.2%) shipped to other destinations.

● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORT TRENDS BY DESTINATION
Asia

10.5

11.9

Middle East

11.8

Europe(EU)

19.0(15.0)

12.8

11.9

11.6

12.1

9.4

11.0

12.5

19.3
(11.7)

22.3(11.7)

17.7
(8.4)

15.2
(7.9)

In %

12.5

11.6

12.7

12.8

13.2

North
America

14.0

15.0

10.8

9.4

9.9

Latin
America

16.7(10.1)

16.1(11.5)

17.7(13.2)

18.4(13.7)

18.4(13.4)

AfricaNorth
America(U.S.A.)

38.1(33.3)

35.5(32.0)

37.2(34.4)

38.2(35.0)

6.8

8.2

Africa

8.0

7.2

7.7

6.9

4.0

6.8

3.9

3.4

3.5

3.8

4.1

9.6

8.8 0.1

8.5 0.1

9.3

8.7 0.1

8.4 0.2

Other

2009
Year

0.2

10

11

12

41.0
(37.5)

40.9(36.9)

40.0(35.9)

Oceania

Latin America
Oceania16

35.7(31.6)

40.4(36.8)

39.3(35.4)

0.1

13

14

Standard

Small

Mini

Total

Subtotal

0
0
0
126
0
0
0
0
1
0
3,368

26,241
211,556
89,04914,514
1,449
23,76437,41011,94815,168
5,706
49,283565
311,274
3,818
3,569
6,830
12,777
9,776
23,6208,735
12,368

0
0
0
2,368
0
0
1,272
0
0
0
5,955

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0

565
3
11,274
6,186
3,569
6,830
14,0499,776
23,6208,739
18,323

1
219
704
798
10,164309
2,124
22,965
5,065
987
2,687

26,807
211,778
101,027
21,49815,18230,90353,58344,68943,853
15,43270,293

Subtotal

451,708

30,885

3,495

486,088

93,3359,595

4102,934

46,023635,045

BahrainSaudi Arabia
KuwaitOman
IsraelUnited Arab Emirates
Qatar
Other

11,05689,85838,62632,814
41,246123,601
18,47545,176

51
0
148
451
5,590
1,201
232
833

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

11,10789,85838,77433,26546,836
124,80218,70746,0091,262
13,754
1,862
9,876
922
11,958
1,714
11,899

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1,262
13,754
1,862
9,876
922
11,958
1,714
11,899

966
922
1,715
2,962
0
4,592
1,371
1,024

13,335
104,534
42,351
46,10347,758141,352
21,79258,932

Subtotal

400,8528,506

0409,358

53,2470053,247

13,552476,157

SwedenDenmarkUK
Netherlands
Belgium
FranceE Germany
U Spain
Italy
Finland
PolandAustria
GreeceOther
Subtotal
NorwaySwitzerland
RussiaTurkeyUkraineOther

22,2187,586
111,280
16,641
17,00439,865
114,31761,171
32,173
8,243
22,25014,813947
42,218510,726
15,934
14,891
166,357
9,599
15,312
2,931

641
3,269
46,857
5,308
2,593
15,214
15,5572,303
15,274
721
1,757
3,045
2,793
6,694
122,026
750
2,724
408
741
73
382

0
0
0
0
0
3,169
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3,169
224
130
0
0
0
0

22,85910,855
158,137
21,94919,59758,248129,874
63,47447,447
8,964
24,007
17,8583,740
48,912635,921
16,90817,745
166,765
10,34015,385
3,313

2
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
8,580
6
1
66
0
2,317
10,975
350
0
4,840
2,443
673
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
8,580
6
1
66
0
2,317
10,975
350
0
4,840
2,443
673
0

0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
46
0
0
47
0
0
0
0
0
0

22,861
10,855
158,137
21,94919,59858,248129,877
63,47456,027
8,970
24,00817,9703,740
51,229646,943
17,25817,745
171,605
12,783
16,0583,313

Subtotal

735,750

127,104

3,523

866,377

19,2810019,281

47885,705

CanadaU.S.A.

192,836
1,692,898

2,232
4,255

0
0

195,068
1,697,153

3,688
33,872

0
0

0
0

3,688
33,8720
0

198,756
1,731,025

Subtotal

1,885,734

6,487

0

1,892,221

37,5600037,5600

1,929,781

MexicoPuerto Rico
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Chile
BrazilOther

76,44920,263
17,1998,225
15,09147,174
13,71630,662

17,646
69
645
149
485
6,263
7
5,432

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

94,095
20,332
17,844
8,374
15,57653,437
13,72336,094

17,359
51
9,745
2,263
2,761
2,552
0
10,958

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
205

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

17,359
51
9,745
2,263
2,761
2,552
0
11,163

9,042
0
960
1,103
1,052
107
0
5,958

120,496
20,38328,54911,74019,38956,096
13,72353,215

Subtotal

228,779

30,696

0259,475

45,689205

045,894

18,222

323,591

0
7,452
0
0
1,216
32

0
0
0
0
0
0

0
17,375281
4,299
10,143
11,306

0
2,783
300
8
15,352
5,893

1,046
27,540967
4,634
52,29433,068Algeria
Egypt
Nigeria
Kenya
South Africa
Other

1,046
7,382
386
323
25,495
15,254

0
0
0
4
1,304
615

0
0
0
0
0
0

1,046
7,382
386
327
26,79915,869

0
9,923
281
4,299
8,927
11,274

Subtotal

49,8861,923

051,80934,7048,700

043,40424,336

119,549

360
184
38

0
1
0

35,729
4,674
2,670

2,957
432
1,951

377,996
49,948
10,418Australia
New ZealandOther322,373
37,554
5,089

16,937
7,288
708

0
0
0

339,31044,842
5,797

35,3694,489
2,632

Subtotal

365,016

24,9330389,949

42,490582

143,073

5,340

438,362

2,355

150

0

2,505

4,698

0

0

4,698

2,077

9,280

4,120,080

230,684

7,018

4,357,782

331,004

19,0825350,091

109,597

4,817,470

3.7
8.5 0.1

8.5 0.1

9.2

9.1 0.2

Other

18

Grand Totals

17

Subtotal

1,206
1,942
6,000
4,131
3
3,447
7,441
389
54
5,465
807

6.7
2.5

16

Mini

25,035
209,61483,04910,257
1,446
20,31729,96911,55915,113
241
45,108

6.8
2.3

15

Small

South Korea
China
TaiwanHong Kong
ThailandSingapore
Malaysia
Philippines
Indonesia
Pakistan
Other

6.3
2.9

0.2

Buses
Standard

MiddleEast

Total
4,817,470(100%)

TrucksDestination

In vehicle units

North
America
1,929,781(40.0%)

Europe885,705(18.4%)

Passenger Cars

In vehicle units

Note: Since December 2017, export figures from one JAMA member manufacturer have not been available.

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

17

Motorcycles

Production

Motorcycles

Sales

Motorcycle Production Totals 652,000 Units

Motorcycle Sales Total 369,000 Units

Overall domestic motorcycle production in 2018 rose 0.8% over the previous year to 652,000 units. Class 1
motor-driven cycles (50cc and under) increased 8.3% to 141,000 units and Class 2 motor-driven cycles (51cc to 125cc)
surged 76.6% to 59,000 units, but mini-sized motorcycles (126cc to 250cc) decreased 21.9% to 62,000 units andsmall-sized motorcycles (over 250cc) dropped 3.5% to 390,000 units. The combined total for larger motorcycles (allthose over 50cc) slipped 1.1% to 511,000 units.

Domestic motorcycle sales in 2018 totalled 369,000 units, down 3.8% from the previous year. By engine capacity,whereas sales of Class 1 motor-driven cycles (50cc and under) decreased 17.9% to 143,000 units and small-sized
motorcycles (over 250cc) shrank 1.2% to 63,000 units, sales of Class 2 motor-driven cycles (51cc to 125cc) andmini-sized motorcycles (126cc to 250cc) increased 18.9% to 106,000 units and 1.1% to 57,000 units, respectively.
Overall sales of motorcycles with engine capacity over 50cc totalled 226,000 units, an increase of 7.9% over 2017.

● MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION BY ENGINECAPACITY IN 2018
In vehicle units● MOTORCYCLE SALES BY ENGINECAPACITY IN 2018
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTIONx 1 million units● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE SALES
x 1 million units

2

1.5

50cc & Under
140,921(21.6%)
Total
651,884(100%)
Over 250cc
389,854(59.8%)

1

51cc-125cc
59,451(9.1%)

Total
369,114(100%)

126cc-250cc
57,229(15.5%)

1

126cc-250cc
61,658(9.5%)

0.75

Over 250cc
63,220(17.1%)
50cc & Under
143,129(38.8%)

0.5

Total

Total
51cc-125cc
105,536(28.6%)

0.5

Over 50cc

50cc & Under

0.25

Over 50cc

50cc & Under
0
2009
Year

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

● MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION

17

0

18

In vehicle units

2009
Year

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

895,599
1,030,822
2,493,910
2,014,850
1,343,220
951,803
636,546
298,549
108,41787,513104,936
90,88674,94076,56966,43899,319130,149
140,921

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
1,407,205
1,887,701
2,181,206
1,373,423
686,734
1,038,938
630,221260,343
57,42480,63064,50739,56927,67031,52930,886
31,46533,66559,451

Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
259,145
331,733
660,831469,728
270,304
217,738
297,433
279,274
125,384
108,950
104,636
91,925
88,10893,53676,94573,19478,99361,658Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
385,723552,291
1,098,577
678,346
506,637
544,760
851,191
953,419353,676
387,082
365,108
373,093372,591
395,424
348,125
356,558
404,176
389,854

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

In vehicle units

Over 50cc
Subtotal
2,052,073
2,771,725
3,940,614
2,521,497
1,463,675
1,801,436
1,778,845
1,493,036
536,484
576,662534,251
504,587
488,369
520,489455,956
461,217516,834
510,963

Total
2,947,672
3,802,547
6,434,524
4,536,347
2,806,895
2,753,239
2,415,391
1,791,585
644,901
664,175
639,187
595,473
563,309597,058
522,394
560,536
646,983
651,884

Chg. (%)
114.4
84.3
143.8
112.7
100.4
101.0
107.3
103.0
52.6
103.0
96.2
93.2
94.6
106.0
87.5
107.3
115.4
100.8

Notes: 1. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988.
2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

18

11● MOTORCYCLE SALESOver 50cc
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)

10

Year
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
1,978,426
1,646,115
1,213,512
884,718
558,459
470,922
255,561
231,247
257,045
246,095
238,786
228,918
193,842
162,130
174,259
143,129

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
200,238
130,574
169,618
138,115
102,116
88,74765,88896,36895,70290,291
100,947
96,24994,851
101,424
88,765105,536

Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
80,799167,213
165,692
104,175
75,887102,038
48,12737,64538,88345,30655,441
54,31051,27746,42956,58657,229Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
97,281
143,324
103,876
115,430
83,96376,841
63,763
58,10853,36260,71565,28970,151
66,621
62,90864,00363,220Subtotal

Total

378,318
441,111439,186
357,720
261,966
267,626
177,778
192,121
187,947
196,312221,677
220,710
212,749
210,761
209,354
225,985

2,356,744
2,087,226
1,652,698
1,242,438
820,425
738,548
433,339
423,368
444,992
442,407460,463449,628
406,591
372,891
383,613369,114Chg. (%)
122.0
101.5
98.1
102.2
93.6
100.7
76.5
97.7
105.1
99.4
104.1
97.6
90.4
91.7
102.9
96.2

Notes: 1. Motor-driven cycle (Class 1 and Class 2) figures represent shipments to domestic dealers. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result
indexed at 100).

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

19

Motorcycles

Production

Motorcycles

Sales

Motorcycle Production Totals 652,000 Units

Motorcycle Sales Total 369,000 Units

Overall domestic motorcycle production in 2018 rose 0.8% over the previous year to 652,000 units. Class 1
motor-driven cycles (50cc and under) increased 8.3% to 141,000 units and Class 2 motor-driven cycles (51cc to 125cc)
surged 76.6% to 59,000 units, but mini-sized motorcycles (126cc to 250cc) decreased 21.9% to 62,000 units andsmall-sized motorcycles (over 250cc) dropped 3.5% to 390,000 units. The combined total for larger motorcycles (allthose over 50cc) slipped 1.1% to 511,000 units.

Domestic motorcycle sales in 2018 totalled 369,000 units, down 3.8% from the previous year. By engine capacity,whereas sales of Class 1 motor-driven cycles (50cc and under) decreased 17.9% to 143,000 units and small-sized
motorcycles (over 250cc) shrank 1.2% to 63,000 units, sales of Class 2 motor-driven cycles (51cc to 125cc) andmini-sized motorcycles (126cc to 250cc) increased 18.9% to 106,000 units and 1.1% to 57,000 units, respectively.
Overall sales of motorcycles with engine capacity over 50cc totalled 226,000 units, an increase of 7.9% over 2017.

● MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION BY ENGINECAPACITY IN 2018
In vehicle units● MOTORCYCLE SALES BY ENGINECAPACITY IN 2018
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTIONx 1 million units● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE SALES
x 1 million units

2

1.5

50cc & Under
140,921(21.6%)
Total
651,884(100%)
Over 250cc
389,854(59.8%)

1

51cc-125cc
59,451(9.1%)

Total
369,114(100%)

126cc-250cc
57,229(15.5%)

1

126cc-250cc
61,658(9.5%)

0.75

Over 250cc
63,220(17.1%)
50cc & Under
143,129(38.8%)

0.5

Total

Total
51cc-125cc
105,536(28.6%)

0.5

Over 50cc

50cc & Under

0.25

Over 50cc

50cc & Under
0
2009
Year

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

● MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION

17

0

18

In vehicle units

2009
Year

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

895,599
1,030,822
2,493,910
2,014,850
1,343,220
951,803
636,546
298,549
108,41787,513104,936
90,88674,94076,56966,43899,319130,149
140,921

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
1,407,205
1,887,701
2,181,206
1,373,423
686,734
1,038,938
630,221260,343
57,42480,63064,50739,56927,67031,52930,886
31,46533,66559,451

Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
259,145
331,733
660,831469,728
270,304
217,738
297,433
279,274
125,384
108,950
104,636
91,925
88,10893,53676,94573,19478,99361,658Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
385,723552,291
1,098,577
678,346
506,637
544,760
851,191
953,419353,676
387,082
365,108
373,093372,591
395,424
348,125
356,558
404,176
389,854

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

In vehicle units

Over 50cc
Subtotal
2,052,073
2,771,725
3,940,614
2,521,497
1,463,675
1,801,436
1,778,845
1,493,036
536,484
576,662534,251
504,587
488,369
520,489455,956
461,217516,834
510,963

Total
2,947,672
3,802,547
6,434,524
4,536,347
2,806,895
2,753,239
2,415,391
1,791,585
644,901
664,175
639,187
595,473
563,309597,058
522,394
560,536
646,983
651,884

Chg. (%)
114.4
84.3
143.8
112.7
100.4
101.0
107.3
103.0
52.6
103.0
96.2
93.2
94.6
106.0
87.5
107.3
115.4
100.8

Notes: 1. KD sets have been excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988.
2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

18

11● MOTORCYCLE SALESOver 50cc
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)

10

Year
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
1,978,426
1,646,115
1,213,512
884,718
558,459
470,922
255,561
231,247
257,045
246,095
238,786
228,918
193,842
162,130
174,259
143,129

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
200,238
130,574
169,618
138,115
102,116
88,74765,88896,36895,70290,291
100,947
96,24994,851
101,424
88,765105,536

Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
80,799167,213
165,692
104,175
75,887102,038
48,12737,64538,88345,30655,441
54,31051,27746,42956,58657,229Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
97,281
143,324
103,876
115,430
83,96376,841
63,763
58,10853,36260,71565,28970,151
66,621
62,90864,00363,220Subtotal

Total

378,318
441,111439,186
357,720
261,966
267,626
177,778
192,121
187,947
196,312221,677
220,710
212,749
210,761
209,354
225,985

2,356,744
2,087,226
1,652,698
1,242,438
820,425
738,548
433,339
423,368
444,992
442,407460,463449,628
406,591
372,891
383,613369,114Chg. (%)
122.0
101.5
98.1
102.2
93.6
100.7
76.5
97.7
105.1
99.4
104.1
97.6
90.4
91.7
102.9
96.2

Notes: 1. Motor-driven cycle (Class 1 and Class 2) figures represent shipments to domestic dealers. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result
indexed at 100).

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

19

Motorcycles

Motorcycles in Use

Motorcycles

Exports

10.73 Million Motorcycles in Use

Motorcycle Exports Total 457,000 UnitsAt March 31, 2018, motorcycles in use in Japan totalled 10.73 million units, down 2.1% from the previous year. By
engine capacity, Class 1 motor-driven cycles, accounting for 49.9% of all motorcycles in use, dropped 4.7% to 5.35
million units in 2018, whereas small-sized motorcycles, Class 2 motor-driven cycles, and mini-sized motorcycles in use
rose 1.0%, 0.8%, and 0.3%, to 1.66 million, 1.75 million, and 1.97 million units respectively. Thus, motorcycles over
50cc in use increased 0.7%, to a total of 5.38 million units.

Motorcycle exports in 2018 decreased 1.4% from the previous year to 457,000 units. By engine capacity, exports ofClass 1 motor-driven cycles rose 2.8% to 17,000 units and exports of Class 2 motor-driven cycles climbed 22.1% to31,000 units, whereas mini-sized motorcycle and small-sized motorcycle exports fell 8.0% and 2.1%, to 54,000 units
and 355,000 units respectively.

● MOTORCYCLES IN USE BY ENGINECAPACITY (at March 31, 2018) In vehicle units● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY ENGINECAPACITY IN 2018
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLES IN USE(at March 31 yearly)
x 1 million units● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS
x 1 million units
1.6

20

16

Over 250cc
1,657,613(15.5%)
Total
126cc-250cc
1,966,973(18.3%)

Total
10,730,337(100%)

126cc-250cc
53,895 (11.8%)
Total
456,758(100%)

850cc & Under

1.2

51cc-125cc
30,999 (6.8%)

1250cc & Under
5,353,473(49.9%)

51cc-125cc
1,752,278(16.3%)

50cc & Under
17,025(3.7%)

0.8

Over 250cc
354,839(77.7%)

Over 50cc

Total

50cc & Under

0
2009
Year

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

● MOTORCYCLES IN USE (at March 31 yearly)

17

18

In vehicle units

2009
Year

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

3,727,426
4,851,140
8,794,335
14,609,399
13,539,269
11,165,390
9,643,487
8,566,613
7,694,009
7,448,862
7,154,455
6,899,459
6,661,807
6,438,002
6,188,710
5,899,276
5,615,360
5,353,473

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
4,431,745
3,132,818
2,281,006
1,747,957
1,517,228
1,421,031
1,337,395
1,353,732
1,479,588
1,511,440
1,540,667
1,582,925
1,626,094
1,674,884
1,704,083
1,717,092
1,737,911
1,752,278

Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
583,316
492,307506,567
1,047,426
1,669,771
1,823,446
1,704,522
1,857,439
1,996,311
1,992,939
1,975,623
1,959,845
1,969,187
1,980,411
1,978,462
1,970,471
1,961,109
1,966,973

Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
109,771276,715
383,639775,627
1,045,519
1,177,229
1,288,399
1,397,392
1,505,304
1,524,176
1,535,181
1,542,856
1,566,341
1,595,335
1,611,089
1,628,461
1,641,580
1,657,613

11

12

13

14

0
15

16

17

18

In vehicle units

Over 50cc
Subtotal
5,124,832
3,901,840
3,171,212
3,571,010
4,232,518
4,421,706
4,330,316
4,608,563
4,981,203
5,028,555
5,051,471
5,085,626
5,161,622
5,250,630
5,293,634
5,316,024
5,340,600
5,376,864

Total
8,852,258
8,752,980
11,965,547
18,180,409
17,771,787
15,587,096
13,973,803
13,175,176
12,675,212
12,477,417
12,205,926
11,985,085
11,823,429
11,688,632
11,482,344
11,215,300
10,955,960
10,730,337

Chg. (%)
100.5
101.9
109.8
104.8
97.6
98.0
98.0
99.3
99.1
98.4
97.8
98.2
98.7
98.9
98.2
97.7
97.7
97.9

Notes: 1. Motor-driven cycle data is as at April 1, and since 2006 motorcycles with engine capacity of 125cc and under whose owners fail to pay the mandatory motorcycle ownership tax
are not included in this data. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; since 2006 (only for the 125cc-and-under categories), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

20

10● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS

Over 50cc
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)

0.4

Over 50cc

4

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
326,815
288,843
501,027
369,167
147,301
61,62782,03857,86014,493
11,522
19,745
17,794
12,56012,778
11,761
16,031
16,55917,025Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
914,325
1,546,170
1,907,481
1,350,412
507,840
691,433
549,040
197,378
44,70848,97645,85335,57927,676
29,77130,82330,181
25,39530,999Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
187,185
328,313548,306
296,865
117,222
129,961
204,591
177,824
101,298
85,506
83,59469,96364,56663,891
59,85159,80558,61153,895

Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
309,277
527,344972,226
525,038
411,381442,689805,508
899,161
383,380
347,460
355,793355,827
326,095
359,144
315,214322,602362,558
354,839

Subtotal
1,410,787
2,401,827
3,428,013
2,172,315
1,036,443
1,264,083
1,559,139
1,274,363
529,386
481,942
485,240
461,369
418,337
452,806
405,888412,588446,564
439,733

Total
1,737,602
2,690,670
3,929,040
2,541,482
1,183,744
1,325,710
1,641,177
1,332,223
543,879
493,464
504,985
479,163430,897
465,584
417,649
428,619
463,123456,758

Chg. (%)
133.8
83.0
144.0
119.7
107.3
94.2
116.1
100.4
54.3
90.7
102.3
94.9
89.9
108.0
89.7
102.6
108.1
98.6

Notes: 1. Figures represent ex-factory export shipments of motorcycles manufactured in Japan. 2. Class 2 motor-driven cycles include three-wheeled motor-driven cycles. 3. KD sets havebeen excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988. 4. “Chg. (%)” meanschange from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

21

Motorcycles

Motorcycles in Use

Motorcycles

Exports

10.73 Million Motorcycles in Use

Motorcycle Exports Total 457,000 UnitsAt March 31, 2018, motorcycles in use in Japan totalled 10.73 million units, down 2.1% from the previous year. By
engine capacity, Class 1 motor-driven cycles, accounting for 49.9% of all motorcycles in use, dropped 4.7% to 5.35
million units in 2018, whereas small-sized motorcycles, Class 2 motor-driven cycles, and mini-sized motorcycles in use
rose 1.0%, 0.8%, and 0.3%, to 1.66 million, 1.75 million, and 1.97 million units respectively. Thus, motorcycles over
50cc in use increased 0.7%, to a total of 5.38 million units.

Motorcycle exports in 2018 decreased 1.4% from the previous year to 457,000 units. By engine capacity, exports ofClass 1 motor-driven cycles rose 2.8% to 17,000 units and exports of Class 2 motor-driven cycles climbed 22.1% to31,000 units, whereas mini-sized motorcycle and small-sized motorcycle exports fell 8.0% and 2.1%, to 54,000 units
and 355,000 units respectively.

● MOTORCYCLES IN USE BY ENGINECAPACITY (at March 31, 2018) In vehicle units● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY ENGINECAPACITY IN 2018
In vehicle units● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLES IN USE(at March 31 yearly)
x 1 million units● TRENDS IN MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS
x 1 million units
1.6

20

16

Over 250cc
1,657,613(15.5%)
Total
126cc-250cc
1,966,973(18.3%)

Total
10,730,337(100%)

126cc-250cc
53,895 (11.8%)
Total
456,758(100%)

850cc & Under

1.2

51cc-125cc
30,999 (6.8%)

1250cc & Under
5,353,473(49.9%)

51cc-125cc
1,752,278(16.3%)

50cc & Under
17,025(3.7%)

0.8

Over 250cc
354,839(77.7%)

Over 50cc

Total

50cc & Under

0
2009
Year

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

● MOTORCYCLES IN USE (at March 31 yearly)

17

18

In vehicle units

2009
Year

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

3,727,426
4,851,140
8,794,335
14,609,399
13,539,269
11,165,390
9,643,487
8,566,613
7,694,009
7,448,862
7,154,455
6,899,459
6,661,807
6,438,002
6,188,710
5,899,276
5,615,360
5,353,473

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
4,431,745
3,132,818
2,281,006
1,747,957
1,517,228
1,421,031
1,337,395
1,353,732
1,479,588
1,511,440
1,540,667
1,582,925
1,626,094
1,674,884
1,704,083
1,717,092
1,737,911
1,752,278

Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
583,316
492,307506,567
1,047,426
1,669,771
1,823,446
1,704,522
1,857,439
1,996,311
1,992,939
1,975,623
1,959,845
1,969,187
1,980,411
1,978,462
1,970,471
1,961,109
1,966,973

Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
109,771276,715
383,639775,627
1,045,519
1,177,229
1,288,399
1,397,392
1,505,304
1,524,176
1,535,181
1,542,856
1,566,341
1,595,335
1,611,089
1,628,461
1,641,580
1,657,613

11

12

13

14

0
15

16

17

18

In vehicle units

Over 50cc
Subtotal
5,124,832
3,901,840
3,171,212
3,571,010
4,232,518
4,421,706
4,330,316
4,608,563
4,981,203
5,028,555
5,051,471
5,085,626
5,161,622
5,250,630
5,293,634
5,316,024
5,340,600
5,376,864

Total
8,852,258
8,752,980
11,965,547
18,180,409
17,771,787
15,587,096
13,973,803
13,175,176
12,675,212
12,477,417
12,205,926
11,985,085
11,823,429
11,688,632
11,482,344
11,215,300
10,955,960
10,730,337

Chg. (%)
100.5
101.9
109.8
104.8
97.6
98.0
98.0
99.3
99.1
98.4
97.8
98.2
98.7
98.9
98.2
97.7
97.7
97.9

Notes: 1. Motor-driven cycle data is as at April 1, and since 2006 motorcycles with engine capacity of 125cc and under whose owners fail to pay the mandatory motorcycle ownership tax
are not included in this data. 2. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; since 2006 (only for the 125cc-and-under categories), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

20

10● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS

Over 50cc
Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)

0.4

Over 50cc

4

Year
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)
326,815
288,843
501,027
369,167
147,301
61,62782,03857,86014,493
11,522
19,745
17,794
12,56012,778
11,761
16,031
16,55917,025Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)
914,325
1,546,170
1,907,481
1,350,412
507,840
691,433
549,040
197,378
44,70848,97645,85335,57927,676
29,77130,82330,181
25,39530,999Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)
187,185
328,313548,306
296,865
117,222
129,961
204,591
177,824
101,298
85,506
83,59469,96364,56663,891
59,85159,80558,61153,895

Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)
309,277
527,344972,226
525,038
411,381442,689805,508
899,161
383,380
347,460
355,793355,827
326,095
359,144
315,214322,602362,558
354,839

Subtotal
1,410,787
2,401,827
3,428,013
2,172,315
1,036,443
1,264,083
1,559,139
1,274,363
529,386
481,942
485,240
461,369
418,337
452,806
405,888412,588446,564
439,733

Total
1,737,602
2,690,670
3,929,040
2,541,482
1,183,744
1,325,710
1,641,177
1,332,223
543,879
493,464
504,985
479,163430,897
465,584
417,649
428,619
463,123456,758

Chg. (%)
133.8
83.0
144.0
119.7
107.3
94.2
116.1
100.4
54.3
90.7
102.3
94.9
89.9
108.0
89.7
102.6
108.1
98.6

Notes: 1. Figures represent ex-factory export shipments of motorcycles manufactured in Japan. 2. Class 2 motor-driven cycles include three-wheeled motor-driven cycles. 3. KD sets havebeen excluded since 1979; they represent less than 60% of the cost of compositional components per vehicle and have been treated as components since 1988. 4. “Chg. (%)” meanschange from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

21

Motorcycles

Exports by Destination● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION & BY ENGINE CAPACITY IN 2018

An Increase in Motorcycle Exports to North America

Over 50cc

Compared to the previous year, motorcycle exports in 2018 increased to North America (139,000 units), but declined
to Europe (218,000 units), Asia (32,000 units), Oceania (29,000 units), Latin America (23,000 units), Africa (12,000
units), and the Middle East (4,000 units).

In vehicle units

North
America
139,108(30.4%)

Europe217,575(47.6%)of which EU 205,698 (45.0%)

MiddleEastof which U.S.A. 118,678 (26.0%)
EuropeMiddleEast
4,106(0.9%)

Total
456,758(100%)
Latin
America
22,716(5.0%)

Asia
32,487(7.1%)
Africa12,179(2.7%)

Oceania
28,587(6.3%)

100,000 units
10,000 units
1,000 units● MOTORCYCLE EXPORT TRENDS BY DESTINATION
Asia

9.6
0.7

Middle East

Europe(EU)

38.8(37.1)

8.3
0.8

46.2
(44.4)

7.7
0.8

34.5
(33.1)

4.9
1.2

4.5
0.9

34.1
(31.9)

34.3(31.7)

In %

5.7
0.8

37.5
(34.6)

7.1
1.2

40.9
(38.1)

5.9
1.4

7.3
1.0

7.1
0.9

47.0
(44.1)

48.5(45.8)

47.6(45.0)

North
America
Latin
America

AfricaNorth
America(U.S.A.)

33.6(29.5)

21.5(17.8)

7.9
Latin America
AfricaOceania22

35.5(32.6)

38.4(34.8)

41.4(36.4)

39.4(34.9)

10.1

7.9

4.2

4.0

3.6

5.8
3.6

10.1

8.2

7.3

7.4

10

11

12

13

5.2

8.2
2009
Year

30.2
(26.1)

28.4(24.3)

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 2(51cc-125cc)

Mini-Sized
Motorcycles(126cc-250cc)

South Korea
China
TaiwanHong Kong
ThailandSingapore
Malaysia
Philippines
Indonesia
Other

0
0
0
126
0
0
0
54
9
16

14
0
1,340
0
3
180
0
106
291
5

7
0
0
59
678
230
0
66
3,560
122

4,560
2,315
3,122
1,763
6,461
1,389
2,524
1,905
415
1,167

4,581
2,315
4,462
1,822
7,142
1,799
2,524
2,077
4,266
1,294

4,581
2,315
4,462
1,948
7,142
1,799
2,524
2,131
4,275
1,310

Subtotal

205

1,939

4,722

25,62132,282

32,487

Saudi Arabia
IsraelUnited Arab Emirates
Other

0
54
33
3

28
102
66
21

22
165
68
78

507
1,669
537
753

557
1,936
671
852

557
1,990
704
855

Subtotal

30.4(26.0)

6.7

Oceania

4.9

4.1
4.4

7.2

7.2

14

15

7.0

5.4
3.1
6.3

5.0
2.7
6.3

16

17

18

Small-Sized
Motorcycles(Over 250cc)

Subtotal

Total

90

217

333

3,466

4,016

4,106

SwedenDenmarkUK
Netherlands
Belgium
FranceGermany
E Portugal
U Spain
Italy
PolandAustria
Hungary
GreeceSlovenia
Czech Republic
Other

0
0
0
0
0
2,199
516
0
213
243
0
0
0
30
36
0
3

2
12
0
843
0
2,728
1,362
0
295
440
0
10
9
42
52
0
23

170
42
508
1,493
61
2,129
1,221
35
291
2,303
36
75
5
12
96
10
212

1,160
744
9,496
37,105
1,818
43,37830,226
2,386
16,22436,156
1,032
2,086
1,164
1,588
708
1,410
1,260

1,332
798
10,00439,441
1,879
48,23532,8092,421
16,81038,899
1,068
2,171
1,178
1,642
856
1,420
1,495

1,332
798
10,00439,441
1,879
50,43433,3252,421
17,02339,142
1,068
2,171
1,178
1,672
892
1,420
1,498

Subtotal

3,240

5,818

8,699

187,941

202,458

205,698

787
7,360
2,383
953
292

787
7,423
2,383
992
292

NorwaySwitzerland
TurkeyRussia
Other

0
63
0
39
0

2
110
12
50
0

77
300
2
32
2

708
6,950
2,369
871
290

Subtotal

3,342

5,992

9,112

199,129

214,233

217,575

CanadaU.S.A.

1,149
9,630

1,824
9,952

3,897
20,62013,56078,476

19,281109,048

20,430118,678

Subtotal

10,779

11,776

24,517

92,036

128,329

139,108

MexicoGuatemalaPanamaColombia
Peru
Chile
BrazilArgentina
Other

108
3
0
0
6
60
0
0
62

14
39
2
121
38
132
0
61
93

167
479
151
2,013
20
537
219
194
720

2,015
223
294
2,162
135
1,366
8,115
2,077
1,090

2,196
741
447
4,296
193
2,035
8,334
2,332
1,903

2,304
744
447
4,296
199
2,095
8,334
2,332
1,965

Subtotal

239

500

4,500

17,47722,47722,716

Guinea
Togo
Mali
Niger
Dem Rep Congo
Ethiopia
Kenya
UgandaSouth Africa
Other

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
78
3

0
880
1,080
580
1,324
0
118
616
346
943

210
720
424
350
50
380
115
24
642
963

0
0
0
0
0
275
0
0
913
1,145

210
1,600
1,504
930
1,374
655
233
640
1,901
3,051

210
1,600
1,504
930
1,374
655
233
640
1,979
3,054

81

5,887

3,878

2,333

12,098

12,179Australia
New Zealand
Other

1,794
483
12

3,412
1,216
60

4,789
1,848
196

12,987
1,615
175

21,1884,679
431

22,982
5,162
443

Subtotal

2,289

4,688

6,833

14,777

26,29828,587

17,02530,99953,895354,839439,733

456,758

Subtotal

9.1

4.6
4.5

32.0
(27.6)

Motor-Driven
Cycles Class 1(50cc & Under)

Destination
Asia● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION IN 2018

In vehicle units

Grand Totals

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

23

Assisted-Mobility Vehicles

Assisted-Mobility Vehicles

Road Safety

Road Safety

Assisted-Mobility Vehicle Sales Total 44,000 Units

Promoting Greater Road Safety

In 2018 sales of assisted-mobility vehicles were up 0.5% from the previous year to total 44,000 units.
Assisted-mobility vehicles provide a comfortable and convenient means of displacement for people with otherwise
limited mobility, such as elderly persons and the physically disabled. They also play an essential role in the provisionof public transportation services for all users. Japan’s automakers have been working to enhance the convenience ofassisted-mobility vehicles and thereby provide their users with optimal-quality mobility.

Road safety involves three factors—road users, road infrastructure, and vehicles. Accordingly, those three factors are
the focus of JAMA’s and its member manufacturers’ road safety activities (for the latter’s vehicle-related measures forincreased active and passive safety, see page 27). JAMA’s activities promoting greater road safety target, throughvarious channels, road users, and JAMA also regularly submits to Japan’s relevant authorities recommendations onroad infrastructure-related measures for increased safety and convenience in road use.

● TRENDS IN ASSISTED-MOBILITY VEHICLE SALESIn 2018 road fatalities (defined here as deaths occurring within 24 hours after accident) in Japan dropped to 3,532,
the lowest level recorded since the start of road fatality data compilation in 1948 by the National Police Agency.
Road accidents and road injuries also declined, for the fourteenth consecutive year, to 430,601 and 525,846
respectively. Seatbelt use is a major contributing factor to reduced fatalities and reduced injuries in road traffic
accidents. The June 2008 revision to the Road Traffic Act requires all automobile occupants, including rear-seat
occupants, to use seatbelts. Although the rate of use of rear seatbelts in 2018 stood at 38.0% on regular roads andat 74.2% on expressways, those rates remain low compared to the rate of use of front seatbelts, which approaches
100%. Further measures are needed to encourage rear-seat occupants to buckle up.

Fiscal Year2014

In vehicle units

2015

2016

2017

2018

50,000Buses
Mini-Vehicles
Standard &Small Vehicles

40,00030,00020,000● ROAD ACCIDENTS/INJURIES/FATALITIES
2,000,000

10,00020,000Injuries
0Standard & Small Vehicles

Chg. (%)
Wheelchair-accessible vehicles
Vehicles with elevator seats
Vehicles with revolving seats
Vehicles with drive-assist systems
Wheelchair vans (multiple capacity)

Mini-Vehicles

Chg. (%)

Wheelchair-accessible vehicles
Vehicles with elevator seats
Vehicles with revolving seats
Vehicles with drive-assist systems

Buses

Chg. (%)

Total

Chg. (%)

25,004102.6
14,013
10,065—552
374
18,560120.0
14,487
4,055
—
18
4,305
98.9
47,869108.3

23,398
93.6
13,525
7,454
1,552
427
440
15,83785.3
12,705
2,848
273
11
5,510
128.0
44,74593.5

24,380104.2
14,493
6,217
2,838
370
462
13,79687.1
11,112
2,491
193
0
6,308
114.5
44,48499.4

23,04094.5
14,455
5,451
2,245
264
625
14,446104.7
11,444
2,748
254
0
6,008
95.2
43,49497.8

22,07595.8
13,519
5,991
1,783
129
653
16,615115.0
13,933
2,455
227
0
5,022
83.6
43,712100.5

Notes: 1. JAMA member manufacturers provided the unit sales figures here, which do not include vehicles customized post-purchase. 2. Buses include minibuses. 3. “Standard & Small
Vehicles” includes passenger cars and van-type commercial vehicles; definitions for “standard” and “small” vehicles here differ from those in Japan’s Road Vehicles Act. 4. Vehicles withelevator seats and vehicles with revolving seats have been calculated separately since 2015; figures for “Vehicles with elevator seats” prior to 2015 include vehicles with revolving seats.
5. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

1,500,000

15,000

Accidents

1,000,000

10,000500,000

5,000

Vehicle Type
Nursing careSelf-operating

Other

24

Vehicle Feature

Description

Wheelchair-accessible(with ramp or lift)

Equipped with a ramp or an electrically-operated lift that allows
boarding/deboarding while remaining seated in a wheelchair.
Some types of ramps are operated electrically.

Elevator seat

Equipped with a powered passenger or rear seat that, once rotatedand slid out to the exterior, can be lowered to adjustable positions
for easy boarding/exiting. Assists those who have considerable
difficulty in boarding/exiting as well as wheelchair users.

Revolving seats
Revolving sliding seats
Revolving tilting seats

Passenger seats can be rotated, rotated and slid out, or rotated
and tilted to the exterior. Helpful for easy boarding/exiting.

Drive-assist system

Equipped with drive-assist devices, such as a left-foot accelerator
and hand/foot-operated equipment, so that it can be driven by thephysically disabled.

Assisted-mobility bus

A “non-step” bus equipped with an electric lift or ramp allowing
boarding/deboarding while seated in a wheelchair. Their use inlocal intra-community transport is being promoted.

(Number of
persons)(Number ofaccidents)

0

0
1970
Year

1975

1980

1985

1990

● ROAD ACCIDENTS/INJURIES/FATALITIES(exact figures)
Year● TYPES OF ASSISTED-MOBILITY VEHICLES

Fatalities(Number of
persons)

1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Accidents
718,080
472,938
476,677552,788
643,097
761,794
931,950
934,346
737,637
725,924
692,084
665,157
629,033
573,842536,899499,201
472,165
430,601

Injuries

Fatalities(Number of
persons)(Number of
persons)

981,096
622,467
598,719
681,346
790,295
922,677
1,155,707
1,157,113
911,215896,297854,613825,392
781,492
711,374
666,023
618,853
580,850
525,846

16,765
10,792
8,760
9,261
11,227
10,684
9,073
6,937
4,979
4,948
4,691
4,438
4,388
4,113
4,117
3,904
3,694
3,532

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

● SEATBELT USE RATES BY SEAT POSITION
Driver’s seat Front passenger’s seat Rear seatIn %Regular Roads
96.6 97.3 97.5 97.7 98.0 98.2 98.4 98.5 98.6 98.8
90.8 92.2 92.7 93.2 93.9 93.9 94.6 94.9 95.2 95.9

100
80
60

33.5 33.1 33.2 33.2 35.1 35.1 35.1 36.0 36.4 38.0

40
20

2009
Year

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

0

Expressways
99.2 99.2 99.3 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.5 99.6
96.9 97.0 97.3 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.0 98.0 98.3 98.5
70.3 71.3 71.8 74.4 74.2
63.4 63.7 63.5 65.4 68.2

100
80
60
40
20

Source: National Police Agency

2009
Year

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

0

Notes: 1. The survey on seatbelt use is conducted annually in October. 2. 2018 survey
samples totalled roughly 410,000 on regular roads and 89,000 on expressways.
Sources: National Police Agency; Japan Automobile Federation

25

Assisted-Mobility Vehicles

Assisted-Mobility Vehicles

Road Safety

Road Safety

Assisted-Mobility Vehicle Sales Total 44,000 Units

Promoting Greater Road Safety

In 2018 sales of assisted-mobility vehicles were up 0.5% from the previous year to total 44,000 units.
Assisted-mobility vehicles provide a comfortable and convenient means of displacement for people with otherwise
limited mobility, such as elderly persons and the physically disabled. They also play an essential role in the provisionof public transportation services for all users. Japan’s automakers have been working to enhance the convenience ofassisted-mobility vehicles and thereby provide their users with optimal-quality mobility.

Road safety involves three factors—road users, road infrastructure, and vehicles. Accordingly, those three factors are
the focus of JAMA’s and its member manufacturers’ road safety activities (for the latter’s vehicle-related measures forincreased active and passive safety, see page 27). JAMA’s activities promoting greater road safety target, throughvarious channels, road users, and JAMA also regularly submits to Japan’s relevant authorities recommendations onroad infrastructure-related measures for increased safety and convenience in road use.

● TRENDS IN ASSISTED-MOBILITY VEHICLE SALESIn 2018 road fatalities (defined here as deaths occurring within 24 hours after accident) in Japan dropped to 3,532,
the lowest level recorded since the start of road fatality data compilation in 1948 by the National Police Agency.
Road accidents and road injuries also declined, for the fourteenth consecutive year, to 430,601 and 525,846
respectively. Seatbelt use is a major contributing factor to reduced fatalities and reduced injuries in road traffic
accidents. The June 2008 revision to the Road Traffic Act requires all automobile occupants, including rear-seat
occupants, to use seatbelts. Although the rate of use of rear seatbelts in 2018 stood at 38.0% on regular roads andat 74.2% on expressways, those rates remain low compared to the rate of use of front seatbelts, which approaches
100%. Further measures are needed to encourage rear-seat occupants to buckle up.

Fiscal Year2014

In vehicle units

2015

2016

2017

2018

50,000Buses
Mini-Vehicles
Standard &Small Vehicles

40,00030,00020,000● ROAD ACCIDENTS/INJURIES/FATALITIES
2,000,000

10,00020,000Injuries
0Standard & Small Vehicles

Chg. (%)
Wheelchair-accessible vehicles
Vehicles with elevator seats
Vehicles with revolving seats
Vehicles with drive-assist systems
Wheelchair vans (multiple capacity)

Mini-Vehicles

Chg. (%)

Wheelchair-accessible vehicles
Vehicles with elevator seats
Vehicles with revolving seats
Vehicles with drive-assist systems

Buses

Chg. (%)

Total

Chg. (%)

25,004102.6
14,013
10,065—552
374
18,560120.0
14,487
4,055
—
18
4,305
98.9
47,869108.3

23,398
93.6
13,525
7,454
1,552
427
440
15,83785.3
12,705
2,848
273
11
5,510
128.0
44,74593.5

24,380104.2
14,493
6,217
2,838
370
462
13,79687.1
11,112
2,491
193
0
6,308
114.5
44,48499.4

23,04094.5
14,455
5,451
2,245
264
625
14,446104.7
11,444
2,748
254
0
6,008
95.2
43,49497.8

22,07595.8
13,519
5,991
1,783
129
653
16,615115.0
13,933
2,455
227
0
5,022
83.6
43,712100.5

Notes: 1. JAMA member manufacturers provided the unit sales figures here, which do not include vehicles customized post-purchase. 2. Buses include minibuses. 3. “Standard & Small
Vehicles” includes passenger cars and van-type commercial vehicles; definitions for “standard” and “small” vehicles here differ from those in Japan’s Road Vehicles Act. 4. Vehicles withelevator seats and vehicles with revolving seats have been calculated separately since 2015; figures for “Vehicles with elevator seats” prior to 2015 include vehicles with revolving seats.
5. “Chg. (%)” means change from the previous year (with the previous year’s result indexed at 100).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

1,500,000

15,000

Accidents

1,000,000

10,000500,000

5,000

Vehicle Type
Nursing careSelf-operating

Other

24

Vehicle Feature

Description

Wheelchair-accessible(with ramp or lift)

Equipped with a ramp or an electrically-operated lift that allows
boarding/deboarding while remaining seated in a wheelchair.
Some types of ramps are operated electrically.

Elevator seat

Equipped with a powered passenger or rear seat that, once rotatedand slid out to the exterior, can be lowered to adjustable positions
for easy boarding/exiting. Assists those who have considerable
difficulty in boarding/exiting as well as wheelchair users.

Revolving seats
Revolving sliding seats
Revolving tilting seats

Passenger seats can be rotated, rotated and slid out, or rotated
and tilted to the exterior. Helpful for easy boarding/exiting.

Drive-assist system

Equipped with drive-assist devices, such as a left-foot accelerator
and hand/foot-operated equipment, so that it can be driven by thephysically disabled.

Assisted-mobility bus

A “non-step” bus equipped with an electric lift or ramp allowing
boarding/deboarding while seated in a wheelchair. Their use inlocal intra-community transport is being promoted.

(Number of
persons)(Number ofaccidents)

0

0
1970
Year

1975

1980

1985

1990

● ROAD ACCIDENTS/INJURIES/FATALITIES(exact figures)
Year● TYPES OF ASSISTED-MOBILITY VEHICLES

Fatalities(Number of
persons)

1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Accidents
718,080
472,938
476,677552,788
643,097
761,794
931,950
934,346
737,637
725,924
692,084
665,157
629,033
573,842536,899499,201
472,165
430,601

Injuries

Fatalities(Number of
persons)(Number of
persons)

981,096
622,467
598,719
681,346
790,295
922,677
1,155,707
1,157,113
911,215896,297854,613825,392
781,492
711,374
666,023
618,853
580,850
525,846

16,765
10,792
8,760
9,261
11,227
10,684
9,073
6,937
4,979
4,948
4,691
4,438
4,388
4,113
4,117
3,904
3,694
3,532

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

● SEATBELT USE RATES BY SEAT POSITION
Driver’s seat Front passenger’s seat Rear seatIn %Regular Roads
96.6 97.3 97.5 97.7 98.0 98.2 98.4 98.5 98.6 98.8
90.8 92.2 92.7 93.2 93.9 93.9 94.6 94.9 95.2 95.9

100
80
60

33.5 33.1 33.2 33.2 35.1 35.1 35.1 36.0 36.4 38.0

40
20

2009
Year

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

0

Expressways
99.2 99.2 99.3 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.5 99.6
96.9 97.0 97.3 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.0 98.0 98.3 98.5
70.3 71.3 71.8 74.4 74.2
63.4 63.7 63.5 65.4 68.2

100
80
60
40
20

Source: National Police Agency

2009
Year

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

0

Notes: 1. The survey on seatbelt use is conducted annually in October. 2. 2018 survey
samples totalled roughly 410,000 on regular roads and 89,000 on expressways.
Sources: National Police Agency; Japan Automobile Federation

25

Road Safety

ITS and ASVs

Road Safety

Wider ITS Applications and Advanced Safety Vehicle Technologies

Equipping More Vehicles with Advanced Safety Features

Intelligent Transport Systems aim to radically improve transport safety, efficiency and convenience through the use of
information and communication technologies integrating road users, road infrastructure, and vehicles. More than 20
years have passed since the Japanese government formulated its Comprehensive Concept for the Promotion of ITS in
1996, during which time the deployment of ITS technologies has seen broad expansion. Advanced navigation systems
are in wide use, as are ETC (electronic toll collection) and smart highway toll stations using ETC exclusively. Numerous
technologies developed on the basis of Advanced Safety Vehicle (ASV) research are also in application.

The automotive industry continuously strives for greater active safety by upgrading vehicle safety equipment andexpanding its onboard installation rates, to help prevent accident occurrence. For example, 77.9% of the totality ofpassenger cars produced in 2017 for the domestic market were equipped with forward collision-mitigation braking
systems (including those for low-speed vehicle operation) and 65.2% with systems enabling accelerator suppression in
the event of pedal misapplication. Automakers also continuously seek to increase passive safety through enhanced
structural safety and vehicle features designed to mitigate injury when accidents do occur.

EXPANDING AVAILABILTY OF ASV TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MARKET● SAFETY FEATURE ONBOARD INSTALLATION STATUS(for passenger cars produced in 2017 for home market)

As a result of research conducted on the Advanced Safety Vehicle (ASV) concept, a wide range of vehicle safety features, including lane-keeping assist systems,
full-range adaptive cruise control systems and collision-mitigation braking systems, have been developed in the area of safe-driving assistance. Most of theseadvanced technologies have already been introduced to the market (see page 27 for details on the status of their onboard installation).

● PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF ASV TECHNOLOGIES
1. Lane-Keeping Assist
Sensors (cameras) positionedon the vehicle monitor theroad ahead and, throughauxiliary control of thesteering wheel, help keep
the vehicle centered in thelane whenever the vehicle
deviates from its course
because of, for example, acrosswind or road surface
unevenness.

Lane-keeping assist

Lane departure warning
Area
Area
monitored monitored

3. Collision-Mitigation Braking System (pre-crash safety)

Safety Feature
ActiveSafetyBased on the distance from and speed relative to the vehicle ahead obtained
principally by means of radar technology, the system’s electronic control unit calculates
the risk of collision. In the event of such a risk, multiple warnings are emitted andauxiliary braking is applied. When a collision is imminent, full braking power isapplied and seatbelts are retracted automatically.

Radar sensors and a camera continuously monitor the distance to the vehicle ahead.

2. Full-Range Adaptive Cruise Control
Information from front sensors helps a vehicle keep a safe distance from thevehicle ahead through brake or speed control according to a preset vehicle speed.
When vehicle ahead slows down,
auxiliary braking is activated.

Auxiliary braking activatedWhen the distance to the vehicle ahead narrows dangerously, multiple warnings
are emitted and auxiliary braking is automatically applied.

Monitoring of distanceto the vehicle ahead

Full braking power activatedWhen a collision is imminent, full braking power is automatically applied andseatbelts are rapidly retracted.

PROMOTING PUBLIC AWARENESS OF “SAFETY SUPPORT CARS”
Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, National Police Agency and Financial Services Agency,
as well as automobile-related organizations, have been working cooperatively to promote the widespread use of “safety support cars” (or “sapocars” forshort), equipped with advanced safety features such as automatic braking, to help drivers of all ages avoid road accident occurrence and to mitigate
damage/injury when accidents do occur. In line with this effort, Japan’s automakers have upgraded advanced safety technologies and expanded their onboard
installation rates, and aim to offer automatic braking and accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication as standard or optional equipment in all new-model
passenger cars by 2020. Meanwhile, they are actively providing opportunities for test-driving “safety support cars” in order to raise public awareness of them.

● THE “SAFETY SUPPORT CAR” Ver 1.0 CONCEPT
Safety Support Car(or “Sapocar”)

Safety Support Car S(or “Sapocar S”)“Sapocar S” Classification
The “Sapocar S” concept has three sub-classifications,based on the safety features installed.

Type:“Wide”

Type:“Basic +”Passenger cars equippedwith automatic braking;suitable for all drivers

Passenger cars equipped with
automatic braking and accelerator
suppression for pedal
misapplication; suitable especiallyfor elderly drivers

Type:“Basic”

Automatic braking (pedestrian collision avoidance)
Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication (1)Lane departure warning (2)Advanced headlamp control (3)Automatic braking (vehicle collision avoidance)
Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication (1)Automatic braking (vehicle collision avoidance) for
low-speed vehicle operation (4)Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication (1)(1) In automatic-transmission vehicles only. (2) Including lane-keeping assist. (3) Automatic high-to-low-beam headlamp control, glare-free high beam headlamp control, or adaptive
front-lighting system. (4) 30km/h or lower.

26

Vehicle Safety

Passive
SafetyBrake assist
Unfastened seatbelt warning (front passenger’s seat)
Power-window jamming prevention (with auto-up function)
Power-window jamming prevention (without auto-up function)
High-intensity discharge headlamps
Adaptive front-lighting system (AFS)
Backing-up monitoring (rear obstacle detection)
Vehicle perimeter monitoring
Vehicle perimeter obstacle warning
Blind-corner monitoring
Night vision monitoring
Curve detection
Tire pressure monitoring
Driver inattention warning
Inter-vehicle distance warning
Lane departure warning
Rear collision warning-equipped headrest control
Forward collision-mitigation braking system
Forward collision-mitigation braking system (for low-speed vehicle operation)
Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication
Adaptive cruise control
Adaptive cruise control with low-speed following mode
Full-range adaptive cruise control
Lane-keeping assist
Backing-up monitoring (parking assistance)
Navigator-based gearshift control
Pre-crash seatbelts
Electronic stability control
Traction control with anti-lock braking system
Navigator-based stop sign alert with brake assist
Rearward-approaching-vehicle warning
Emergency braking warning
Vehicle proximity warning (for HVs/EVs) (3)Automatic high-to-low-beam headlamp control
Glare-free high beam headlamp control
Backing-up monitoring (moving-object warning)
Backing-up collision-mitigation braking system
Vehicle perimeter-based collision-mitigation braking system (for low-speed operation)
Rear collision-mitigation braking system
Lane departure prevention
Side airbags
Curtain airbags
Active head restraints
ISOFIX anchorages (for child safety seats)
Three-point seatbelt for rear center seat (4)Automatic collision notification (ACN)
Advanced automatic collision notification (AACN)

Total

Installation Status
In no. of models (1)
174
125
171
33
162
26
131
59
63
40
1
24
18
67
119
115
3
118
30
114
64
25
36
47
20
13
8
169
149
11
38
129
60
74
20
34
6
23
35
60
140
135
126
156
126
18
35

(162)
(113)
(158)
(32)
(65)
(11)
(27)
(6)
(16)
(3)
(0)
(7)
(14)
(17)
(32)
(31)
(0)
(32)
(3)
(22)
(23)
(11)
(13)
(14)
(0)
(2)
(3)
(150)
(138)
(4)
(6)
(108)
(52)
(14)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(18)
(69)
(66)
(125)
(143)
(118)
(14)
(16)

176

In % (2)
98.9
71.0
97.2
18.8
92.0
14.8
74.4
33.5
35.8
22.7
0.6
13.6
10.2
38.1
67.6
65.3
1.7
67.0
17.0
64.8
36.4
14.2
20.5
26.7
11.4
7.4
4.5
96.0
84.7
6.3
21.6
73.3
65.2
42.0
11.4
19.3
3.4
13.1
19.9
34.1
79.5
76.7
71.6
88.6
86.3
10.2
19.9

In vehicle units
4,027,558
3,184,872
4,032,457
706,440
2,573,867
176,532
1,969,789
612,996946,270
228,47168
153,031
77,981
972,843
2,767,419
2,564,827
413
2,593,939
552,517
2,637,227
1,060,099
530,351
606,850
915,871
183,935
44,3649,680
3,914,087
3,414,689
24,791
468,917
3,353,465
1,095,258
1,303,116
185,424
399,887
29,357393,961
500,871
1,016,878
1,821,320
1,488,745
3,108,923
3,555,932
2,606,825
80,124
214,442

In % (2)
99.6
78.8
99.8
17.5
63.7
4.4
48.7
15.2
23.4
5.7
0.0
3.8
1.9
24.1
68.5
63.5
0.0
64.2
13.7
65.2
26.2
13.1
15.0
22.7
4.6
1.1
0.2
96.8
84.5
0.6
11.6
83.0
63.3
32.2
4.6
9.9
0.7
9.7
12.4
25.2
45.1
36.8
76.9
88.0
83.3
2.0
5.3

4,042,012(1) “In no. of models” indicates the number of models in which the safety feature is installed as standard or optional equipment. Figures in parentheses indicate the number of models in which the safety
feature is standard equipment. (2) “In %” means as a percentage of the total number of models/units produced. (3) In 2017 a total of 92 hybrid/electric car models (1,730,722 vehicle units) were produced.
(4) In 2017 a total of 146 passenger car models (3,130,812 vehicle units) were produced, excluding mini and other passenger cars which are not eligible for rear seat inclusion.
Notes: 1. Passenger cars here include minicars. 2. Criteria for inclusion in the calculations whose results are shown here were revised in 2015.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

27

Road Safety

ITS and ASVs

Road Safety

Wider ITS Applications and Advanced Safety Vehicle Technologies

Equipping More Vehicles with Advanced Safety Features

Intelligent Transport Systems aim to radically improve transport safety, efficiency and convenience through the use of
information and communication technologies integrating road users, road infrastructure, and vehicles. More than 20
years have passed since the Japanese government formulated its Comprehensive Concept for the Promotion of ITS in
1996, during which time the deployment of ITS technologies has seen broad expansion. Advanced navigation systems
are in wide use, as are ETC (electronic toll collection) and smart highway toll stations using ETC exclusively. Numerous
technologies developed on the basis of Advanced Safety Vehicle (ASV) research are also in application.

The automotive industry continuously strives for greater active safety by upgrading vehicle safety equipment andexpanding its onboard installation rates, to help prevent accident occurrence. For example, 77.9% of the totality ofpassenger cars produced in 2017 for the domestic market were equipped with forward collision-mitigation braking
systems (including those for low-speed vehicle operation) and 65.2% with systems enabling accelerator suppression in
the event of pedal misapplication. Automakers also continuously seek to increase passive safety through enhanced
structural safety and vehicle features designed to mitigate injury when accidents do occur.

EXPANDING AVAILABILTY OF ASV TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MARKET● SAFETY FEATURE ONBOARD INSTALLATION STATUS(for passenger cars produced in 2017 for home market)

As a result of research conducted on the Advanced Safety Vehicle (ASV) concept, a wide range of vehicle safety features, including lane-keeping assist systems,
full-range adaptive cruise control systems and collision-mitigation braking systems, have been developed in the area of safe-driving assistance. Most of theseadvanced technologies have already been introduced to the market (see page 27 for details on the status of their onboard installation).

● PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF ASV TECHNOLOGIES
1. Lane-Keeping Assist
Sensors (cameras) positionedon the vehicle monitor theroad ahead and, throughauxiliary control of thesteering wheel, help keep
the vehicle centered in thelane whenever the vehicle
deviates from its course
because of, for example, acrosswind or road surface
unevenness.

Lane-keeping assist

Lane departure warning
Area
Area
monitored monitored

3. Collision-Mitigation Braking System (pre-crash safety)

Safety Feature
ActiveSafetyBased on the distance from and speed relative to the vehicle ahead obtained
principally by means of radar technology, the system’s electronic control unit calculates
the risk of collision. In the event of such a risk, multiple warnings are emitted andauxiliary braking is applied. When a collision is imminent, full braking power isapplied and seatbelts are retracted automatically.

Radar sensors and a camera continuously monitor the distance to the vehicle ahead.

2. Full-Range Adaptive Cruise Control
Information from front sensors helps a vehicle keep a safe distance from thevehicle ahead through brake or speed control according to a preset vehicle speed.
When vehicle ahead slows down,
auxiliary braking is activated.

Auxiliary braking activatedWhen the distance to the vehicle ahead narrows dangerously, multiple warnings
are emitted and auxiliary braking is automatically applied.

Monitoring of distanceto the vehicle ahead

Full braking power activatedWhen a collision is imminent, full braking power is automatically applied andseatbelts are rapidly retracted.

PROMOTING PUBLIC AWARENESS OF “SAFETY SUPPORT CARS”
Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, National Police Agency and Financial Services Agency,
as well as automobile-related organizations, have been working cooperatively to promote the widespread use of “safety support cars” (or “sapocars” forshort), equipped with advanced safety features such as automatic braking, to help drivers of all ages avoid road accident occurrence and to mitigate
damage/injury when accidents do occur. In line with this effort, Japan’s automakers have upgraded advanced safety technologies and expanded their onboard
installation rates, and aim to offer automatic braking and accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication as standard or optional equipment in all new-model
passenger cars by 2020. Meanwhile, they are actively providing opportunities for test-driving “safety support cars” in order to raise public awareness of them.

● THE “SAFETY SUPPORT CAR” Ver 1.0 CONCEPT
Safety Support Car(or “Sapocar”)

Safety Support Car S(or “Sapocar S”)“Sapocar S” Classification
The “Sapocar S” concept has three sub-classifications,based on the safety features installed.

Type:“Wide”

Type:“Basic +”Passenger cars equippedwith automatic braking;suitable for all drivers

Passenger cars equipped with
automatic braking and accelerator
suppression for pedal
misapplication; suitable especiallyfor elderly drivers

Type:“Basic”

Automatic braking (pedestrian collision avoidance)
Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication (1)Lane departure warning (2)Advanced headlamp control (3)Automatic braking (vehicle collision avoidance)
Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication (1)Automatic braking (vehicle collision avoidance) for
low-speed vehicle operation (4)Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication (1)(1) In automatic-transmission vehicles only. (2) Including lane-keeping assist. (3) Automatic high-to-low-beam headlamp control, glare-free high beam headlamp control, or adaptive
front-lighting system. (4) 30km/h or lower.

26

Vehicle Safety

Passive
SafetyBrake assist
Unfastened seatbelt warning (front passenger’s seat)
Power-window jamming prevention (with auto-up function)
Power-window jamming prevention (without auto-up function)
High-intensity discharge headlamps
Adaptive front-lighting system (AFS)
Backing-up monitoring (rear obstacle detection)
Vehicle perimeter monitoring
Vehicle perimeter obstacle warning
Blind-corner monitoring
Night vision monitoring
Curve detection
Tire pressure monitoring
Driver inattention warning
Inter-vehicle distance warning
Lane departure warning
Rear collision warning-equipped headrest control
Forward collision-mitigation braking system
Forward collision-mitigation braking system (for low-speed vehicle operation)
Accelerator suppression for pedal misapplication
Adaptive cruise control
Adaptive cruise control with low-speed following mode
Full-range adaptive cruise control
Lane-keeping assist
Backing-up monitoring (parking assistance)
Navigator-based gearshift control
Pre-crash seatbelts
Electronic stability control
Traction control with anti-lock braking system
Navigator-based stop sign alert with brake assist
Rearward-approaching-vehicle warning
Emergency braking warning
Vehicle proximity warning (for HVs/EVs) (3)Automatic high-to-low-beam headlamp control
Glare-free high beam headlamp control
Backing-up monitoring (moving-object warning)
Backing-up collision-mitigation braking system
Vehicle perimeter-based collision-mitigation braking system (for low-speed operation)
Rear collision-mitigation braking system
Lane departure prevention
Side airbags
Curtain airbags
Active head restraints
ISOFIX anchorages (for child safety seats)
Three-point seatbelt for rear center seat (4)Automatic collision notification (ACN)
Advanced automatic collision notification (AACN)

Total

Installation Status
In no. of models (1)
174
125
171
33
162
26
131
59
63
40
1
24
18
67
119
115
3
118
30
114
64
25
36
47
20
13
8
169
149
11
38
129
60
74
20
34
6
23
35
60
140
135
126
156
126
18
35

(162)
(113)
(158)
(32)
(65)
(11)
(27)
(6)
(16)
(3)
(0)
(7)
(14)
(17)
(32)
(31)
(0)
(32)
(3)
(22)
(23)
(11)
(13)
(14)
(0)
(2)
(3)
(150)
(138)
(4)
(6)
(108)
(52)
(14)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(18)
(69)
(66)
(125)
(143)
(118)
(14)
(16)

176

In % (2)
98.9
71.0
97.2
18.8
92.0
14.8
74.4
33.5
35.8
22.7
0.6
13.6
10.2
38.1
67.6
65.3
1.7
67.0
17.0
64.8
36.4
14.2
20.5
26.7
11.4
7.4
4.5
96.0
84.7
6.3
21.6
73.3
65.2
42.0
11.4
19.3
3.4
13.1
19.9
34.1
79.5
76.7
71.6
88.6
86.3
10.2
19.9

In vehicle units
4,027,558
3,184,872
4,032,457
706,440
2,573,867
176,532
1,969,789
612,996946,270
228,47168
153,031
77,981
972,843
2,767,419
2,564,827
413
2,593,939
552,517
2,637,227
1,060,099
530,351
606,850
915,871
183,935
44,3649,680
3,914,087
3,414,689
24,791
468,917
3,353,465
1,095,258
1,303,116
185,424
399,887
29,357393,961
500,871
1,016,878
1,821,320
1,488,745
3,108,923
3,555,932
2,606,825
80,124
214,442

In % (2)
99.6
78.8
99.8
17.5
63.7
4.4
48.7
15.2
23.4
5.7
0.0
3.8
1.9
24.1
68.5
63.5
0.0
64.2
13.7
65.2
26.2
13.1
15.0
22.7
4.6
1.1
0.2
96.8
84.5
0.6
11.6
83.0
63.3
32.2
4.6
9.9
0.7
9.7
12.4
25.2
45.1
36.8
76.9
88.0
83.3
2.0
5.3

4,042,012(1) “In no. of models” indicates the number of models in which the safety feature is installed as standard or optional equipment. Figures in parentheses indicate the number of models in which the safety
feature is standard equipment. (2) “In %” means as a percentage of the total number of models/units produced. (3) In 2017 a total of 92 hybrid/electric car models (1,730,722 vehicle units) were produced.
(4) In 2017 a total of 146 passenger car models (3,130,812 vehicle units) were produced, excluding mini and other passenger cars which are not eligible for rear seat inclusion.
Notes: 1. Passenger cars here include minicars. 2. Criteria for inclusion in the calculations whose results are shown here were revised in 2015.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

27

Road Safety

Automated Driving

Road Safety

A Mid-to-Long-Term Vision for Mobility

The Transition to Automated Driving

The “Mid- and Long-Term Mobility Vision” Formulated by JAMA

Aiming for the real-world implementation of automated driving, the Japanese government released, in April 2018, an
outline of the system-building measures needed to create the legal frameworks necessary for the practical application of
automated driving technologies (Level 3) by the year 2020. A subsequent review of road traffic-related frameworks
conducted on the basis of that outline by the ministries and agencies concerned led to the enactment in early 2019 of arevised Road Traffic Act and a revised Road Vehicles Act. The government’s Public-Private ITS Initiative/Roadmaps policy
initiative, which represents Japan’s strategy on ITS and automated driving systems development, formulates a plan tomarketize full-scale automated driving systems on expressways and expand their use in freight transport by 2025. JAMA is
actively participating in the initiatives being undertaken for the practical use of automated driving technologies.

The 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games provide an excellent opportunity to promote collaboration among
auto industry and other stakeholders to advance the development of automated driving and other new
transportation technologies for the benefit of current and future generations. Accordingly, in March 2018 JAMA
formulated its “Mid- and Long-Term Mobility Vision” which, establishing the year 2030 as a critical milestone in theevolution of mobility, emphasizes the need for a multisectoral approach to creating mobility’s future.

TIMELINE FOR THE PROMOTION OF AUTOMATED DRIVING (as formulated by the Japanese government)
Through 2020
Development/demonstrations

Passenger Development/
Cars
demonstrations

Automated driving on
regular roads (Level 2)

Large-scaledemonstrations

Automated driving on
expressways (Levels 2, 3)Logistics Services
Development/demonstrations

Early 2020s

2025“Advanced Driving
Assist System”(provisional name)

Widespread use

Expanded use
Automated driving on
expressways (Level 4)
Truck platooning on
expressways(Level 2 or higher)

Self-driving trucks on
expressways (Level 4)

Fewer road accidents

RESOLVING
RELATED ISSUES

Zero congestion

Through more efficient roadand vehicle use (via telematics)

Enabling optimallyaccessible mobility
Enabling optimallyefficient freight transport

Through optimally efficientdoor-to-door vehicle use,“any time and anywhere”

systems, electrification, and connectivity technologies which exceed the limits of human ability.

3. The vision advocates the promotion of those solutions to expedite the achievement of zero accidents, zero environmental burdens, optimal

Enhanced industrial
competitiveness4. The vision presents a plan for showcasing the real-world operation of automated driving systems during the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics inInnovative improvements
in logistics productivity
adapted to ongoing
population decline

In November 2015, JAMA released a roadmap for achieving safe and efficient road transport for all road users in Japan through the use of automateddriving. Targeting the elimination of accidents and congestion and optimized road and vehicle use for people and the transport of goods, the roadmap
envisions the wider introduction of automated driving functions in the lead-up to 2020; between 2020 and 2030, the expanded application of automateddriving technologies in various driving environments; and by 2050, predicated on full public acceptance which Japan’s automakers will promote, acomprehensive deployment of advanced levels of automated driving, the result of integrated efforts on the part of industry, government, and academia.
Through the elimination ofhuman error

going forward—which includes improving safety in road transport, reducing its environmental burdens, optimizing its efficiency andaccessibility, and creating emotional value—but also identifies priority mobility issues for the future.

Reduced traffic
congestion

JAMA’S VISION OF AUTOMATED DRIVING

Zero accidents

1. Reaffirming the automobile’s role to date in enhancing people’s lives, the vision not only defines mobility’s multifaceted “universal mission”

2. Targeting the year 2030 as a critical milestone, the vision proposes solutions for those priority issues based on the use of automated driving

Source: The Public-Private ITS Initiative/Roadmaps 2019 (Japanese government)

ACHIEVING
THE “ZEROS”● SUMMARY OF THE JAMA-FORMULATED MOBILITY VISION

efficiency and accessibility in road transport, and the full enjoyment of mobility by road users.

2020—a stepping stone in addressing the challenges to be met by 2030—and emphasizes the need for multisectoral collaboration, involving
industry, government, and academia, to develop new systems and infrastructures which will constitute crucial legacies for future mobility.

● THE POTENTIAL FOR ROAD TRANSPORT: A VISION OF MOBILITY FOR 2030
Priority mobility issues
in the future

Automated
drivingfunctions

20XX

Safe and secure travel for everyone• From controlling human errors tomore advanced risk prediction

Further reduction of
the environmental burden• Improve not only driving performance, but also
environmental performance over lifecycle

Go beyondReduction in
travel time

• Achieve smooth traffic flow, in addition toproviding traffic information

with technology

Effective use of
travel time

• From comfortable driving to comfortable anduseful ways of using travel time

Enhancement of sharedmobility / public transportation• Multiple forms of transport in addition to sharing

Efficient
travelDriverassistancesystems

2030

Improvement oflogistics productivity
Solutionsto travel
restrictions

Geographical factors• From reduction of drivers’ workload to needing less personnel• Improve the transport efficiency of the whole logistics network,
instead of each part
• Provide sustainable transportation forpeople/areas facing practical travel restrictions

Ability factors

AUTOMATED DRIVING DEMONSTRATIONS IN TOKYO

Smooth travel even for
visitors to Japan• Universal transport regardless of language ability

To promote the goal of “Achieving optimally safe, accessible, and efficient mobility,” JAMA will conduct public automated driving demonstrations justprior to the 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games, from July 6 through July 12. Equipped with Level 2 to Level 4 automated driving technologies,
about 80 vehicles from ten JAMA member automakers will be in operation and providing demonstration rides in the Haneda Airport area, from Haneda
Airport to central Tokyo and to Tokyo Waterfront City, and within the Tokyo Waterfront City area.

Response toincreasingly diverse values• Propose attractive products/services tailored toindividual lifestyles

the limits of human ability• ITS/automated driving• Electrification• Connectivity

Provide solutions
beyond hardware
improvement• Services as well as products• Mobility, not just a car

A world where everyone feels
safe and secure

A world filled with smiles and greenery

A world where vehicles, people,
and goods circulate freely

A world where mobile society brings
PLEASURE to people all around the world

NO traffic
accidents
NO
environmental
burdenNO timewasting on
travelFree travel of
ANYONE/ANYTHING
MAXIMUMexcitement

For more information and a video on
JAMA’s Mid- and Long-Term Mobility
Vision, please visit:

http://www.jama-english.jp/
publications/mobility.html
2829

Road Safety

Automated Driving

Road Safety

A Mid-to-Long-Term Vision for Mobility

The Transition to Automated Driving

The “Mid- and Long-Term Mobility Vision” Formulated by JAMA

Aiming for the real-world implementation of automated driving, the Japanese government released, in April 2018, an
outline of the system-building measures needed to create the legal frameworks necessary for the practical application of
automated driving technologies (Level 3) by the year 2020. A subsequent review of road traffic-related frameworks
conducted on the basis of that outline by the ministries and agencies concerned led to the enactment in early 2019 of arevised Road Traffic Act and a revised Road Vehicles Act. The government’s Public-Private ITS Initiative/Roadmaps policy
initiative, which represents Japan’s strategy on ITS and automated driving systems development, formulates a plan tomarketize full-scale automated driving systems on expressways and expand their use in freight transport by 2025. JAMA is
actively participating in the initiatives being undertaken for the practical use of automated driving technologies.

The 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games provide an excellent opportunity to promote collaboration among
auto industry and other stakeholders to advance the development of automated driving and other new
transportation technologies for the benefit of current and future generations. Accordingly, in March 2018 JAMA
formulated its “Mid- and Long-Term Mobility Vision” which, establishing the year 2030 as a critical milestone in theevolution of mobility, emphasizes the need for a multisectoral approach to creating mobility’s future.

TIMELINE FOR THE PROMOTION OF AUTOMATED DRIVING (as formulated by the Japanese government)
Through 2020
Development/demonstrations

Passenger Development/
Cars
demonstrations

Automated driving on
regular roads (Level 2)

Large-scaledemonstrations

Automated driving on
expressways (Levels 2, 3)Logistics Services
Development/demonstrations

Early 2020s

2025“Advanced Driving
Assist System”(provisional name)

Widespread use

Expanded use
Automated driving on
expressways (Level 4)
Truck platooning on
expressways(Level 2 or higher)

Self-driving trucks on
expressways (Level 4)

Fewer road accidents

RESOLVING
RELATED ISSUES

Zero congestion

Through more efficient roadand vehicle use (via telematics)

Enabling optimallyaccessible mobility
Enabling optimallyefficient freight transport

Through optimally efficientdoor-to-door vehicle use,“any time and anywhere”

systems, electrification, and connectivity technologies which exceed the limits of human ability.

3. The vision advocates the promotion of those solutions to expedite the achievement of zero accidents, zero environmental burdens, optimal

Enhanced industrial
competitiveness4. The vision presents a plan for showcasing the real-world operation of automated driving systems during the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics inInnovative improvements
in logistics productivity
adapted to ongoing
population decline

In November 2015, JAMA released a roadmap for achieving safe and efficient road transport for all road users in Japan through the use of automateddriving. Targeting the elimination of accidents and congestion and optimized road and vehicle use for people and the transport of goods, the roadmap
envisions the wider introduction of automated driving functions in the lead-up to 2020; between 2020 and 2030, the expanded application of automateddriving technologies in various driving environments; and by 2050, predicated on full public acceptance which Japan’s automakers will promote, acomprehensive deployment of advanced levels of automated driving, the result of integrated efforts on the part of industry, government, and academia.
Through the elimination ofhuman error

going forward—which includes improving safety in road transport, reducing its environmental burdens, optimizing its efficiency andaccessibility, and creating emotional value—but also identifies priority mobility issues for the future.

Reduced traffic
congestion

JAMA’S VISION OF AUTOMATED DRIVING

Zero accidents

1. Reaffirming the automobile’s role to date in enhancing people’s lives, the vision not only defines mobility’s multifaceted “universal mission”

2. Targeting the year 2030 as a critical milestone, the vision proposes solutions for those priority issues based on the use of automated driving

Source: The Public-Private ITS Initiative/Roadmaps 2019 (Japanese government)

ACHIEVING
THE “ZEROS”● SUMMARY OF THE JAMA-FORMULATED MOBILITY VISION

efficiency and accessibility in road transport, and the full enjoyment of mobility by road users.

2020—a stepping stone in addressing the challenges to be met by 2030—and emphasizes the need for multisectoral collaboration, involving
industry, government, and academia, to develop new systems and infrastructures which will constitute crucial legacies for future mobility.

● THE POTENTIAL FOR ROAD TRANSPORT: A VISION OF MOBILITY FOR 2030
Priority mobility issues
in the future

Automated
drivingfunctions

20XX

Safe and secure travel for everyone• From controlling human errors tomore advanced risk prediction

Further reduction of
the environmental burden• Improve not only driving performance, but also
environmental performance over lifecycle

Go beyondReduction in
travel time

• Achieve smooth traffic flow, in addition toproviding traffic information

with technology

Effective use of
travel time

• From comfortable driving to comfortable anduseful ways of using travel time

Enhancement of sharedmobility / public transportation• Multiple forms of transport in addition to sharing

Efficient
travelDriverassistancesystems

2030

Improvement oflogistics productivity
Solutionsto travel
restrictions

Geographical factors• From reduction of drivers’ workload to needing less personnel• Improve the transport efficiency of the whole logistics network,
instead of each part
• Provide sustainable transportation forpeople/areas facing practical travel restrictions

Ability factors

AUTOMATED DRIVING DEMONSTRATIONS IN TOKYO

Smooth travel even for
visitors to Japan• Universal transport regardless of language ability

To promote the goal of “Achieving optimally safe, accessible, and efficient mobility,” JAMA will conduct public automated driving demonstrations justprior to the 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games, from July 6 through July 12. Equipped with Level 2 to Level 4 automated driving technologies,
about 80 vehicles from ten JAMA member automakers will be in operation and providing demonstration rides in the Haneda Airport area, from Haneda
Airport to central Tokyo and to Tokyo Waterfront City, and within the Tokyo Waterfront City area.

Response toincreasingly diverse values• Propose attractive products/services tailored toindividual lifestyles

the limits of human ability• ITS/automated driving• Electrification• Connectivity

Provide solutions
beyond hardware
improvement• Services as well as products• Mobility, not just a car

A world where everyone feels
safe and secure

A world filled with smiles and greenery

A world where vehicles, people,
and goods circulate freely

A world where mobile society brings
PLEASURE to people all around the world

NO traffic
accidents
NO
environmental
burdenNO timewasting on
travelFree travel of
ANYONE/ANYTHING
MAXIMUMexcitement

For more information and a video on
JAMA’s Mid- and Long-Term Mobility
Vision, please visit:

http://www.jama-english.jp/
publications/mobility.html
28

29

Attention to the Environment

Climate Change

Attention to the Environment

Climate Change and CO2 Emissions Reduction:
The Response of the Transport Sector

CO2 Emissions Reduction: Improving Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

In 2017 Japan’s CO2 emissions totalled 1.19 billion tons (preliminary figure), of which the transportation sector
accounted for nearly 18%. Since peaking in 2001 following a decade of growth, CO2 emission volumes in Japan’stransport sector have steadily declined, owing largely to increased fuel efficiency in passenger cars and greater
efficiency in goods distribution. The automobile industry will continue to vigorously promote CO2 emissions
reduction in road transport by further improving vehicle fuel efficiency and expanding the market supply ofnext-generation vehicles.

● CO2 EMISSIONS IN JAPANThe transportation sector accounts for nearly 18% of Japan’s total CO2 emissions, which in 2017 amounted to 1.19 billion tons (preliminary figure).

Japan’s CO2 Emission Volumes, 1990-2017

CO2 Emission Shares by Sector in 2017

x 1 million tons

1,350
Waste processing
2.7%

1,300

Industrial
processes
3.9%

1,250

Residential
15.8%

1,200
1,150

Commercial/
Other
17.3%

1,100

2017 Total(preliminary):
1.19 billion
tons
Automobiles
17.2%

1,000

Transportation
17.9%

1995

2000

2005

2010

2017
(Preliminary)Industry
34.6%

206
200

7
13
7

150
91

7
13
7
95

8
13
7
95

8
13
7
96

9
13
7

99

101

11
16
7

10
14
6

11
14
7

102 99

97

95

10
14
7
95

10
14
7
95

10
14
7
92

11
13
7
90

10
12
7

10
12
7

11
12
7

10
11
8

90

90

89

89

2015 target value (4) 15.2 km/L

Passengercars

108
94 100 103

114 120 122 125

130 130 135 134 132 127 123 119 119

1990 91
Fiscal year

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99 2000 01

02

03

04

05

06

07

214

10
10
8

9
10
7

9
10
7

9
10
8

9
10
9

10
10
9

10
10
9

10
10
9

10
10
9

86

82

83

80

80

80

80

79

78

115 117 117 116 116 113 108 107 107

08

09

10

11

12

2015 target value (4) 8.9 km/L

Up 7.2%

2004 actual value 8.3 km/L
5

10

15

2020 target value (4) 20.3 km/L

20

10

Buses

30

13

14

2030 target value (4) 25.4 km/L

15

16

Source: Ministry of the Environment

20

Up 12.2%

2015 target value (4) 6.30 km/L

Up 12.1%

2002 actual value 5.62 km/L
7.5

2025 target value (5), (6) 7.63 km/L
2025 target value (5), (6) 6.52 km/L

10

5

21.3

22

22.4 22.1 22.4 22.6

19.8

18
12.7 13.2

13.8 13.9 14.2 14.3

14.8 14.9

15.6

16.6 17.1

18.2

2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Fiscal year

● VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES FOR INCREASED FUEL EFFICIENCY
Improved
engine efficiency

Reducedaerodynamic dragMore efficientfuel consumption:– Improved body configuration– Direct injection– Variable mechanisms (variablecylinder activation, VVT&L, etc.)– Downsized engine supercharging

Reduction of friction loss:– Reduction of piston &piston ring friction loss
– Low-viscosity lubricating oil

Up 14.3%(approx.)2015 target value (6) 5.71 km/L
2.5

30

Reducedvehicle weight– Expanded use oflightweight materials– Improved body structure

Up 13.4%(approx.)2015 target value (6) 6.72 km/L

0km/L

20

12

● 2025 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR
NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES (GVW>3.5t)
Trucks10● AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY OF DOMESTIC NEWGASOLINE-POWERED PASSENGER CARS
In km/L

14

30

2002 actual value 6.32 km/L

5

0km/L

Note: Figures here are JC08 test cycle-based (see page 37).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

2015 target value (4) 7.09 km/L

2.5

Up 26.1%

2012 actual value 14.2 km/L

(1) Fuel efficiency is JC08 test cycle-based (see page 37). (4) Targets were established assuming
the same shipment volume ratios by vehicle weight category for target years as those recorded in
the years showing the actual value of fuel efficiency performance.
Sources: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

16

Up 32.4%

2016 actual value 19.2 km/L

0km/L

2022 target value (4) 17.9 km/L

24

● 2015 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR
NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES (GVW>3.5t) (3)TrucksSmall trucks(GVW≤3.5tons)

20
20

10

● 2022 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR
NEW SMALL TRUCKS (1)26

Up 24.1%

2009 actual value 16.3 km/L

0km/L

Buses

88

Up 12.6%

2004 actual value 13.5 km/L

● 2030 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR
NEW PASSENGER CARS (2)030

Small trucks(GVW≤3.5tons)

Up 23.5%

2004 actual value 13.6 km/L

0km/L

100

50

2015 target value (4) 16.8 km/L

Passenger
cars

Motor vehicle-emitted CO2 accounts for about 90% of the totality of CO2 emitted by Japan’s transport sector. CO2 emissions from road transportationin Japan have seen a significant decrease since transport-sector emissions peaked in 2001.
x 1 million tons
350
Trucks
AircraftPassenger cars & buses
Ships
300
Trains261
10157Passenger
cars● 2020 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR
NEW PASSENGER CARS (1)● TRENDS IN CO2 EMISSION VOLUMES IN JAPAN’S TRANSPORT SECTOR, BY MODE

10
14
7

● 2015 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR
NEW PASSENGER CARS & SMALL TRUCKS/BUSES (1)0km/L

Source: Ministry of the Environment

250

Fuel efficiency targets for passenger cars, trucks, and buses are formulated by applying “top runner” criteria whereby thetarget value for a given vehicle weight category is established based on the leading fuel efficiency performance to date forthat weight category. To comply with stringent 2015 average fuel efficiency targets for passenger cars and small trucks
and buses as well as for heavy-duty vehicles and, subsequently, with even stricter 2020 targets for passenger cars and 2022
targets for small trucks, JAMA member manufacturers have been making continuous efforts to increase the fuel efficiency
of conventional vehicles and expand the supply of alternative-energy vehicles. A joint council set up in June 2019 by the
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism agreed on anaverage fuel efficiency target for new passenger cars of 25.4 km/L (a 32.4% increase over the actual value in 2016) by 2030,
whose official adoption will be undertaken via the requisite legal channels in due course.

Small buses

Energyconversion
7.8%

1,050

1990
Fiscal year

Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

7.5

10

(1) Fuel efficiency is JC08 test cycle-based (see page 37). (2) Fuel efficiency is WLTC-based (seepage 37). (3) Fuel efficiency is JE05 test cycle-based. (4) Targets were established assuming thesame shipment volume ratios by vehicle weight category for target years as those recorded in theyears showing the actual value of fuel efficiency performance. (5) While the 2015 target values for
new heavy-duty vehicles are JE05 test cycle-based, the 2025 target values were established on thebasis of a new measuring method. (6) Targets were established assuming the same shipment
volume ratios by vehicle weight category for 2025 as those recorded in 2014.
Sources: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Improved powertrain
performance

Reducedrolling resistance– Expansion of lock-up area
– Expanded number oftransmission gears– Continuously variabletransmission– Low rolling-resistance tires

Other– Electric power steering– Idling prevention (stop-start)

31

Attention to the Environment

Climate Change

Attention to the Environment

Climate Change and CO2 Emissions Reduction:
The Response of the Transport Sector

CO2 Emissions Reduction: Improving Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

In 2017 Japan’s CO2 emissions totalled 1.19 billion tons (preliminary figure), of which the transportation sector
accounted for nearly 18%. Since peaking in 2001 following a decade of growth, CO2 emission volumes in Japan’stransport sector have steadily declined, owing largely to increased fuel efficiency in passenger cars and greater
efficiency in goods distribution. The automobile industry will continue to vigorously promote CO2 emissions
reduction in road transport by further improving vehicle fuel efficiency and expanding the market supply ofnext-generation vehicles.

● CO2 EMISSIONS IN JAPANThe transportation sector accounts for nearly 18% of Japan’s total CO2 emissions, which in 2017 amounted to 1.19 billion tons (preliminary figure).

Japan’s CO2 Emission Volumes, 1990-2017

CO2 Emission Shares by Sector in 2017

x 1 million tons

1,350
Waste processing
2.7%

1,300

Industrial
processes
3.9%

1,250

Residential
15.8%

1,200
1,150

Commercial/
Other
17.3%

1,100

2017 Total(preliminary):
1.19 billion
tons
Automobiles
17.2%

1,000

Transportation
17.9%

1995

2000

2005

2010

2017
(Preliminary)Industry
34.6%

206
200

7
13
7

150
91

7
13
7
95

8
13
7
95

8
13
7
96

9
13
7

99

101

11
16
7

10
14
6

11
14
7

102 99

97

95

10
14
7
95

10
14
7
95

10
14
7
92

11
13
7
90

10
12
7

10
12
7

11
12
7

10
11
8

90

90

89

89

2015 target value (4) 15.2 km/L

Passengercars

108
94 100 103

114 120 122 125

130 130 135 134 132 127 123 119 119

1990 91
Fiscal year

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99 2000 01

02

03

04

05

06

07

214

10
10
8

9
10
7

9
10
7

9
10
8

9
10
9

10
10
9

10
10
9

10
10
9

10
10
9

86

82

83

80

80

80

80

79

78

115 117 117 116 116 113 108 107 107

08

09

10

11

12

2015 target value (4) 8.9 km/L

Up 7.2%

2004 actual value 8.3 km/L
5

10

15

2020 target value (4) 20.3 km/L

20

10

Buses

30

13

14

2030 target value (4) 25.4 km/L

15

16

Source: Ministry of the Environment

20

Up 12.2%

2015 target value (4) 6.30 km/L

Up 12.1%

2002 actual value 5.62 km/L
7.5

2025 target value (5), (6) 7.63 km/L
2025 target value (5), (6) 6.52 km/L

10

5

21.3

22

22.4 22.1 22.4 22.6

19.8

18
12.7 13.2

13.8 13.9 14.2 14.3

14.8 14.9

15.6

16.6 17.1

18.2

2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Fiscal year

● VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES FOR INCREASED FUEL EFFICIENCY
Improved
engine efficiency

Reducedaerodynamic dragMore efficientfuel consumption:– Improved body configuration– Direct injection– Variable mechanisms (variablecylinder activation, VVT&L, etc.)– Downsized engine supercharging

Reduction of friction loss:– Reduction of piston &piston ring friction loss
– Low-viscosity lubricating oil

Up 14.3%(approx.)2015 target value (6) 5.71 km/L
2.5

30

Reducedvehicle weight– Expanded use oflightweight materials– Improved body structure

Up 13.4%(approx.)2015 target value (6) 6.72 km/L

0km/L

20

12

● 2025 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR
NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES (GVW>3.5t)
Trucks10● AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY OF DOMESTIC NEWGASOLINE-POWERED PASSENGER CARS
In km/L

14

30

2002 actual value 6.32 km/L

5

0km/L

Note: Figures here are JC08 test cycle-based (see page 37).
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

2015 target value (4) 7.09 km/L

2.5

Up 26.1%

2012 actual value 14.2 km/L

(1) Fuel efficiency is JC08 test cycle-based (see page 37). (4) Targets were established assuming
the same shipment volume ratios by vehicle weight category for target years as those recorded in
the years showing the actual value of fuel efficiency performance.
Sources: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

16

Up 32.4%

2016 actual value 19.2 km/L

0km/L

2022 target value (4) 17.9 km/L

24

● 2015 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR
NEW HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES (GVW>3.5t) (3)TrucksSmall trucks(GVW≤3.5tons)

20
20

10

● 2022 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR
NEW SMALL TRUCKS (1)26

Up 24.1%

2009 actual value 16.3 km/L

0km/L

Buses

88

Up 12.6%

2004 actual value 13.5 km/L

● 2030 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR
NEW PASSENGER CARS (2)030

Small trucks(GVW≤3.5tons)

Up 23.5%

2004 actual value 13.6 km/L

0km/L

100

50

2015 target value (4) 16.8 km/L

Passenger
cars

Motor vehicle-emitted CO2 accounts for about 90% of the totality of CO2 emitted by Japan’s transport sector. CO2 emissions from road transportationin Japan have seen a significant decrease since transport-sector emissions peaked in 2001.
x 1 million tons
350
Trucks
AircraftPassenger cars & buses
Ships
300
Trains261
10157Passenger
cars● 2020 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGET FOR
NEW PASSENGER CARS (1)● TRENDS IN CO2 EMISSION VOLUMES IN JAPAN’S TRANSPORT SECTOR, BY MODE

10
14
7

● 2015 AVERAGE FUEL EFFICIENCY TARGETS FOR
NEW PASSENGER CARS & SMALL TRUCKS/BUSES (1)0km/L

Source: Ministry of the Environment

250

Fuel efficiency targets for passenger cars, trucks, and buses are formulated by applying “top runner” criteria whereby thetarget value for a given vehicle weight category is established based on the leading fuel efficiency performance to date forthat weight category. To comply with stringent 2015 average fuel efficiency targets for passenger cars and small trucks
and buses as well as for heavy-duty vehicles and, subsequently, with even stricter 2020 targets for passenger cars and 2022
targets for small trucks, JAMA member manufacturers have been making continuous efforts to increase the fuel efficiency
of conventional vehicles and expand the supply of alternative-energy vehicles. A joint council set up in June 2019 by the
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism agreed on anaverage fuel efficiency target for new passenger cars of 25.4 km/L (a 32.4% increase over the actual value in 2016) by 2030,
whose official adoption will be undertaken via the requisite legal channels in due course.

Small buses

Energyconversion
7.8%

1,050

1990
Fiscal year

Vehicle Fuel Efficiency

7.5

10

(1) Fuel efficiency is JC08 test cycle-based (see page 37). (2) Fuel efficiency is WLTC-based (seepage 37). (3) Fuel efficiency is JE05 test cycle-based. (4) Targets were established assuming thesame shipment volume ratios by vehicle weight category for target years as those recorded in theyears showing the actual value of fuel efficiency performance. (5) While the 2015 target values for
new heavy-duty vehicles are JE05 test cycle-based, the 2025 target values were established on thebasis of a new measuring method. (6) Targets were established assuming the same shipment
volume ratios by vehicle weight category for 2025 as those recorded in 2014.
Sources: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Improved powertrain
performance

Reducedrolling resistance– Expansion of lock-up area
– Expanded number oftransmission gears– Continuously variabletransmission– Low rolling-resistance tires

Other– Electric power steering– Idling prevention (stop-start)

31

Attention to the Environment

Next-Generation Vehicles and CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities

In-Use Status of Next-Generation Vehicles
Since 2009, when the government’s tax incentive/subsidy programs for the purchase of eco-friendly vehicles werefirst introduced, new registrations of (so-called in Japan) next-generation vehicles—including hybrid, plug-in hybrid,electric, fuel cell, clean diesel, and other new-energy vehicles—have been steadily increasing. As a result of eachautomaker’s efforts to develop a range of such models, the share of next-generation vehicles in new passenger car
registrations in 2018 reached nearly 38%. The more widespread use of these vehicles requires not only further
advances in vehicle and related technologies, but also, among other government initiatives, the establishment of thenecessary fuel/energy supply infrastructures and the continued provision of purchasing incentives.

● NEXT-GENERATION PASSENGER CAR NEW
REGISTRATIONS, 2008-2018
In vehicle units

Year
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Hybridvehicles
108,518
347,999481,221451,308
887,863921,045
1,058,402
1,074,926
1,275,560
1,385,343
1,431,980

Plug-inhybridvehiclesElectric
vehicles000
15
10,96814,122
16,17814,1889,390
36,00423,230

0
1,078
2,442
12,607
13,46914,756
16,11010,467
15,29918,092
26,533

Fuel cellvehicles
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
411
1,054
849
612

Clean
dieselvehicles

Total

0
4,364
8,927
8,797
40,20175,43078,822
153,768
143,468
154,803
176,725

108,518
353,441
492,590472,727
952,501
1,025,353
1,169,519
1,253,760
1,444,771
1,595,091
1,659,080● TRENDS IN NEXT-GENERATIONVEHICLE SHARE IN NEW PASSENGERCAR REGISTRATIONS
In %

40

34.8

35

JAMA member manufacturers have, on a voluntary basis, eliminated the use of four heavy metals—lead, mercury,hexavalent chromium and cadmium—in new vehicles to lessen their environmental impact, particularly when they
are dismantled and processed at the end of their service life. Restrictions on the use of these substances inmotorcycles have been established separately.

● RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF FOUR HEAVY METALS IN NEW VEHICLES & COMPLIANCE STATUS
Substance

Restrictions

Lead

As of January 2006, a 90% decrease or more from the 1996
level of 1,850 grams (i.e., a maximum permissible level of
185 grams).* For large commercial vehicles including buses,
a 75% decrease or more from the 1996 level.

36.4 37.8

25

20.8

22.5

Mercury

24.9

9.0

10
5
0

11.7

All models have complied since January 2003.
Components listed here in the left column are now
mercury-free in all models, except for fluorescent cabin
lamps which will be mercury-free in the near future.

Hexavalentchromium

Banned as of January 2008.

All models have complied since January 2008.

Cadmium

Banned as of January 2007.

All models have complied since January 2006.

13.4

2.6
2008 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Year
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

All models have complied since January 2006.

As of January 2005, banned except for trace amounts insafety-related components such as:- Instrument panel displays- Liquid crystal displays in navigation devices- Discharge lamps- Fluorescent cabin lamps

20
15

Compliance Status*Batteries are exempt.

29.7

30

Hazardous Substances

Voluntary Initiatives to Eliminate the Use of Four Heavy
Metals in Motor Vehicles

45

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities

A Voluntary Approach to Reducing Vehicle Cabin VOCs

Japan’s automakers, together with the member companies of the Japan Auto-Body Industries Association (JABIA),
have for years taken measures to reduce energy consumption and otherwise cut CO2 emissions at their production
plants. Having more recently expanded their voluntary CO2 reduction activities to also include administrative andresearch facilities, their combined facility-emitted CO2 in 2017 totalled 6.65 million tons (preliminary figure), down
110,000 tons from the previous year. In line with targets set in 2016, JAMA and JABIA members aim to reduce their
combined facility-emitted CO2 to 6.43 million tons (a 35% reduction from the 1990 level) by 2020 and to 6.16 million
tons (a 38% reduction from 1990) by 2030.

New-model passenger cars marketed in and after 2007 and new-model commercial vehicles sold in and after 2008
have met the target values established in January 2002 by Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare for indoor
concentration levels of 13 volatile organic compounds (VOCs; see table below). To measure VOC concentration levels
in vehicle cabin air, JAMA-developed in-cabin test procedures covering passenger cars as well as trucks and buses
were introduced in 2005. However, JAMA’s test procedure for passenger cars was replaced by ISO 12219-1 when thelatter was established, in July 2012, as the global standard for testing in-cabin VOCs in passenger cars. On the other
hand, JASO test methods based on the JAMA procedure for measuring in-cabin VOC concentration levels in trucks
and buses (which are not covered by the ISO standard) remain in application. Meanwhile, automakers arecontinuously working to achieve further reductions in in-cabin VOC concentration levels. This voluntary initiative
applies only to vehicles that are manufactured and sold in Japan.

● FACILITY-GENERATED CO2 EMISSION VOLUMES, 1990-201711

CO2 emissions(x 1 million tons)

10

600

544

500

9.90

9

354

376 371 387

417

383

358

400

323 328

CO2 emissions/production
value(x 1,000 tons CO2
per 1 trillion yen)

308
300

8

7.36 7.47

7

6.70
5.87

200

7.16
6.66 6.76 6.65

6.50

6

6.14

6.43

6.16

100
0

5
1990
Fiscal year

2008 09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

2020 2030(Target) (Target)
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

32

Attention to the Environment● TARGET VALUES FOR INDOOR CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF 13 SUBSTANCES (VOCs)(established in January 2002)
Substance

Target Value for
Indoor Concentration Level

Principal Sources

Formaldehyde
TolueneXyleneParadichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Styrene
Chlorpyrifos
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Tetradecane
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
Diazinon
Acetaldehyde
Fenobucarb

100 μg/m3 (0.08 ppm)
260 μg/m3 (0.07 ppm)
870 μg/m3 (0.20 ppm)
240 μg/m3 (0.04 ppm)
3,800 μg/m3 (0.88 ppm)
220 μg/m3 (0.05 ppm)
1 μg/m3 (0.07 ppb)
220 μg/m3 (0.02 ppm)
330 μg/m3 (0.04 ppm)
120 μg/m3 (7.6 ppb)
0.29 μg/m3 (0.02 ppb)
48 μg/m3 (0.03 ppm)
33 μg/m3 (3.8 ppb)

Adhesives for plywood, wallpaper, etc.
Adhesives/paints for interior finishing materials, furniture, etc.
Adhesives/paints for interior finishing materials, furniture, etc.
Moth repellents, lavatory air fresheners
Adhesives/paints for plywood, furniture, etc.
Insulation materials, bath units, tatami-mat core materials
Insecticides (esp. ant exterminators)
Paints, pigments, adhesives
Kerosene, paints
Wallpaper, flooring materials, wire-coating materials
Pesticides
Adhesives for construction materials, wallpaper, etc.
Insecticides (esp. termite exterminators)

33

Attention to the Environment

Next-Generation Vehicles and CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities

In-Use Status of Next-Generation Vehicles
Since 2009, when the government’s tax incentive/subsidy programs for the purchase of eco-friendly vehicles werefirst introduced, new registrations of (so-called in Japan) next-generation vehicles—including hybrid, plug-in hybrid,electric, fuel cell, clean diesel, and other new-energy vehicles—have been steadily increasing. As a result of eachautomaker’s efforts to develop a range of such models, the share of next-generation vehicles in new passenger car
registrations in 2018 reached nearly 38%. The more widespread use of these vehicles requires not only further
advances in vehicle and related technologies, but also, among other government initiatives, the establishment of thenecessary fuel/energy supply infrastructures and the continued provision of purchasing incentives.

● NEXT-GENERATION PASSENGER CAR NEW
REGISTRATIONS, 2008-2018
In vehicle units

Year
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Hybridvehicles
108,518
347,999481,221451,308
887,863921,045
1,058,402
1,074,926
1,275,560
1,385,343
1,431,980

Plug-inhybridvehiclesElectric
vehicles000
15
10,96814,122
16,17814,1889,390
36,00423,230

0
1,078
2,442
12,607
13,46914,756
16,11010,467
15,29918,092
26,533

Fuel cellvehicles
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
411
1,054
849
612

Clean
dieselvehicles

Total

0
4,364
8,927
8,797
40,20175,43078,822
153,768
143,468
154,803
176,725

108,518
353,441
492,590472,727
952,501
1,025,353
1,169,519
1,253,760
1,444,771
1,595,091
1,659,080● TRENDS IN NEXT-GENERATIONVEHICLE SHARE IN NEW PASSENGERCAR REGISTRATIONS
In %

40

34.8

35

JAMA member manufacturers have, on a voluntary basis, eliminated the use of four heavy metals—lead, mercury,hexavalent chromium and cadmium—in new vehicles to lessen their environmental impact, particularly when they
are dismantled and processed at the end of their service life. Restrictions on the use of these substances inmotorcycles have been established separately.

● RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF FOUR HEAVY METALS IN NEW VEHICLES & COMPLIANCE STATUS
Substance

Restrictions

Lead

As of January 2006, a 90% decrease or more from the 1996
level of 1,850 grams (i.e., a maximum permissible level of
185 grams).* For large commercial vehicles including buses,
a 75% decrease or more from the 1996 level.

36.4 37.8

25

20.8

22.5

Mercury

24.9

9.0

10
5
0

11.7

All models have complied since January 2003.
Components listed here in the left column are now
mercury-free in all models, except for fluorescent cabin
lamps which will be mercury-free in the near future.

Hexavalentchromium

Banned as of January 2008.

All models have complied since January 2008.

Cadmium

Banned as of January 2007.

All models have complied since January 2006.

13.4

2.6
2008 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Year
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

All models have complied since January 2006.

As of January 2005, banned except for trace amounts insafety-related components such as:- Instrument panel displays- Liquid crystal displays in navigation devices- Discharge lamps- Fluorescent cabin lamps

20
15

Compliance Status*Batteries are exempt.

29.7

30

Hazardous Substances

Voluntary Initiatives to Eliminate the Use of Four Heavy
Metals in Motor Vehicles

45

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

CO2 Reductions at Manufacturers’ Facilities

A Voluntary Approach to Reducing Vehicle Cabin VOCs

Japan’s automakers, together with the member companies of the Japan Auto-Body Industries Association (JABIA),
have for years taken measures to reduce energy consumption and otherwise cut CO2 emissions at their production
plants. Having more recently expanded their voluntary CO2 reduction activities to also include administrative andresearch facilities, their combined facility-emitted CO2 in 2017 totalled 6.65 million tons (preliminary figure), down
110,000 tons from the previous year. In line with targets set in 2016, JAMA and JABIA members aim to reduce their
combined facility-emitted CO2 to 6.43 million tons (a 35% reduction from the 1990 level) by 2020 and to 6.16 million
tons (a 38% reduction from 1990) by 2030.

New-model passenger cars marketed in and after 2007 and new-model commercial vehicles sold in and after 2008
have met the target values established in January 2002 by Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare for indoor
concentration levels of 13 volatile organic compounds (VOCs; see table below). To measure VOC concentration levels
in vehicle cabin air, JAMA-developed in-cabin test procedures covering passenger cars as well as trucks and buses
were introduced in 2005. However, JAMA’s test procedure for passenger cars was replaced by ISO 12219-1 when thelatter was established, in July 2012, as the global standard for testing in-cabin VOCs in passenger cars. On the other
hand, JASO test methods based on the JAMA procedure for measuring in-cabin VOC concentration levels in trucks
and buses (which are not covered by the ISO standard) remain in application. Meanwhile, automakers arecontinuously working to achieve further reductions in in-cabin VOC concentration levels. This voluntary initiative
applies only to vehicles that are manufactured and sold in Japan.

● FACILITY-GENERATED CO2 EMISSION VOLUMES, 1990-201711

CO2 emissions(x 1 million tons)

10

600

544

500

9.90

9

354

376 371 387

417

383

358

400

323 328

CO2 emissions/production
value(x 1,000 tons CO2
per 1 trillion yen)

308
300

8

7.36 7.47

7

6.70
5.87

200

7.16
6.66 6.76 6.65

6.50

6

6.14

6.43

6.16

100
0

5
1990
Fiscal year

2008 09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

2020 2030(Target) (Target)
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

32

Attention to the Environment● TARGET VALUES FOR INDOOR CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF 13 SUBSTANCES (VOCs)(established in January 2002)
Substance

Target Value for
Indoor Concentration Level

Principal Sources

Formaldehyde
TolueneXyleneParadichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Styrene
Chlorpyrifos
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Tetradecane
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
Diazinon
Acetaldehyde
Fenobucarb

100 μg/m3 (0.08 ppm)
260 μg/m3 (0.07 ppm)
870 μg/m3 (0.20 ppm)
240 μg/m3 (0.04 ppm)
3,800 μg/m3 (0.88 ppm)
220 μg/m3 (0.05 ppm)
1 μg/m3 (0.07 ppb)
220 μg/m3 (0.02 ppm)
330 μg/m3 (0.04 ppm)
120 μg/m3 (7.6 ppb)
0.29 μg/m3 (0.02 ppb)
48 μg/m3 (0.03 ppm)
33 μg/m3 (3.8 ppb)

Adhesives for plywood, wallpaper, etc.
Adhesives/paints for interior finishing materials, furniture, etc.
Adhesives/paints for interior finishing materials, furniture, etc.
Moth repellents, lavatory air fresheners
Adhesives/paints for plywood, furniture, etc.
Insulation materials, bath units, tatami-mat core materials
Insecticides (esp. ant exterminators)
Paints, pigments, adhesives
Kerosene, paints
Wallpaper, flooring materials, wire-coating materials
Pesticides
Adhesives for construction materials, wallpaper, etc.
Insecticides (esp. termite exterminators)

33

Attention to the Environment

Recycling● THE ELV RECYCLING FLOW (as per the provisions of the End-of-Life Vehicle Recycling Law)

Vehicle Recycling and Waste Reduction
Under Japan’s End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) Recycling Law which entered into force in January 2005, automobile
manufacturers and importers are responsible for recovery, recycling and appropriate disposal with respect tofluorocarbons, airbags, and automobile shredder residue (ASR). Compliance with the law was anticipated to enable
ASR to be recycled at a rate of 70% by 2015, resulting in an automobile recycling rate, by vehicle weight, of 95% (ascompared with the 80% rate prevailing prior to the introduction of the law); those rates were in fact surpassed in2008. Japan’s vehicle recycling infrastructure as mandated by its ELV Recycling Law is the first in the world toadminister the entire process of auto recycling—from ELV recovery to final disposal—on the basis of electronic“manifests” (or compliance checklists). In line with legislative provisions promoting the so-called 3R initiatives(“reduce, reuse, and recycle”), Japan’s automakers are also striving to design vehicles using lightweight materials
that are easy to dismantle and recycle, and to reduce and recycle waste generated in the manufacturing process. In
2017 the volume of auto plant-generated waste destined for landfill disposal totalled 300 tons. Having longsurpassed the target of 1,000 tons set for 2020, JAMA members will nevertheless continue to promote the reductionof plant-generated waste for landfill disposal.

ELV flow

Delegated Funds Management Entity (Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center)

Information flow

Payment of recovery, recycling and disposal costs

Fee remittance/
payment flows

Automobile Manufacturers/Importers/Delegated Organization(Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center)
Fluorocarbon
Disposal* Facilities

Recycling fee
remittances

Fluorocarbon & airbag disposal managed by
Japan Auto Recycling Partnership (JARP)

Purchasers ofUsed Vehicles

Fluorocarbons

Final Owners
ELV
Collectors

Recoverymanifests

End-of-Life Vehicle
Recycling Law

Product Design

Waste Management

ELV Recycling

For designated products (1):
- Weight reduction/
Downsizing- Longer product life
- Reduced use of hazardous
substances

For designated areas of activity:- Reduction/recycling ofdesignated waste products
generated in vehicle
manufacturing operations:
1) Scrap metals
2) Casting sand residue

Basic premise:- Environmentally responsible
vehicle design on the part ofautomobile manufacturers

Shredder Residue
Recycling Facilities

DesignatedHandling Agent

DesignatedHandling Agent

Airbags
Payment
for recovery

ELVs

Promotion of Effective Utilizationof Resources Law (the “3R” Law)

Shredder Residue
Recycling Facilities*Fluorocarbons are destroyed.

Purchasers of
New Vehicles● INDUSTRY MEASURES IN LINE WITH NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Airbag
Disposal Facilities

ELVs

Deliverymanifests

Fluorocarbon
RecoveryOperators

Recoverymanifests

ELVs

Deliverymanifests

Dismantlers

Recoverymanifests

Press & Shear
Operators

Vehiclecarcasses“Reuse” initiatives- Use of reusable/recyclable
materials- Ease of dismantling- Total waste volume*:
1990 (baseline): 352,000 tons↓
2017: 300 tons
JAMA target:
1,000 tons by fiscal 2020

- Ease of sorting“Recycle” initiatives- Non-hazardous recycling

Distribution, Servicing and Use

For designated products (2):Deliverymanifests

Recoverymanifests

Note: The Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center assumes the same responsibilities as automobile manufacturers and importers when an ELV has no manufacturer representation
under the provisions of this law. It also assumes transport-to-mainland costs for ELVs turned in on Japan’s smallest islands.

Digits represent

Fiscal Year

2017

2018

No. of ELVs recovered

3,304,942

3,378,995

Appropriate
disposal ofthreedesignateditems- Recovery and recycling of:1) Fluorocarbons
2) Airbags
3) ASR

Final
Owners34

Certified
Collection
Centers (170)End-of-Life Motorcycle Dealers
Delivery of end-of-life
motorcycle toan ELV motorcycle
dealerVerificationof ownership
ELV Motorcycle
Dealer Designation

Verificationof recycling
documentation

Deliveryto certified
collection
centers

Disposal/
Recycling
Facilities(14)

Verificationof ownership
Verificationof recycling
documentation

Notes: 1. The only cost to final owners (where applicable) is for the delivery by ELV dealers of end-of-life motorcycles to certified collection centers. 2. The disposal of municipally-owned
Source: Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Centerend-of-life motorcycles requires advance approval by the Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center.

● RECYCLING RATES: TARGETED & ACHIEVED
Three Designated
Items

TargetAchieved● REDUCTIONS IN PRODUCTION PLANT-GENERATED WASTE
Waste forlandfill
disposal(x 1,000 tons)

400

200

100

Airbags (1)2,639,270

2,764,427

Airbags

85%

94% (2017)

ASR (2)

3,197,796

3,546,868

ASR

2005: 30%
2010: 50%
2015: 70%

97.9-98.9% (2017)18.818.8 19.5

25

24.3

20.8
17.7 18.1

19.8

16.6 17.2

19.1

21.6
20.0 19.9

21.0

16.9

15

Total valueof vehicle
production
including
motorcycles

0

10

51

5
33 20
18 12

8

6

2 1.4 1 1.1 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3

19902000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Fiscal year
Sources: Government-affiliated entities

20(x 1 billion yen)

2.97 million
vehicle units (2017)

2,935,936

18.6

21.0

300

Destruction

2,861,858

22.7

352

Fluorocarbons
Fluorocarbons(1) Through recovery/appropriate disposal of inflators or through onboard deactivation. (2) Covers
all categories of processors, whether for direct disposal or for transfer to other markets.
Sources: Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center;
Japan Auto Recycling Partnership; Toyotsu Recycle Corporation; “ART” group of companies

End-of-Life Motorcycle Processing(nationwide operations)

Delivery of end-of-life
dealer’s ID code.
motorcycle directly toa certified collection
Motorcycle Recycling Mark
center500

In vehicle units

Mini-vehicle inspection

MOTAS: Japanese-derived acronym for “motor vehicle inspection and registration system”● THE MOTORCYCLE RECYCLING FLOW

(1) Nineteen products including automobiles have been designated in this legislation as requiring “reduce” initiatives in their design. (2) Twenty-three products including automobiles havebeen designated in this legislation as requiring “reuse” and “recycle” initiatives in their design.

● ELV RECOVERY IN NUMBERS

Deliverymanifests

Delegated Information Management Entity (Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center)

Note: Motorcycles are not covered by
the ELV Recycling Law.

*For landfill disposal, including scrap
metals, casting sand residue, andother waste- Materials identification

Shredder Residue
Processors

Shredding & Sorting Operators

Inspection & registration verification (MOTAS)“Reduce” initiatives

Shredderresidue

To markets for recyclable
parts, metals, etc.

Payment
for recovery

1

0

2020
TargetSource: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

35

Attention to the Environment

Emissions

Attention to the Environment

Global Harmonization in the Regulation of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions
Japan’s vehicle exhaust emissions regulations have always been among the world’s most stringent, and its automakers
have worked very hard to develop the advanced technologies required to comply with them. As a result, NOx andother atmospheric pollutant levels have been, even in large urban areas, on a steady decline. Japan has participatedin international discussions on the global harmonization of emission test cycles and in 2010 introduced the UN test
cycle for motorcycle emissions. In 2018 Japan adopted the UN “WLTC” to measure emissions from newgasoline-powered passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, following its adoption in 2016 of the UN “WHTC” formeasuring diesel exhaust emissions from new heavy-duty vehicles (see corresponding notes below).

● MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS REGULATIONS IN JAPANCurrent Regulations
Vehicle Type
Test cycle
Gasolineand
LPG Vehicles

Passenger cars

Trucks and buses

Mini

Light-duty(GVW≤1.7t)
Medium-duty(1.7t<GVW≤3.5t)
Heavy-duty(GVW>3.5t)
Diesel Vehicles

Motorcycles

Class

WLTC (g/km) (1)

2018

WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)

2018
2019

WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)

2019
2018

WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)

2018
2019

WLTC (g/km) (1)
JE05 (g/kWh)

2019
2009

WLTC (g/km) (1)2018Light-duty(GVW≤1.7t)

WLTC (g/km) (1)2018

Medium-duty(1.7t<GVW≤3.5t)

WLTC (g/km) (1)2019

Heavy-duty(GVW>3.5t)

WHTC (g/kWh)2016

Passenger cars (3)Trucks and busesYear
enforcedmotorcycles*

Under 0.150L in engine capacity with a maximum
speed of 50km/h, or under 0.150L in engine
capacity with a maximum speed of 99km/h.

(4)

WMTC (g/km)

2016 (7)(6)*Equivalent to motor-driven cycles, Class 1 and Class 2.

Classmotorcycles*

Under 0.150L in engine capacity with a maximum
speed of <130km/h, or 0.150L or over in engine
capacity with a maximum speed of <130km/h.

WMTC (g/km)

2016 (7)(6)*Equivalent to mini-sized and small-sized motorcycles with amaximum speed of <130km/h.

Classmotorcycles*With a maximum speed of ≥130km/h.

*Equivalent to mini-sized and small-sized motorcycles with amaximum speed of ≥130km/h.

WMTC (g/km)(6)2016 (7)Emission

Regulatory
value (Average)

CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx (5)
PM

1.15
0.10
0.05
0.005
4.02
0.10
0.05
0.005
1.15
0.10
0.05
0.005
2.55
0.15
0.07
0.007
16.0
0.23
0.7
0.01
0.63
0.024
0.15
0.005
0.63
0.024
0.15
0.005
0.63
0.024
0.24
0.007
2.22
0.17
0.4
0.01

CO

1.14

THC

0.30

NOx

0.07

CO

1.14

THC

0.20

NOx

0.07

CO

1.14

THC

0.17

NOx

0.09

(1) WLTC: Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle, on the basis of values measured in cold-start state. (2) PM values apply only to direct-injection, lean-burn vehicles equippedwith absorption-type NOx reduction catalysts. (3) Small-sized diesel passenger cars have an equivalent inertia weight (EIW) of 1.25t (GVW of 1.265t) or less, and mid-sized diesel
passenger cars have an E|W over 1.25t. (4) WHTC: World Harmonized Transient Cycle, on the basis of (values measured in cold-start state) x 0.14 + (values measured in warm-start state) x
0.86. (5) Enforcement: 2016 for GVW>7.5t; 2017 for tractors; 2018 for 3.5t<GVW≤7.5t. (6) WMTC: World Motorcycle Test Cycle. (7) 2017 enforcement for in-production models firstlaunched prior to 2016.
Note: CO: Carbon monoxide; NMHC: Non-methane hydrocarbons; THC: Total hydrocarbons; NOx: Nitrogen oxides; PM: Particulate matter.
Sources: Ministry of the Environment; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

36

Measuring Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions

Japan’s Test Cycles for Measuring Fuel Consumption andExhaust Emissions
Japan not only promotes the international standardization of test cycles for measuring motor vehicle fuelconsumption and CO2 and other emissions but has actively contributed to the development of the Worldwide
Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle (also referred to as the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Test Cycle), or WLTC,
under the United Nations’ World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations. In line with that initiative, Japanis now in the process of replacing its JC08 test cycle for passenger cars and other non-heavy-duty vehicles with WLTC.
WLTC incorporates three driving cycles: the “urban, rural and expressway modes,” as they are called in Japanese.
The indication wherever necessary of fuel consumption rates measured in the three driving “modes” as well as theircertified mean (i.e., average) rate has been required since October 2018.

● COMPARISON OF THE JC08 TEST CYCLE AND WLTC FOR LIGHT VEHICLES

Vehiclespeed(km/h)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

The JC08 Test Cycle

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600
Time (sec)

WLTC

Vehiclespeed(km/h)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Urban mode

0

200

400

Rural mode

600

800

Expressway mode

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600
Time (sec)● HOW LIGHT-VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMPTION RATES (EXAMPLES) ARE INDICATED IN JAPANMeasured on the basis of the JC08 test cycle
Fuel consumption rate (1) certified
by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism

Measured on the basis of WLTC
Fuel consumption rate (1) certified
by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism(2)

21.4 km/L(1) Fuel consumption rates are obtained on thebasis of designated test conditions.
In
real-world on-road driving, rates will vary as aresult of multiple factors (weather and traffic
conditions, driving behavior, use of air
conditioner, etc.).

20.4 km/L

Urban mode (2)Rural mode (2)Expressway mode (2)15.2km/L
21.4km/L
23.2km/L(1) Fuel consumption rates are obtained on the basis of designated test conditions. In real-world
on-road driving, rates will vary as a result of multiple factors (weather and traffic conditions,driving behavior, use of air conditioner, etc.).
(2) WLTC is an international test cycle incorporating urban, rural and expressway driving cycles or“modes” with specific time durations designated for each mode.
Urban mode: (Assumptions) Low-speed driving characterized by frequent stops and starts
owing to numerous traffic signals and congestion
Rural mode: (Assumptions) Steady driving characterized by fewer stops and starts owing tofewer traffic signals and less congestion than in urban driving
Expressway driving mode: (Assumptions) High-speed driving typical of highway driving

37

Attention to the Environment

Emissions

Attention to the Environment

Global Harmonization in the Regulation of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions
Japan’s vehicle exhaust emissions regulations have always been among the world’s most stringent, and its automakers
have worked very hard to develop the advanced technologies required to comply with them. As a result, NOx andother atmospheric pollutant levels have been, even in large urban areas, on a steady decline. Japan has participatedin international discussions on the global harmonization of emission test cycles and in 2010 introduced the UN test
cycle for motorcycle emissions. In 2018 Japan adopted the UN “WLTC” to measure emissions from newgasoline-powered passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, following its adoption in 2016 of the UN “WHTC” formeasuring diesel exhaust emissions from new heavy-duty vehicles (see corresponding notes below).

● MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS REGULATIONS IN JAPANCurrent Regulations
Vehicle Type
Test cycle
Gasolineand
LPG Vehicles

Passenger cars

Trucks and buses

Mini

Light-duty(GVW≤1.7t)
Medium-duty(1.7t<GVW≤3.5t)
Heavy-duty(GVW>3.5t)
Diesel Vehicles

Motorcycles

Class

WLTC (g/km) (1)

2018

WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)

2018
2019

WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)

2019
2018

WLTC (g/km) (1)
WLTC (g/km) (1)

2018
2019

WLTC (g/km) (1)
JE05 (g/kWh)

2019
2009

WLTC (g/km) (1)2018Light-duty(GVW≤1.7t)

WLTC (g/km) (1)2018

Medium-duty(1.7t<GVW≤3.5t)

WLTC (g/km) (1)2019

Heavy-duty(GVW>3.5t)

WHTC (g/kWh)2016

Passenger cars (3)Trucks and busesYear
enforcedmotorcycles*

Under 0.150L in engine capacity with a maximum
speed of 50km/h, or under 0.150L in engine
capacity with a maximum speed of 99km/h.

(4)

WMTC (g/km)

2016 (7)(6)*Equivalent to motor-driven cycles, Class 1 and Class 2.

Classmotorcycles*

Under 0.150L in engine capacity with a maximum
speed of <130km/h, or 0.150L or over in engine
capacity with a maximum speed of <130km/h.

WMTC (g/km)

2016 (7)(6)*Equivalent to mini-sized and small-sized motorcycles with amaximum speed of <130km/h.

Classmotorcycles*With a maximum speed of ≥130km/h.

*Equivalent to mini-sized and small-sized motorcycles with amaximum speed of ≥130km/h.

WMTC (g/km)(6)2016 (7)Emission

Regulatory
value (Average)

CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)CO
NMHC
NOx
PM (2)
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx
PM
CO
NMHC
NOx (5)
PM

1.15
0.10
0.05
0.005
4.02
0.10
0.05
0.005
1.15
0.10
0.05
0.005
2.55
0.15
0.07
0.007
16.0
0.23
0.7
0.01
0.63
0.024
0.15
0.005
0.63
0.024
0.15
0.005
0.63
0.024
0.24
0.007
2.22
0.17
0.4
0.01

CO

1.14

THC

0.30

NOx

0.07

CO

1.14

THC

0.20

NOx

0.07

CO

1.14

THC

0.17

NOx

0.09

(1) WLTC: Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle, on the basis of values measured in cold-start state. (2) PM values apply only to direct-injection, lean-burn vehicles equippedwith absorption-type NOx reduction catalysts. (3) Small-sized diesel passenger cars have an equivalent inertia weight (EIW) of 1.25t (GVW of 1.265t) or less, and mid-sized diesel
passenger cars have an E|W over 1.25t. (4) WHTC: World Harmonized Transient Cycle, on the basis of (values measured in cold-start state) x 0.14 + (values measured in warm-start state) x
0.86. (5) Enforcement: 2016 for GVW>7.5t; 2017 for tractors; 2018 for 3.5t<GVW≤7.5t. (6) WMTC: World Motorcycle Test Cycle. (7) 2017 enforcement for in-production models firstlaunched prior to 2016.
Note: CO: Carbon monoxide; NMHC: Non-methane hydrocarbons; THC: Total hydrocarbons; NOx: Nitrogen oxides; PM: Particulate matter.
Sources: Ministry of the Environment; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

36

Measuring Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions

Japan’s Test Cycles for Measuring Fuel Consumption andExhaust Emissions
Japan not only promotes the international standardization of test cycles for measuring motor vehicle fuelconsumption and CO2 and other emissions but has actively contributed to the development of the Worldwide
Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle (also referred to as the Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Test Cycle), or WLTC,
under the United Nations’ World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations. In line with that initiative, Japanis now in the process of replacing its JC08 test cycle for passenger cars and other non-heavy-duty vehicles with WLTC.
WLTC incorporates three driving cycles: the “urban, rural and expressway modes,” as they are called in Japanese.
The indication wherever necessary of fuel consumption rates measured in the three driving “modes” as well as theircertified mean (i.e., average) rate has been required since October 2018.

● COMPARISON OF THE JC08 TEST CYCLE AND WLTC FOR LIGHT VEHICLES

Vehiclespeed(km/h)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

The JC08 Test Cycle

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600
Time (sec)

WLTC

Vehiclespeed(km/h)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Urban mode

0

200

400

Rural mode

600

800

Expressway mode

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600
Time (sec)● HOW LIGHT-VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMPTION RATES (EXAMPLES) ARE INDICATED IN JAPANMeasured on the basis of the JC08 test cycle
Fuel consumption rate (1) certified
by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism

Measured on the basis of WLTC
Fuel consumption rate (1) certified
by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism(2)

21.4 km/L(1) Fuel consumption rates are obtained on thebasis of designated test conditions.
In
real-world on-road driving, rates will vary as aresult of multiple factors (weather and traffic
conditions, driving behavior, use of air
conditioner, etc.).

20.4 km/L

Urban mode (2)Rural mode (2)Expressway mode (2)15.2km/L
21.4km/L
23.2km/L(1) Fuel consumption rates are obtained on the basis of designated test conditions. In real-world
on-road driving, rates will vary as a result of multiple factors (weather and traffic conditions,driving behavior, use of air conditioner, etc.).
(2) WLTC is an international test cycle incorporating urban, rural and expressway driving cycles or“modes” with specific time durations designated for each mode.
Urban mode: (Assumptions) Low-speed driving characterized by frequent stops and starts
owing to numerous traffic signals and congestion
Rural mode: (Assumptions) Steady driving characterized by fewer stops and starts owing tofewer traffic signals and less congestion than in urban driving
Expressway driving mode: (Assumptions) High-speed driving typical of highway driving

37

TaxesTaxes on Automobiles

9 Trillion Yen in Annual Automobile-Related Tax Revenue
Since the initial earmarking of funds for road construction and road maintenance programs in line with Japan’s first
five-year road improvement plan in 1954, there has been a steady increase both in the number of
automobile-related taxes assessed on users and in their respective rates. Currently, the automobile tax structure
consists of nine different taxes, creating a very heavy tax burden for motor vehicle owners in Japan. Under thegovernment’s budget for fiscal 2019, the total value of tax revenue from these automobile-related taxes has been
estimated at 8.6 trillion yen, or 8.1% of Japan’s projected total tax revenue of 106.6 trillion yen in fiscal 2019.

● JAPAN’S ESTIMATED AUTOMOBILE-RELATED TAX REVENUE IN FISCAL 2019
Tax Revenue(x 100 million yen)Taxes onAutomobiles

Whilein useTaxes onFuels

● TAX REVENUE (Estimated) BY SOURCE IN FISCAL 2019(as per Japan’s fiscal 2019 budget)

Acquisition tax
870

x 100 million yen

Fixed
asset tax
91,648(8.6%) Corporate tax
203,710Consumption(19.1%)
tax
Total Tax
Breakdown of
217,409
Revenue
Automobile-Related(20.4%)(national andlocal taxes)
1,065,846(100%)
Income tax
199,340(18.7%)

Tax Revenue (estimated)
86,287 (8.1%)

Other244,252 (22.9%)

Dieselhandling
tax
9,537
Regional
gasoline
excise tax
2,464

Consumption tax(on automobiles)
16,328Onacquisition

Duringownership

Gasolinetax
23,030

Stamp tax
10,490(1.0%)

Tonnagetax
6,510

Automobiletax
15,902Mini-vehicle tax
2,699

On Acquisition

National/Local Tax
Tax Rate/
Amount15,902Mini-vehicle tax
Total
Gasoline tax
Regional gasoline excise tax
Diesel handling tax
LPG tax
Consumption tax (on fuels)
Total

2,699
42,30923,030
2,464
9,537
140
8,807
43,97886,287

1.00¥4,100/0.5t/year

1.64¥2,500/0.5t/year(e.g., passenger car for private use)(e.g., passenger car for private use)

Based on engine capacity(e.g., for 1,001≤1,500cc passenger cars, ¥34,500/year; see below)¥10,800/year (passenger cars for private use)
¥24.3/L¥4.4/L
¥15.0/L¥48.6/L¥5.2/L¥32.1/L¥17.5/kg
8%“Five-Year” Plan

1958-60 Second
1961-63 Third
1964-66 Fourth

1970-72 Sixth
1973-77 Seventh
1978-82
1983-87
1988-92
1993-97
1998-2002
2003-07

FiscalYear

Acquisition
Tax

TonnageTax¥/0.5t/year

Gasoline
Tax¥/L

Regional Gasoline
Excise Tax
¥/L

13.0
11.0

2.0

14.8

3.5

1954
1955
1956
1957
1959

[Commercial and1961 mini-vehicles
1964 excluded]
1966
1967
1968
3%
1970
1971
1974
5%
1976
1979

2.00
1.18
2.14
1.00

Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
1993
Eleventh
1998
TwelfthAs per the national priority
infrastructure development plan
2008- As per the national medium-termroad infrastructure plan
2010-11 —2012-13 —2014-18 —2019- —
Comparison with base tax rate
(multiplier value)

22.1
24.3

LPG Tax
¥/kg

10.4
12.5
15.0

4.0
4.4

5
10
17.5

2,500
5,000
6,300

29.2
36.5
45.6

5.3
6.6
8.2

19.5
24.3

48.6

5.2

32.1

6,300
5,000
4,100 (2,500)

3%3%4,100 (2,500*)

48.6

5.2

32.1

17.5

1.64

2.00

1.18

2.14

1.00

1.00

During Ownership

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

While in Use
Gasoline
Tax

Regional Gasoline
Excise Tax

Consumption Tax

Tonnage Tax

Automobile Tax

Mini-Vehicle Tax

Assessed on the acquisition of an
automobile, whether new or used,based on the purchase price

Assessedonthepurchase price of theautomobile

Assessed according to vehicle weight at each mandatory vehicle
inspection

Fixed amount assessed on theowner each year as of April 1

Fixed amount assessed on theowner each year as of April 1

Assessed on gasoline

Prefectural tax

National and local tax

National tax

Prefectural tax

Municipal tax

National tax(Private use)
- 3% of purchase price(2% for commercial vehicles andmini-vehicles)- Exempted for vehicles purchasedfor ¥500,000 or less

8% (of which 1.7% isa local tax)

1) Eco-friendly vehicles:¥2,500/0.5t/year (= base rate) for private-use passenger cars
2) Vehicles on the road 18 years or longer since first registration:¥6,300/0.5t/year for private-use passenger cars
3) Vehicles on the road 13 years or longer since first registration:¥5,700/0.5t/year for private-use passenger cars
4) Other vehicles for private use:
- Passenger cars: ¥4,100/0.5t/year- Trucks (GVW>2.5t): ¥4,100/t/year; Trucks (GVW≤2.5t): ¥3,300/t/year- Buses: ¥4,100/t/year; Mini-vehicles: ¥3,300/year- Motorcycles (251cc and over): ¥1,900/year- Motorcycles (126 to 250cc): ¥4,900 upon registration

Passenger cars for private use:
- Up to 1,000cc ¥29,500/year- 1,001 to 1,500cc ¥34,500/year- 1,501 to 2,000cc ¥39,500/year- 2,001 to 2,500cc ¥45,000/year- 2,501 to 3,000cc ¥51,000/year- 3,001 to 3,500cc ¥58,000/year- 3,501 to 4,000cc ¥66,500/year- 4,001 to 4,500cc ¥76,500/year- 4,501 to 6,000cc ¥88,000/year
Over 6,000cc ¥111,000/year

1) Mini-vehicles for private use:
- Passenger cars ¥10,800/year- Trucks¥5,000/year¥48.6/L

Note: For eco-friendly vehicles, reductions/exemptions apply to the tonnage tax from May
2019 through April 2021 (see page 40).

DieselHandling Tax
¥/L
6.0
8.0

19.2

[In the case of apassenger car for
private use]

Acquisition Tax

Note:
For eco-friendly vehicles,
reductions/exemptions apply to theacquisition tax from April throughSeptember 2019 (see page 40).

3% (commercial and mini-vehicles excluded)8%

Base tax rate
*The base tonnage tax rate (¥2,500/0.5t/year as of May 1, 2019) is applied only to eco-friendly vehicles.

● AUTOMOBILE-RELATED TAXES IN JAPAN (as of May 1, 2019)

How
Assessed

Duration

1967-69 Fifth

Notes: 1. Automobile-related consumption tax revenue is not included in the “Consumption tax” segment in the chart on the left, but is included in the breakdown of automobile-related
tax revenue appearing in the chart on the right. 2. Automobile-related consumption tax revenue values (including the consumption tax revenue from automobile servicing, not shown but
included in figures here) have been calculated by JAMA. 3. The consumption tax is a national sales tax, of which 1.7% of the revenue is redistributed as revenue to local governments.
Sources: Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Tax Category

6,510

3%

Comparison with Base Tax
Rate (multiplier value)● TAX RATES IN EFFECT (Examples), 1954-2019, TO SUPPORT ROAD NETWORK IMPROVEMENTS

1954-57 First

Taxes on Taxes on
Fuels Automobiles
Total Total
43,978 42,309
Whilein useLiquor tax
12,710(1.2%)

Grand Total

870
16,328Current Tax Rate

Notes: 1. Consumption tax revenue values (including the consumption tax revenue from automobile servicing, not shown but included in figures here) have been calculated by JAMA.
2. Current tax rates effective as of May 1, 2019.

LPG tax
140
Consumptiontax (on fuels)
8,807

On
Acquisition tax
acquisition Consumption tax (on automobiles)
Tonnage tax
Duringownership
Automobile tax

Base Tax Rate(for reference)

Note: Above tax rates apply to new
private-use passenger cars registered on
or after October 1, 2019 (see page 42).

Note: Above tax rates apply to newvehicles registered in or after fiscal
2015 and took effect from fiscal 2016.

2) Motorcycles- Up to 50cc
- 51 to 90cc
- 91 to 125cc- 126 to 250cc- 251cc and over

¥2,000/year¥2,000/year¥2,400/year¥3,600/year¥6,000/year

Note: For some eco-friendly mini-vehicles, reductions
apply to the mini-vehicle tax (see page 41).

DieselHandling Tax

LPG Tax

Assessed on light oil

Assessed on LPG

Assessed on
the purchaseprice of fuels

Prefectural tax

National tax

National and local tax¥32.1/L(light oil)¥17.5/kg(LPG)

8% of thepurchase priceof fuels (ofwhich 1.7% isa local tax)

Included in the fuel price¥5.2/L

Consumption
Tax[For light oil,
imposed on
the light oil
priceexcluding thedieselhandling tax]
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

38

39

TaxesTax Incentive Measures for Eco-Friendly Vehicles

Tax Incentives to Promote the Wider Use of Eco-Friendly Vehicles● ADDITIONAL ACQUISITION AND TONNAGE TAX REDUCTIONS/EXEMPTIONS(For Vehicles Equipped with Advanced Safety Features [ASVs] and Public-Use Assisted-Mobility Vehicles [AMVs])

To help expedite the shift to low-carbon road transport in the interest of curbing global warming and to help
improve air quality, the Japanese government has, since April 2009, applied auto-related tax incentives to promote
the wider use of eco-friendly vehicles. Updated incentives and eligibility requirements came into effect in April andMay 2019 and their effective periods were extended for two years with the exception of the incentives for theacquisition tax, which were extended for six months until October 2019, when the acquisition tax is to be abolishedin tandem with the scheduled rise in the consumption tax.

Period in effect (ASVs): April 1, 2019 through September 30, 2019 for the acquisition tax; May 1, 2018 through April 30, 2021 for the tonnage tax.
Period in effect (AMVs): April 1, 2019 through September 30, 2019 for the acquisition tax; May 1, 2018 through March 31, 2021 for the tonnage tax.

INCENTIVES & ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS

ASVs
equipped with
one of three systems

Collision-mitigation braking system

Acquisition Tax

Tonnage Tax¥3.5 million deduction from purchase price (1), (3)50% reduction (1), (2)¥1.75 million deduction from purchase price (1), (3)25% reduction (1), (2)Electronic stability control system
Lane departure warning system● ACQUISITION AND TONNAGE TAX REDUCTIONS/EXEMPTIONSASVs equipped with more than one of the above systems

Up to ¥5.25 million deduction from purchase price (1), (3)Up to 75% reduction (1), (2)Period in effect: April 1, 2019 through September 30, 2019 for the acquisition tax; May 1, 2019 through April 30, 2021 for the tonnage tax.

AMVs

Low-floor (“non-step”) buses (for use in public/charter transport)¥10 million deduction from purchase price (3)Exempt (2)Buses equipped with an electric lift(for use in public/charter transport)· For large buses (occupancy≥30 persons),¥6.5 million deduction from purchase price (3)· For small buses (occupancy<30 persons),¥2 million deduction from purchase price (3)Exempt (2)Universal design-based taxis (for use in public transport)¥1.0 million deduction from purchase price (3)Exempt (2)1. Passenger Cars
Requirements

Tax Category

Reductions/Exemptions• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% fromAcquisition Tax

Exempt2009 emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)• Plug-in hybrid vehicles• Clean diesel passenger cars (complying with 2009 or 2018
emission standards)

Gasoline vehicles/
LPG vehicles(including hybrids)

Emissions level

TonnageTax@ Initial & firstvehicle inspections

2020 Fuel Efficiency Standards
+20%
+30%
+40%
+90%
Compliant
+10%
25%
20%
50% reduction
Exemptreduction reduction

Fuel efficiency

Down by 75% from 2005 standards or
Down by 50% from 2018 standards

Acquisition Tax
Tonnage
Tax

Exempt (1)@ Initial vehicle
inspection

25% reduction

50% reduction

Exempt (2)Requirements

Tax Category

Reductions/Exemptions• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% fromAcquisition Tax

Exempt2009 emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)• Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Gasoline vehicles(including hybrids)

Emissions level

TonnageTax@ Initial & firstvehicle inspections

Fuel efficiency

Down by 75% from 2005 standards or
Down by 50% from 2018 standards

Acquisition Tax
TonnageTax@ Initial vehicle
inspection

Requirements
Passenger
Cars

Exempt (1)2015 Fuel Efficiency Standards
+20%
+15%
+10%
+5%
80%
60%
40%
20%
reduction
reduction
reduction
reduction
75%
50%
25% reduction
reduction
reduction+25%
ExemptExempt3. Mid-Sized Trucks and Buses (2.5t GVW≤3.5t)
Requirements• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009
emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards)• Plug-in hybrid vehicles
Emissions level

Gasoline vehicles(including hybrids)

Diesel vehicles(including hybrids)

Tonnage Tax

Tax Category

Reductions/Exemptions

Acquisition Tax

Exempt@ Initial & first vehicle inspections

Exempt (1)Fuel efficiency

Down by 75% from 2005 standards or
Down by 50% from 2018 standards
Down by 50% from 2005 standards or
Down by 25% from 2018 standards
NOx and PM emissions down by 10% from 2009
standards or Compliant with 2018 emission standards
Compliant with 2009 emission standards

Tonnage Tax
Tonnage Tax
Tonnage Tax
Tonnage Tax

Acquisition Tax@ Initial vehicle inspection
Acquisition Tax@ Initial vehicle inspection
Acquisition Tax@ Initial vehicle inspection
Acquisition Tax@ Initial vehicle inspection2015 Fuel Efficiency Standards
+15%
+10%
+5%
Exempt75%
50%
Exemptreduction
reduction
75%
50%
No
reduction
reduction
incentive
Exempt75%
50%
Exemptreduction
reduction
75%
50%
No
reduction
reduction
incentive

4. Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses (GVW 3.5t)
Tax Category

Reductions/Exemptions• Electric vehicles • Fuel cell vehicles• Natural gas vehicles (with NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission standards)• Plug-in hybrid vehicles

Acquisition Tax

Exempt(including hybrids)

Emissions level

Tonnage Tax@ Initial & first vehicle inspections

Fuel efficiency

NOx and PM emissions down by 10% from 2009
standards or Compliant with 2016 emission standards

Tonnage Tax

Trucks & Buses

Acquisition Tax@ Initial vehicle inspection

Exempt (1)2015 Fuel Efficiency Standards
+15%
+10%
+5%
Exempt75%
50%
Exemptreduction
reduction(1) An initial inspection is mandated for a new vehicle purchase; exemption at the time of first vehicle inspection post-purchase applies only when the new inspection certificate is issued
within 15 days following expiration of the old certificate. (2) For vehicles compliant +90% with 2020 fuel efficiency standards, exemption applies on initial inspection mandated for new
vehicle purchase and at the time of first vehicle inspection post-purchase (only when the new inspection certificate is issued within 15 days following expiration of the old certificate).

Reduction

Electric vehicles/Fuel cell vehicles/Plug-in hybrid vehicles/
Clean diesel passenger cars (1)/Natural gas vehicles (2)Compliant +30% with 2020 fuel efficiency standards,
with emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards

75% reduction (4)Compliant +10% with 2020 fuel efficiency standards,
with emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards

50% reduction (4)Electric vehicles/Fuel cell vehicles/Plug-in hybrid vehicles/Natural gas vehicles (3)75% reduction (4)(1) Only vehicles complying with 2009 emission standards. (2) With NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission standards. (3) With NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009
emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards. (4) Reductions effective on initial inspection mandated for new vehicle purchase are applied in the fiscal year following
the year of purchase.
Notes: 1. This scheme also mandates a yearly 15% (10% for trucks and buses) surcharge on the automobile tax for gasoline and LPG-powered vehicles on the road 13 years or longer,
and for diesel vehicles on the road 11 years or longer, since first registration; electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, natural gas vehicles, methanol vehicles, gasoline hybrid vehicles, public
transport buses and trailers are exempt. 2. In and after 2021, only electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, natural gas vehicles, and clean diesel passenger cars will be
eligible for the tax reduction.

● FISCAL 2019 & 2020 SPECIAL MINI-VEHICLE TAX REDUCTIONS (Minicars and Mini-Trucks) *Requirements
Minicars

Mini-Trucks

Requirements

Diesel vehicles(1) Eligible vehicles are trucks (3.5t<GVW≤22t) and buses (including 10-person occupancy vehicles); buses with GVW>12t are required to be equipped with a lane departure warning
system; electronic stability control systems are not included in the eligibility requirements for buses with GVW<5t. (2) Applied once, on initial inspection mandated for new vehicle
purchase. (3) Applied once, at the time of new vehicle registration.
Notes: 1. The acquisition tax is assessed on the amount remaining after deduction. 2. When vehicles targeted by this scheme are also covered by the eco-friendly vehicle tax incentives
scheme (see page 40), vehicle owners can opt either for one of the acquisition tax deductions shown here or for one of the acquisition tax reductions/exemptions prescribed in theeco-friendly vehicle tax incentives scheme. 3. When vehicles targeted by this scheme are also covered by the eco-friendly vehicle tax incentives scheme, the most favorable tonnage tax
incentive between the two schemes is applied; when the tonnage tax incentive is identical in both schemes, it is implemented under the eco-friendly vehicle tax incentives scheme.
4. With the abolition of the acquisition tax taking effect on October 1, 2019, the incentives listed above under “Acquisition Tax” will remain in force from that date through March 31,
2021 as part of the new framework of automotive environmental performance-based tax measures (see page 43 for more information on those measures).

● FISCAL 2019 & 2020 SPECIAL AUTOMOBILE TAX REDUCTIONS (Passenger Cars and Trucks & Buses)

2. Small Trucks and Buses (GVW≤2.5t)

40Reductions/Exemptions

Vehicle Type

Reduction

Electric vehicles/Fuel cell vehicles/Natural gas vehicles (1)75% reduction (2)Compliant +30% with 2020 fuel efficiency standards,
with emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards

50% reduction (2)Compliant +10% with 2020 fuel efficiency standards,
with emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards

25% reduction (2)Electric vehicles/Fuel cell vehicles/Natural gas vehicles (1)75% reduction (2)Compliant +35% with 2015 fuel efficiency standards,
with emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards

50% reduction (2)Compliant +15% with 2015 fuel efficiency standards,
with emissions down by 75% from 2005 standards or down by 50% from 2018 standards

25% reduction (2)*Applies only to three- or four-wheeled mini-vehicles at the time of new vehicle registration.
(1) With NOx emissions down by 10% from 2009 emission standards, or complying with 2018 emission standards. (2) Reductions effective on initial inspection mandated for new vehicle
purchase are applied in the fiscal year following the year of purchase.
Notes: 1. This scheme also mandates a yearly 20% surcharge on the mini-vehicle tax for mini-vehicles on the road 13 years or longer since first registration; electric vehicles, fuel cellvehicles, natural gas vehicles, methanol vehicles, gasoline hybrid vehicles and trailers are exempt. 2. In and after 2021, only electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, and natural gas vehicles will
be eligible for the tax reduction.

41

TaxesAuto Tax Reform Measures

Tax Reform Measures Implemented to Ease the Burden on Motor Vehicle
Owners and Help Balance Demand before/after Consumption Tax Hike
In tandem with the scheduled increase in the consumption tax rate to 10% in October 2019, reductions in theautomobile tax on private-use passenger cars registered for the first time on or after October 1, 2019 will go into
effect, to ease the tax burden on vehicle owners and help balance market demand prior to and following theconsumption tax hike.
In addition, a provisional reduction of 1% on the automotive environmental
performance-based tax (see opposite page) will be accorded to private-use passenger vehicles, including mini- andused vehicles, purchased within one year from October 1, 2019, as a further measure to prevent the demand forautomobiles, which are major consumer durables, from spiking before, and consequently plunging after, theincrease in the consumption tax.

● REDUCTIONS IN THE AUTOMOBILE TAX (permanent tax cuts)
Reductions (of which exact amounts are determined by engine capacity) in the automobile tax will be applied to all private-use passenger cars registered
for the first time on or after October 1, 2019. These reductions, which are permanent, are the first to be applied across the board, to passenger cars of
any engine capacity, since the establishment of Japan’s automobile tax regimen in 1950. Purchasers of a passenger car with an engine capacity of
2,000cc or less, for example, will enjoy a 10-15% tax break every year throughout their ownership of the vehicle.
In yen120,000

Mini-VehicleTax110,000

Automobile Tax● ABOLITION OF THE ACQUISITION TAX
The acquisition tax imposed at the time of new or used vehicle purchase will be abolished effective from October 1, 2019, in tandem with thescheduled rate increase (to 10%) in the consumption tax.

Current acquisition tax rates (applicable through September 30, 2019)
Passenger vehicles (for private use)

3%

Commercial vehicles, mini-vehicles

2%● IMPLEMENTATION OF TAXATION ON AUTOMOTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE– From October 1, 2019, an automotive environmental performance-based tax will come into effect as an adjunct provision to the automobile tax andthe mini-vehicle tax. It will be imposed at the time of vehicle (passenger car, mini-vehicle, heavy-duty vehicle, etc.) purchase and calculated on thebasis of the vehicle’s environmental (i.e., fuel efficiency, emissions) performance and its purchase price.
– The new tax will apply to both new and used vehicles, with the exception of vehicles purchased for ¥500,000 or less, which are exempted from the tax.
– The fuel efficiency and other environmental performance criteria on the basis of which the tax’s varying rates (e.g., from 0% to 3% for passenger
vehicles and from 0% to 2% for commercial vehicles and mini-vehicles) have been determined are in line with criteria established in Japan’s Energy
Conservation Law. Highly fuel-efficient vehicles as well as alternative-energy vehicles are exempted from the tax.
– For vehicles purchased within 12 months from October 1, 2019, a provisional 1% reduction on this tax will be applied.

Environmental Performance-Based Tax for Private-Use Passenger Vehicles (including mini- and used vehicles)
Alternativeenergy
vehicles*

111,000

Passenger cars

Exempt from tax

Mini-vehicles

Passenger cars (for private use)

87,00080,000

Alternativeenergy
vehicles*Heavy-duty vehicles

65,50058,00050,00045,00039,50040,000Engine capacity
Up to 1000cc
1001 to 1500cc
1501 to 2000cc
2001 to 2500cc
2501 to 3000cc
3001 to 3500cc
3501 to 4000cc
4001 to 4500cc
4501 to 6000cc
Over 6000cc

25,000Minivehicles(passenger cars
for private use)
10,00010,80020,000Current¥29,500¥34,500¥39,500¥45,000¥51,000¥58,000¥66,500¥76,500¥88,000¥111,000

Reduced¥25,000¥30,500¥36,000¥43,500¥50,000¥57,000¥65,500¥75,500¥87,000¥110,000

0
500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1% of VPP

2%

2015
Fuel Efficiency Standards+5%Compliant

Not compliant

Exempt from tax

1% of VPP

2% of VPP

3% of VPP

Provisional Automotive Environmental Performance-Based Tax Reduction(in effect from October 1, 2019 through September 30, 2020)
Annual Automobile Tax Amounts Assessed,
Current & Reduced (from October 1, 2019)

43,50030,50003%*Electric, fuel cell, plug-in hybrid and natural gas vehicles
VPP: Vehicle purchase price50,00036,00029,5002% of VPP

57,00034,50030,0001% of VPP

+10%66,50051,000CompliantEnvironmental Performance-Based Tax for Private-Use Heavy-Duty Vehicles

75,50060,000+10%

Exempt from tax

76,50070,000Other*Electric, fuel cell, plug-in hybrid and natural gas vehicles and clean diesel passenger cars
VPP: Vehicle purchase priceNote: Above tax rates will be applied to vehicles registered on or after October 1, 2020, following the expiration of the provisional 1% reduction on these rates.

88,00090,0002020
Fuel Efficiency Standards+20%

110,000

100,000

To be abolishedon October 1, 2019

Acquisition Tax

3000

3500

4000

4500 ... 6000

6500

To help balance market demand prior to and following the scheduled increase in the consumption tax in October 2019, a 1% reduction on theautomotive environmental performance-based tax will be in effect for private-use passenger vehicles (including mini- and used vehicles)
purchased within 12 months from October 1, 2019.

Reductions for Passenger Cars

Reductions for Mini-Vehicles

Basic rate

Reduced rate
(2019/10 through 2020/9)

Basic rate

Reduced rate
(2019/10 through 2020/9)

ExemptExemptExemptExempt1%

Exempt1%

Exempt

2%

1%

2%

1%

3%

2%

Engine capacity (cc)4243

TaxesThe Burden on Motor Vehicle Users

The Tokyo Motor Show

The 46th Tokyo Motor Show 2019

Automobile-Related Taxes Are Onerous

At This Year’s Show, Seeing the Exciting Mobility World of Tomorrow

Consider the case of a passenger car costing 2.40 million yen when purchased new and providing 13 years of service
to the original owner for private use. During that period, six different categories of taxes (including consumption
tax at the time of vehicle purchase and on fuel) will be assessed on the owner/user, amounting to a grand total ofroughly 1.8 million yen. In addition to these various taxes, the user will also be required to pay onerous expressway
tolls, automobile insurance premiums (mandatory and optional), a recycling fee, periodic inspection fees, andmaintenance costs.

The 46th edition of the Tokyo Motor Show will be held from October 24 (October 25 for the general public) throughNovember 4, 2019 at Tokyo Big Sight and multiple venues in the Odaiba area (Ariake, Koto-ku), exhibiting passenger
cars, commercial vehicles, motorcycles, carrozzeria, vehicle bodies, parts, machinery and tools and mobility-related
services.

● INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TAXES ASSESSEDON AUTOMOBILE OWNERSHIP
80
70

x 10,000 yen(Vehicle service life: 13 years)

Total during
ownership

Total during
ownership

Total during
ownership

Total during
ownership

Total during
ownership

62.8

28.7

12.8

2.2

18.3

60

Tonnage
tax
16.0

50

With “Open Future” as its expansive theme, the show will set its sights on what mobility will look like in coming
years within the broader context of the living experience of the future. Visitors will be able to see and feel the
excitement of the mobility world of tomorrow and its potentialities.

TOKYO BIG SIGHT
West/South Exhibition Halls

Section G1

x 2.2
40

x 4.9

30

Automobile(engineConsumption capacitytax
based) tax
24.0
46.8

20

Value
added tax
48.0
Automobile
tax
28.7

Environmental
performancebased tax
2.2

10
0

x 29

Value
added tax
48.0

Value
added tax
45.6
Automobile
tax
12.8

Consumption
tax
12.7

Registration
tax
4.8

Retail tax Automobile
21.3
tax
2.2

Environmental
performancebased tax
1.1

Symbol PromenadeTonnagetax
4.3
Minicar
tax
14.0

MEGA WEB(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)

Japan

UK

Germany

FranceU.S.A.

Japan (Minicar)

Assumptions: 1) Engine capacity: 2000cc. 2) GVW≤1.5t. 3) Purchase price: ¥2.40 million (¥1.27 million for a minicar). 4) Fuel consumption (JC08 test cycle-based): 20.5km/L (CO2emissions: 113g/km). 5) France = Paris; U.S.A. = New York City. 6) France: Vehicle in no. 8 horsepower “class.” 7) Service life: 13 years. 8) Currency exchange rates: EUR 1 = JPY 130,
GBP 1 = JPY 150, USD 1 = JPY 112 (averaged April 2018-March 2019).
Notes: 1. Figures here are based on tax rates in effect from October 2019. 2. Figures here do not take into account applicable incentives/surcharges, such as tax incentives for eco-friendly
vehicles in Japan, if any.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association● TAXES ASSESSED ON PASSENGER CAR OWNERSHIP AND USE (PRIVATE) IN JAPAN(assuming a 13-year service life)
1,200,000

2nd to 13th year
1st year(on acquisition)

2,409,800(484,850)

1,000,000

400,000
200,000

21,600(21,600)

159,900(36,900)

174,200
67,600 (13,400)(5,200)165,100(35,950)

11,000(11,000)Co● SHOW LOGO

Assumptions: 1) A passenger car with 2000cc engine capacity and purchase price of ¥2.40 million (retail price, excluding consumption tax). 2) GVW≤1.5t. 3) Annual fuel consumption:
1,000 liters. 4) Tonnage tax imposed yearly, but collected only at time of mandatory vehicle inspection. 5) Tax amounts reflect rates in effect from October 1, 2019. 6) Consumption tax =10% of retail price. 7) The recycling fee indicated is the average rate for a 2000cc passenger car.
Notes: 1. Estimated expressway tolls, mandatory insurance premium payments and recycling fee are included here because they can be considered similar to taxes. (Mandatory insurance
premium values indicated in effect at October 1, 2019.) 2. Value of expressway tolls was estimated by JAMA based on expressway toll revenue in 2017.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

44

Tokyo Motor Show 2019’s venue is Tokyo Waterfront City, including Tokyo Big Sight and the Odaiba area. With thecooperation of the authorities concerned, the Symbol Promenade Park stretching from Tokyo Big Sight’s West/South
Exhibition Halls and Aomi Exhibition Hall to the Mega Web automobile theme park will serve as an open avenue
along which hands-on, interactive exhibits featuring future mobility will take place. The 46th Tokyo Motor Show2019 will offer programs, events, and activities that can be enjoyed not only by car and motorcycle enthusiasts but
by visitors of all ages including young people and families.

● SHOW THEME

ns
(o um
n p
au tio
to n
m ta
ob x
pe E
ile
rfo nv)
rm iroan nm
ce- enba tal
sed
To
tax
nn
ag
e
Au
ta
to
x
m
ca ob
pa ilecit (ey-b ngas ine
ed
)t
G
ax
as
ol
in
e
ta
x
ga
so R
lin egCo e ex ion
ci alns
um se t
ax
pt
io
n
(o ta
n x
Ex
fu
pr
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es
)
sw
ay
to
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M
an
d
in ato
su r
ra y
nc
Re
e
cy
cl
in
g
fe
e

0

240,000(240,000)

470,600(36,200)al

468,000(36,000)

600,000

631,800(48,600)Tot

800,000

2,400,000BaN se
pu ew lin
rc ve e =ha h
se icleprice

1,400,000

YenTOKYO BIG SIGHT
Aomi Exhibition Halls

The show’s striking, colorful logo is a visual representationof its theme, the openness of mobility’s potentialities in
the future.

45

TaxesThe Burden on Motor Vehicle Users

The Tokyo Motor Show

The 46th Tokyo Motor Show 2019

Automobile-Related Taxes Are Onerous

At This Year’s Show, Seeing the Exciting Mobility World of Tomorrow

Consider the case of a passenger car costing 2.40 million yen when purchased new and providing 13 years of service
to the original owner for private use. During that period, six different categories of taxes (including consumption
tax at the time of vehicle purchase and on fuel) will be assessed on the owner/user, amounting to a grand total ofroughly 1.8 million yen. In addition to these various taxes, the user will also be required to pay onerous expressway
tolls, automobile insurance premiums (mandatory and optional), a recycling fee, periodic inspection fees, andmaintenance costs.

The 46th edition of the Tokyo Motor Show will be held from October 24 (October 25 for the general public) throughNovember 4, 2019 at Tokyo Big Sight and multiple venues in the Odaiba area (Ariake, Koto-ku), exhibiting passenger
cars, commercial vehicles, motorcycles, carrozzeria, vehicle bodies, parts, machinery and tools and mobility-related
services.

● INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF TAXES ASSESSEDON AUTOMOBILE OWNERSHIP
80
70

x 10,000 yen(Vehicle service life: 13 years)

Total during
ownership

Total during
ownership

Total during
ownership

Total during
ownership

Total during
ownership

62.8

28.7

12.8

2.2

18.3

60

Tonnage
tax
16.0

50

With “Open Future” as its expansive theme, the show will set its sights on what mobility will look like in coming
years within the broader context of the living experience of the future. Visitors will be able to see and feel the
excitement of the mobility world of tomorrow and its potentialities.

TOKYO BIG SIGHT
West/South Exhibition Halls

Section G1

x 2.2
40

x 4.9

30

Automobile(engineConsumption capacitytax
based) tax
24.0
46.8

20

Value
added tax
48.0
Automobile
tax
28.7

Environmental
performancebased tax
2.2

10
0

x 29

Value
added tax
48.0

Value
added tax
45.6
Automobile
tax
12.8

Consumption
tax
12.7

Registration
tax
4.8

Retail tax Automobile
21.3
tax
2.2

Environmental
performancebased tax
1.1

Symbol PromenadeTonnagetax
4.3
Minicar
tax
14.0

MEGA WEB(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)(On(Duringacquisition) ownership)

Japan

UK

Germany

FranceU.S.A.

Japan (Minicar)

Assumptions: 1) Engine capacity: 2000cc. 2) GVW≤1.5t. 3) Purchase price: ¥2.40 million (¥1.27 million for a minicar). 4) Fuel consumption (JC08 test cycle-based): 20.5km/L (CO2emissions: 113g/km). 5) France = Paris; U.S.A. = New York City. 6) France: Vehicle in no. 8 horsepower “class.” 7) Service life: 13 years. 8) Currency exchange rates: EUR 1 = JPY 130,
GBP 1 = JPY 150, USD 1 = JPY 112 (averaged April 2018-March 2019).
Notes: 1. Figures here are based on tax rates in effect from October 2019. 2. Figures here do not take into account applicable incentives/surcharges, such as tax incentives for eco-friendly
vehicles in Japan, if any.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association● TAXES ASSESSED ON PASSENGER CAR OWNERSHIP AND USE (PRIVATE) IN JAPAN(assuming a 13-year service life)
1,200,000

2nd to 13th year
1st year(on acquisition)

2,409,800(484,850)

1,000,000

400,000
200,000

21,600(21,600)

159,900(36,900)

174,200
67,600 (13,400)(5,200)165,100(35,950)

11,000(11,000)Co● SHOW LOGO

Assumptions: 1) A passenger car with 2000cc engine capacity and purchase price of ¥2.40 million (retail price, excluding consumption tax). 2) GVW≤1.5t. 3) Annual fuel consumption:
1,000 liters. 4) Tonnage tax imposed yearly, but collected only at time of mandatory vehicle inspection. 5) Tax amounts reflect rates in effect from October 1, 2019. 6) Consumption tax =10% of retail price. 7) The recycling fee indicated is the average rate for a 2000cc passenger car.
Notes: 1. Estimated expressway tolls, mandatory insurance premium payments and recycling fee are included here because they can be considered similar to taxes. (Mandatory insurance
premium values indicated in effect at October 1, 2019.) 2. Value of expressway tolls was estimated by JAMA based on expressway toll revenue in 2017.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

44

Tokyo Motor Show 2019’s venue is Tokyo Waterfront City, including Tokyo Big Sight and the Odaiba area. With thecooperation of the authorities concerned, the Symbol Promenade Park stretching from Tokyo Big Sight’s West/South
Exhibition Halls and Aomi Exhibition Hall to the Mega Web automobile theme park will serve as an open avenue
along which hands-on, interactive exhibits featuring future mobility will take place. The 46th Tokyo Motor Show2019 will offer programs, events, and activities that can be enjoyed not only by car and motorcycle enthusiasts but
by visitors of all ages including young people and families.

● SHOW THEME

ns
(o um
n p
au tio
to n
m ta
ob x
pe E
ile
rfo nv)
rm iroan nm
ce- enba tal
sed
To
tax
nn
ag
e
Au
ta
to
x
m
ca ob
pa ilecit (ey-b ngas ine
ed
)t
G
ax
as
ol
in
e
ta
x
ga
so R
lin egCo e ex ion
ci alns
um se t
ax
pt
io
n
(o ta
n x
Ex
fu
pr
el
es
)
sw
ay
to
lls
M
an
d
in ato
su r
ra y
nc
Re
e
cy
cl
in
g
fe
e

0

240,000(240,000)

470,600(36,200)al

468,000(36,000)

600,000

631,800(48,600)Tot

800,000

2,400,000BaN se
pu ew lin
rc ve e =ha h
se icleprice

1,400,000

YenTOKYO BIG SIGHT
Aomi Exhibition Halls

The show’s striking, colorful logo is a visual representationof its theme, the openness of mobility’s potentialities in
the future.

45

Vehicle-Based Systems

Driver’s Licenses and the Driving Population

Vehicle-Based Systems

82.31 Million People Hold Driver’s Licenses
At the end of 2018 there were 82.31 million people, or 44.99 million men and 37.32 million women, holding valid
driver’s licenses in Japan. The number of driver’s licenses held totalled 127.16 million (with one count allotted toeach vehicle category covered, whenever a license covers multiple vehicle categories). By license category, Class 2
licenses were held by 2.01 million people, or 1.95 million men and 65,000 women, and Class 1 licenses by 125.15
million people, or 80.21 million men and 44.94 million women.

● GENDER TRENDS IN DRIVER’S LICENSE HOLDERS (at end of every calendar year)
Year

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Number of persons

2017

2018

Men

45,539,419 45,487,010 45,448,263 45,437,260 45,463,791 45,430,245 45,344,259 45,255,994 45,133,771 44,994,702

Women

35,272,526 35,523,236 35,767,003 36,050,586 36,396,221 36,645,978 36,805,749 36,949,917 37,121,424 37,320,222

Total

80,811,945 81,010,246 81,215,266 81,487,846 81,860,012 82,076,223 82,150,008 82,205,911 82,255,195 82,314,924● TOTAL NUMBER OF LICENSES HELD, BY YEAR & LICENSE/VEHICLE CATEGORY
Year
Class 2
Licenses

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Large motor vehicle

1,026,180

1,007,743

986,518

964,383

942,526

919,242896,127

Middle-category motor vehicle

1,042,120

1,002,043

960,304

917,142873,879

1,055,123

1,001,038

Ordinary motor vehicle

214,555

220,403

224,823

229,494

234,070

13,31829,358Large special-purpose vehicle

45,46345,04144,33043,60542,99742,302

41,560Traction vehicle

Class 1
Licenses

Number of licenses held

51,03550,47349,665

48,844

48,13447,32546,446

Subtotal

2,379,353

2,325,703

2,265,640

2,203,468

2,141,606

2,077,310

2,014,529

Large motor vehicle

5,337,727

5,299,480

5,253,880

5,198,185

5,143,533

5,086,713

5,027,351

Middle-category motor vehicle

72,070,665

71,409,459

70,632,500

69,732,685

68,813,808

67,870,730

66,958,774

Quasi-middle-category motor vehicle

—

—

—

—

—

11,739,992

11,707,930

Ordinary motor vehicle

6,749,966

7,936,169

9,113,940

10,297,590

11,473,646

905,528

2,067,271

Large special-purpose vehicle

2,454,123

2,465,9782,473,823

2,476,598

2,475,520

2,471,164

2,466,107

Traction vehicle

1,160,509

1,168,205

1,174,267

1,178,790

1,182,806

1,187,003

1,191,690

Large two-wheeler

10,938,930

10,703,691

10,430,075

10,112,584

9,799,816

9,466,072

9,126,995

Ordinary two-wheeler

9,310,786

9,472,692

9,619,692

9,752,541

9,877,616

9,994,091

10,116,497

503,338

477,296

450,123

422,020394,952

367,603

341,013

Motorized bicycle

16,977,729

16,905,848

16,784,700

16,618,061

16,450,534

16,291,972

16,142,848

Subtotal

125,503,773 125,838,818 125,933,000 125,789,054 125,612,231 125,380,868 125,146,476

Small special-purpose vehicle

Total

127,883,126 128,164,521 128,198,640 127,992,522 127,753,837 127,458,178 127,161,005

Note: In the above figures, one count is allotted to each vehicle category covered, whenever a license covers multiple vehicle categories.

● CLASS 1 LICENSES AND THE VEHICLE CATEGORIES THEY COVER
Class 1 Licenses
Vehicle Category

Large
motor
vehicleMiddleQuasi-middle- Ordinary Large special- Large
category
category
motor
purposetwomotor vehicle motor vehicle vehicle
vehiclewheeler

Large motor vehicle●

Middle-category motor vehicle●●

Quasi-middle-category motor vehicle

●

●

●

Ordinary motor vehicle

●

●

●

Ordinary
Small specialOrdinary
Motorized
twopurpose
two-wheeler
bicyclewheeler (51cc-125cc)
vehicle●●Large two-wheeler (over 400cc)●

126cc-400cc

●

●

●

●

●

Small special-purpose vehicle

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

Motorized bicycle (50cc & under)

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

51cc-125cc●●

Note: The ordinary motor vehicle and large two-wheeler license categories include licenses restricted to automatic transmission (AT) cars/motorcycles; the ordinary two-wheeler license
category includes licenses restricted, respectively, to AT motorcycles, to small-sized (over 250cc) motorcycles, and to small-sized AT motorcycles.
Source for all statistical data on this page: National Police Agency

46

Classifications According to the Road Vehicles Act andthe Road Traffic Act
Japan classifies motor vehicles according to the provisions of two basic laws: the Road Vehicles Act and the Road
Traffic Act. Road Vehicles Act classifications are used for registration statistics, vehicle inspection, and related
maintenance and repair, while Road Traffic Act classifications determine the different categories of driver’s licenses.
Vehicle registration number/character combinations are determined by vehicle type and usage in accordance with
Road Vehicles Act designations. “Vanity” number plates are obtainable nationwide, as are specially designed
number plates commemorating the Japan-held 2019 Rugby World Cup and the 2020 Tokyo Olympics andParalympics, and illustrated vanity plates are obtainable in designated regions.

● CLASSIFICATION UNDER
THE ROAD VEHICLES ACT(for registration, inspection, etc.)
Standard● CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE ROAD TRAFFIC ACT(for driver’s license issuance)

Over 2,000cc in engine capacity,
excluding diesel engines

Large

Middle Category

Quasi-Middle Category

Gross vehicle weight: ≥11 tons
Payload: ≥6.5 tons
or Occupancy: ≥30 persons

Gross vehicle weight: 7.5≤tons<11Payload: 4.5≤tons<6.5
or Occupancy: 11≤persons<30

Gross vehicle weight: 3.5≤tons<7.5
Payload: 2≤tons<4.5Over2mOver 1.7m

Small

Over 4.7m

Over 660cc to 2,000cc in engine
capacity, excluding diesel engines

Large/Small Special-Purpose Motor Vehicles

Motor vehicles that do not meet theclassification requirements for large,
middle category, quasi-middle category orlarge/small special-purpose motor vehicles,
or for large or ordinary motorcycles.

Motor vehicles with caterpillar treads such as bulldozers,
steamrollers, graders, snowplows, tractors, etc.
Smallspecial-purpose motor vehicles are those of up to 15km/h inmaximum speed, up to 4.7m in length, up to 2m in height,*
and up to 1.7m in width.

*Projections on small special-purpose vehicles should not exceed 2.8m.

2m
and
under

● CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORCYCLESOver 1.48m to 1.7m

Mini

Ordinary

Road Vehicles Act

Over 3.4m to 4.7m
Category

660cc and under in engine capacity

Small-sized
Mini-sized

2m
and
under
1.48m and under

3.4m and underNote: A vehicle that exceeds any one of the requisites
above is classified in the higher category.

Motor-driven
cycle Class 2
Motor-driven
cycle Class 1

EngineCapacityOver 250cc
126cc to
250cc

Rated
OutputOver 1.0kW
Over 1.0kW

51cc to
125cc
50cc and
underOver 0.6kW
to 1.0kW
0.6kW and
under

Road Traffic Act

Width

HeightLengthOver 1.3m Over 2.0m Over 2.5m
1.3m and 2.0m and 2.5m and
under
under
under
1.3m andunder
1.3m andunder

2.0m andunder
2.0m andunder

2.5m andunder
2.5m and
under

Category
Large
Ordinary

EngineCapacityOver
400cc
51cc to
400cc

Motorized 50cc andunderbicycleNote: A motorcycle that exceeds any one of the requisites above is classified in the higher category.

● SIGNIFICANCE OF VEHICLE REGISTRATION DATA & NUMBER PLATE TYPES
Large-Sized Number Plates
Larger-than-standard-size plates are issued tovehicles weighing 8 tons or more, with payload of
5 tons or more, or 30-person or more occupancy.
Mid-Sized Number PlatesStandard-size plates are issued to standard and small
vehicles and mini-vehicles with engine capacity of morethan 360cc, whether for private or commercial business use.
Small-Sized Number Plates
Small-size plates are issued to small- and mini-sized
motorcycles and mini-vehicles with engine capacity of
360cc or less, excluding those designated with any one of
the 40-to-49, 50-to-59 or 80-to-89 number categories.

22cm
x
44cm
16.5cmx
33cm
12.5cmx
23cm

Motor Vehicle Registry Designation:
Kanji indicate geographical area ofvehicle registration.

Ordinary and large motor vehicles
さすせそたちつてとなにぬねのはPrivate use
ひふほまみむめもやゆらりるろ
あいうえかきくけこを
Commercial business use
われRental vehicle
EHKMTYよForeign military vehicle
Mini-vehicles
あいうえかきくけこさすせそたちつ
Private useてとなにぬねのはひふほまみむ
めもやゆよらるろをりれCommercial business use
わ
Rental vehicle
AB
Foreign military vehicle
Hiragana character indicates vehicle usage category: private, commercial
business, rental or foreign military vehicle (private or official).

Designated Number Categories
Indicating Vehicle Type
Ordinary trucks
Ordinary buses

品川 500

さ 23−45

Usage Designations

Large special-purpose vehicle

Ordinary
two-wheeler

Motor Vehicle Classification

Number Assignment
From “1” to “99-99”

Number Plate Colors
Ordinary and large motor vehicles
Private use or
Green characters on
rental vehicle
white background
Commercial
White characters on
business use
green backgroundMini-vehicles
Private use orBlack characters on
rental vehicle
yellow background
Commercial
Yellow characters on
business use
black background

Ordinary
passenger carsThree- orfour-wheeledsmall trucks
Three- orfour-wheeledsmall passenger
cars and small
busesSpecial-purpose
vehiclesLarge
special-purpose
vehiclesLarge
special-purpose
vehicles used as
construction
machinery

1, 10-19, 100-199,
10A-19Z, 1A0-1Z9, 1AA-1ZZ
2, 20-29, 200-299,
20A-29Z, 2A0-2Z9, 2AA-2ZZ
3, 30-39, 300-399,
30A-39Z, 3A0-3Z9, 3AA-3ZZ
4, 40-49, 400-499,
40A-49Z, 4A0-4Z9, 4AA-4ZZ
6, 60-69, 600-699,
60A-69Z, 6A0-6Z9, 6AA-6ZZ
5, 50-59, 500-599,
50A-59Z, 5A0-5Z9, 5AA-5ZZ
7, 70-79, 700-799,
70A-79Z, 7A0-7Z9, 7AA-7ZZ
8, 80-89, 800-899,
80A-89Z, 8A0-8Z9, 8AA-8ZZ
9, 90-99, 900-999,
90A-99Z, 9A0-9Z9, 9AA-9ZZ
0, 00-09, 000-099,
00A-09Z, 0A0-0Z9, 0AA-0ZZ

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

47

Vehicle-Based Systems

Driver’s Licenses and the Driving Population

Vehicle-Based Systems

82.31 Million People Hold Driver’s Licenses
At the end of 2018 there were 82.31 million people, or 44.99 million men and 37.32 million women, holding valid
driver’s licenses in Japan. The number of driver’s licenses held totalled 127.16 million (with one count allotted toeach vehicle category covered, whenever a license covers multiple vehicle categories). By license category, Class 2
licenses were held by 2.01 million people, or 1.95 million men and 65,000 women, and Class 1 licenses by 125.15
million people, or 80.21 million men and 44.94 million women.

● GENDER TRENDS IN DRIVER’S LICENSE HOLDERS (at end of every calendar year)
Year

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Number of persons

2017

2018

Men

45,539,419 45,487,010 45,448,263 45,437,260 45,463,791 45,430,245 45,344,259 45,255,994 45,133,771 44,994,702

Women

35,272,526 35,523,236 35,767,003 36,050,586 36,396,221 36,645,978 36,805,749 36,949,917 37,121,424 37,320,222

Total

80,811,945 81,010,246 81,215,266 81,487,846 81,860,012 82,076,223 82,150,008 82,205,911 82,255,195 82,314,924● TOTAL NUMBER OF LICENSES HELD, BY YEAR & LICENSE/VEHICLE CATEGORY
Year
Class 2
Licenses

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Large motor vehicle

1,026,180

1,007,743

986,518

964,383

942,526

919,242896,127

Middle-category motor vehicle

1,042,120

1,002,043

960,304

917,142873,879

1,055,123

1,001,038

Ordinary motor vehicle

214,555

220,403

224,823

229,494

234,070

13,31829,358Large special-purpose vehicle

45,46345,04144,33043,60542,99742,302

41,560Traction vehicle

Class 1
Licenses

Number of licenses held

51,03550,47349,665

48,844

48,13447,32546,446

Subtotal

2,379,353

2,325,703

2,265,640

2,203,468

2,141,606

2,077,310

2,014,529

Large motor vehicle

5,337,727

5,299,480

5,253,880

5,198,185

5,143,533

5,086,713

5,027,351

Middle-category motor vehicle

72,070,665

71,409,459

70,632,500

69,732,685

68,813,808

67,870,730

66,958,774

Quasi-middle-category motor vehicle

—

—

—

—

—

11,739,992

11,707,930

Ordinary motor vehicle

6,749,966

7,936,169

9,113,940

10,297,590

11,473,646

905,528

2,067,271

Large special-purpose vehicle

2,454,123

2,465,9782,473,823

2,476,598

2,475,520

2,471,164

2,466,107

Traction vehicle

1,160,509

1,168,205

1,174,267

1,178,790

1,182,806

1,187,003

1,191,690

Large two-wheeler

10,938,930

10,703,691

10,430,075

10,112,584

9,799,816

9,466,072

9,126,995

Ordinary two-wheeler

9,310,786

9,472,692

9,619,692

9,752,541

9,877,616

9,994,091

10,116,497

503,338

477,296

450,123

422,020394,952

367,603

341,013

Motorized bicycle

16,977,729

16,905,848

16,784,700

16,618,061

16,450,534

16,291,972

16,142,848

Subtotal

125,503,773 125,838,818 125,933,000 125,789,054 125,612,231 125,380,868 125,146,476

Small special-purpose vehicle

Total

127,883,126 128,164,521 128,198,640 127,992,522 127,753,837 127,458,178 127,161,005

Note: In the above figures, one count is allotted to each vehicle category covered, whenever a license covers multiple vehicle categories.

● CLASS 1 LICENSES AND THE VEHICLE CATEGORIES THEY COVER
Class 1 Licenses
Vehicle Category

Large
motor
vehicleMiddleQuasi-middle- Ordinary Large special- Large
category
category
motor
purposetwomotor vehicle motor vehicle vehicle
vehiclewheeler

Large motor vehicle●

Middle-category motor vehicle●●

Quasi-middle-category motor vehicle

●

●

●

Ordinary motor vehicle

●

●

●

Ordinary
Small specialOrdinary
Motorized
twopurpose
two-wheeler
bicyclewheeler (51cc-125cc)
vehicle●●Large two-wheeler (over 400cc)●

126cc-400cc

●

●

●

●

●

Small special-purpose vehicle

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

Motorized bicycle (50cc & under)

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

51cc-125cc●●

Note: The ordinary motor vehicle and large two-wheeler license categories include licenses restricted to automatic transmission (AT) cars/motorcycles; the ordinary two-wheeler license
category includes licenses restricted, respectively, to AT motorcycles, to small-sized (over 250cc) motorcycles, and to small-sized AT motorcycles.
Source for all statistical data on this page: National Police Agency

46

Classifications According to the Road Vehicles Act andthe Road Traffic Act
Japan classifies motor vehicles according to the provisions of two basic laws: the Road Vehicles Act and the Road
Traffic Act. Road Vehicles Act classifications are used for registration statistics, vehicle inspection, and related
maintenance and repair, while Road Traffic Act classifications determine the different categories of driver’s licenses.
Vehicle registration number/character combinations are determined by vehicle type and usage in accordance with
Road Vehicles Act designations. “Vanity” number plates are obtainable nationwide, as are specially designed
number plates commemorating the Japan-held 2019 Rugby World Cup and the 2020 Tokyo Olympics andParalympics, and illustrated vanity plates are obtainable in designated regions.

● CLASSIFICATION UNDER
THE ROAD VEHICLES ACT(for registration, inspection, etc.)
Standard● CLASSIFICATION UNDER THE ROAD TRAFFIC ACT(for driver’s license issuance)

Over 2,000cc in engine capacity,
excluding diesel engines

Large

Middle Category

Quasi-Middle Category

Gross vehicle weight: ≥11 tons
Payload: ≥6.5 tons
or Occupancy: ≥30 persons

Gross vehicle weight: 7.5≤tons<11Payload: 4.5≤tons<6.5
or Occupancy: 11≤persons<30

Gross vehicle weight: 3.5≤tons<7.5
Payload: 2≤tons<4.5Over2mOver 1.7m

Small

Over 4.7m

Over 660cc to 2,000cc in engine
capacity, excluding diesel engines

Large/Small Special-Purpose Motor Vehicles

Motor vehicles that do not meet theclassification requirements for large,
middle category, quasi-middle category orlarge/small special-purpose motor vehicles,
or for large or ordinary motorcycles.

Motor vehicles with caterpillar treads such as bulldozers,
steamrollers, graders, snowplows, tractors, etc.
Smallspecial-purpose motor vehicles are those of up to 15km/h inmaximum speed, up to 4.7m in length, up to 2m in height,*
and up to 1.7m in width.

*Projections on small special-purpose vehicles should not exceed 2.8m.

2m
and
under

● CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORCYCLESOver 1.48m to 1.7m

Mini

Ordinary

Road Vehicles Act

Over 3.4m to 4.7m
Category

660cc and under in engine capacity

Small-sized
Mini-sized

2m
and
under
1.48m and under

3.4m and underNote: A vehicle that exceeds any one of the requisites
above is classified in the higher category.

Motor-driven
cycle Class 2
Motor-driven
cycle Class 1

EngineCapacityOver 250cc
126cc to
250cc

Rated
OutputOver 1.0kW
Over 1.0kW

51cc to
125cc
50cc and
underOver 0.6kW
to 1.0kW
0.6kW and
under

Road Traffic Act

Width

HeightLengthOver 1.3m Over 2.0m Over 2.5m
1.3m and 2.0m and 2.5m and
under
under
under
1.3m andunder
1.3m andunder

2.0m andunder
2.0m andunder

2.5m andunder
2.5m and
under

Category
Large
Ordinary

EngineCapacityOver
400cc
51cc to
400cc

Motorized 50cc andunderbicycleNote: A motorcycle that exceeds any one of the requisites above is classified in the higher category.

● SIGNIFICANCE OF VEHICLE REGISTRATION DATA & NUMBER PLATE TYPES
Large-Sized Number Plates
Larger-than-standard-size plates are issued tovehicles weighing 8 tons or more, with payload of
5 tons or more, or 30-person or more occupancy.
Mid-Sized Number PlatesStandard-size plates are issued to standard and small
vehicles and mini-vehicles with engine capacity of morethan 360cc, whether for private or commercial business use.
Small-Sized Number Plates
Small-size plates are issued to small- and mini-sized
motorcycles and mini-vehicles with engine capacity of
360cc or less, excluding those designated with any one of
the 40-to-49, 50-to-59 or 80-to-89 number categories.

22cm
x
44cm
16.5cmx
33cm
12.5cmx
23cm

Motor Vehicle Registry Designation:
Kanji indicate geographical area ofvehicle registration.

Ordinary and large motor vehicles
さすせそたちつてとなにぬねのはPrivate use
ひふほまみむめもやゆらりるろ
あいうえかきくけこを
Commercial business use
われRental vehicle
EHKMTYよForeign military vehicle
Mini-vehicles
あいうえかきくけこさすせそたちつ
Private useてとなにぬねのはひふほまみむ
めもやゆよらるろをりれCommercial business use
わ
Rental vehicle
AB
Foreign military vehicle
Hiragana character indicates vehicle usage category: private, commercial
business, rental or foreign military vehicle (private or official).

Designated Number Categories
Indicating Vehicle Type
Ordinary trucks
Ordinary buses

品川 500

さ 23−45

Usage Designations

Large special-purpose vehicle

Ordinary
two-wheeler

Motor Vehicle Classification

Number Assignment
From “1” to “99-99”

Number Plate Colors
Ordinary and large motor vehicles
Private use or
Green characters on
rental vehicle
white background
Commercial
White characters on
business use
green backgroundMini-vehicles
Private use orBlack characters on
rental vehicle
yellow background
Commercial
Yellow characters on
business use
black background

Ordinary
passenger carsThree- orfour-wheeledsmall trucks
Three- orfour-wheeledsmall passenger
cars and small
busesSpecial-purpose
vehiclesLarge
special-purpose
vehiclesLarge
special-purpose
vehicles used as
construction
machinery

1, 10-19, 100-199,
10A-19Z, 1A0-1Z9, 1AA-1ZZ
2, 20-29, 200-299,
20A-29Z, 2A0-2Z9, 2AA-2ZZ
3, 30-39, 300-399,
30A-39Z, 3A0-3Z9, 3AA-3ZZ
4, 40-49, 400-499,
40A-49Z, 4A0-4Z9, 4AA-4ZZ
6, 60-69, 600-699,
60A-69Z, 6A0-6Z9, 6AA-6ZZ
5, 50-59, 500-599,
50A-59Z, 5A0-5Z9, 5AA-5ZZ
7, 70-79, 700-799,
70A-79Z, 7A0-7Z9, 7AA-7ZZ
8, 80-89, 800-899,
80A-89Z, 8A0-8Z9, 8AA-8ZZ
9, 90-99, 900-999,
90A-99Z, 9A0-9Z9, 9AA-9ZZ
0, 00-09, 000-099,
00A-09Z, 0A0-0Z9, 0AA-0ZZ

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

47

Global Operations

Overseas Production

Global Manufacturing Operations Expand Their Range
Japanese automobile manufacturers have continued to develop local production operations, whether as
wholly-owned subsidiaries or as joint ventures, in the United States, Europe, Southeast Asia, China and, more
recently, Russia and other countries with emerging markets. These operations contribute to the strengthening of

local economies through employment creation, local parts purchasing and, in many cases, export revenue for thehost countries. Locally-produced automobile parts such as engines and transmissions, as well as finished vehicles ofsome models, are exported to Japan and other destinations.

● GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BASES

7 Russia
10 UK

34 Canada
5 Poland1 Czech Republic
3 Hungary

2 France
8 Spain35 U.S.A.

9 Turkey

4 Italy

23 China

6 Portugal
21 Bangladesh
15 Morocco

18 Iran
11 Algeria

31 Taiwan

28 Myanmar

29 Pakistan

12 Egypt

40 Mexico
19 Saudi Arabia

24 India
33 Vietnam
22 Cambodia

26 Laos
32 Thailand

16 Nigeria

42 Venezuela
30 Philippines
27 Malaysia

38 Colombia
39 Ecuador

13 Kenya
25 Indonesia

41 Peru

37 Brazil

14 Mauritius
20 Australia
17 South Africa
36 Argentina● JAPANESE AUTOMAKERS’ OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BASES: Number of Plants by Country &Country/ Country No.
Territory(see map)
EuropeCzech Republic
FranceHungary
Italy
PolandPortugal
RussiaSpain
TurkeyUK
Europe Total

48

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Motor
Motor- Motor Vehicles
Vehiclescycles& Motorcycles(incl. parts) (incl. parts) (incl. parts)
1
1
1
2
6
1
4
3
19

1
1
2

-

Parts
Only
1
2
1
1
5

Country/ Country No.
Territory(see map)
AfricaAlgeria
Egypt
Kenya
Mauritius
MoroccoNigeriaSouth Africa
Africa Total
Middle East
Iran
Saudi Arabia
Middle East Total
Oceania
Australia
Oceania Total

Motor- Motor Vehicles
Motor
cycles
Vehicles& Motorcycles(incl. parts) (incl. parts) (incl. parts)

Parts
Only

11
12
13
14
15
16
17

2
5
3
1
1
2
5
19

1
2
3

-

-

18
19

1
1
2

-

-

-

20

-

-

-

1
1

Items Produced
Country/ Country No.
Territory(see map)
Asia
Bangladesh
Cambodia
China
India
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar
Pakistan
Philippines
TaiwanThailand
Vietnam
Asia Total

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

Motor
Motor- Motor Vehicles
Vehiclescycles& Motorcycles(incl. parts) (incl. parts) (incl. parts)
2
19
12
15
12
3
5
6
8
16
8
106

2
2
8
7
7
1
2
3
4
2
4
3
45

1
1
2
4

Parts
Only
19
2
15
4
4
1
9
2
56

Country/ Country No.
Territory(see map)
North America
CanadaU.S.A.
North America Total
Latin America
Argentina
BrazilColombia
EcuadorMexicoPeru
Venezuela
Latin America Total
World Total

Motor
Motor- Motor Vehicles
Vehiclescycles& Motorcycles(incl. parts) (incl. parts) (incl. parts)

34
35

5
14
19

1
1

36
37
38
39
40
41
42

1
7
1
2
8
1
20
185

2
4
2
1
1
10
61

1
1
2
6

Parts
Only
2
12
14
4
4
80

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

49

Global Operations

Overseas Production Volumes

Global Operations

Japanese Automakers’ Overseas Production Reaches 19.97
Million Units
The global operations of Japanese automobile manufacturers continue to grow, focusing on on-site manufacturing
to meet local needs. Whether as independent operations, joint ventures or technical tie-ups, local manufacturing
activities are conducted in numerous countries around the world (see pages 48-49). In 2018 Japanese automakers’
overseas production totalled 19.97 million units, with Asia and Africa seeing the most significant increases.

● OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BY JAPANESE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS
MiddleEast

North
America

U.S.A.

43,175296,569

296,569

90,25275,16373,903426,087425,644—

102,943

100,794

608,446

456,489—

132,129

130,326

1989

597,402—

205,0051990

952,390—

1991

1,035,715

1992

Year

Asia

1985

208,589—

44,658

1986

282,912—

1987

355,758

1988

Latin
America

Total

99,500151,574

891,142

87,115

119,000

133,109

1,123,386

592,761

104,925

134,000

127,003

1,433,075

723,396

672,766

125,531145,000

152,334

1,734,879

203,215

1,040,868

932,242

144,811

184,500

166,541

2,339,127

226,613223,164

1,570,114

1,298,878

160,654

186,000

169,169

3,264,940—

285,994282,278

1,684,964

1,378,907

169,001

172,000

134,051

3,481,725

1,120,430—

358,601

351,296

1,853,097

1,547,361

195,161

167,500

109,276

3,804,065

1993

1,315,346—

496,574

472,7442,030,478

1,691,239

211,802179,000

106,754

4,339,954

1994

1,553,585—

502,332

477,728

2,346,619

1,982,209

197,325

168,000

128,213

4,896,074

1995

1,882,850—

641,573575,852

2,595,436

2,215,657

110,660

226,000

102,9615,559,480

1996

1,950,621—

738,378

650,9902,641,451

2,275,525

140,031

195,674

118,097

5,784,252

136,1075,991,484

2,003,286—

EU

Africa814,689

714,6992,664,588

2,290,685

190,596

182,218

2,674,299

2,270,516

260,131

144,181

150,685

5,371,171

1998

1,215,202

5,688

920,985

814,847

1999

1,547,671

3,493

929,303

835,582

2,797,175

2,311,163

246,710130,216

125,575

5,780,143

2000

1,673,740

4,258

953,170

837,679

2,991,924

2,480,691

387,732

146,435

130,933

6,288,192

2001

1,872,521

5,660

1,032,004

939,034

3,061,612

2,451,496

407,887

162,825

137,084

6,679,593

2002

2,380,621

6,000

1,153,059

1,015,748

3,375,453

2,720,449

445,862

155,973

135,498

7,652,466

2003

3,007,348

5,820

1,338,476

1,245,469

3,487,012

2,821,723

457,467

162,969

148,471

8,607,563

2004

3,638,97810,8001,454,903

1,296,516

3,840,744

3,143,603

534,863

191,537

125,726

9,797,551

134,581 10,606,157

2005

3,964,209

10,5001,545,355

1,369,556

4,080,713

3,383,277

645,074

225,725

4,001,639

3,281,073

745,827

259,050

121,635 10,972,243

2006

4,129,856

11,4001,702,836

1,509,402

2007

4,523,751

3,342

1,976,407

1,789,875

4,049,068

3,324,326

895,099

252,332

159,710 11,859,709

2008

4,877,074

0

1,876,109

1,693,151

3,576,246

2,893,466

920,738

257,646

143,741 11,651,554

2009

5,145,418

01,228,294

1,136,145

2,687,527

2,108,161

790,794

168,651

96,836 10,117,520

2010

7,127,042

0

1,356,126

1,250,226

3,390,095

2,653,231

982,342

206,476

119,473 13,181,554

2011

7,547,259

01,410,628

1,302,277

3,068,979

2,422,152

1,029,511

233,709

93,675 13,383,761

2012

8,500,993

0

1,484,110

1,383,583

4,253,869

3,324,703

1,234,584

248,711

101,381 15,823,648
106,278 16,756,754

2013

9,056,388

0

1,537,025

1,379,733

4,540,685

3,627,226

1,284,187

232,191

2014

9,112,629

596

1,654,208

1,382,052

4,785,769

3,813,351

1,591,099

241,841

90,125 17,476,267

2015

9,472,178

437

1,668,878

1,401,521

4,823,222

3,847,517

1,820,525

218,020

91,616 18,094,876

2016

10,091,593

89

1,757,776

1,487,994

4,989,360

3,976,482

1,859,685

190,724

90,240 18,979,467

2017

10,870,888

01,940,778

1,511,800

4,767,063

3,765,364

1,903,466

198,625

60,942 19,741,762

2018

11,391,185

0

1,856,511

1,415,747

4,606,948

3,676,823

1,894,346

216,969

0 16,965,959

Notes: 1. Data in principle is for Japanese-brand vehicles only. 2. Until 1997, data was based on statistics supplied by the national automobile trade associations of respective countries.
3. Mexico is included in Latin America and Turkey in Europe. 4. Data excludes vehicles produced with technical assistance only provided by Japanese automakers. 5. The figures reflect theuse of a new method, adopted as of January 2007, for computing overseas unit production. 6. Since December 2017, data from one JAMA member manufacturer has not been available.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

50

Japanese Automakers Forge Extensive International Alliances
With economic globalization, Japanese automobile manufacturers have rapidly adapted to the needs of individual
markets, not only by shifting production to those markets but also by forging extensive alliances with overseas
manufacturers.
Various forms of partnership currently exist between Japanese, U.S. and European
automakers—including capital and technical tie-ups, joint R&D and production operations, and cooperative sales
ties—and such arrangements are expanding yearly. With the rapid growth of motorization in China and Southeast
Asia, Japanese automakers have been actively building relationships with local manufacturers there on the basis ofcapital tie-ups and the supply of production as well as environment- and safety-related technologies.

In vehicle units

Oceania

1997

EuropeGlobal Industry Ties

At March 31, 2019

Honda

Japan

Supply of
50cc-&-under“scooters”

Yamaha3.58%
equity stakeandbusiness tie-up

Hino

Joint
venturein busbusiness

50.1% equity stake
Supply offinished vehicles

ToyotaTechnical
cooperation
100%
equity stake

Daihatsu

Supply offinished vehicles
Supply offinished vehicles

16.82%
equity stake

SubaruCollaborative developmentof a compact FR sports car

Technical cooperation
Supply ofCVs

UD Trucks

Mutual supplyof CVsIsuzu

Suzuki

Supply ofCVs

Supply offinished
vehiclesSupply of CVs
Supply of CVs

Mutual supplyof finishedvehiclesNissanSupply offinished vehicles
34%
equity stake

Mutualsupply offinished vehicles

50%
equity stake

Mitsubishi

50%
equity stake

NMKV

Mutual supplyof CVsMitsubishi
Fuso

Mazda

5.05% equity stake
Supply of hybrid technologies under licence
Supply of CVs
0.25% equity stake

Note: In principle, the tie-ups shown above cover only technical cooperation related to motor vehicle production and exclude sales tie-ups.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

51

Global Operations

Overseas Production Volumes

Global Operations

Japanese Automakers’ Overseas Production Reaches 19.97
Million Units
The global operations of Japanese automobile manufacturers continue to grow, focusing on on-site manufacturing
to meet local needs. Whether as independent operations, joint ventures or technical tie-ups, local manufacturing
activities are conducted in numerous countries around the world (see pages 48-49). In 2018 Japanese automakers’
overseas production totalled 19.97 million units, with Asia and Africa seeing the most significant increases.

● OVERSEAS PRODUCTION BY JAPANESE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS
MiddleEast

North
America

U.S.A.

43,175296,569

296,569

90,25275,16373,903426,087425,644—

102,943

100,794

608,446

456,489—

132,129

130,326

1989

597,402—

205,0051990

952,390—

1991

1,035,715

1992

Year

Asia

1985

208,589—

44,658

1986

282,912—

1987

355,758

1988

Latin
America

Total

99,500151,574

891,142

87,115

119,000

133,109

1,123,386

592,761

104,925

134,000

127,003

1,433,075

723,396

672,766

125,531145,000

152,334

1,734,879

203,215

1,040,868

932,242

144,811

184,500

166,541

2,339,127

226,613223,164

1,570,114

1,298,878

160,654

186,000

169,169

3,264,940—

285,994282,278

1,684,964

1,378,907

169,001

172,000

134,051

3,481,725

1,120,430—

358,601

351,296

1,853,097

1,547,361

195,161

167,500

109,276

3,804,065

1993

1,315,346—

496,574

472,7442,030,478

1,691,239

211,802179,000

106,754

4,339,954

1994

1,553,585—

502,332

477,728

2,346,619

1,982,209

197,325

168,000

128,213

4,896,074

1995

1,882,850—

641,573575,852

2,595,436

2,215,657

110,660

226,000

102,9615,559,480

1996

1,950,621—

738,378

650,9902,641,451

2,275,525

140,031

195,674

118,097

5,784,252

136,1075,991,484

2,003,286—

EU

Africa814,689

714,6992,664,588

2,290,685

190,596

182,218

2,674,299

2,270,516

260,131

144,181

150,685

5,371,171

1998

1,215,202

5,688

920,985

814,847

1999

1,547,671

3,493

929,303

835,582

2,797,175

2,311,163

246,710130,216

125,575

5,780,143

2000

1,673,740

4,258

953,170

837,679

2,991,924

2,480,691

387,732

146,435

130,933

6,288,192

2001

1,872,521

5,660

1,032,004

939,034

3,061,612

2,451,496

407,887

162,825

137,084

6,679,593

2002

2,380,621

6,000

1,153,059

1,015,748

3,375,453

2,720,449

445,862

155,973

135,498

7,652,466

2003

3,007,348

5,820

1,338,476

1,245,469

3,487,012

2,821,723

457,467

162,969

148,471

8,607,563

2004

3,638,97810,8001,454,903

1,296,516

3,840,744

3,143,603

534,863

191,537

125,726

9,797,551

134,581 10,606,157

2005

3,964,209

10,5001,545,355

1,369,556

4,080,713

3,383,277

645,074

225,725

4,001,639

3,281,073

745,827

259,050

121,635 10,972,243

2006

4,129,856

11,4001,702,836

1,509,402

2007

4,523,751

3,342

1,976,407

1,789,875

4,049,068

3,324,326

895,099

252,332

159,710 11,859,709

2008

4,877,074

0

1,876,109

1,693,151

3,576,246

2,893,466

920,738

257,646

143,741 11,651,554

2009

5,145,418

01,228,294

1,136,145

2,687,527

2,108,161

790,794

168,651

96,836 10,117,520

2010

7,127,042

0

1,356,126

1,250,226

3,390,095

2,653,231

982,342

206,476

119,473 13,181,554

2011

7,547,259

01,410,628

1,302,277

3,068,979

2,422,152

1,029,511

233,709

93,675 13,383,761

2012

8,500,993

0

1,484,110

1,383,583

4,253,869

3,324,703

1,234,584

248,711

101,381 15,823,648
106,278 16,756,754

2013

9,056,388

0

1,537,025

1,379,733

4,540,685

3,627,226

1,284,187

232,191

2014

9,112,629

596

1,654,208

1,382,052

4,785,769

3,813,351

1,591,099

241,841

90,125 17,476,267

2015

9,472,178

437

1,668,878

1,401,521

4,823,222

3,847,517

1,820,525

218,020

91,616 18,094,876

2016

10,091,593

89

1,757,776

1,487,994

4,989,360

3,976,482

1,859,685

190,724

90,240 18,979,467

2017

10,870,888

01,940,778

1,511,800

4,767,063

3,765,364

1,903,466

198,625

60,942 19,741,762

2018

11,391,185

0

1,856,511

1,415,747

4,606,948

3,676,823

1,894,346

216,969

0 16,965,959

Notes: 1. Data in principle is for Japanese-brand vehicles only. 2. Until 1997, data was based on statistics supplied by the national automobile trade associations of respective countries.
3. Mexico is included in Latin America and Turkey in Europe. 4. Data excludes vehicles produced with technical assistance only provided by Japanese automakers. 5. The figures reflect theuse of a new method, adopted as of January 2007, for computing overseas unit production. 6. Since December 2017, data from one JAMA member manufacturer has not been available.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

50

Japanese Automakers Forge Extensive International Alliances
With economic globalization, Japanese automobile manufacturers have rapidly adapted to the needs of individual
markets, not only by shifting production to those markets but also by forging extensive alliances with overseas
manufacturers.
Various forms of partnership currently exist between Japanese, U.S. and European
automakers—including capital and technical tie-ups, joint R&D and production operations, and cooperative sales
ties—and such arrangements are expanding yearly. With the rapid growth of motorization in China and Southeast
Asia, Japanese automakers have been actively building relationships with local manufacturers there on the basis ofcapital tie-ups and the supply of production as well as environment- and safety-related technologies.

In vehicle units

Oceania

1997

EuropeGlobal Industry Ties

At March 31, 2019

Honda

Japan

Supply of
50cc-&-under“scooters”

Yamaha3.58%
equity stakeandbusiness tie-up

Hino

Joint
venturein busbusiness

50.1% equity stake
Supply offinished vehicles

ToyotaTechnical
cooperation
100%
equity stake

Daihatsu

Supply offinished vehicles
Supply offinished vehicles

16.82%
equity stake

SubaruCollaborative developmentof a compact FR sports car

Technical cooperation
Supply ofCVs

UD Trucks

Mutual supplyof CVsIsuzu

Suzuki

Supply ofCVs

Supply offinished
vehiclesSupply of CVs
Supply of CVs

Mutual supplyof finishedvehiclesNissanSupply offinished vehicles
34%
equity stake

Mutualsupply offinished vehicles

50%
equity stake

Mitsubishi

50%
equity stake

NMKV

Mutual supplyof CVsMitsubishi
Fuso

Mazda

5.05% equity stake
Supply of hybrid technologies under licence
Supply of CVs
0.25% equity stake

Note: In principle, the tie-ups shown above cover only technical cooperation related to motor vehicle production and exclude sales tie-ups.
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

51

Global Operations

Global Industry Ties
At March 31, 2019

Japan

Isuzu

U.S.A.

Japan

China

Supply ofdiesel engines

GM Japan100%
equitystake

GeneralMotors50%
equitystake

FC co-development

50%
equitystake

Fuel Cell System
Manufacturing, LLC

Honda

Japan

Daimler AG

Europe1.55%
equitystake

3.1%
equitystake

Nissan15%
equitystake
43.4%
equitystake

Strategic
partnership

Supply ofdiesel engines
in Europe

TRATONBMW

Mitsubishi
Fuso

3.1%
equitystake

Renault

Toyota

Hino

52

1.55%
equitystake

89.29%
equitystake

Environmental
technologies
collaboration

67.13%
equitystake

Alliance Rostec
Auto BV

50%
equitystake

Toyota Peugeot
Citroën Automobile
Czech (TPCA)

Supply offinished vehicles
in Europe

50%
equity stake

SubaruUD Trucks

Suzuki

Cooperative sales
ties onJapanese market

100%
equity stake

Supply ofdiesel engines
on Indian market

Supply offinished
vehiclesPorscheVolvo

Fiat Chrysler
Automobiles

Supply offinished
vehiclesIsuzu

GAC Mitsubishi
Motors Co., Ltd.

20% equity stake;
Production ofElf, Forward and Giga

50% equity stake

30% equity stake;
Production and sales

Qingling Motors
Co., Ltd.

Jiangxi-Isuzu
Motors Co., Ltd.

50.1% equity stake

50% equity stake

Qingling Motors
GroupCo., Ltd.

Jiangling Motors
GroupCo., Ltd.

GAC
Toyota MotorCo., Ltd.

FAW CarsCo., Ltd.

25% equity stake;
Production and sales
Southeast (Fujian)Motor Co., Ltd.

Production outsourcing of
Mazda6 and CX-4
30.5% equity stake;
Production ofCamry, Camry Hybrid,
Highlander, LEVIN, C-HR,LEVIN Hybrid, and Yaris
40% equity
stake;
Productionof Vios, Corolla,
Corolla Hybrid,
Crown and Izoa

Toyota50% equity stake;
Production of
Coaster and Prado

Tianjin FAW Xiali
Automobile
Co., Ltd.

47.73%
equitystake

15% equity stake

35%
equitystake

Tianjin FAW
Toyota MotorCo., Ltd.

50%
equitystake

FAW Group
Corporation

Changan Mazda
Automobile
Co., Ltd.

Mazda
50%
equity stake;
Productionof Mazda3
and CX-5

50% equity stake
Changan Mazda
EngineCo., Ltd.
50% equity stake50%
equitystake

Sichuan FAW
Toyota MotorCo., Ltd.

Chongqing Changan
Automobile
Co., Ltd.

Dongfeng Motor
Group Co., Ltd.

Groupe PSA

50%
equitystake

Dongfeng MotorCo., Ltd.

50%
equitystake

Supply offinished vehicles

50%
equitystake

Dongfeng Honda
Automobile
Co., Ltd.

50% equity stake;
Production of CR-V
and Civic

Mitsubishi

10%
equitystake

Honda
Automobile(China) Co., Ltd.

65%
equitystake

25% equity stake
30% equity stake

Mazda

Mitsubishi

ShanghaiElectric Group
Corp.

20%
equitystake

ShanghaiHino Engine
Co., Ltd.

50%
equitystake

NissanHonda
Guangzhou
Automobile Group
Co., Ltd.

Hino

50% equity
stake;
Productionof NV200
and Navara
50% equity
stake;
Productionof Accord,
Odyssey,
Vezel and Fit

Zhengzhou Nissan
Automobile
Co., Ltd.

Guangqi Honda
Automobile
Co., Ltd.

50% equity stake
50% equity stake50%
equitystake

Guangqi Hino
Motors Co., Ltd.

53

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

Global Production (Including Motorcycles)

Motor Vehicle Production Worldwide Totals 95.7 Million Units
In 2018 worldwide motor vehicle production (excluding motorcycles) slipped 1.1% from the previous year to a totalof 95.71 million units. By region, production increased in Latin America (up 1.8% to 7.46 million units) and Africa(up 12.0% to 1.12 million units).

● MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION EXCLUDING MOTORCYCLES(MAJOR PRODUCING COUNTRIES)UK

Germany

182
175
160

16
17
18
0

0

700

France
16
17
18

700

0

700

60
59
61
0

700

0

700

0

1,300

0

3,000

Japan

423
411
403

16
17
18
700

0

920
969
973

16
17
18
700

Mexico

0

16
17
18
700

1,000

0

16
17
18
700

216
274
288
0

● GLOBAL MOTORCYCLE PRODUCTION (BY COUNTRY/TERRITORY)Country/Territory
Austria
Czech Republic
FranceGermany
Italy
Spain
UK
Brazil
China
India
Japan
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
TaiwanThailand2015
Motorcycles

Total

—
16
—
—
60,314
—
—
—
—
—
0
—
—
—
—
—

—
1,711
—
—
228,425——
1,262,708
16,617,298—
522,394
—
—
—
—
—

—
1,727
—
—
288,739——
1,262,708
18,832,191
18,830,227
522,394382,218
1,255,770
806,594
1,118,848
1,807,325

Note: “—” means data is not available at the end of March 2019.

54

700

In vehicle units

2016

Mopeds700

Brazil

16
0
0
0

360
409
410

16
17
18

Australia

194
199
217
0

700

2,812
2,902
2,781

Thailand
16
17
18

0

South Korea

452
479
517

16
17
18

700

1,218
1,119
1,131

16
17
18

16
17
18

0

South Africa
16
17
18

0

India

289
285
282

U.S.A.

16 23717 21918 202

China

110
114
106

16
17
18

Spain
16
17
18

700

Canada

130
155
177

16
17
18

Italy

209
223
227
0

Russia

575
565
512

16
17
18

x 10,000 units

2017

MopedsMotorcycles

Total

—
9
—
—
60,699
—
—
0
—
—
0
—
—
—
—
—

—
1,219
—
—
240,914——887,653
14,734,442—
560,536
—
—
—
—
—

—
1,228
—
—
302,323——887,653
16,820,802
19,933,739
560,536395,938
1,496,907
1,040,626
1,217,442
1,820,358

MopedsMotorcycles

Total

—
—
—
—
74,996
—
—
0
—
—
0
—
—
—
—
—

—
—
—
—
249,356——
882,876
15,093,566—
646,983
—
—
—
—
—

—
1,331
—
—
325,885——
882,876
17,145,746
23,147,057
646,983
440,673
1,781,856
1,173,883
1,237,080
2,055,193

Sources: Motorcycle manufacturers’ associations of individual countries, etc.

● GLOBAL MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION (BY COUNTRY/REGION/TERRITORY)Country/Region/
Territory

2016
Passenger
Cars

Trucks& Buses

Austria
Belgium
FinlandFranceGermany
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
SwedenUK
Czech RepublicHungary
PolandRomania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Double Counts Portugal/World
Double Counts Eastern Europe/World

91,300354,003
48,0001,636,000
5,746,808
712,971
87,60999,2002,354,117
205,374
1,722,698
1,344,182
523,000
554,600
358,861
1,040,000
133,7020-125,200

European Union (EU27*)
TurkeySerbiaRussiaAzerbaijan
Belarus
Kazakhstan
UkraineUzbekistan
Double Counts CIS/World

2017
Total

Passenger
Cars

Trucks& Buses

18,43045,4240454,2790
390,334
2,280
43,896
531,805
0
93,9245,714
3,500
127,234445
00-8,505
0109,730
399,427
48,0002,090,279
5,746,808
1,103,305
89,889143,096
2,885,922
205,374
1,816,622
1,349,896
526,500
681,834
359,306
1,040,000
133,702-8,505-125,200

78,000332,979
108,839
1,754,200
5,645,584
742,6420
126,426
2,291,474
0
1,671,166
1,305,865
418,435
514,700
363,654
1,032,445
189,85200

16,887,225

1,708,760

18,595,985

950,888
79,3601,124,310
0
10,0908,397
4,340
88,152-101,090

535,039960
179,234
247
7,180
2,254
924
0
0

1,485,927
80,3201,303,544
247
17,27010,651
5,264
88,152-101,090

In vehicle units

2018
Total

Passenger
Cars

Trucks& Buses

19,20044,0230471,000
0399,568
0
49,118556,843
078,21900
175,08334
0
0-11,643
097,200377,002108,8392,225,700
5,645,584
1,142,2100
175,5442,848,317
0
1,749,385
1,305,865
418,435
689,783
363,688
1,032,445
189,852-11,6430

144,500
265,958
112,104
1,763,300
5,120,409
670,9320
234,151
2,267,396
0
1,519,440
1,345,041
430,988451,600
476,769
1,090,000
209,3780020,40042,5350506,000
0389,136
060,215552,169
084,8880
0
208,046000-10,3470

164,900
308,493
112,104
2,269,600
5,120,409
1,060,068
0294,366
2,819,565
0
1,604,328
1,345,041
430,988659,646
476,769
1,090,000
209,378-10,347
0

16,576,261

1,781,445

18,358,206

16,101,966

1,853,042

17,955,308

1,142,906
78,9501,349,017
0
3,580
16,7897,296
140,247-116,000

552,825
174
202,892
0
9,848
2,282
1,290
0
0

1,695,731
79,124
1,551,909
0
13,42819,071
8,586
140,247-116,000

1,026,461
56,303
1,563,572
0
10,94130,016
5,660
220,667-139,000

523,689146
204,1020
12,294
1,529
963
0
0

1,550,150
56,4491,767,674
0
23,23531,545
6,623
220,667-139,000

Total

CIS

1,134,199

189,839

1,324,038

1,400,929

216,312

1,617,241

1,691,856

218,888

1,910,744

Europe19,051,672

2,434,598

21,486,270

19,083,046

2,550,703

21,634,302

18,737,586

2,595,765

21,333,651

CanadaU.S.A.

803,230
3,916,584

1,567,426
8,263,717

2,370,656
12,180,301

751,048
3,033,216

1,442,955
8,156,769

2,194,003
11,189,985

655,896
2,795,971

1,364,944
8,518,734

2,020,840
11,314,705

North America

4,719,814

9,831,143

14,550,957

3,784,264

9,599,724

13,383,988

3,451,867

9,883,678

13,335,545

MexicoArgentina
BrazilColombia
EcuadorVenezuela
Double Counts South America/World

1,993,178
241,315
1,778,464
77,9460849-32,790

1,607,187
231,461
377,892
1,090
2,700
2,001
-10,580

3,600,365
472,776
2,156,356
79,0362,700
2,850-43,370

1,906,899
203,694
2,307,443
74,00000-40,000

2,187,933
269,714429,3593,000
0
0-12,000

4,094,832
473,408
2,736,802
77,0000
0-52,000

1,575,808
208,573
2,386,758
69,0000
0-42,000

2,524,717
258,076
493,0513,800
00-13,000

4,100,525
466,649
2,879,809
72,8000
0-55,000

Latin America

4,058,962

2,211,751

6,270,713

4,452,036

2,878,006

7,330,042

4,198,139

3,266,644

7,464,783

North and Latin America

8,778,776

12,042,894

20,821,670

8,236,300

12,477,730

20,714,030

7,650,006

13,150,322

20,800,328

Australia
Bangladesh
China
India
Indonesia
Iran
Japan
Malaysia
Pakistan
Philippines
South Korea
TaiwanThailand
Vietnam
Double Counts Asia/World

149,000
580
24,420,744
3,707,348
968,476
1,188,072
7,873,886
503,771
178,718
45,8533,859,991
251,087805,033
145,571-213,830

12,2940
3,698,050
811,993
209,321
94,1001,330,816
41,56235,932
71,015368,518
58,435
1,139,384
90,5900161,294580
28,118,794
4,519,341
1,177,797
1,282,172
9,204,702
545,333
214,650
116,868
4,228,509
309,522
1,944,417
236,161-213,8300024,806,687
3,961,327
982,337
1,418,550
8,347,836
460,000
204,500
0
3,735,399
230,356
818,440
145,571-221,000004,208,747
830,904
235,769
837,849
1,342,838
40,70046,3000379,514
61,207
1,170,383
90,59000029,015,434
4,792,231
1,218,106
1,515,396
9,690,674
501,700
250,800
0
4,114,913
291,563
1,988,823
236,571-221,0000023,529,423
4,064,774
1,055,774
1,027,313
8,359,286
522,400
223,500
0
3,661,730
190,052
877,015
146,000-224,000004,279,773
1,109,871
287,940
504,710
1,257,111
41,80047,3000367,104
63,1891,290,679
91,00000027,809,196
5,174,645
1,343,714
1,095,526
9,729,594
565,000
269,700
0
4,028,834
253,241
2,167,694
237,000-224,000

Asia-Oceania

43,884,300

7,962,010

51,846,310

44,892,003

9,244,801

53,395,211

43,433,267

9,340,477

52,450,144

Algeria
Egypt
MoroccoSouth Africa
Tunisia
Double Counts South Africa/World

42,008
10,930313,868
335,539
0-28,660

025,30031,238263,465
1,940-92,060

42,00836,230345,106
599,004
1,940-120,720

60,6069,500
307,318
321,3580-27,000

026,50034,484
268,5931,900
060,60636,000341,802589,951
1,900-27,000

70,59718,500368,601
321,0970-31,007050,50733,484
289,757
1,700
070,59769,007402,085
610,8541,700-31,007

Africa673,685

229,883

903,568

671,782

331,477

1,003,259

747,788375,448

1,123,236

72,388,433

22,669,385

95,057,818

72,883,131

24,604,711

96,746,802

70,568,647

25,462,012

95,707,359

Grand Totals*“EU27” is as per OICA (see “Sources” below) listings. Notes: 1. Includes preliminary figures. 2. Some EU and Latin American countries do not release truck and bus production data.
Sources: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA); for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

55

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

New Registrations● NEW REGISTRATIONS OF PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (BY COUNTRY)

A Total of 96.8 Million New Motor Vehicles Sold Globally

In vehicle units

In 2017 new motor vehicle registrations (excluding motorcycles) increased 3.1% over the previous year to a global
total of 96.80 million units. Vehicle sales rose in Russia (up 14.1% to 1.60 million units), India (up 9.5% to 4.02
million units), and Brazil (up 9.2% to 2.24 million units).
To our readers: Worldwide new registrations data for 2018 was not available at this publication’s press time.

● NEW REGISTRATIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES EXCLUDING MOTORCYCLES(SELECTED COUNTRIES)
Sweden

UK

800

0

800

0

France

800

0

0

800

1,785
1,787
1,758

800

0

1,800

China
2,466

15
16
17
800

62
55
56

India

0

183
182
180

15
16
17
800

Commercial
VehiclesAustria

308,555

41,042

Belgium

501,066

Czech Republic

0

Japan
505
497
523

15
16
17
800

MexicoCommercial
Vehicles349,597

329,604

44,94170,458571,524

539,519

230,857

29,213260,070

Denmark

207,71737,767

Finland108,819

France08000Australia

Brazil

116
118
119

15
16
17
0

800

257
205
224

15
16
17
800

0

800

2017
Passenger
Cars

Commercial
Vehicles374,545

353,335

50,244

403,580

78,335

617,854

546,533

87,579634,111259,69331,315

291,008

271,899

30,210302,109245,484

222,924

42,462

265,386

221,586

41,775

263,361

14,664

123,483

118,991

17,439136,430

118,634

19,741

138,375

1,917,226

427,866

2,345,092

2,015,177

463,295

2,478,472

2,109,890

495,052

2,604,942

Germany

3,206,042

333,783

3,539,825

3,351,607

357,260

3,708,867

3,442,100

369,146

3,811,246

Hungary

77,171

23,762

100,933

96,552

27,255

123,807116,249

25,565

141,814

1,575,737

150,342

1,726,079

1,824,968

225,324

2,050,292

1,969,140

221,263

2,190,403

Netherlands

449,350

71,828521,178

382,825

86,585

469,410414,599

93,772

508,371

Norway150,686

39,420190,106

154,603

43,388

197,991

158,623

43,272201,895

Poland354,975

77,464432,439

416,123

88,427504,550

485,199

90,945576,144

Portugal

178,503

35,151

213,654

207,345

39,998247,343

222,066

42,838

264,904

Romania

98,32522,266

120,591

115,004

27,016142,020

130,415

29,393

159,808

Slovakia

77,96812,12390,091

88,165

12,435

100,600

96,10012,572

108,672

Spain

1,094,077

182,982

1,277,059

1,147,007

200,337

1,347,344

1,235,327

215,763

1,451,089

Sweden345,108

51,585

396,693372,318

59,500431,818

379,392

63,443442,835

UK

2,633,503

427,903

3,061,406

2,692,786

430,969

3,123,755

2,539,297

415,885

2,955,182

Russia1,282,740

158,183

1,440,923

1,239,680

164,784

1,404,464

1,393,400

208,870

1,602,270

Switzerland

323,783

38,867

362,650

317,318

38,564355,882

314,145

41,765355,910

Turkey725,596285,598

1,011,194

756,938

250,919

1,007,857

722,876

257,518

980,394

Canada712,322

1,227,195

1,939,517

661,088

1,322,657

1,983,745

639,272

1,437,728

2,077,000

Total

7,516,826 10,328,798 17,845,624

Total

Total

6,872,729 10,993,044 17,865,773

6,096,111 11,487,731 17,583,842

Mexico892,194497,280

1,389,474

1,065,912

581,811

1,647,723

1,016,880

553,884

1,570,764

Brazil2,123,009

445,9672,568,976

1,676,722

373,5992,050,321

1,844,394

394,5212,238,915

480,952

163,069

644,021525,757

183,725

709,482

662,980

237,423

900,403

Argentina

139
165
157

15
16
17

2016
Passenger
Cars

U.S.A.

3,000

South Korea

342
367
402

15
16
17
800

2,803
2,912
0

South Africa

0

0

15
16
17

128
135
145

15
16
17

800

173
205
219

15
16
17
800

0

194
198
208

15
16
17

U.S.A.

Spain
15
16
17

Canada

144
140
160

15
16
17

Italy

235
248
260
0

800

Russia

354
371
381

15
16
17

Passenger
Cars

Italy

0

Germany

306
312
296

15
16
17

52
47
51

15
16
17

0

15
16
17

Netherlands

40
43
44

15
16
17

x 10,000 units

2015
CountryChina21,210,339

India

2,772,270

652,566

3,424,836

2,966,637

702,640

3,669,277

3,227,701

789,838

4,017,539

Japan

4,215,889

830,6215,046,510

4,146,458

823,800

4,970,258

4,386,377

847,7885,234,165

South Korea

1,533,670

300,116

1,833,786

1,533,813

289,228

1,823,041

1,495,468

303,328

1,798,796

Malaysia

591,275

75,402

666,677

514,545

65,579580,124

519,690

71,406

591,096

Indonesia

755,566

275,856

1,031,422

834,920

213,215

1,048,135

824,901

235,993

1,060,894

Thailand

356,063443,569

799,632

328,053

440,735

768,788

401,537

471,969

873,506

Australia

924,154

231,254

1,155,408

927,274

250,859

1,178,133

915,219

273,458

1,188,677

Egypt

258,400

73,700332,100

214,800

49,300264,100

133,391

47,610

181,001

South Africa

412,670

205,079

617,749

361,289

186,117547,406

369,599

186,117555,716

Other

5,723,730

1,646,187

7,369,917

5,850,835

1,540,621

7,391,456

6,108,470

1,598,937

7,707,407

Grand Totals

66,327,133 23,380,189 89,707,322 69,506,881 24,398,751 93,905,632 70,844,743 25,954,924 96,799,667

3,451,263 24,661,602 24,376,902

3,651,273 28,028,175 24,961,948

4,160,583 29,122,531

Sources: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA); for Japan, Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association; Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

56

57

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

New Registrations● NEW REGISTRATIONS OF PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (BY COUNTRY)

A Total of 96.8 Million New Motor Vehicles Sold Globally

In vehicle units

In 2017 new motor vehicle registrations (excluding motorcycles) increased 3.1% over the previous year to a global
total of 96.80 million units. Vehicle sales rose in Russia (up 14.1% to 1.60 million units), India (up 9.5% to 4.02
million units), and Brazil (up 9.2% to 2.24 million units).
To our readers: Worldwide new registrations data for 2018 was not available at this publication’s press time.

● NEW REGISTRATIONS OF MOTOR VEHICLES EXCLUDING MOTORCYCLES(SELECTED COUNTRIES)
Sweden

UK

800

0

800

0

France

800

0

0

800

1,785
1,787
1,758

800

0

1,800

China
2,466

15
16
17
800

62
55
56

India

0

183
182
180

15
16
17
800

Commercial
VehiclesAustria

308,555

41,042

Belgium

501,066

Czech Republic

0

Japan
505
497
523

15
16
17
800

MexicoCommercial
Vehicles349,597

329,604

44,94170,458571,524

539,519

230,857

29,213260,070

Denmark

207,71737,767

Finland108,819

France08000Australia

Brazil

116
118
119

15
16
17
0

800

257
205
224

15
16
17
800

0

800

2017
Passenger
Cars

Commercial
Vehicles374,545

353,335

50,244

403,580

78,335

617,854

546,533

87,579634,111259,69331,315

291,008

271,899

30,210302,109245,484

222,924

42,462

265,386

221,586

41,775

263,361

14,664

123,483

118,991

17,439136,430

118,634

19,741

138,375

1,917,226

427,866

2,345,092

2,015,177

463,295

2,478,472

2,109,890

495,052

2,604,942

Germany

3,206,042

333,783

3,539,825

3,351,607

357,260

3,708,867

3,442,100

369,146

3,811,246

Hungary

77,171

23,762

100,933

96,552

27,255

123,807116,249

25,565

141,814

1,575,737

150,342

1,726,079

1,824,968

225,324

2,050,292

1,969,140

221,263

2,190,403

Netherlands

449,350

71,828521,178

382,825

86,585

469,410414,599

93,772

508,371

Norway150,686

39,420190,106

154,603

43,388

197,991

158,623

43,272201,895

Poland354,975

77,464432,439

416,123

88,427504,550

485,199

90,945576,144

Portugal

178,503

35,151

213,654

207,345

39,998247,343

222,066

42,838

264,904

Romania

98,32522,266

120,591

115,004

27,016142,020

130,415

29,393

159,808

Slovakia

77,96812,12390,091

88,165

12,435

100,600

96,10012,572

108,672

Spain

1,094,077

182,982

1,277,059

1,147,007

200,337

1,347,344

1,235,327

215,763

1,451,089

Sweden345,108

51,585

396,693372,318

59,500431,818

379,392

63,443442,835

UK

2,633,503

427,903

3,061,406

2,692,786

430,969

3,123,755

2,539,297

415,885

2,955,182

Russia1,282,740

158,183

1,440,923

1,239,680

164,784

1,404,464

1,393,400

208,870

1,602,270

Switzerland

323,783

38,867

362,650

317,318

38,564355,882

314,145

41,765355,910

Turkey725,596285,598

1,011,194

756,938

250,919

1,007,857

722,876

257,518

980,394

Canada712,322

1,227,195

1,939,517

661,088

1,322,657

1,983,745

639,272

1,437,728

2,077,000

Total

7,516,826 10,328,798 17,845,624

Total

Total

6,872,729 10,993,044 17,865,773

6,096,111 11,487,731 17,583,842

Mexico892,194497,280

1,389,474

1,065,912

581,811

1,647,723

1,016,880

553,884

1,570,764

Brazil2,123,009

445,9672,568,976

1,676,722

373,5992,050,321

1,844,394

394,5212,238,915

480,952

163,069

644,021525,757

183,725

709,482

662,980

237,423

900,403

Argentina

139
165
157

15
16
17

2016
Passenger
Cars

U.S.A.

3,000

South Korea

342
367
402

15
16
17
800

2,803
2,912
0

South Africa

0

0

15
16
17

128
135
145

15
16
17

800

173
205
219

15
16
17
800

0

194
198
208

15
16
17

U.S.A.

Spain
15
16
17

Canada

144
140
160

15
16
17

Italy

235
248
260
0

800

Russia

354
371
381

15
16
17

Passenger
Cars

Italy

0

Germany

306
312
296

15
16
17

52
47
51

15
16
17

0

15
16
17

Netherlands

40
43
44

15
16
17

x 10,000 units

2015
CountryChina21,210,339

India

2,772,270

652,566

3,424,836

2,966,637

702,640

3,669,277

3,227,701

789,838

4,017,539

Japan

4,215,889

830,6215,046,510

4,146,458

823,800

4,970,258

4,386,377

847,7885,234,165

South Korea

1,533,670

300,116

1,833,786

1,533,813

289,228

1,823,041

1,495,468

303,328

1,798,796

Malaysia

591,275

75,402

666,677

514,545

65,579580,124

519,690

71,406

591,096

Indonesia

755,566

275,856

1,031,422

834,920

213,215

1,048,135

824,901

235,993

1,060,894

Thailand

356,063443,569

799,632

328,053

440,735

768,788

401,537

471,969

873,506

Australia

924,154

231,254

1,155,408

927,274

250,859

1,178,133

915,219

273,458

1,188,677

Egypt

258,400

73,700332,100

214,800

49,300264,100

133,391

47,610

181,001

South Africa

412,670

205,079

617,749

361,289

186,117547,406

369,599

186,117555,716

Other

5,723,730

1,646,187

7,369,917

5,850,835

1,540,621

7,391,456

6,108,470

1,598,937

7,707,407

Grand Totals

66,327,133 23,380,189 89,707,322 69,506,881 24,398,751 93,905,632 70,844,743 25,954,924 96,799,667

3,451,263 24,661,602 24,376,902

3,651,273 28,028,175 24,961,948

4,160,583 29,122,531

Sources: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA); for Japan, Japan Automobile Dealers Association; Japan Mini Vehicles Association; Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

56

57

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

Motor Vehicles & Motorcycles in Use/Motor Vehicle & Motorcycle Density

Exports (Including Motorcycles)

More than 1.37 Billion Motor Vehicles in Use Worldwide

Motor Vehicle Exports Increase in Brazil, China, and France

There were over 1.37 billion motor vehicles (excluding motorcycles) in use worldwide in 2017, equivalent to 182
motor vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants or one vehicle for every 5.5 persons. Motorcycle density in recent years has
been particularly high in Indonesia, with one motorcycle in use for every two persons; in Malaysia and Thailand, with
one in use for every three persons; in Greece, with one in use for every six persons; and in Italy, with one in use forevery seven persons. In Japan, one motorcycle is in use for every 12 persons.

Motor vehicle exports (excluding motorcycles) in 2017 increased over the previous year in Brazil (up 46.0% to785,000 units), China (up 25.8% to 891,000 units), and France (up 18.9% to 6.37 million units).

● MOTOR VEHICLE DENSITY: INTERNATIONAL
COMPARISONS (at end of 2017)● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES)In vehicle units
No. of Motor Vehicles per 1,000 Inhabitants
Country

Total Motor Vehicles
Passenger Cars

U.S.A.

851

383

Australia

583

Italy

648

Canada

652
620

Japan

612

485

Austria

619
563

Germany

610
566

Spain

509

France

502

617
606

Switzerland

606
538

UK

599
524

Belgium

578
503

182
World Average 135

747
734

x 1 person
No. of Persons per Motor Vehicle(No. of Persons per Passenger Car)
1.2
(2.6)
1.3
(1.7)
1.4
(1.5)
1.5
(1.6)
1.6
(2.1)
1.6
(1.8)
1.6
(1.8)
1.6
(2.0)
1.7
(2.0)
1.7
(1.9)
1.7
(1.9)
1.7
(2.0)
5.5
(7.4)

Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; Ward’s, etc.;
for population data, OECD, UN● MOTORCYCLE DENSITY: INTERNATIONAL
COMPARISONS (No. of Persons per Motorcycle)● MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE WORLDWIDE(at end of 2017)
In vehicle units
Country

Passenger
Cars

Germany
Italy
FranceUK
Spain
Netherlands
Belgium
Austria
SwedenPolandSwitzerland
TurkeyRussiaU.S.A.
CanadaMexicoArgentina
BrazilJapan
ChinaSouth Korea
India
ThailandIndonesia
Australia
South Africa
Other
Grand Totals

46,474,594
38,520,321
32,614,400
34,686,328
23,623,627
8,594,600
5,735,280
4,898,578
4,845,609
22,573,400
4,570,823
12,035,978
46,747,100
124,141,000
22,678,328
30,089,169
10,689,885
36,189,608
61,803,118
184,644,000
18,034,540
35,890,300
9,260,152
14,160,100
14,275,000
7,810,200
160,057,169
1,015,643,207

Commercial
Vehicles2017

Indonesia

2

2014

Malaysia

3

2015

Thailand3

2014

Greece

6

2017

Italy

7

2014

Spain

9

2014

Switzerland

10

2014

Austria

11

2017

Japan

12

2017

Germany

13

2014
2017

Netherlands
China

14
19

Note: Data for Japan is as at March 31.
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism;
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications; Federation of Asian Motorcycle Industries (FAMI);
European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers (ACEM), etc.; for population data, OECD, UN

x 10,000 units

Total

50,092,489
3,617,895
43,597,915
5,077,594
39,384,600
6,770,200
39,675,562
4,989,234
28,643,712
5,020,085
9,716,156
1,121,556
6,587,685
852,405
5,383,312
484,734
5,507,332
661,723
26,482,700
3,909,300
5,146,844
576,021
17,277,923
5,241,945
52,960,800
6,213,700
276,019,000
151,878,000
23,846,147
1,167,819
41,311,027
11,221,858
14,108,904
3,419,019
43,597,358
7,407,750
78,077,869
16,274,751
215,600,000
30,956,000
22,528,295
4,493,755
46,519,900
10,629,600
16,946,961
7,686,809
23,618,100
9,458,000
18,313,000
4,038,000
13,388,500
5,578,300
209,075,060
49,017,891
357,763,944 1,373,407,151

UK

Germany

128
140
138

15
16
17
0

0

600

China

465
465
459

15
16
17

73
71
89

15
16
17
600

0

FranceSouth Korea

472
535
637

15
16
17
0

700

0

Italy

220
234
232
0

297
262
253

15
16
17

Spain
15
16
17

600

600

0

269
265
284

15
16
17
600

0

600

600

Brazil

76
87
84

15
16
17

0

600

U.S.A.
458
463
471

India

68
72
74

15
16
17

Japan
15
16
17

0

44
54
78

15
16
17
600

0

600

Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; Ward’s, etc.

● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES)● MOTORCYCLES IN USE
WORLDWIDE2015
In vehicle unitsx 1 person

58

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

Year

Country/Territory

Total

2017
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2017
2014
2014
2015
2017
2017
2017
2017
2017

Italy
Spain
FranceUK
Netherlands
Switzerland
Austria
PolandCzech Republic
Germany
GreeceMalaysia
ThailandTaiwanIndonesia
China
Japan
Philippines

8,639,911
5,033,209
3,015,223
1,328,300
1,228,147
852,567
755,447
1,311,184
1,016,9786,119,492
1,802,929
11,734,527
20,541,724
13,755,582
111,470,878
74,254,839
10,955,960
6,174,345

Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism;
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications;
Federation of Asian Motorcycle Industries (FAMI);
European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers (ACEM), etc.

CountryJapan
U.S.A.
Germany
UK
FranceItaly
Spain
BrazilSouth Korea
China
India

Passenger
Cars

Commercial
Vehicles

3,970,003
2,206,701
4,406,206
1,227,881
4,159,198
385,738
1,821,806
316,777
2,821,832
427,727
653,053

608,075
487,591
244,015
47,179563,013297,217
380,008
125,236
152,282
300,505
103,124

In vehicle units

2016
Total

Passenger
Cars

Commercial
Vehicles

4,578,078
2,694,292
4,650,221
1,275,060
4,722,211
682,955
2,201,814
442,013
2,974,114
728,232
756,177

4,118,432
2,114,606
4,411,152
1,349,443
4,735,057
398,277
1,923,102
409,251
2,506,505
477,088758,727515,601
539,082
239,901
54,842
617,832
318,045
421,153
128,175
115,210
231,173108,271

2017
Total

Passenger
Cars

Commercial
Vehicles

4,634,033
2,653,688
4,651,053
1,404,285
5,352,889
716,3222,344,255
537,426
2,621,715
708,261
866,998

4,218,429
2,221,875
4,378,108
1,334,538
5,695,129
418,324
1,866,931
625,155
2,415,948
639,167
747,287

487,419
617,586
210,417
48,899670,038
324,094451,286
159,563
114,246
251,730
96,867

Total
4,705,848
2,839,461
4,588,525
1,383,437
6,365,167
742,418
2,318,217
784,718
2,530,194
890,897
844,154

Sources: Ward’s, etc.; for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES/TERRITORY)Country/Territory
Japan
China
TaiwanIndonesia
India

2015

2016

Total

Total
417,649
7,402,466
454,743
228,2292,482,876

In vehicle units

2017
Total
428,619
6,657,949
427,392
284,065
2,340,277

463,123
7,413,732
337,490431,187
2,815,016

Sources: Automobile/motorcycle manufacturers’ associations of individual countries; for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

59

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

Motor Vehicles & Motorcycles in Use/Motor Vehicle & Motorcycle Density

Exports (Including Motorcycles)

More than 1.37 Billion Motor Vehicles in Use Worldwide

Motor Vehicle Exports Increase in Brazil, China, and France

There were over 1.37 billion motor vehicles (excluding motorcycles) in use worldwide in 2017, equivalent to 182
motor vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants or one vehicle for every 5.5 persons. Motorcycle density in recent years has
been particularly high in Indonesia, with one motorcycle in use for every two persons; in Malaysia and Thailand, with
one in use for every three persons; in Greece, with one in use for every six persons; and in Italy, with one in use forevery seven persons. In Japan, one motorcycle is in use for every 12 persons.

Motor vehicle exports (excluding motorcycles) in 2017 increased over the previous year in Brazil (up 46.0% to785,000 units), China (up 25.8% to 891,000 units), and France (up 18.9% to 6.37 million units).

● MOTOR VEHICLE DENSITY: INTERNATIONAL
COMPARISONS (at end of 2017)● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES)In vehicle units
No. of Motor Vehicles per 1,000 Inhabitants
Country

Total Motor Vehicles
Passenger Cars

U.S.A.

851

383

Australia

583

Italy

648

Canada

652
620

Japan

612

485

Austria

619
563

Germany

610
566

Spain

509

France

502

617
606

Switzerland

606
538

UK

599
524

Belgium

578
503

182
World Average 135

747
734

x 1 person
No. of Persons per Motor Vehicle(No. of Persons per Passenger Car)
1.2
(2.6)
1.3
(1.7)
1.4
(1.5)
1.5
(1.6)
1.6
(2.1)
1.6
(1.8)
1.6
(1.8)
1.6
(2.0)
1.7
(2.0)
1.7
(1.9)
1.7
(1.9)
1.7
(2.0)
5.5
(7.4)

Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; Ward’s, etc.;
for population data, OECD, UN● MOTORCYCLE DENSITY: INTERNATIONAL
COMPARISONS (No. of Persons per Motorcycle)● MOTOR VEHICLES IN USE WORLDWIDE(at end of 2017)
In vehicle units
Country

Passenger
Cars

Germany
Italy
FranceUK
Spain
Netherlands
Belgium
Austria
SwedenPolandSwitzerland
TurkeyRussiaU.S.A.
CanadaMexicoArgentina
BrazilJapan
ChinaSouth Korea
India
ThailandIndonesia
Australia
South Africa
Other
Grand Totals

46,474,594
38,520,321
32,614,400
34,686,328
23,623,627
8,594,600
5,735,280
4,898,578
4,845,609
22,573,400
4,570,823
12,035,978
46,747,100
124,141,000
22,678,328
30,089,169
10,689,885
36,189,608
61,803,118
184,644,000
18,034,540
35,890,300
9,260,152
14,160,100
14,275,000
7,810,200
160,057,169
1,015,643,207

Commercial
Vehicles2017

Indonesia

2

2014

Malaysia

3

2015

Thailand3

2014

Greece

6

2017

Italy

7

2014

Spain

9

2014

Switzerland

10

2014

Austria

11

2017

Japan

12

2017

Germany

13

2014
2017

Netherlands
China

14
19

Note: Data for Japan is as at March 31.
Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism;
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications; Federation of Asian Motorcycle Industries (FAMI);
European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers (ACEM), etc.; for population data, OECD, UN

x 10,000 units

Total

50,092,489
3,617,895
43,597,915
5,077,594
39,384,600
6,770,200
39,675,562
4,989,234
28,643,712
5,020,085
9,716,156
1,121,556
6,587,685
852,405
5,383,312
484,734
5,507,332
661,723
26,482,700
3,909,300
5,146,844
576,021
17,277,923
5,241,945
52,960,800
6,213,700
276,019,000
151,878,000
23,846,147
1,167,819
41,311,027
11,221,858
14,108,904
3,419,019
43,597,358
7,407,750
78,077,869
16,274,751
215,600,000
30,956,000
22,528,295
4,493,755
46,519,900
10,629,600
16,946,961
7,686,809
23,618,100
9,458,000
18,313,000
4,038,000
13,388,500
5,578,300
209,075,060
49,017,891
357,763,944 1,373,407,151

UK

Germany

128
140
138

15
16
17
0

0

600

China

465
465
459

15
16
17

73
71
89

15
16
17
600

0

FranceSouth Korea

472
535
637

15
16
17
0

700

0

Italy

220
234
232
0

297
262
253

15
16
17

Spain
15
16
17

600

600

0

269
265
284

15
16
17
600

0

600

600

Brazil

76
87
84

15
16
17

0

600

U.S.A.
458
463
471

India

68
72
74

15
16
17

Japan
15
16
17

0

44
54
78

15
16
17
600

0

600

Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; Ward’s, etc.

● MOTOR VEHICLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES)● MOTORCYCLES IN USE
WORLDWIDE2015
In vehicle unitsx 1 person

58

Motor Vehicles Worldwide

Year

Country/Territory

Total

2017
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2014
2017
2014
2014
2015
2017
2017
2017
2017
2017

Italy
Spain
FranceUK
Netherlands
Switzerland
Austria
PolandCzech Republic
Germany
GreeceMalaysia
ThailandTaiwanIndonesia
China
Japan
Philippines

8,639,911
5,033,209
3,015,223
1,328,300
1,228,147
852,567
755,447
1,311,184
1,016,9786,119,492
1,802,929
11,734,527
20,541,724
13,755,582
111,470,878
74,254,839
10,955,960
6,174,345

Sources: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism;
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications;
Federation of Asian Motorcycle Industries (FAMI);
European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers (ACEM), etc.

CountryJapan
U.S.A.
Germany
UK
FranceItaly
Spain
BrazilSouth Korea
China
India

Passenger
Cars

Commercial
Vehicles

3,970,003
2,206,701
4,406,206
1,227,881
4,159,198
385,738
1,821,806
316,777
2,821,832
427,727
653,053

608,075
487,591
244,015
47,179563,013297,217
380,008
125,236
152,282
300,505
103,124

In vehicle units

2016
Total

Passenger
Cars

Commercial
Vehicles

4,578,078
2,694,292
4,650,221
1,275,060
4,722,211
682,955
2,201,814
442,013
2,974,114
728,232
756,177

4,118,432
2,114,606
4,411,152
1,349,443
4,735,057
398,277
1,923,102
409,251
2,506,505
477,088758,727515,601
539,082
239,901
54,842
617,832
318,045
421,153
128,175
115,210
231,173108,271

2017
Total

Passenger
Cars

Commercial
Vehicles

4,634,033
2,653,688
4,651,053
1,404,285
5,352,889
716,3222,344,255
537,426
2,621,715
708,261
866,998

4,218,429
2,221,875
4,378,108
1,334,538
5,695,129
418,324
1,866,931
625,155
2,415,948
639,167
747,287

487,419
617,586
210,417
48,899670,038
324,094451,286
159,563
114,246
251,730
96,867

Total
4,705,848
2,839,461
4,588,525
1,383,437
6,365,167
742,418
2,318,217
784,718
2,530,194
890,897
844,154

Sources: Ward’s, etc.; for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association● MOTORCYCLE EXPORTS (MAJOR EXPORTING COUNTRIES/TERRITORY)Country/Territory
Japan
China
TaiwanIndonesia
India

2015

2016

Total

Total
417,649
7,402,466
454,743
228,2292,482,876

In vehicle units

2017
Total
428,619
6,657,949
427,392
284,065
2,340,277

463,123
7,413,732
337,490431,187
2,815,016

Sources: Automobile/motorcycle manufacturers’ associations of individual countries; for Japan, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

59

Motor Vehicles Worldwide■ Locations of Auto Manufacturing Plants

Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs● Vehicle Assembly Plants● Parts Plants

Automobile Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs
After repeated reductions in tariff rates, import tariffs in Japan on finished motor vehicles and auto parts were abolished in 1978. Manyother countries continue to impose tariffs on imported vehicles: for example, the United States imposes a 25% tariff on imported trucks
and China levies a 15% tariff on finished vehicles. Aiming to abolish customs tariffs and thereby to liberalize and facilitate trade andinvestment, the Japanese government promotes the establishment of economic partnership agreements (EPAs) and free trade
agreements (FTAs). According to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), which came into
force in December 2018 for the countries that had ratified it by that date, automobile customs tariffs in the 11 signatory countries will be
progressively reduced, with the goal being, depending on the country, eventual abolition. In line with the economic partnershipagreement between Japan and the European Union that took effect on February 1, 2019, tariff rates on Japanese passenger cars
imported into the EU will be lowered annually until their abolition in 2026. Also, with the enforcement of that agreement, more than
90% of the tariffs (in value terms) on imported Japanese auto parts were immediately abolished.

● AUTOMOBILE CUSTOMS TARIFFS, JAPAN/U.S.A./CHINA
Passenger Cars

Trucks

As of March 2019

Auto Parts, Etc.
(including vehicle bodies)

Buses

Hokkaido

Toyota Motor Hokkaido

Shiga

Daihatsu (Shiga)
Mitsubishi (Shiga)

Kyoto

Japan

None

None

None

None

Daihatsu (Kyoto)
Mitsubishi (Kyoto)

U.S.A.

2.5%

25%
Cab chassis, from 5t up to
20t in GVW: 4%

2%

2.5%

Osaka

15%

15%

China

15%

At April 1, 2019

Gunma

Subaru (Main Plant)
Subaru (Yajima)
Subaru (Oizumi)
Hino (Nitta)

TochigiIsuzu (Tochigi)
Nissan (Tochigi)
Honda (Tochigi)

Daihatsu (Ikeda)

Hyogo

6%
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

EPA/FTA in force

Okayama

Mitsubishi (Mizushima)

EPA/FTA under negotiation/otherEU

As of March 2019

Switzerland

Korea

Mongolia
Turkey

China

Japan

MyanmarThailand Laos
Cambodia Philippines
Indonesia

Vietnam
Malaysia
BruneiSingapore

India

GCC

CanadaNissan (Iwaki)

IbarakiHino (Koga)

Yamaguchi

Saitama

Mazda (Hofu)

UD Trucks (Ageo)
Honda (Sayama)
Honda (Yorii)
Honda (Ogawa)

MexicoColombia

Tokyo

Peru

ASEAN
Australia

Hino (Hino)
Hino (Hamura)

Chile
New Zealand

Mie

RCEP

(in effect as of Feb. 2019)

CPTPP(in effect asof Dec. 2018)

Auto Parts, Etc.
(including vehicle bodies)

Trucks

Buses

[10%]
To be abolished in 8 years.

Gasoline trucks≥2800cc,
Diesel trucks≥2500cc: [22%]Gasoline trucks<2800cc,
Diesel trucks<2500cc: [10%]To be abolished in 8 years.

Gasoline buses≥2800cc,
Diesel buses≥2500cc: [16%]Gasoline buses<2800cc,
Diesel buses<2500cc: [10%]To be abolished in 13 years.

[3-4.5%]
Immediately abolished formore than 90% (in value
terms).

Example:Canada

[6.1%]To be abolished in 5 years.

[6.1%]
Large-sized gasoline trucks:
To be abolished in 6 years.
Other trucks:
To be abolished in 11 years.

[6.1%]To be abolished in 11 years.

[6.0%]
Immediately abolished for
87.5% (in value terms).

Example:Vietnam[77%]
Over 3000cc:
To be abolished in 10 years.
3000cc or under:
To be abolished in 13 years.

[20-70%]To be abolished in 12-13
years.

[5%]
To be abolished in 13 years.

[3-30%]
Immediately abolished, or to beabolished within 11 years dependingon the product, for tires, vehicle
bodies, parts, and accessories.

Note: Figures in brackets represent tariff rates imposed prior to reduction/abolition.

60

Isuzu (Fujisawa)
Nissan (Yokohama)Nissan (Oppama)
Mitsubishi Fuso (Kawasaki)
Mitsubishi Fuso (Nakatsu)

Gifu● AUTOMOBILE CUSTOMS TARIFFS under the Japan-EU EPA and CPTPP

Japan-EU EPA

Kanagawa

Honda (Suzuka)
Toyota Auto Body (Inabe)

Notes: 1. Japan-ASEAN EPA investment services negotiations have been substantively concluded. 2. Negotiations are postponed/suspended with GCC, Korea, and Canada.
Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Passenger Cars

Pajero Manufacturing(Sakahogi)

Oita

Daihatsu Kyushu (Oita)

Fukuoka

Nissan Motor Kyushu (Kanda)
Daihatsu Kyushu (Kurume)
Toyota Motor Kyushu (Miyata)
Toyota Motor Kyushu (Kanda)
Toyota Motor Kyushu (Kokura)

Kumamoto

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

Miyagi

Fukushima

Hiroshima

Mazda (Head Office)Mazda (Miyoshi)

CPTPP
Japan-China-Korea

Toyota Motor East Japan(Iwate)Toyota Motor East Japan(Miyagi-Ohira)Toyota Motor East Japan(Miyagi-Taiwa)

Kawasaki (Akashi)● STATUS OF JAPAN’S ENGAGEMENT IN EPAs/FTAs

Iwate

Honda (Kumamoto)

Aichi

Toyota (Honsha)
Toyota (Motomachi)
Toyota (Kamigo)
Toyota (Takaoka)
Toyota (Miyoshi)
Toyota (Tsutsumi)
Toyota (Myochi)
Toyota (Shimoyama)
Toyota (Kinu-Ura)
Toyota (Tahara)
Toyota (Teiho)
Toyota (Hirose)
Toyota Auto Body (Fujimatsu)
Toyota Auto Body (Yoshiwara)
Toyota Auto Body (Kariya)
Mitsubishi (Okazaki)

Shizuoka

Suzuki (Hamamatsu)
Suzuki (Iwata)
Suzuki (Osuka)
Suzuki (Kosai)
Suzuki (Sagara)
Toyota Motor East Japan (Higashi-Fuji)
Toyota Motor East Japan (Suyama)
Honda (Hamamatsu)
Yamaha (Iwata Main)
Yamaha (Iwata South)
Yamaha (Hamakita)
Yamaha (Nakaze)
Yamaha (Fukuroi)
Yamaha (Toyooka)
Yamaha (Morimachi)
61

Motor Vehicles Worldwide■ Locations of Auto Manufacturing Plants

Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs● Vehicle Assembly Plants● Parts Plants

Automobile Customs Tariffs, EPAs-FTAs
After repeated reductions in tariff rates, import tariffs in Japan on finished motor vehicles and auto parts were abolished in 1978. Manyother countries continue to impose tariffs on imported vehicles: for example, the United States imposes a 25% tariff on imported trucks
and China levies a 15% tariff on finished vehicles. Aiming to abolish customs tariffs and thereby to liberalize and facilitate trade andinvestment, the Japanese government promotes the establishment of economic partnership agreements (EPAs) and free trade
agreements (FTAs). According to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), which came into
force in December 2018 for the countries that had ratified it by that date, automobile customs tariffs in the 11 signatory countries will be
progressively reduced, with the goal being, depending on the country, eventual abolition. In line with the economic partnershipagreement between Japan and the European Union that took effect on February 1, 2019, tariff rates on Japanese passenger cars
imported into the EU will be lowered annually until their abolition in 2026. Also, with the enforcement of that agreement, more than
90% of the tariffs (in value terms) on imported Japanese auto parts were immediately abolished.

● AUTOMOBILE CUSTOMS TARIFFS, JAPAN/U.S.A./CHINA
Passenger Cars

Trucks

As of March 2019

Auto Parts, Etc.
(including vehicle bodies)

Buses

Hokkaido

Toyota Motor Hokkaido

Shiga

Daihatsu (Shiga)
Mitsubishi (Shiga)

Kyoto

Japan

None

None

None

None

Daihatsu (Kyoto)
Mitsubishi (Kyoto)

U.S.A.

2.5%

25%
Cab chassis, from 5t up to
20t in GVW: 4%

2%

2.5%

Osaka

15%

15%

China

15%

At April 1, 2019

Gunma

Subaru (Main Plant)
Subaru (Yajima)
Subaru (Oizumi)
Hino (Nitta)

TochigiIsuzu (Tochigi)
Nissan (Tochigi)
Honda (Tochigi)

Daihatsu (Ikeda)

Hyogo

6%
Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

EPA/FTA in force

Okayama

Mitsubishi (Mizushima)

EPA/FTA under negotiation/otherEU

As of March 2019

Switzerland

Korea

Mongolia
Turkey

China

Japan

MyanmarThailand Laos
Cambodia Philippines
Indonesia

Vietnam
Malaysia
BruneiSingapore

India

GCC

CanadaNissan (Iwaki)

IbarakiHino (Koga)

Yamaguchi

Saitama

Mazda (Hofu)

UD Trucks (Ageo)
Honda (Sayama)
Honda (Yorii)
Honda (Ogawa)

MexicoColombia

Tokyo

Peru

ASEAN
Australia

Hino (Hino)
Hino (Hamura)

Chile
New Zealand

Mie

RCEP

(in effect as of Feb. 2019)

CPTPP(in effect asof Dec. 2018)

Auto Parts, Etc.
(including vehicle bodies)

Trucks

Buses

[10%]
To be abolished in 8 years.

Gasoline trucks≥2800cc,
Diesel trucks≥2500cc: [22%]Gasoline trucks<2800cc,
Diesel trucks<2500cc: [10%]To be abolished in 8 years.

Gasoline buses≥2800cc,
Diesel buses≥2500cc: [16%]Gasoline buses<2800cc,
Diesel buses<2500cc: [10%]To be abolished in 13 years.

[3-4.5%]
Immediately abolished formore than 90% (in value
terms).

Example:Canada

[6.1%]To be abolished in 5 years.

[6.1%]
Large-sized gasoline trucks:
To be abolished in 6 years.
Other trucks:
To be abolished in 11 years.

[6.1%]To be abolished in 11 years.

[6.0%]
Immediately abolished for
87.5% (in value terms).

Example:Vietnam[77%]
Over 3000cc:
To be abolished in 10 years.
3000cc or under:
To be abolished in 13 years.

[20-70%]To be abolished in 12-13
years.

[5%]
To be abolished in 13 years.

[3-30%]
Immediately abolished, or to beabolished within 11 years dependingon the product, for tires, vehicle
bodies, parts, and accessories.

Note: Figures in brackets represent tariff rates imposed prior to reduction/abolition.

60

Isuzu (Fujisawa)
Nissan (Yokohama)Nissan (Oppama)
Mitsubishi Fuso (Kawasaki)
Mitsubishi Fuso (Nakatsu)

Gifu● AUTOMOBILE CUSTOMS TARIFFS under the Japan-EU EPA and CPTPP

Japan-EU EPA

Kanagawa

Honda (Suzuka)
Toyota Auto Body (Inabe)

Notes: 1. Japan-ASEAN EPA investment services negotiations have been substantively concluded. 2. Negotiations are postponed/suspended with GCC, Korea, and Canada.
Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Passenger Cars

Pajero Manufacturing(Sakahogi)

Oita

Daihatsu Kyushu (Oita)

Fukuoka

Nissan Motor Kyushu (Kanda)
Daihatsu Kyushu (Kurume)
Toyota Motor Kyushu (Miyata)
Toyota Motor Kyushu (Kanda)
Toyota Motor Kyushu (Kokura)

Kumamoto

Source: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association

Miyagi

Fukushima

Hiroshima

Mazda (Head Office)Mazda (Miyoshi)

CPTPP
Japan-China-Korea

Toyota Motor East Japan(Iwate)Toyota Motor East Japan(Miyagi-Ohira)Toyota Motor East Japan(Miyagi-Taiwa)

Kawasaki (Akashi)● STATUS OF JAPAN’S ENGAGEMENT IN EPAs/FTAs

Iwate

Honda (Kumamoto)

Aichi

Toyota (Honsha)
Toyota (Motomachi)
Toyota (Kamigo)
Toyota (Takaoka)
Toyota (Miyoshi)
Toyota (Tsutsumi)
Toyota (Myochi)
Toyota (Shimoyama)
Toyota (Kinu-Ura)
Toyota (Tahara)
Toyota (Teiho)
Toyota (Hirose)
Toyota Auto Body (Fujimatsu)
Toyota Auto Body (Yoshiwara)
Toyota Auto Body (Kariya)
Mitsubishi (Okazaki)

Shizuoka

Suzuki (Hamamatsu)
Suzuki (Iwata)
Suzuki (Osuka)
Suzuki (Kosai)
Suzuki (Sagara)
Toyota Motor East Japan (Higashi-Fuji)
Toyota Motor East Japan (Suyama)
Honda (Hamamatsu)
Yamaha (Iwata Main)
Yamaha (Iwata South)
Yamaha (Hamakita)
Yamaha (Nakaze)
Yamaha (Fukuroi)
Yamaha (Toyooka)
Yamaha (Morimachi)
61

■ JAMA Member Manufacturers

Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd.

Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.

Head Office :1-1 Daihatsu-cho, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8651 Tel: (072) 751-8811
Tokyo Branch Office :2-10 Nihonbashi Honcho 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023
http://www.daihatsu.co.jp/
http://www.daihatsu.com

Global Headquarters :1-1 Takashima 1-chome, Nishi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 220-8686
Tel: (045) 523-5523
http://www.nissan.co.jp/
http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/

Subaru Corporation

HINO Motors, Ltd.
Head Office :1-1 Hinodai 3-chome, Hino, Tokyo 191-8660 Tel: (042) 586-5111
http://www.hino-global.com

Head Office :Ebisu Subaru Bldg., 20-8 Ebisu 1-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8554
Tel: (03) 6447-8000
https://www.subaru.co.jp/

HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD.

Suzuki Motor Corporation

Head Office :1-1 Minami-Aoyama 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8556
Tel: (03) 3423-1111
https://www.honda.co.jp/

Head Office :300 Takatsuka-cho, Minami-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8611
Tel: (053) 440-2061
Tokyo Branch Office :Suzuki Bldg. Higashi-Shimbashi 2F, 2-8 Higashi-Shimbashi 2-chome,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0021 Tel: (03) 5425-2158
http://www.suzuki.co.jp/
http://www.globalsuzuki.com/

Isuzu Motors Limited
Head Office :26-1 Minami-Oi 6-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8722
Tel: (03) 5471-1141
http://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/

TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATIONHead Office :1 Toyota-cho, Toyota, Aichi 471-8571 Tel: (0565) 28-2121
Tokyo Head Office :4-18 Koraku 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8701 Tel: (03) 3817-7111
Nagoya Office :7-1 Meieki 4-chome, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 450-8711
Tel: (052) 552-2111
https://global.toyota/en

Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Kobe Head Office :Kobe Crystal Tower, 1-3 Higashi Kawasaki-cho 1-chome, Chuo-ku, Kobe,
Hyogo 650-8680 Tel: (078) 371-9530
Tokyo Head Office :14-5 Kaigan 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8315 Tel: (03) 3435-2111
http://www.khi.co.jp/

UD Trucks Corporation
Head Office :1-1 Ageo, Saitama 362-8523 Tel: (0120) 67-2301
https://www.udtrucks.com/ja-jp/home
https://www.udtrucks.com/

MAZDA MOTOR CORPORATIONHead Office :3-1 Shinchi, Fuchu-cho, Aki-Gun, Hiroshima 730-8670 Tel: (082) 282-1111
Tokyo Head Office :NBF Hibiya Bldg., 1-7 Uchisaiwai-cho 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011
Tel: (03) 3508-5031
http://www.mazda.co.jp/
http://www.mazda.com/

YAMAHA MOTOR CO., Ltd.
Head Office :2500 Shingai, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-8501 Tel: (0538) 32-1115
Tokyo Office :Marunouchi My Plaza 15F, 1-1 Marunouchi 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005
Tel: (03) 5220-7200
http://global.yamaha-motor.com/

MITSUBISHI MOTORS CORPORATIONHead Office :1-21 Shibaura 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8410 Tel: (03) 3456-1111
http://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.jp/
http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/en/

Former Member & Friend of JAMA:

Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation

General Motors Japan Ltd.

Head Office :10 Ohkura-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8522
Tel: (044) 330-7700
http://www.mitsubishi-fuso.com/

Head Office :12-8 Higashi-Shinagawa 4-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8687
Tel: (03) 6711-5600
http://www.gmjapan.co.jp/

Note: Manufacturers are listed in alphabetical order.

62

63

■ Related Automotive Associations- Japan Auto Parts Industries Association (JAPIA)
16-15, Takanawa 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0074 (03) 3445-4211- Japan Auto-Body Industries Association Inc. (JABIA)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3578-1681- Japan Automotive Machinery and Tool Manufacturers Association (JAMTA)- Japan Motorcycle Promotion & Safety Association
25-15, Minami-Otsuka 2-chome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-0005 (03) 6902-8190- Japan Automobile Education Foundation (JAEF)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-3841- The General Insurance Association of Japan (GIAJ)

5-8, Shiba-Koen 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011 (03) 3431-3773

9, Kanda-Awajicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8335 (03) 3255-1844- Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. (JSAE)- Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA)

10-2, Goban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076 (03) 3262-8211- Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) [Tsukuba]
2530, Karima, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0822 (029) 856-1112- Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) [Tokyo]
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-7921- Automotive Dispute Resolution Center (ADR)
2-3, Uchisaiwaicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011 (0120) 028-222- Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center (JARC)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-8300- Japan Auto Recycling Partnership (JARP)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5405-6150- Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association (AIRIA)
11-6, Iwamoto-cho 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0032 (03) 5825-3671- Automobile Business Association of Japan
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3578-3880- Japan Automobile Dealers Association (JADA)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8530 (03) 5733-3100- Japan Light Motor Vehicle and Motorcycle Association
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5472-7861- Japan Used Car Dealers Association
25-3, Yoyogi 3-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0053 (03) 5333-5881- Japan Automobile Importers Association (JAIA)
1-15, Shiba 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014 (03) 5765-6811- Japan Automobile Federation (JAF)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3436-2811- Japan Auto Appraisal Institute (JAAI)
34-4, Nishi-Shinbashi 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003 (03) 5776-0901- Automobile Fair Trade Council (AFTC)
11-30, Nagata-cho 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0014 (03) 5511-2111- Japan Automobile Service Promotion Association (JASPA)
10-1, Roppongi 6-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6117 (03) 3404-6141- Japan Automotive Leasing Association (JALA)
23-1, Shiba 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014 (03) 5484-7037- Motorcycle Federation of Japan (MFJ)
11-6, Tsukiji 3-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 (03) 5565-0900

64

At April 1, 2019

7-8, Sarugaku-cho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0064 (03) 5577-3977- Japan Automobile Transport Technology Association (JATA)
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 6836-1201- Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center (JASIC)
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 5362-7751- ITS Japan
6-8, Shiba-Koen 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011 (03) 5777-1011- Japan Industrial Vehicles Association (JIVA)
5-26, Moto-Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0051 (03) 3403-5556- Japan Trucking Association
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 3354-1009- Nihon Bus Association (NBA)
4-1, Marunouchi 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 (03) 3216-4011- All Japan Railway-Freight Forwarders Association
21, Kanda-Awajicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0063 (03) 5296-1670- Japan Federation of Hire-Taxi Associations
8-13, Kudan-Minami 4-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3239-1531- All Japan Rent-A-Car Association
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5472-7328- Japan Federation of Authorized Drivers School Associations
3-9, Kudan-Minami 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3556-0070- Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Association, Inc. (JATMA)
8-21, Toranomon 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001 (03) 3435-9091- Auto-Parts & Accessories Retail Association (APARA)
1-7, Shiba 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014 (03) 3454-1427- Japan Traffic Safety Association
8-13, Kudan-Minami 4-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3264-2641- The Japan Research Center for Transport Policy
12-6, Kudan-Kita 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0073 (03) 3263-1945- Japan Road Association (JARA)
3-1, Kasumigaseki 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8955 (03) 3581-2211- Express Highway Research Foundation of Japan (EHRF)
11-10, Minami-Azabu 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0047 (03) 6436-2100- Vehicle Information and Communication System Center (VICS)
5-7, Kyobashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0031 (03) 3562-1720

■ Related Automotive Associations- Japan Auto Parts Industries Association (JAPIA)
16-15, Takanawa 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0074 (03) 3445-4211- Japan Auto-Body Industries Association Inc. (JABIA)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3578-1681- Japan Automotive Machinery and Tool Manufacturers Association (JAMTA)- Japan Motorcycle Promotion & Safety Association
25-15, Minami-Otsuka 2-chome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-0005 (03) 6902-8190- Japan Automobile Education Foundation (JAEF)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-3841- The General Insurance Association of Japan (GIAJ)

5-8, Shiba-Koen 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011 (03) 3431-3773

9, Kanda-Awajicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8335 (03) 3255-1844- Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. (JSAE)- Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA)

10-2, Goban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076 (03) 3262-8211- Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) [Tsukuba]
2530, Karima, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0822 (029) 856-1112- Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) [Tokyo]
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-7921- Automotive Dispute Resolution Center (ADR)
2-3, Uchisaiwaicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0011 (0120) 028-222- Japan Automobile Recycling Promotion Center (JARC)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5733-8300- Japan Auto Recycling Partnership (JARP)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5405-6150- Automobile Inspection & Registration Information Association (AIRIA)
11-6, Iwamoto-cho 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0032 (03) 5825-3671- Automobile Business Association of Japan
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3578-3880- Japan Automobile Dealers Association (JADA)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8530 (03) 5733-3100- Japan Light Motor Vehicle and Motorcycle Association
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5472-7861- Japan Used Car Dealers Association
25-3, Yoyogi 3-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0053 (03) 5333-5881- Japan Automobile Importers Association (JAIA)
1-15, Shiba 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014 (03) 5765-6811- Japan Automobile Federation (JAF)
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 3436-2811- Japan Auto Appraisal Institute (JAAI)
34-4, Nishi-Shinbashi 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003 (03) 5776-0901- Automobile Fair Trade Council (AFTC)
11-30, Nagata-cho 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0014 (03) 5511-2111- Japan Automobile Service Promotion Association (JASPA)
10-1, Roppongi 6-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-6117 (03) 3404-6141- Japan Automotive Leasing Association (JALA)
23-1, Shiba 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0014 (03) 5484-7037- Motorcycle Federation of Japan (MFJ)
11-6, Tsukiji 3-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045 (03) 5565-0900

64

At April 1, 2019

7-8, Sarugaku-cho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0064 (03) 5577-3977- Japan Automobile Transport Technology Association (JATA)
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 6836-1201- Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center (JASIC)
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 5362-7751- ITS Japan
6-8, Shiba-Koen 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011 (03) 5777-1011- Japan Industrial Vehicles Association (JIVA)
5-26, Moto-Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0051 (03) 3403-5556- Japan Trucking Association
2-5, Yotsuya 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004 (03) 3354-1009- Nihon Bus Association (NBA)
4-1, Marunouchi 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 (03) 3216-4011- All Japan Railway-Freight Forwarders Association
21, Kanda-Awajicho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0063 (03) 5296-1670- Japan Federation of Hire-Taxi Associations
8-13, Kudan-Minami 4-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3239-1531- All Japan Rent-A-Car Association
1-30, Shiba-Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 (03) 5472-7328- Japan Federation of Authorized Drivers School Associations
3-9, Kudan-Minami 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3556-0070- Japan Automobile Tyre Manufacturers Association, Inc. (JATMA)
8-21, Toranomon 3-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001 (03) 3435-9091- Auto-Parts & Accessories Retail Association (APARA)
1-7, Shiba 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014 (03) 3454-1427- Japan Traffic Safety Association
8-13, Kudan-Minami 4-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074 (03) 3264-2641- The Japan Research Center for Transport Policy
12-6, Kudan-Kita 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0073 (03) 3263-1945- Japan Road Association (JARA)
3-1, Kasumigaseki 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8955 (03) 3581-2211- Express Highway Research Foundation of Japan (EHRF)
11-10, Minami-Azabu 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0047 (03) 6436-2100- Vehicle Information and Communication System Center (VICS)
5-7, Kyobashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0031 (03) 3562-1720

THE MOTOR INDUSTRY OF JAPAN 2019

Published July 2019Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.
Jidosha Kaikan, 1-30 Shiba Daimon 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0012 JapanFor inquiries about this booklet, write or telephone:
Public Relations Office, JAMA Tel: +81 (3) 5405-6119
http://www.jama.or.jp/©JAMA. All rights reserved. Printed with vegetable oil ink.