THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

Argentina
1 General Information
Area: 2,780,400 km2
Population: 43,431,886
Government Type: Presidential Republic
GDP: $22,400
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Countries in the Americas

Among American countries, Argentine is superior in the National Portal indicator. Its score is slightly lower
than the US. However, other indicators are lower than the average of American countries. This may indicatethat in National Portal, some developing countries are more advanced than developed countries. National
Portal could be the indicator in which the performance of developing countries can exceed that of developed
countries.
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3 D-Government Development
The World Bank’s Information Technology-based Public Sector Strengthening Program has been active
since 2011 and will run through the end of 2017. This program is aimed at modernizing Argentina’s
procurement, taxation, and irrigation systems through the use of IT. Despite the lack of legal framework on
open government initiatives, the Argentinian government has built an open government data portal. The
portal contains datasets for demographic and economic statistics. The public can download the data in nonproprietary formats such as Excel, csv, and pdf files. The portal is provided by the city of Buenos Aires.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
In Argentina, 79.4% of the population uses the Internet in 2017, an increase over the previous year. The
number of fixed-broadband subscriptions is 16.1 per 100 inhabitants, while the number of active mobile
broadband subscriptions is 67.3 per 100 inhabitants.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In 2005, the Argentinean government released a strategic plan that regulates the D-Government national
plan. The regulation is granted on April 27, 2005 through Decree No.378 about D-Government national
plan entitled “Plan Nacional de GobiernoElectrónico y Planes Sectoriales de GobiernoElectrónico”. The
decree has been designed to improve government services thus guaranteeing more efficiency andtransparency. The decree requires government institutions in Argentina to put more attention on thefollowing aspects:-

The use of Internet technology in the development of integrated system and the provision of
information to the public
The implementation of interoperability standards
The creation of a national portal that contains all available information from different government
agencies.
The synergy among national public administration to improve government information system

The Ministry of Modernization was created in 2015, and in 2016 the State Modernization Plan was approved.
This plan aims to promote the utilization of ICT in order to improve public administration services. The
National Office of Information Technology (ONTI), a dependency of the Ministry of Modernization, is incharge of the policy-making and implementation of the process for the technological modernization of theState.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The five most common online government services are e-procurement, e-tax, e-customs, one-stop service,
and e-health system. Argentina has released two web-based e-procurement system which are connectedeach other, i.e., www.argentinacompra.gov.ar and comprar.gov.ar.
The website www.afip.gov.ar is developed as the embryo of e-tax and e-customs system in Argentina.
Through that website, citizens have access to download tax-related forms and obtain specified tax
information. There is a login access page on that website for the citizen by using specific identity.
The national portal www.argentina.gob.ar also serves as a one-stop service website, where citizens canobtain information about various procedures. An e-Health website has been established,www.cibersalud.gob.ar; it offers some information related to healthcare and a platform oriented to healthprofessionals called salud.ar is mentioned, but was unavailable at the time of this survey.
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4.4 National Portal [NPR]
Argentina’s national portal (http://www.argentina.gob.ar) works as a one-stop service website and offerssome e-Services to citizens, companies and foreigners. Aside from two undated PDF documents that provide
information in English, the portal site is entirely in Spanish. It does offer a translation widget powered by
Google which—while imperfect—makes it easier for non-speakers to navigate the site.
The well-organized portal serves as a platform to help citizens find their desired information through asearch option. Moreover, it is simple in design and easy to use. The portal structure is clear, with the mostcommon online services prominently featured.
The portal provides information related to the country and the government, as well as links to othergovernment websites. Furthermore, it offers users the possibility to create an account for managing personal
procedures. It is also possible to share information of the website directly on social networks. The portal isavailable only in Spanish. It is clearly indicated in the top of the portal that it is currently in development,
and allows users to send feedback.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There are no specific laws or mandates for CIO positions. However, after referring to the tasks and dutiesof the Oficina Nacional de Tecnologías de Información (ONTI), it can be inferred that ONTI has many of
the responsibilities of a government CIO.
All ministries are involved in D-Government projects according to Decree 378, which lays out the country’s
D-Government strategy. Therefore, it can be considered that all ministries have a CIO position even though
the title is not precisely CIO (for instance, Head of IT Division; Head of D-Government Projects).
CIO training master degree programs are available in at least one institution.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]The National Office for Information Technologies (ONTI) is the decision-making body in this area, andfunctions under the recently created Ministry of Modernization. Specific projects include digital signature
infrastructure, information security, and technological standards for public administration. The government
has officially approved the State Modernization Plan to promote the adoption and utilization of ICT ingovernment agencies at national and local level.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The national portal http://www.argentina.gov.ar/ of Argentina is a one-stop service site for citizens, andoffers information on the structure of government, online services and links to other government bodies. It
is also possible for citizens to send feedback to government agencies or contact officials directly. All
legislation is available in one website. The head of state has an official website.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]In December 2013, Argentinian senate has passed law on public access to funded research. It is the first stepof Argentina to release freedom of information act which is still under discussion in parliament.
Regardless of the lack of legal framework on open government initiatives, the Argentinian government hasestablished an open government data portal. The portal contains demographic and economic datasets. Public
can download the data in non-proprietary format such as excel file, csv, and pdf.

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4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Argentina penalizes cyber crimes, and has laws on information and personal data security. It has a law for
digital signature, but not specifically for e-commerce or e-payment.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
There is no evidence that the government has officially used Cloud Computing services, nor are there
regulations on the use of the Internet of Things or Big Data.

5 Some Highlights
Bringing ICT into the classroom has become a key concern in educational policy in Argentina, leading the
Ministry of Education to launch the National Campaign for Digital Literacy and various teaching andmethodology proposals for teachers. Nevertheless, the ministry’s policies leave essential variables uncertain,
particularly as these relate to economically and culturally excluded sectors.
Although there is concern for the distribution of infrastructure in relation to the socioeconomic conditionsof the sectors which benefit, this intention continues to show evidence of discrimination in favor of those
closest to large urban centers. The same malaise afflicts the concern for teachers, as it does not address theissue in its full socioeconomic and organizational complexity, nor take into account work regimes and hours,or the general working conditions of education workers.
D-Government in Argentina started more than a decade ago, but it saw little development for many years.
It is evident though from very recent initiatives that the government is putting much effort in themodernization of the state and the improvement of public services.

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Australia
1 General Information
Area: 7,741,220 km2
Population: 22,751,014
Government Type: federal parliamentary democracy
GDP: $ $65,400
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization
OECD Countries

APEC Economies

This year, Australia surpassed the world’s and OECD’s average score in most indicators, except cybersecurity and e-participation. The country even got a better ranking on management optimization whencompared with the USA – which ranks the first position in D-Government ranking this year. A similar
phenomenon was witnessed when comparing Australia with APEC economies.

3 D-Government Development
The National Digital Economy Strategy was published on 31 May 2011 and emphasized the mission toposition Australia as a leading digital economy by 2020. Drawing upon this vision, a collection of policies,
strategies and guidelines were published by Ministry of Finance and Deregulation and AustralianGovernment Information Management Office (AGIMO), pursuing to make the Australian government more
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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

effective, seeking to reduce costs, increase customer satisfaction and promote innovation. The DigitalContinuity 2020 Policy began in late 2015 and seeks to build on these changes. The Digital Transformation
Agency (DTA) was formed in 2016 and is responsible for continuing Australia’s rapid digital development.
Australia’s D-Government adoption efforts have been clarified under the 2012-2015 D-Government
strategy. It shows that Australians continue to embrace the Internet as a way of interacting with government.

4 Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 85.9% Australia’s population are Internet users in 2017, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2017 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Among them, wired
broadband subscribers accounted for around 25.8% while more than 100% of total population have awireless broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Australian government has issued several
policies and strategies related to D-Government
development at national scope, addressing
various aspects of digital government such as
digital economy (National Digital Economy
Strategy), government online services (APS ICTStrategy 2012-2015), infrastructure (AustralianGovernment Data Centre Strategy 2010-2025),
and cloud computing (Australian Government
Cloud
Computing
Policy).
Australia
Government also mandated the collaboration
between government entities via the Public
Governance, Performance and Accountability
Act 2013 (PGPA Act). Under this act, a National
Collaboration Framework was created in orderto facilitate the collaboration among
Australian Government Architecture
Commonwealth entities, state, territory andlocal jurisdictions. In addition, the AustralianGovernment Information Interoperability Framework and the GovShare initiative were put in place toensure the seamless collaboration and information sharing among government agencies.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service comprises of five sub-dimensions: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, e-Health,and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL Address. All of thoseservices was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of Security, and Level ofConvenience.
In terms of complexity level, all Online Services in Australia have reached the transactional level in whichusers can conduct all of their businesses via electronic portal. For e-procurement, AusTender(www.tenders.gov.au) is a centralized gateway for publishing information on Australian Government
business opportunities, annual procurement plans, and contracts awarded. With the replacement of64

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australia.gov.au accounts by MyGov1, Australian Government aims to link all government services into asingle place. By creating a MyGov account, citizens are featured from various utilities like MyGov Inbox,
MyGov Profile and a growing range of services including Medicare, Australia Taxation Office, PersonalControlled eHealth Record, Child Support, and so on.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application Google PageSpeed™ Insight 2 has showedthat all services have a good access speed.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://www.tenders.gov.au/
https://www.ato.gov.au/
http://www.border.gov.au/
https://myhealthrecord.gov.au
https://my.gov.au

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. www.australia.gov.au is the national portal of Australia. It presents a wide range of
information resources and online services from various government agencies which can be accessible froma single point.
In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website operates well bothfrom PC and from Mobile Device. The portal also connects to various Social Networks such as Facebook,
Twitter, YouTube, and Flickr, plus there is a feature allowing users to receive update via mail notification.
In terms of accessibility, Australia.gov.au is currently compliant to Level A of the Web content accessibility
guidelines version 2.0 - external site (WCAG 2.0) standard.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
After just 12 months being the leader of heading up IT governance and whole-of-government IT policy for
Federal government, Australian government chief information officer Glenn Archer left his position at
AGIMO. In this sense, the federal government will no longer have a chief information officer after deciding
not to replace the position of former CIO Glenn Archer3. This restructure effort is supposed to reduce the“duplication and unclear objectives for whole-of-government policies”.
Although the government CIO role is no longer exist at Federal government level, the presences of IT
champions are still found at other departments and State level governments. For example, the City of
Melbourne has appointed PwC partner Michelle Fitzgerald as Victoria’s first ever chief digital officer.
The Corporations Act 2001 imposes a number of legal responsibilities upon company directors, secretaries
and “officers” which is broadly defined to cover COOs, CTOs, CIOs and Information Systems Managers.
These requirements suggest, as a director or officer, an obligation to uphold due care and diligence.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The digital interactions between Australian government with various stakeholders such as citizens,businesses, employees and other governments has been increased through years. This is the result from the1

https://my.gov.au
https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
3
http://www.itnews.com.au/news/australian-government-abandons-cio-role-384743
2

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government’s continuous efforts to develop and promote digital government. As stated in the Digital First,
the Australian Government aims to digitalized end-to-end government transactions by 2017.

4.7 D-Government Participation [EPAR]
With well-established D-Government channels, the rate of interacting with government has been increased:
two-thirds of Australian using D-Government services for their most recent contact (AGIMO, 2011).
Australia national portal offers a good platform to encourage the citizens to take part in various activities
and discussions with government. Consultation processes supported by a diversity of technologies allow
people and communities to be actively involved in designing and developing policy and services.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
After joining the Open Government Partnership on 2013, on 11th April 2016, the Australian Government
held the co-creation workshop to develop its first National Action Plan (NAP) for Open Government.
Stakeholders from civil society and Government were invited to consult and suggest on the draft of the plan.
Around 210 actions were grouped into 18 proposals which were then prioritized by participants and turned
into 14 commitment templates 4.
As of May 2016 the Australian Government’s data site data.gov.au includes 8000 datasets from theAustralian Government and state and territory governments. This initiative was created under Government’s
Declaration of Open Government and as a response to the Government 2.0 Taskforce Report.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Cyber security is one of Australia's national security priorities. A new long-awaited national cyber security
policy was released in mid-2016, establishing five themes of action for Australian Government until 2020:
A national cyber partnership; strong cyber defense; global responsibility and influence; growth andinnovation; and a cyber smart nation.

Australian Government Cyber Security Architecture5

In terms of cyber security government entities, Australian Government aims to strengthen its leading roleon cyber security policy by establishing a new position in the Cabinet: The Prime Minister’s Special Adviser
45

http://ogpau.govspace.gov.au/
https://cybersecuritystrategy.dpmc.gov.au/assets/pdfs/dpmc-cyber-strategy.pdf

66THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTon Cyber Security. The national Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) Australia works incollaborating with over 500 businesses and advises on cyber security threats to the owners and operators ofAustralia’s critical infrastructure. The Australian Cyber Security Centre, established in 2014, gathers cybersecurity capabilities across the Australian Government to enable collaborating and sharing threat
information.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The Government launched its Cloud Computing
Policy in 2014, mandating Government agencies to adopt a “cloud first” approach whenever possible. By
September 2014, a Request for Tender (RFT) to establish the Whole of Government Cloud Services Panel(including Software, Platform and Infrastructure as a Service, and Specialist Cloud Services) has been
published on AusTender. The Digital Transformation Office has created cloud.gov.au as a new platform tofacilitate digital services delivery. The first service was expected to be presented on the platform in February
2016.
Regarding Big Data, The Australian Public Service Big Data Strategy was developed by Ministry of Financeand endorsed by the Secretaries' ICT Governance Board to provide a whole-of-government (WofG)
approach to big data. In parallel, The WofG Data Analytics Centre of Excellence (CoE) was established by
the Australian Taxation Office as a place to build analytics capability across government 6.

5 Some Highlights
Australia has shown incredible progress over the past few years in developing its digital government efforts,and has quickly become one of the leading innovators in this area. The addition of the Digital
Transformation Agency this past year was one major addition in the past year, and it appears to be primed
to continue to compete with other top governments in the coming years. Australia is also a leader in eParticipation, and its mandatory voting policy provides an impetus for the government to ensure that it issimple and easy for each citizen to participate fully in the democratic process.
Data shows that there has been only limited progress in adopting cloud services by government agencies todate although there were cloud policy and guidance already in place7. Until 2014, cloud procurements in
AusTender have only in total $4.7m since July 2010 (while the total expenditure of Australian Governmenton ICT is approximately $6bn annually)8. It is recommended that Australian Government should embrace
the power of emerging technologies such as Cloud Computing, Big Data or Internet of Things into
government’s operation activities to get a higher position in the ranking.

6

http://www.finance.gov.au/archive/big-data/
http://www.finance.gov.au/files/2012/09/a-guide-to-implementing-cloud-services.pdf
8
http://www.finance.gov.au/sites/default/files/australian-government-cloud-computing-policy-3.pdf
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Austria
1 General Information
Area: 83,871 km2
Population: 8,711,770
Government Type: Federal Parliamentary Republic
GDP: $47,900
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

European Countries

Among OECD Countries, all indicators except the Use of Emerging Technologies for Government (EMG)
indicator are above or same with the average score of OECD members. Amongst European countries,
Austria is placed below Denmark, the best country in the European region.

3 D-Government Development
The development and implementation of electronic public services is one of the priorities of the AustrianFederal Government. Austria has been at the forefront for many years in the D-Government arena. The
diverse efforts and leading D-Government initiatives of the Austrian government have been recognizedmany times at the European level. The Platform Digital Austria, which was created in 2005, has become thecenter point for coordination and strategy of D-Government in Austria by the Federal Government. All D68

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Government projects in Austria now run under the Platform Digital Austria designation. It coordinates all
the agendas of the “Kooperation BLSG” (which
stands for Cooperation of Federal Government,
Provinces, Municipalities and Communities),
previously known as the E-Cooperation Board,and the ICT Strategy Group, formerly known as
the ICT Board. The advantages of having a single
chairmanship in charge of projects are obvious.
Projects are coordinated with one another so any
projects which are too similar can be detected andduplication of effort can be avoided. The
chairmanship of Platform Digital Austria is heldby the Federal CIO.
The Austrian D-Government platform is chairedby the Federal Chancellor and involves several
ministers, the representatives of the provinces,
municipalities, cities and the business sector. The
main intention of the D-Government platform is toconsolidate and improve the present different DGovernment solutions and to develop new
activities
commontoallauthorities.
Communication between all members should beensured by the Executive Secretary of the eCooperation Board (IKT-Board).

virtualD-Government structure of Austria

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 83.9% of people in Austria were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 28.6% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reach 68.6%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Federal D-Government Strategy provides an efficient implementation of electronic government
services, based on the basic premise that all businesses and citizens must be able to perform all theprocedures of public administration quickly and easily electronically without having special technicalexpertise. To achieve this goal, the Austrian D-Government strategies are based on the involvement andclose cooperation between the federal state, cities and municipalities.
The Platform Digital Austria (PDÖ), developed an overall concept during a strategy session in 2015 for thecoordination and strategy board of the federal government for D-Government in Austria. The platform
members formulated the concept for successful cooperation and Visions 2020.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigated online services: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs,
e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL Address. All of
those services were investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of Security, and Levelof Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-One-Stop Service has the lowest score, compare to69

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other online services. The Electronic Health Record ELGA (e-Health) is an information system thatfacilitates access to health data. It is open to all people, which are supplied in the Austrian health care system
as well as their doctors, hospitals, nursing homes and pharmacies available.
In addition, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, andPassword Protection for obtaining the services. And all of Online Service except the One Stop Service inAustria has reached a transactional in which user can start the transaction from applying to receiving theservice through the portal in terms of complexity level.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that e-Procurement, eTax and e-Customs portals are above the average. The third party application for assessing the portal is theapplication from Google PageSpeed™ Insight.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://portal.bbg.gv.at/https://finanzonline.bmf.gv.at/fon/
https://finanzonline.bmf.gv.at/fon/
https://www.gesundheit.gv.at/https://www.help.gv.at/Portal.Node/hlpd/public

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors: Information (Content), Technical, and Functionality.
National Portal of Austria “http://help.gv.at/”, is an Internet platform linking to a large number of publicauthorities. It provides information on all interactions with Austrian authorities required in the most frequent
life situations such as pregnancy, childbirth, marriage or housing, and permits the electronic processing ofsome of these procedures. The portal constitutes an interface between authorities and citizens, with special
emphasis on transparency, user-friendliness and clarity of information. However, the portal does not provide
the user with news and blogs. And, in technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showedthat the website performance is about average on both from PC and from Mobile Device.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The Federal CIO, appointed by the Federal Government in 2001, advises the Federal Government at
strategic and technical levels, supports the formulation of its D-Government policies, chairs the Platform“Digital Austria” and promotes Austrian D-Government solutions in the European and international arena.
The members of the ICT Board were comprised of the Chief Information Officers (CIOs) of the provinces,
who were nominated by their respective ministers. The ICT Board was headed up by the Federal Chief
Information Officer, who was nominated by the Federal Government. The Federal CIO coordinated the ICT
ideas and strategies that came from the ICT Board with the provinces, municipalities and local communities.
Currently, the chairmanship of Platform Digital Austria is held by the Federal CIO Prof. Dr. DI
ReinhardPosch, who has been appointed directly by the Federal Government.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]The D-Government Act is the core of Austrian laws on D-Government. This law serves as the legal basis
for D-Government services. It enables closer cooperation between all authorities that provide DGovernment services and gives them the opportunity for networking together.

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4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The technical basis for e-participation in Austria is well developed, yet accessibility of municipal web sites
and the phrasing of information leaves space for improvement. E-participation in Austria is still in a nascentstate and requires the convergence of technical, political, legal and socio-economic factors, which have notyet fully arrived at the municipal level.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Austria has recently launched the Open Data portal “http://data.gv.at/”, and in the autumn of 2012 thecompetition “apps4austria” was launched to present prizes for the first time to web applications, mobile
applications (apps), visualizations and concepts that develop open data records of public administration ina user-friendly manner.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Austria Cyber Security Strategy (ACSS) is a comprehensive and proactive concept for protecting cyber
space and the people in virtual space while guaranteeing human rights. Most importantly, however, it willbuild awareness and confidence in Austrian society. Austria’s Cyber Space Security Strategy has beendeveloped on the basis of the Security Strategy and is guided by the principles of the Austrian Programme
for Critical Infrastructure Protection.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The Austrian Government considers and fosters
Big Data as important lever to increase efficiency within public administration, to improve existing andcreate new services for citizens and entrepreneurs. The electronic census is another best practice of big data
in Austria.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the Open Government is the top indicator in Austria. Other
hand, Management Optimization, Cyber Security, Online Service and National portal are the same highlevel among other indicators. This result shows that the Platform Digital Austria, which was created in 2005,
has become the center point for coordination and strategy of D-Government in Austria by the Federal
Government. All D-Government projects in Austria now run under the Platform Digital Austria designation.
Moreover, in terms of D-Government platform, the Business Service Portal “http://USP.gv.at/”, an initiativeof the Federal Government, has been offering useful information on a wide range of topics that are of interest
to businesses. The portal aims to serve as a single entry point for businesses to the administration. By
offering information (administrative activities, starting a business, tax and legal requirements) andtransaction services, it intends to help businesses to fulfill their information obligations and to reduce theiradministrative burden.
The weak point in Austria is about the use of emerging ICT. As for the emerging technology, it is the new
indicator for this year survey. Austria is commencing the use of Big Data as important lever to increase
efficiency within public administration.

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Bahrain
1 General Information
Area: 760 km2
Population: 1,378,904
Government Type: Constitutional Monarchy
GDP: $ 50,300
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
GCC Organization

Asian Countries

Among GCC Countries, Bahrain has a better score than the average score of GCC Countries in basic
infrastructure, National Portal, Open Government Data, and Cyber Security. As shown on the above picture,
Bahrain is very low on the D-Government Promotion indicator. Furthermore, the lack of D-Government
Promotion in Bahrain can be considered as one of the reason for the similar situation on Online Service oreven on Management Optimization which is below the average of GCC Countries.
Achievement in some indicators also reflect the position in Asian region in which Bahrain is considerably
approaching Singapore, the best in the Asian region, at the basic infrastructure and National Portal.

3 D-Government Development
D-Government development in Bahrain was started in 2009 when the Bahrain delegation attended the first
GCC D-Government Conference in Oman. In 2011, Kingdom of Bahrain launched the new D-Government
Strategy 2012-2017. Kingdom of Bahrain develops D-Government using CObIT as the reference for ICT
Governance. The policy contains seven elements that represent the objective of the strategy. Picture 1
illustrates the ICT Transformatino and Governance Framework of Kingdom of Bahrain.
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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTAs part of the strategy, 32 government
agencies actively participated in an eReadiness study for the development of
D-Government Bahrain. Moreover, DGovernment Authority has identified
thirteen initiatives with high priority.
These initiatives are the flagship thatwill enable further development.
These 13 agency programs are CaseManagement System, Customs andPorts, Education, e-Health, e-Office, eProcurement, G2B Portal, G2E Portal,
National
Employee
Programme,
National Data Set, Real Estate Services,
Social Information System, andTourism Services.

Cobit-based ICT Governance Framework
Source: D-Government Authority of Bahrain

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 93% of people in Bahrain were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 18.4% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached 141%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]As an effort to bring the government to the next level, Kingdom of Bahrain has launched the New DGovernment Strategy 2017. The strategy is equipped with several initiative strategies and measurable Key
Performance Indicators (KPI). Furthermore, Action Plans and Agency Involvement are stated clearly in the
New D-Government Strategy 2017.
In developing the D-Government, Bahrain adopted the enterprise architecture practices. Kingdom of
Bahrain has developed its own EA named “National Enterprise Architecture Framework” (NEAF). To
streamline the data exchange among government agencies, Kingdom of Bahrain has established National
Data Center Consolidation (NDCC). Contribution from operationalization of both NEAF and NDCC is verysignificant in this area. Despite a positive nuance in this indicator, there is a lack of integrated financial
information system in Bahrain.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-One-Stop Service and e-Healthhave the lowest score, compare to other three online services.
In term of complexity level, except the e-Tax, all of Online Service in Bahrain have reached a transactional
in which user can start the transaction from applying to receiving the service through the portal. In addition
to that, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, and73

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Password Protection for obtaining the services. Since the e-Tax system cannot be accessed during this study,
it is considered that e-Tax is still immature in the Kingdom of Bahrain, hence, such security measures are
not found in it.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third party application result has shown that three portals areabove the average considerably in term of speed. Except e-Procurement, all online service in Bahrain got
scored below average, thus, significantly slow to access. The third party application for assessing the portalistheapplicationfrom
Googlenamed
GooglePageSpeed™
Insightonhttps://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickable objects on the
portal work as they should do.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://etendering.tenderboard.gov.bh/
N/A
http://www.bahraincustoms.gov.bh/
http://www.moh.gov.bh/EN/E-Services/E-Services.aspx
https://www.bahrain.bh

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Bahrain (http://www.bahrain.bh) contains proper information for local
citizens and foreigners. Information about Bahrain is available on the portal. The user can find information
about culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, the result of Google
PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is below average both from PC and from Mobile
Device.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Kingdom of Bahrain has established D-Government Authority as a GCIO Office. Head of this authority
takes the responsibility similar to the GCIO. GCIO is important to deliver an active sponsorship throughstrong leadership. In contrary to the presence of GCIO at a national level, the presence of any formal
document that clearly stated the mandate, the responsibility, and the position of GCIO in local governmentis hardly found.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There is no significant evidence to indicate that Bahrain government conduct any initiatives to promote theuse of D-Government Service. This situation is similar to the one in any developed countries where the IT
Culture has been embraced in the society. However, Bahrain is not considered as a developed country.
Without any efforts to increase the citizen awareness on D-Government, the massive investment indeveloping D-Government in Bahrain could become meaningless where residents do not use the e-Services
only because they do not know how to use it, and they do not know that the e-service does exist.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
A low score in this indicator is a kind of stereotype in a monarchy system. In Bahrain, it is rather difficult
to find government officer’s websites. Parliament member does not have an official website to gather
opinions from citizens. Bahrain only uses two methods for gaining citizen’s expressions; Pooling throughhttps://www.bahrain.bh and Tawasul Program through http://services.bahrain.bh. The presence of thesetwo programs helps Bahrain to get the score for this indicator.
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4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Despite the absence of Freedom of Information Act, Kingdom of Bahrain considers that public has right toobtain information from the government side. As part of D-Government Strategy under National Data Set
Program, Kingdom of Bahrain has appointed Central Informatics Office (CIO) to establish and manage
Bahrain Open Data Portal at https://www.data.gov.bh. Considering the risk of irrelevant and not-up-to-date,
CIO included a regular submission of information for the Open Data Portal as a KPI in each government
agency.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Bahrain has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

Cyber Crime Law No. 60/2014
Data Protection Act 1998
Law No. 16 of 2014 concerning Protection of State Information and Documents
Regulation 9 of 2009 concerning Lawful Access
Cyber Crime Law No. 60/2014
Law NO. 28/2002 about Electronic Transaction

In addition to these laws, Bahrain has established The General Directorate of Information Security, Central
Informatics Organization. It is the agency whose responsibility is to implement a national cybersecurity
strategy, policy, and roadmap. In addition to that, Bahrain has created Bahrain CERT for monitoring andsolving Internet Security problems.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Bahrain has attempted to implement Cloud
Computing for Public Sector. Some provisional programs have been launched such as National Gateway
Interface, National Authentication Framework, Project Management Toolkit for governmental entities, andNational Payment Aggregator. Other emerging technologies for government agencies are still nullity in
Bahrain.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the National Portal and the Management Optimization are thebest among other indicators in D-Government Bahrain. This achievement signifies the importance of the
New D-Government Strategy 2017 for improving the quality of government business process. Bahrain
implements several best practices for developing D-Government system. Enterprise Architecture is adopted
to develop Bahrain National Enterprise Architecture Framework. COBIT 5 is applied for designing IT
Governance Framework.
The weak point in Bahrain is about D-Government Promotion and the use of emerging ICT. For developing
countries, D-Government Promotion is crucial to make sure that what was built will deliver benefit to thecitizen. On the other way, D-Government Promotion is important to encourage citizen for using the DGovernment service. In the end, through D-Government Promotion, there is a balance between what isoffered by government and what is needed by citizens.

75THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

Belgium
1 General Information
Area: 30,528 km2
Population: 11,323,973
Government Type: Federal constitutional monarchy
GDP: $44,100 (2015)
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

Europe Countries

3 D-Government Development
D-Government in Belgium developed early. The first parliamentary review of D-Government in Belgium,‘D-Government at the Federal, provincial, and local levels’ was published in January 2001. The main
objectives of Belgian D-Government in this period was to improve the delivery of public services for
citizens and businesses by rendering it faster, more convenient, less constraining and more open.
During many years of development there have been various D-Government strategies for central and local
government. Today, Belgium D-Government focuses on the following key areas: (i) user centricity, (ii)transparent government, (iii) cross border mobility, and (iv) key enablers.
The newest action plan Digital Belgium was introduced by Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Digital
Agenda and Telecom in April 2015. The key objective is to achieve growth and create jobs through digital76THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

innovation in the coming years. The action focuses on five priorities, (i) digital economy, (ii) digital
infrastructure, (iii) digital skills and jobs, (iv) digital trust and security, and (v) digital government.
In center government, Belgium government has Open data strategy toward 2020. The objective is tostrengthen the digital ecosystem and the evolution towards leaner, more efficient and modern administration.
The most important part of the plan is to create the default for all government data, except for information
with privacy or security implications.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Belgium has well-developed ICT infrastructure, for the Internet connection its ranking among the top
countries in the world in terms of total number of Internet users, fixed broadband users, mobile broadband
users, and Internet hosts. The Belgian ICT market is mature and sophisticated, yet open, innovative andhighly competitive. According to the ITU, the Internet Usage Statistics in Belgium as of December 2016 isabout 90% penetration. The number of broadband connection in household is about 90% while the number
connection in enterprises is 97%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Belgium has divided by Federal Government and three regions. Therefore, they have center government
and local government with many dependent strategies. In 2015 the head of D-Government issued a new
action program for Belgium, called Digital Belgium. This program focuses on three ambitions toward 2020.
Belgium aims to reaffirm its place on the digital map as based upon following five priorities: (i) Digital
Economy; (ii) Digital infrastructure; (iii) Digital skills and jobs; (iv) Digital trust and digital security; and(v) Digital government.
Federal introduced the Federal D-Government strategy for social sector, this strategy aims to a single virtual
Public Administration. The main objective is to improve the delivery of public services for citizens andbusinesses by rendering it faster, more convenient, less constraining and more open. This strategy isfollowing some axes such as the optimal service delivery to citizens, the explicit choice of a collaboration
among all stakeholders, the use of a common vision for the use of information, information security andprotection, the maximum use of common elements for networks, eID, and the establishment of a strong
partnership.

To create the D-Government strategy, the Belgian D-Government is based on 4 main strategic streams (1)Re-engineering and integrating service delivery, (2) Cooperation among all levels of Government so as toprovide integrated services, (3) Simplification of administrative procedures, and (4) Back office integration.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Like other developed countries in Europe, D-Government services in Belgium are divided in to DGovernment for citizens and D-Government for businesses. The e-Services for citizens are focused on healthcare, social security service and education. E-Services in Belgium are provided through one-stop services(portal). Belgium has more developed systems considering that they now have 20 basic public services, but
in this ranking Waseda focuses on 5 groups of services, which are e-tax, e-customs, e-health, e-procurement,
and one-top services.
E-procurement (https://enot.publicprocurement.be) was introduced in 2008, the Belgian public procurement
portal provides links to portals and platforms which currently cover three of the main aspects of the
procurement process, namely, e-Notification, e-Tendering, e-Awarding and e-Catalogue. It is available in
English, French, Dutch and German.
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4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The federal portal (www.belgium.be) was introduced in 2002. A new version of the portal was released in2008. This portal is one-stop services for all citizens and businesses. The information in federal portal isintroduced by Dutch, English, French and German. The design of portal is user-friendly and easy to use. A
major section of the new portal links to all the available public services online. Users looking for a specificservice can refine their search by theme, target group and/or level of Government involved. Several of thesee-Services are secured and require authentication.
The portal shows up a lot of information on Justice, healthcare, mobility, environment, economy, tax,
education, and social services. From this portal, guests can know overview Belgium information. It isavailable in four languages and it has a link to typical social media such as Facebook, and Twister, throughthis portal, we can access to all government agencies, ministries, and others Belgian departments.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There is no change in this indicator compares the ranking last year. There is no specific law or mandate in
Belgium creating the CIO position in the government. In Belgium, the Waseda ranking found the CIONET.
It is a network of CIOs CTOs and IT managers with offices in many European countries.
The CIO Forum is a part of a passionate community but it only related to Belgian business not government
section. The CIO forum is created to organize networking events and provide an interactive social platform
to bring IT professionals together in an open and trustworthy community in Belgium.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
During one year of evaluation, there is not much information relates to D-Government activities even
Belgium is divided into Federal government and three regions. In Flanders region, they created Flanders
Information Agency in 2015. It promotes the use the use of open data standards by public administrationsin the Flemish region by aligning the existing and future business processes involving open data with
European linked open data standards, and with advances foreseen in the use of these standards.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The Federal Government of ICT set a strong focus and an increased efforts on e-participation and eInclusion plans. Recently, the utilization of Social Networking Services (SNS) promoted the participationof citizens in providing feedback to the government and reception of government information easily though
the Social Media such as Facebook and Twitter. ICT policy and e-Inclusion policy in Belgium is to a large
extent demand- and sector-driven. This is partially explained by the institutional arrangements that govern
the country. In social affairs, many institutional channels exist through which social organizations andpressure groups can express their concerns.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The federal government departments and institutions made open data available on “Data.gov.be”, in Octoberin 2008. This portal enables all government bodies to make available their data to citizens and businesses
by using the information provided. For the first time, Data.gov.be went from only 60 datasets to more than
4900 datasets. The datasets cover many fields, including Agriculture and Fisheries, Culture and Sports,
Economy and Finance, Education, Energy, Environment, Health, International, Justice, Population, Public
sector, Regional, Science and Technology, and Transport.
Most of datasets is free, each federal department or federal government institution itself determines theterms and conditions governing access to and use of the data. The datasets are also divided to three languages,
English, Dutch, and French.
78

THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTIn 2015, the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Digital Agenda and Telecoms announced a new
open government data strategy, the aims of this strategy is to strengthen the digital ecosystem and theevolution more efficient and modern administration. This strategy makes a plan to create government datafor center and local government.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
In Belgium, the Cyber Security receives the highest consideration. The Federal government has issued aseries law related to freedom of information legislation, data production/privacy legislation, eSignatures
legislation, e-commerce legislation, e-communications legislation, e-Procurement legislation, Re-use of
Public Sector Information.
In 2012, the Prime Minister presented a national cyber-strategy. The strategy identifies 3 strategic objectives
which are to be realized through different initiatives in eight identified action domains. These 3 strategic
objectives are 1) a safe and reliable cyberspace, 2) an optimal security and protection for criticalinfrastructures and governmental information systems, and 3) the development of national cyber security
capabilities.
The Belgian Cyber Security Guide was presented in the International Cyber Security Strategy Congress
September 2013 following 10 principles: looked beyond the technology, do not consider compliance assufficient, translate your vision and approach in a security policy framework, ensure executive sponsorship,
define a dedicated security role in your company and embed personal responsibility, remain secure evenwhen you outsource, ensure security is an enabler for new technologies and innovation, keep challenging
yourself, maintain focus, be prepared to handle incidents.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator is the newest indicator in Waseda D-Government ranking. This indicator refers to the usageof cloud computing technology in sharing data among government agencies, departments as well as between
center government and local government. The use of emerging ICT is also the application of IoT, and Big
data in the activities from government.
In the evaluation, we found that there is regulation on the use of Cloud Computing, IoT, and Big data forgovernment agencies but there is no evidence that government agency has used Big Data.

5 Some Highlights
In order to improve public services delivery for citizens and businesses, the Belgian government has adopted
four main strategic streams for its D-Government program, as follows: 1) Re-engineering and integrationof service delivery around user’s needs and life events. 2) Cooperation among all levels of government so
as to provide integrated services across organizational boundaries and administrative layers. 3)
Simplification of administrative procedures for citizens and businesses. This requires an increased exchange
and sharing of data and information between government departments and agencies. 4) Back-officeintegration and protection of personal data.

79THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

Brazil
1 General Information
Area: 8,515,770 km2
Population: 204,259,812
Government Type: Federal
republicpresidential

GDP: $15,800
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
America Countries

80THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

3 D-Government Development
D-Government in Brazil was developed rapidly in the 1990s at three levels, federal, state and municipal
government. The first D-Government project in Brazil was e-Brazil Project, it launched at the 33rd National
Seminar on Public Informatics. It seeks to promote what we call e-development, a broader vision than DGovernment, including the private sector, NGOs, and academia as well as governments.
Brazil is now still struggling to improve the efficiency of the public policy and service for societies via DGovernment, and tries to improve efficiency and transparency of the management process through giving
opportunity for its citizens to access government information and to participate in some politicaladministrative decisions.
The Open Government Partnership (OGP) – of which Brazil is co-leader – is recognized as an effort ofseveral partner countries to make governments more transparent, effective and reliable through theestablishment of Open Government goals included in the agendas of each country. The Government Open
Data aims at publishing government data in reusable formats and increasing transparency and greater
political participation of citizens, as well as generating several applications collaboratively.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]The growth of ICT in Brazil has been impressive, with the ICT sector being one of the most affected by the
economic opening up process observed during the 1990s. In Brazil, 67.5% of the population uses the Internet,
an increase over the previous year. The number of fixed-broadband subscriptions is 12.2 per 100 inhabitants,
while the number of active mobile broadband subscriptions is 88.6 per 100 inhabitants.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The history of Brazil’s D-Government development officially started in 2000, thus Brazil is relatively in theearly stage in applying knowledge management technique in its D-Government. Brazil is now struggling to
improve the efficiency of the public policy and service for societies via D-Government, and tries to improve
efficiency and transparency of the management process through giving opportunity for its citizens to accessgovernment information and to participate in some political administrative decisions.
The government has defined its D-Government strategy for the period 2016-2019, in which it identifies thechallenges and opportunities of promoting the utilization of ICT in public administration. This document
defines ten strategic objectives in three areas: access to information, services, and social participation. For
each objective, different indexes, responsible agencies, and goals are clearly defined, as well as initiatives
to achieve them.

4.3 Online Service [OS]In this ranking, Waseda considers 5 services for each country: e-procurement, e-tax, e-customs, one-stop
service, and e-health. Brazil has a dedicated website for information and services related to D-Governmentand open data (http://www.governoeletronico.gov.br), which provides links to other services’ sites, aswell as useful links to other governmental sites. It has to be noted that this web page has kept its structure
for the past four years. It might be desirable to change its appearance and interface. The E-procurement site
got a high score in the evaluation. The one-stop service site is also the national portal. But, there is not muchinformation on e-health. As for e-health service, Brazil has static website only. No interaction or transaction
sites are integrated.

81THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The national portal (http://www.brasil.gov.br) was launched in 2013 as an effort to provide citizens accessto public information, services, and increased participation. It shows news on the government activities,
economic, legislation, to D-Government services for all citizens and businesses. However, it does notinclude basic information on the country or its demography. The national portal is available also in English.
It also is a one-stop service website, but some e-Services such as passport and visa, e-tax have information
only, not including transactional or interactive features. The portal integrates SNS services, offering asmoother communication between citizens and the government.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The Government Chief Information Officer (GCIO) position is not included in the official structure of thecountry. However, as a similar position with CIO, Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management performthe tasks of CIO in Brazil. The Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management mainly perform the following
tasks; assistant of national strategic planning and management, evaluating federal government policies,
elaborating government’s new economic plan, etc. The research activity of Ministry of Planning, Budget
and Management is mainly practiced through Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and Instituteof Applied Economic Research.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The government promotes the utilization of ICT in public administration as shown by the legislation thatapproved the National D-Government Strategy for the period 2016-2019.
For this survey, legal aspect, enabling aspects, supporting aspects, and assessment aspects are used toevaluate the promotion of D-Government, however, little information was found to evaluate these aspects.
In Brazil, there are not private entities involved at national level and local government. No information
found on PPP or international and domestic collaboration involved. Some evidence of events related to thepromotion of D-Government was found.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The Brazilian government has tried to improve the provision of information through SNS, and improving
online services. Citizens have access to information regarding government structure, budget, legislation,and officials. It is also possible for citizens to send messages to the government and the president, who has
an official website. In order to maintain citizens informed, the government posts news and content via
Twitter.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The Brazilian government has an open data site (http://dados.gov.br/). It was introduced in 2012 to provide
citizens access to data from public agencies. The Brazilian Portal Open Data is the tool provided by thegovernment so that everyone can find and use the data and public information. The site is simple andorganized so that it is possible to easily find the information needed. The portal also aims to promotedialogue between actors of the society and the government to think the best use of data for the sake of abetter society.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Brazil is confronted with a wide variety of so-called cyber threats, including online scams, cybercrime, anddigital surveillance. The cyber threats are growing across Brazil and fast evolving cyber-security apparatus.
Brazil penalizes cybercrime, and has a law on e-Commerce; however, there is no specific law on data
security or information protection. The cyber security response center is the CERT.br.
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4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Despite the rise in Internet usage, as for IoT, the concept is quite new and awareness still low. During thissurvey, not much information on IoT and Big data could be found in the government activities. There isevidence that the government has used Cloud Computing Services from a private provider.

5 Some Highlights
One single page groups the electronic services provided by the Brazilian government and functions as theportal for D-Government initiatives in the country (http://www.governoeletronico.gov.br/). This site also
provides useful links to other governmental sites. It has to be noted that this web page has kept its structure
for the past several years. It might be desirable to change its appearance and interface. The national portal
also offers news and information on procedures, working as a one-stop service website.
Brazil’s Open Data portal is an integral part of the Open Data National Infrastructure aiming to provide one
stop government data provider, to improve transparency, and to contribute towards a better policy-making.
Brazil still lacks formal legislation addressing data protection.
Brazil is one of the biggest countries in terms of population and area, therefore a robust infrastructure isnecessary to provide good quality e-Services to its citizens. The National D-Government Strategy for theperiod 2016-2019 aims to increase and improve the current utilization of ICT in public administration bydefining clear objectives and initiatives to achieve them.

83THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTBrunei Darussalam
1 General Information
Area: 5,765 km2
Population: 436,620
Government Type: Absolute Monarchy(Sultanate)
GDP: $79,700
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
ASEAN Countries

Asian Countries

Among ASEAN Countries, Brunei has a better score than the average score of APEC in National Portal andthe use of the Emerging ICT. As shown on the above picture, Brunei is very low on the e-Participation, DGovernment Promotion, and Network Infrastructure. Considering that Brunei is a rich small country similar
to Singapore, its lack of basic infrastructure is questioning. The government type of Brunei, which is
absolute monarchy, may contribute to the low score on e-Participation and D-Government Promotion. The
positioning of Brunei in ASEAN countries is similar to its position in Asian countries.

84THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

3 D-Government Development
D-Government in Brunei is formally led by D-Government National Center (EGNC). EGNC provide bothgovernment institutions and government officers with various services. EGNC offers One Government
Network and One Government Cloud to government institutions for reduce their capital expenditure on ICT
infrastructure. For government officers, EGNC provide ONEPASS, a secure Digital Identity, for gaining
the benefit of online collaboration among
government officers.

Source: Brunei D-Government Center
https://www.brunei.gov.bn/en/Pages/unused/About-DGovernment.aspx

Government CIO is distinguished as the key
factor of leadership in D-Government
development. Brunei government establishedthe D-Government Leadership Forum (EGLF)
to strengthen the leadership in the area of DGovernment development. Deputy Minister at
the Prime Minister’s Office chaired the forum
to expose the strong commitment to DGovernment development. This is the highest
body for approving and monitoring the
progress of D-Government development. All
CIO in government institutions are involved in
the forum. The Co-Deputy Chairman from thePrime Minister’s Office appointed as theOverall D-Government Chief Information
Officer (Government CIO).

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 71% of people in Brunei were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 4.5% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, but only 8% of the population has a wireless broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In 2014, Brunei has launched the Digital Government Strategy 2015-2020.
The ultimate goal of this strategy is the Digital Government. There are six
pillars that embody the Digital Government. These are Service Innovation,
Security, Capability & Mindset, Enterprise Information Management,
Optimization, and Collaboration & Integration.
To support these pillars, Brunei has developed One Government Network(OGN). The OGN is targeted to provide government agencies and otherparties to establish inter-connectivity with other government agencies.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online service, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of85

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Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-Tax and e-Health are the best
Online Service during the period of survey.
In term of complexity level, most of investigating Online Service in Brunei has reach a transactional inwhich user can start the transaction from applying to receiving the service through the portal. In contrast, eProcurement in Brunei is still very simple and less complex than other online service. Except the eProcurement, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, andPassword Protection for obtaining the services.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that all portal is above
the average in term of speed. The third party application for assessing the portal is the application from
Google named Google PageSpeed™ Insight on https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In
addition to that, all clickable objects on the portal work as they should do.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.mof.gov.bn/index.php/generalinformation-state-tender-board
https://www.stars.gov.bn
http://www.bdnsw.gov.bn/Pages/Home.aspx
http://www.moh.gov.bn/SitePages/Bru-HIMS.aspx
https://brunei.gov.bn/en/SitePages/HomeCitizens.aspx

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Brunei (https://brunei.gov.bn) contains proper information for local
citizens and foreigners. Information about Brunei is available on the portal. User can find information about
culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™
Insight showed that the website performance is above average both from PC and from Mobile Device. The
portal also provides the user with some functionalities such as searching, site map, and Social Network
integration.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Brunei government established the D-Government Leadership Forum (EGLF) to empower the leadership in
the area of D-Government development. The forum is chaired by the Deputy Minister at the Prime
Minister’s Office. All CIO in government institutions are involved in the forum. The Co-Deputy Chairman
from the Prime Minister’s Office appointed as the Overall D-Government Chief Information Officer(Government CIO).
There is a quarterly dialog meeting among GCIOs to share the members’ experience during the DGovernment Program/Projects. The output of the meeting will be discussed in the EGLF. The Permanent
Secretary usually chaired the CIO Dialog Meeting.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There is small trace in Brunei that indicates any initiatives related to promote D-Government for citizens.
Although the Digital Government Strategy includes initiatives to increase the awareness of citizens on DGovernment, the program and/or the activities to support the promotion strategy are hardly to find. In
86

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addition to that, there is no information whether Brunei regularly evaluated their D-Government
development or not.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
E-Participation in Brunei is relatively low, compared to other indicators. It is susceptible to the absolute
power of Sultanate. Most of government portal use twitter and Facebook as the only channel for citizens togive some idea or comment. There is no evidence about how the government proceed the citizens’ comment.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
During the research period, Open Data in Brunei is still at initial stage. Most of Data are about education
and religion-related. Despite the limitation of variety of dataset, Brunei has appointed EGNC as the
responsible institution for Open Data website.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Brunei has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

Chapter 197 Anti-Terrorism (Financial and Other Measures) Act
Chapter 194 Computer Misuse Act
Chapter 153 Official Secrets Act
Chapter 108 Evidence Act

In addition to these laws, Brunei has strengthened organization capacity for cybercrime countermeasure bysetting up National ICT Security Policy Authority and Bru-CERT.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Brunei has started to implemented Cloud
Computing for running One Government Private Cloud (OGPC). OGPC offers Infrastructure-as-a-Service(Iaas) for government agencies. D-Government National Center maintains this Cloud Computing Services.
Other emerging technologies are still immature and no evidence to prove that Brunei implemented Big Dataand IoT.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the National Portal and Online Service are the top two
indicators in Brunei. National Portal Brunei contains useful information for local and also foreigners suchas country information, tourism, and link to available
e-services. Online service on Healthcare is one of vocal
point in Brunei in year 2016 with its slogan “OnePatient One Record”. Using ID-Card, citizen can enjoy
the Bru-HIMS using PC or using mobile device.

Bru-HIMS at http://www.moh.gov.bn

In this release, Brunei has the low score on DGovernment Promotion and e-Participation. It is hardly
to find any evidences or traces about campaign or otherinitiatives for promoting D-Government Services. EParticipation is considered very low in Brunei. The
government system of Brunei may contribute to theimplementation of e-Participation.
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Canada
1 General Information
Area: 9,984,670 km2
Population: 35,099,836
Government Type: A parliamentary democracy,
a federation, and a constitutional monarchy
GDP: $45,900
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and region
America Countries

OECD Countries

Canada has achieved great performance on all the indicators exceeding the average level of both America
economies and OECD countries. The highest scores of the ten indicators are the Open Government Data ,Management Optimization and e-Participation, especially full score on the OGD.

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3 D-Government Development
Digital Canada 150 is the overall ICT strategy for nation which was launched in 2014. The Digital Canada
150 is aimed to take the full benefit of digital opportunity for Canadian. It is expected that in 2017, in a
150th anniversary of Canada, Canada will thrive the digital Canada which accentuates five pillars;connecting Canadians, protecting Canadians, economic opportunities, digital government, and Canadian
content. By releasing the Digital Canada 150, Canadian government endeavors a new challenge forconnecting the Canadian, that is shifting D-Government to digital government where the government service
is digital by default.
To lead and take control of information management, Canada has set up The Chief Information Officer
Branch (CIOB) in the secretariat organization. According to the official explanation, “The Chief
Information Officer Branch (CIOB) provides strategic direction and leadership in the pursuit of excellence
in information management, information technology, security, privacy and access to information across theGovernment of Canada. To facilitate this work, CIOB also provides support and guidance on capacity
building and project management and oversight.”

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 88.5% of people in Canada are internet users according to the report released by ITU. 36.4%
are fixed-broadband users and the wireless-broadband users are 56.3%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In 2014, Canadian government has launched Digital Canada 150. The Digital Canada 150 is aimed to takethe full benefit of digital opportunity for Canadian. It is expected that in 2017, in a 150th anniversary ofCanada, Canada will thrive the digital Canada which accentuates five pillars; connecting Canadians,
protecting Canadians, economic opportunities, digital government, and Canadian content. Canada hascreated Shared Service Canada for consolidating government back office system to save money, streamline
process, and deliver better services. The initiatives are still continuing to support and stimulate the app
economy by creating an open data ecosystem in Canada. By releasing the Digital Canada 150, Canadiangovernment endeavors a new challenge for connecting the Canadian. The country will provide the Canadianwith the digitally government services. In other words, the Canadian government will shift from DGovernment to digital government where the government service is digital by default.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Among five investigated online services, e-procurement, e-tax, one-stop-service are the better than the rest
online service. These four online services provided the citizen the two way interaction with government,
including e-payment, security, and automation. E-Health and E-Customs do not provide two-way interaction
so far. E-procurement portal of Canada is managed by Public Works and Government Services Canada. Etax system offers various services related to taxation for the citizens including business enterprises. It ismanaged by Canada Revenue Agency. The system is supported by NETFILE as an electronic tax-filingsystem. E-Customs Canada offers the facilities to monitor the process of trading from checking the
document to releasing the goods. It is equipped with Customs Automated Data Exchange (CADEX).

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The national portal of Canada (www.Canada.gc.ca) is integrated with the one-stop service, a gateway to
improve the communication experience between the government and the public. The national portal of
Canada has the basic interface for stakeholders to contact government electronically.
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Moreover, it provides information that helps the public to better understand government structure. The wellorganized portal serves as a platform that assists the public to find desired information. To improve users’
browsing experience, the portal also allows users to create government accounts that allow each individualuser to customize the portal as they desire. The website contains accessibility features statement and allows
configuration of the visual presentation by using a client-side Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) file. The portal
is available in official languages---English and French. National Portal of Canada have been using Web 2.0
technology and combining SNS features as well as being user-friendly and the portal have easy-to-use
electronic services and services for finding information. Portal can also access via mobile phone also.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The CIO of the government of Canada is responsible for establishing strategies, directions and policy for
the Government in the areas of Information Technology, Information Management, Security, Privacy andAccess to Information. This role involves working collaboratively and often-in partnership with all Federal
Government Departments & Agencies, industry, other Canadian jurisdictions as well as on the international.
There has the Chief Information Officer Branch (CIOB) which provides strategic direction and leadershipin the pursuit of excellence in information management, information technology, security, privacy andaccess to information across the Government of Canada. The office also provides support and guidance on
capacity building and project management and oversight.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Canada has been a pioneer in providing access to electronic information, political agendas andcultural/linguistic sensitivities have greatly hindered the implementation of bias-free policies for the
dissemination of information and promotion of D-Government, so the implementation of D-Government in
Canada is an effort of both public and private entities. For example, the Digital Economy in Canada consistsof members from the government and private companies. The main driver of the D-Government promotionis the Government Online (GOL) entity, which is also the supervisor of the IM/IT plans. The responsibility
for coordinating the implementation of GOL lies on the Information Technology Services Branch at Public
Works and Government Services Canada (PWGSC). The Government of Canada tried to promote Legal
Mechanism Enabling Mechanism Support Mechanism, Assessment Mechanism through providing up todate Government announcements, news, contact, services, and daily life information.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
In Canada, e-services online services, online information and online citizen engagement are organized bycategory and not on a department-by department basis, which makes it user-friendly and responsive tocitizen demands. In order to gauge the efficacy of their services, the government uses a unique Canadianoutcomes analysis approach called 'Citizens First' in the case of individuals and families, and 'Taking Careof Business' in the case of companies, So it enable everyone to use electronic form of services very easily.
The Government of Canada offers a variety of applications, accounts, tools and services to allow citizens tocomplete tasks online.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Canada's commitment to open government is part of the federal government's efforts to foster greater
openness and accountability, to provide Canadians with more opportunities to learn about and participate ingovernment, to drive innovation and economic opportunities for all Canadians and, at the same time, createa more cost effective, efficient and responsive government. The Government of Canada first launched its
Open Government strategy in March 2011, and then further enhanced its commitment by announcing its
intention to join the Open Government Partnership in September 2011.Canada has consulted Canadians on
both the development of a Digital Economy Strategy and on Open Government. Canada`s Action Plan on
Open Government sets out Canada commitments to Canadians and for the Open Government Partnership,90

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which Canada will achieve over a three-year period through the effective and prudent use of resources. It is
structured along the three streams of our Open Government Strategy: Open Information, Open Data, andOpen Dialogue. The portal site http://open.canada.ca/ is one of the best practices among the countries.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Canada has made several regulations and Acts related to Cyber Security, such as the Personal Information
Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA). The national Cyber Security Strategy by the Ministryof Public Safety. Canadian researchers have been at the forefront of making cyberspace a reality. This same
ingenuity must continue to be applied to predicting, detecting and defeating the cyber threats of tomorrow,and exploiting cyberspace to further Canada's national interests. The cyber security strategy will be
implemented by the departments and agencies most directly responsible for securing the Government's
cyber systems. Canada will work with our provincial and territorial partners, as they are jointly responsible
for protecting much of the critical infrastructure in Canada.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Government of Canada has regarded the merging ICT as important elements into its Digital Economy
Strategy, discussing about how to utilize Cloud Computing and IOT to benefit the citizens and industries.
Government has established a shared service provider and put Big data into their internal agencies practice.
However, there has no specific strategy about emerging ICT or regulations so far, official utilization throughpolicy still needed to be discussed.

5 Some Highlights
Canada has kept its pioneer position among other countries in providing advanced e-services to citizens,which has a splendid one-stop service system endeavoring to embrace all the information and services thatcitizens or enterprises need at one unified place. Massive contents have been divided into very plain andconcise catalogs and users can always go to the destination directly through humanized introduction. Also,
citizens are easily to interact with government agencies due to straightforward communication channels.
That’s why Canada has extremely good performance on the indicators of “Online Service” and “Eparticipation”. As one of the leading nations in D-Government area, Canada is still expected to get more
scores on the latest indicator for the usage of new technologies, which is to have efficient model of adopting
emerging technologies such as Cloud Computing or IOT for developing countries to learn from in the future.

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Chile
1 General Information
Area: 756,102 km2Population: 17,508,260
Government Type: Presidential republic
GDP: $23,800
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
America Countries

APEC Economies

92THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTOECD Countries.

3 D-Government Development
Through 2004-2006, the action plan concentrated on promoting the generalization of the access and thesophistication of IT usage through using Internet by citizens and societies in major six areas (massive access,education/training, D-Government, national industry, IT, and legal infrastructure). In November 2010,
Chile's government unveiled a new digital action plan for public sector IT development for 2010-2014. The
plan is intended to drive state modernization and wider utilization of ICT nationwide. Among specifictargets is a plan to expand the number of government agencies that offer D-Government services by around20 during each year of the plan.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
In Chile, 79.9% of the population uses the Internet in 2017, an increase over the previous year. The numberof fixed-broadband subscriptions is 15.2 per 100 inhabitants, while the number of active mobile broadband
subscriptions is 57.6 per 100 inhabitants. Chile’s broadband market is one of the most developed in Latin
America.

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4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In Chile, D-Government is in full swing and is one of the top countries in Latin America in terms of Internet
access, but Chile faces many challenges such as how to reduce the digital divide and the lack of technicalinfrastructure as well as implementation policies on D-Government.
Its D-Government strategy is presented in the government Digital Agenda 2020, which identifies 13 fieldsof action across 5 areas: rights for digital development, digital connectivity, D-Government, digital economy,
and digital competences. For each area, challenges and goals are established, and measures for each field ofaction are explained. In addition, the agenda has its own website (http://www.agendadigital.gob.cl), which
provides news and information on D-Government, and most importantly, the current status and level ofachievement for each of the areas previously mentioned.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The Chilean government offers various online services through user-friendly websites. This survey foundthat websites for e-procurement, e-tax, and the one-stop service site scored high in functionality. Particularly,
the e-tax website (homer.sii.cl) offers full functionality and useful information, while being clear and userfriendly. The websites for e-customs and e-health are limited to offering information to the users, and thus
can be improved.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The national portal (http://www.gob.cl/) provides government information, news, and links to othergovernment agencies, but does not offer e-services, and is not a one-stop service website as is the case ofother Latin American countries. The portal also lacks basic and demographic information on the country. It
offers subscription to a newsletter to receive weekly news about government activities, as well as integration
with SNS. It also allows citizens to access documents regarding D-Government and open data. The website
is also available in English.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
No information was found regarding the appointment and activities of a CIO in Chile, as well as CIO related
positions and organizations. Also, no evidence of CIO training programs in Chile was found.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The main document regarding D-Government promotion is the Digital Agenda 2020, which is available toeveryone on its own dedicated website. This document specifies the government initiatives to promote DGovernment at national level, with the participation of different government agencies, although little ismentioned about local governments.
Apart from this document, D-Government promotion is limited; no evidence was found of publications on
the subject. However, some training programs and events on D-Government do exist.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Citizens have access to information related to the government, like its structure, budget, and legislation.
Moreover, citizens can send messages to officials and the president, who has an official website. News on
government activity is also widely available on many different government websites.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The Chilean government has made much of its information open in order to ensure transparency andpromote citizen participation. Based on legislation related to access to information and social participation
94

THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTin public administration, the government launched the Open Government website(http://gobiernoabierto.gob.cl) to facilitate access and interaction between citizens and the government.
The portal of open data is http://datos.gob.cl/, which contains more than 2400 datasets that comes from
196 organizations belonging to the government. Available information include demographic and eprocurement datasets, among others.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Chile has a specific law to penalize cybercrime. It also has laws on information protection, data security,electronic documents, and digital signature. There is no official government agency in charge of handlingincidents related to cyber security, although there is a recognized CERT that belongs to a educational
institution. The government has established a special committee to discuss cyber security issues andestablish a national cyber security policy.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
There is no evidence that the Chilean government has used any of emerging ICT technologies, like Cloud
Computing, Internet of Things or Big Data, to promote D-Government activities.

5 Some Highlights
Chile has achieved its D-Government success due to three main factors: a continuous long-term strategy,
efficient policy-making and its modern socioeconomic qualities. Unlike other countries in the region, Chilebegan designing its long-term D-Government policy plans by the early 2000s, when its first webpage for
official procedures, “Easy Errand,” was created. By 2004, Chile had designed its first Digital Agenda tostart with a continuous process that would lead up to today’s 2013-2020 version.
Many of Chile’s programs, such as Startup Chile, which has become a regional leader in promoting techand other businesses, are well-designed and strategically planned based on shared knowledge with scholars
or think-tanks. Chile’s policy-making processes show an adequate performance in evidence-based
instruments and societal consultation.
Good D-Government systems in Chile have engaged people to a good level of e-participation, but thiscertainly does not mean that there is a better overall democratic process. Other factors – such as citizen’s
knowledge and understanding of policies that concern them – must be taken into consideration to findintegral solutions. It is necessary to inform citizens and provide proper education in use of the new tools to
see major benefits offered by these new opportunities.

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China
1 General Information
Area: 9,596,960 km2
Population: 1,367,485,388
Government Type: communist state
GDP: $14,300
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Countries

ASIAN Countries

China has still showed his weak points compared with other Asia countries and APEC members, on
indicators of E-Participation for instance, relatively low within its economic status. By comparison,
Indicators of Open government data seem remaining progress in recent years. Many areas in China are
exploring open government data to the outside world. Such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guizhou and otherprovinces and cities have built a dedicated data open website. The governments can jointly rich resources,
advanced technology of large data companies, to provide customers with data resources, large dataprocessing tools and technical training, and cultivate a large number of big data enterprises".
(source: http://opendatachina.com/；http://www.bjdata.gov.cn)
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3 D-Government Development
In 2016, the general offices of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council
have jointly issued the Outline of National Informatization Development Strategy (the "Outline").According
to” the Outline of National Informatization Development Strategy”, by 2020, the total information
consumption will amount to CNY6 trillion, and the scale of e-commerce transactions will reach CNY38
trillion; by 2025, the two figures will reach CNY12 trillion and CNY67 trillion, and a number of large cybertech multinationals with strong international competitiveness will emerge; in the middle of the 21st century,
China will play a bigger role in leading the global information development. The Outline determines threebasic strategic missions including strengthening the development capacity, promoting the wide applicationand optimizing the development environment, which consist of 56 specific tasks in 14 aspects. Specifically,
with respect to strengthening informatization development capacity, it is required to deepen the reform on
the system for public offerings and review, implement the policies on extra deduction of research anddevelopment expenses of enterprises, and to improve public service systems covering intellectual property,
technical standards, commercialization of scientific achievement, testing and certification, appraisal ofindustrialized investment, and other aspects.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]At present, China's Internet users reached 50.3%, at the meantime 18.6% are broadband access users and
56% are wireless users.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In early 2017, General office of the State Council issued Notice of guidelines for construction Internet plus
government service system, Considering the online government service content is not standardized, theservice is not convenient, Online government service platform interoperability, data sharing, online andoffline Unicom is not smooth, government service of higher standardization is not enough. To further
strengthen the overall design requirements of the integration of "Internet plus government services totechnology and service system, and constantly improve the online government service level in various
regions and departments.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-One-Stop Service and e-Healthhave the lowest score, compare to other three online services. According to Notice of guidelines forconstruction Internet plus government service system, Chinese government would pay more and more
attention To further strengthen the overall design requirements of the integration of "Internet plus
government services to technology and service system, and constantly improve the online government
service level in various regions and departments.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Chinese national portal www.Gov.cn provides a general gateway for users to access and search
information published by the government. The national portal allows users to link to the portals of local
governments, departments and agencies and also provide popular E-services. The national portal includes
information from government documents to government structures. Moreover, the portal is provided in
multiple languages (simplified Chinese, traditional Chinese, and English). The portal contains pages that97THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

allow users to download application forms, search for information, and provides platform for administrative
departments to exchange information with each other. There are also video feeds and other multimedia
contents in the portal. The national portal includes 8 topics which are government structures, news, StateCouncil, Premier, policies, services, seeking advice for administration, data and national conditions.
Through the topic of seeking advice for administration, users can up load their opinions, advice andcomments. There is also a sub-topic named I have a word to the premier in which people can express their
viewpoint directly to the Premier. Furthermore, the national portal also provides online social media
platform such as Microblog and WeChat where citizens can share their opinions and inquiries while thegovernment responding them effectively (Microblog and WeChat are two of the most popular social media
in China). (The Microblog and WeChat account of government are mainly posting and publishing thegovernment’s policies and news, not for sharing and responding).
(source: http://english.gov.cn/)

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]At all levels of government in China, there is no clear setting up of CIO positions and departments, but the
CIO has always been the responsibility of the corresponding departments. Governments at all levels to
assume the responsibility of the Department of CIO are: all levels of Office on the Cyberspace Affairs,
government office, D-Government office, information office, development and Reform Commission,industrial (economic) and information management department, etc. Specifically, in the central government,
Office of the Central Leading Group for Cyberspace Affairs, National Development and Reform
Commission, General office of the State Council and the General office of the CPC Central Committee, areheld in their respective areas of responsibility of the informatization construction and management ; in thelocal government, CIO responsibilities were borne by the above 1 or several departments, Settings of each
CIO mechanism differs greatly from place to place.
GCIO exists in less public sectors like the General Administration of customs, the State Administration of
Taxatio, the Ministry of land and resources, etc. and not exists in most other government sectors. On Feb
27, 2014, China established another leading group which named The Central Leading Group on the
Cyberspace Affairs, which is led by Chinese president Xi Jinping.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
According to "The United Nations D-Government survey report 2016 (Chinese Edition)", Chinese DGovernment international ranking steadily rising, China's D-Government development index (egdi) was
0.6071, ranked sixty-third, compared to the previous survey increased by 7, the current level of DGovernment in China has been in the global average level.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Despite several developments in China e-participation is still lacking as a platform bringing the Chinese
citizens on board as main stakeholders in promotion of ICT. Even through the government provides blogs
or any other means of interaction, there is still a long way to go for Chinese D-Government to develop its
E-participation for online users to fully have decision make stake at national level.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In August 31, 2015, the State Council issued the "Outline" to promote the development of big data, basedon the reality of China and the need to promote the development and application of big data in the next 5 to
10 years to achieve the following objectives: to create a new social governance model of governance, precise
multiparty collaboration; to establish a stable, safe and efficient operation mechanism; build a new systemof people's livelihood and benefit the people; open the drive new pattern of innovation and entrepreneurship,98

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innovation of the public; foster the development of high-end intelligent, emerging prosperity of the new
ecological industry.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
In December 27, 2016, approved by the Central Leading Group for Cyberspace Affairs, the Cyberspace
Administration of China issued a "National Cyberspace Security Strategy", pointed out that China topped
the list of the number of Internet users and the size of the network world. To maintain good cyberspace
security, is not only the needs of China, it is of great significance for the maintenance of global network
security and world peace. China is committed to safeguarding the sovereignty, security and development
interests of the national network space, to promote the benefit of the Internet for mankind, and promote thepeaceful use of cyberspace and common governance. There is no national security without cyberspace
security, no modernization without informatization. Cyberspace security and informatization are the twowings of one body, two wheels of the driver.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The evidences show that local governments in
China are eager to implement Cloud Computing or Big Data into their public sectors, especially the
economic advanced cities and provinces such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong Province. And thecentral government becomes more and more active in making policies and plans for emerging technologies.

5 Some Highlights
Compared with other economics, China has a comparatively slow process on D-Government development.
Except the indicator of “Management Optimization”, performance on all the segments of ranking could beconsidered backward than advanced nations. The absence of GCIO not only pares down the scores forevaluation, but more importantly, has influenced the execution of ICT plans in each government level.
According to China’s strategy, D-Government has been regarded as a tool for administrative reform andgovernment process re-engineering rather than developing D-Government itself. More and more online
service comes to the phase of transaction, although the lack of e-decision making. However, somemegacities in China has promoted advanced e-Service and data share process to citizens (For example
Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou), which continues to pull ahead the gap with underdeveloped areas. The gapof wealth has affected every aspect of the societies in China, and the implementation of better DGovernment is no exception. China's Internet users reached 688 million, Internet penetration rate reached50.3%, Internet users, broadband access users ranked first in the world. The future of Open government data
in China is promising just like its e-commerce developing.

99

THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTColombia
1 General Information
Area: 1,138,910 km2
Population: 46,736,728
Government Type: Presidential Republic
GDP: $14,000
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Countries in the Americas

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3 D-Government Development
Colombia is making great strides in some areas, but the overall trend has not been positive in recent years.
In the United Nations’ D-Government Development Index, Colombia slipped from 31st to 50th place from2010 to 2014. Much of this change can be attributed to a much more competitive and crowded DGovernment environment as more countries develop their ICT infrastructure. However, recent efforts toenable and promote D-Government in the country indicate that the governments has recognized its
importance. Also, it should be noted that Colombia continues to be a top-twenty country in the area of eparticipation.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]In Colombia, 58.6% of the population uses the Internet in 2017. The number of fixed-broadband
subscriptions is 11.2 per 100 inhabitants, while the number of active mobile broadband subscriptions is 41
per 100 inhabitants, which is slightly lower than other Latin American countries.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Colombian government has defined its D-Government strategy in a clear and easy-to-read document
called “Online Government Manual,” which is available for online reading and download. In it, it establishes
various goals in four areas: ICT for open government, ICT for services, ICT for administration, andinformation security and privacy. For each goal, criteria and relevant information is provided, although noway to measure those is specified. In addition, the strategy has its own website called “Online Government
Strategy” (http://estrategia.gobiernoenlinea.gov.co), in which news, details, and links to other related
websites is provided. The Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies (MINTIC) also has a
website called “Arquitectura TI Colombia”, where details about the framework for establishing agovernment network and promote the D-Government strategy are presented.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The Colombian government maintains websites for all five types of e-services assessed in this survey, andall of them obtained medium to high scores. The e-tax website integrates e-customs as well, and offers awide range of e-services. The e-procurement and e-health websites offer limited functionality but are clear
and simple. On the one-stop service website, it is possible to obtain information concerning different typesof procedures by doing a search or browsing a menu showing various categories.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
Colombia’s national portal is also the President official website (http://es.presidencia.gov.co). On its main
page, it prominently features news, as well as SNS and links to other government sites. It does not provide
basic or demographic information about the country. Information on the government, legislation, andservices is provided. The website is also available in English with limited content.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Although a GCIO position is not specified in any official document, the functions of a GCIO are performedby the vice minister of IT, according to the MINTIC. No additional information on CIO regulations, CIO
office, or training programs was found.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Through MINTIC, the Colombian government is consistently working to promote the use and developmentof D-Government. Their strategy is to identify how to create increased value for the government itself,
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businesses, and citizens through the use of D-Government. In fact, many reforms and relevant legislation
have been established to enable the application of the national D-Government strategy, with increased focus
on open government in recent years. All related legislation is available on the Online Government Strategy
website. However, local governments are not directly addressed in the strategy. No information on
publications, training programs, or events related to D-Government was found.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Colombia consistently ranks very high on the United Nations’ E-Participation Index. It has been ranked 11th
in the world since 2012, which is nearly identical to its 12th place rankings in 2004 and 2005. Colombia’s
national portal and most of its government websites actively encourage citizen participation by soliciting
feedback, posting links to social media, and hosting regular online live-chats. The government also offers asite called “Urna de Cristal”, or Crystal Urn (http://www.urnadecristal.gov.co/), which provides information
about the major recent issues and promotes citizen participation through different channels. The government
answers questions and proposals from citizens, and provides brief online audio and video broadcasts.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The government is committed to provide open information to its citizens, for which it offers an open data
portal located at www.datos.gov.co. According to the site, there are currently 4,082 datasets available from
943 institutions, grouped in many different categories. The datasets are viewable online, or downloadable
in Excel or text format. The website is also available in English.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Colombia has enacted legislation to penalize cybercrime through its criminal code. It also has laws on
information and privacy protection, data security, e-commerce, and e-payment. There is an official
government agency in charge of handling incidents related to cyber security, the ColCERT. In addition, thePolice Cybernetic Centre offers information and support to the citizens on cyber security.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
No evidence of usage or regulations by the government of emerging technologies such as Cloud Computing,the Internet of Things, or Big Data was found.

5 Some Highlights
Colombia has participated in several international efforts to improve D-Government in the Americas. For
example, it has offered many candidates for excelGOV awards, and generally participated in regional andinternational working groups at a rate higher than its neighboring nations. Though it still has much room for
improvement in terms of rankings, Colombia is poised to continue on its upward trajectory and make some
important advances in the coming years, as demonstrated in recent efforts to promote D-Government and inits national strategy.

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Costa Rica
1 General Information
Area: 51,100 km2
Population: 4,872,543
Government Type: Presidential Republic
GDP: $ 16,100
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
America Countries

Among America Countries, an only Network Infrastructure Preparedness (NIP) indicator is above with theaverage score of America region. And Costa Rica is placed below USA, the best country in America region.

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3 D-Government Development
The Costa Rican government isjustfinishingits
DigitalGovernment Master Plan 20112014. This plan was put into
place after the previous Digital
Government Action Plan 20082010. The country’s digital
government planning began inearnest with Executive Decree
No. 33147-MP, issued in May
2006. This proposed that a plan todigitize the Costa Rican
government be drafted andimplemented with cooperated toSouth Korean Government. Thismaster plan has the mission
Digital Government Master Plan 2011-2014statement:“Improving
thenational competitiveness with environmental responsibility through providing transparent and high levelservices to the citizen based on interconnected government and ICT development”.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 59.8% of people in Costa Rica were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 11.2% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached 95.5%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Costa Rican government is just finishing its Digital Government Master Plan 2011-2014. This plan was
put into place after the previous Digital Government Action Plan 2008-2010. However, now, there is noevidence about the new version of ICT strategy or D-Government plan. In all, Costa Rica has achieved thehaft score in Management Optimization domain.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and their URL
Address. All of those services were investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Costa Rica is only providing e-Procurement, e-One-Stop Service ande-Health. Among these Online Services, e-Health has the highest score, compare to other online services.
The number of available e-Services continues to grow, but many of the designs operate using different
platforms, and are not well-integrated. In terms of complexity level, most of Online Service in Costa Rica
has reached only information provider in which user can start the find the information through the portal.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third party application result has shown that three portals are
the same with the average considerably in terms of speed. The third party application for assessing the portal
is the application from Google PageSpeed™ Insight.
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List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.mer-link.co.cr/index.jsp
N.A
N.A
https://registrelo.go.cr/
http://gob.go.cr/es/servicios-en-linea

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Costa Rican government’s main portal site “http://gob.go.cr/” is only available in Spanish and is notcompatible with most major translation services. It offers a great deal of links to information, services, anddata, but many of the options take the form of long lists of links, rather than intuitive menus. In technicalaspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is below the averageboth from PC and from Mobile Device. However, the portal does not provide the user with somefunctionality such as searching, site map, and an inquiry form.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Alicia Avendaño Rivera has served as the Director of Digital Government since 2009, and this is the closest
analogue to a CIO position in Costa Rica. The Director has administration over the three Digital Government
divisions, Projects, Technology, and Digital Inclusion.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The Costa Rican government’s D-Government promotion plan was laid out in its Digital Government
Master Plan 2011-2014. The prior plan succeeded in establishing a base structure for D-Government.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
According to the United Nations E-Participation Index, Costa Rica is the leading country in Central
American and 14th in the world for e-participation. This is a major improvement from 2005, in which theyplaced 90th. This indicates that the government’s ICT initiatives have succeeded in making the population
more connected, and providing a platform those appeals to users. For instance, parliament member has theirwebsite and provides the information to citizens that can contact with them.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]The Technical Secretariat of Digital Government operates an open data site populated with data from Costa
Rica’s other online services, including Mer-link (public procurement), Controlpas (operated by the Ministryof Public Security), Register it (Ministry of Health), and CrearEmpresar (National and Municipal Registry)
among others. The database is powered by the U.S.-based open data platform Junar. However, the data is
not yet as voluminous, standardized, or searchable as it could be. Also, data from previous years have notbeen uploaded.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
As a member of the Organization of American States (OAS), Costa Rica approaches many cyber security
issues in collaboration with fellow OAS member states. The OAS Inter-American Committee against
Terrorism (CICTE) developed and passed the OAS-Cyber Security Strategy in 2004. Since then, OAS
member states have collaborated on increasing cyber security in each country, and in the region. There arestill significant weaknesses.
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4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Costa Rica has the plan to implement Cloud
Computing for Public Sector. However, the evidence shows that it is not officially launched. Other emerging
technologies for government agencies are still nullity in Costa Rica.

5 Some Highlights
This year is the 3rd year of ranking; Costa Rica still has the weakness. The use of emerging technology andGovernment CIO are the weak point of Costa Rica. Director of Digital Government is the closest analogue
to a CIO position in Costa Rica. The Director has administration over the three Digital Government divisions,
Projects, Technology, and Digital Inclusion. And Costa Rica also has low score on Cyber Security. Even if
Costa Rica is a member of the Organization of American States (OAS), Costa Rica approaches many cybersecurity issues in collaboration with fellow OAS member states.

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Czech Republic
1 General Information
Area: 78,867 km2
Population: 10,644,842
Government Type: Parliamentary republic
GDP: 31,500$
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

Europe Countries

3 D-Government Development
Since the late 1990s, Czech Republic had strategic in promoting information technology, one of them known
under the name "State Information Policy". This policy defined eight priority areas for the development of
the information society, including D-Government and e-Democracy. This strategy can be considered as thefirst ICT project to promote D-Government services in Czech Republic. In 2006, the Czech government
issued "State Information and Communication Policy" or "e-Czech". The main objective of this project is
to maximize the use of ICT by improving D-Government services, e-Procurement and e-Health. In 2007,
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D-Government concept was associate with the modernization of public administration. This project called"Smart Administration Strategy".
From 2008 to 2012, Czech published Strategy for the development of Information Society services for theperiod 2008 - 2012. This was a strategy for the development of services in an open, democratic society. The
strategy divided into five program: (i) Basic registers and identification; (ii) Universal point of contact; (iii)
Secure communications; (iv) Digitization of data archives; and (v) Personalized Information Society
services.
The State Policy in Electronic Communications - ‘Digital Czech Republic’ was adopted in early 2011 andaims to assess the current overall status of accessibility and development in selected areas of electronic
communications which have the greatest growth potential.
In 2014, Czech government introduced GeoInfoStrategy 2014 - 2020. The Strategy draft has been designed
in a strong connection to other national strategic documents, i.e. the Strategy of international
competitiveness of the Czech Republic for 2012-2020, the Czech Republic's National reform program,
Strategic framework for the public administration development for 2014 -2020 and other key national
strategic documents.
In 2015, the national government of the Czech Republic approved the Strategy for ICT Services
Development in Public Administration. This document provides an updated overview of D-Government
status in Czech Republic.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]The KIVS (Public Administration Communication Infrastructure) enables the interconnection of all Public
Administration (PA) bodies (e.g. ministries, central administrations, regional authorities, municipal offices,labor offices, revenue authorities and public libraries), ensures secure and cost-efficient data and voicecommunications, as well as access to central information resources.
Czech POINT is a network of one-stop access points to D-Government services intended to prevent citizens
from visiting several offices, thus significantly reducing excessive administrative burden.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In the Czech Republic the issue of ICT is under the responsibility of two ministries. Electronic
communications are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Industry and Trade URL:
http://www.mpo.cz/en/e-comm-and-post/ and D-Government issues are under the responsibility of Ministryof Interior URL: http://www.mvcr.cz/mvcren/scope-of-activities-D-Government.aspx
The latest version of the National D-Government Development Strategy was published in the form of agovernment decision “Resolution of the Government of the Czech Republic 889/2015 to the further
development of ICT services in public administration” from the November 2, 2015. URL (in Czech only):
http://www.mvcr.cz/clanek/vestnik-vlady-pro-organy-kraju-a-organy-obci-717579.aspx; pages 206 – 228)
Another significant governmental material is a document, Digital Czech Republic v. 2.0 –The Way to theDigital Economy“. This is a program of the state policy on electronic communications in the Czech Republic- material was published in May 2014.

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4.3 Online Service [OS]The Czech Republic has a centralized e-Procurement system based on a national platform managed by the
Public Procurement and Public Private Partnership Department of the Ministry for Regional Development.
The Czech electronic health record (elektronickázdravotníknížka - EZK, in Czech) is a highly secure, freeof-charge summary of patient health information in electronic form, accessible 24 hours a day via theInternet and smartphones. It is a safe environment that links healthcare providers, patients and healthinsurers. It can be used to transmit and sharing in real time medical information between the doctor andpatient or between different doctors. In the Czech Republic there is no alternative system of real time
information sharing in this field. The two regions where the number of health records stored on the IZIP
system is growing the most are Vysočina and Karlovy Vary.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
In Czech, the public administration portal is developed by Ministry of Informatics. Citizens can access to(www.portal.gov.cz) for getting data, information or other publication from government. Beside the national
portal, a local self-government portal (ePUSA) is an information system that contains an up-to-date databaseof self-government entities in the territory of the Czech Republic. The system enables the selection ofrequired data according to different criteria.
Towns and Communities Online Portal (TCOP) is nationwide tele-democracy website, which support einformation exchange between local government and Czech citizens. Portal for data boxes was firstlaunched in 2011. It provides a more comprehensive service to users of Data Boxes.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
In the D-Government is in the ministry in charge (Ministry of Interior) responsible for the D-Government
matters the Department of the D-Government in the section of Information and Communication
Technologies. Each ministry has its own CIO, who is responsible for the (development) of ICT in the areaof responsibility.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The opportunities for greater engagement with citizens through D-Government channels will continue as
the introduction of high speed broadband and the increased use of new communication technologies provide
the Czech Government with greater flexibility in delivering better services to people, communities andbusiness, as well as improved government operations. Significant increases in The Czech accessing the web
via mobile phone or similar portable devices, and making phone calls over the Internet. There was also
continuing growth in the use of social networking sites and SMS

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The Czech government and ICT companies provide e-information, e-consultation services, forms, articles
and resources about trends and issues related to citizens participation in government democratic processes
using the Internet, mobile communications, and other information and communications technologies.
The aim is to provide a one-stop shop for individuals and organizations to obtain information on, andcommunicate directly with, the Czech authorities. The Ministry as the site's administrator and Czech Post
as the technical provider completely revamped the look and feel of the previous Public Administration Portal
as well as its functioning, so as to make navigation easier, faster and more intuitive. The portal's target
audience is made of: Czech citizens; foreigners living in the Czech Republic; entrepreneurs and businesses;
public authorities.

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4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
A national data portal is available at http://opendata.cz/. It includes 73 datasets, which come from 1
organization. In government agencies, they have a local portal, to provide open data in each government
agency (http://data.mfcr.cz/en). Most of the necessary data is produced from the tax payer's money. The
data is even often available on the web. The Government of the Czech Republic fully supports attempts toremove regulatory and technical barriers to access to information and its goal is to enable the general public
to share, combine and freely use the available data.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Czech National Security Authority Cyber Security was established according to the Decision n. 781/2011of the Government of the Czech Republic. The name is National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) and it’sheadquarter is in Brno. The main task of the NCSC is coordination of cooperation on both national andinternational level to prevent cybernetic attacks, to propose and adopt measures for incident solving andagainst ongoing attacks.
In 2015, the Director of the National Security Authority submitted to the government the new strategy withlarge focus on the national cyber security of the Czech Republic for the period of the upcoming five years
and marks an important milestone for the Czech Republic in terms of cyber-security.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
The Czech Republic works on consolidation of data centers of various government offices with the target
to launch the government cloud.

5 Some Highlights
In 2015, Czech government introduced strategy for ICT Service development in public administration. The
strategy focuses on national cyber security until 2020 and also introduces the idea to legislatively delegate
to the Department of Chief architect of the D-Government at the Ministry of the Interior the role of“watchdog” to oversee the efficiency of public spending in public administration ICT area. The strategy
includes a list of improvement opportunities that should lead to a better nation-wide governance of ICT
services in public administrations.
In the D-Government is in the ministry in charge (Ministry of Interior) responsible for the D-Government
matters the Department of the D-Government in the section of Information and Communication
Technologies. Each ministry has its own CIO, who is responsible for the (development) of ICT in the areaof responsibility.
Czech National Security Authority Cyber Security was established according to the Decision n. 781 / 2011of the Government of the Czech Republic. The name is National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) and it’sheadquarter is in Brno. The main task of the NCSC is coordination of cooperation on both national andinternational level to prevent cybernetic attacks, to propose and adopt measures for incident solving andagainst ongoing attacks.
The Czech Republic works on consolidation of data centers of various government offices with the target
to launch the government cloud.

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Denmark
1 General Information
Area: 43,094 km2
Population: 5,581,503
Government Type: Parliamentary Constitutional
Monarchy
GDP: $45,800
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

Europe3 D-Government Development
In 2016, Denmark transitioned to its new Digital Strategy 2016-2020. This ambitious strategy sets Denmark
on a course to rapid development and competition with other comparable governments. As part of its efforts
on countering the digital divide, Denmark is promoting the enhanced accessibility of its public websites.
Denmark’s new mandatory digital mailbox is an intriguing development. It allows the government tocommunicate instantly and securely with businesses in an official manner. As part of its e-Inclusion efforts,
public documents on the information society recognizes the needs of at risk (of exclusion) groups. The USO(Universal Service Obligation) in Denmark has provisions for a PC based text telephone service and access111

THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTto the Internet. In the area of ICT and aging, Denmark has established drop-in centers for the elderly to learn
new ICT skills.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
The current Danish D-Government strategy, published in August 2011, is entitled ‘The Digital Path toFuture Welfare: D-Government Strategy 2011-2015.’ The strategy proposes that the central government,
regions and municipalities cooperate in order to accelerate the adoption of digital solutions in the public
sector. The report emphasizes that the government must capitalize on its leading position and continue tobe a digital government leader well into the future.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The strategy is divided into three main tracks, each covering a different area or theme:
1) No more Printed Forms or Letters2) New Digital Welfare
3) Digital Solutions for Closer Public Sector Collaboration
According to the report, “the adoption of digital solutions and new technology will provide DKK 3 billion[about $500 million] every year by 2020 in gains.” The national government has also passed a Digital Postlaw requiring all businesses to establish a digital mailbox address. This mailbox is of equivalent legal status
to the physical mailbox, meaning that businesses have the responsibility to read all of their digital mail.
This system allows the public sector to communicate with businesses and to send official notifications more
efficiently, and it allows businesses a quick and secure channel to respond.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Denmark has a healthcare portal, Sundhed.dk which was launched in December 2003 and was given a major
update in 2012. The site is a public, Internet-based health portal that collects and distributes health careinformation among citizens and health care professionals. It is unique in bringing the entire Danish healthcare sector together on the Internet and providing an accessible setting for citizens and healthcare
professionals to meet and efficiently exchange information. From the main portal, all Danish citizens haveaccess to sundhed.dk and everyone has a personal page, which reflects the specific needs of the individual

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Danish national portal, Borger.dk was originally launched in 2007. The latest version of the site (version3) was published in June 2012. Borger.dk (borger is Danish for ‘citizen’) is where Danish citizens can findall public information and self-service options on a one-stop basis. This is a single entry point to the public
sector for all citizens. A single sign-on is made available for citizens to access services of different agencies
without having to repeatedly log-on.
Denmark also has an official website, Denmark.dk, from which both citizens and non-citizens can accesspublic information and services. The portal supports many foreign languages including English, Spanish,French, German, Chinese, Arabic and more. It also has SNS features on the homepage, such as Facebook,
Twitter and Google Plus to enhance citizens’ participation with blogs, and provides information forforeigners who want to study and work in Denmark. Denmark also has a business portal which delivers
fully digital public services for the benefit of companies. The portal includes more than 200 e-forms, someof which may be filled out and signed with an OCES signature.
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4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
While there are government CIOs at the national and ministry levels, information about CIOs at lower levelsof government is not available. There is no single CIO position for the Danish government. However, theSteering Committee for Joint-Government Cooperation (STS) is responsible for coordinating DGovernment initiatives throughout the public sector. This committee reports its findings twice each year.
There is no current legislation regarding the CIO position in government

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Since 2001, municipalities and regional government have worked together on D-Government solutions torenew and rationalize the public sector. The new strategy sets clear and binding goals for D-Government
implementation of the D-Government solutions established in recent years, which not only require a strong
capacity for decentralized implementation capacity, but also demands a centrally focused coordination effort.
According to news from epractice.eu, the Danish Government, supported by the Local Governments
Association (KL) and the Danish Regions has recently created a new public plan for the digitization ofhealth care for 2013-2017. The strategy aims to create better cross-sector relationships and safe treatment
based on the individual's resources and needs.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The Danish government’s web portals demonstrate a developed understanding of e-participation.
Information and services delivered online encourage a high level of social responsibility and accountability.
For instance, the portal for citizens (borger.dk) functions as a national debate and voting portal enabling
citizens at all levels of society to participate in debates and participate in polls and elections organized at
the local, regional and national levels. Moreover the hosting of blog services creates the opportunity tocomment on the Danish lifestyle and encourages foreigners to participate.
ROSTRA is an online system for public debate and expression of opinions through voting facilities basedon the Danish Digital Signature. The tool is a part of the Danish citizens’ portal developed by the Danish
National IT and Telecom Agency. It functions as a national “debate and voting portal” allowing citizens,businesses, politicians and journalists to participate in debates and votes organized by levels of government,
subject, etc. The tool can handle debates and votes at the local, regional and national levels and it is possible
to confirm your identity through login with the Danish Digital Signature.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In 2012, the Danish Government presented its first National Action Plan for Open Government Partnership.
The vast majority of the projects and initiatives have been implemented and several of them are taken
forward and further developed in this OGP National Action Plan. The Danish OGP National Action Plan
2013-2014 was created with contributions from a public consultation where citizens, companies, NGOs andpublic authorities were invited to propose initiatives and activities. The National Action Plan has been
divided into five themes:-

Local democracy and participation
Full digital communication - and inclusion
New forms of collaboration and involvement
Open data - innovation, transparency and enhanced efficiency
The promotion of open government

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
The Danish government has been using a domestic standard for information security called DS 484 for overa decade. As of January 2015, government institutions are required to abide by Information Security
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ISO/IEC 27001, an international standard. The Ministry of Finance’s Agency for Digitization is tasked with
enforcing this standard and “developing tools, templates, seminars and workshops to support [its]implementation and maintenance.”

5 Some Highlights
Denmark has shown marked development in D-Government projects but there are few available resources
on D-Government related promotions particularly at the local level. In 2017, the Danish authorities followed
a successful D-Government strategy, which included a large-scale communication campaign to raise
citizens’ awareness of D-Government services. The OIO Committee for Architecture and Standards (OIO
Committee) has a mandate to support the strategy to facilitate the work of D-Government in the state,regions and municipalities, with particular emphasis on ensuring interoperability between IT systems acrossorganizational boundaries.
The government released its D-Government strategy 2016 - 2020 on in May, and it outlines 33 projects forthe government to accomplish in the coming years. The government is always trying to establish online
services that are simpler and more effective. In order to do this, the government will establish horizontal
cooperation throughout local, regional and central governments. Institutions for education, knowledge orculture can still apply for funds to provide their users with free Internet access. The funds will be used toprioritize Internet connectivity and use. The government will also invest 500 million. DKK andmunicipalities will up to 1 billion. DKK tailoring teaching in public schools for future needs.

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Egypt
1 General Information
Area: 1,001,450 km2
Population: 94,666,993
Government Type: Presidential Republic
GDP: $12,100
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Africa Countries

Among Africa Countries, only Management Optimization (MO), D-Government Promotion (EPRO) andthe use of Emerging Technologies for government (EMG) indicators are above with the average score of
Africa region. In addition, the use of Emerging Technologies for government (EMG) indicator of Egypt isbetter than those of South Africa, the best country in Africa region.

3 D-Government Development
In 1999, the Ministry for Communications and Information Technology (MCIT) was formed to build
momentum to create an information society and to improve the information infrastructure. Shortly after its
formation, the Ministry revealed the Egyptian National Communications and Information Technology Plan
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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT(NCITP). The NCITP has paved the road for launching the Egyptian Information Society Initiative (EISI).
Although, Egypt’s D-Government program was initiated in by the MCIT in 2000, the Ministry of State for
Administrative Development (MSAD) took over the leading role in 2004. Egypt’s D-Government was
divided in to two stages. The first stage (2001-2007) incorporated setting and approving the government
strategic plan, implementing and assessing pilot projects, and starting geographical and sectorial deploymentof some projects. The second stage (2007-2012) aimed at expanding successful pilot projects on national
level, and the development of government administrative body.
MCIT
supports
otherministries in facilitating DGovernment programs andservices as part of theEgyptian
Information
Society Initiative (EISI). In
April 2013 MCIT launched
the Egypt's ICT Strategy
2013- 2017. MCIT future
vision focuses on achieving
the digital socio-economic
development in Egypt:
Prosperity, Freedom andSocial Justice. Moreover,
Digital Economy 2020 wasannounced with the vision
for “Achieving the Digital
Economy through ICT to
Objectives of Egypt's ICT Strategy 2013- 2017
Provide Prosperity, Freedom
and Social Equity for All”. According with the Digital Economy 2020, Egypt’s ICT 2020 Strategy was
finalized, and focuses on three key objectives: the transformation of Egypt into a digital Society, thedevelopment of the ICT industry and the establishment of Egypt as a global digital hub. The goals of Egypt’s
ICT Strategy 2020 are to create a digital society allowing Egyptian citizen to use IT services and maintaining
communications growth by attracting global companies, in addition to benefiting from the geographicallocation of Egypt and maritime cables in Suez Canal. And beginning of 2017, MCIT launched newly the
Egypt's ICT 2030 Strategy that it does not have more information about this new strategy. However, ICT2030 strategy supports the development of the communications sector both regionally and internationallyby designing new initiatives such as the electronics design and manufacturing and capacity building tomaximize ICT contributions to the economic growth of the country.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 35.9% of people in Egypt were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 4.5% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached 50.7%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In April 2013 MCIT launched today the Egypt's ICT Strategy 2013-2017 which has 4 Strategic Goals: 1)
Supporting the Democratic Transition; 2) Promoting Digital Citizenship and Information Society; 3)
Promoting Sustainable Development; and 4) Strengthening the National Economy. In addition, the Digital
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Economy 2020, Egypt’s ICT 2020 Strategy was finalized. Its mission is to enable the development of aknowledge-based society and a strong digital economy relying on equitable and affordable access toknowledge; digital rights; and the development of a competitive, innovative national ICT industry.
Moreover, MCIT endeavors to promote the development of the ICT infrastructure and digital services ofgovernment entities, one of its key priorities. Activities on this track aim to enhance the performance ofministries and other government bodies – and to raise the quality and efficiency of the services they provide
to the public – by improving the work environment, providing support for decision-making and finding
solutions to issues of concern to the community. These efforts will boost local markets and raise demandfor ICTs.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and their URL
Address. All of those services were investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. e-Procurement has the highest score, compare to other online services.
The Egyptian government has made significant developments in terms of G2G services such as e-tender,
geographical networks and ERP systems. In general, the lack of comprehensive legislative framework for
D-Government has slowed the development of some e-Services such as tax procedures, filling out andsubmitting official forms, and online tax payments. There is also a lack of policies and laws and citizens
are most unlikely to use D-Government services without a guarantee of protection of their privacy.
In terms of complexity level, most of Online Service in Egypt has reached the two ways interaction in whichuser can download and summit application from through the portal. In addition to that, only e-Procurement
has implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining
the services.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third-party application result has shown that e-Procurement, eCustoms and e-Health are above the average considerably in terms of speed. The third-party application forassessing the portal is the application from Google PageSpeed™ Insight. In addition to that, all clickableobjects on the portal work as they should do.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://etenders.gov.eg/
http://www.incometax.gov.eg/
http://www.customs.gov.eg/
http://mhealth.cu.edu.eg/
https://www.egypt.gov.eg/english/home.aspx

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
Egyptian D-Government portal “https://www.egypt.gov.eg/” was inaugurated in January 2004 as Egypt’s
information portal. Through the national portal, e-contents industry encompasses the creation, design,
management and distribution of digital products and services and the technologies that underpin these
activities. D-Government portal demonstrates well-structured navigation and interface features. In technicalaspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is below averageboth from PC and from Mobile Device. However, the portal provides interactive features such as blog andpolls. There is also a Live Support chatting feature for assistance. Besides national language of Arabic,much of the portal is available in English.
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4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Regarding the CIO concept, the Egyptian public administration at the national and local levels does notappoint clear CIOs or equally influential positions within its legal framework. Nevertheless, it is observedthat there is increasing concern on positioning of CIO equivalent executives with administrative body.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Egypt’s D-Government initiatives pursue capacity-building and market maturity along with essential publicprivate partnerships. MCIT has implemented a number of programs with the chief aim of providing benefits
to users, promoting computer literacy, and encouraging increased use of ICT by the public. In terms ofassessment aspects of D-Government, the Egyptian Cabinet’s Information and Decision Support Center(IDSC) stands as one of the distinguished Think Tanks in Egypt, particularly for the Cabinet. IDSC strives
to enhance relations with different ministries and government authorities, and to open communication
channels with the public to measure the society’s attitudes towards national issues. IDSC also works on
disseminating data and information, focusing on electronic dissemination.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
In general, Egyptian government web sites demonstrate interactive functionality and good design, however
in terms of participatory decision making processes or public discussions, national portal and othergovernment web sites at national and local levels offer very limited public engagement. In the national portal
and other government websites, users can follow and receive information through SNS such as Facebook
and Twitter. Government leaders are also using ICT applications for management and operations.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Some Egyptian government entities share information when available, as also foreseen in the ad hoc
legislation. However, there are still important challenges concerning the level of interoperability of thedatabases and the varying quality of data available. There is no evidence about the Egyptian government’s
efforts on developing open government or open data.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Egyptian Computer Emergency Response Team (EG-CERT), established by the National
Telecommunication Regulatory Authority in April 2009, provides 24-hour support to protect criticalinformation infrastructure. In 2012, EG-CERT provided support to entities across the ICT, banking andgovernment sectors, helping them tackle cybersecurity threats including denial of service attacks. Moreover,in the National ICT Strategy 2012 – 2017, the cyber security draft law has been mentioned as a document
which “represents the biggest response possible to the requirements of civil society, taking into
consideration national security dimensions, and corresponding with the most recent legislation of its kindin the world”.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies to evaluate this indicator. These technologies are Cloud
Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Egypt has a strategy plan for cloud computing for the
public sector according to Egypt’s ICT 2020 Strategy. The Egyptian Government Cloud (EG-Cloud)Strategy seeks to improve the efficiency and performance of the government. MCIT has signed MOU with
Telecom Egypt to provide cloud computing application services to private and public sector organizationsin Egypt. However, the evidence shows that it is not officially launched. Other emerging technologies forgovernment agencies are still nullity in Egypt.

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5 Some Highlights
Egypt has the impressive point on Management Optimization, National Portal, and Online Service. MCIT
endeavors to promote the development of the ICT infrastructure and digital services of government entities,
one of its key priorities. The project of D-Government is being executed by MCIT in cooperation with the
MSAD, and will involve all the Egyptian Ministries and Government bodies.
Egyptian government is using the Facebook “https://www.facebook.com/egyptgovportal/” to provide
information, and citizens can follow and receive information through Facebook as one channel of eParticipation. And the data is also update time to time though Facebook account of Egyptian government.
In the opposite, Egypt has the high score with the use of emerging technology event if it is the new indicator
for this year survey. Since 2011, MCIT has been considering the Cloud Computing model, decision was
crated Egyptian Government Cloud (EG-Cloud) strategy that is one of Basic Infrastructure pillar of theDigital Economy 2020, with the vision to accelerate the government adoption of the cloud computing forsuperior performance, productivity and service delivery.

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Estonia
1 General Information
Area: 45,228 km2 9Population: 1,258,545 10
Government Type: Parliamentary Republic 11
GDP: $29,50012
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

European Countries

Among OECD Countries, all indicators except the use of Emerging Technologies for government are above
the average score of OECD members. The Management Optimization (MO) indicator of Estonia get thebetter score than that of United States, the best country in the global ranking and also in OECD.
Amongst European countries, Estonia is posed below Denmark. However, the e-Participation and
Government CIO of Estonia are better than those of Denmark, the best country in Europe region.

9

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html
11https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html
12https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html
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3 D-Government Development
D-Government in Estonia has reached the connected stage. Since 2000, Estonia has implemented X-Road
as the core of government information system integration. Hitertho, X-Road is considered as a symbol of
Estonian D-Government. It is the core of DGovernment system in Estonia. Using X-Road,
public and private sector agencies can share
their information, thus, enabling them to offer
e-services without redundancy. E-Tax system
in Estonia is one of the online services utilize
the presence of X-Road. Estonians enjoy thesimple procedure for filling tax report in which
they simply click four to six button forcompleting the procedure. It is not necessary to
input the similar data time over time because
the data is already there. Hence, everything isprefilled. Unless something is wrong, they do
not need to fill anything.
To expose the position of Estonia to become aworld-class public e-service, Estonia joined
Source: Estonian Information System Authority
with the United Kingdom, South Korea, Israel,
https://www.ria.ee/public/publikatsioonid/x-road.jpg
and New Zealand to establish a Digital 5 (D5)
Cooperation. The first D5 Meeting was held in London in December 2014. Tallin hosted the second summit
in November 2015.
Strong commitment to ICT is inherent in the part of the prime minister and senior government officers.
Prime Minister chaired E-Estonia Council, which lead the making and execution of national digital agenda
in the country.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 88.7% of people in Estonia were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 28.4% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wireless broadband subscription has reached 114.3%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In early 2014, Estonia has launched the Digital Agenda 2020. The ultimate goal of this agenda is not merely
an ICT use in daily life and business. The current plan emphasizes the improving economic competitiveness,
the well-being of people and the efficiency of public administration. Some priorities have been set on theagenda such as completing the next generation broadband network, generating greater control over personaldata, and utilizing data analytics in public sectors.
In all, Estonia has fully achieved the maximum score in Management Optimization domain. Contribution
from operationalization of X-Road is very significant in this area.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-One-Stop Service and e-Healthhave the lowest score, compare to other three online services.
In term of complexity level, most of Online Service in Estonia has reached a transactional in which user canstart the transaction from applying to receiving the service through the portal. In addition to that, all Online
Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, and Password Protection for
obtaining the services.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third party application result has shown that three portals areabove the average considerably in term of speed. The other two portals, i.e., e-Health and One-Stop Service
are slightly above the average. The third party application for assessing the portal is the application from
Google named Google PageSpeed™ Insight on https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In
addition to that, all clickable objects on the portal work as they should do.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://riigihanked.riik.ee
http://www.emta.ee
http://www.emta.ee
https://www.eesti.ee/eng/teemad/kodanik/riigiportaali_abi
https://www.eesti.ee

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Estonia (http://estonia.eu) contains proper information for local citizens
and foreigners. Information about Estonia is available on the portal. People can find information about
culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™
Insight showed that the website performance is above average both from PC and from Mobile Device.
However, the portal does not provide the user with some functionalities such as searching, site map, and an
inquiry form.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Estonia government has clearly defined the need of ICT leadership on D-Government. The Digital Agenda
2020 stated the role, the mandate, and the position of CIO in central and local authority. The agenda alsomentioned the need to establish GCIO Network among them. In addition to that, to provide a formal
education that focused on CIO Competency, Tallin University has opened CIO program as one of Master
Degree program.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Digital Agenda 2020 covers all aspects of developing ICT in government. Not only the technical side
but also managerial and awareness is mentioned on the document. The programs, initiatives, and funding
for increasing the awareness on Digital Government have taken place. Some efforts regarding DGovernment Promotion has been found during this research. E-Governance Academy has several awarenessprograms about utilizing ICT in Public Sector. As part of European Union (EU), Estonia gets some support
from EU under the scheme ““Raising Public Awareness about the Information Society”.

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4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Culture and society in Estonia have been created as a high-tech society. These factors have driven Estonia
to the next horizon of D-Government. Citizens and government can take the benefit of ICT in their daily
life. For instance, parliament member has their website and provides the citizens with the alternative channel
to communicate. The presence of e-participation portal (osale.ee) contributes to the high achievement ofEstonia in this indicator.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In 2000, Estonia launched Public Information Act 2000 to participate in the Freedom of Information Act
movement around the world. To strengthen the implementation of these act, Estonia has established Open
Data Portal (http://pub.stat.ee) to provide public with government information. To keep the information upto-date, Estonian government uses Data submission procedure through eSTAT system.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Estonia has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

State Secrets and Classified Information of Foreign States Act
Public Information Act
Personal Data Protection Act 2003
Database Act 1997
Information Society Act

In addition to these laws, Estonia has strengthened organization capacity for cybercrime countermeasure bysetting up CERT-Estonia and give a mandate to Information System Authority (RIA) to exercise supervision
over the continuous application of security measures in regards to the information systems used for theprovision of vital services. Moreover, Estonian government decided to change the encryption method for
Digital Identity code from RSA 1024bit to Ecliptic Curve Cryptography.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Estonia has attempted to implement Cloud
Computing for Public Sector. However, the evidence shows that it is not officially launched. Other emerging
technologies for government agencies are still nullity in Estonia.

5 Some Highlights
The operationalization of X-Road has brought the Management Optimization as the best indicators for
Estonia. X-Road enables secure Internet-based data exchange between the state’s information systems. Not
only state’s information system but also private sector can take the benefits of X-Road. In addition to that,citizen uses X-Road seamlessly by using Citizen ID, due to the fact that interaction with government is
considerably simple through Online Participation Portal. As a result, the e-Participation indicator for Estonia
places the second-best performer. The situation is similar to Online Service indicator that sets the third best
performer.
Despite the excellent score on these three best indicators, Estonia still has weakness on utilizing the
emerging ICT. Emerging ICT is the new indicator in the year 2106 ranking. Also, this new technology;
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and IoT are still the new toy for government due to their concerns about
security. Since many countries are still attempting to take the optimum benefit of emerging ICT, there aremany rooms for improvement in this domain.
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Estonia Online Participation at http://www.osale.ee

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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTFiji
1 General Information
Area: 18,274 km2
Population: 909,389
Government Type: Parliamentary republic
GDP: $8,800
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Oceania Countries

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3 D-Government Development
The D-Government program is the single most massive ICT project for the Fiji Government. With the Fiji
government facing the challenge of using technologies to fundamentally transform government service
delivery with a vision to provide citizen-centered and integrated. The following critical success factors or
D-Government strategic thrusts are needed to achieve the national objectives: (i) Implement financiallysustainable service delivery models; (ii) Reinvent services delivery model to provide citizen-centric
outcomes; (iii) Enhance operational efficiencies within and across government agencies; and (iv) Enhance
ICT skills competency of government employees at all levels. It made Fiji became the newest government
to join a UN alliance of governments and organizations committed to accelerating the transition from cash
to digital payments in order to reduce poverty and drive inclusive growth.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 46.8% of people in Fiji were Internet users in 2017 and there is 55% have wireless broadband
subscriptions, but only 1% of the population has a wired broadband connection. Fiji is island nation, so it isdifficult in the deployment of ICT infrastructure to serve the development of D-Government.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]One of ITC Service’s strategic priorities is to transform or re-engineer government services across all
government agencies through the realization of the D-Government strategy. This holistic strategy adopts
the three legged stool approach, focusing on People, Processes and Technology. In collaboration with other
Government agencies, cooperate sectors, NGOs and other stakeholders, ITC Services will develop, promote,coordinate and support strategies that foster service excellence through the utilization of D-Government
Application tools.
In 2016 the Fijian Government used e-cards pre-loaded with approved amounts to assist families who had
lost their homes. Under this Help for Homes Initiative, recipients were able to purchase building materials
with the e-cards from selected hardware stores. In the same year, Fiji completed its first medium term
financial inclusion strategy and is embarking on the second “National Financial Inclusion Strategic Plan
2016 – 2020″ with a target of increasing access to formal financial services to at least 85 percent of the adult
population by 2020. The goal of the strategy is to elevate digital financial services. The strategy aims toincrease the percentage of adults using digital payments from eight to 15 percent over the next five years.

4.3 Online Service [OS]E-Services online provides Government Services over the Internet. There are 3 Clusters in which theGovernment will provide services. These are: (i) G2G Cluster, This cluster focus on the exchanging of data
between Government Ministries and Departments where necessary. These services are only available togovernment officers; (ii) G2B cluster: This cluster focus on providing Online Services to Investors andbusiness that need approval from the concerned Government authorities. These services require freebusiness user registrations and login; (iii) G2C cluster: This cluster focus on providing Government Services
online to the Fiji Citizen. Where by citizen will be able to access and extract the required information fromthe Government Departments. Also citizen will be able to submit applications online to relevant authorities
should the services is available online. These services require free citizen user registrations and login.
Compared to other countries in a region, the D-Government services in Fiji has no good position. There aresome services which are provided to citizens such as e-tax, e-health, and e-procurement but there are no126

THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTtransactional services. The level of complexity is only dynamic. Fiji government has national portal, but thisportal is not integrated e-services inside.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
www.fiji.gov.fj is one of national portal. This portal together with one other government portal, egov.gov.fj,
so called the citizen portal, collectively makes up the Fiji Government Online (FGOL) presence. The
national portal demonstrates a consistent page layout and navigation with English as the main language used.
There is also an option for users to easily increase the sizes of the letters or decrease them which very
convenient for those with bad eyesight. There is a clear lack of citizens` participation mechanisms such as
blogs, polls and forums but citizens can access and follow the Government activities though Facebook
through a link on the national portal services.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The Minister of Information was appointed to the position of CIO. Fiji National ICT Governance Structure
comprises of a CIO Council which reports directly to the D-Government Steering Committee on all DGovernment matters and is responsible for implementing the D-Government Master Plan at the agency level.
However, there are further requirements to penetrate CIO concept within government.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]In Fiji, there are some private companies, which provide a holistic range of IT and communications
engineering solutions to support our customers’ business goals throughout their technology life-cycle.
In order to increase and deliver services to citizens, the Fiji government is interested in recruiting from theFiji Volunteer Service (FVS). They are promoting the regional component of the FVS as part of Fiji’s
Development Co-operation initiative and that it be mutually beneficial to participating countries.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
In order for e-participation to develop there needs to be more improvements and efforts placed on
infrastructure and capacity building. Fijian Government national portal still lacks features to confirm
engagement of citizens in the decision making process.
Some government officers in Fiji has their own website, such as Prime Minister. Universal access to
information and greater public awareness of Government programmes including broad-based appreciationof Government is achieved through cyberspace modality. This is the essence of the Ministry’s website tobring to all and the world his vision and of his Government on where and how they want to take Fiji as per
the aspirations of the people in the Charter.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Official Fiji Government website with information about departments, ministries, news briefs, and press
releases, this portal is gateway to share information on e-health, e-tender system but nothing found on open
government data.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The increased availability and use of computers in Fiji has led to a corresponding growth in international
data transmission requirements. The cyber environment in Fiji includes licensed operators, telecoms, as wellas the ISPs, TAF, Commerce Commission, and other organizations and is linked to an Internet ecosystem.
One of the challenges in Fiji is that there is not sufficient awareness amongst stakeholders within the cyberenvironment of the stakeholders within the Internet ecosystem and how each relates to each other.

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4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
There is no emerging ICT in Fiji.

5 Some Highlights
In Fiji, the D-Government program involves three (3) main streams: Public Contact Center (PCC),
Government Information Infrastructure (GII) and E-Applications. These 3 streams address the tasks ofhandling inquiries or complaints from the public, connection of government offices to the network andmanaging and developing various government online applications for the D-Government SharePoint
Framework respectively.
E-Services Fiji is one stop portal providing services to be delivered online on a real time basis to users be it
citizens, visitors to Fiji, individuals / companies local or foreign setting up businesses in Fiji or Government
department employees providing various services and performing various back office functions.
The users, based on the access rights granted, will have access to various services from a single services
platform that are required to perform various activities in the day to day life of the user. Compared to lastyear, Fiji goes down one step and ranks at 64. It made Fiji is still standing in a low position on D-Government
development.

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Finland
1 General Information
Area: 338,145 km2
Population: 5,476,922
Government Type: republic
GDP: $41,200
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and region
European Countries

OECD Countries

Among European countries, Finland scores lower than the average in Government CIO, D-Government
Promotion and e-Participation. Similar result was observed in the comparison with other OECD countries
meanwhile Finland has surpassed the region’s average in most of indicators except these indicators.

3 D-Government Development
Finland has one of the highest broadband penetration rates in Europe. Finland is also one of the early
adopters of D-Government initiatives within the OECD, and has achieved impressive results based oninternational comparisons. (OECD, 2010). In Finland, in responsible for D-Government, information
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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

society portfolio and participation policy are collaborated across three ministries – the Ministry of Transportand Communications; the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry of Finance has
central policymaking responsibilities for public administration reform and development of general ICT and
D-Government strategies. Within these responsibilities, Public Sector ICT dep., as part of the Ministry, isleading the overall D-Government development, e.g. by promoting cooperation between central and local
government on common information management, formulating common functional and technical solutions
and methods, and developing information and data security in public administration.
In order to maximize the cooperation among government bodies, Finland established the UbiquitousInformation Society Advisory Board which involved of representatives from major ministries, agencies,
business and academicians and headed by the Minister of Transport and Communication.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
There are more than 90% of people in Finland were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Among them, 31.7%
have a fixed-broadband connection while the portion of the total population has a wireless subscription is144.1%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Digitalization become the top priority in Finnish Government’s agenda, marking by the announcement of
the Government Programme in May 2015, which specifies that public services should be developed
primarily as digital13. In the efforts of accelerating e-services provision, Finland adopted Estonia’s X-Roadsystem, the data exchange layer which provides a standardized method to exchange information and data
among public sector organizations and connect different national datasets.
The Ministry of Finance has launched The National Architecture for Digital Services which is considered
as a compatible infrastructure for facilitating information exchange between organizations and services. The
programme consists of several components such as: “a national data exchange layer, the shared service
views required by citizens, companies and authorities, a new national e-identification model and national
solutions for the administration of roles and authorizations for organizations and individuals”14.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online service, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. All of those services was investigated using threefactors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of Security, and Level of Convenience. For e-Procurement, due tothe highly decentralization in Finland, e-Procurement initiatives were not provided on a single national
platform. Information on public tendering however is provided via Hilma service(https://www.hankintailmoitukset.fi/fi/). Tax and Customs are the two services reaching the highest
complexity level, with various security mechanisms are fully implemented.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. Finland’s national portal (http://finland.fi/) was designed in the blog style, with articles being
categorized into different topics (culture, life style, politics, and so on). There are different social networks
13

https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/files/eGovernmnent%20in%20Finland%20-%20Febru
ary%202016%20-%2018_00%20-%20v2_00.pdf
14
http://vm.fi/en/national-architecture-for-digital-services

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integrated with the portal. However, this portal does not include the information about Government,
although there is a link to Suomi.fi where government’s services are provided. Regarding technical aspects,
the portal operates well with different browsers and devices, with acceptable loading speed (according toGoogle Speed Test result).

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Each ministry and government agency has its own chief information officer, although the formal title andprecise job description may vary. There is no law mandating the presence of CIOs in each ministry andgovernment agencies but the CIO position is decided based on each organization’s own internal process.
The mandate and role of CIOs are currently changing, particularly at the ministerial level. In the past, they
have been responsible for all the ICT technology within their own organization. Nowadays, due to the factthat infrastructure services (or sector-independent ICT services) are provided by a Government ICT Centre
Valtori (established in 2014), the operative tasks of CIO are decreasing and the mandate is becoming morestrategic oriented. The most important tasks in this new role includes designing and managing enterprisearchitecture, defining ICT strategy and information and cyber security strategy. It should be noted, however,that this changing role of CIOs in government agencies are still transition process which may take few years.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The Ministry of Finance plays perhaps the most important role in the horizontal co-ordination of DGovernment. It has a central policy-making function and helps the government to translate its vision andprinciples into effective guidelines and related D-Government strategies.
At the national level, the Association of Finnish Local and Regional Authorities (AFLRA) plays a majorrole in representing the interests and perspective of local government partners. The Association of Finnish
Local and Regional Authorities seeks to promote the opportunities of the local government sector to makeefficient use of ICT.
According to the Act on Information Management Governance in Public Administration, major central
government IT projects (projects costing over EUR 5 million) shall be reviewed by the Ministry of Financebefore the investment decision is made. This review process ensures that major IT projects are compatible
with overall enterprise architecture and thus meet state wide interoperability requirements. Cost-benefit
analysis (business case) is also required.
The National Audit Office occasionally scrutinize and reviews selected IT projects. These reviews, however,are completely up to the NAO that what, when and to what extent it wish review and scrutinize government’s
reform programme (including IT) or single IT projects.
At agency or project level each government agency is responsible of evaluating its own projects. Ministryof Finance recommends usage of a common evaluation framework for projects costing more than 1 million
euros.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Several initiatives were established to facilitate the interacting between citizens and government. This
enables citizens to participate in various government activities. For example: Public consultation:
lausuntopalvelu.fi; Questionnaires, polls: otakantaa.fi and Citizen Initiatives; kansalaisaloite.fi. These
initiatives are the components of the e-participation environment project 2010-2014, which is a part of the
Ministry of Finance’s Action Programme on e-Democracy and e-Services.

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4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Regarding Open Government, Finnish Government has cooperated with other Nordic countries such as
Denmark, Sweden and Norway to share their open data strategies and promote for opening up data.
Led by the Ministry of Finance, the Open data Programme – 17 May 2013 to 30 June 2015 – was eliminating
obstacles to the re-use of public data as well as creating the preconditions for open data within the public
administration. The Open data policy for 2015 – 2020 covers the proposals of the programme for the key
goals and actions in the field of open data in the public administration in Finland.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Government of Finland released its Cyber Security Strategy as a Government Resolution in 2013,
defining vision and the key objectives of the government for protecting society and its vital functions against
cyber threats. Finnish Government took a further step in securing government network by introducing the
Act on the Government security network which came into force early 2015. By doing this thecommunication of state administration’s leaderships could be secured in all situation15.
The Ministry of Finance is responsible for the steering and development of the state's information security.
The Security Committee was established on February 2013 with the role is to assist the Government andministries in matters relating to comprehensive security. There is also an incident response team called
VIRT (Virtual Incident Response Team) which is a governmental network consists of 50 cyber security
professionals, with the duties are to plan and prepare co-operation and responses to major cyber security
incidents encountered by the Finnish Government agencies.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT).
Internet of Things was mentioned in the new Government Programme as a key project to coordinate theministries' activities. This will be a joint effort by businesses and the public sectors in order to “create afavorable operating environment for digital services and new business models”16. An implementation plan
for leveraging big data and for piloting My Data will be drawn up (based on the Big Data Strategy of the
Ministry of Transport and Communications, 8/2014).

5 Some Highlights
In Finland, the new appointed government - Sipilä’s Government – has published its Government
Programme, focusing on overarching reforms with five strategic priorities and 26 key projects. Among these,
digitalisation is a cross-cutting theme which is appeared in almost of the key projects of the Government.
These efforts contribute to the increase of Finland’s score on Management Optimization and Online Services
this year.
Being one of the most developed information societies who’s functioning heavily relies on digitalized
networks and services, Finland has already been the target of various types of cyber threats. That explains15

https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/files/eGovernmnent%20in%20Finland%2
0-%20February%202016%20-%2018_00%20-%20v2_00.pdf
16

http://valtioneuvosto.fi/documents/10616/1986338/Action+plan+for+the+implementation+Strategic+Governm
ent+Programme+EN.pdf

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why Finland is giving high priority to information security, however until 2013, the first national Cyber
Security Strategy was published as a Government Resolution.
With an advanced D-Government development level, the D-Government promotion activities of Finnish
Government are no longer surrounded the matter of citizens’ awareness. Instead, the target is focusing on
how to improve users’ experience with government digital services due to the increase in citizens’
expectation. More attentions need to be paid to the utilizing of emerging technology such as internet ofthings or big data within government agencies.

133THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTFrance1 General Information
Area: 643,801 km2
Population: 66,836,154
Government Type: Semi-Presidential Republic
GDP: $42,400
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

European Countries

Among OECD Countries, all indicators except D-Government Promotion (EPRO), Cybersecurity (CYB)
and the use of Emerging Technologies for government (EMG) indicators are above or same with the averagescore of OECD members. Amongst European countries, France is placed below Denmark. However, the eParticipation (EPAR)indicator of France is better than those of Denmark, the best country in Europe region.

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3 D-Government Development
In France, there was a development plan called the “Digital Economy by 2012”. This was France's national
D-GovernmentD-Government strategy aiming to make France a digital nation by 2012. The plan wascomprised of 150 actions centering on four major priorities 1) access to all digital networks and services 2)
production and supply of digital contents 3) diversification of digital services and 4) governancemodernization of digital economy. And On November 2011, the Minister of Industry, Energy and the Digital
Economy presented the results and prospects of the “Digital France Plan 2012-2020”, with 57 new priority
targets to develop the digital economy by 2020.
The Inter Ministerial Directorate
for Information Systems isbuilding the foundations of the"ETAT PLATEFORME" (State
platform),anarchitecture
supporting the creation of a newkind of digital public services.
This strategy of transforming thestate
information
systempresupposesthattheadministration itself needs to bring
together the various data of theState platformuser necessary for its purposes,
and offers in return almost ready-to-use services. It deals with services centered on its needs, and not fromthe organizational carving of administrative structures. The main principles of the State platform are theopening of API by large public providers of data, the flow of data between administrations, and the flow
control by users through France Connect. Open up data for exchange between agencies, but give end users
control over how information of a confidential nature is exchanged, such as personal data. Besides France
Connect, the platform will offer other State resources. Including a store to reference the available APIs, thetype of data that covers and related service contracts. A blacksmith will also be available to developers toencourage the reuse of software components required for the construction services. Finally, the General
Repository for Interoperability and Architecture Frameworkof the State Platform API will enable developers
to rely on the same exchange protocols.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 84.7% of people in France were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 41.3% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reach 74.7%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The National D-Government strategy of France “Government as a platform” is led by Prime Minister’s
services on the behalf of the Ministry for State Reform and the Ministry for Digital economy. And on
February 2013, the government presented its Roadmap for the Digital Economy. This strategy revolves
around three pillars, which are to 'Provide opportunities for youth', 'Reinforce competiveness', and 'Promote
our values in society'.

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4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services:., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs
and One-Stop Service are the best performer among five online services. Furthermore, there are various
fully transactional e-Services provided in France. Users can file taxes, search for jobs, apply for social
benefits, register vehicles, request certificates, and access many other services by searching as category.
In terms of complexity level, all online services have reach interaction level where the citizen can obtainthe service without necessarily visit to the government office. Initial stage of interaction with government
through the portal. In addition to that, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL,
Site Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining the services.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that all five online service
portals are above the average considerably in terms of speed. E-Procurement and e-Health (personal medical
account - ‘dossier médical personnel’: DMP) are the only portal that scored about the same with average.
The third party application for assessing the portal is the application from Google PageSpeed™ Insight.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://www.marches-publics.gouv.fr/
http://www.impots.gouv.fr/
https://pro.douane.gouv.fr/
http://esante.gouv.fr/
https://www.service-public.fr/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of France “https://www.service-public.fr/” contains proper information for
citizens. Information about France is available on the portal, and there is other government portal“http://www.gouvernement.fr/” that provide many government information and service. In technical aspect,
the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is well on PC but it is about
average on from Mobile Device. However, from the user experience aspect, this website is tremendous.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There are also other established organizations responsible for D-GovernmentD-Government policy/strategy
development and coordination: The Council for the Modernization of Public Policies (CMPP) and the
Directorate-General for State Modernization (DGME). The members of the council and the directorates
carry out D-GovernmentD-Government responsibilities in an in termsinisterial/departmental setting. The
Head of the Interdepartmental Agency for Digital Projects and Information System of the Government(Direction in termsinistérielle du numérique et du système d’information et de communication de l’Etat,
DINSIC) - is at the same time GCIO, Governement Chief Digital Officer and Government Chief Data
Officer.

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4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
France is committed to making the country a major digital power through D-GovernmentD-Government
promotion. Various mechanisms are being strengthened to boost development such as laws and legislation,plans and strategies, public and private collaborations, and transforming to electronic administration.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The official French website for e-participation is “http://www.gouvernement.fr/”. This e-participation
promotes French citizens to get online and ‘e-democracy’ is aimed at involving the citizen and hearing their
voices in major areas of democratic governance. And it can follow the government action which the progress
and any related to its. Political and ideological debates are opened online to the citizens, which serve as a
dialogue avenue with political officials. More ever there are have personal information and contract for eachparliament member that citizen can write an opinion, and also see more information about public meetingfor each parliament activity.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]France has released the beta version of its open government data website, “http://data.gouv.fr/”. Following
the wave of open government data portals around the world and the Commission’s Open Data Strategy the
French open data portal is one step towards a new governance model which aims to be more open,
participative and Internet-driven. France became the first country to appoint a national Chief Data Officer(Administrateur général des données - AGD). And according to the site, there are currently over 24,638
datasets hosted on the site on in late February 2017.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
To meet the growing challenges posed by cyber-attacks and in light of the recommendations made in the
White Paper on Defense and National Security, the French Network and Information Security Agency(ANSSI) was set up in July 2009. ANSSI is an interdepartmental agency operating under the authority of
the Prime Minister.
As part of the reinforcement of cyber defense capabilities at the Ministry of Defense, the post of Cyber
Defense General Officer was created in 2011, with responsibility for coordinating the Ministry’s cyberdefense activities and acting as the main interface in the event of a cyber-crisis. The Ministry of Foreign
Affairs ensures the consistency of French positions on cyber security within the various internationalorganizations and supports the development of international collaboration to address this issue.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Government of France issued the “Guide to
Cloud Computing” that guide government use the Cloud Computing that is one of enterprise architecture of
D-Government. For example; Interdepartmental Agency for Digital Projects and Information System of theGovernment (DINSIC) and Interdepartmental Purchasing Department (DAE) purchase cloud computing
solutions for all departments. And Etalab team (part of DINSIC) have been employing data scientists for 2
years to develop predictive analytics use cases of big data.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the E-Participation, Management Optimization, Open
Government Data and Online service are the best among other indicators in D-Government France. And
also National Portal score is high, with “http://legifrance.gouv.fr/” and “http://vie-publique.fr/” gives
citizens to legal texts and knowledge about the public policies. France’s national portal provides a gateway137THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

for users to access government information easily. The national portal of France also provides the online
forms and services. The portal also provides several media contents including videos, audios and photogalleries. There is also help functions to guide users’ browsing experience. The main aim of the portal is tosimplify routine relation between government and citizens.
The weak point in France is about Government CIO and the use of emerging ICT. On 24th September 2015,
the nomination of Henri Verdier for the new CIO of French was officially announced, he is at the same time
GCIO, Government Chief Digital Officer and Government Chief Data Officer. And the use of Cloud
Computing on government should be increase after “Guide to Cloud Computing” was progress.

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Georgia
1 General Information
Area: 69,700 km2
Population: 4,931,226
Government Type: Semi-presidential republic
GDP: $9,500
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Europe Countries

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3 D-Government Development
During the processes of evaluation, most of D-Government services such as: E-tender, Social Security
Services, Civil Registration Services, Consular Services and Labor Related Services are provided at static
websites available. E-payment and e-voting services are not available yet. E-health is being actively
promoted by the Georgian Telemedicine Union, whose activities include tele-pathology, education, anddevelopment of policy for particular scenarios, such as e-consultations for conflict regions. It also developed
a proposal for the creation of an e-health national network in Georgia.
e-Georgia strategy and action plan was introduced for the period 2014-2018. The aims of this strategy is todevelop Georgia as IT-based governance state which implies the increase of access to e-services forbusinesses as well as for citizens, strengthening of transparent and open governance, defining the role ofinformation-communication technologies in the process of administration reform. The vision for the eGeorgia strategy reflects this wider scope and is defined as “Georgia will become a more efficient andeffective public sector offering integrated, secure, and high quality e-Services. Improved usage andparticipation enable ICT-driven sustainable economic growth.”
e-Georgia focuses on 10 thematic priorities, e-Services, e-participation and Open government, e-health,public finance management system, e-business, ICT-hub Georgia, infrastructure, e-security, skills and einclusion, and Enabling frameworks and governance. In this year, they have done within the framework of
Component 4 of the twinning project “Promote the strengthening of E-Governance in Georgia (DGovernment Georgia)”

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]Internet users in Georgia is around 2.4 million users as of early 2017. The penetration is about 60.7%. By
early 2017 mobile penetration in Georgia had approached 130%, subscriber penetration having increased
tenfold over the previous nine years.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The newest document “A Digital Georgia: e-Georgia strategy and action plan 2014-2018” defines the pathleading to a modern Georgia and provides a comprehensive framework for societal changes enabled by ICT.
It focuses on those potential fields, where the public sector is able to take measurements and to set
frameworks to exploit the full potential of ICT. The eGeorgia strategy is, however, not limited to theactivities covered under the term D-Government.
The vision for the e-Georgia strategy reflects this wider scope and is defined as “Georgia will become amore efficient and effective public sector offering integrated, secure, and high quality e-Services. Improved
usage and participation enable ICT-driven sustainable economic growth.”

4.3 Online Service [OS]
There has been very little progress in Georgia regarding the provision of D-Government services. Most of
D-Government services such as: E-tender, Social Security Services, Civil Registration Services, ConsularServices and Labor Related Services are provided at static websites available. E-payment and e-voting
services are not available yet. E-health is being actively promoted by the Georgian Telemedicine Union,
whose activities include tele-pathology, education, and development of policy for particular scenarios, suchas e-consultations for conflict regions. It also developed a proposal for the creation of an e-health national
network in Georgia. However, this has not yet been implemented. This year there is no information change
in this indicator
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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTIn Georgia, the government focusses on an effective public service channel strategy with the aim to moveinteraction from the analogue realm of physical, telephone and written service requests to the digital world.
All services from e-Georgia strategy focuses on the supply side, that is: Planting the seeds of sophisticated
G2C, G2B and G2G e-Services i.e. ensuring the availability and supply of user-friendly and accessible
electronic services.
To date, the main e-services in Georgia are focused on the development and implementation of digital
services for the issuing of passport, ID and residency, life event services related to marriage, divorce, birth
adoption, change of name, death, power of attorney. As for business services, the government introduced
some services such as e-Notifications, e-Tendering, product catalogues, qualification profiles, e-Orders, eInvoices, and e-Payment

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Georgian national portal http://government.gov.ge/ provides very basic functions for users. The portal
links to all government agencies’ websites. Information provided in the portal seems to be targeting foreign
visitors and business who want to know more about the country. The portal is available in Georgian official
language and English. There is not SNS feature in the National Portal.
The Georgian government separated e-services to citizens and business by introducing my.gov.ge portal.
This portal combines all services but it is only in Georgian language.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The official CIO position is still absent in the Georgian bureaucracy. Policy development in ICT areas comesfrom the Telecommunication and Information Technology Department of the Ministry of Economic
Development. However, the Ministry does not have a published forward-looking strategy for development
across industry.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Georgia is short of legal framework for D-Government development. There are no legislations, strategies,
policies or plans regarding D-Government. Most D-Government projects are sponsored by internationalorganizations.
To promote the e-Georgia strategy, the government cooperates with Data Exchange Agency of the Ministryof Justice of Georgia and EU TWINNING creates a project aiming to promote the strengthening of Egovernance in Georgia are in a process of finalizing e-Georgia strategic paper.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
E-Participation in Georgia is still limited at offering information to the citizen through government website.
Web 2.0 tools are not yet being used to allow more interaction between government and citizen. However,citizen can contact with government officials through feedback forms or email addresses available at somegovernment websites.
E-participation in Georgia focusses on 4 areas: feedback on e-Services, (co-)design of e-Services and open
data, transparency and open government and decision-taking and policy making. To get the feedback fromusers, the government develops many feedback mechanisms such as through social media networks, chatrooms, discussion forums and blogs, and survey online or consultations. “provide your suggestion” is oneof the most ideal to collect feedback from users. This mechanism is integrated in my.gov.ge portal and it isvery easy for using.

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4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]In April 2012, the country’s government presented a relevant Action Plan which is focused on improving
public services, increasing public integrity, managing public resources effectively, and creating safer
communities. The implementation of these commitments is currently coordinated within an NGO forum
created under the Ministry of Justice. The Georgian government had no specific plan to engage civil society
and the private sector in the development of OGP commitments.
Georgia’s OGP action plan is structured around four grand challenges: improving public services, increasing
public integrity, managing public resources more effectively, and creating safer communities. The OGP
requires countries to undertake at least one grand challenge of its list of five grand challenges, so by
undertaking four Georgia is going beyond this requirement.
Data.gov.ge is operational, but it is a navigation portal linking to information provided by different public
sector institutions rather than an open government data portal, where actual data can be retrieved. With theInstitute for Development of Freedom of Information (IDFI - http://www.idfi.ge) and Transparency
International Georgia (http://www.transparency.ge) very active NGOs exists that carry out research projects
on Freedom of information, public information (e.g. http://www.opendata.ge), e-Participation andpreventing corruption in Georgia.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Government of Georgia publishes its Cyber Security Strategy for the first time in 2008, it has clearly
demonstrated that the national security of Georgia cannot be achieved without ensuring security of its
cyberspace. The National Security Concept of Georgia defines cyber security as one of the principal
directions of its security policy. Georgia aims to set up a system of cyber security that will facilitate
resilience of cyber infrastructure against cyber threats as well as will represent additional factor in theeconomic growth and social development of the country.
Georgia aims to develop a system of information security that is able to minimize harmful effects ofany
cyber-attack and allows rapid recovery of information infrastructure to being fully operational in theaftermath of such attacks.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
There is no emerging of using ICT in Georgia government.

5 Some Highlights
A “Georgia Health Management Information System Strategy” was already developed by the Ministry ofLabour, Health and Social Affairs in 2011. The e-Health action plan is a vital part of the e-Georgia strategy.
Through 7za years of evaluation and based on the methodology of Waseda D-Government ranking,Georgian D-Government ranking is decreasing, especially this year. The official CIO position is still absent
in the Georgian bureaucracy. Policy development in ICT areas comes from the Telecommunication andInformation Technology Department of the Ministry of Economic Development.
There has been very little progress in Georgia regarding the provision of D-Government services. Most of
D-Government services such as: E-tender, Social Security Services, Civil Registration Services, ConsularServices and Labor Related Services are provided at static websites available. E-payment and e-voting
services are not available yet.

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Georgia was among the first group of countries to join the Open Government Partnership (OGP). In April
2012, the country’s government presented a relevant Action Plan which is focused on improving public
services, increasing public integrity, managing public resources effectively, and creating safer communities.
Georgia adopts New Cyber Security Strategy that will be the main document defining state policy andestablishing basic guiding principles in cyber security field. It should be mentioned that strategy considers
cyber space protection equally important as inviolability of land, air and maritime boundaries.

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Germany
1 General Information
Area: 357,022 km2Population: 80,722,792
Government Type: Federal republic
GDP: $48,200
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

EUROPEAN Countries

Among OECD countries, Germany’s Government CIO and Cyber Security are ranked higher than the global,
Europe and OECD’s average scores. Especially for GCIO, Germany secures the top position in European
countries. Meanwhile, the country stands below the world and OECD in terms of utilizing emerging
technologies.

3 D-Government Development
Germany, being a developed country, has significant experience with D-Government and as such has very
evolved D-Government plans, policies and goals.

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4 Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 87.2% Germany’s population were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Among them, wired
broadband subscribers accounted for around 37.8% while more than 75.6% of total population have awireless broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Germany Federal Government has approved the Digital Agenda 2014-2017 on August 2014. This
agenda was planned by the joint efforts of by the Federal Ministry of the Interior, the Federal Ministry of
Economic Affairs and Energy and the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. With its
Digital Agenda, the Federal Government aims to three targets: to further exploit the innovative capacity foreconomic and employment growth; to expand the national networks and imporve digital literacy for publicaccess and participation;and to enhance IT systems and services’ security and saferty, thus increase trust
among the public and the business sector.
In addition, the Federal Government’s “Digital Administration 2020” programme establishes an overarchingframework for the federal administration of the future, where potential benefits of digitalization are utilized
to enable the administration reform, targeting to effectiveness, transparency, efficiency, accessibility andresponsiveness to the needs of individual citizens and businesses.
In term of government network, the project “Netze des Bundes” was implemented to consolidate a crossdepartmental communication infrastructure with the highest level of security. All existing federal
administration’s networks are planned to be fully migrated to this infrastructure.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service comprises of five sub-dimensions: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, e-Health,and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL Address. All of thoseservices was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of Security, and Level ofConvenience.
In term of complexity level, almost Online Services in Germany have reach the transactional level in whichusers can totally conduct their businesses via electronic portal. For e-procurement, in line with the newEuropean procurement law, German Federal Government plans to make electronic procurement binding forthe federal administration by April 2016. 'XVergabe' is a project initiated in 2007 to provide a standard
interface for data exchange formats and data exchange processes of all electronic tendering platforms inGermany. Regarding customs, since 2006 the German Federal Government bring the Electronic Customs
Tariff (EZT) system to the internet, known as "EZT-online". In addition, users can switch to an alternative
solution provided by the European Commission – the Integrated Tariff of the European Community(TARIC) information system. With both systems, users can look up the importing/exporting code andcustoms duties. For healthcare, there is a telemedicine portal launched by the Federal Ministry of Health asa part of the eHealth initiative which was initiated in mid-2010. The portal provides a nationwide looking
up on more than 200 projects involving telemedicine applications and tele-monitoring in Germany17. In
addition, as of December 2015 the “Act on secure digital communication and applications in the health care17

http://www.bmg.bund.de/en/health/the-electronic-health-card/background-material-on-the-e-health-initiativeof-the-federal-ministry-of-health.html

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system” - E-health Law - came into effect, establishing a framework for utilizing ICT into health care area.
From 2018 onwards, patients can choose to have the relevant emergency data stored on their health card.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application Google PageSpeed™ Insight18 has showedthat all services have a good access speed.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.evergabe-online.de/https://www.elsteronline.de/
http://www.zoll-d.de/
http://telemedizin.fokus.fraunhofer.de/https://www.bund.de/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. deutschland.de is considered as the national gateway of Germany. It presents a wide range of
information resources about different aspects of Germany, from politics to culture. However, government
services were not provided on this portal.
In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website operates well bothfrom PC and from Mobile Device. The portal also connects to various Social Networks such as Facebook,
Twitter, Youtube, Flicker as well as there is a feature allowing user to receive update mail notification.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Under the new strategy, the future development of federal IT will be in charged by the Chief Information
Officers Council together with the Federal IT Management Group led by the Federal Government
Commissioner for Information Technology.
In 2015, Klaus Vitt, head of IT at Germany’s Federal Employment Agency was appointed by the German
federal government to become the new IT Commissioner of the federal government. by the German federal
government.
CIO-equivalent positions were also found in federal states’ agencies19.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Federal Ministry of the Interior is in charge of the strategic orientation and development of DGovernment in Germany. The IT Planning Council is the main body for managing federal and state IT. The
council consists of the Federal Government Commissioner for Information Technology and therepresentative of 16 German states. The IT Planning Council has a clear directive: facilitating mandatory
cooperation among federal, state and local governments on IT and D-Government, with the target of delivery
user-centric electronic public services and cost-effective, efficient and secure IT operations for public
administration.
In August 2013, the federal D-Government Act (EGovG) 20 was enacted, establishing the regulatory
framework for digitization in the federal administration. The Act mandates the deadlines for adapting
18

https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
http://www.cio.de/a/klaus-vitt-wird-neuer-bundes-cio,3243557
20
http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/News/egovernment.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
19

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electronic access for individuals, businesses and the public administration, which enforces the federal
administration to follow in order to ensure the successful implementation of D-Government programs.
Initiative D21 is a nonprofit organization based in Berlin. It represented the largest public-private
partnership in Germany for the Information Society. Two of projects supported by Initiative D21 are the DGovernment Monitor and the Digital Index for Germany which are published annually.

4.7 D-Government Participation [EPAR]
In 2015 there is a pilot project titled “Digital Voluntary Social Service Year” (FSJ-digital) launced to gather
and summaries best-practice experience about how young people can offer their skills and talent inmanaging and applying new media to help non-profit organizations.
No evidence has been found regarding to electronic voting in D-Government.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In 2014, the Federal Government issued the National Action Plan to implement the G8 Open Data Charter21
to define measures for facilitating access to government data. This Action Plan takes into consideration the
results already achieved in previous programs: the Federal Government’s “Transparent and Network-Based
Administration” program, the IT Planning Council’s “Promoting Open Government” program, and theprototype development for the data portal GovData (http://www.govdata.de/).
In line with the national plan, the Federal Government seeks to strengthen the legislation for publishinggovernment data by amending the Act on Access to Geodata (GeoZG); the D-Government Act; theEnvironmental Information Act (for environment information); the Freedom of Information Act and so on.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Federal Ministry of the Interior works with the Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) to provide
appropriate IT security. Germany’s Cyber Security Strategy was adopted on 23 February 2011. This strategy
called for establishing the National Cyber Response Centre and the National Cyber Security Council, among
other things.
Laying a comprehensive legal foundation for cyber security is the target of the German Government. The
Federal Government stated in the digital agenda that it will aim to modernize European data protection law
in the digital market by adopting the General Data Protection Regulation by 201522. The National Cyber
Response Centre will be assigned a greater coordination role in responding to cyber security incidents andimproving cooperation between specialized authorities.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The Federal Government is pursuing to boost up
the development and introduction of cloud computing facilities by issuing the new Cloud Computing Action
Programme23.

21

http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Broschueren/2014/national-action-plan-opendata.pdf?__blob=publicationFile22
http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Broschueren/2014/digitalagenda.pdf?__blob=publicationFile23
http://www.bmwi.de/English/Redaktion/Pdf/normungs-und-standardisierungsumfeld-von-cloud-computing

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There is a research project known as THESEUS, aiming to utilize The Internet of Services and the Internetof Things. With this project, the German Federal Government is seeking to utilizing semantic technologies
and the creating new standards for the Internet of Services.

5 Some Highlights
In the attempts to promote for publishing government datasets and information, early 2015, German
Government presented ‘The General Government’s National Action Plan to implement the G8 Open Data
Charter’. By doing this the government put into action one of its pledges to maintain the top position in Open
Government ranking indicator.
Cyber Security is another strong point of Germany. With the presence of a Cyber Security Strategy alongside
a comprehensive, frequently amended legislation framework (Federal Data Protection Act (2003), Digital
Signature Act (2001), Electronic Commerce Act (2001), Act on the Federal Office for Information Security2009), German Government demonstrates a strong commitment to fight against cybercrime.
With a relatively low score in the National Portal (https://www.deutschland.de), it is recommended that the
government should put more efforts on providing more information about the country, the government andavailable services for citizens and businesses.
Although German Government has planned to use cloud computing (ICT strategy of the German Federal
Government 2015 24 ) but no evidence of actual usage in Federal Government has been found. The
government should pay a close attention to all challenging aspects such as cloud security and standards to
put cloud computing plan into action.

24

https://www.bmwi.de/English/Redaktion/Pdf/ict-strategy-digital-germany2015,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi2012,sprache=en,rwb=true.pdf

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Hong Kong
1 General Information
Area: 1,108 km2
Population: 7,141,106
Government Type: Limited democracy
GDP: $57,000
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and region
APEC Countries

ASIAN Countries

Hong Kong has achieved comparatively high scores on most of indicators compared with other APEC
members and ASIAN countries, especially on the indicator of Network Infrastructure Preparedness, Online
Service, Open Government Data and Emerging Technologies. HK has showed their efforts to deliver highquality e-Service and reform on the governmental structure to implement D-Government strategy.

3 D-Government Development
The 2008 digital 21 strategy is the latest document for ICT development in Hong Kong which has updated
regularly to adapt technological advancement and changing needs of the society. The Office of the149THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

Government Chief Information Officer (OGCIO) has been set up to serve as GCIO of Hong Kong, taking
the responsibility to lead ICT strategy implementation and providing measures. As the main goal of strategy
is to build a world digital city, OGCIO also actively collaborate with industries, organizations and academics
to seek for the best IT solutions for the whole society. Recently the government has constructed cloudcomputing motel energetically and provided government cloud platform for e-service. It contains “in-house
private cloud” “outsourced private cloud” and “public cloud” to respond to different needs and functions.
Economic advancement is expected by the HK government with supporting and creating the best IT
environment for business and individuals.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
According to the report of ITU, 84.9% of people in HK were Internet users, about 31.9% have fixedbroadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached107%. HK has a well-establishedinfrastructure construction and penetration among Asia countries.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Hong Kong’s Digital 21 Strategy is the blueprint for the development of information and communications
technology (ICT) in Hong Kong. It is updated regularly to take into account technological advancement andchanging needs of the society. Two administrative applications have been established, one is the e-Payroll& Benefits System established by the HK Treasury via which users can make online enquiry on their general
payroll, personal, appointment, payment-related and housing benefit information. The other one is the eLeave System provided by the Civil Service. Bureau which is to support leave applications and theassociated processing, recording and monitoring of leave taken by civil servants The Hong Kong
Government will also be adopting the Cloud Computing model to meet rising public demands andcommunity expectations on D-Government services and reap the benefits of emerging technologies. To bein accordance to the general strategy, HKG has launched continuous initiatives in the Policy Address andBudget such as “Innovation and Technology” in 2016 Policy Address.

4.3 Online Service [OS]HK has got comparatively high score on the indicator of Online Services among Asia area. The e-service
system also has won several awards especially the one-stop service portal. The Electronic Transactions
Ordinance was enacted in 2000 and updated in 2004. It was the foundation of e-applications, which allowed
HKG to develop further e-services for users. So far, HKG has established e-Tax, e-Payment, and consular
services at the transactional level; e-Tender and civil registration services at two-way interactions level,
while social security and labor related services allow downloading of documentation. All e-services in Hong
Kong are interactive and doing by two-way transaction or dynamic website.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
As for a national portal, the HKG launched a new portal (http://www.gov.hk) in 2008, which is no longer
in cooperation with a private company but operated solely by the HKG itself. The new portal provides manykinds of services to not only citizens but also enterprises and foreigners. Generally speaking, it has an
excellent navigation function, and an easy to understand interface. In the portal, there are three languages
options: English, simplified Chinese, and traditional Chinese. Almost all web pages and documents can befound in these three language options. However, it is surprising to find that mobile version and accessible
version started this year. Through mobile version people could read text only versions which can match
various screen size. And an accessible version which provides several tools like non-text content, audioonly, video-only, no keyboard trap，is convenient for all the people including disables. In addition, HKG
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organized the Web Accessibility Recognition Scheme to show appreciation to businesses and organizations
that have made their websites accessible, with an aim to encourage adoption of web accessibility to facilitate
access to online information and services by all segments of the community including persons withdisabilities.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The HKG established the OGCIO in 2004. Mr. Allen Yeung has assumed the role of OGCIO from 2015.
And there are two Deputy Government Chief Information Officers (DGCIO) who support OGCIO in daily
work. The DGCIO is responsible for two major areas of responsibilities: Policy & customer Service, andConsulting & Operations. The main task of OGCIO is to provide leadership for the development of ICT
within and outside the Government. In Hong Kong, while many universities provide CIO related courses,
but there are few CIO related organizations in academia and the private sector. Headed by the Government
Chief Information Officer (GCIO), the OGCIO provides a single focal point with responsibility for ICT
policies, strategies, proMagrammes and measures under Digital 21 Strategy, in addition to providing
information technology (IT) services and support within the Government. OGCIO is playing an importantrole under the Digital21 Strategy in five action areas: 1.Facilitating a digital economy; 2.Promoting
innovation and technology; 3.Developing Hong Kong as a hub for technology and trade; 4.Development of
the next generation of D-Government services; 5.Fostering a digital inclusive Society.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
OGCIO plays the main role in enabling D-Government promotion, such as in producing video material andpamphlets for example. Moreover, the Digital 21 Strategy Advisory Committee is the main supporter for
the Digital 21 Strategy, while the Commerce and Economic Bureau provides the budget for D-Government
implementation and promotion; 4.5 billion HKD in 2008 for example. As for an assessment mechanism, theHKG established an D-Government Steering Committee to assess the performance of the D-Government
program.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Hong Kong is highly ranked in terms of the e-Participation indicator. In the Hong Kong national portal,
there are many kinds of online services, not only for citizens, but also for business and foreigners. It is also
really easy to navigate and find information in the portal. This also acts as a one-stop service center for
citizens. The HK portal uses web 2.0 technologies such as RSS, online forums and blogs to facilitatecommunication between citizens and Government. In the portal there is also information about how theGovernment takes the opinions of citizens in decisions making processes.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The Code on Access to Information states that the government exists to serve the community well within
available resources. It recognizes the need for the community to be well informed about the Government,
the services it provides and the basis for policies and decisions that affect individuals and the community as
a whole. This Code defines the scope of information that will be provided, sets out how the information will
be made available either routinely or in response to a request, and lays down procedures governing its
prompt release.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Hong Kong police launched Cyber Security Center on December 7, 2012, in order to boost Hong
Kong’s Internet security. The center provides round-the-clock services under the bureau’s Technology
Crime Division. The center will strengthen co-ordination between Police, government departments, andlocal and overseas stakeholders when major information systems come under attack. Now HK also has
Computer Emergency Response Team Coordination Centre (HKCERT) and Government Computer151

THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTEmergency Response Team Hong Kong (GovCERT.HK). The latter responds to cyber security incidents
that affect public agencies. On the other hand, the Cyber Security and Technology Crime Bureau CSTCB)
is responsible for handing cyber security issues and technological crime investigations, and so on.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The evidences show that HK government has put
effort to implement Cloud Computing or Big Data into their public sectors, such as they create government
cloud environment to service the communities and IT industry, benefiting government themselves as well.
Cloud Computing remains one of the key government ICT strategies by OGCIO. The government values
the usage of emerging technologies, to keep its leading position in eGovernment area among Asia.

5 Some Highlights
Since the HKG has enabled one-stop service portal GOVHK ((http://www.gov.hk), citizens could get public
services and information through the website promptly. The portal site has won several international awards
due to the convenience and enhanced contents, well-designed columns which helps citizens to find what
they what without complicated introductions. More than that, GOVHK has upgraded the accessibility forpeople with special needs. The high score on indicator of “Online Service” could prove its significant
improvement. With the penetration of mobile devices, mobile D-Government has shown its importanceincreasingly. HKG keeps promoted its user-friendly e-services on smart phones, followed by measures toassist the implementation created by OGCIO.
Perhaps HK has high rate of usage and awareness of D-Government and there is no need to conduct strong
promotion, citizen’s engagement is the fundamental element for D-Government itself. In addition to that,legal framework preparedness for cyber security and emerging technologies is the next task for HK DGovernment, if its objective is to maintain the first-class IT area in Asia, even around the world.

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Iceland
1 General Information
Area: 103,000 km2
Population: 331,918
Government Type: Parliamentary Republic
GDP: $46,600
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

Europe3 D-Government Development
Iceland had a unique election in 2016 in that one of the main parties ran on a platform of unprecedented
digital participation in the political system. It has made great strides in the past few years to improve its DGovernment services and infrastructure, and it has become one of the top-performers in Europe by manymeasures. The government has also been using tools like social media in innovative ways. In 2012, forexample, the government created accounts on social media sites like Facebook or Twitter to solicit feedback
for the world’s first ‘crowdsourced’ constitution. While the constitution was never formally adopted, thiseffort represented Iceland’s approach to engaging its citizens and utilizing new platforms in unique ways.
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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTThe Icelandic government will need to redouble its efforts if it wishes to reach its goal of becoming a topten D-Government and e-participation country by 2020.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Iceland’s development and implementation of ICT services and infrastructure is among the most advancedin the world. It has been ranked fourth in the world for ICT Development by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU). With a usage rate of 100%, Icelandic citizens are more likely to use theInternet than the citizens of any other country. 35.1% of citizens had wired broadband subscriptions in 2013,
and 74.7% had wireless broadband access, placing the country within the top five for this metric.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Iceland’s current D-Government development strategy is a critical component of the Iceland 2020 initiative,
and it is based in large part on the previous Icelandic Government Policy on Information Society 2008-2012.
The goal of this initiative is to place Iceland within the top ten countries in the United Nation’s DGovernment Development Index (it ranked 19th in 2014).

4.3 Online Service [OS]Icelandic citizens have had the option of submitting their annual income tax declarations electronically since1999. Citizens can also calculate their future pension payments, and access personalized accounts pertaining
to social security, and health insurance benefits at the portal www.tr.is. Citizens can also apply for
unemployment benefits, passports, driver’s licenses, and other documents entirely online. Businesses also
have a wealth of online services available to them, including various tax and employee contribution
declarations, customs’ declarations, and procurement services. Many of these e-Services can be completed
entirely online. Others provide forms and information on how to complete the process.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
Iceland’s national portal is located at www.island.is. From this portal, citizens can receive news andinformation, access a wide array of e-Services, sign or post petitions, access public data, find local
government websites, and more. The site is available in both Icelandic and English (though the English
version is limited). From this portal, citizens can sign up or login to My Pages, which allows citizens andbusiness to “easily find personalized information from public sources.” The portal has a simple front-end
user interface, but provides an array of information, forms and services.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
While Iceland does not have a specific CIO position, the Ministry of the Interior is responsible for DGovernment development. ÓlöfNordal began serving as the Minister of the Interior on December 4th, 2014,
so she currently has oversight over the development of ICT infrastructure and e-Services.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The government of Iceland has laid out several important goals and policies to promote the use anddevelopment of D-Government. Some key goals are to become an ‘e-Nation’ that offers one-stop online
service for all citizens and businesses. They also plan to increase efficiency and eventually become a world
leader in D-Government.
Iceland also has a deep legal framework on D-Government and open information issues, especially sincethe 2012 passage of its new Information Act, which outlined the public’s right to governmental data and the154THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

government’s responsibility to provide it in a timely manner. Iceland also has laws in place regarding digital
privacy, e-commerce, and e-procurement.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Iceland has improved markedly in this category over the past few years, moving from 135th in 2010 to 65thin 2014 in the United Nations’ E-Participation Index Ranking. The Iceland 2020 Initiative aims to place
within the top ten by 2020 in this ranking. The Icelandic government continues to promote use of its eServices to increase efficiency and reduce costs. As of April 2014, “over 90 % of Iceland’s individual
taxpayers file electronically.”

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Accessible directly from its main government portal, Iceland’s open government database(http://www.opingogn.is/) provides data collections and packages from several government ministries andoffices. Geographic, economic, and statistical data packages are publicly available through this portal, withmore data sets added on a regular basis.

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Iceland’s Skilriki service (http://skilriki.is/) allows citizens and businesses to create personalized electronic
certificates to provide secure authentication and signatures. Authentication can be set up to use a card, or amobile phone for validation. Citizens and businesses can also apply for an IceKey—a password directly
linked to the official identification number of an Icelandic citizen or legal entity—which adds an additional
layer of security to online transactions.

5 Some Highlights
As mentioned, the Pirate Party received the third-most number of seats in the Icelandic government in late
2016. This party is organized by engaged voters participating digitally on a micro level on all of the decisions
the party made, and they promised to make the government run in a similar manner. While this has not yet
occurred, it would be a major experiment in using digital government as an main force in governance, andit could serve as a model for other governments throughout the world.
Iceland’s government portal, www.government.is, continues to provide information, news, and resources,
including links to each ministry. Visitors from around the world can access information about how thegovernment is structured, biographies and contact information for various officials, and past publicationfrom each office and ministry.
There is also a separate portal for foreigners, http://www.iceland.is/. This portal is presented in English,
and contains information about travel and tourism in Iceland, investment opportunities, arts and culture, andthe latest news and events.

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India
1 General Information
Area: 3,287,263 km2 25
Population: 1,266,883,598 26
Government Type: Federal Republic 27
GDP: $6,700 28
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Asian Countries

Among Asian Countries, India has a better score than the average score of Asian countries in Management
Optimization. As shown on the above picture, India is very low on the basic infrastructure. However, despite
the lack basic infrastructure, India has been trying to take the benefit of emerging ICT such as Cloud
Computing, Big Data, and IoT. Only Singapore can beat India underthe Use of Emerging Technology
indicator. In addition to that, Open Data is one of attractive program in India to respond the demand of moredata for empowering the society.
25

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html
27https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html
28
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html
26

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3 D-Government Development
Government of India has acknowledged that expanding the telecommunication infrastructure needs a hugeinvestment and demands some business opportunities
that is very difficult to achieve. Digital divide is stillwide in India. Classical problem about the gap in Northand-South and West-and-East is still coexisted. Insteadof focusing mainly on the telecommunication
infrastructure, India government focusing on improving
the governance using ICT; e-governance.

Nine Pillars of Digital India.

D-Government in India has been steadily improved withclear direction. India government follow the bestpractices from advanced countries such as United States
and United Kingdom for developing ICT Solution.
Supporting by huge amount of IT Professional, India
does never have issues on the lack of human resources
on ICT.

Furthermore, business enterprises in India highly
supported government vision on bringing the benefits of IT revolution to the masses. Government of India
defined their e-vision as follow.
“To make India a global information technology superpower and to strive to make Indian
software industry one of the largest exporters of software in the world”.
India has launched so many D-Government projects all over the country. The projects are mainly focusedon delivering government services better to the citizen. Following is the list of D-Government project inIndia.
D-Government Projects at central and local government in India
1. Gyandoot (Madhya Pradesh)
2. Twin cities network services (Hyderabad and Andhra Pradesh)
3. Electronic Land Record Systems (Karnataka, Punjab, and Andhra Pradesh)
4. Automated Milk Collection (AMC) System (Gujarat)

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 26% of people in India were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 1.3% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wireless broadband subscription has reach 9.4%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In early 2010, India has launched Digital India Program, a flagship program of the Government of India
with a vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. The program
required all government institutions to leverage their ICT capacity. This program also adopts Public Private
Partnership approach for supporting the successful of Digital India. The program has identified priority
areas; Digital Infrastructure, Governance and Service on Demand, and Digital Empowerment. These areas
were cascaded into specific actions and measurable targets.
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India choses centralization for D-Government initiatives. As part of centralizing D-Government initiatives,
India developed State Data Center. Furthermore, India has set an e-governance infrastructure to ensure thealignment among D-Government projects with national strategy. To increase interoperability, India
prepared a Government Application Program Interface (API).

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online service, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services were investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e- Health is the only Online Service
in India that cannot be investigated during the period of survey.
In term of complexity level, all of Online Service in India have passed an initial stage in which user can
download the document requirement and still need a physical interaction with government officers. In
addition to that, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication,
and Password Protection for obtaining the services. Since the e-Customs is still in a one-way interaction,such security measures are not found in it.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that three portals areabove the average considerably in term of speed. All online service in India have scored above average,
thus, considerably fast to access. The third party application for assessing the portal is the application from
Google named Google PageSpeed™ Insight on https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In
addition to that, all clickable objects on the portal work as they should do.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://eprocure.gov.in
http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in
https://www.icegate.gov.in/
N/A
http://india.gov.in/services/online-services

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of India (https://india.gov.in/) contains proper information for local citizens
and foreigners. Information about India is available on the portal. User can find information about culture
and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insightshowed that the website performance is above average both from PC and from Mobile Device.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
India government established the Department of Electronic and Information Technology under Ministry ofCommunication and Information India (DEITY). DEITY take a significant role for providing a sponsorshipand leadership on D-Government in India. DEITY is considered as a GCIO for nation-wide. The role ofhead of DEITY is similar to the role of a CIO. To support the development program of CIO, there is a CIO
Academy offered by Srini Raju Centre for IT & Networked Economy (SRITNE) and the Centre for
Executive Education at the Indian School of Business (ISB) in partnership with the CIO Association ofIndia.

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4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
One program in Digital India is to create awareness about e-Governance services and service delivery points.
There are numerous activities to introduce D-Government services from government to citizens. These
activities were hosted by DEITY under National D-Government Plan (NEGP). In addition to that, to ensure
the fairness and sustainability of D-Government projects, India government used a third party audit do so.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Culture and society in India has long been recognized as a high tech society. Government officers can takethe benefit of ICT for supporting their role. For instance, parliament member has their own website andprovide the citizens with the channel to communicate. However, the absence of e-participation portal for
gaining citizen’s expression reduce the quality of e-Participation in India so far.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In 2001, India has launched Freedom of Information Act to participate in the Freedom of Information Act
movement around the world. To strengthen the implementation of these act, India has established Open
Data Portal (https://data.gov.in) to provide public with accessible government information. The portal ismaintained by National Informatics Center. To keep the information update, India government uses a
module for contributing data catalogs by various government agencies, thus, making those available on thefront end website after a due approval process through a defined workflow.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
India has ratified several laws and regulation related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

IT Act 2000
IT (Ammended) Act 2008
Trusted Company Certification
Security incident - Early Warning & Response
Cyber Security Assurance Framework
National Cyber Security Policy

In addition to these laws, India has strengthened organization capacity for cybercrime countermeasure bysetting up an Inter Departmental Information Security Task Force (ISTF) with National Security Council as
the nodal agency. Indian-CERT was established to support India government for solving Internet Security
problems.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). India has implemented Cloud Computing for
Public Sector named “GI Cloud”, which is later named “Meghraj”. This Cloud is hosted by National
Informatics Center. Infrastructure-as-a-Service is one of Cloud Computing Services available forgovernment institution. Beside the Cloud Computing Technology, India has formally implemented IoT. The
state government of Andhra Pradesh have approved their own internet of things policy, with an aim tocapture at least 10% Indian IoT market share. Although the policy has been approved, however, the evidenceshow that it is not officially launched.

5 Some Highlights
Align with India’s e-vision, India is struggling to adopt the Cloud Computing through a very ambitious
initiative named “GI Cloud”, which is later named “Meghraj”. GI Cloud involves government, private
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sector, and community. They have roles in every building block of GI Cloud initiatives; Cloud Consumer,
Cloud Auditor, Cloud Provider, Developer Community, and Research & Development Center.
In addition to Government Cloud Initiatives, India also implements Internet of Things (IoT) as a way to takethe optimum benefit of ICT in this era. Government has assigned Bangalore as the IoT Hub for India since
the Bangalore has the largest IoT Community in India. To support the IoT era, government set up the Centerof Excellent for IoT in partnership with NASSCOM.
In contrast to Cloud Computing and IoT, Big Data is still in an initial stage in India. Government is stillcollecting ideas from community about Big Data, especially Big Data Analytics for Public Sector.

GI Cloud Architecture

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Indonesia
1 General Information
Area: 1,904,569 km229
Population: 258,316,051 30
Government Type: Presidential Republic 31
GDP: $11,70032
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Countries

Asian Countries

Among APEC Countries, Indonesia has a better score than the average score of APEC in Open Government
Data, Government CIO Institutionalization. As shown on the above picture, Indonesia is very low on thebasic infrastructure. However, despite the lack basic infrastructure, Indonesia has been trying to take thebenefit of emerging ICT such as Cloud Computing, Big Data, and IoT. Some progress in the area of
emerging ICT has led Indonesia to get a better position than the average of APEC Countries.
These achievements also reflect the position in Asian region in which Indonesia considerably approached
Singapore in the Open Data and the use of emerging ICT.

29

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html
31
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html
32
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html
30

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3 D-Government Development
D-Government in Indonesia has been initiated formaly since 2003 along with the ratification of Presidential
Instruction No. 3/2003 about implementatino of D-Government in Indonesia signed by the 5th President ofIndonesia. Since 2014, there are two ministries
responsible for D-Government, i.e., Ministry ofCommunication and Information (Kominfo)
andMinistryofApparatus
Empowerment/Bureaucratic
Reform(MenPAN-RB). Kominfo deals with thetechnical aspect and MenPAN-RB takeresponsibility on policy and procedure.

Source: National Development and Planning Agency, Indonesian
Broadband Plan

D-Government in Indonesia is scattered allover government agencies either central andlocal. Most of them are not connected norinteroperable each other. The major theme of
D-Government in Indonesia is improving
public service for reducing corruption. Many
D-Government applications are addressed tocurb corruption such as e-budget system inJakarta Province, e-Participation application
provided by Presidential Task Force, andcollaborative monitoring portal by Bandung City.
This year, Indonesia government is still processing the approvement for National D-Government Roadmap
2016-2019. This plan is aimed to optimize the use of information and communication technology inimproving the public satisfaction of government services, promoting the economic growth, increasing the
public engagement and trust, as well as improving the performance of public services.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 22.1% of people in Indonesia were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 1.1% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wireless broadband subscription has reached 42.7%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In 2016, Indonesia is still processing the National D-Government Roadmap 2016-2019. The ultimate goalof this agenda is the optimization of the use of ICT that will address the public satisfaction of government
service, economic growth, and public engagement. The strategy was designed for supporting President’s
Vision named NawaCita 2016-2019. D-Government is the embodiment of mission no. 2 of NawaCita; “toensure that the government is clean, efficient, democratic and trusted”.
For supporting the inter government interoperability, Kominfo has launched a guidance named “Handbook
for inter government document interoperability”. In addition to that, there are one case that Indonesia havea centralized government financial information system which integrate local and central government
financial system named “State Treasury and Budgetary System” (SPAN).

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4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-One-Stop Service and e-Healthhave the lowest score, compare to other three online services.
In term of complexity level, most of Online Service in Indonesia has reached a transactional in which user
can start the transaction from applying to receiving the service through the portal. In addition to that, all
Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, and Password
Protection for obtaining the services. As for the One-Stop-Service, Indonesia adopts the decentralization inwhich all government agencies, especially the local government, have right to develop their own DGovernment solution for improving the public services.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third party application result has shown that all portals, except
the e-Health, are above the average considerably in term of speed. The third party application for assessing
the portal is the application from Google named Google PageSpeed™ Insight on
https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickable objects on the
portal work as they should do.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://lpse.lkpp.go.id
https://djponline.pajak.go.id
https://www.insw.go.id/
N/A
http://satulayanan.id/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Indonesia (http://www.indonesia.go.id) contains proper information for
local citizens and foreigners. Information about Indonesia is available on the portal. People can findinformation about culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, the result of
Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is very poor, which is far below averageboth from PC and from Mobile Device. In addition, the portal does not provide the user with somefunctionalities such as social network integration, and an inquiry form.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Indonesia government has clearly defined the need of ICT leadership on D-Government. Major ministries
have CIO as the proper role in part of their structure. CIO in ministerial level is not necessary a head of ICTrelated bureau. Most of them are high rank officer which is one level below the Minister. However, it
depends on the size of organization, some organizations attach the role of CIO to the head of ICT-related
bureau which is two level below the Minister. For the GCIO development program, Bandung Institute ofTechnology and GadjahMada University offer a Master Degree program specializing on CIO.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There is a very few evidence to get the assurance that there were several programs in Indonesia related tothe promotion of D-Government. However, there are two regular efforts in Indonesia that are aimed to163

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measure the Indonesia D-Government development. These efforts are Indonesian e-Govenrment Ranking(PeGI) and ICT Pura. Moreover, Indonesia has established National ICT Council (Detiknas) that consist of
government, business enterprise, and academia.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Indonesia enjoyed the young society whose demand in utilizing ICT is very big and active. These factors
have driven Indonesia to equip D-Government with mobile-friendly application. Despite its lack of basic
infrastructure, e-participation related application is widely spread around the young generation. For instance,some government leaders have their website and provides the citizens with the alternative channel tocommunicate. The most interesting e-participation portal in Indonesia are lapor.go.id which is a portal for
citizens to report any wrong-doing found in government service. This portal is maintained by Presidential
Task Force and redirected to all government institutions.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In 2008, Indonesia launched Freedom of Information Act (UU No. 14/2008) to participate in the Freedomof Information Act movement around the world. To strengthen the implementation of these act, Indonesia
has established Open Data Portal (http://data.go.id/) to provide public with government information. Jakarta
City also developed Open Data at http://data.jakarta.go.id. To keep the information up-to-date, Indonesian
government involves community in the area of Open Data to standardize and reformat all interesting data
available on the government website to be displayed on the Open Data Portal.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Indonesia has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

Electronic Transaction Act No. 11/2008
Electronic Transaction and System Provider Regulation No. 82/2012
Information Security Guideline
GOV-Cert
ID-SIRTII
ID-CERT
ID-SIRTII

In addition to these laws, Indonesia has strengthened organization capacity for cybercrime countermeasureby setting up CERT-Indonesia and give a mandate to ID-SIRTII to exercise supervision over the continuous
application of security measures.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Indonesia has officially launched a Software-asa-Service solution called SiMaya by Circular of Ministry of State Apparatus Empowerment andBureaucratic Reform No.5/2013. The service is hosted by Ministry of Communication and Information.
And, it is available for all government agencies that needs such service.
Jakarta Provincial Government has been implementing Big Data in Jakarta Smart City applications. Dataon the application is taken from reports on public complaints on several social media and also Qlue, a social
media community reporting. Reports from the public then digitally mapped and integrated withsmartcity.jakarta.go.id pages and Quick Response on Public Opinion (CROP) application. The city
government officials are required to install this application on their smartphones, especially the officials
responsible for residential areas, the local leader. Moreover, Internet of Things has been applied in most164THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

areas and government institutions such as CCTV monitoring for traffic and public facilities by Local Police
Agency (TMC Polda Metro Jaya) and Bus Rapid Transit System in Jakarta.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the Open Government Data, National Portal, and Cybersecurity
are the top three indicators in Indonesia. Indonesia has sharpened the Open Data Initiatives so that thecommunity can take the benefit of it such as more empowerment, more informed, and more expressive. The
focus of advancing the Open Data is to create demand for Internet, hence, encourage the telecommunicationcompany to increase the quality of telecommunication infrastructure. National Portal Indonesia contains
useful information for local and also foreigners such as country information, tourism, and link to available
e-services. To increase trust of citizens for using D-Government service, ensuring the security of digitaltransactions has been taken into account in D-Government Development in Indonesia.

Source: National Development and Planning Agency

Despite its lack of basic infrastructure, Indonesian government decided to strengthen government capacity
in ICT by utilizing the emerging ICT. Some examples of current implementation are SiMaya for Cloud
Computing Service, Bus tracking and IP CCTV for IoT implementation, and Public Report Analysis for the
Big Data implementation. In addition to that, Indonesia government has decided to extend the Palapa Ring
Project under the Indonesia Broadband Plan (IBP) 2015-2019. Two procurements have been announced andthe bid winner was appointed in 2015. It is expected that in 2019, the telecommunication infrastructure will
be improved significantly.

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Ireland
1 General Information
Area: 70,273 km2
Population: 4,892,305
Government Type: Republic, parliamentarydemocracy
GDP: $54,300
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Europe Countries

OECD Countries

It is the second time for Ireland to be evaluated in Waseda D-Government ranking. Compared to other
Europe countries, Ireland has got better performance on indicator of Network Infrastructure Preparedness,
D-Government Promotion and Emerging Technologies, especially on new technologies applications. The
strengths have been remained among OECD countries as well.

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3 D-Government Development
The latest D-Government strategy in Ireland called “eGovernment 2012 – 2015” was published by COMD,
a division within the Department of Public Expenditure & Reform, working with the Public Service CIO
Council. The policy document is aimed to assist the programme for government and public service reform
plan with the utilization of ICT technologies. Eight key projects including 44 specific actions are planned
into the policy: Continue momentum with online services; Use new and emerging technologies and media;
Ensure that D-Government is designed around real needs; Take steps to improve Take-Up; Ensure thatpublic service data is available for Re-use; Digital mapping/Geographic information systems; Identity andauthentication; Back-end integration. These actions show the priority of D-Government policy in Ireland,with the commitment to deliver better services and promote collaboration between government and citizens,and reduce administrative burden for business as well. The task for monitoring ICT and D-Government
strategies implementation has been attributed to CMOD, who owns two cross-sectoral p groups: ICT
frameworks steering group and Government networks programme board to take responsibility for strategicalapproaches to ICT development and overseeing the procurement details.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 80.1% of people in Ireland are internet users according to the report released by ITU. 27.7%
are fixed-broadband users and the wireless-broadband users are 95%. The preparedness rates are exceeding
average level of Europe countries.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Department of Public Expenditure and Reform has published national D-Government Strategy for2012~2015 in co-work with the Public Service CIO Council to enhance public service delivery and better
access to service channels for citizens and industries. For the interval governance structure, one divisioncalled CMOD (Centre for Management and Organization Development) in the Department of Public
Expenditure and Reform is responsible for coordinating the development and implementation of DGovernment policy and for central D-Government operation. Under the Public service CIO Council, it
advises and requires report progress from different government agencies.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Among five investigated online services, e-tax, and one-stop-service of Ireland are the better than the rest
online services. They have provided the citizen the two way interaction with government, including epayment, security, and automation. E-Health and E-Customs do not provide two-way interaction so far. The
one-stop-service has listed the categories of each service in a brief links with simple name, which simplified
the introduction and has saved time for citizens to search and access to the e-services they want.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The National Portal (http://www.gov.ie/) is integrated with one-stop-service portal, which has stick to its
succinct rule to keep information delivery simple and easy for users. If users want to check public services
and entitlements, the citizen information has provided information about every aspect of social life in Irelandinteracting with government agencies including Social Welfare/ Education and Training/ Housing/
Employment and so on. However, for foreign users there could be more basic introduction to the nation.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
In 2016, Ireland has appointed the third government CIO, Barry Lowry, the former head of IT in the
Northern Ireland Civil Service. There has also established the Office of the Government Chief Information
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Officer (OGCIO) at the Department of Public Expenditure and Reform since 2013. In second degree
government agency such as the Health Service Executive, the Office of Chief Information Officer (OCIO)
has been launched to turn the eHealth Ireland Strategy into reality ensuring that technology supports
healthcare efficiently and effectively throughout the whole system.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The latest D-Government strategy 2010-2015 has a detailed website to introduce each aspect of the strategy
itself within links on previous plans. Ireland has a very clear picture of the D-Government promotion
structure, from the organizational preparedness on each sector such as Ministry/Government/Cabinet
Committee on Public Service Reform, CMOD, Public Service CIO Council and different departments ingovernment. In specific agency, CIO has played a role to supervise ICT policy implementation and internal
reform by the ICT.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The remarkable one-stop-service in Ireland has enabled citizens to interact with government in a most simple
and convenient way. By different categories, different situation and different purpose, it provides multiple
channels for users to search, apply and contact the government agencies. In a feedback process, the portal
has prepared a completed list for complaining on different departments and variable issues which citizens
may face during their interaction with public sectors.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Ireland has launched Freedom of Information Action (FOI) in 2014, to promise that every citizen has legal
rights on accessing official records held by Government Departments and all public bodies, having personal
information held on them corrected or updated where such information is incomplete, incorrect ormisleading and being given reasons for decisions taken by public bodies that affect them. The first daftOpen Government Partnership (OGP) National Action Plan has also been published at the OGP Europe
Regional Conference in 2014. To the open data website (https://data.gov.ie/data), there has 4322 datasetsby 85 publishers in government agencies so far.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Ireland has made several regulations and Acts related to Cyber Security, such as the Consumer Protection(Consumer Information) Regulations 2012, Data Protection Act2003, and Electronic Commerce Act 2000.
To the strategical side, The National Cyber Security Strategy has been published in 2015 and the Data
Protection Strategy2014-2016 was released earlier. At the meanwhile, organizational preparedness has beenas the establishment of The National Cyber Security Centre(NCS) to operate tasks on network andinformation security. The NCSC encompasses the State’s national/governmental Computer Security
Incident Response Team (CSIRT-IE). CSIRT-IE is seeking international recognition with respected peersin the respective government and national CSIRT communities so that it can effectively undertake its workon situational awareness and incident response. CSIRT-IE is initially focusing on the State sector and acts
as a national point of contact.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Government of Ireland has regarded the merging ICT as methods to reform public service, the key elementof public service’s ICT strategy. Cloud Computing Strategy has been made to support the reform, to engage
with Cloud Computing and to undertake a comprehensive programme of Data Centre Consolidation.
Considering Ireland’s effort to promote open data, there should be more related legal framework and Data
management engaged into the government’s official departments.

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5 Some Highlights
It is the second year for Ireland to enter Waseda D-Government ranking, scores on each indicator arebalanced, and Ireland showed its strength on the indicator of “Online Service” “Management Optimization”
and “D-Government promotion” which also are the common strong points for Top 20 countries. The one
stop service of Ireland (http://www.gov.ie/) tries to minimize the website to provide most of the informationand links to government agencies on simple options. It is also available for users to search information by
4 ordinary needs as “apply/find/complain/pay” on the first-level page. However, more information could be
added to the national portal for non-Irish people to get known about the nation, in additions to the tourism
website for Ireland. With a good foundation of D-Government plans and GCIO structures, Ireland may gain
more progress on the D-Government development in the future.

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Israel
1 General Information
Area: 20,770 km2
Population: 8,049,314
Government Type: Parliamentary Democracy
GDP: $34,300
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

Europe3 D-Government Development
In recent years Israel has stepped forward in D-Government services and joined the top 20 countries
according to the United Nations. The strong effort and dedication in providing its citizens all information
access and transparency and citizen participation in government has helped Israel advance to join top leadersin D-Government. Started D-Government projects as early as 1997, now Israel is a more advanced countryin D-Government development compare to others in Western Asia. In the next years, the Israel government
intends to focus on personalization government portal for Israeli citizens (my.gov.il); deployment of SmartID card for all citizens; developing new cross-government applications; develop infrastructure for cellular
e-Gov; deploying Digital Signature in all government forms and upgrade all government websites with web
2.0 tools.
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4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of theMediterranean Sea in Western Asia. The country covers an area of 20,770 square kilometers. It is borderedby Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the south-west and theMediterranean Sea to the west. It had a population of 8,323,248 in 2017. Israel joined the OECD in 2010.
As of 2017, 76.3% of Israeli citizens connected to the Internet. 25.7% of citizens are broadband subscribers.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]D-Government projects in Israel began as early as the late 90’s with the governmental Internet committee,
the Tehila and Shoham (governmental payment services), Merkava (ERP system to government offices)
and Tamar (public key infrastructure).
In terms of D-Government, Israel is an advanced country within the region. D-Government in Israel is wellmatured and widely used in administration implemented using the five Layer model of D-Government. The
overall D-Government strategy places enhanced information access and integration, based on the Merkava
concept, at the core. A strategic solution enabling the government as a whole to perfectly harness
information and knowledge resources in order to achieve an order of magnitude improvements ineffectiveness, efficiency and service delivery

4.3 Online Service [OS]The E-signature Law, the Data Communication Law and Anti-spam Law are considered pieces of the basic
legal framework for interface applications. The Israeli government is currently providing a comprehensive
e-commerce services including e-tender, e-tax, and e-payment services at transactional level. E-voting
system was tested in some areas but security issues and some flaws in the implementation process hindered
the full take-up. Other e-Services allow users to download forms such as Consular Services, Civil
Registration Services, and Social Security Services.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Israel government portal http://www.gov.il/firstgov/ is part of the D-Government project; its goal is toimprove and reinforce ties and communication between citizens and government institutions. The portal is
the single gateway to all the governmental ministries and services on the Internet. The portal provides theentire range of services and information supplied by the government to citizens of the state Citizens canaccess information on government services in several ways: by target audience, topics and life events.
Citizens can also use the portal’s electronic identity management feature ‘My Gov.’ to filter content thatinterests them and to access the full range of online government services and make online payments.
The website presents information in five major categories: Ministries and Authorities (Information from thewebsites of Government Ministries), Guides (Information tailored to key target audiences such as tourists,
students, immigrants, and investors), Subjects (Information regarding historic events of the state), Forms
and Payments. It also has column with links to the gov.il forum, the tourism website and about Israel; andprovides weather and exchange rate information for citizens. Despite the availability of the website in
Hebrew, English and Arabic; mobile services, SNS and blog features are only available on the Hebrew
website which is also richer in contents than the other language websites. The website also updates
information about governmental activities and new D-Government initiatives.
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4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Israeli public administration has appointed the first government CIO in 2012 after creating the CIO titledposition under the Ministry of Finance. There was an initiative in the government to appoint CIOs in thegovernment starting from 2012. The Ministry of Finance coordinates a sophisticated initiative for DGovernment, which integrates all ministries, and is establishing highly developed services for citizens. The
D-Government Department under the Ministry of Finance is in charge of D-Government implementationand coordination. However, there is no CIO related education in the Israel’s current education system. On
the other hand, there is significant number of CIOs and CIO positions within the private sector in the country.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
As far as specific D-Government promotion measure is concerned, the Israel government has directed all
government ministries, through the Accountant General (responsible for D-Government practices), to
include the www.gov.il portal logo and URL in any official publication (such as documents, envelopes,
payment vouchers, etc.) for over a decade.
The Government of Israel has adopted and promoted the policy of open government, and has joined theInternational Open Government Partnership, which also promotes Open Government Policy. The goal of anopen government is to empower the individual, the society and the state on the basis of three fundamental
principles: Transparency through active reporting to the public, citizen participation and Accountability.
Because D-Government has become an integral part of public sector transformation nowadays.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The Government of Israel is committed to freedom of information, and to promoting transparency andaccessibility to data and information produced in the public sector. Now Israel is one of the figureheadcountries which promote online public involvement. Most of public information such as elected officials,
legislation, national budget information, etc. of Israeli government is available online. In Israeli
government’s websites, sharing, tagging and SNS tools such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Flicks, etc.
are widely adopted. Both Prime Minister and President of Israel have their own websites which provide
feedback functions to communicate with citizens.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Open Government Policy—as it has developed throughout the Western world in recent years—aims toharness new technologies to improve communication between the government and its citizens. It also aims
to correctly utilize and exploit the information that is at the disposal of the government, in order to bringabout social and economic benefits. This policy paper proposes a model for the successful implementationof Open Government Policy in Israel.
In advancing the principles of transparency, making information accessible to the public, and public
participation, the primary advantage of the digital age is an ability to supervise the actions of government.
Another advantage is that an increased level of accessibility to data in different fields leads to public andeconomic benefits and encourages development and initiatives. In addition, it goes without saying thatpublic participation is an excellent tool for actualizing the concept of the “wisdom of the crowd” (thecollective perception of a group of people, who are not necessarily experts).

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
A special program was established to prioritize the cyber defense industry, in cooperation with the Ministryof Economy, which will invest approximately 22 million dollars in R&D between 2013 and 2015. Perhaps,
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the greatest asset though is Israel human capital. Due to the security threat, the government has a record
number of young people who enter the fields of technology and cyber defense, every year, at the young ageof 18, within the framework of their military service. They are young, dynamic and creative. In the field ofcyber defense, the threat matrix is changing constantly and one must be incredibly flexible and creative.

5 Some Highlights
Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu designated the southern metropolitan area of Beer Sheva, as aninternational cyber center. All of governmental and military institutions which address the cyber threat willbe transferred to city of Beer Sheva. Israel also acceded to the Budapest Cybercrime Convention in 2013.
The government will continue to support other cooperation mechanisms that contribute to harmonizing
cyber defense tools. In Israel they believe that cyber is not just a threat, but rather an opportunity for creative
thought and economic growth. As the reliance on the Internet and the virtual realm increases, the need forcyber defense will only grow.

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Italy
1 General Information
Area: 301,340 km2
Population: 62,007,540
Government Type: Parliamentary Republic
GDP: $36,300
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

European Countries

Among OECD Countries, D-Government Promotion (EPRO), E-Participation (EPAR) and Open
Government Data (OGD) indicators are above the average score of OECD members. GCIO indicator of
Italy gets the worst score in European countries and also in OECD. Amongst European countries, Italy isplaced below Denmark. However, the E-Participation (EPAR) and Open Government Data (OGD)
indicators of Italy are the same with Denmark, the best country in Europe region.

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3 D-Government Development
The Agency for Digital Italy (L'Agenzia per l'ItaliaDigitale: AGID) has been set up with the task ofmonitoring the implementation plans for ICT in public administrations in line with the Digital Agenda for
Europe, thus creating the “Italian Digital Agenda” in line with the Digital Administration Code
(Codicedell'AmministrazioneDigitale, CAD) at the end of March 2014. And AGID also reminded public
administrations that they are obliged by a 2014 law to offer electronic payment solutions. AGID is offering
support, by organizing meetings with municipal and regional administrations across the country, explaining
the benefits of e-Payment solutions, and by introducing possible solutions and solution providers. Offering
e-Payment to citizens and companies is key to the growth of D-Government services, AGID writes.

The Italian strategy for next generation access network

In addition to legislative measures for general profiles and strategy in the field of digital agenda, the Councilof Ministers has approved the Digital Growth Plan 2014-2020 and the UltraWideband Plan. Both plans havebeen defined by AGID and the Ministry of Economic Development under the coordination of the Prime
Minister.
The national plan for ultra-wideband is synergistic to the Strategy for Growth Digital. The strategy has adynamic character, to be able to adapt gradually to the scenarios in the reference period 2014-2020. This
strategy aimed at growing digital citizens and businesses, also using the levers public. Integrate what has
been achieved in a subsidiary or under construction in both the public sector, both in the private and must
be realized a complete synergy with other public strategies in place, is attributable to the national
government is a regional responsibility, to put helpfully "to system "objectives, processes and results.

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4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 65.6% of people in Italy were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 23.8% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reach 82.1%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]This “Italian Digital Agenda” guideline provides operational guidance for Italian public administrations
towards the implementation process of the national strategy for improving public information assets. Amongother topics, organizational and operational schemes are proposed, technical standards and best practices
are highlighted and cost and licensing aspects are considered.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services: e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five e-Tax, and e-Customs are the best performer among
five online services.
In terms of complexity level, only e-Tax, and e-Customs have reach interaction level where the citizen canobtain the service without necessarily visit to the government office. Other services have the downloadable
form and like to other service. In tern of enable citizens to securely access e-Services, the Italian Government
has also developed the National Services Card (CNS). It is a smart card allowing for the secured
identification of citizens online.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that e-Tax, and e-Customs
and One-Stop Service portals are above the average considerably in terms of speed. The third party
application for assessing the portal is the application from Google PageSpeed™ Insight.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://www.acquistinretepa.it/
https://telematici.agenziaentrate.gov.it/Main/index.jsp
https://assistenza.agenziadogane.it/assistenza/index.asp
Regional and hospital portals available
http://www.impresainungiorno.gov.it for business
Regional portals available for citizens

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. The “http://www.governo.it/” government portal provides a gateway for users to accessgovernment information easily, and “http://www.agid.gov.it/” is the Italia Digital Agenda which provides
single-window access to information and government services to citizens and organizations/businesses.
Moreover, “http://www.impresainungiorno.gov.it/” is D-Government portal for business which has beenoffering useful information on a wide range of topics that are of interest to businesses. In technical aspect,
the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is below average on both
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from PC and from Mobile Device. And also from the user experience aspect, this website is not muchfunctionality.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There is no dedicated GCIO post. There are no specific laws or mandates for CIO positions in Italy. AGID
under the Prime Minister's Office is the leading institution for Digital Italy and is responsible for theprovision of technical support and consultancy for the Italian Public Administration and the ItalianGovernment. And Director of AGID is partly addresses the GCIO position.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The passage of the D-Government Code (Codicedell’AmministrazioneDigitale) in 2006 marked a milestone
in Italian D-Government efforts. Passage of such legislation heralded stronger emphasis on D-Government
in Italy. This also provided the legal framework for succeeding D-Government initiatives both at the national
and local level. And this situation is similar to the one in any developed countries where the IT Culture has
been embraced in the society.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Having web forums to enable citizens to participate in e-discussions is one of the remarkable functions that
central and local Italian government is seeking to deploy at length. And Polls delivered via the national
portal allow citizens to express their views on topics raised by some administrators. Generally speaking,Italy has a certain level of understanding of e-participation in decision-making policies. On May 2016 The
Italian Council of Ministers has approved a Transparency Decree providing for access to information. “Thefirst Italian FOIA” has just entered into force and still has some handicaps, like the lack of sanctions for
public bodies that illegitimately refuse to disclose documents and the absence of an ombudsman in many
Italian regions.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The “http://www.dati.gov.it/” is D-Government portal for open data that is promoted by the Ministry for
Public Administration and Innovation in order to enable the access to the data of all the Italian authorities,
both at the national and local level. It contains links and descriptions for about 10,338 datasets produced by
76 governments including Geographical data and 695 Statistical data as one the end of February, 2017. The
data available any citizen intending to use it to develop applications for analysis or study purposes, in acomplete, quick and accessible to all format. In local level such Roma, also has open data
“http://www.opendata.provincia.roma.it/” however it is not much of data set.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
In Italy, since 2013 following the adoption of the Prime Minister’s “Decree Containing Strategies
Guidelines for the National Cyber Protection and ICT Security”, the Cybersecurity Working Group wasestablished under the Committee for the Security of the Republic, and chaired by Department forIntelligence and Security (DIS) and developed the National Strategic Framework for Cyberspace Security
2013. In addition, the Ministry of the Interior established the National Anti-Cybercrime Center for theProtection of Critical Infrastructure (Centro Nazionale Anticrimine Informatico per la ProtezionedelleI
nfrastrutture Critiche - CNAIPIC) as a special unit within the Postal and Communication Police Service.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The strategy for implementing Government
Cloud has been approved by Italian Digital Agenda. Along with the implementation of Government Cloud,it started the second phase of the Consip tender for the supply to the PA central and local cloud computing
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services and were sent invitation letters to competitors who have pre-qualified, responding to tender. In
addition, Italy’s Revenue Agency used the computer system to compare taxpayers’ income declarations
with their expenditures, it works under concept of Big government meets big data.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the Open Government, e-Participation and Online service are
the top indicator in Italy. However, the weak point in Italy is about the use of emerging ICT for government
and GCIO. In June 2015, AGID launched a new version of the National Open Data portal:“http://www.dati.gov.it/” in order to promote the quality of the data published. The new portal ensuresuniformity of the contents of the catalog, which now includes metadata that describe open data held by the
public authorities involved. Moreover, it publishes only the metadata of data available in formats recognized
as open and associated with open licenses compatible with the definition of open data.
Public System for Digital Identity Management (SPID) is a unique personal code that certifies the digital
identity of citizens and businesses. SPID can be used to access and enjoy all the telematic services of the
PA which a unique identification code. The launch in April 2015 within the system SPID is one of thepriorities set by the President of the Council of Ministers. In addition, the Italian electronic identity card
grants access to secure D-Government services requiring electronic identification, and the possibility toperform related online transactions. Strictly for electronic use, they also have the National Services Card
(NSC). Online interfaces are also provided for citizens to access to e-Procurement, e-Tax, and e-Customs,
which have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, and Password Protection for
obtaining the services.

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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTJapan
1 General Information
Area: 377,915km2
Population: 126,919,659
Government Type: A parliamentary government
with a constitutional monarchy
GDP: $38,200
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Economies

OECD Countries

Japan has comparatively high performance on most of the indicators than average level of APEC and OECDmembers, except the indicator of National Portal. Besides, Japan has better scores of Network Preparedness
and GCIO.

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3 Government Development
D-Government strategies in Japan have gone through several stages along with the technical and socialchange, the latest D-Government initiative remains the “declaration to be the world’s most advanced IT
nations” published in 2014. Japan founded a comprehensive system for decision and implement in DGovernment plan, the participating sectors include IT strategic headquarters, Government program
management office, Government CIO, CIOs Council, etc. It is very compellent of Japan’s meticulous DGovernment initiatives which cascaded nation’s objectives into different plans, such as the promotion of
online use of administrative procedures and optimization of work and systems, local D-Governments andso on. Legible and distinguished goals from different initiatives possess their own policy evaluation, in order
to confirm the best implement on each phase. Moreover, Japan has established GCIO system in each levelof government to ensure the implement of ICT strategies into organizations and societies.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 93.3% of people in Japan have used internet in their daily life. According to ITU’s report,
about 30.5% are fixed-broadband users and the wireless-broadband users are 126.4%. Internet penetrationin Japan has reached a high level compared to other countries.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Japan is one of the earliest countries to push the integrated government systems and has made lots ofprogress such as the GPKI ( Government Public Key Infrastructure) and “Kasumigaseki one” system. As of
2011, most of the 87-optimization target areas are in the implementation phase. IT Headquarter started “Themost advanced IT Nation” Strategy to implement D-Government as the priority area productivity andefficiency since 2013.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Most of the Online application systems such as e-Tax, e-Payment, and social security services provide
transactional operations (covering all the service processes including requests, payments, decisions, anddelivery). There are many various online services by D-Government, but the D-Government development
in local level lack of usage. It may be related to the reality of aging society faced by Japan that most of theresidences are aging people in local area who are not familiar to the e-Service systems. Therefore, the online
service sites are less designed and regularly updated.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
National Portal of Japan (http://www.japan.go.jp/index.html) is a new public site for introducing Japan topeople, mainly for the non-citizens. It contains proper information about different aspects of Japan, theportal has provided the latest national news, demographic information, political initiatives, cultures,
government agencies introduction and so on. It also has presented the official JapanGov APP to deliverusers up-to-date information about Japan including photos and videos.

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4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Each central ministry has a CIO who is appointed among senior staff within the ministry (mainly Director
General of administration) and an assistant CIO who is an expert recruited externally. Federal CIO Council
composed of Ministry CIOs has the authority to decide many rules on in-house ICT installation and online
services. The percentage of CIO appointments at the prefecture level is 90% and 85% is at the city level in
2014.The government established a Government CIO as a core of all Ministry CIOs in November 2012.
Mr.Endoh, EVP of Ricoh was appointed to the first government CIO and has worked very efficiently with
Federal CIO council.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There are four organizations behind promotion of D-Government in Japan. Namely: The D-Government
Evaluation Committee; the Government Promotion and Management Office of IT Policy Office of Cabinet
Secretariat, the Administrative Management Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications; and the Program Management Offices (PMO). They are responsible for creating a new
set of priority policies every year to identify crucial issues that must be solved during short-term time andalso analyze its contribution to the long-term benefits. The national IT strategies and the frameworks ofaction plans are developed by the IT Strategic Headquarters. It has subordinate organs, which include the
CIO Council consisting of all the CIOs and their assistants in each Ministry. MIC created the National DGovernment promotion council and has made various PR activities.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
2016 is the first year for the Japanese Government adopting the Social Security and Tax number system(My number) This system needs e-participation by all Japanese citizens and companies to develop efficiency
in administration and enhance public convenient. However, after a trial practice, the government hasannounced the system has to delay until July 2017 which is half a year later than the plan. How to encourage
citizens to join the system is one of the big problems for government agencies now in Japan.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In October, 2013, Open data charter action plan was announced, and then the government has released using
standard version1.0 for open data in 2014. Open data has become one of Central topics of IT policy in Japan.
Until June of 2016, the data site ( http://www.data.go.jp/) has over than 15,000s datasets presented. Users
can search the information by publishing government agencies, groups, tags and formats.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Japan boasts the world’s highest level of telecommunications infrastructure. The increased use andapplication of information and communication technology means, the Japanese government successively
prepared and revised strategies, annual plans, sector-specific policies and other measures in pursuit ofensuring cyber security, and based on these strategies and measures, forged cooperation among industry,
academia and government stakeholders in addressing these challenges. Japan is dedicated to utilize these
extensive experience and knowledge in promoting international cooperation. Japan has adopted a range of
information security measures with due consideration given to the viewpoints of the nation and users, basedon the “Information Security Strategy for Protecting the Nation” (May 2010) and its annual plan,“Information Security 2010” and “Information Security 2011”. In June 2013 the Japan Revitalization
Strategy and the Cyber security Strategy which were developed, and summarizes Japan’s basic policy andits priority areas for international cooperation and mutual assistance in the field of cyber security, so that it
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can be presented as a package to the stakeholders both in Japan and overseas. Japan will promote initiatives
for international cooperation and mutual assistance in cyber security based on this strategy under thecommon understanding shared among all domestic stakeholders including those from industries, academia
and the government. The just renamed National Centre of Incident Readiness and Strategy for Cyber
Security serves as the secretariat for Japanese governments’ cyber-security strategy headquarters

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Japan has moved fast at the emerging ICT application into public sectors. There are already some national
plans such as Smart Cloud Strategy, Big Data in Government, etc. Cloud computing in governmental
platform is at the ongoing phase. The ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry also has sponsored to publicprojects which have been selected to facilitate the IOT utilization. The next stage should be making the draft
for legal framework on emerging technologies applications.

5 Some Highlights
As one of the advanced D-Government nation, Japan keeps its leading impetus at the TOP 10 of ranking.
As aforementioned situation, Japan government has built a sophisticated promotion system for DGovernment initiatives and precise GCIO regimes into every rank of government (Central and local
government; different government agencies) to assure the implementation and evaluation process of DGovernment initiatives. It can be reported on high scores on “Government CIO” and “D-Government
Promotion”. Japan also continues to update its online service system as the objective of initiatives to simplify
administrative procedures and working systems. However, National Portal seems to be the only weak point
for D-Government in Japan. (http://www.japan.go.jp/) Some basic information including demographic dataand introduction to Japan political situation have been provided at the site, but it still needs much morenecessary functions to serve visitor’s needs rather than providing information only. In consideration of thecoming Tokyo Olympic Games that massive visitors would choose national portal as reference, it is a chanceand challenge at the same time for Japan government to reconsider that what is the appropriate way toprovide information and deliver e-service to Japanese and non-Japanese through internet.

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Kazakhstan
1 General Information
Area: 2,724,900 km2
Population: 18,157,122
Government Type: Presidential Republic
GDP: $24,700
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
ASIAN Countries

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3 D-Government Development
In 1997 the Head of the state has addressed with the Message to the people of the country "Prosperity, safety
and welfare improvement of all Kazakhs" which specified strategic priorities of development of Kazakhstan
till 2030. In 2009 completed realization of decade of Strategic plan of development of the Republic of
Kazakhstan which main objectives are achieved. Key directions and strategic targets of next decade are
specified by Strategic plan of development of Kazakhstan till 2020. Efforts of the state will be concentrated
on five key directions: preparation for post-crisis development; accelerated diversification of the economy;
investing in the future; services for citizens and ensuring international consent, security, stability ofinternational relations. In 2011, the D-Government of Kazakhstan (www.egov.kz) provided 2,000
information services, 219 interactive and transaction service online, granted 917,000 e-digital signaturesand 3.500 e-licenses.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
In 2017, Kazakhstan Internet users is about 13.3 million users with the penetration is 73%. The Internet in
Kazakhstan is growing rapidly. The mobile penetration is 180%; the country was also claiming an
impressive figure of 58 Internet users per 100 people. Most importantly, by early 2016 mobile broadband
services comprised around one third of the total mobile subscriber base as this service platform continued
on a rapid growth path.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The State Program “Information Kazakhstan – 2020” was approved by the President on January 8, 2013.The
main purpose of the Program is creation of conditions for transition to the information society. The key
objectives of the Program are: (i) Ensuring efficiency of the state administration system; (ii) Ensuring
accessibility of information and communication infrastructure; (iii) Establishment of information
environment necessary for social, economic and cultural development of society; and (iv) Development of
the national information space.

4.3 Online Service [OS]http://egov.kz/ is one-stop service, it is divided for citizens and businesses, The popular e-Services in
Kazakhstan are payment for tax on vehicles, get the certificate of the registered legal entity, Registration of
persons driving vehicles on the basis of power of attorney, except for the registration which is carried out
by the Ministry of Agriculture and payment of the fee for traffic regulations violations.
www.goszakup.gov.kz is a central facility for all public sector contracting authorities to announce
procurement opportunities and award notifications. It provides information about coming, accepted andcurrent tenders and allows online submission of tenders. Some e-Services were introduced with fulltransaction, but almost of them are at the level of information provision and downloading forms and will be
gradually enhanced to reach transactional level in the coming years.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The government one-stop-shop portal www.egov.kz was launched in 2006. The portal services are available
in 3 languages: Kazakh, Russian and English. D-Government of Kazakhstan (www.egov.kz) provides 2,000
information services, 219 interactive and transaction service online. The portal provides an on-line
counseling service, allowing citizens to address any government agency concerning certain issues.
Registered users may have access to a wider range of services including “Mail me” functions, common
scheduling and e-mail accounts. The portal also provides information on the national D-Government184

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development program and its projects and allows access to the reports on D-Government implementation
results.
The portal also lacks accessibility features: it doesn’t allow changing font size of the text and spacing
between words, and no text vocalization is provided. More advanced content and functions such as
multimedia shows, sharing, tagging, podcasts are still to be introduced but SNS feature are also introduced.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There is no official designated Government CIO. However, there are a de-facto two governmentorganizations that share the responsibilities of the CIO: National ICT Holding Zerde and JSC National
Information Technologies

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Kazakhstan government has put a lot of effort in reducing digital divide among the population andgovernment employees. Public Internet access points were opened all over the country in order to connect
citizens to the web. Classrooms for providing computer literacy were opened in several regions to promote
capacity development of public sector employees. To facilitate continues development of D-Government in
the country the government of Kazakhstan organizes annual international conferences called “DGovernment initiatives”. In addition special national competitions are announced on an annual basis withnominations for the best web-site in the official language, best public e-Service at the central and regional
levels, best public managers promoting D-Government, best mass media coverage of D-Government project
etc. Awareness surveys and opinion polls are posted on the one-stop shop portal to capture user feedback
and to improve the quality of provided e-Services.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
http://e.gov.kz/ includes features that increase citizen engagement. The site has a formal online consultation
section, online web conference between government officials and citizens, where the government receives
feedback from its citizens on government policies and services. A schedule of citizen reception by the headsof State Bodies is also available on the website. All of the cabinet members have their own blogs in
http://www.blogs.e.gov.kz/, the official government blog platform, where citizens can comment, ask
questions, or send suggestions.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
www.data.gov.kz is open data portal and introduced in 2013. It contains 763 types of official information
helpful to citizens and businesses are posted. Accessing the government agencies’ data sets allows the
programmers’ developing a variety of applications and directories. Information posted on the portal isclassified by such areas as transport, education, statistics, culture, health, second-tier banks, KazPost.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Cybersecurity in Kazakhstan is overseen by the Committee on National Security and the Ministry of Internal
Affairs. Both bodies are responsible for legal, regulatory and enforcement activities in the area ofcybersecurity (including prevention and counter-measures). These bodies work closely with telecom
infrastructure providers, including fixed and mobile telecoms

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
The Government of Kazakhstan is in the process of creating Government Cloud Infrastructure that willallow providing cloud-based services to Government bodies and citizens. The initiative is called G-cloud.
Plans for IoT implementations will be reflected in the new Digital Kazakhstan strategy, especially in the
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Smart Cities section. The government is running a pilot Big Data project within NITEC aimed at analysis
of social networks.

5 Some Highlights
There is no official designated Government CIO. However, there are a de-facto two governmentorganizations that share the responsibilities of the CIO: National ICT Holding Zerde and JSC National
Information Technologies.
The Presidential Administration and Office of the Prime Minister receive regular reports on implementationand status of D-Government initiatives submitted by the National ICT Holding Zerde and National
Information Technologies. However, since these are the agencies responsible for implementation as well,this evaluation can be biased.

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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTKenya
1 General Information
Area: 580,367 km2
Population: 46,790,758
Government Type: Presidential Republic
GDP: $ 3,400
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Africa Countries

Among Africa Countries, only Management Optimization (MO), Online Service (OS)and E-Participation(EPAR) indicators are above with the average score of Africa region. However, the Management
Optimization (MO),E-Participation (EPAR)and the use of Emerging Technologies for government(EMG)indicators of Kenya is better than those of South Africa, the best country in Africa region.

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3 D-Government Development
The Government of Kenya established the D-Government Programme in June 2004. It has since committed
itself towards achieving an effective and operational D-Government to facilitate more efficient delivery of
information and services to the citizens, promote productivity among public servants, encourage
participation of citizens in government, and empower all Kenyans.

National ICT Master Plan 2014 – 2017, Strategic Pillars
The Kenya National ICT Master Plan 2014 - 2017 was launched on April 2014. This Master Plan has threefoundations and three pillars. The foundations are the critical things that need to happen in order to lay abasis of Kenya transitioning to a Knowledge Society and positioning the country as a regional ICT hub
while the pillars are meant to facilitate the achievement of socio-economic growth and Vision 2030 targets.
The master plan will help to create a political, legal and regulatory environment; provide D-Government
services that are simple to use and convenient for citizens and businesses; increase the productivity,
efficiency and effectiveness of critical economic sectors; stimulate the setup and growth of ICT-related
businesses to enhance employment creation; enable and scale up ICT innovation; and develop a dynamic
and robust ICT sector that will enhance socio-economic growth.
This Master Plan proposes that Kenya strategically develop and implement public data hubs based on aunique digital ID built on a secure infrastructure for efficient and effective citizen centric services, enhance
IT-enabled democratic governance, and create of data markets from the public data and information to spur
innovative and commercial services and products. Moreover, On December 2013, the Kenya and South
Korean governments have announced a partnership to develop an D-Government master plan in Kenya,looking to develop ICT to stimulate socio-economic development in the country. In addition, the Kenya DGovernment master plan was developed by South Korea’s National IT Promotional Agency (NIPA) and the
Kenya ICT Authority under the Ministry of Information Communication and Technology (MoICT), and isanchored in the constitution of Kenya (2010), Vision 2030 and the Kenya ICT Master plan 2013.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 45.6% of people in Kenya were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 0.3% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached 15.5%.
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4.2 Management Optimization [MO]On April 2014, Kenya has launched the Kenya National ICT Master Plan 2014 - 2017. This Master Plan
has three foundations and three pillars. The first pillar of this Master Plan is D-Government services, whichaims at ensuring provision of D-Government information and services as key to improving productivity,
efficiency, effectiveness and governance in all key sectors. The second pillar is ICT as a Driver of Industry,
which aims at transforming key Vision 2030 2nd MTP economic sectors to significantly enhance
productivity, global competitiveness and growth; and the third pillar is Developing ICT Businesses that can
produce and or provide exportable quality products and services that are comparable to the best in the world.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five e-Tax has the highest score, compare to other online
services. The electronic procurement and payment system was launched in August 2014. This eProcurement system is an automated business process which includes procurement planning, managementof suppliers, requisitions, quotations, contracts and receipts will be shifted to a more effective and cost
efficient online transaction. In addition, the Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA) provides KRA Online service
and iTaxOnline e-Services as an e-tax service.
In terms of complexity level, most of Online Service in Kenya has reached the two ways interaction inwhich user can download and summit application from through the portal. In addition, only e-Tax and One
Stop Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, and Password
Protection for obtaining the services.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third party application result has shown that all portals are
below the average considerably in terms of speed. The third party application for assessing the portal is theapplication from Google PageSpeed™ Insight.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.ppoa.go.ke/
https://itax.kra.go.ke/KRA-Portal/
http://www.revenue.go.ke/index.php/customs-services/about-customs
http://www.health.go.ke/
https://www.ecitizen.go.ke/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. The Kenyan government is taking steps to digitize content and provide services online.
Although there is still significant work to be done in this area, the Kenyan D-Government portal“http://www.mygov.go.ke/” offers basic government information to citizens. In technical aspect, the resultof Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is below average both from PC andfrom Mobile Device. And addition, the portal does not provide the user with some functionalities such as
searching, site map, and an inquiry form.

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4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There are no specific laws or mandates for CIO positions in Kenya. However, the Information andCommunication Technology Authority is a State Corporation under MoICT. The Kenya ICT Board,
Directorate of D-Government and Government Information Technology Services (GITS) have been merged
into this Kenya ICT Authority in August 2013.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The achievement of D-Government in Kenya has been one of the main priorities of the Government of
Kenya towards the realization of national development goals and objectives for Wealth and Employment
Creation, as stipulated in the Kenya Vision 2030. The basic framework for D-Government is comprised ofa relatively manageable set of Kenya Information and Communications (Amendment 2013) Act andNational ICT Master Plan. However, there is no evidence that make clear about D-Government Promotionin Kenya from support aspects.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
According to the United Nations E-Participation Index, Kenya is a leading country in Africa (ranked second
after Morocco) and 33th in the world for e-participation. This is a major improvement from 2008, in which
they placed 135th. This indicates that the government’s ICT initiatives have succeeded in making the
population more connected, and providing a platform that appeals to users. For instance, parliament member
has their website and provides the citizens with some information. However, President and Deputy Presidentof the Republic of Kenya are using other social media channel to communicate with citizen.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Kenya launched the Open Data portal “https://opendata.go.ke/” since 2011. Kenya is the first developing
country to have an open government data portal, the first in sub-Saharan Africa and second on the continent
after Morocco. There are now over a hundred requests from the public for new datasets, and there is a clear
demand for more data to be made available.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Kenya Information and Communications Act, 1998, mandates the Communications Authority of Kenya(CA) to develop a national cyber security management framework through the establishment of a national
Computer Incident Response Team (CIRT). The Communications Authority of Kenya setup the National
Kenya Computer Incident Response Team Coordination Center (National KE-CIRT/CC) whose mandate is
to coordinate responses and manage cyber security incidents nationally and to collaborate with relevant
actors locally, regionally and internationally.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). The government of Kenya start to discuss about
the plan to implement Cloud Computing and Big Data for Public However, the evidence shows that it is notofficially launched. Other emerging technologies for government agencies are still nullity in Kenya.

5 Some Highlights
Kenya has the impressive point on Management Optimization, Online Service, and E-Participation. The
Kenya Vision 2030 is the national long-term development policy that aims to transform Kenya into a newly
industrializing, middle-income country providing a high quality of life to all its citizens by 2030 in a cleanand secure environment. The Vision comprises of three key pillars: Economic; Social; and Political. Kenya
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government National ICT Master Plan 2014 - 2017, National Cybersecurity Strategy 2014 and National
Broadband Strategy were launched to support Kenya Vision 2030. Huduma Kenya is a program by theGovernment of Kenya that aims to transform Public Service Delivery by providing citizens access to various
public services and information from One Stop Shop citizen service centers called Huduma centers andthrough integrated technology platforms. Currently “https://www.ecitizen.go.ke/” is a one-stop shop service
to citizens. However, there is not much effective information to update though this site. And about EParticipation, this indicates that the government’s ICT initiatives have succeeded in making the population
more connected, and providing a platform that appeals to users.
Government CIO, Cyber Security, and the use of emerging technology and D-Government Promotion are
the weak point of Kenya. There are no specific laws or mandates for CIO positions in Kenya. Even if the
National Cybersecurity Strategy 2014 was launched, there is still lack of legal framework to support thiscybersecurity. For Cloud Computing and big data, Kenya government started to corporate with academic
and private such as IBM is doing together with the Nairobi City Council is they've asked us for help tomanage their fleet of garbage trucks better.

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Lithuania
1 General Information
Area: 65,300 km2
Population: 2,884,433
Government Type: Semi-Presidential Republic
GDP: $28,000
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
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3 D-Government Development
This is only Lithuania’s second year in the ranking. The official government web portal can be located atwww.lrv.lt, and they also have additional web portals with information and news about the country inEnglish. The country’s official web presence is polished and professional, but, as it is a country with a very
low population, its online offerings are relatively limited. For example, while Lithuania is a member of theOpen Government Partnership, it is difficult to find detailed, downloadable open data sets from an official
source. There are ongoing efforts to remedy this situation by promoting open data and a start-up culture, but
the extent of these programs are limited, or entwined with cooperation from other countries in the region.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
In Lithuania, approximately 84.8% of households have access to the Internet. This is about 15% less thanthe EU average, but the number has been going up, particularly in recent years. Furthermore, nearly 100%of businesses are connected to the Internet, and about 70% of the population uses the Internet once a weekor more. Broadband connections lag the EU average at 65%, and only 19% of individuals have ordered a
product online within the past three months, less than half of the EU average. These numbers suggest thatwhile NIP is improving in Lithuania, it still has some room to grow relative to other nations in the region.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Lithuanian government is more than halfway through implementation of the Lithuanian Information
Society Development Programme (2011-2019). This is a multi-pronged program, but there are two
overarching goals. The first goal is to improve the skills and IT literacy of the Lithuanian people. This is tobe accomplished by providing training (online and in-person), and funding IT careers in both rural and urban
areas. The second goal is to continue developing and enhancing a robust and user-friendly series ofgovernment services available on the World Wide Web.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Lithuania offers a diverse array of services available to citizens and businesses on the Internet. They offer
an online procurement portal for government agencies to make purchases efficiently. They also offer a hostof services for citizens, including e-Tax, an online social security and unemployment benefits system,
license and certificate applications, notification of change of address, etc. Lithuania is not leading the way
forward in terms of innovative online services, but it certainly is not far behind its counterparts in Europe.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
Lithuania’s national portal, the D-Government Gateway, was launched in 2004. It offers a single source of
information, services, and communication between citizens and government. The portal offers information
to both citizens and foreigners in several languages. There is also a Login feature so that citizens cancustomize their experience on the portal. The portal contains links to all of the necessary features for citizens
with a simple, organized, user-friendly style.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
The closest role to a GCIO in Lithuania is the Advisor of the D-Government Policy Division. This positionis currently held by Dr. VytautasKrasauskas. He reports to the Minister of the Interior, which is currently
Tomas Žilinskas. They are responsible for all D-Government strategy, implementation, and development.

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4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The Lithuanian government’s newest strategy to promote a connected, information-based society is the
Ministry of Transport and Communication’s 2014 decision to allocate funds to improve IT services in thenation. These funds will serve to promote the nation’s e-Services by enhancing awareness and technicalliteracy among the population.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The Lithuanian government promotes online participation largely through its national portal, which provides
links to blogs and social media accounts for agencies and individual government officers. These measures
are meeting increased success as a larger proportion of the population is now using the Internet regularly
and feeling more comfortable interacting with others online..

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]As early as 1996, Lithuania had a law requiring the government to disclose information to the public. Thatlaw was strengthened in 2000, and is still in force today. Individual agencies within the Lithuanian
government do publish datasets to the public. For instance, data sets regarding the federal budget, legislation,
census information, election results, and more are available, but they are not presented together in a single
portal. This is a significant obstacle to citizens’ ability to find the information they need without undue
effort, and steps toward a more robust OGD portal should be taken.

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Recently, Lithuania developed the Secure State Data Communication Network (SSDCN), which allows
sensitive data and communication to be transmitted securely. Furthermore, Lithuania aspires to be a regional
leader in the Internet of Things, or IoT. The government has made efforts to attract state-of-the-art techcompanies that are researching new consumer electronics that rely on IoT technology.

5 Some Highlights
The Lithuania government offers a public procurement site at www.cpo.lt. This site provides users (in thiscase, mostly governmental institutions) with an easy way to order and receive goods and materials that theyneed from more than 450 different suppliers. This site eliminates a significant amount of inefficiency andlowers costs for procurement.
There is also an online customs website available in several languages at www.cust.lt. This site mostly
provides information regarding the customs process, but it also provides some helpful tools to help
businesses and individuals predict the customs process before they import or export goods. The site is wellorganized and very user-friendly.
The Lithuanian government continues to place D-Government development as a high priority. Despite thecountry’s relatively small size and population, it has established a useful and user-friendly online presence
for itself well within the top tier of countries, and it only shows signs of improving in the days ahead.

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Macau
1 General Information
Area: 30.4 km2
Population: 644,900
Government Type: limited democracy
GDP per capita: $69,300
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Asian countries

Macau has achieved higher performance on the indicators of Network Infrastructure Preparedness,
National Portal, D-Government Promotion, E-Participation and cyber security than the average of Asianand global level. Within the significant progress, Macau may pay attention to the development ofemerging technologies to advance its e-level in the new digital era.
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3 D-Government Development
The development orientation of Macau is clearly defined in China’s Thirteenth Five-year Plan. The
formulation and execution of the plan will speed up the process of developing Macau into a world tourism
and leisure centre, as well as an economic and trade co-operation platform for China and Portuguesespeaking countries (“One Centre” and “One Platform”), realizing moderate diversification of economic
development, strengthening competitiveness so as to achieve sustainable growth, and continuously
improving people's livelihood. In 2016, the Macau SAR Government announced the Five-year
Development Plan of the Macau SAR (2016-2020), with one of the goals being turning Macau into a smart
city, and electronic governance is an important tool for achieving that goal.
Macau SAR has published the latest D-Government strategy called “Macau SAR Electronic Governance
General Plan 2015-2019” in 2015, drafted by Public Administration and Civil Service Bureau (SAFP). The
new strategy is to make response to the overall governance plan of Macau in which the development
orientation has been set up as “One Centre” and “One Platform”. In support of the Five-year Development
Plan of the Macau SAR (2016-2020), strengthened efforts have been made in electronic governance insupport of the development of a smart city, especially in the areas of open data and big data. According to
the government’s information, The EGOV General Plan was approved by the Chief Executive and The
Secretariat for Administration and Justice is responsible for the overall coordination of the plan.
Representatives from the Chief Executive’s and all five secretary offices, SAFP, and other agencies
composed the Coordination Committee of Public Administration Reform to supervise the implementationof D-Government plan. SAFP serves as the GCIO of Macau, meanwhile each government agency owns aworking team in which the agency leader, IT head and personnel of its IT and related business units havebeen included to guarantee the internal management and collaboration among agencies. The Coordination
Committee of Public Administration Reform and the GCIO, through supervision and coordination, ensure
the successful implementation of the EGOV General Plan.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
According to the most recent ITU report, 77.6% of individuals in Macau were Internet users, and 86.3% ofhouseholds have Internet access. Active mobile phone subscription has reached over 300%. There are four
mobile network operators, and there are more than 2,800 WiFi hotspots, covering most of the 30.4 km2 area.
With the liberalization of public telecommunication market since 2013, Macau now has two network
operators providing fixed public telecommunication network and broadband services, resulting in a healthy
competition and steady growth of the telecommunication market.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Macau SAR Government realizes the importance of management optimization and it is achieved by the
optimization of service procedures and internal management, and the development of various information
systems to support the optimization.
To form a basis for the optimization of service procedures, in 2015, 752 public services approved by the
Public Service Evaluation Committee were analyzed. It was found out that, first, about one-third of thoseservices contain cross-agency service procedures that require supporting documents/certificates. Second,around one-fourth of those services are of high usage rates and most concerned by the citizens. Based on
the result of the analysis, the approach taken by the SAR Government was to first optimize and digitize
those services without amendment to laws or regulations.

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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTThe SAR Government has formulated a plan to optimize and digitize cross-agency service procedures that
require supporting documents/certificates. By 2020, more than 70 of those cross-agency service procedures
will be optimized. In 2016, eighteen service procedures relating to the application of administrative
permits/licenses have been analyzed and optimized as planned. For those services that are of high usage
rates and most concerned by the citizens, at least 110 of them will be fully digitized by 2019. For the
optimization of those service procedures that require the amendment of laws or regulations, a plan will be
formulated in 2017. The optimization and digitization of the above cross-agency service procedures andservices that are of high usage rates and most concerned by the citizens will speed up the provision of eservices of Macau.
The Macau SAR Government, as a whole, has developed common platforms and modules that provide asolid foundation for the optimization of internal management, cross-agency work procedures, and provisionof e-services. For example, in 2015, the Macau SAR Government deployed the Civil Servant Management
and Service Platform to be used as a standardized tool for internal management. It provides services that areclosely tight to the civil servants' needs, simplifies daily work procedures, and increases transparency.
Next, the Civil Servant Management and Service Platform will be enhanced to include more functionalities,
including various functions for human resources management, finance management, inventory management,
and knowledge management, etc. The aim is to replace the various internal management systems being usedby government agencies, thus lowering development and maintenance costs while improving internal
administrative efficiency.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The SAR Government is currently providing a number of diversified two-way interactive online services
through the Internet, satisfying the needs of various stakeholders, and covering areas such as education,
employment, healthcare, social welfare, transportation, among others.
Based on the solid foundation laid down by the optimization and digitization of work procedures as outlinedin the EGOV General Plan, in 2016, the SAR Government has built common platforms and modules thatcan be used by different government agencies, creating favorable conditions for e-services development.
For example, a unified government service account is created to provide safe and legal service. Personal
profiles are used as a storage for personal information. Also, a standardized e-service management platform
is used by government agencies to manage their services and data exchange. Together, they provide thefoundation for developing personalized e-services.
Take the unified government recruitment in 2016 as an example. The whole application process can be done
online. With relevant legislative support, the applicant can log in using a legally effective online accountfrom the desktop or using a mobile app, fill in the necessary information and upload the required documents,
completing the whole application process online. The applicant can also check the status of the application
as well as the result of the application through the website or by a mobile app when it is known.
The whole process for digitizing the government recruitment is common to all other public services.
Common platforms and modules already developed such as the unified online account, personal profile, andservice management platform, etc., can be used as necessary tools for future e-services development, thus
helping facilitate the overall electronic governance development of Macau.
E-services in Macau are delivered through different channels such as websites, mobile apps, kiosks, etc.
Macau is a small city and has among the highest population density of the world. Using this as an advantage,
the SAR Government has set up a number of multi-function kiosks at various locations, offering to its
citizens a wide-range of self-services such as permanent identity card renewal, contact information change,
voter registration, tax inquiry, application for various records, etc.
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4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The aim of the Macau SAR Government Portal (www.gov.mo) is to provide to the public an easy to use
and centralized window for government information and services. Contents are in traditional and simplified
Chinese, Portuguese, and English. It has both a desktop as well as a mobile version, and it contains certain
accessibility features for disabled users.
The portal offers government news, city information, service formalities, and e-Services and has areas for
citizens, tourists and merchants. It is also a useful gateway to the public sector, with links to all government
agencies and committees. The government portal is supported by software applications to allow users toenjoy a variety of services. There are catalogues of job matching, social benefits, vehicles, public libraries,
which are mainly providing documents and searching, applying and paying. Through the deployment ofthese software applications, the government expects to streamline its internal processes, ultimately to
improve its overall efficiency.
Reconstruction of the Government Portal is underway. The revamped website will be service-oriented, withimproved functionalities and an easier to use interface to provide personalized service. The user, with theuse of the unified government service account, will be able to view ongoing government applications,
receive personalized reminders, etc. In addition, the organization of the contents of the website, including
e-services, service formalities, or government information, will be redesigned so that it will be easier for theuser to find the services or information they need. User will able to find the services they need without any
knowledge of the agency that provides the service.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
To form a regularized and systematic mechanism at the operation level, and to strengthen cross-agency
collaboration, a dedicated working team which includes the agency leader, IT head, and personnel of its IT
and related business units has been formed in all government agencies. This will ensure there is enoughcoordinating and execution capability to support the effective operation of the cross-agency collaboration
mechanism. The working team is responsible for promoting the optimization and digitization of internalmanagement and external service related works such as work procedures and public services, improving theinternal operations while at the same time facilitating cross-agency collaboration.
The GCIO system of Macau is divided into two levels: government and agency. SAFP, with its coordinationrole in EGOV development of Macau, assumes the role of GCIO for the whole government. The leader ofthe working team of each government agency is similar in role to the GCIO for the agency. And in order toequip team members with the skills of a GCIO, a GCIO training program is created for the team members.
Training for the agency leader and IT heads will be tailored towards the capacity of a modern GCIO.
Training for IT personnel will be emphasized on current trends and technologies in EGOV, and those forbusiness personnel, training will be emphasized on the business aspects of EGOV. The goal of the training
is to support the effective implementation of the EGOV General Plan.
In addition, the Coordination Committee of Public Administration Reform, chaired by the Secretariat for
Administration and Justice and with representatives from the Chief Executive’s Office and all secretary
offices, will supervise the implementation of the EGOV General Plan, including the GCIO system of Macau,
and the optimization and digitization of service procedures.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The Macau SAR Government is in charge of e-promotion in Macau. Promotion is both within and outside
the government. Within the government, training, seminars, and workshops are provided to the directors,
chiefs, IT personnel and related business personnel of public organizations, government agencies, andentities to raise the overall awareness of civil servants of various levels on the tasks of the EGOV general
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plan. Meanwhile, all government agencies are encouraged to organize internal training on information
security and crisis management strategies and related practical operations, raising the knowledge of therelated strategies and handling of practical operations of the civil servants of various levels.
Relating to the public, promotion electronic governance is done by using dedicated websites, organizing
seminars, exhibitions, and publicity means, etc. and through the use of multimedia (both social andtraditional) such as to publicize electronic governance projects. For example, some government agencies
use WeChat to announce and promote their new services.
The awareness level as well as participation of the public is also raised by providing them with easy to use
and quality e-services and application so that the services become part of their daily lives.
In addition, The Science and Technology Development Fund held by Macau Government, provides
financial assistance for education, research and projects that are related to science and technology policy
objectives. At the same time, through multiform conferences, forums, trainings, publications, thegovernment tries to improve the D-Government promotion.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Government agencies use different channels to connect to the public, including websites, mobile apps, social
media (WeChat, Facebook, YouTube, etc.), and traditional media in order to reach a broader audience.
Different levels of the governments, such as office of the Chief Executive, and offices of the five secretaries
are all using dedicated websites to communicate with the public. Also, the SAR Government has amechanism for the dissemination of news. Using a single platform, government agencies can submit news
to be delivered to the public through different channels.
To realize the "sunshine government" policy and to facilitate deeper discussion of public policies, the SAR
Government has a guideline that requires public consultation to be done before the formulation of major
policies. Some government agencies use the government portal, their own agency website, or a dedicatedwebsite for policy consultation. The government portal also has a "Policy Consultation" page for thatspecific purpose, allowing easy access to policy consultation information for the public.
To further facilitate e-participation, the first stage of the Consultation Service Management Platform has
been completed. It will be integrated with the government portal to become a single entry point for public
consultation and opinion collection. The platform will be disseminating information about consultations
through the government portal, agency websites, mobile applications, social media accounts. It will also
provide relevant agencies with a means to manage and monitor consultation activities. And for theorganizers of consultation activities, the platform will also provide basic services for consultation such as astandardized survey template and statistical tools.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Currently, the SAR Government has already opened up its geographical, transportation, and tourism datasuch as maps, carparks, buses, etc. to the industry in order to enhance public services and to satisfy the needsof the citizens. A study in open government data is being done. The result of the study will help develop an
open data policy and a long-term plan. This will not only satisfy the needs of the people but will also drive
the development of local IT industry and facilitate the development of talents.
In terms of opening up internal government information, according to the EGOV General Plan, thegovernment portal is being revamped to better organize the information provided. As the first phase of theopen government information initiative, a dedicated website that contains information about business trips
by government officials has been created so that the public can better monitor the government, thus
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improving transparency. Other government information which are currently being provided in thegovernment portal are consultation and government recruitment information.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Macau SAR Government has placed heavy emphasis on information security to reduce the risk of dataleakage and cyber-attacks. Works have been done in the following three aspects: organization andmanagement, laws and regulations, and promotion and education.
In the organization and management aspect, “Office for Personal Data Protection” was established in 2007
to supervise and coordinate the public implementation of and compliance with the Personal Data Protection
Act (Law 8/2005), and devising professional secrecy regulations as well as supervising their implementation.
On the other hand, Judiciary Police is responsible for preventing and combating against cybercrime. The
Computer Forensic Division was established in 2010 to enforce the criminal investigation and forensic
science respectively on cybercrimes.
The Macau SAR Government has put in heavy efforts on the construction of network infrastructure. To
ensure information security within the government, InforMac, the government intranet, has been in use since1996. It is a closed network environment that provides secure and fast data transmission within government
agencies. The first Government Data Centre started its operations in 2010 to provide network infrastructureservices to government agencies, which aims to manage the security of the network infrastructure and theapplications centrally. On the other hand, in order to enforce the effectiveness of cyber security information
sharing, a mechanism for the notification of information incidents which involves SAFP, Office of theGovernment Chief Information Officer (OGCIO) of Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong Computer Emergency
Response Team Coordination Centre (HKCERT), and Macau Computer Emergency Response Team
Coordination Centre (MOCERT) has been established, raising the level of information security of bothregions.
In the laws and regulations aspect, to reduce risks arising from the rapid development of information
technology, the Macau SAR Government has introduced legislations such as Macau's National Security
Law, Personal Data Protection Act, Combat Against Computer Crime Law, and Electronic Documents andSignatures Law, etc. These laws play key roles in maintaining secure operations of the Macau SAR. In
addition, in 2009, SAFP issued the Information Security Policy Guidelines and Information Security
Management Framework documents to regulate the information management of government agencies.
Currently, legislation work is currently underway in the area of cyber security.
In the promotion and education aspect, the Judicial Police, Office of Personal Data Protection and SAFP
organize conferences, seminars and workshops regularly to raise public awareness and promote ethics on
information security. The Training Centre for Public Services, under SAFP, also provides information
security-related training courses to civil servants.
In order to measure the information security level of the SAR Government, SAFP together with MOCERT
conduct the annual Macau Information Security Survey to examine and analyze the shortcomings in theoverall information security of the SAR Government.
A cross-secretariat team chaired by the Chief Executive and coordinated by the Secretariat for Security has
been formed in 2015 to facilitate works on cyber security. Representatives from the Chief Executive’s Office,all five secretary offices, and related core agencies facilitate cyber security works using a top-down approach.
SAFP, as the agency responsible for the promotion of EGOV within the government, has developed the
optimization plan for information security and crisis management for 2016-2019.

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4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
According to the EGOV General Plan, the Macau SAR Government is continuously enhancing its softwareand hardware infrastructures through Cloud Computing Strategy. In terms of hardware infrastructure, firstly,using cloud computing’s features of efficient deployment and stability, together with information security
and crisis management, gradually equip the Government Data Centre with cloud computing capabilities
offering network infrastructure services with high performance, high scalability, high stability, and highsecurity—Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). At the same time, we will make use of the IaaS for thesustained development of various platforms—Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS), such as Public Services
Management Platform, Data Exchange Platform, and Open Information Service Platform, etc. On top of
the PaaS, a series of software applications, services, together with the Common Application Module
Library—Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS), will be provided to citizens and government agencies. The
construction of the second Government Data Centre will be completed in 2019, and using the lessons learned
from introducing cloud computing functionalities in the first phase, the two data centers will becomplementary to each other. This way, on one hand, cloud infrastructure services can be effectively
expanded; and on the other, a high availability mechanism will be developed across the data centers, thus
realizing seamless expansion, and providing a solid foundation for the development of cross-agency
information systems, resource integration and sharing, and collaboration.
In terms of the above-mentioned data centers and the Cloud Computing Strategy, firstly, the developmentof internal administrative management will be facilitated and more public e-services will be delivered.
Secondly, cross-agency data exchange will be enforced. It also enables an opportunity to open up data frompublic sectors to encourage innovation on using and reusing the data, which will lead to building sustainableeconomic diversification and delivering better public e-services.
The SAR Government has also started some big data and Internet of Things (IoT) initiatives. For example,
big data technologies are being used at the Macau Customs, and also by the Health Bureau in the form ofelectronic exchange of medical records. IoT technology is being used in tourism area to improve tourist
experience.

5 Some Highlights
Macau has among the top network infrastructures with strong emphasis on cyber security. Progress has been
made according to its EGOV General Plan, which emphasizes on services and coordination, especially inthe optimization and digitization of service procedures and public services. As a result, with the developmentof common platforms and modules, and relevant legislation, Macau is performing well on “Management
Optimization” and “Online Service”.
The Macau SAR Government Portal is being revamped to be service-oriented, and to provide improved
personalized e-Services to all kinds of needs of citizens, non-citizens and business. With the role of GCIO
clearly defined and also the formation of dedicated working groups in the agencies, Macau’s GCIO systemis steadily progressing. Promotion of D-Government is done through training, publicity, and provision ofquality services such that D-Government is reaching out better to the public. Public participation has
increased due to online policy consultation and the use of social media to disseminate information. Macau
has already opened up its geographical, transportation, and tourism data to the industry to enhance public
services and to satisfy the needs of the citizens. Continuous efforts are being made in opening up moregovernment information. Macau has also started to employ emerging technologies to provide quality
services.
Macau’s electronic governance development emphasizes on the optimization and digitization of service
procedures and public services, and through the development of common platforms and modules, and201

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relevant legislation. It is still in development stage; however, it is observed that a concerted effort has been
made to implement according to the EGOV General Plan to gradually promote electronic governancedevelopment of Macau. In addition, a strengthened coordination mechanism plays an important role as well.

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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTMalaysia
1 General Information
Area: 329,847 km2
Population: 30,513,848
Government Type: constitutional monarchy
GDP: $26,600
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
ASEAN Countries

APEC Countries

Among ASEAN countries, Malaysia has high scores on e-participation, cyber security and management
optimization. These scores surpassed the world and ASEAN’s average and close to the Singapore’s – theD-Government leader in ASEAN region. In APEC countries, Malaysia only exceeds the group average on
management optimization and e-participation. Other indicators are below the mean of APEC and global.

3 D-Government Development
D-Government has long been an interest of Malaysia government since 1996 with the establishment of theMultimedia Super Corridor (1996). A transformation vision toward 2020 including 12 national key
economic areas (NKEA), of which D-Government is one of essential entry point project was announced
aiming to “increasing the accessibility, speed and transparency of government services”.
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Since D-Government is high on the agenda of Malaysia government, it has received strong financial,
institutional and legal supports. Lots of efforts have been carried out by the Government in order to promotefor D-Government development.

4 Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 21.7 Malaysia’s population uses Internet in 2017. The Internet penetration is around 69.6%,
according to the Measuring the Information Society Report 2015 from International Telecommunication
Union (ITU). Among them, wired broadband subscribers accounted for around 25.8% while more than
100% of total population have a wireless broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Malaysian Public Sector ICT Strategic Plan (2011-2015) is the latest national D-Government strategy
which draws strategic direction on the implementation if Information and Communications Technology(ICT) in the Malaysian public sectors.
The strategy emphasizes on delivering innovative, efficient and quality citizen and business-centric services
by leveraging on the pervasive use of ICT. The ultimate aim is to achieve a Citizen-Centric and Whole ofGovernment public service. 5 programs and 6 policy targets have been identified in the strategy
A secured, dedicated, centrally managed Government consolidated ICT network infrastructure forGovernment agencies named “1Gov*Net” has been implemented with the target to transform ICT network
infrastructure via consolidation to optimize resources and value for money for strengthening Government
service delivery system. To date, 10.600 government premises are linked to 1Gov*Net. Besides, agovernment cloud called “1GovCloud” has implemented by The Malaysian Administrative Modernisationand Management Planning Unit (Mampu) in order to create a private, secure and dedicated platform forgovernment agencies.
Project Monitoring System creates a collaboration framework for better management and development of
D-Government projects across agencies. There is also a Human Resource Management Information System(HRMIS) implemented in Malaysian Federal Government which provides a single interface to perform
human resource effectively. In addition, the Malaysian Government also employed the Generic OfficeEnvironment (GOE) with the purpose to enable efficient communication, allowing collaboration acrossgovernment officers. The government also put in place the use of an enterprise architecture framework
called “1GovEA” in order to create an effective strategic alignment between backend business and ICT
usage in government organizations.
Toward the vison 2020, in May 2015 the Malaysian government introduced the eleventh plan reaffirms theGovernment’s commitment to a vision of growth that is anchored on the prosperity and wellbeing of its
rakyat. This vision identified 6 Strategic Thrusts which are innovative approaches (1) enhancing
inclusiveness towards an equitable society, (2) improving wellbeing for all, (3) accelerating human capitaldevelopment for an advanced nation, (4) pursuing green growth for sustainability and resilience, (5)strengthening infrastructure to support economic expansion, and (6) re-engineering economic growth for
greater prosperity. Furthermore, to improve the plan the Malaysian government identified 5 areas totransform Public Sector to be more efficient and productive. (1) Capitalizing on local authorities for quality
services at the local level, (2) Enhancing project management for better and faster outcomes, (3)Strengthening talent management for the public service of the future, (4) enhancing service delivery withcitizens at the center, and (5) Rationalizing public sector institutions for greater productivity andperformance.
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4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service comprises of five sub-dimensions: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, e-Health,and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL Address. All of thoseservices was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of Security, and Level ofConvenience.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application Google PageSpeed™ Insight33 has showedthat all services have a good access speed.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.eperolehan.gov.my/
http://www.customs.gov.my/en/uc
eservices.com.my

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. Government.se is the government portal of Sweden. It presents a wide range of information
resources about government structure, government agencies, legal documents and daily news regarding togovernment’s operations. Information are delivered in 16 different languages.
In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website operates well bothfrom PC and from Mobile Device. The portal also provides several contacting methods via various Social
Networks such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Flicker as well as there is a feature allowing user to receive
update mail notification.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
The role of government CIO is defined on MAMPU website34. A self-assessment competency for CIOs has
been developed in CIO Handbook published by MAMPU, in order to provide an opportunity for CIOs to
identify any gaps for self-improvement while performing their role as CIO. CIO-equivalent positions arealso found in ministerial agencies 35 via the Public Sector CIO Information Systems. The office of the
Malaysian Government CIO has always been in the forefront of equipping and acculturating CIOs in thelatest technologies and ICT tools for Public Service delivery through workshops and CIO summits.
The Malaysian government is considering to develop and assign CIO position in the government agencies,
departments. They had a survey for ICT perceptions, expectations and inspirations for finding and knowing
the IT skill for government officers.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The Malaysia Administrative Modernization and Management Planning Unit (MAMPU) is promoting theuse of D-Government.

33

https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
http://www.mampu.gov.my/web/en/gcio

34
35

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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTMAMPU also carries out D-Government promotion programs such as conferences, exhibitions, seminars
throughout the country. As for assessment mechanisms, the Electronic Government Steering Committee
and Government IT and Internet Committee are the two over-sight bodies, evaluating the D-Government
implementation at national level. The Electronic Government Activities Act of 2007 provides the legal
framework for D-Government implementation in Malaysia. Under the law, Malaysian Public Sector ICT
Strategic Plan is still on going.

4.7 D-Government Participation [EPAR]
The national portal www.malaysia.gov.my is beginning to evolve from just merely providing e-information
to providing e-consultation services as well. It is also the government one-stop-shop for interacting withcitizens. The portal provides information on government such as policies, government procedures, thenational budget and legislation. The website has some facility for encouraging citizen feedback and conducts
simple online surveys.
As the e Services can support participation in processes involved in government and e-participation is hence
closely related to D-Government and by providing e-Services such as MY ID, My SMS, MY Health, My
procurement, My Ideas, and increasing the benefits of citizen Malaysian government want increase eparticipation. In addition, SMS is utilized as an ultimate channel to provide user access to government
services. An electronic touchscreen is installed at every service counter in order to receive user feedback forthe service provided.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The official open data portal of Malaysia government is located at data.gov.my which recently involves 32
organizations in 10 sectors as providers with totally 1121 datasets provided to date. The data were publishedmostly in XLSX and CSV format. Only in 2 states Freedom of Information is enacted (Selangor and Penang).

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
By 2013, total of 10.636 security incidents were detected by MyCERT, involving all kinds of cyber security
threats such as fraud, intrusion, spam, malicious code, and so on.
The Malaysian Government has strengthened the role of Cyber Security Malaysia by Order of the Ministersof Federal Government Vol.53, No.13, dated June 22, 2009 by identifying CyberS ecurity Malaysia asnational info security coordination center that provides ICT security specialist services and continuously
monitors threats to the national security.
In terms of cyber laws, Malaysia has enacted the Digital Signature Act of 1997; Computer Crimes Act of
1997; Telemedicine Act of 1997, e-Commerce Act of 2006, Electronic Government Activities Act of 2007
and the latest Personal Data Protection Act by 2010.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT).
MY E.G. Services Berhad (“MYEG”) is a concessionaire for Malaysian Electronic-Government (“DGovernment”) MSC Flagship Application. Over the past 5 years MYEG has invested in and iscurrently deploying our next generation technologies based on The Internet of Things (“IoT”) solutions. We
believe that the deployment of IoT coupled with big data analytics will bring significant improvements toour overall quality of life. Our environment will increasingly anticipate our needs as opposed to responding
to our actions. MYEG implements cutting edge IoT solutions that is being deployed on a nationwide scale
for the first time anywhere in the world.
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A government cloud called “1GovCloud” has implemented by The Malaysian Administrative
Modernisation and Management Planning Unit (Mampu) in order to create a private, secure and dedicatedplatform for government agencies

5 Some Highlights
Management Optimization is always the strong point of Malaysian government with major initiatives havebeen implemented: the government ICT network “1Gov*Net”; the enterprise architecture framework“1GovEA”; government shared services such as Digital Document Management System, Service
Intelligence (SI), Government Risk and Compliance Scorecard (myGRiC); and so on.
Regarding online services, this year, Malaysia government is on its way to restructuring several major
services including customs service. An initiative so-called uCustoms was introduced as “a fully integrated,
end-to-end, and customs modernization solution that delivers single window for goods clearance”, isexpecting to complete no sooner than 2017.
The national portal as well as the one-stop-shop services - malaysia.gov.my - seems to be inaccessible
outside of Malaysia, which prevented the evaluation process, resulted in a low score for Malaysia in national
portal and online service dimensions.
Malaysia government is also putting great efforts to meet minimum points required to join by Open
Government Partnership. To meet those requirements, several challenges are recommended to focus on theright to information, asset and conflict interest disclosures and citizen engagement.

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Mexico
1 General Information
Area: 1,964,375 km2
Population: 123,166,749
Government Type: Federal Presidential Republic
GDP: $18,900
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

APEC Economies

All indicators except the Open Government Data (OGD) indicator are below the average score of OECD
and APEC members.

3 D-Government Development
The Mexican government was already making widespread use of ICT by the end of 1990s. There was no
overarching D-Government strategy for the federal government until 2001. In Mexico, the Institute for
Statistics, Geography, and Informatics (INEGI) was in charge of the federal government’s IT policy. In
2001, the President’s Office for Government Innovation officially introduced D-Government as an initiative
to digitalize and modernize government. E-Mexico was a related initiative focusing on connectivity andelectronic access. D-Government became one of the six pillars of the Good Government Agenda in late2002, thus consolidating it as a central strategy of the Mexican Government.
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Mexico has a long-standing commitment to using ICT to support public sector reforms and foster good
governance by improving transparency, quality and efficiency of government. The Mexican government
also adopted an initiative called e-Mexico National System that aims to increase the connectivity between
all levels of government, the IT industry, and academic institutions until 2025. Through this plan they would
like to provide contents to the citizens, for instance: e-health, e-learning, e-education and D-Government.
In October 2013, Mexico launched its National Digital Strategy to promote the use of Information andCommunications Technology. The National Digital Strategy, “Digital Mexico," is the digital action plan the
Government will implement over the next few years to encourage the adoption and development ofInformation and ICT and insert Mexico into the Information and Knowledge Society.

National Digital Strategy
The Strategy sets out the challenges Mexico faces in the digital context and the way it will cope with themthrough five major objectives: 1) Government Transformation, 2) Digital Economy, 3) Quality Education,4) Universal, Effective Health, and 5) Public Safety. The primary goal of the strategy was to achieve a"Digital Mexico” in which technology facilitates economic development and improves the quality of
citizens’ lives. Based on policies for a digital government, Mexico seeks to build a new relationship between
the government and citizens.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 57.4% of people in Mexico were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 11.6% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached 50.4%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Mexican government also adopted an initiative called e-Mexico National System that aims to increase
the connectivity between all levels of government, the IT industry, and academic institutions until 2025. In
October 2013, National Digital Strategy, “Digital Mexico”, is based on clear definitions, enabling those
involved to strive to achieve the objectives set forth therein, which are aligned with the major goals of the
National Development Plan 2013-2018 that guide the government’s efforts.

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4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and their URL
Address. All of those services were investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Cyber security and e-commerce laws were found at national and subnational level but some of them are pending. Compared with other countries in Central America, Mexico
had very good e-Services .e-Tax is the highest score, compare to other online services.
In terms of complexity level, most of Online Service in Mexico has dynamic sites available. It allows
downloading of forms and submitting them back to government agencies. In addition to that, only e-Tax
has implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining
the services.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third party application result has shown that e-Service portals
expect e-Health are above the average considerably in terms of speed. These mean they are using only thestatic information. The third party application for assessing the portal is the application from Google
PageSpeed™ Insight.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://web.compranet.gob.mx/
https://www.siat.sat.gob.mx/PTSC/
http://www.aduanas.gob.mx/e5cinco/Ingreso.aspx
http://www.esalud.gob.mx/
http://www.gob.mx/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. The national portal “http://www.gob.mx/” is a part of the Mexican Government Portal andgives citizens a single entry to D-Government services online. The Citizen Portal uses a customer
relationship management strategy to better present its content according to users’ needs. The portal uses atechnological platform that enables interoperability and standardization across different government offices.
In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is above
average both from PC and from Mobile Device. However, the portal does not provide the user with somefunctionality such as other language and it is still beta version.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Regarding the Government CIO in Mexico, the CIO is appointed only nationally. The Director of the DGovernment and IT Policy Unite at the Ministry of Public Administration hold the equivalent post of GCIO.
There is no information about any CIO association or organization. There is not a CIO training course foundin Mexico.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]In Mexico, the law on D-Government was adopted at the national level but not at the sub-national level.
The D-Government master plan and policies exist only at the national level. There are no government
activities such as organized conferences or citizen training. There are no think-tanks or funds for developing
D-Government in Mexico.
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4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The national portal “http://www.gob.mx/” is a one-stop-shop service for all citizens. Mexican Government
has launched the e-Participation portal “http://www.gob.mx/participa”, which is a platform for citizen
participation that allows, through diverse mechanisms such as forums, surveys and exercises of co-edition
to create better public policy proposals for the development of the country.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Mexico has recently launched the Open Data portal “http://datos.gob.mx/” that National Open Data Policy
creates and implements a national policy for the publication and use of open data that is clear, provides legal
certainty, uses open and interoperable standards, and is guided by the principle of maximum publicity.
According to the site, there are currently over 16,500 datasets and 221 institutions hosted on the site on inlate February 2017.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
In 2001, the Steering Committee of the Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) officiallygranted (DGSCA-UNAM) the approval to operate as a national CERT. The Coordination of Information
Security (CSI) / UNAM-CERT of the Directorate General of Computing and Information Technology andCommunication, UNAM is a meeting point which can turn the computing community for information,
advice and services security; and to exchange experiences and points of view, thereby establishingappropriate security policies, reducing the number and severity of security problems and spreading theculture of computer security.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Mexico has attempted to implement Cloud
Computing for Public Sector such as Mexico's Tax Administration System (SAT). However, the evidenceshows that it is not officially launched. Other emerging technologies for government agencies are still nullity
in Mexico.

5 Some Highlights
Mexico has the impressive point on e-Participation, Open Government Data, and National Portal. Mexico
has high score on e-Participation that is the result of the digital government item in the Good Government
Agenda, and is also part of the e-Mexico. The citizen participation portal, “http://www.gob.mx/consulta/”
is a proposal by the Government of the Republic to promote citizen participation through digital means, asa way to improve public policies, making them more effective and achieve greater impact on the daily livesof people.
Mexico still has the weakness. The use of emerging technology and Government CIO are the weak point of
Mexico. As for the emerging technology, one of Mexico's governmental agencies transitioned to Microsoft's
cloud computing services with the aim to improve its services to Mexican taxpayers. There is no evidence
that make clear about Government CIO, even if There is a law creating the position of the CIO in thegovernment and a document defining the role and function of the CIO in Mexico. Moreover, Mexico has
low score on Cybercrime Countermeasures, and there also is not any evidence about cyber security strategy
or action.

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Morocco
1 General Information
Area: 446,550 km2
Population: 33,322,699
Government Type: Parliamentary constitutionalmonarchy
GDP: $8,300
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
AFRICA Countries212THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

3 D-Government Development
In 2008, the Moroccan government introduced the National Strategy for Information Society and Digital
Economic 2009-2013, known as “Digital Morocco 2013” or “Morocco Numeric”. The strategic plan
“Digital Morocco 2013” is meant to make from information technology a cornerstone of the economy, asource of added value for other economic sectors and public administration, and an engine for humandevelopment, in view of positioning Morocco as a regional technology hub. The strategy focuses on fourmain priorities: expanding citizen access to broadband with an emphasis on knowledge; user-oriented DGovernment and public service provision; promoting computerization across small and medium enterprises
to increase productivity; supporting local actors to develop IT markets and build greater potential for sector
exports. These priorities are supported by two measures: the development of human capital and promotionof cyber-confidence.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
As of 2017, Morocco has 20.2 million Internet users with the penetration is about 57.3%. In Morocco, public
sector expenditures represent a significant share of the state budget. Also, this area is it expected to achievesignificant efficiencies through the implementation of D-Government services through a streamlined andautomated processing of information. The aim is to use the D-Government projects to modernize andLocal Administration in the service of citizens and businesses. It is the use of information technology andcommunications to reconfigure processes in depth, making them effective and efficient, completely geared
to serve citizens and business.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The latter requires the establishment of a Computer Emergence Response Team (ma-CERT) at a national
level, as well as the launch of an Information Systems Security Committee within the National Council ofInformation Technology and Digital Economy. Digital Morocco 2013 also envisages public awarenesscampaigns for the general public aimed at increasing confidence in modern technologies.
During processes of evaluation, we found that in Morocco, there is a few number of D-Government services,transactional portals, and e-transformation effect. In 2015, they did not have any strategy for thedevelopment on ICT and D-Government.

4.3 Online Service [OS]http://www.service-public.ma/ is one-stop services for public sectors. This is static website and contains thelink to ministries and other government website. It’s an institutional web site without online public services
integration and contains the same content picked from other government web site. This portal offers thedescription of procedure for more than 70 public’s services and divided to detail catalogs, such as citizens,enterprises, and professionals.
In this portal, there are some e-services which are integrated such as document services, family services,
invest, taxation for individuals, professionals, and social services. Most of them have information only, there
are no transactions for these services when citizens want to apply online.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The national portal (www.egov.ma) includes main information for D-Government programs, projects andoperates e-Service information, it has a link to separate e-Service portal (http://www.service-public.ma/)

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this is the set of services offered by the Moroccan administration. The national portal aims first and foremost,to improve the relation between the administration and its users.
Beside national portal (egov.ma), portal of public service (service-public.ma). The Moroccan government
has a portal for procurement and portal for public employment. The portal of procurement is not available
in English. This is a gate for public trading. This portal provides information for calling to invest to
government, it shows documents and allow to access for downloading and apply online. The portal of
employment is a gateway for everyone who want to find a job. Like most of Moroccan national portal, there
is no English version.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There is no information for government CIO.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Steering Department of the D-Government program (DPGOV) is attached to the CIGOV. This structure
consists of internal and external expertise that will be responsible of assisting the CIGOV and SPGOV in
the implementation of the D-Government program. The activities of the DPGOV are divided into four major
functions (1) Strategic management, (2) Steering, (3) Assistance, and (4) Promotion: design of acommunication/marketing for the program and also synchronization with the others SPGOV.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The Moroccan government has launched several e-participation initiatives including: (1) Fikra: The
Suggestion Box for the improvement of the Administration. It was launched on February 25, 2011 offers a
discussion forum to get more feedback from citizens and enable them to express their views. They can
submit ideas, vote for ideas and comment. The Government also created 3 forums for sharing ideas areavailable (i) Forum “Your ideas for new eGov services”; (ii) Forum “Your ideas for simplifying
administrative tasks”; and (iii) Forum “Your ideas for improving the Administration”. (2) Comment draftsof laws and decrees, and (3) Questionnaire and suggestion box on the websites.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In June, 2014 The Directorate of Digital Economy launched officially online for the new version of the
Moroccan portal of Open Government Data (http://data.gov.ma/fr). The new portal, which regrouped aroundsixty files shared by different departments, it was realized based on the open source software CKAN whose
development is coordinated by the Open Knowledge Foundation, which remains a powerful data
management system with its tools that simplify editing, sharing, research and use of data.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Morocco is currently in the process of implementing a National Cybersecurity Management System(NCSecMS), which consists of four components: (1) The National Cybersecurity Framework; (2) Maturity
Model; (3) Roles & Responsibilities, and (3) The Implementation Guide.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
No evidence found that Moroccan government is use of emerging ICT to promote D-Government activities,
such as applying IoT, Big data and Cloud computing in government activities.

5 Some Highlights
Compared to last year of ranking, due to there is no new D-Government strategy therefore, Morocco's rank
this year is low in most of sub-indicators. In 2014, Moroccan government issued a portal of Open214

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government data, the new portal, which regrouped around sixty files shared by different departments, it was
realized based on the open source software CKAN whose development is coordinated by the Open
Knowledge Foundation, which remains a powerful data management system with its tools that simplify
editing, sharing, research and use of data.
Morocco is currently in the process of implementing a National Cybersecurity Management System(NCSecMS), which consists of four components; The National Cybersecurity Framework, Maturity Model,
Roles & Responsibilities, and The Implementation Guide.
Same last year, Moroccan government has neither CIO positions in center government nor local government.
They have some services for citizens and businesses, but still lack of information and there is no onlinetransaction. Morocco is still struggling to improve their D-Government using the existing technology. New
technology is still far the implementation in Morocco.

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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTNetherlands
1 General Information
Area: 41,543 km2 36
Population: 17,016,967 37
Government
Type:
Parliamentary
Constitutional Monarchy 38
GDP: $ 50,80039
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

European Countries

Among OECD Countries, Netherlands has a better score than the average score of OECD in Management
Optimization, Online Service, and National Portal. However, as shown on the above picture, Netherlands isvery low on the D-Government Promotion. A contradictive situation between D-Government Promotion
and the Online Service including Management Optimization, has indicated that most citizens know how to
use D-Government service. As a consequence, Netherland decided to reduce D-Government Promotion
program. These achievements also reflect the position in European region in which Netherlands isapproaching Singapore, the best country in the region, in the Management Optimization.

36

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html
38https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html
39
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html
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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

3 D-Government Development
In 2014, the Dutch government announced the Digital 2017,the new D-Government strategy that will bring
D-Government to the next horizon. In the so-called Vision Letter on Digital Government 2017 Mr Plasterk,
minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, sets out how the government intends to improve the services
available to the public. The Digital 2017 is apart of Compact Central Government
Implementation Program.
To strengthen the integration and collaboration
among government intitutions, Netherlands
designedthegovernment
enterprisearchitecture namely “Netherland Overheid
Referentie Architectuur (NORA). NORA is
the standard for integrating the information
system among government agencies.

Source: Netherland OverheidReferentieArchitectuur athttps://www.digitaleoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/nora/afspraken

Using Digital 2017, Netherland is shifting its
D-Government to the digital government. This
movement is similar to other countries which
has reached the mature D-Government. Using
the different metaphor, the substance of suchwave is to achieve a condition of “thegovernment service is digital by default”.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 93% of people in Netherlands were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 41% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wireless broadband subscription has reach 70.1%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In early 2010, Netherlands has established government-wide service vision in which the target should be
met in 2020. As part of it, Netherlands issued The Digital 2017 to ensure that all parties - government,
citizens and business - work together to achieve the ultimate objective for 2017. Government equipped The
Digital 2017 with a more detailed information that covers the schedule, responsibilities of all parties, andmeasurable targets.
To streamline the data exchange among government agencies, Netherlands has appointed Digi Network.
Using DigiNetwork, government and private company have connectivity to all the connected government
agencies through a single link. In addition to DigiNetwork, Netherlands has an interoperability frameworkfor data exchange among government agencies. The name of the framework is NORA. In all, Netherlands
has fully achieving the maximum score in Management Optimization domain. Contribution fromoperationalization of DigiNetwork and NORA is very significant in this area.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online service, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of217

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Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-One-Stop Service and e-Healthhave the lowest score, compare to other three online services.
In term of complexity level, except the e-Customs, all of Online Service in Netherlands have reached atransactional in which user can start the transaction from applying to receiving the service through the portal.
In addition to that, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication,
and Password Protection for obtaining the services. Since the e-Customs is still in a one-way interaction,such security measures are not found in it.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that three portals areabove the average considerably in term of speed. E-Health is the only portal that scored below average, thus,
considerably slow to access. The third party application for assessing the portal is the application from
Google named Google PageSpeed™ Insight on https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In
addition to that, all clickable objects on the portal work as they should do.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.tenderned.nl/
http://www.belastingdienst.nl
http://www.belastingdienst.nl/
https://www.nictiz.nl/over-nictiz/english
https://overheid.nl

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Netherlands (www.government.nl) contains proper information for local
citizens and foreigners. Information about Netherlands is available on the portal. User can find information
about culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, the result of Google
PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is above average both from PC and from Mobile
Device. However, the portal does not provide the user with demography information, link to the e-Services,
and an inquiry form.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Netherlands has clearly defined the appointment of GCIO in all level of department. However, there is noformal document that clearly stated the mandate, role, and responsibility of GCIO. There is no evidence that
GCIO in Netherlands has a regular forum to share experiences.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There is no significant evidence to indicate that Netherlands government conduct any initiatives to promote
the use of D-Government Service. This situation is similar to the one in any developed countries where the
IT Culture has been embraced in the society.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Culture and society in Netherlands has been created as a high tech society. These factors have driven
Netherlands to the next horizon of D-Government. Citizens and government can take the benefit of ICT intheir daily life. However, there is no application where the citizen can directly communicate to thegovernment. The absence of e-participation portal significantly impacts the score of this indicator.

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4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]In 1991, Netherlands has launched Government Information (Public Access) Act to participate in theFreedom of Information Act movement around the world. To strengthen the implementation of these act,
Netherlands has established Open Data Portal (https://data.overheid.nl/) to provide public with accessible
government information. To keep the information update, Netherlands government uses Data Catalog
Vocabulary (DCAT) Standard. This standard is also supported by European Union (EU).

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Netherlands has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

Telecommunications Act (2004)
Personal Data Protection Act (2000)
Electronic Signature Act (2003)
E-Commerce Act (2004)
Cyber Security Strategy
Guideline for Information Disclosure
Cyber Security Assessment

In addition to these laws, Netherlands has strengthened organization capacity for cybercrimecountermeasure by setting up Dutch Cyber Security Council (CSR). CSR consists if government
representative, business enterprises, and scientific institutions.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Netherlands has attempted to implemented Cloud
Computing for Public Sector. However, the evidence show that it is not officially launched. Other emerging
technologies for government agencies are still nullity in Netherlands.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the Management Optimization is the best among otherindicators in D-Government Netherlands. This achievement signifies the importance of NORA for
improving the quality of government business process. Similar to other European countries, Netherlands is
shifting its D-Government to the next level in which they try to make all public service will be digital by
default. As has been noted, the better the Management Optimization, the less complex for completing theultimate goal of Digital 2017.
The weak point in Netherlands is about D-Government Promotion and the use of emerging ICT. One
argument is that the lack of D-Government promotion activities occurred because Netherlands does not needsuch programs anymore. Their citizen is aware already of D-Government service and knows how to use it.
However, by the increasing use of emerging ICT, Netherlands still has a chance to get the higher score in
D-Government Promotion. The promotion activities will follow the progress of developing the Digital
Services by default since it needs some introductions to the citizens about this matter.

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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTNew Zealand
1 General Information
Area: 268,000 km2 40
Population: 4,474,549 41
Government Type: Parliamentary Democracy42
GDP: $37,100 43
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Countries

OECD Economies

Among APEC Countries, except on the D-Government Promotion, New Zealand is excellent on all
indicators. As shown on the above picture, New Zealand is exceptional in the basic infrastructure,
Cybersecurity, Open Government, and GCIO. For Management Optimization, New Zealand is consideredmore advance than United States, the number one country in the current ranking. However, despite the highperformance on these indicators, New Zealand has the low score on D-Government Promotion. The situation
is even lower than the average of APEC countries and global average. These achievements also reflect theposition in OECD region in which New Zealand is considerably approaching United States in the Open
Data and the Cybersecurity.

40

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html#nz
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html#nz
42
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html#nz
43
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html#nz
41

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3 D-Government Development
New Zealand has continued the D-Government to the next level in which the public services will beavailable in digital by default. In 2013, the new D-Government strategic plan has been launched with thetitle “Government ICT Strategy and Action Plan to 2017”. The strategy comprises four integrated domains
which are covered by system assurance component. The action plan contains many programme and projects.
Since the interoperability among government agencies is very important as the engine for “Services are
Digital by Default”, the projects are shared across agencies. The agencies work together using “assembly
and integrate” norm in which the build the system and preserve for integration with other.

In D-Government development, GCIO is the central role. GCIO holds the highest authority to lead the action
and the collaboration with chief in other agency for delivering the optimum result. GCIO in New Zealandcomprises several teams that represent specific expertise and functions covering managerial and technicalaspects.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 88.2% of people in New Zealand were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring
the Information Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 31.5%
have fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wireless broadband subscription has reach 114.2%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In June 2013, Cabinet of New Zealand has approved Government ICT Strategy and Action Plan to 2017. It
is the revised version of Government ICT Strategy 2015 due to the dynamic ICT environment. The newplan is aimed to achieve the government’s aim of an ICT-enabled transformation of public services to New
Zealanders.
The new Government ICT Strategy is led by a partnership framework which involved key stakeholders
across government agencies. Current D-Government Strategy New Zealand covers almost all aspects for
optimizing back-end process such as the necessity of Governance and Leadership, Assurance Framework,
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Programs and Initiatives, and ICT System Assurance. In all, New Zealand has fully achieving the maximum
score in Management Optimization domain.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online service, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-One-Stop Service and e-Healthhave the lowest score, compare to other three online services.
In term of complexity level, most of Online Service in New Zealand has reach a transactional in which user
can start the transaction from applying to receiving the service through the portal. In addition to that, all
Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, and Password
Protection for obtaining the services.
To measure the level of convenience, the third-party application result has showed that three portals areabove the average considerably in term of speed. E-Procurement is the only portal that scored below averagein term of page speed. The third-party application for assessing the portal is the application from Google
named Google PageSpeed™ Insight on https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In
addition to that, all clickable objects on the portal work as they should do.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://www.gets.govt.nz
http://www.ird.govt.nz/
http://www.customs.govt.nz
http://www.ird.govt.nz/forms-guides/keyword/
http://healthitboard.health.govt.nz/about-us/ehealth-vision
http://newzealand.govt.nz/
https://www.realme.govt.nz/what-it-is/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of New Zealand (https://www.govt.nz/) contains proper information for local
citizens and foreigners. Information about New Zealand is available on the portal. User can find information
about culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, the result of Google
PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is above average both from PC and from Mobile
Device. However, the portal does not provide the user with some functionalities such as news and social
network integration.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]New Zealand government has clearly defined the need of ICT leadership on D-Government. The DGovernment Strategy stated the role, the mandate, and the position of CIO in central and local authority.
The D-Government Action Plan was arranged by CIO from across agencies under a partnership framework.
The Partnership Framework is initiated by GCIO. Despite the strong role of CIO in New Zealand, there is
no GCIO development program found in New Zealand during the period of this research.

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4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Government ICT Action Plan covers all aspects of developing ICT in government. In addition totechnical aspect, managerial and awareness are mentioned on the document. The programs, initiatives, andfunding for increasing the awareness on Digital Government have taken place. However, none of theactivities related to D-Government Promotion has been found during this research.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Culture and society in New Zealand has been created as a high-tech society. These factors have driven New
Zealand to the next horizon of D-Government. Citizens and government can take the benefit of ICT in their
daily life. For instance, parliament member has their own website and provide the citizens with the channel
to communicate.
Despite of all aforementioned achievements, the absence of e-participation portal reduces the achievementof New Zealand in this indicator.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]In 1982, New Zealand has launched Official Information Act to participate in the Freedom of Information
Act movement around the world. To strengthen the implementation of these act, New Zealand has
established Open Data Portal (https://data.govt.nz) to provide public with government information. To keep
the information update, New Zealand government uses Data one.govt (Open Network Environment) as aplatform for data submission.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
New Zealand has ratified several laws and regulation related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

Crimes Act 1961, Section 249
Unsolicited Electronic Messages Act 2007
Privacy Act 1993
Electronic Transaction Act 2002
Trust and Security Guidelines
Privacy Maturity Assessment Framework
Cyber Security Strategy

In addition to these laws, New Zealand has established Government Communication Security Bureau(GCSB) for providing information assurance and cyber security to the New Zealand Government and criticalinfrastructure organizations, foreign intelligence to government decision-makers, and cooperation andassistance to other New Zealand government agencies. Besides that, an IT Community New Zealandinitiated the foundation of New Zealand Internet Task Force to improve cyber security posture of New
Zealand.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). New Zealand has attempted to implemented
Cloud Computing for Public Sector. New Zealand Government has released the guidance and requirement
for applying cloud computing technology in government agency. Other emerging technologies such as IoT
and Big Data for government agencies are still in an initial stage in New Zealand.

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5 Some Highlights
New Zealand has the impressive point on Management Optimization, Open Government Data, and Cyber
Security. With the centralized style, New Zealand has reached the high level of D-Government development.
The high score in Management Optimization reflects the high degree of connectivity and interoperability of
government information system. In this area, New Zealand is attempting to the pursue the next step of
public service under the theme “Services are digital by default”. The effort to achieve the digital by default
is equipped with the proper equipment on Open Government Data which ensures all stakeholder can takethe benefit of government data. To increase the trust level on D-Government service, New Zealand also hasa remarkable Cyber Security infrastructures.
In contrast to those three indicators. New Zealand still has the weakness. The use of emerging technology
and D-Government Promotion are the weak point of New Zealand. As for the emerging technology, it is the
new indicator for this year survey. New Zealand is commencing the use of Cloud Computing for delivering
public services. Many countries are still in the initial stage on the use emerging ICT. Furthermore, another
weakness point of New Zealand is on the D-Government Promotion. It is hard to find any pieces of evidence
related to D-Government promotion strategy and activities. One argument is that the lack of D-Government
promotion activities occurred because the New Zealand does not need such programs anymore. Their citizen
is aware already of D-Government service and knows how to use it.
By the increasing use of emerging ICT, New Zealand still has a chance to get the higher score in DGovernment Promotion. The promotion activities will follow the progress of developing the Digital Services
by default since it needs some introductions to the citizens about this matter.

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Nigeria
1 General Information
Area: 923,768 km2
Population: 181,562,056
Government
Type:
Federal
Republic
GDP: $6,400
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

Presidential

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Africa225

THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

3 D-Government Development
The national portal, http://www.nigeria.gov.ng is no longer functional as of early 2017, and the official
website of the executive branch (www.statehouse.gov.ng) is filled with broken links. Services.gov.ng, thegovernment one-stop-shop for interacting with citizens, runs slowly but is semi- functional. Some Web 2.0
tools are being used to allow more interaction between government and citizen. For instance, citizen cancontact with government officials through feedback forms or email addresses available at some government
websites, plus the government has added some social media integration (Twitter and Facebook) to the main
portal.
The government established NCC (Nigeria Communication Commission) under guideline of ministry ofCommunication and Technology to help reach out, and protect the consumer and Internet user can access it
at http://consumer.ncc.gov.ng/. It is more of a citizen advocacy site compared with the national portal. Here,consumers and businesses are encouraged to send their complaints. They have access to podcasts, opinion
polls, and Facebook pages as well.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) estimates that in 2017, 48.8% of Nigerians used theInternet. About 10% of the population has access to wireless broadband, but the ITU claims that virtually
nobody in the country (0.0%) had wired broadband access in 2017.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Nigeria government has various initiatives of government strategy that include: the National/State
Economic Empowerment Strategies (NEEDS/SEEDS), the Vision 2020, the National D-Government
Strategy (NeGST) and a well-formulated National IT policy. The National Information Technology
Development Agency (NITDA) was charged with the responsibility of co-ordination the Nigeria project incollaboration with National D-Government Strategies Limited (NeGSt). The Government of President
Olusegun Obasanjo approved this policy in March 2001. The Nigerian Federal Ministry of Information andCommunications says that its priority is to provide citizens with credible and timely information on
government activities and programs and initiatives to create a technological environment for Nigeria’s socialand economic development, but little has been done in terms of management optimization although various
initiatives have been rolled out.

4.3 Online Service [OS]In Nigeria there are legislative initiatives, already, aimed towards providing a favorable environment for thedevelopment of e-commerce in Nigeria witnessed principally, for example, by the draft Nigerian Electronic
Transactions Bill which is still making its way slowly through the legislative process. On the other hand,
the Nigerian Cyber-crimes Act was recently voted into law. The draft Electronic Transactions bill addresses
matters such as the formation and validity of electronic contracts as well as the form and validity ofelectronic signatures while the draft Cyber-crimes Act tackles some types of criminal activity by or throughcomputers and information systems.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Nigerian D-Government portal is http://www.nigeria.gov.ng but the portal has some limitations. Theinterface is not user-friendly for all consumers and the portal provides mostly static information about news,
the government, army and police activities and only link to government departments. There are no eServices integrated into portal as well as no information about the social media in portal to encourage the226THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

Nigerian citizens to interact with their government. These limitations are understandable, though, in lightof the limited availability of fixed broadband connections in the country.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There are no specific laws or mandates for CIO positions in Nigeria. The head of the National DGovernment Strategies (NeGST) may be the closest position in the Nigerian government. However, the
NeGST website does not provide details on its leadership or organizational structure. There are no CIO
associations in Nigeria and not CIO training course are offered by any university or training center.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Nigerian Government has many plans and strategies for developing D-Government as well as providing
e-Services to citizen. In 2007, the central government, as part of its public service reforms, announced theintended use of electronic payments for all public sector transactions. This electronic payment system is
now currently in use, and continues to improve. These include salaries of employees and payment for
procurements and contracts. Also in 2007, the government of Nigeria established a public corporation
known as Galaxy Backbone to provide its technological platform for D-Government, and is working on acomprehensive broadband policy and vision document which will provide broadband definition,
performance indicators, incentives for investment, macroeconomic targets, deployment guidelines andcitizens charter. The Government has articulated a clear vision for D-Government, driven by the Ministersof Information and Communications and Science and technology. However, D-Government is more
fragmented and allocated through many different government organizations so it is not accessible on thesame portal like many other countries.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The national portal, http://www.nigeria.gov.ng is beginning to evolve from just merely providing einformation to providing e-consultation services as well. It is also the government one-stop-shop forinteracting with citizens. Some Web 2.0 tools are being used to allow more interaction between governmentand citizen. For instance, citizen can contact with government officials through feedback forms or email
addresses available at some government websites, plus the government has added some social media
integration (Twitter and Facebook) to the main portal.
Furthermore, the government established NCC (Nigeria Communication Commission) under guideline ofministry of Communication and Technology to help reach out, and protect the consumer and Internet user
can access it at http://consumer.ncc.gov.ng/. It is more of a citizen advocacy site compared with the national
portal. Here, consumers and businesses are encouraged to send their complaints. They have access to
Podcasts, opinion polls, and Facebook pages as well.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
On September 12, 2013, the first open data portal was launched in Edo State. Edo State is also the first subnational government body in Nigeria and Africa to launch an Open Data Portal. Currently, the most up-todate and effective open data portal for Nigeria is operated by the African Development Bank Group, andthis only provides limited and narrowly-focused amounts of data. There is much room for improvement inthis area.

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
There is no doubt that e-crime is an image problem for Nigeria. The recent passage of the new Cyber Crimes
bill in the Nigerian Senate may be a step in the right direction. The bill is still awaiting passage in the
Nigerian House of Representatives. There continues to be serious controversy over the bill, including227

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whether it contains loopholes that will actually increase domestic corruption. However, it is clear that a
tougher and more effective approach on cyber-crime and cyber security is necessary in Nigeria.

5 Some Highlights
While the recent political transition in Nigeria appears to be causing some issues, the recent passage of the
new Cyber Crimes bill in the Nigerian Senate may be a step in the right direction. The bill is still awaiting
passage in the Nigerian House of Representatives. There continues to be serious controversy over the bill,including whether it contains loopholes that will actually increase domestic corruption. However, it is clearthat a tougher and more effective approach on cyber-crime and cyber security is necessary in Nigeria
Nigeria still needs to improve further on its ICT services and telecommunication systems. Mobile Internet
holds some promise for increasing access to marginalized sectors of the population and there has been
exponential growth in mobile subscriptions. All Nigerian states now have some form of mobile coverage,
however, there are still millions of Nigerians with limited or no access to ICT services due to lack of network
infrastructure.
Moreover, there some new tech trends in the ICT field that Nigeria is trying to emulate to improve its
telecommunication services. The Ministry of Communications Technology is collaborating with its
agencies NCC and NITDA to create and strengthen software and improve broadband infrastructuredevelopment.
Also worthy of mention is the continuing trend of mobile banking, where subscribers can send and receive
money using their mobile phones. This has been successful due to private sector initiatives to reach out tocitizens in rural areas who did not have access to banks.

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Norway1 General Information
Area: 323,802 km2Population: 5,265,158
Government Type: Parliamentary Constitutional
Monarchy
GDP: $69,300
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

European Countries

Among OECD countries, Norway shows a great performance in D-Government progress, indicated byalmost indicators have surpassed the OECD average, except Government CIO (GCIO), National Portal(NPR) and the use of Emerging Technologies for government (EMG). This phenomenon was also witnessed
when comparing Norway with European Countries. In the comparison with the USA, Norway had similarscores in Management Optimization (MO).

3 D-Government Development
Being one of the countries with advanced ICT infrastructure, digitalization will continue being the top
priority in Norwegian Government’s agenda for many years to come.
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Norway has a huge advantage in online service development when in 2015 Q4, 97 per cent of the
population aged over 12 had Internet access at home, at school or work, or elsewhere. More than 90 percent
of citizens use the Internet daily (Eurostat 2014), ranks highest in Euro and the rest of the world.

Norwegians also have high expectation regarding public sectors and many of them are ready forelectronic interaction with government.

4 Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
The total of Internet users in Norway accounts for more than 96% of the population in 2015, according to
the Measuring the Information Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Among them, about 93% people has a wireless broadband connection, while the figure for fixed-broadband
subscriptions is only 38.1%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Norwegian Government has published the latest digital agenda for Norway in 2015, in which prioritized
five areas: focusing on user centric; efficient use of ICT for strengthen innovation and productivity;
strengthening digital competence and inclusion; effective digitization of the public sector; and dataprotection and information security. Difi and Ministry of Local Government &Modernisation continues
being strengthened as coordinating bodies in the public sector and the Norwegian Association of Local andRegional Authorities will be in charge for facilitating D-Government development at local government level.
The government also established the Digitization Council in 2016 to help government agencies succeed
with their digitization projects.
There is a national enterprise architecture (NEA) developed by Norway International Experience Norwegian
Government which consists of technical, conceptual, organizational and procedural standards. The
architecture was translated into domain and organizational architectures at the local level.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services: e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience.
In terms of complexity level, most of Online Service in Norway has reach a transactional level in whichuser can totally conduct their businesses online. In November 2015, a new authorization initiative called the
ID Gateway (ID-porten) for “Mobile BankID” was launched, supporting Norwegian citizens to access over
600 public digital services via “https://www.norge.no/” one-stop-service portal.
Doffin“https://www.doffin.no/” is a new national procurement portal launched in 2014, enables public institutionsin Norway to publish tender information. However, in prior to register as member, users are required to send
all necessary papers and application documents to Doffin for manually approval. Regarding e-Health,“https://helsenorge.no/” is the Health and Care Services’ portal providing guidance to the health services
and self-service solutions available in the health sector. All online services had security measures such as
SSL, Site Authentication, and Password Protection fully implemented.
To measure the level of convenience, the third-party application result has showed that all portal is above
the average in terms of speed. The third-party application for assessing the portal is the application from
Google PageSpeed™ Insight.
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List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://www.doffin.no/en
http://www.skatteetaten.no
http://www.toll.no/en/
https://helsenorge.no/https://www.norge.no/4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information, Technical, and Functionality.
National Portal of Norway “http://www.norge.no/” contains proper information for local citizens andforeigners. Information about the country and latest events is also available by linking to another portal for
visitors. In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performanceis above average both from PC and Mobile devices. The portal is also equipped with several basic
functionalities search capability, site map, and Social Network integration.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
The Norway public administration at national and local levels does not appoint CIOs or equivalent positions
within the legal framework. The director, Agency for Public Management and eGovernment can beconsidered the CIO at the national level.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There are numbers of strategies and documents related to D-Government and ICT development found within
national and local government level, for examples, the Norway Digital Agenda (published annually), Difi’
strategy 2012-2015, and so on.
Regarding to ICT budget, from the data of the Norwegian Government Agency for Financial Management,
an estimate of ICT procurements in the public sector in 2014 is put at NOK 16.6 billion. Thanks to theconsistent and substantial funding on ICT, the use of digital services in government agencies andmunicipalities is increasing dramatically: use of public services online increased by 235 per cent between
2010 and 2015 (based on number of logins through the e-ID Gateway). Hundreds of services can beaccessible via e-ID login solution and this number is still growing.
In order to reduce the size and complexity of digitalization projects, the Government has issued thePrinciples of digitization projects which consists of five fundamental rules: start with needs, think big – startsmall, choose the right partner, ensure appropriate skilled leader, and iterate outcomes.

4.7 D-Government Participation [EPAR]
Since its launch in 2003, Altinn portal has played a significant role in the growth of the awareness of citizens
about electronic forms and services. Over 200 million digital forms and messages have been transmitted via
Altinn so far.
In the efforts to increase the interaction with citizens, Norwegian Government has put into place the use of
Digital Mailbox, an initiative allows government agencies to send messages directly to citizens. Public
administration bodies are mandated to implement the digital mailbox by the first quarter of 2016.
Digidel “http://digidel.no/” is another initiative launched in 2016 where courses and training programs incomputer literacy are provided. Some example courses are Tax Administration’s tax return online service
course or Difi’s "Learn to login to public utilities with BankID" course.
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4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Austria has recently launched the Open Data portal “http://data.norge.no/”. And Norway has been ranked
as the 3rd most advances country in Open Government according to the World Justice Project Open
Government Index 2015.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The Norwegian National Security Authority (NSM) is considered as a cross-sectoral professional andsupervisory authority within the protective security services in Norway, is also responsible for matters ofcybersecurity. NorCERT (Norwegian Computer Emergency Response Team), a department operates under
NSM, is responsible for detects cyber incidents in Norway. To promote research, training and education on
cyber security, Norway established the Center for Cyber and Information Security in 2014, with the major
mission is to increase the national capacity to cope with security challenges in digital space.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Brunei has started to implemented Cloud
Computing for running One Government Private Cloud (OGPC). OGPC offers Infrastructure-as-a-Service(IaaS) for government agencies. D-Government National Center maintains this Cloud Computing Services.
Other emerging technologies are still immature and no evidence to prove that Brunei implemented Big Dataand IoT.

5 Some Highlights
Being aware of the high demand of citizen in communicating with public sectors via online way, Norwegian
Government has put many efforts into building a strong and efficient public sector for better public services
delivery. Major initiatives such as Altinn portal, Standard Portal “http://www.standard.difi.no/”, Public
e-ID solution – MinID, and the latest one - Mobile BankID, launched on November 2015 - help the country
securing its position in top 5 of Online Service delivery.
In June 2015, Nordic countries including Demark, Finland, Norway and Sweden have decided to cooperateon their open government strategy and implementation by sharing their national OGP working and together
promote open data. This cooperation and other efforts of the government in promoting for open government
help Norway to score 9 out of 10 in Open Government dimension.

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Oman
1 General Information
Area: 309,500 km2 44
Population: 3,355,262 45
Government Type: Monarchy 46
GDP: $43,700 47
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
GCC Countries

Asian Countries

Among GCC Countries, Oman has a better score than the average score of GCC in Open Management
Optimization. As shown on the above picture, Oman is considerably low compare to the average of GCC
on basic infrastructure, National Portal and GCIO. However, despite the lack basic infrastructure, Oman has
been trying to take the benefit of emerging ICT such as Cloud Computing, Big Data, and IoT. Some progressin the area of emerging ICT has led Oman to get a better position than the average of GCC Countries.
These achievements also reflect the position in Asian region in which Oman is considerably approaching
Singapore in the Management Optimization and the use of emerging ICT.

44

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html#nz
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html#nz
46
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html#nz
47
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html#nz
45233

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3 D-Government Development
Oman has started the D-Government development since 2003 by endorsing the Digital Oman Strategy. Asa monarchy, Sultanate Oman centralize the D-Government development. The role of Sultan is very
dominant. By His Majesty’s order, Sultanate Oman established the Information Technology Agency (ITA)
in 2006. ITA is considered as a single organization that responsible for the execution of Digital Oman
Strategy. In order to speed up D-Government development and its adoption to the whole government offices
and citizens, Sultan Oman launched annual Excellent D-Government Award.

Information Technology Authority

This year is the second year of Oman as a participating country in the ranking. As a result, there is no
appropriate information of the progress of D-Government development in Oman. However, based on United
Nation D-Government Index 2014, Oman places the 48th position, which is improved from rank 127th 48 ina decade earlier.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 74.2% of people in Netherlands were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 5.5% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wireless broadband subscription has reach 78.7%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]As an effort to bring the government to the next level, Oman has launched the Digital Oman Strategy.
Referring to this strategy, each government agency has to specify its own D-Government target. The target
should be aligned with National Targets. The Digital Oman Strategy is broken down into several initiatives
and roadmap for completion. Measurable objectives are in place.

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Centralizing the ICT solution is the choice of Oman Government in which they decided to build Oman
Government Network. Oman government adopted enterprises architecture practices by introducing Oman
D-Government Architecture Framework (OeGAF). As a result of centralization initiatives, Oman has
developed National Payment Gateway where all governments are able to proceed efficient electronictransactions and simplify the processing of payment transactions for electronic services within the country.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online service, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, only e-Health has reach a high levelof complexity while the others are still one-way interaction.
In term of complexity level, except the e-Health, all of Online Service in Oman still in a one-way interactionin which user can only get information about government service and download some documents required
for the services. In this scenario, visiting the government office physically is necessity. Given that, all Online
Service have not implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, and Password Protection
for obtaining the services.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that three portals are
below the average considerably in term of speed. Except e-Procurement and e-Tax, all online service inOman got scored below average significantly, thus, considerably fast to access. The third party application
for assessing the portal is the application from Google named Google PageSpeed™ Insight on
https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickable objects on the
portal work as they should do.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://etendering.tenderboard.gov.om
http://www.taxoman.gov.om
https://www.customs.gov.om/portal/ar/esw/
https://www.moh.gov.om
https://www.oman.om

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Oman (http://www.oman.bh) contains proper information for local citizens
and foreigners. Information about Oman is available on the portal. User can find information about culture
and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insightshowed that the portal has severe issues on performance since the score is significantly below average bothfrom PC and from Mobile Device.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Oman has established Information Technology Authority as a GCIO Office. Head of this authority take theresponsibility similar to the GCIO. GCIO is important to deliver a strong sponsorship through strong
leadership. In contrary to the presence of GCIO at national level, the presence of any formal document thatclearly stated the mandate, the responsibility, and the position of GCIO in local government is hardly found.

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4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Digital Oman Strategy has put several initiatives including raising citizen awareness on D-Government
services. However, there is no significant evidence to indicate that Oman government conduct any initiatives
to promote the use of D-Government Service. This situation is similar to the one in any developed countries
where the IT Culture has been embraced in the society. Moreover, Oman is not considered as a developed
country. Without any efforts to increase the citizen awareness on D-Government, the huge investment indeveloping D-Government in Oman could become meaningless where citizens do not use the e-Services
simply because they do not know how to use it and they do not know that the e-service does exist.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Low score in this indicator is a kind of stereotype in a monarchy system; Sultanate is considered as a typeof Monarchy. In Oman, it is rather difficult to find government officer’s websites. Parliament member does
not have official website to gather opinions from citizens. Despite the lack of aforementioned items, Oman
has developed e-Participation Portal that can be accessed through www.oman.om. The presence of thisprogram help Oman to get the score for this indicator.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Despite the absence of Freedom of Information Act, Kingdom of Oman considers that public has right toobtain information from government side. As part of Digital Oman Strategy, Sultanate of Oman has
appointed Information Technology Authority (ITA) to manage Oman Open Data Portal at
http://www.oman.om/wps/portal/index/opendata. Considering the risk of irrelevant and not-up-to-date,regular submission of government information for the Open Data Portal is conducted through a single pointof entry system as required by ITA.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Oman has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

Royal Decree No 12/2011 on Cyber Law
Royal Decree No 12/2011 on Cyber Law Chapter Seven
Royal Decree No 12/2011 on Cyber Law Chapter Two
Authentication Procedure
Royal Decree 69/2008 on eTransaction Law; Article (14)

In addition to these laws, Oman has established Center of Information Security. It is the agency whose
responsibility is to implement a national cybersecurity strategy, policy and roadmap of e-Oman. In addition
to that, Oman has created Oman CERT for monitoring and solving Internet Security problems.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Oman has attempted to implemented Cloud
Computing for Public Sector under Oman Government Cloud. The Cloud service is proved by ITA.
Infrastructure-as-a-Service is offered to minimize the investment spent by government agency. In addition
to that, Oman has initiated the development of Big Data technology. The Big Data is still at initial stage;
Introduction Stage.

5 Some Highlights
Oman has the impressive point on Management Optimization. They have a comprehensive strategy andframework for strengthening the back-office. By adopting the best Enterprise Architecture Practices, Oman
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has established the Oman D-Government Architecture Framework (OeGAF). OeGAF consists of four mainarchitectures49; Business Architecture, Solution Architecture, Information Architecture, and Technology

Figure 1: Information Technology Authority

Architecture. OeGAF ensure the interoperability among government information system.
There is still a plenty of room for improvement D-Government development. Online service, e-Participation,and the Emerging ICT are among the low score of Oman D-Government ranking. However, by the strong
foundation of Back Office Infrastructure, Sultanate Oman has an advantage to speed up the D-Government
Development. In addition to that, Oman is one of the high GDP country that is believed as a factor for
successful D-Government Development.

49

http://www.slideshare.net/egovernment/tutorial-2-omar-salim

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Pakistan
1 General Information
Area: 796,095 km2
Population: 199,085,847
Government Type: Federal
Republic
GDP: $4,900
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

Parliamentary

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Asia

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3 D-Government Development
With over 120 million mobile subscribers in 2017, Pakistan has the highest mobile penetration rate in theSouth Asian region, up from only about 300,000 in 2000; more than 90 percent of Pakistanis live withinareas that have cell phone coverage and more than half of all Pakistanis have access to a cell phone; fiber
systems are being constructed throughout the country to aid in network growth; fixed line availability hasrisen only marginally over the same period and there are still difficulties getting fixed-line service to rural
areas.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Pakistan’s most popular sites are major international ones, such as Google.pk, Yahoo, YouTube andFacebook and as of March, Pakistan’s broadband users crossed 2 million. Pakistan has close to 50,590,000
personal computer users. Over the years the percentage of households using personal computers in Pakistan
has grown substantially and around 350,000 new computer users are added every year in Pakistan. There is
still a good deal of room for growth, but Pakistan is making steady annual progress.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Pakistan is one of the emerging countries in the world which is trying to make a difference in his way andimplementing D-Government in at an enormous rate as well as Pakistani government believe that
Information technology is a vital tool in order to accelerated economic growth, efficient governance andhuman resource development.
Pakistan D-Government objectives are focused on high priority areas for improving the internal operations
and management. Most objectives are intended to help Interior better execute administrative and supporting
functions that exist across the entities. These functions, while in many cases part of the “back office”, play
critical roles in accomplishing the missions for which Interior is responsible. They are also crosscutting andhave impacts across the Department and all mission--‐related activities. The usage of ICT in Pakistan is
improving day by day in internal processes and the government’s computerization efforts and the level of
ICT integration is very good since last couple of years. Standardization of service procedures andinformation systems in order to achieve internal effectiveness and efficiency of governmental operations
can be constrained by many reasons.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The Proactive Data Publishing Service initiative would inventory high-value information currently available
for download; fosters the public’s use of this information to increase public knowledge; promote public
scrutiny of agency services by citizens, journalists, the media and relevant stakeholders; identify high value
information not yet available and establish a reasonable timeline for online publication in open formats.
Data.org.pk offers an open data platform that proactively publishes government data online in multiple easy
to use formats, creating and institutionalizing a culture of greater transparency, improving the quality of
government information and creating a policy framework for open government.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The national portal of Pakistan (pakistan.gov.pk) is a gateway to improve the communication experience
between the government and the public as well as provides a ‘single window access’ to information andgovernment services which can be accessed by citizens and organizations/ business sector. The national
portal of Pakistan has the basic interface for all government website and to contact government
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electronically. The Pakistani Government’s Web portal presents a wide range of information resources andonline services from various government sources, accessible from a single point. Pakistan Government’s
Web portal is a gateway to improve the communication experience between the government and the public.
Moreover, it provides information that helps the public to better understand government structure. The wellorganized portal serves as a platform that assists the public to find desired information. Moreover, it provides
information that helps the public to better understand government ministerial structure, parliament and
Senate. The well-organized portal serves as a platform that assists the public to find desired information. To
improve users’ browsing easy access facility, the portal also allows user link with sub-government portal(provincial government such as khyberpakhtunkhwa.gov.pk, punjab.gov.pk (that allow each individual user
to visit the each portal as they desire. The portal is available in official language (English).

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The D-Government Program in Pakistan is an initiative of Ministry of Information Technology (Ministryof Science & Technology) under the National IT Policy 2000 approved by the Federal Cabinet in August
2000. Extensive research has been undertaken in preparation of this program. This included covering all
ministries of the Federal Government with regard to their requirements over a period. Recently office ofgovernment CIO issue Information Security Policy under the authority of the Government Chief
Information Officer on October 2012.
The Pakistan C National directorate of D-Government was established within the Ministry of Information
Technology to provide leadership and oversight for IT spending throughout the Federal Government. In
addition, each Federal agency has its own directorate of D-Government.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Government of Pakistan has promulgated the Electronic Transaction Ordinance (ETO) and working
towards developing D-Government services. Many organization and website offer services such as DGovernment.gov.pk and. e-gov.pk.
The digital interactions between a Pakistan’s government departments, citizens, businesses, employees andother governments improved from couple of years And this clearly appear from the efforts to develop andpromote electronic Government services. The promotion of the use of the Internet and other information
technologies to increase opportunities for citizen to participate with the Pakistan Government and promotinginteragency collaboration providing electronic Government services, where these collaborations would
improve the service provided to its citizens by integrating related functions and the use of internal electronic
Government processes.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Electronic Democracy is one of important area that Pakistan government is working now and this is thesolution Pakistanis are waiting for to solve inherent civil problems of Pakistan. There are many projects for
improvement e-participation and e-democracy. One of them is E-Democracy in Pakistan project. In thedescription of the project it is emphasized that "the aim is to offer the citizens an opportunity to get electronic
access to relevant information related to administrative decisions concerning the open land in the district.
These initiatives by government agencies to allow stakeholders to contribute their opinion, either privately
or publicly, on specific issues as well as it enable ICT to support individuals come together to form
communities, to progress shared agendas and to shape and empower such communities. The website
http://www.ecp.gov.pk/ provides the information on election in Pakistan.

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4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]This dimension measures the extent of the access of the general population to information and knowledge.
This includes the presence of policies relating to freedom of information, access to publicly funded research(open content), availability of government data in a reusable format (open data) and the ability of citizens
to access information relevant to their needs.
The Government of Punjab, Pakistan, has recently approved the Right to Information Act 2010 that enables
public sharing of government data. As the act approaches the final stages of enactment, it has become
imperative to develop an online platform that enables public sharing of government data with citizens andrelevant stakeholders. Given the upcoming 2013 elections, soaring foreign and domestic investments indevelopment projects, demands for increased accountability for public expenditure and transparent budgets,
the Pakistani citizens’ interest in accessing open government data has skyrocketed.

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
The D-Government strategy plan now provides e-Services for almost all field and departments within the
Pakistani government such as Pakistan Police: E-services, Supreme Court of Pakistan: Check Your Case
Status online, Pakistan Research Repository: Digital Archives of PhD, Pakistan Railways: E-Services,
Pakistan Post: E-service, Pakistan Medical and Dental Council: Check Registration of Doctors, Pakistan
International Airlines: E-Air, Pakistan Electric Power Company: Electricity Bill SMS alerts and E-billing,
Higher Education Commission: E-Services and High Court: E-services, So through all these E-services
citizens can get on time and time and money efficient data anytime anywhere.

5 Some Highlights
Today's cyber threats are becoming increasingly more targeted and sophisticated with criminal networks
operating across the world, coordinating complex attacks against targets in a matter of minutes. Due to thecomplexity of the cyber-threat landscape, cybercrime investigations are profoundly different in nature to
traditional crime, requiring high-level technical expertise and large-scale cross-jurisdictional investigations.
It is essential that law enforcement prioritize resources, build cross-jurisdictional and cross sectorial
collaboration in addition to developing the technical expertise, tools and infrastructure required toeffectively combat threats and eventually enhance digital security. In response, Pakistan Information
Security Association (PISA) has been working for the last many years to highlight this much needed topicof Multi-Stakeholder coordination for combating Cyber Crimes. PISA will seek to implement an alliancewith multi-stakeholders, including government organizations, academia, law enforcement agencies andInternet security specialists from the private and public sector, to leverage their respective expertise andresources for fighting cybercrimes.

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Peru
1 General Information
Area: 1,285,216 km2
Population: 30,444,999
Government Type: presidential republic
GDP: $12,300
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
AMERICA Countries

APEC Countries

Among American countries, Peru shows slow progress on D-Government performance. Of the 10 indicators,
only National Portal has higher score than the world and regional average point.
Similar thing happens in APEC where Peru surpasses the group average only on the national portal. Other
scores are under the group’s mean.

3 D-Government Development
D-Government in South America is considered a high priority for improving the internal operations andmanagement. However, levels are still low and developments are at the initial phase. Most objectives areintended to help the Interior better executing administrative and supporting functions that exist across the242THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

government bodies. The D-Government strategy is drafted by the Center for Public Service Innovation(CPSI) in associate with the Department of Public Service and Administration and the State Information
Technology Agency.

4 Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]In Peru, 58.6% of the population uses the Internet in 2017, only a very small increase compared to theprevious year. The number of fixed-broadband subscriptions is 6.4 per 100 inhabitants, while the numberof active mobile broadband subscriptions is 36.7 per 100 inhabitants, the latter showing a considerable
increase over the previous year.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Peruvian government released its D-Government strategy in 2006 in a document entitled “Estrategia
Nacional de Gobierno Electrónico” (D-Government National Strategy), through the National Office for DGovernment and Informatics (ONGEI). In it, the government defines five strategic objectives and a numberof initiatives for each. With this document, the government aims to promote the utilization of ICT in public
administration and the improvement of public services. The Peruvian government also established a special
committee, the CODESI, to enable and promote the establishment of the information society in the country.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for online services is comprised of five criteria: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, e-Health, andone-stop service website. The Peruvian government maintains websites for all five types of e-services
assessed in this survey. The website for e-tax and e-customs (http://www.sunat.gob.pe) offers a high levelof complexity and interaction, while providing relevant information to citizens. The one-stop service
website (http://www.tramites.gob.pe) is clear and simple, and shows the most consulted procedures on its
main page. The e-procurement website (http://www.perucompras.gob.pe) and the e-health website(http://www.essalud.gob.pe/essalud-en-linea-2) are limited to providing information to the citizens and offer
only simple services with low complexity.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Peruvian national portal offers basic information about the country, as well as government informationand links to other government agencies. It also offers limited information on events and news, and greatly
focuses on tourism. The website is simple and lacks many features like social network integration andfeedback forms. Legislation is also available on the national portal. The website is only available in Spanish.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
The legal framework related to D-Government does not consider the CIO position. However, the ONGEI is
responsible for many of the GCIO functions, such as the promotion of ICT utilization in public
administration and the implementation of the strategy. Information regarding CIO training programs wasfound in at least one educational institution. No additional information on CIO regulations was found.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Through the ONGEI, the Peruvian government is working to promote the use of ICT and the developmentof D-Government. There exists a legal framework for promoting D-Government, although the strategy fails
to include local governments. There is an annual fund for IT adoption of Peruvian businesses called
Technology Science and Innovation Fund. No information on publications, training programs, or events
related to D-Government was found.
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According to data from Dominio Consultores 2013, the government consumption on IT is still limited,accounting for only 19% of the total market.

4.7 D-Government Participation [EPAR]
The National Digital Agenda states that D-Government initiatives aim to increase citizen participation andtransparency, although there is still not enough evidence to assess this objective. Users have access to
information and contact details of elected officials, legislation, and national budget on government websites.
The president also has an official website, which includes a feedback form.
With the growing of mobile Internet connections, the Peruvian Government focused on providing services
via mobile applications. A portal for mobile government was established to serve this purpose(http://www.movil.softwarepublico.gob.pe/). This is the place where various mobile applications areprovided to citizens.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The government is committed to provide open information to its citizens, for which it offers an open data
portal (http://www.datosabiertos.gob.pe). This site is still in its beta version; there are currently 142 datasets
available from 1,243 institutions, grouped in 10 categories. The government also offers a transparency portal,
where it is possible to view information related to different government agencies.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Peru has specific legislation on cyber security, and penalizes cybercrimes through a special section in its
penal code. It also has laws on access to information, privacy and data protection, and digital signatures andcertificates. There is an official government agency in charge of handling incidents related to cyber security,
the PeCERT. The ONGEI has published a national strategy for cyber security.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
No evidence of usage or regulations by the government of emerging technologies such as Cloud Computing,the Internet of Things, or Big Data was found.

5 Some Highlights
The Peruvian government started its D-Government program many years ago, but it has seen little
development in recent years. Although several efforts have been done, it still stays behind in comparison toother Latin American countries. Its strategy also needs to be updated and revised, and more effort needs tobe put on the enabling framework. From the range of e-services offered and the state of its agencies websites,
it can be said that Peru is still lacking of a holistic approach to D-Government development.

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Philippines
1 General Information
Area: 300,000 km2 50
Population: 102,624,209 51
Government Type: Republic 52
GDP: $7,700 53
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Countries

ASEAN Economies

Among APEC Countries, Philippines has a better score than the average score of APEC in Open
Government Data and Management Optimization. As shown on the above picture, Philippines is very low
on the basic infrastructure and the use of emerging ICT. However, despite the lack basic infrastructure,
Philippines has been trying to take the benefit of modernized government process through Management
Optimization and Open Government Data.
These achievements also reflect the position of Philippines in ASEAN region in which Philippines
considerably approached Singapore in the Open Data and the Management Optimization.

50

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html#nz
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html#nz
52
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html#nz
53
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html#nz
51

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3 D-Government Development
Philippines has a comprehensive D-Government Master Plan that covers year 2013 – 2016. The Master Planemphasizes on the creation of transparency, collaborative, and integrated government. Department of
Science and Technology hold the strong role in D-Government through the establishment of ICT Office(ICTO). Philippines adopts centralization for their D-Government development. The development iscentrally led by ICTO.

The Philippines’ D-Government Master Plan (EGMP) adopts a whole-of-government approach that
supports the Philippine Development Plan (2011-2016). The EGMP highlights the importance ofcollaboration, interoperability, shared services, and openness. It includes a list of proposed policies andmechanisms for creating and ensuring an environment that institutionalizes open government. Government
interoperability frameworks (GIFs) and similar mechanisms toward this end will be crucial to the eGovernance agenda.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 40.2% of people in Philippines were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 3.4% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and 41.6% of the population has a wireless broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In 2010, Philippines has launched the Philippines’ D-Government Master Plan (EGMP). It replaces thePhilippine Digital Strategy 2011-2015 This master plan adopts a whole-of-government approach that
supports the Philippine Development Plan (2011-2016). The EGMP highlights the importance ofcollaboration, interoperability, shared services, and openness. It includes a list of proposed policies andmechanisms for creating and ensuring an environment that institutionalizes open government. EGMP also
contains a measurable target and clear responsibilities of government agencies. For supporting suchpriorities, Philippines has developed Government interoperability frameworks (GIFs) and similar
mechanisms.
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4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online service, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience.
In term of complexity level, most of investigating Online Service in Philippines has reach a transactional inwhich user can start the transaction from applying to receiving the service through the portal. All Online
Service have implemented security measures such as SSL, Site Authentication, and Password Protection for
obtaining the services.
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application result has showed that, except the eCustoms, all portal is above the average in term of speed. The third party application for assessing the portalistheapplicationfrom
Googlenamed
GooglePageSpeed™
Insightonhttps://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickable objects on the
portal work as they should do.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://philgeps.gov.ph/
http://www.bir.gov.ph/https://www.nsw.gov.ph/
http://www.philhealth.gov.ph
http://www.gov.ph/services/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Philippines (http://www.gov.ph) contains proper information for local
citizens and foreigners. Information about Philippines is available on the portal. User can find information
about demographic, and government. In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showedthat the website performance is below average both from PC and from Mobile Device. Moreover, the portal
does not provide the user with some functionalities such as inquiry form, and Social Network integration.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Referring to the Philippines Digital Strategy, due to the absence of formal GCIO, there is an organization
called The Chief Information Officers Forum, Inc. (CIOF). This is a non-profit organization incorporated
by CIOs of different government departments and agencies with the Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC). The heads of government offices have the discretion to designate the heads of their IT departments
as Chief Information Officers of their respective agencies.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Raising public awareness of ICT is one of the Action Plan in Philippines Digital Strategy. D-Government
Projects, the deliverables and the impacts, are evaluated through the Medium-Term Information andCommunications Technology Harmonization Initiative (MITHI) and through the agency’s Information
Systems Strategic Plan. MITHI is an D-Government and ICT support mechanism that aims to harmonize
and ensure interoperability among ICT-related resources, programs, and projects across the government. It
is a government body composed of representatives from different government agencies (Department of
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Budget and Management, Department of Science and Technology, National Economic and Development
Authority).

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Culture and society in Philippines governmental sector has been created with an IT savvy. Government
officers can take the benefit of ICT for supporting their role. For instance, parliament member has their own
website and provide the citizens with the channel to communicate. The presence of e-participation portal(Crisis Response) contributes to the achievement of Philippines in this indicator so far.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Up to this year, The Congress still arrange the process of ratification of Philippines Public Information Bill.
This Bill is an integral element of the Aquino Good Governance and Anti-Corruption Plan of 2012-2016.
To strengthen the implementation of these act, Philippines has established Open Data Portal(http://data.gov.ph) to provide public with accessible government information. Three agencies are involvedin the Open Data Project; Department of Budget and Management, Office of Presidential Spokesperson,
and The Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Philippines has ratified several laws and regulations related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

Cybercrime Prevention Act 2012
Data Privacy Act
Electronic Commerce Act in 2000
Executive Order No. 810, series of 2009

In addition to these laws, Philippines has set two institutional structures for strengthening Philippines in
Cybersecurity; Cybercrime Investigation and Coordinating Center (CICC) and Department of Justice(DOJ)- Office of the Cybercrime (OOC).

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Philippines has implemented Cloud Computing
Services for government agencies under iGovPhil Projects. The Government Cloud Computing is run on
top of National Government Data Center (NGDC) and is a joint program between Information andCommunications Technology Office - Department of Science and Technology (DOST-ICTO) and
Advanced Science and Technology Institute (DOST-ASTI). It offers Infrastructure-as-a-Service (Iaas) toother government agencies. Other emerging technologies are still not common and there is no evidence toprove that Philippines implemented such technologies.

5 Some Highlights
Philippines has the impressive point on Management Optimization, Open Government Data, and Online
Service. With the comprehensive D-Government Master Plan, Philippines is able to improve those three
indicators. The high score in Management Optimization reflects the high degree of connectivity andinteroperability of government information system as required by the Master Plan. In this area, Philippines
is attempting to the pursue the connected yet integrated government under the theme “iGovPhil” Initiative.
The effort to achieve the connectivity and interoperability among government agencies is equipped with theproper equipment on Open Government Data which ensures all stakeholder can take the benefit ofgovernment data. To engage the citizen and business enterprise for using D-Government system, Philippines
is continuously enhancing the Online Service.
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In contrast to those three indicators. New Zealand still has the weakness. The use of emerging technology
and Network Infrastructure are the weak point of Philippines. As for the emerging technology, it is the new
indicator for this year survey. Philippines is commencing the use of Cloud Computing for government
interoperability and integration. Many countries are still in the initial stage on the use emerging ICT.
Furthermore, another weakness point of Philippines is on the classical issue for developing country, i.e.,
Network Infrastructure Preparedness (NIP). Most developing countries have problem with thetelecommunication infrastructure either on the penetration or the quality of it. Furthermore, there is small
chance for developing countries like Philippines to significantly increase the NIP since it needs a big
investment and involves the “business-friendly” calculation.

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Poland1 General Information
Area: 312,685 km2
Population: 38,562,189
Government Type: Parliamentary Republic
GDP: $26,400
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

Europe3 D-Government Development
The cyberspace of the Republic of Poland includes systems, networks and data communication services ofparticular relevance for the internal security of the country, operated, among others, by state and local
government institutions, the banking system as well as systems to ensure the functioning of the country's
transport, communications, energy, water and gas infrastructure and health care IT systems, where theirdestruction or damage may pose a considerable threat to human life or health, national heritage andenvironment or cause serious damage.

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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTThe Prime Minister is responsible for the protection of the Polish cyberspace. The leading role in the areaof cyber protection is played by: the Ministry of Interior, the Internal Security Agency, the Ministry of
Defense and the Military Counter-intelligence Service. While the Government Centre for Security is
responsible for coordinating the protection of critical data communications infrastructure. The system also
includes other government entities and private individuals – owners of resources which are critical for thestate's ICT infrastructure.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
The first D-Government strategy in Poland, Gateway to Poland (2002-2006), was published in December
2002 and later updated with a concept of e-PUAP (explained below). From 2004-2006, Poland issued ePoland: The Strategy on the development of the Information Society, with objective were to contribute to aknowledge-based economy development and to improve citizens’ quality of life. To reach these objectives,
four priorities were set: provision of broadband Internet for all schools; development of the 'Gateway to
Poland' - an integrated platform for D-Government services; development of Polish content on the Internet;
and universal access to ICT training

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The first action plan was introduced in 2005 – 2006, this action plan derived from ePoland and known as
ePolska. The first plan for computerization introduced for the period 2007 – 2010, which describes in asystematic manner concrete tasks to be carried out by public bodies in the field of information society
development and for the provision of e-Services. The aim of this plan is to introduce a new range of eServices between 2007 and 2013. New e-Services are meant to be set up, covering, among other services:the processing of IDs and passports; the change of residence details; the booking of doctors’ appointments;
eTax declarations sending; and the reception of information from registry offices.
The newest strategy on D-Government is the National Development Strategy 2020. This strategy’s
objective is to digitize public administration to the extent possible, to make government accountable andtransparent to the public, and creating a central IT infrastructure for the entire government.

4.3 Online Service [OS]In the Europe, Poland standing at 19th out of the 32 measured countries, online service accounted 79% andlower than EU average of 82%. Poland has not a centralized e-Procurement infrastructure but a Public
Procurement Office’s (PPO) portal, which plays a central role in the development of e-Procurement. The
portal operates in parallel to the website of the Public Procurement Office and it contains information andtools aimed at electronic procurement. Like other EU countries, e-Service in Poland is divided to citizens
and businesses, Poland issued services for citizens. For example, the e-Tax system was introduced in thelate 2000s at http://www.e-deklaracje.gov.pl.It allows anyone with an electronic signature, who hasregistered as an online client with the Taxation Office, to submit his/her tax declaration electronically.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
In December 2014, Poland launched the third version of its official promotional website, accessible atwww.polska.pl. The new site is currently in beta testing. It is available in English and Polish. This portal
gives information about Polish history and culture, tourism, science and industry. It is easy to use and findinformation with its search engine and menu system. This portal does
Besides the promotional portal, Poland has another portal called e-PUAP to provide citizens and businesses
with e-Services. It is located at www.epuap.gov.pl. It was intended to electronically integrate all public251THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

registers and provide an integrated platform supporting a number of interactive services for citizens andbusinesses, with user identification/authentication, electronic case handling and e-Payments, when needed.
The latest version was updated in 2011 with two-fold purpose to enhance the portal's convenience forcitizens and to facilitate the provision of D-Government services for public entities.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
There is no evidence on Government CIO found in Poland, but they do have a similar position in the Ministerof Digital Affairs (formerly the Minister of Administration and Digitization). Anna Streżyńska currently
serves in this role. The Ministry is in charge of developing broadband infrastructure and creating web
content, among other responsibilities.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Regarding D-Government legislation, Poland has a long-standing act regarding the computerization of theoperation of the Entities Performance Public Tasks. It grants both citizens and businesses the right to contact
public authorities electronically. This Act furthermore sets up horizontal/infrastructure programs for all
sectors of Public Administration and establishes a common interoperability framework for IT systems in
the Polish public sector
The act on access to Public Information allows anyone to demand access to public information held by
public and private bodies exercising public tasks, as well as trade unions and political parties. The bodies
must officially respond within 14 days.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The information society strategy is multidimensional and covers different aspects of information society
development, included e-participation. It defines the vision and mission for the development of theinformation society in Poland. Within each of the three priority areas (Human, Economy and State), it maps
out strategic directions and determines the objectives that should be accomplished in order to achieve thedesired outcome as efficiently as possible.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
MamZdanie.org.pl was the first nationwide service dedicated to open public consultation. It was created in
response to the need for greater transparency in the creation of legislation and other documents defining
public policies (at both national and local).

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Social security benefits are also issued by Poland Government, it includes Unemployment benefits, Child
allowances, Medical costs, passport and driver’s license, Car registration, Certificates (birth, marriage) but
some of them had information only without transactions.
Regarding the e-Health system, The National Health Fund has implemented a public information system of
waiting list length and waiting times for health services at healthcare providers – available in all regional
branches of the National Health Fund. Some healthcare providers have implemented appointment systems(mostly semi-interactive: the hospital has to call back the person who has filled in the form)

5 Some Highlights
Poland has taken significant steps towards the development of an D-Government framework that aims todefine the rights and obligations of both citizens and businesses. The new trends for D-Government
development regarding the D-Government strategy and focus on:
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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT-The Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in Poland until 2013
The Computerization Development Strategy of Poland until 2013 and Perspectives for the
Information Society Transformation by 2020 sets out the framework for the development of
Poland's Information Society

Poland was ranked 42nd in the United Nations’ D-Government Development Index in 2014, which isrelatively consistent with previous rankings. Poland will remain focused on providing user-friendly andreliable e-Services in the coming years.

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Portugal
1 General Information
Area: 92,090 km2
Population: 10,825,309
Government Type: Republic;
Democracy
GDP: $27,800
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

Parliamentary

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

European Countries

Among OECD Countries, all indicators except National Portal (NPR), GCIO and the use of Emerging
Technologies for government (EMG) indicators are above or same with the average score of OECDmembers. Amongst European countries, Portugal is placed below Denmark. However, as other European
countries, the e-Participation (EPAR) indicator of Portugal is same level with those of Denmark, the best
country in Europe region.

3 D-Government Development
The Portuguese D-Government Development Strategy is coordinated at the level of the Presidency ofCouncil of Ministers, by the Minister of the Presidency and the Administrative Modernization, andundertaken by a series of key public institutions led by the Agency for the Administrative Modernization(AMA). This strategy will be carried out by the new Simplex Program, under the motto A STRONG,
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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTINTELIGENT and MODERN STATE. In addition, AMA is a public institution that took over the
responsibilities in the areas of modernization and administrative simplification as well as D-Government(formerly under the Agency for Knowledge) in 2007.
The Portugal Digital Agenda, along with the "Strategic Plan of ICT Rationalization and Cost Reduction PGETIC", approved by the Council of Ministers Resolution No. 12/2012, will make an important
contribution to the achievement of the national objectives in the fields of administrative modernization.
Therefore, the Portugal Digital Agenda no longer focused only on Government action and public
administration, and also have a strong involvement and participation of civil society and the private sector,
in particular, of the entities related to the ICT sector.

Vision of strategic comprehensive, PGETICIn March 2014, Portugal launched the National Administrative Modernization Strategy (PGETIC). It isbased on the digital by default principle in order to reduce the bureaucratic burden on citizens and economic
operators, by introducing transparency and efficiency and reducing the constraints generated by theslowness of different procedural acts. In addition to this effort, as means to improve the efficiency of the
public sector and deploy better electronic services that simplify and enhance the competitiveness to thecitizens and business, it’s being renewed the strategic plan for PGETIC in the public sector started in 2012.
The creation of PGETIC meant great achievements in ICT management in the Portuguese Public
Administration. It provided the public sector with an extra set of tools to enhance its operation, andrepresents the beginning of a global plan towards a rational use of ICT resources, with a flexible and resilient
structure that allows addressing future challenges in a very fruitful way. The ICT rationalization measures,detailed in this plan, were targeted with a view to ensuring, through the provision of services quality ICT,
better public services at a lower cost

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]In Portugal, 67.6% of the population uses the Internet in 2017. The number of fixed-broadband subscriptions
is 29.6 per 100 inhabitants, while the number of active mobile broadband subscriptions is 52 per 100
inhabitants.
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4.2 Management Optimization [MO]D-Government in Portugal is strongly connected to Administrative Modernization and Public Service
Delivery initiatives, focusing on promoting a less bureaucratic Public Administration, cost-effective
solutions and innovative public services using unique counters, digital services or interoperability solutions.
The national D-Government strategy is available as a website, in which the framework, objectives, measures,and evaluation, among other aspects, are clearly mentioned. The implementation and execution of thestrategy is under the responsibility of the Administrative Modernization Agency (AMA), whose objective
is to promote the modernization of the public administration in the country.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services: e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service website. The Portuguese government maintains websites for all
five types of e-services assessed in this survey, and all of them obtained relatively high scores. The e-tax
website integrates e-customs as well, is clear and easy to use, and offers a high level of interaction with theuser. Similar are the cases of the e-procurement and e-health websites. The one-stop service website presents
a search option on its main page, and lists the most consulted procedures. It also provides contact
information of various government agencies for users seeking support. All websites have a clean design andoffer a high level of security. For authentication, it utilizes the Citizen Card service.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
Portugal’s national portal provides news and links to other government agencies on its main page, and has
a simple design. Basic information about the country, and information about the government and its
structure is available on this website. The site also offers integration with SNS, the possibility to subscribe
to a newsletter, and an option to send a message to various officials. The site is also available in English.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
The legal framework related to D-Government does not consider the CIO position officially. However, thegovernment is aware of the need of a GCIO. The AMA is responsible for many of the GCIO functions, suchas the promotion of ICT utilization in public administration and the implementation of the strategy.
Information regarding CIO training programs was found in at least one educational institution. No additional
information on CIO regulations was found.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The national D-Government strategy shows that the government is making great efforts to promote DGovernment and optimize the procedures related to services and public administration, which includes
initiatives at the national and local level. The AMA is the main agency in charge of D-Government
promotion in the country. Some evidence showing that events on D-Government are being held by academic
institutions was found. No information on publications or training programs was found.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
In general, government websites demonstrate interactive functionality and good design. These factors have
driven Portugal to the next horizon of D-Government. Citizens have access to information related togovernment agencies and officials, legislation, and national budget. They can also send messages to officials
or the president, who has an official website. The newly redesigned SIMPLEX program seeks to increase
citizen participation and improve the relationship between citizens and the government. The government
also lets citizens participate in the distribution of budget through the “Portugal Participatory Budget” (OPP)
program.
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4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]In April 2011, the Parliament approves legislation establishing the use of open standards in the information
systems of Public Administration institutions. It is considered a fundamental step for the sovereignty of andthe control over documents that public institutions own. AMA is committed to the development of a wide
and open platform containing all kinds of data from public bodies. The government has an open data site(http://www.dados.gov.pt/), in which an extensive range of information from very diverse areas, like
demographic and health datasets, is available to citizens. And it is published and aggregated information
produced by the public authorities so that it can be read and reused by any citizen.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Portugal finds itself in an initial phase of defining a National Information Security Policy. Currently noframework for cyber security has been defined. A strategy for cyber security has not yet been approved, but
a draft exists and is being discussed. Portugal has specific legislation to penalize cyber crimes through its
penal code. It also has laws on data protection, e-commerce, and e-payment. There is an official government
agency in charge of handling incidents related to cyber security, the CERT-PT, and an information security
agency, the National Center for Cyber Security (CNCS).

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
No evidence of usage or regulations by the government of emerging technologies such as Cloud Computing,the Internet of Things, or Big Data was found.

5 Some Highlights
In recent years various efforts have been made by the Portuguese government to promote D-Government,
simplify public administration procedures, and increase citizen participation. Examples of this are the
SIMPLEX project and the OPP program. Also, the government maintains well-designed e-services websites,
which are properly linked and managed by the AMA, the main agency in charge of D-Government initiatives
in the country. Portugal still needs to officially approve a cyber security strategy and framework to be at thesame level as other European countries on this subject. The weak point in Portugal’s D-Government
development is the absence of an official GCIO and the use of emerging ICT. The Portuguese public
administration at the national and local levels does not appoint clear CIOs or equally influential positions
within its legal framework. And the usage of technologies such as cloud computing, big data, and theInternet of Things by government requires further promotion.

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Romania
1 General Information
Area: 238,391 km2
Population: 21,666,350
Government Type: Semi-presidential
republic
GDP: $22,100
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Europe Countries

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3 D-Government Development
The D-Government development in Romania is slower than other Europe countries. The application of ICT
in local government and center government are only been concerned since 2008 by introducing the Agency
for Information Society Services (ASSI) published its strategy which provided an overview of DGovernment strategy in Romania.
In 2009, Romanian government issued the policy paper called "eRomania". The objective of this paper was
to lead the entire public sector to the information and knowledge-based society. The D-Government system
is to be the main tool for building a national integrated system for online public services. The aims of thispaper was to create the large scale use of IT in business environment, promote economic, high quality ofservices.
In 2010, Romanian government adopted a key strategic for promoting D-Government strategy called"National Program for Supercomputing" with aiming is to modernize the services and the information
systems of the public administration. The newest program for D-Government development is National
Strategy on Digital Agenda for 2014-2020. The objective is to aims to contribute to the economic growthand increase competitiveness in Romania.
In 2016, the government introduces a national reform program. This is the framework platform for defining
structural reforms and development priorities to 2020. The program focuses on three main pillars (1) civil
service reform, (2) center public administration reform, and (3) local public administration reform.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Romania’s Internet and broadband market is experiencing strong growth, despite the country’s low fixedline penetration rate. Broadband services are widely available from the cable operators as well as the fixedline incumbent. As of December 2017, Romania has more than 19.86 million Internet users with thepenetration is about 56.3%. Romania has a good ICT platform. eIdentification/ eAuthentication is
Integrated National System Introduction and Update of Information Relating to Personal. Furthermore, toprepare for transactional processes, Romania developed the “Virtual Payment Office”. The aim of thisproject is to facilitate citizens’ interaction with the Public Administration by allowing for electronic payment
records.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The National Strategy on Digital Agenda focuses on four fields of action: (i) D-Government,Interoperability, Cyber Security, Cloud Computing, Open Data, Big Data and Social Media; (ii) ICT in
Education, Health, Culture and eInclusion; (iii) eCommerce, Research & Development and Innovation in
ICT, and (iv) Broadband and Digital Services Infrastructure.
In 2014, Romanian government adopted a program based on the Digital Agenda for Europe. They defined
4 major fields of action that will be pursued as Romania’s vision of the ambitious program that will drive
the economic growth and increased competitiveness, for covering the underpinning principle stated abovein pursuit of sustainable long-term economic growth: (1) D-Government, Interoperability, Cyber Security,
Cloud Computing, Open Data, Big Data and Social Media; (2) ICT in Education, Health, Culture and eInclusion; (3) e-Commerce, Research & Development and Innovation in ICT, and (4) Broadband and Digital
Services Infrastructure.
To improve D-Government solutions, MCSI aims to initiate the projects from the National Strategy on
Digital Agenda for Romania 2020 (NSDAR) by launching the first phase of the project establishing the259

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framework for the development of D-Government tools (2016-2019 multiannual project). The project aims
to create the horizontal framework for development of e-governance and administrative and legislative
capacity to define common standards and promotion of open access for citizens and business environment
to quality electronic services.
To reduce and prevent corruption at all levels of public administration, the elaboration and approval of the
National Anticorruption Strategy (NAS) 2016-2020 are among MJ priorities this year. One of the mainprerequisites of the new NAS is to ensure the institutional and legal stability in the fight against corruption.
The document proposes, inter alia, to enhance the already established good practices, such as theimplementation of the integrity sectoral plans, the bi-annual self-evaluation mechanism on preventive
measures against corruption, the thematic evaluation missions.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Romania has a central e-Procurement platform ('eLicitatie.ro) that is under the responsibility of the Agency
for Digital Agenda. All Romanian contracting authorities are required to publish their notices within theframework of public procurement procedures, and all businesses aiming at supplying products or services
to a public authority have to access the platform.
E-Tax system is used in center government and covered around 50% of Romanian municipalities. The healthcare service has portal at URL: www.ms.ro but this portal has information only, there are no online services.
Customs online services are available at https://www.customs.ro/ro/e-customs.aspx it allows declarations
to be filled in online for all types of businesses and agents that perform activities in this sector. This service
ensures authentication of users through digital certificates.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
www.e-guvernare.ro is a one-stop service, it providing a single point to provide services at national andlocal services and incorporates a transactional platform. Most of e-Services are at level 2. Individuals candownload the form online then doing processes for application. The national portal is not so good in design.
It is covered by all texts and it is really monotonic. It does not appeal to users and does not transmit
information that the government wants to introduce, and deliver to citizens.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
The role of CIO is not played by an individual but rather is held by the Ministry of Communications andInformation Society, through the National Center for Management of Information Society (CNMSI). Thereis a relatively new, private organization called The CIO Council, whose members are management staff oflarge national and international companies. operating in Romania.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
In Romania, the Ministry of Communication and Information society (MCIS) has executive control over DGovernment. This dedicated ministry is the main policy and strategy provider for the domain. The Ministry
for Internal Affairs (MAI) has political responsibility for D-Government lies within the MAI which
contributes to D-Government policy and drafts strategic documents on Public Administration. The MCIS
also is responsible for the implementation of policies and strategies, together with the subordinate agencies
and departments in the D-Government domain. They establish the activities and promotion for DGovernment development. Even Romania is divided into center and local government, but almost DGovernment promotions are implemented in center level.

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4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The national portal www.e-guvernare.ro of Romania has improved over time. The portal is a one stop servicesite for citizens. In terms of e-Inclusion, Even though an e-Inclusion dedicated strategy was never in place,it can be found in some strategies and political documents related to Information Society such as e-Romania
and the National Government Plan.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The Romanian government introduced a beta version of data national portal in 2013. This is unique national
platform open data loaded by public institutions in Romania. Till date, the government has 439 datasets witha multiple format and several fields.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
In Romania, CERT-RO is the national contact point for cyber security and responsible for elaborating anddistributing public politics for prevention and counteracting the incidents that occur within cyber
infrastructures. CERT-RO processes two types of cyber-security alerts (1) Alerts collected and sent throughautomatic systems, and (2) The manually processed alerts.
National Center for IT incidents has been adopted in Romania and currently authorities are making efforts
to operationalize this unit. The purpose Romania cyber security strategy is to define and maintain anenvironment virtually certain, with a high degree of resilience and confidence, based cyber infrastructure
national, which is an important support for national security and good government, to maximize the benefits
to citizens, businesses and society Romanian. Cyber Security Strategy of Romania presents the objectives,principles and major Action awareness, prevention and countering threats, vulnerabilities and cyber security
risks to Romania and to promote the interests, values and national objectives in cyberspace.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
In Romania, the Local Communities Electronic Networks (LCENs) connect local communities (schools,
public offices and libraries) to the Internet. Public Access Points have been set up in each area covered by
the networks. The objectives are to reduce the rural-urban digital divide, stimulate the use of ICTs in schools,
and facilitate the interaction between citizens and administration.

5 Some Highlights
Romania is added for evaluation since 2007 for the first time in Waseda D-Government ranking. Through10 years of evaluation, we show that the development of D-Government in Romania is not stable in general
strategy. The D-Government system is to be the main tool for building a national integrated system (NES)
which would be designed to be the unitary interface that connects all public administration and the citizens
as well as the business sector. The role of CIO is not played by an individual but rather is held by the
Ministry of Communications and Information Society, through the National Center for Management ofInformation Society. CIO council organized the first National Conference of IT managers in Romania about
the future of IT. Cyber and e-commerce legislation have been enacted. Regarding the e-Services, throughthe Unique Form System there are six services online available at present, some of them are online with
two-way interaction and security.
Since the beginning of the decade, Romania has passed fundamental ICT-related laws, planned andimplemented the first steps towards an Informational Society but there is still much that needs improvement.
Romania has the advantage of good ICT infrastructure in place and of the great availability of IT
professionals. The e-Romania project has yet to be implemented. Local D-Government initiatives are

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underway in several regions but there are big differences among regions. A government oversight board
would be necessary. E-participation also needs to be enhanced.
As for a new program on administration reform, the Romanian government focuses on (1) Continuing thedecentralization process, Prioritizing Government policies and strategic planning, (2) Ensuring free accessto information of public interest and increasing transparency in the decision-making process. (3) Civil
service management and skills development of the public administration personnel, (4) Better regulation,(5) Territorial development, (6) Improving the housing conditions, (7) Strengthening the absorption capacityof the European funds, (8) Improvement of D-Government solutions, and (9) Continuing the reform of the
public procurement system.

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Russia
1 General Information
Area: 17,098,242km2
Population: 146,267,288
Government Type: federation
GDP: $23,700
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Economies

EUROPE Countries

Russia has exceeded on indicators of E-Participation and D-Government Promotion over than not only theaverage of APEC economies but also than average scores of Europe countries. But performance on indicatoron GCIO was below the average in both groups.

3 D-Government Development
The latest ICT strategy called “The state programme Information Society 2011-2020” was published by the
Ministry of Communications and Mass Media and the Ministry of Economic Development in Russia. DGovernment and “effective stage governance” has been mentioned as one of the six objectives, including
data management system, local D-Government (e-regions and e-municipalities), and so on. Other related
goals contain bridging the digital gap or improving e-Service quality. In addition, the Ministry of Telecomand Mass Communications has developed the systematic approach of D-Government in 2016 to foster more
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e-participation content, in which user orientation has been established. To lead nation’s ICT development,
the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications has played roles of policy-making and implementationof national policy and regulations, even there is no official GCIO position at the federal level. Some regional
administrations own GCIO office but it is not a mandatory, and functions of GCIO have not been formallyascertained by the government.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
According to ITU, about 70.5% of people in Russia have used the Internet in their daily life. And about
17.5% are fixed-broadband users and the wireless broadband users are 86,2% in 2017

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The latest state program called “Information Society (2011-2020)” to stress the IT development in Russia.
In the document, it contains the plan for D-Government. Also, the Ministry of Telecom and Mass
Communication of the Russia Federation has presented a document to guide D-Government path.
At present government, efforts are focused on modernization of integrated enterprise network, installationof interagency electronic request system and integration of regional D-Government portals to the Unified
System of Identification and Authentication. Currently, 62 out of 85 provinces in Russia are connected to
Unified System of Identification and Authentication for accessing regional and municipal public services.
That system is expected to be used by all 85 provinces for identification and authentication purposes. The
government puts forward the objective of making the system accessible to 35% of the population by the endof 2014 and for 70% by 2018.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The e-Services in Russia are currently available through integrated e-Service portal and accessible via
password protected personal accounts requiring two-stage identity confirmation. A personal account isaccessible via e-signature and universal ID card. The maturity of provided services is not uniform among
the regions. Payment services such as paying utility fees, driver civil penalties are made available througha personal account on the portal in some regions. E-Tax service is not fully transactional. To use e-tax
service a user is required to install special software and fill a tax form using that software. The form is thento be sent to tax authorities through the portal. Upon the confirmation of the receipt, a taxpayer is required
to submit a paper-based declaration to the local tax authority.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Government of the Russian Federation appointed the Ministry of Communications and Mass Media of
the Russian Federation service provider of the State Services Integrated Portal of the Russian Federation.
The national e-service portal of the Russian Federation has been modified and redesigned. The portal has a
private password protected area which allows access to services that need personal identification. Currently,
online users can access the portal to find out about the service procedures, and required documents;
download forms and online applications, send requests, pay utilities and civil penalties. The portal has
feedback features allowing people to inquire about the functionality of the portal and offered services. The
portal has a separate version for people with vision difficulties providing a limited number of services. The
portal doesn’t allow changing font size of the text and spacing between words, and no text vocalization isprovided. There is no policy statement of how the portal caters to disable users. More advanced features
such as multimedia shows; sharing tagging, podcasts plus others are not available yet.

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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTThe main functionality of the national portal is available only in Russian. Opting for English, German or
French languages limits the availability of services to very basic insufficient information on receiving or
extending temporal and permanent residents permits. Priorities for further portal development include theincrease of its usability and expansion of transactional services.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Minister of info-communications and mass media is in charge of general management of the department,
while deputy minister is responsible for coordination and control. The head of the department, in turn, is
personally responsible for the execution of department’s functions and is appointed by the Minister of infocommunications and mass media.
№ 238-р government decree adopted on February 22, 2012, stipulates that ‘Rostelecom’, an incumbent
telecom company, is the only contactor (executor) of D-Government program, responsible for further
development and implementation of info-communication infrastructure and D-Government systems in
Russia for the period from 2012 till 2014. In particular, Rostelecom is responsible for the development of
e-service portal; ensuring D-Government services are accessible through mobile devices; network
integration, employment of e-signature system, implementation of regional D-Government initiatives etc.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
According to the available estimates, as many as 65% of Russian citizens receive public services by paying
a visit to respective governmental bodies, 25% receive services through multi-functional service centers andonly 5% of citizens use e-service portal. To increase the uptake of the services the government plans to
expand available services, their functionalities and ease of use, and to ensure their accessibility from mobile
devices. Though the importance of creating awareness and providing training for citizens on the use of eservices is shared by various parties involved in D-Government implementation, no concrete measures inthis regard have yet been announced by the government.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Although some improvements have been done most of public authorities' information is not available online
especially in English. The President and the Prime Minister both have their official websites. Citizens cancontact their leaders, ask questions or send suggestions through feedback forms on these websites.
http://blog.kremlin.ru is the official weblog of the Russian President, where citizens can discuss, comment
about political strategies. Web 2.0 features such as RSS, sharing, mailing list, newsletters and social media
networks like twitter, Facebook, and blog are also available at the portal.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Up to date, the Russian government has opened around 13000 datasets, including the government data ineconomic, education, health, ecology, culture, transport, trade, construction, sport, tourism, entertainment,
security, electronic, cartography, and weather. Open Data portal of the Russian Federation - is one of the
key instruments of state policy in the field of open data, which plays the role of a backbone element, thecore of open data ecosystem of the Russian Federation. The most relevant information focused on open
government data, links and published datasets as well as metadata, information created on the basis of open
data software products and information services. Here are published normative legal acts determining thelegal basis for the disclosure of information, methodical and journalistic resources. It also implemented
communication interfaces for interaction with public authorities, in their capacity as owners of socially
important information. Current status of open data portal of the Russian Federation - beta version, which
implies the willingness of developers to respond quickly to constructive comments ,.

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4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
On Dec. 5, 2016, Russian President Vladimir Putin approved a new Information Security Doctrine for thenation. It addresses new challenges to the country’s national security that have emerged only recently,
primarily due to the increasing penetration of information technologies into nearly all areas of life.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
There is a few information found on the usage of emerging ICT in Russia.

5 Some Highlights
The maturity of services provided through the one-stop portal is not yet uniform among the country regions
and is expected to be steadily enhanced. The government aims at least 70% of services to be available
through the portal by 2018. Other plans include ensuring the services are available irrespective ofgeographical location, provision of several channels for service access including mobile access, the internet,
call centers and on-site service machines.
E-Health systems are expected to be optimized and integrated expanding the services available through onestop D-Government portal to include requests for sick-leave certificates, electronic prescriptions, andelectronic inquiries.

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Saudi Arabia
1 General Information
Area: 2,149,690 km2
Population: 27,752,316
Government Type: Absolute Monarchy
GDP: $54,600
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Asian countries

Gulf Cooperation Council

3 D-Government Development
Based on the second action plan, it provides for using IT & communication tools to support citizen
participation in government processes including administration, service delivery and decision making. The
United Nations’ E-Participation Index ranked Saudi Arabia 39th in 2014. This is a increase compared to2014, when they placed 22nd, and it a significant improvement over 2010, in which they placed 102nd.
These unusually volatile numbers seem to be context-dependent, and suggest that Saudi Arabia has thecapacity to be a leader in D-Government participation.

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4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]The D-Government in Saudi Arabia was established as per Royal Decree No. 7/B/33181 dated September
7, 2003. The D-Government was created by the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.
In 2005, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology created the D-Government Program
Yesser (www.yesser.gov.sa), with the Ministry of Finance and the Communications and Information
Technology Commission.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]D-Government strategy in Saudi Arabia has been divided into two ambitious plans. The D-Government
Program has been assigned the task of developing and implementing these plans and strategies incooperation with government agencies. The First Action Plan, from 2006 to 2010, has been completed. Now,
Saudi Organizations are in the midst of the Second Action Plan, from 2012 to 2016.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The national portal is one-stop-service that provides e-Service to citizens, business and also government
agencies. All e-Service focus on user or citizen centricity, in total, Saudi Arabia government suggested 150
government services e-enabled and implemented through the Internet. Beside e-Services, government also
introduced mobile services to all citizens.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Saudi D-Government Portal "Saudi" www.saudi.gov.sa is the central Saudi Arabian government portal
through which not only citizens, residents, businesses and visitors but also other government organizations
and businesses can access e-Services online. This approach has been chosen as the best way to enable
government services in an efficient manner.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
As the role of a CIO is becoming less technology focused and more strategy oriented, CIOs in Saudi Arabia
are becoming more engaged in setting strategy, enabling enterprise change, and solving business problems,
as well as IT problems. The Director General of the D-Government Program (Yesser) has a role very similar
to that of a national government CIO. This position is currently held by Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman AlShuaibi.
The Saudi Arabian Government combined with IDC announced the organization of Saudi Arabia CIO
Summit for the first time in Saudi Arabia in 2011. The Saudi Arabia CIO Summit aims to shed light on thechallenges facing the Information technology sector in the Kingdom and discuss problems and strategies ofgovernment and private organizations, in addition to sharing experiences between decision makers and elite
officials in the kingdom's IT sector.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Government of Saudi Arabia has attached high interest to the D-Government Concept and thetransformation process that leads to implementation of such a concept. It strongly believes in the hugebenefits such concept of D-Government entails for the National Economy. Accordingly, the Supreme Royal
Decree number 7/B/33181 included a directive to the Ministry of Communications and Information
Technology to formulate a plan for offering government services and transactions electronically.
Transformation to an Information Society cannot be achieved without comprehensive collaboration andconcerted efforts to realize the specified objectives. Therefore, the Ministry of Communications and268

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Information Technology (MCIT) established the D-Government Program “Yesser” in conjunction with the
Ministry of Finance and the Communication and Information Technology Commission (CITC).

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Based on the second action plan, it provides for using IT & communication tools to support citizen
participation in government processes including administration, service delivery and decision making. The
United Nations’ E-Participation Index ranked Saudi Arabia 51st in 2014. This is a large drop from 2012,
when they placed 22nd, but it a significant improvement over 2010, in which they placed 102nd. These
unusually volatile numbers seem to be context-dependent, and suggest that Saudi Arabia has the ability to
be a leader in D-Government participation, if not the political will.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Saudi Arabia has open government/data in some fields, such as social insurance, trade, education andtraining, social services, population and health care. Users can download or share all the data thatgovernment provided in the website.

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
The Council of Ministers, headed by the King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, approved the Anti-Cyber Crime
Law. The law provides for a jail sentence no more than a year and a fine no more than SR500,000, or anyof the two punishments, for any person committing the crimes described in the law. The above law strikes
an important balance between the right of the society to benefit from new technology and the right of theconsumer for protection of his/her privacy. It also paves the way for establishment of IT legal system thatsafeguards the rights resulting from the legal use of computers and information networks. Its stated objective
is to protect public interest, morals, public ethics, and the national economy.

5 Some Highlights
Saudi Arabian D-Government development is in the second phase of its action plan, and there is still great
opportunity for further improvement to increase the speed of implementation, and to build on the momentum
that has been established. The major strategic benefits from the D-Government program to the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia remain the same as those identified in the first action plan: a) Better services for citizens andbusinesses, b) Increased efficiency and effectiveness c) Support the move to an information society
In order to successfully implement the Second National D-Government Action Plan, this national Visionmust be used by each government agency to develop an individual D-Government Vision and strategic
action plan for individual agencies and sectors.

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Singapore
1 General Information
Area: 697 km2
Population: 5,674,472
Government Type: Parliamentary Republic
GDP: $85,700
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Economies

ASEAN Countries

Among APEC Countries, all indicators of D-Government in Singapore are above the average score of APEC
members. The Government CIO (GCIO) indicator of Singapore was exceeded by the United States although
Singapore is the best country in the global ranking as well in APEC. Amongst ASEAN countries, Singapore
is very outstanding. There is a big gap between Singapore and other ASEAN Countries in all aspects.

3 D-Government Development
Since 1980 it had the first CSCP (Civil Service Computerization Programme), D-Government plans haveadvanced to the 4th version of eGov masterplans called eGov 2015 (2011-2015) in Singapore which aims
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to be a Collaborative Government which facilitates greater interaction between Government, people andprivate sector to co-create greater value for the nation. Government shifts from a "Government-to-You"approach to a "Government-with-You" approach in the delivery of government e-services (initiated byJames Kang, the former GCIO).
The Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA) has recently reorganized to become GovTech.
It is now taking a lead in developing Singapore to become a Smart Nation through tech-enabled solutions.
It aims to rally the collective efforts of people, businesses and government to work together to support better
living, create more opportunities and support stronger communities by harnessing infocomm technologies,
networks and big data. A Smart Nation Platform (or SNP) is being developed by GovTech with common
infrastructure and services such as a data sharing gateway, video and data analytics capabilities. This helps
public agencies optimize their sensor deployment needs, the sharing of data collected and data analytics tosupport needs like urban planning and incident response.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 82.1% of people in Singapore have used Internet in their daily life. According to ITU’s
report, about 26.5% are fixed-broadband users and the wireless-broadband users are 142.2%. Internet
penetration in Singapore has reached a high level compared to other countries. At the meantime, data
published by the Singapore government have shown that mobile population penetration rate is 148.2% and
Wireless Broadband population penetration rate is 192.8%. Residential Wired broadband household
penetration rate is 98.4% (Singaporeans do not use wired connections as much as wireless nowadays).

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Singapore is one of the earliest countries who started computerization and telecommunication infrastructure
construction. With the development of information society, government in Singapore has launched
continuous strategies in different aspects of D-Government. Also, Singapore has made effort to integrate
the internal government network architecture. For instance, the latest cube program is designed as the new
intranet platform for public agencies to communicate, connect and collaborate with each other.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service of Singapore is also comparatively high, ranked 4th among the evaluatedcountries. Five online services have been examined and investigated, through the Level of Complexity,
Level of Security and Level of Convenience. E-Procurement and One Stop Service have gained the betterscores than e-Customs and e-Tax, and e-Health. Most of the services in Singapore have come totransactional stage, allowing citizens having two-way transaction with public agencies.
GovTech has deployed platform computing technology to create API Exchange (APEX) which is agovernment-wide API platform for data sharing across the government. APIs or application programming
interfaces will allow agencies to share their data and infrastructure with other agencies, enabling them toreuse these resources to rapidly build new services. APEX will centrally manage and monitor the securityof all the APIs used across agencies.
Another innovation was the creation of a government-wide Platform-as-a-Service (NECTAR) which is anOpen Cloud Native Application Infrastructure initiated and managed by GovTech. NECTAR allows
government agencies to design, build, deploy and operate a platform-as-a-service(PaaS) for hosting
government e-services (from front-end to back-end development, enabling APIs, web, mobile and data
science apps). It enables government agencies to meet stringent government quality and security
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requirements while maintaining usability, reliability and agility leveraging on open cloud technology. It
also enables agencies to develop, host and scale applications at a faster speed.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
National Portal of Singapore (http://www.gov.sg/) contains timely and useful information for local citizens
and foreigners. The portal has also provided latest national news, useful guidelines in every aspect ofSingapore life (classified into topics such as Finance, Education, Immigration, Taxes, Health, etc.) In
addition, the portal has provided useful Singapore economic statistics and digital public services, visions of
the nation, linking the country closer to the citizens, business community and visitors with in depth usefuldata and information. There are also contact information of government agencies, ministers speeches, public
policies and latest announcements timely. Though online translation, it supports users to obtain government
information in Chinese, Malay, and Tamil. Although it appears to be better if the portal equips multiple
language versions of all the information, government is encouraging English as the common language tounite the people.
The portal is very well-organized to serve its citizens, without having citizens to know which government
agency is responsible for a particular service, policy or program. It has successfully implemented the ONDGOVERNMENT concept.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The Government Technology Agency of Singapore (GovTech) is a new statutory board established on 1
October 2016 after the restructuring of the Infocomm Development Authority, to empower a nation of
possibilities through the harnessing of info-communications technology and related engineering.
Within the establishment of GovTech, the Government Chief Information Office led by a Government Chief
Information Officer (GCIO) which plays a central role in driving and overseeing ICT initiatives to maintainSingapore Government's leadership position as an innovative user of infocomm technologies to delightcustomers and connect citizens.
Each individual agency also maintains its own CIO office to serve the ICT needs of the agency. GovTech
manages a pool of ICT officers that are seconded to more than 50 government agencies’ CIO offices. This
enables GCIO to work cohesively with the government agencies to effectively roll out ICT initiatives thatwould be seamless across the government.
Government Technology Agency and Deputy Chief Executive Office oversees Cluster Development andGovernment Chief Information Office (GCIO) functions. Cluster Development Group oversees theinnovative adoption of infocomm technologies to transform government agencies, business and economic
sectors in the respective clusters for greater competitive advantage; and the development of a robust andcomprehensive service delivery framework and operating model for CIO services at government agencies.
GCIO champions the whole-of-government ICT initiatives to maintain Singapore Government's leadership
position as an innovative user of infocomm technologies to delight customers and connect citizens.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
High-tech and informational society is one of the vital national strategies in Singapore, therefore
government never has stopped the evolution of D-Government. Not only the continuous plans but also
relevant legal framework has renewal in the past years. Academic support including seminars and research
centers on D-Government and ICT utilization are active in Singapore. It ranked second in this indicator
among all evaluated countries.

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4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Citizens in Singapore have adapted to the culture of connecting government using online service systems,
and participating in the public affairs through different channels which are provided by government. Reach(www.reach.gov.sg) is a platform built for citizens’ voice spread and heard on public policies, public affairs
within various forms such as online discussion, events and public consultation. Deliberative democracy has
been reflected through ICT utilization in public sectors.
In addition, a portal, eCitizen Ideas! (www.ideas.ecitizen.sg) allows the Government to gather feedback andideas, and at the same time Government encourages and promotes citizen engagement.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Singapore launched Open Data Portal (https://data.gov.sg/) in 2011 as the portal site to provide publicly
available datasets from 70 public agencies. There are principles governing the data sharing, such as data
shall be made easily accessible, data shall be released in a timely manner, etc. Singapore legal system iswell recognized in the developed world. In April 2016, a developers’ portal was also introduced to provide
developers easier access to real-time data from different government agencies via APIs (Application
Programming Interfaces). As of September 2016, the one-stop portal provides access to more than 600
quality datasets from 70 public agencies. Pulse of the Economy is an initiative by GovTech’s Data Scienceteam to merge real-time big data sources to develop new economic indicators to help government agencies
better monitor the economy and identify opportunities for growth and employment.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Singapore has released different acts and regulations on Cyber Security issues, such as Computer Misuse
Bill, The Electronic Transactions Act and Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA), and the later Computer
Misuse and Cybersecurity Act (CMCA). A government body called Personal Data Protection Commission
has been established to administer and enforce the PDPA. Recently, an organization called Cyber Security
Agency of Singapore (CSA) has been found to oversee the national cyber security strategy and outreach. It
is expected that new Cyber Security Act will be published in the coming year.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]As leading country in D-Government area, Singapore would not pass up the chance to introduce and apply
emerging technologies in public sectors. Public projects deploying cloud-computing, big data and IOT arecommon, ongoing or entering into sophisticated phases.
Organizational preparedness such as National Cloud Computing Advisory Council (NCCAC) is also paying
attention to the adoption of technologies, industrial standard construction and fostering collaboration
between different sectors. Development and deployment of emerging technologies in D-Government are
already advancing in the Singapore Smart Nation initiatives and the related Tech Startup movement under
the government leadership of GovTech and Info-communications Media Development Authority ofSingapore (IMDA – a split from the former IDA). Its positive impact is already felt in leading industries
and various societies.
Internet of Things (IoT)
The Government has been experimenting with many use-cases that involve IoT with the intent of leveraging
on emerging technology that could help the government carry out its roles in a more productive manner.
Drones are already deployed in many government agencies to enhance efficiency and boost productivity as
well as for workplace safety and health. Singapore has also embarked on trials using unmanned trucks totransport containers from one port terminal to another. The GovTech Emerging Technology Team had used
Block chain and IoT for automatic procurement.
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Machine Learning
The Singapore Land Authority uses drones and machine learning in land inspection with thousands ofimages of the property being analyzed to detect issues that require attention, ranging from illegal dumping
and water ponding to cracks in buildings, under the leadership ofAnalytics and Artificial Intelligence Lab
In general, Singapore various government agencies have successfully deployed data analytics in their daily
operations and decision makings. Notably the Land Transport Authority of Singapore has bagged numerous
international awards for such innovative deployment.
Further to the existing achievement, Singapore will be setting up a new lab which is as part of the Defence
Science and Technology Agency. With a SGD$45 million funding annually, the lab will be used toexperiment, build prototypes and develop tools using cross-disciplinary approaches.
https://govinsider.asia/digital-gov/singapore-sets-up-defence-ai-lab/

5 Some Highlights
As leading nation of D-Government in Asia, Singapore continues to maintain the momentum throughtransformation. The performance on indicators of Management Optimization, D-Government Development
and Promotion, Network Infrastructure Preparedness, the Use of Emerging ICT, and Cyber Security areshowing its strong points and advancement this year. Especially on the efforts for cyber security, Singapore
equips the law and regulation framework to assure every safety measure and security upgrade can be
enforced with legal basis. In respect to policy, National Cyber Security Masterplan 2018, as the latest
strategy, guides government to enhance nation’s security environment and create a robust and trusted society
for public, private and individuals. Continuous masterplans in each crucial segment are one of the keys tokeep Singapore proactive and possessing execution capacity on D-Government development.
Government CIO office is reorganized to focus on emerging technology development and deployment under
the Smart Nation initiative (by GovTech) and on nurturing Tech-Startup, high tech man-power development
and industry transformation (by IMDA). Both GovTech and IMDA are formally being part of Infocomm
Development Authority of Singapore (IDA).
To future direction, Singapore still has potential on the growth of the use of emerging technologies. This
new indicator has been introduced to Waseda D-Government ranking this year. Due to the fact that many
countries are still at the start-up phase, direction for expanding the new technologies into public service
sector needs more endeavor to be clarified. Singapore could seize the opportunity to formulate policies andstandards, not only guide domestic innovation, but also delight international co-development.

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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTSouth Africa
1 General Information
Area: 1,219,090 km2
Population: 53,675,563
Government Type: republic
GDP: $13,400
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
AFRICA Countries

Among Africa countries, South Africa has surpassed the average of the region in most of indicators, except
management optimization and e-merging technology. However when comparing with the world’s average,
only e-participation and e-promotion show the better scores.

3 D-Government Development
E‐Government in South Africa are considered as a high priority area for improving the internal operations
and management. However, D-Government level in South Africa is still at the infancy phase. Most
objectives are intended to help the Interior better executing administrative and supporting functions that275

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exist across the government bodies. The D-Government strategy is drafted by the Center for Public Service
Innovation (CPSI) in associate with the Department of Public Service and Administration and the State
Information Technology Agency.

4 Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]In South Africa, approximately 28.5 million people uses Internet in 2017. The Internet penetration is around51.6 %. According to the latest report on Measuring the Information Society from International
Telecommunication Union (ITU). Among them, wired broadband subscribers accounted for around 32%
while more than 46.7% of total population have a wireless broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]South Africa's National Development Plan and the National Integrated ICT Policy Green Paper publishedin 2013 are expected to be the major success driver of the development and uptake of D-Government
services.
There is a so-called the Minimum interoperability standards (MIOS) for IS published by the South African
government SITA agency. This standard defines the minimum principles that an IT system in government
must meet. The target of this policy is to maintain the interoperability across government systems.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service comprises of five sub-dimensions: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, e-Health,and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL Address. All of thoseservices was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of Security, and Level ofConvenience.
In general, only Tax and Customs services are delivered digitally. The South African revenue service(SARS) has put a system in place since 2003 for taxpayers to submit their tax returns. Until now the systemreached the transactional level of online service, enabling individuals and businesses to submit and claim
their tax totally online.
Regarding e-procurement, the etenders.gov.za is an initiative instituted by The Office of the Chief
Procurement Officer to mandate all public sector organizations in South Africa to publish procurement
information. Currently, the functionalities of the portal are only publishing information regarding tenderand award notices and providing search capability on tender opportunities.
South Africa has a portal providing links to different types of services, however, citizens still have to go to
specific department for service applying. Work is under progress to consolidate all government services in
one single place. In health care, a national e-health strategy was published54
To measure the level of convenience, the third party application Google PageSpeed™ Insight55 has showedthat all services have a good access speed.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement

URL
http://www.etenders.gov.za

54
55

https://www.health-e.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/South-Africa-eHealth-Strategy-2012-2017.pdf
https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.

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e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

http://www.sars.gov.za/
http://www.sars.gov.za/
http://www.minavardkontakter.se/
http://www.gov.za/services

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. gov.za is the government portal of South Africa. It presents a wide range of information
resources about country demographic, national programs, government structure, government agencies, legal
documents and daily news regarding to government’s operations. Information are delivered in English only
In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website operates well in PC
and shows some minor layout issues on mobile devices. The analysis also indicated several technicalproblems which may slow down the portal’s loading speed. Social network features are supported.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
The role of the CIO in South Africa was endorsed by the Government IT Officer’s (GITO) Council in 2002.
GITO was created to serve as an IT coordinator, to consolidate the IT activities of government agencies.
The council functions as a platform in which both the government and citizens ensure that the government
itself is aware of the needs of citizens.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Department of Public Service and Administration (DPSA) is responsible for the development andcoordination on D-Government strategies. For implementing and monitoring D-Government projects, theSouth African government established statutory agencies such as the State Information Technology Agency(SITA) and Government Information Technology Officers Council (GITOC).
Public private partnerships have been promoted in South Africa recently in order to boost ICT developmentin the country. Most of projects are focusing on enhancing ICT infrastructure. Government's expenditure on
ICT is estimated to reach $707.6 million in 2019, after reaching a total of $615.9 million in 2014, according
to latest research by Frost & Sullivan56.
The South African Government SA is aiming to provide broadband access to all citizens at reasonable prices.
Given this target, the government has invested resources in enhancing infrastructure capacity, with theinitializing the first phase of a 3-year project on broadband network. The total funding of R740 million was
allocated for this purpose. The first phase was said to cover 7 provinces, with 5803 facilities including
schools, health and other government entities. Steering committees have been shaped in all eight district
municipalities and they comprise the provincial Departments of Basic Education, Health, Cooperative
Governance and Traditional Affairs, Higher Education, Safety, Security and Liaison as well as the South
African Local Government Association.
At local government level, most evidences were found related to the Gauteng Government D-Government
promotion activities. Last year, the Gauteng provincial government has invested over R1 billion in the full
penetration of the Gauteng Broadband Network (GBN) for the next four years. This is a part of the Gauteng
city region-wide D-Government strategy, targeting at enhancing linkages and integration among city region
governments and their departments57.
56

http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=144530:Govt-ICT-spend-to-reach707m-in-2019&catid=8657
http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=150061:Gauteng-targets-100broadband-connectivity&catid=147277

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4.7 D-Government Participation [EPAR]
Provincial and Local Liaison provides development communication and extends government's information
infrastructure through partnerships with provincial and local government. It coordinates the establishmentof Thusong Service Centre (TSC) programme – the one stop central for government services andinformation. There were 171 such centers by 2012. This is hoped to bring government services closer to thepeople.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
The second South African open government partnership action plan 58 was released, reaffirmed
South Africa’s commitment to good governance and an open society underpinned by values of transparency,
accountability and participatory governance.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
May 2016, the international cooperation in the area of information and communications technology (ICT)and cyberspace between South Africa and China was promised to be strengthened.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). There is little evidence found on the use of
emerging technologies in public sectors. No evidence has been found on the utilizing high-end technologies
in government’s operations.

5 Some Highlights
South Africa has achieved average scores on Online Service, D-Government Promotion and e-Participation,
thanks to the recent efforts of the government in the cooperation with private sectors to enhance national
ICT capacity. The government considers the public-private partnership to be the central focusing point of
the National Development Plan and key to rapid development for economic growth.
However, the country scored low in all the rests. There are several major reasons for this situation, but themost important one is the lack of a long-term D-Government strategy. It is recommended that the South
African Government should endorse a national strategy which put more focus on ICT and D-Government
development.
Although GCIO is considered to be one of the key factors in the success of South African D-Government
implementation, this indicator’s score was not improved recently. It is advised that the Government should
pay closely attention to develop government CIO in terms of quality and quantity.
Though some South African government websites show great promises but they are still working with silostyle, agency centric perspective, with the lacking of cooperating together and the insufficient focus user
friendly and consumer-centric. This calls for a set of standards being published as the guidance for portals
and service design.

58

http://www.opengovpartnership.org/sites/default/files/OPG%20booklet%20final%20single%20pages.pdf

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1 General Information
Area: 99,720 km2
Population: 50,924,172
Government Type: Presidential Republic
GDP: $37,900
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

Will update!
-after final
ranking-

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

APEC Economies

Among OECD countries, the Korean government shows a great progress in D-Government development,with all indicators except Management Optimization (MO), Online Service (OS) and the use of Emerging
Technologies for government (EMG) are better than the OECD’s average. In APEC group, the Korean’s
government performance is even better, with all indicators except the use of Emerging Technologies forgovernment (EMG).

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3 D-Government Development
The history of improvement on Korea’s D-Government could be divided into three periods; theinfrastructure development (1987-2002), the full-fledged implementation (2003-2007), and the further
advancement (2008-now).
Based on the development of D-Government which it has been achieved from 1978, Korea Government has
been expanding the integration of D-Government towards the Smart D-Government promoting the usage of
public service and active participation in anytime and anywhere. Since 2010, Korea has emerged as theworld leader in ICT and D-Government.

4 Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
The total of Internet users in South Korea accounts for nearly 89.9% of the population in 2015, according
to the Measuring the Information Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
Among them, more than 109.7% people have a wireless broadband connection, while the figure for fixedbroadband subscriptions is only 40.2%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Since 2013, the Park Geun-Hye’s
Government embraces Government
3.0 as a new paradigm which
pursuitstwomajor
targets:
delivering
customized
publicservices and generating new jobs. In
order to turn these targets into
realistic, the new paradigm aims totransform the government into a
more service-oriented, competent,
and transparent government. The

On-nara BPS is a new businessprocess management system that
has improved the efficiency and
The Korean Government 3.0transparency of administration
process by handling, recording
and managing in a standardized way all the business procedures of the government online.
Approximately 362.000 government officers in 154 local and central governments are currently connecting
to the system. In addition, all information systems operated by individual government agency are integrated
and managed by the Government Integrated Data Center. Currently, there are 1200 systems of 43
government departments connecting to GIDC. GIDC helps to ensure security mechanisms against cyberattacks and make all connected systems being prepared for natural disasters.
Information sharing among government organizations is fostering under Government 3.0. Examples can beseen in My Car Information App where vehicles’ records (insurance, maintenance and accident) areprovided for common usage.

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4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services: e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience.
In terms of complexity level, most of Online Service in Korea has reach a transactional level in which user
can totally conduct their businesses online. Korea Online E-procurement System, or KONEPS, won the
United Nations Public Service Award (PSA), and was selected by OECD as one of the best cases for
improving transparency, and won the ‘Global IT Excellence Award’ from World Congress on Information
Technology (WCIT) in 2006. The entire procurement procedures are processed via KONEPS‘s subsystems:
e-bidding, e-contracting, e-ordering from online shopping mall and e-payment. With the presence of HomeTax initiative, all tax businesses including filing, billing, and payment are processed online and informationis retrieved anytime by taxpayer. Taxpayers or their tax agents can request and receive 18 civil affairscertificates. In terms of civil services, Minwon “http://www.minwon.go.kr/” is the one-stop portal whereusers can find services they need by searching through around 5,300 services available and get detailed
information.
To measure the level of convenience, the third-party application result has showed that all portal is above
the average in terms of speed. The third-party application for assessing the portal is the application from
Google PageSpeed™ Insight.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://www.g2b.go.kr/index.jsp
https://www.hometax.go.kr/
https://unipass.customs.go.kr/
http://hi.nhis.or.kr/main.do
http://www.minwon.go.kr/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information, Technical, and Functionality.
National Portal of South Korea “http://www.korea.go.kr/” contains proper information for local citizens andforeigners. Information about the country, government structure and latest government’s activities are alsoavailable. In terms of technical aspects, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the portal
performs at average speed and operates well with both PC and Mobile devices. The portal is also equippedwith several basic functionalities search capability, site map, and Social Network integration.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Currently, the country’s D-Government lead agency is the Ministry of Security and Public Administration(MOSPA). CIO was introduced in each ministry of the government since 1998. The Fundamental Law on
National Informatization and the Presidential Directive states the appointment of CIO in national and bureaulevel. According to The Presidential Directive No.157, the position of CIO in each ministry andgovernmental agency is mandatory.
The main roles of CIO are planning ICT projects, allocating ICT budget, and improving regulations relatedwith D-Government project. The eligible personnel must meet the following qualifications; strong expertise281

THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTin the corresponding agency’s actual performance, wide perspective and professional knowledge on ICT,and strong will to initiate innovations in administration through informatization.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
By pursuing Government 3.0, President Park shows her ambition and interests in utilizing ICT to transformgovernment. The vision and strategy of Government 3.0 are received a broad consensus of government
officers. The strong willingness and commitment from the top-level leaderships is one of success factor to
the D-Government development of South Korea.
Another fundamental factor that has been contributed to the success of D-Government adoption in Korea isthe presence of solid IT policy and regulation framework. Some examples are Framework Act on
Informatization Promotion (FAIP), 1996; Electronic Government Act, 2001; Open Data Act; Information
Disclosure Act; and so on. Alongside this, the sustained investment for D-Government (around 1% ofnational budget every year) guarantees Korea Government has sufficient resource for implementing its
strategies and action plans. Funds for D-Government come from various sources such as the Informatization
Promotion Fund; the Telecommunication Promotion Fund or the Central Fund for D-Government. And
finally, the presence of institutions as coordinating bodies in public sector such as National Computing andInformation Agency; National Information Society Agency; and Data Strategy Board; Gov. 3.0 Advisory
Group; Gov. 3.0 officers in every ministry ensure the success of the new D-Government paradigm.

4.7 D-Government Participation [EPAR]
Another target of Government 3.0 is about connecting with citizens and encouraging them to engage inpublic affairs. Government enables this via online voting, online consultant and other large-scale publicprojects.
‘e-People’ website for online participation of citizens was selected as one of the top 10 services for online
politics in 2006 World D-Government Forum. This portal facilitates citizens’ participation in policy-making
by processing people s complaints and suggestions via a single window. This is a single window

application enables citizen participating in policy making process by receiving and handling theirsuggestions and complaints.
The official Facebook “https://www.facebook.com/govkorea” and Twitter “https://twitter.com/govkorea”
is also available. Furthermore, elected officials and politicians often have their own website or SNS accountto notify their activities and communicate with citizens

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Government 3.0 pursues transparency of government. Open government in terms of data and informationmeans the transition from supply-driven transparency (reactive, responsive disclosure of public information)
to demand-driven transparency (proactive sharing). According to President Park, Government 3.0 placesemphasize on “make information sharing more equitable and transparent between the central government,
local governments, government agencies and the public.” Aligning with this vision, Korea has publishedthe National Action Plan on Open Government Partnership 2014 - 2016. Currently, Citizens can accesspublic information and data at “https://data.go.kr/”.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The National Cyber Security Master Plan was released in 2011, since then, it has been viewed as thefoundation to guide the nation’s cyber defense strategy. Korea also has a solid legislation framework on
cyber security such as: The Information and Communication Infrastructure Protection Act 2001 (criticalinfrastructure protection); Act on Protection of Personal Information Maintained by Public Agencies (1994);
Electronic Transaction Basic Act (February 1999, into force on 1 July 1999); and so on.
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Both KrCERT/CC and KN-CERT are considered as computer emergency response teams in Korea
Government. The Korea Internet and Security Agency is responsible for network and information security.
In addition, the National Cyber Security Center (NCSC) is the central point of government for identifying,
preventing and responding to cyber-attacks and threats in Korea. The NCSC, in collaboration with theprivate sector and the military sector, will improve warning systems and response time to security incidents
and protect critical national infrastructures in Korea. For raising awareness on cyber security, the Korea
Information Security Agency is responsible for online training and broadcasting about the responsible useof the Internet among users.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). In 2013, the first center for big data analytics
was established which provides an adequate, secure large-scale data analytics infrastructure for future
potential big data projects. Big data is currently integrating in Government Integrated Data Center (GIDC)
too. Its big data log analysis system nSIMS, developed after 18 months of efforts, monitors 100,000
dangerous IPs in countries like North Korea, Romania, and the U.S. in real time while detecting signs ofsystem failure.
The government’s G-Cloud Project is expanding. A total of 260 D-Government systems have adopted GCloud by 2014, and the number is scheduled to be increased to 740, which is equivalent to 60 percent of theentire systems, by 2017.
In 2014, the Ministry The government has adopted the field of “Internet of Things” as a national strategic
project, announcing the Internet of Things master plan to achieve a leading country of hyper-connecteddigital revolution.

5 Some Highlights
By implementing initiatives for optimizing business process of public sectors such as Government-wide
Enterprise Architecture (GEA), On-nara BPS and Government Information Sharing, South Korean
government has reached a high level of efficiency and transparency of administration process. This isawarded by a nearly perfect score on Management Optimization indicator this year.
Another strength of South Korea is the comprehensive cyber security framework, indicating by full score inthis dimension. With a supportive cyber regulation environment and well-established security agencies, thecyber security framework is strengthened, giving the government the capability to identify, prevent andrespond to cyber-threats.
On 3rd March 2015, Korea passed the world’s first cloud-specific law, with the stated aim of driving the
adoption of cloud computing in Korea. The Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning announced the "KICT Cloud Computing Development Plan" during the November 2015 cabinet meeting with other related
agencies and the Government 3.0 Committee. On April 2016, the Ministry established a cloud computing
support center in Daegu City so public institutions can make better use of the tools provided by entities in
the private sector.

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Spain
1 General Information
Area: 505,370 km2
Population: 48,146,134
Government Type: parliamentary constitutionalmonarchy
GDP: $35,200
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

Europe Countries

3 D-Government Development
The development of D-Government in Spain was marked by a series of projects on ICT, especially the
projects of Public Administration - The "Conecta" Plan. The aim of this strategy is to promote electronicinteractions between Public Administrations and citizens (eCertificates); e-ID card; and a citizen portal toprovide access to interactive and transactional services.
The "Moderniza" Plan (2006-2008), a plan of measures aimed at improving, modernizing and simplifying
the Administration with a view to better accommodate the needs of citizens. In 2008 the Spanish Councilof Ministers approved a ‘Plan for the Reduction of Administrative Burden and the Improvement ofRegulation’ the plan targets a 30 % cut in the burden currently resting on businesses. The ‘Avanza’ Plan forthe development of the Information Society forms part of the broader program ‘Ingenio 2010’. The
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objectives of this plan is to develop user-centric D-Government which furthermore overcomes the mostserious challenges facing public e-Services. This plan was divided into 2 phases. The first phase is to develop
Information Society and for Convergence with Europe, and among Autonomous Communities and Cities.
The second is consolidate the milestones achieved during the first phase of the Plan while contributing tofoster the demand for ICT and to fortify the ICT industry.
Avanza 2 was introduced in 2010 toward the second strategy 2011-2015. The aim of this plan is to help
overcome ten objectives such as Promote innovative ICT processes in regional governments, Spread ICT
applications in health and well-being, and Enable the application of ICT to the educational and training
system.
In 2012, Spanish government issued MEJORA plan (Strategic Plan for Improving Public Service andAdministration) for the period of 2012-2015. The MEJORA is divided into three major strategies: GeneralState Administration (Racionaliz@ Plan), Citizens (Simplific@ Plan), and other public administrations(Compart@ Plan).

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]In Spain, 76.9% of the population uses the Internet in 2017. The number of fixed-broadband subscriptions
is 28.3 per 100 inhabitants, while the number of active mobile broadband subscriptions is 82.1 per 100
inhabitants.
As for intranet connection, Spain has The 'Red SARA' network, administered by the Ministry of Financeand Public Administrations, is Spain's Government intranet. It interconnects 16 ministries, all Autonomous
Communities (17) and Autonomous Cities (2), as well as over 3708 local entities, representing more than
90 % of the population. Red SARA’s objective is to increase collaboration and interoperability among theinformation systems of the various levels of Government.
Furthermore, the Spanish government developed a lot of platform to promote D-Government services suchas Public Certificate Authority (CERES), National e-ID Card (DNIe), @firma – MultiPKI Validation
Platform for e-ID and eSignature Services, Cl@ve, and ePassports.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In 2015, the Spanish government adopted its newest strategy, the “Digital Transformation Plan for the
General Administration and the Public Agencies belonging to it”, also referred to as the “ICT Strategy.” Itsets out the global strategic framework to make progress in the transformation of the Administration, sets
forth the guiding principles, goals and actions required to complete it, as well as the landmarks in the gradualdevelopment of Digital Government. The strategy clearly defines five strategic objectives and nine relatedareas of work. The document is available to download in the website of the “Electronic Administration
Portal” (PAE).

4.3 Online Service [OS]Like other European countries, e-Services in Spain also are divided to citizens and businesses. The
Portuguese government maintains websites for all five types of e-services assessed in this survey: eprocurement, e-tax, e-customs, one-stop service, and e-health; all of them have transactional features andobtained relatively high scores. The e-tax website integrates e-customs as well, is clear and easy to use, andoffers a high level of interaction with the user. Similar are the cases of the e-procurement and e-healthwebsites. The one-stop service website presents a search option on its main page, and lists the most consulted
procedures. It also provides government information and different channels users seeking support. Users
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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

have access to a personal account by using the “Cl@ve” system, which is the official authentication systemfor public administration procedures. It is available in five languages.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
Spain’s national portal is also the official website for the Spanish government and the president. It features
news, a search function, and links to other sites related to the pubic administration. Basic and demographic
information about the country, and information about the government and its structure is available on thiswebsite. The site also offers integration with SNS, the possibility to subscribe to a newsletter, and an option
to send messages to the president. The site is available in Spanish and other four languages used in Spain,
as well as English.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Although the title of GCIO is not used as such, an equivalent role is that of the Director of ICT of the State
General Administration, whose mission is to coordinate the execution and implementation of the national
D-Government strategy. Information regarding CIO training programs was found in at least one educational
institution. No additional information on CIO regulations was found.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]The ICT Strategy and the Digital Agenda are the main guidelines in the promotion of D-Government. While
the ICT Strategy focuses on initiatives and goals defined at the national level, the Digital Agenda aims todevelop the use of ICT in compliance with the objectives set for the European Union. No information on
publications, training programs, or events on D-Government was found.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Citizens have access to information on elected officials, government structure, and legislation on several
government websites. The one-stop service website is highly functional and offers information on a wide
range of topics. The president has an official website, which is also the national portal, and offers the citizens
so send messages to him. No evidence to prove that the government takes the opinions of citizens in thedecision making process was found.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Spain has performed well in establishing an open government. The government has issued the Open
Government Plan, which follows the guidelines of the Open Government Partnership. The third version, forthe 2017-2019 period, is expected to be released later this year. The government has enacted a solid legal
framework for the promotion of open government. Also, the government has an open data site(http://datos.gob.es) in which an extensive range of information from very diverse areas, like demographic
and health datasets, is available to citizens. This site is available in Spanish and English, as well as otherthree languages used in Spain. The government also has a portal for transparency(http://transparencia.gob.es), where it provides more information about the public administration and open
government initiatives.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Spain introduced the National Cyber Security Strategy in 2013. In is, the government defines six cybersecurity objectives and eight lines of action. This strategy works in compliance with the National Security
Plan and existing security laws. Spain penalized cyber crimes through its penal code. It also has laws for
information protection, data security, and e-commerce. There is an official agency for dealing with cyber
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security incidents, the CNN-CERT, and an information security agency, the National Centre for Critical
Infrastructure Protection (CNPIC).

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
The growth of IoT in Spain is being incubated by academia in the area of information and computer sciencesuch as at the NICS Lab. There is evidence that Cloud Computing services are being developed for the
public administration (SARA network), and some regulations have been established. No evidence of official
usage or regulations by the government of emerging technologies such the Internet of Things or Big Data
was found.

5 Some Highlights
There will always be a percentage of the population unable or reluctant to use electronic means with Public
Administration. Extending the benefits of D-Government to these citizens is, without any doubt, the major
challenge for inclusive D-Government policies. The development of multi-channel strategies based inhuman intermediaries is now possible in Spain.
The Spanish government’s efforts to promote D-Government have seen results in the areas of open
government and cyber security, while citizen participation still needs to be improved. The strategy is wellstructured and that can be seen in the quality of e-services the public administration offers. In addition, thedevelopment of the SARA network will offer a platform for increased integration and efficiency in public
administration.

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Sweden1 General Information
Area: 450,295 km2
Population: 9,801,616
Government Type: constitutional monarchy
GDP: $48,000
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

EUROPEAN Countries

Among OECD countries, Sweden has very high scores on network infrastructure, D-Government promotion
and management optimization. These scores are far above the world and OECD’s average and very close to
the USA’s – who achieved the top position in OECD countries.
In European countries, Sweden surpasses the regional average on almost indicators, except Online Services,
Open Government and National Portal. Especially in D-Government promotion, the Swedish government
even outweighs Denmark, securing the 1st in the European in this indicator.

3 D-Government Development
As one of the world’s best connected countries, Sweden has 100% cell phone subscriptions with data, 94.6%
Internet users, 90% households with personal computers, and 32% broadband subscribers). All of these288

THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORT

conditions combine with an early interest from decision-makers on IT, have turned Sweden into a prominent
ICT nation with good infrastructure and advanced services. In fact, Sweden is one of the international
leaders with regards to D-Government. The Swedish government has formulated strong policies in thisprogress.
The Swedish government focused on the D-Government and enhanced access to information in three mainareas: citizen-oriented public sector development, the re-use of public administration documents and aidtransparency. The major identified challenge of the action plan is ‘More Effectively Managing Public
Resources and Increasing Corporate Accountability. They also identified 5 commitments for Sweden, (1)put citizens at the center, (2) re-use of public administration documents, (3) Increased access to Swedish aid
information, (4) Improved opportunities for dialogue and transparency, and (5) Increased aid transparency
at global level.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 94.6% Sweden’s population uses Internet in 2017, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2017 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Among them, wired
broadband subscribers accounted for around 25.8% while more than 100% of total population have awireless broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In December 2011, the Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications published the latest national
policy for D-Government, called ICT for Everyone - A Digital Agenda for Sweden Digital Agenda59. The
agenda describes how the Swedish Government plans to further reinforce the capacity of government
agencies to work together in delivering digital services.
In order to strengthen the collaboration among government agencies, Sweden launched a new DGovernment strategy, “the Digital Step” targeting on making public administrations simpler, moretransparent, and more efficient, with a major focus on citizen-centric e-Services.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service comprises of five sub-dimensions: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, e-Health,and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL Address. All of thoseservices was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of Security, and Level ofConvenience.
In general, most of public services in Sweden are provided digitally. However, not all of them reached thetransactional complexity level. Regarding e-Procurement, the Swedish Government has not implemented acentralized portal for electronic public procurement, as this is intentionally left up to private operators. The
website avropa.se is currently the primary means of communication with procuring entities and suppliers.
In order to facilitate the delivery of transactional e-Services to citizens, the Swedish Government has put
into place the National e-Identification Board, whose mission is to promote and coordinate electronic
identification and signature for the public sector e-Services. Regarding Taxation and Customs,
skatteverket.se and tullverket.se are two electronic portals established to provide various transactional
services to citizens and businesses. Those services obtained the highest level in complexity score.

59

http://www.government.se/contentassets/8512aaa8012941deaee5cf9594e50ef4/ict-for-everyone---a-digitalagenda-for-sweden

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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTTo measure the level of convenience, the third party application Google PageSpeed™ Insight60 has showedthat all services have a good access speed.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.avropa.se/
http://www.skatteverket.se/
http://www.tullverket.se/
http://www.minavardkontakter.se/
N/A

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. Government.se is the government portal of Sweden. It presents a wide range of information
resources about government structure, government agencies, legal documents and daily news regarding togovernment’s operations. Information are delivered in 16 different languages.
In technical aspect, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website operates well bothfrom PC and from Mobile Device. The portal also provides several contacting methods via various Social
Networks such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Flicker as well as there is a feature allowing user to receive
update mail notification.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Tt is clear that the position of CIO does exist in all levels of government, from national, to regional, to local,
albeit under different names and with different responsibilities.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]The Swedish D-Government Delegation was said to be completed its mission and no longer responsible for
D-Government development. Instead, another D-Government unit was said to be setting up at Ministry of
Financial and the Minister for Public Administration Ardalan Shekarabi will be responsible for DGovernment.
For municipalities digitalization, Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SKL) continues
being in charge. Swedish Association of Municipalities for Joint Development of Public e-Services(SAMBRUK) initiated in 2003, involving 11 ICT Managers, for joint development of e-Services. So far,this organization’s members include approximately 80 member municipalities from all over Sweden
In terms of monitoring D-Government progress, the Digitalisation Commission has been established in 2012by the Swedish Government to analyze and monitor progress towards the Swedish ICT-policy goal to
become the best in world at digitalization. Sweden also has research think-tanks on D-Government, such as
eGovLab of Stockholm University61 or Timbro62.

4.7 D-Government Participation [EPAR]
There are around 60% of Swedish citizens use e-Services. The total of services provided online is around3800 services. Another successful story about e-participation in Sweden is E-identification, which has over4 million users out of 9 million citizens. These users conducted over 250 million transactions in various

60

https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
http://www.egovlab.eu/index.php/about-us
62
http://timbro.se/en
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private and public e-Services during 201163, thanks to the availability of a world-class broadband. This
enables households and businesses to have good opportunities to use electronic public services via
broadband.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
By publishing the Swedish Second National Action Plan 2014-2016 for the Open Government Partnership,
the Swedish government reaffirmed its commitment to open government efforts, both in principle and inpractice. Similar to other Nordic countries such as Finland and Norway, Sweden has a high degree oftransparency and open government.
The Public Sector Information website was launched in February 2014 by VINNOVA (Sweden’s Innovation
Agency). The website is about making public information more accessible, denoting the extent to which
Swedish authorities comply with the holistic vision on open data.
The openaid.se portal is a data-hub providing Swedish aid information on disbursements in an open format,
thereby allowing citizens, CSOs and entrepreneurs to use, refine and develop the data provided. The aid
information is provided on a global scale, at country level, per sector or by implementing agency.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
A national strategy on Cyber security is under preparation progress. However there are some policies
promulgated by government agencies such as the Strategy for Information Security in Sweden 2010-201564
by The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency.
Sweden has formulated several legal documents regarding e-commerce and cyber security such as Personal
Data Act, Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act, Act on Electronic Commerce and other
Information Society Services (2002).

In terms of cyber security government entities, CERT-SE was established in 2003 and is responsible
for coordinating incident response measures for both government institutions and private entities across all
Swedish networks65, while network and information security protection is the main role of The Swedish
Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB).

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). There is little evidence found on the use of
emerging technologies in public sectors.

5 Some Highlights
There have been lots of efforts carried out by Swedish Government to promote for D-Government. These
activities could be found in both central and local government levels. For example, in October 2015, anadvisory board for D-Government was established by the Swedish government which consist of high-level
decision-makers in the public sector with the task to give advice on D-Government policy66. In addition,63

http://www.opengovpartnership.org/es/files/swedens-ogp-action-plan-2014-2016-pdf/download
https://www.msb.se/RibData/Filer/pdf/25940.PDF
65
http://cybersecurity.bsa.org/assets/PDFs/country_reports/cs_sweden.pdf
66
https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ckeditor_files/files/DGovernment%20in%20Sweden%20-%20February%202016%20-%2018_0_v1_00.pdf
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regular meetings and events were held at municipality level to promote different aspects of D-Government.
All of these evidences resulted a high score for Sweden on D-Government promotion ranking this year.
More attentions need to be paid on providing information on the national portal. It is advised that country
information and available services should be included on the national portal as a one-stop gateway forresidents and foreigners. In addition, being the country with many famous technology corporations such as
Erikson, the government is recommended to utilize emerging technologies into public sector’s operations.
This will help to improve the ranking of Sweden in this area.

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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTSwitzerland
1 General Information
Area: 41,277 km2 67
Population: 8,179,294 68
Government Type: Federal Republic 69
GDP: $ 59,40070
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

European Countries

Switzerland has an outstanding performance on Management Optimization, which is above the average ofOECD countries. However, similar to other developed countries in European, Switzerland has very low DGovernment Promotion initiatives. Its score on D-Government Promotion is lower than the average scoreof both OECD and European Countries

67

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html
69https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html
70https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html
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3 Government Development
On 24 January 2007, the Federal Council launched a national eGovernment strategy. Unlike in many
countries where the national D-Government strategy is commonly proposed by central government,
Switzerland develeop the strategy in acollaboration between the cantons and themunicipalities, under the direction of the
FITSU. The strategy comprises the basis for the
Confederation, the cantons, and themunicipalities to align their efforts toward
common goals.
In December 2015, the Confederation andCantonal Government of Switzerland adopted
the revised strategy and settled the frameworkagreement for 2016-2019 legislative period.
To strengthen the integration and collaboration
among government intitutions, The Swis
Conference on Informatics (CSI) encourages
the participation of cantonal and municipal
authorities in the implementation of DGovernment strategy.

Source: Federal IT Steering Unit (FITSU)

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 88% of people in Switzerland were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 44.2% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wireless broadband subscription has reach 97.6%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]D-Government Strategy Switzerland was created through a collaboration between central and local
government. The strategy has set the role and responsibilities of each agencies. There are measurable target
and objectives on the D-Government Strategy. Furthermore, the strategic plan has been cascaded into moredetailed action plan.
Switzerland government uses Business Process Model Notation (BPMN) for illustrating government
business process. This practice will enable to identify redundancy or critical process that could be
eliminating or adding more control over it.
Since the strategy is the result of good cooperation between central and local government, there is a mutual
control system among them regarding data exchange. Network Administration Switzerland handles suchactivities.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online service, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of294

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Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-Procurement, e-Tax, and OneStop Service are the best performer among five online services.
In term of complexity level, all online services have reach interaction level where the citizen can obtain theservice without necessarily visit to the government office. Initial stage of interaction with government
through the portal. In addition to that, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as SSL,
Site Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining the services.
To measure the level of convenience, the third-party application result has showed that three portals areabove the average considerably in term of speed. E-Procurement and e-Customs are the only portal thatscored below average, thus, considerably slow to access. The third-party application for assessing the portalistheapplicationfrom
Googlenamed
GooglePageSpeed™
Insightonhttps://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights. In addition to that, all clickable objects on the
portal work as they should do.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.simap.ch/
https://www.estv.admin.ch
http://www.ezv.admin.ch/index.html?lang=en
http://www.e-health-suisse.chhttps://www.ch.ch

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Switzerland (https://www.admin.ch) contains proper information for local
citizens and foreigners. Information about Switzerland is available on the portal. User can find information
about culture and heritage, demographic, and government. In technical aspect, the result of Google
PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is below average on both from PC and from
Mobile Device. However, from the user experience aspect, this website is tremendous.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Switzerland has clearly defined the appointment of GCIO in all level of department. Furthermore, themandate and the role of GCIO are stated on the official document under “Framework agreement underpublic law on D-Government cooperation in Switzerland (2016 – 2019)”.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There is no significant evidence to indicate that Switzerland government conduct any initiatives to promote
the use of D-Government Service. This situation is similar to the one in any developed countries where the
IT Culture has been embraced in the society.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Culture and society in Switzerland has been created as a high-tech society. These factors have driven
Switzerland to the next horizon of D-Government. Citizens and government can take the benefit of ICT intheir daily life. However, there is no application where the citizen can directly communicate to thegovernment. The absence of e-participation portal significantly impacts the score of this indicator.

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4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In 2004, Switzerland has launched Federal Act on Freedom of Information in the Administration toparticipate in the Freedom of Information Act movement around the world. To strengthen theimplementation of these act, Switzerland has established Open Data Portal (https://opendata.swiss/en/) toprovide public with accessible government information. To keep the information update, Switzerland
government authorize all government agencies to publish their data to the open data portal on behalf of thestate.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Switzerland has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:-

Information Protection Ordinance 2007
Federal Act on Data Protection 2010
Information Protection Ordinance 2007
"Military Act, Art 99/100 Ordinance on the Armed Forces Intelligence Service (O-AFIS)"
Federal Law on Certification Service

In addition to these laws, Switzerland has strengthened organization capacity for cybercrimecountermeasure by setting up Swiss Cyber Security Advisory and Research Gr0up. Beside the advisorygroup, there are two important organizations in the Swiss cybersecurity, i.e., FITSU and Swiss-CERT.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Switzerland has attempted to implemented Cloud
Computing for Public Sector. Switzerland built a private cloud for government. The strategy for
implementing Government Cloud has been approved by D-Government Steering Committee in October
2012. Along with the implementation of Government Cloud, Swiss government has implemented Big Data
Analytics in Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the Management Optimization is the best among otherindicators in D-Government Switzerland. This achievement signifies the importance of strong collaboration
between central and local government; Confederation and Cantonal, for improving the quality of
government business process. Similar to other European countries, Switzerland is shifting its D-Government
to the next level in which they try to make all public service will be digital by default.
The weak point in Switzerland is about D-Government Promotion and the use of emerging ICT. One
argument is that the lack of D-Government promotion activities occurred because Switzerland does not needsuch programs anymore. Their citizen is aware already of D-Government service and knows how to use it.
However, by the increasing use of emerging ICT, Switzerland still has a chance to get the higher score in
D-Government Promotion. The promotion activities will follow the progress of implementation of the New
D-Government Strategy since it needs some introductions of new services to the citizens.

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Taiwan1 General Information
Area: 35,980 km2
Population: 23,415,126
Government Type: multiparty democracy
GDP: $47,500
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Economies

ASIAN Countries

Among APEC countries, expect Network Infrastructure Preparedness and National Portal, rest 8 indicatorsof Taiwan are above the average score of other members, especially the performance on Open Government
Data. Taiwan also has achieved comparatively better scores compared with Asia countries, exceeding or
equal to the average except Network Infrastructure Preparedness and National Portal.

3 D-Government Development
The national development council of Taiwan has published national D-Government plan (2017-2020) thisyear, as the fifth step after previous strategies. The new plan is aim to match the white paper:
ide@Taiwan2020 Policy which released earlier. According to its definition, “e” is for “D-Government”: toprovide people proactive, niche, or comprehensive services through streamlined administrative processes
and effective and efficient management. Also, “I” (intelligent Taiwan), “d” (digital nation) and “a”(accessible to the people) are indispensable and relative goals valued at the paper. However, in its new plan
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for next 4years, Taiwan sets the goal to move towards a “digital government” era surpassing traditional DGovernment phase. The new objective adopting emerging technologies like big data and cloud-computing
is to build a comprehensive data-driven system of which citizens can take full advantage instead of receiving
standard public service. Other targets such as government transparency and accountability could be achieved
effectively as well in the new vision.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
According to ITU’s investigation, Internet users take up 80% of the population in Taiwan. About 24.7% are
Fixed-Broadband users, and 57.1% of the wireless broadband users, in which most of advanced countries
have achieved more proportion close to 100%~110%. According to nation’s own research, the network
coverage has already reached 100% over the island, and the internet usage rate was about 80% for those age
were above 12 years old. It gives government and enterprises a good opportunity to offer information andservices to people via internet.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Taiwan has propelled the administrative reformation by information system since 1980s. After consistent
D-Government plans of five stages within particular emphases on government system integrations, it has
optimized the internal office and established an effective operation. However, to keep the D-Government
program advancing, meticulous periodic evaluation of each plan needs to be fulfilled and presented to the
public by government.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is evaluated on five online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, eHealth, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. There are three levels of sophistication were examined as Levelof Complexity, Level of Security, and Level of Convenience. For Taiwan, most of the online services havebeen estimated as high performances which provide citizens with transactional online service, except theportal for e-Health. The services presented on the site(http://www.mohw.gov.tw/ ) are staying at einformation, application and inquire. Now some advanced countries have already established an e-Healthonline system to connect the hospitals, care-center with citizens in which multiple needs on health can besatisfied even with one APP. Considering the fact of incoming aging society, there are undoubted
necessaries to integrate the e-Health system to serve citizens in different needs and priorities.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. The National Portal of Taiwan (http://www.taiwan.gov.tw/) offers information about
Taiwan including demographic and historical introductions. Other information has been classified bydifferent purposes such as Visas/Immigration, Education/Employment, Tourism, Economy and so on. There
are also guides for residents with various aspects of living in Taiwan. E-Information is the main function
for National Portal of Taiwan, which could increase more services in the future.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Taiwan has put effort to establish the GCIO system. The year 2012 was an important time point in which
the first GCIO Mr. San-Cheng Chang has been appointed and the second- degree GCIO system was set up.
According to it, The Convenor of National Information and Communications Initiative Committee (NICI)
will fill the post of GCIO in Executive Yuan level and each Ministry level of central government have their298

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CIOs as well. Regular CIO Meeting has been held among the CIOs and deputy heads of municipal and city
governments.
The GCIO organization in Taiwan consists of the Deputy Minsters or Chief Secretaries at cabinet-levelgovernment agencies who serve as the ministry level CIOs. Regarding the government ICT strategies, allthose ministry level CIOs are under the command of NICI chief commissioner who serves as the Executive
Yuan CIO. The Responsibility of Executive Yuan CIO is to oversee the promotion of upgrade of
information and communications and related industries, improvement of administrative efficiency andfriendly services of government agencies and the prevalence and applications of Internet usage.
The Responsibility of Ministry-level CIOs is to coordinate the business and ICT resources, promote businessprocess reengineering and regulatory relaxation, apply ICT to enhance administrative efficiency anddevelop innovative, friendly services.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The newest D-Government agenda published in 2016 focus on the digital government construction within
the utilization of emerging technologies including IOT, Cloud Computing and Big Data. To coordinate with
the ide@Taiwan 2020 white paper, the fifth e-Government plan has proposed three main objectives as“Proving convenient living” “Develop digital economy” and “Fulfill governance transparency”. The core
concept of the new plan is “Data-driven” “ public-private collaboration” and “civilian-centric”. There arealso other promotions cover issues such as government open data and infrastructure.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Most of the government agencies in Taiwan have prepared channels for citizens to interact with specificagencies via email, Tel and online message form. A simple search engine on the one-stop service portal
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enables users to find the departments they want to reach directly and effectively with completed contact lists
by names. In response to the rapid development of the internet and the rise of citizen participation awareness,the government has established E-participation Platform (http://join.gov.tw) to gather the public opinions.
People can initiate proposals on this website. Once the proposal gets 5,000 signatures within 60 days, thenthe authority has to respond formally in 60 days after a comprehensive research and analysis. The
government enables to win people’s trust and make good use of social innovation power to improve theeffectiveness of government governance.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Taiwan got comparatively high scores on indicator of Open Government Data and tied with Singapore forthe first place among Asia nations. Open data initiative has remained one of the first priorities in DGovernment plans of Taiwan, within legal preparedness such as “The Freedom of Government Information
Law (2005)”“Copyright Act (2014)” and “Personal Information Promotion (2015)”. The Open Data Portal(http://data.gov.tw/ ) are not only updating datasets on every aspect in social life and governments, butalso providing space for citizens to comment and discuss after checking the data. What’s more, the details
in data standards and guide for users to read and utilize information are presented on the website.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Several policies related to Cyber Security have been issued in Taiwan including such as Information andCommunication Security Policy White Paper (2008/2010) and National Information and Communication
Security development project (2013-2016). To strengthen nation’s capacities in Cyber Security, the National
Information and Communication Security Taskforces (NISCT) was formed by The Executive Yuan in 2001,
by whom Ministry of Science and Technology were issued as the responsible authority for Cyber Security
instead of NISCT, within a new institution called “National Center for Cyber Security Technology (NCCST)”in 2016.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Taiwan has followed the global development of emerging ICT, the Executive Yuan passed “Cloud
Computing Industrial Development Program” on April 29th, 2010 in order to extend the advantage of
hardware manufacturing from our existing Information and Communication Industry and to obtain the early
opportunity of global cloud computing market. in November, 2012,the Executive Yuan amended theprogram again to expand the appeal to be “Promote the government cloud application people need, Drive
the development of domestic cloud industries” and to adjust the original name to be” Cloud Computing
Application and Industrial Development Program”, focusing on both “application value” and “output ofindustry and economy.”
As many countries, Taiwan is facing the challenge of population aging. Taiwan government built up My
Health Bank and Pharma Cloud in the D-Government to improve the quality and efficiency of medical careand promote people’s self-care.
My Health Bank is based on the National Health Insurance system, relevant data can be uploaded to NHI
System through API. It is mandatory for people and medical institutions to submit relevant data which fits
NHI system’s data standard.

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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTThe Pharm Cloud provides three services: To facilitate patients' drug safety and reduce duplicate
prescriptions; to provide a real-time inquiry into the latest 3-month prescriptions; subject to strict privacy
and security through the VPN and HCA. The target users of Pharma Cloud would be hospitals, doctors,
specialists, or medical care givers, and pharmacists in local drug stores etc. The benefits of Pharma Cloud
include immediate query (for example the query will response within 10 seconds and now we have a totalof Over 200 million times inquiry), enhancing healthcare quality (now we have 80% of total medical
institutions, around 22 thousands, adopts Pharma Cloud ), and improving relationship between physicians
and patients.

5 Some Highlights
Taiwan jumped to 10th in Waseda D-Government ranking in 2017 and kept its superior position amongAsia. It has great performance on indicator of “Open government”, showing government’s effort actions
to achieve the goals that have been emphasized in aforementioned national plans. As a matter of fact,
Transparency, Accountability or E-democracy have always remained social focus in the society. Alongwith the development of digital government strategy, Taiwan is indeed expected to gain better
achievements on “e-participation” “the usage of emerging technologies” in the future. On the other hand,national portal should not be forgotten since it is not only the portal to send nation’s message to citizens
but also an important window for non-Taiwan citizens to understand and become familiar with the society.
In addition, cyber security is a vital issue for digital government as well.

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Thailand1 General Information
Area: 513,120 km2
Population: 68,200,824
Government Type: Constitutional Monarchy
GDP: $16,800
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
APEC Countries

ASEAN Countries

Among APEC Countries, the Management Optimization (MO), Online Service (OS), Government CIO(GCIO), E-Promotion (EPRO), Open Government Data (OGD) and Cyber Security (CYB) indicators areabove the average score of APEC members. The Management Optimization (MO) indicator of Thailand
gets the same level of United States, the best country in APEC. Amongst ASEAN countries, Thailand isplaced below Singapore. However, the National Portal (NPR) indicator of Thailand is lowest among theseregions.

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3 D-Government Development
The Ministry of Information and Communications Technology (MICT), now the Ministry of Digital
Economy and Society (MDE) is the main body responsible not only for the ICT master plan but also for the
National D-Government policy formulation. MICT presented Thailand Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) Policy Framework (2011-2020) is ICT2020 which was released on May 2011. In 2016,
Thailand government announced the draft of Digital Economy Development plan along with Digital
Government Development plan. The digital economy sets the framework and direction driving the economy
and society as a whole; while the Digital government development plan provides more detail for thegovernment sector moving toward digital economy. The strategic framework “Digital Thailand” forpromoting a digital economy consists of four areas: Digital Commerce, Digital Entrepreneur, Digital
Innovation, and Digital Content. Emphasis will be placed on five strategies, namely, Hard Infrastructure,
Service Infrastructure, Soft Infrastructure, Digital Economy Promotion, and Digital Society.

Thailand Digital Economy and Society Development Plan
Digital Government development plan has been established by Electronic Government Agency (Public
Organization) (EGA) with takes the roles to develop and integrate information and communication
technology systems to achieve establishing D-Government which is the country's key strategy to effectively
leverage government’s capabilities of management and public service systems. Digital Government Plan
2016-2018 has characters with 1) Government Integration; 2) Smart Operations; 3) Citizen-centric Services;4) Driven Transformation. In addition, there are 4 digital government strategies define as 1) Developing thecapacity to support government services; 2) Elevation of Citizen’s Quality of life; 3) Enhancing the capacityof business sectors’ competitiveness; 4) Increasing national security and public safety.

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4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 39.3% of people in Thailand were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 9.2% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reach 75.3%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Although Thailand scores highly in terms of optimization awareness, the development of an EA framework
remains average. There is significant work to put interoperability under the control of MICT. The present
Thailand Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy Framework (2011-2020) is ICT2020
which was released on May 2011.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services: e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and their URL
Address. All of those services were investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Among these five Online Service, e-Procurement, e-Tax, and eCustoms are the best performers among five online services.
In terms of complexity level, all online services have reach interaction level where the citizen can obtainthe service without necessarily visit to the government office. Initial stage of interaction with government
through the portal. In addition to that, all Online Service have implemented security measures such as Site
Authentication, and Password Protection for obtaining the services. However, it is still limit to use SSL as
security measure when login to system.
To measure the level of convenience, the third-party application result has showed that all portals are below
the average considerably in terms of speed. Thus, their access speed considerably slows to access, according
the big size of page that use many picture and not using the web cache. The third-party application forassessing the portal is the application from Google PageSpeed™ Insight. In addition to that, all clickableobjects on the portal work as they should do.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://www.gprocurement.go.th
http://www.rd.go.th/
http://e-tracking.customs.go.th/ETS/index.jsp
https://www.moph.go.th/
https://www.egov.go.th/th/index.php

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information, Technical, and Functionality.
Thailand has several websites collectively which make up government online presence. The digital portalof the Thai government is “https://www.egov.go.th/” that provides daily information and D-Government
connectivity for citizens. The portal is available only in the national language Thai. In technical aspect, theresult of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the website performance is below average on both fromPC and from Mobile Device. It scored below average in terms of page speed.
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4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The Chief Information Officer (CIO) is a bureaucratic position mentioned in ICT Master Plan 2002 - 2006.
In Thailand, CIOs are appointed at all levels except town/city level. There are several organizations for the
CIO, such as the CIO Association of Thailand (CIO and IT persons from both government and private
sectors) and the International Academy of CIO in Thailand. In addition, The National Electronic andComputer Technology Center (NECTEC) also studies about CIOs. EGA has D-Government Academy that
also coordinates with other organizations to hold CIO related activities like seminars, conferences, andworkshops. For the purpose of the realization of Smart Thailand, the ICT 2020 also emphasizes theimportant role of CIOs in terms of both private and public sectors.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]The D-Government Promotion & Development Bureau (Under MICT) was in charge of D-Government
promotion in Thailand. Now, it is charged to EGA. And, The National Information Technology Committee,
NECTEC, and the IT Operations Support Office are government entities involved in assessing the progressof D-Government. However, ministries, local governments, and some state-owned companies intelecommunications are also involved in promoting D-Government.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
In general, all interest groups have online access to essential administrative information. As of November
2014, current Thai government led by General Prayut Chan-o-cha has released official Facebook webpageof National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) in order to be alternative communication between Thai
people and current government. In addition, there is no application where the citizen can directly
communicate to the government. The absence of e-participation portal significantly impacts the score ofthis indicator.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Since 2013, Thailand government has appointed EGA to develop Thailand Government Open Data
“https://www.data.go.th/” and Open Application “https://apps.go.th/”. These projects are still in an ongoingprocess. It is limited of dataset, and it contains links and descriptions for about 552 datasets and has 211
applications as one the end of May, 2016. To keep the information update, EGA authorize all government
agencies to publish their data to the open data portal on behalf of the state, and EGA also has seminar andevent to promote Government open data. In addition, for Thailand increasing of Government open datameans showing the political will to fight against corruption by publishing as much information as possible
in free access for citizens, however it is also creating new economic opportunities and helping betterbusiness decisions be made through open data.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Thailand has The Electronic Act 2001 as the core of its cyber law. This act delivers the legal framework forthe validity of digital signature and electronic transaction. On 18 July 2007, the Computer Crime Act
B.E.2550 (2007) came into force. Now, Thailand is in the process of establishing new legislation of thegovernment’s digital economy policy. MICT (now the Ministry of Digital Economy and Society) proposed
the adoption of eight items of legislation, to support development of the digital economy, in which three ofthem are related to cybersecurity including: Computer-Related Crime Bill (amendment); Personal Data
Protection Bill; and Cyber security Bill. The Cybersecurity Bill, one of the legal instruments proposed isunder review, and the Bill specifies the establishment of a National Cyber Security Committee (NCSC)
which will be chaired by the prime minister to provide national level cybersecurity policy to protect preventand combat cyber threats.
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4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). G-Cloud is an IaaS that utilized cloud computing
technology for managing resources of government, and it has been certified by ISO / IEC 27001: 2013 that
ensure the information security management system. However, the evidence shows that Big Data is notofficially launched. Some Big Data Initiatives have been implemented in some of government units e.g.
Department of Highway. In addition, EGA by Research & Development team is working on some researchand published some papers on IoT issue. And many of prototype project that provided by EGA is ongoing.

5 Some Highlights
Thailand has the impressive point on Management Optimization, Government CIO, and Online Service. A
new plan of Digital Economy and Society Development, taking into account of the past experience, current
status and future challenge to be expected, was issued by MICT for the purpose of policy continuation in
2011. The economy will be service and creativity based type, ICT value will be of significance to the whole
economy while more than half population will be aware of the importance of ICT. Even though all
government units have a CIO, most CIOs still lack knowledge, understanding and skills in technology.
There are several organizations for the CIO, such as the CIO Association of Thailand and the International
Academy of CIO in Thailand.
Thailand government is using the Facebook “https://www.facebook.com/egovthai/” to provide information,and citizens can follow and receive information through Facebook as one channel of e-Participation. And
the data is also update time to time though Facebook account of Thailand government. However, theresponse from citizen is still low.
The use of emerging technology and e-Participation are the weak point of Thailand. However, the use of
Cloud Computing is high that there have been accumulated numbers of 129 different organizations using
G-Cloud from the total number of 259 Cloud Computing-based system or project. As of now, Thailand is
still ruled by military government and still has no plan for the new election; the e-Participation score is low.
Big data has been implemented in some of government units e.g. Department of Highway. The objective isconsidering the Big Data plan. Moreover, in 2015, the Government Big Data Conference 2015 and the
Hackathon events in Big Data which organized by EGA is a highly successful and is renowned both in the
public and private sectors.

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Tunisia
1 General Information
Area: 163,610 km2
Population: 11,134,588
Government Type: Parliamentary Republic
GDP: $11,700
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
Africa Countries

Among Africa Countries, the Network Infrastructure Preparedness (NIP), Management Optimization (MO),D-Government Promotion (EPRO), National Portal (NPR) and E-Participation (EPAR) indicators are above
with the average score of Africa region. In addition, the E-Participation (EPAR) indicator of Tunisia is better
than South Africa, the best country in Africa region.

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3 D-Government Development
In 2010, the Tunisian government issued the e-strategy 2010-2015. It is a part of the dynamics of theTunisian Government for the development of the knowledge economy and the introduction of Technologies
of information and Communication "ICT" in Tunisian. The Tunisian government focuses on twocomplementary objectives: the improvement of the citizen-administration relationship and the developmentof Tunisian enterprises’ competitiveness. The achievement of these two objectives rests on the developmentof an efficient integrated administration in the service of citizens and enterprises, enabling better interaction
with citizens and a more competitive environment for enterprises. The development of e-administration in
Tunisia occupies a central place among national priorities. It is a fundamental pillar in the global andsustainable development process given the primordial role of e-administration in the improvement of publicmanagement performance and the reinforcement of service quality.

D-Government Framework

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
Approximately 48.5% of people in Tunisia were Internet users in 2015, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). About 4.3% have
fixed-broadband subscriptions, and wired broadband subscription has reached 62.6%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]In 2010, the government issued the National Strategy for e-Administration Development for the period
2010-2014. This strategy includes a new generation of public services based on the idea of services
integration and interoperability between information systems belonging to administrative structures.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five investigating online services, i.e., e-Procurement, e-Tax, eCustoms, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1 lists the online services and its URL
Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e., Level of Complexity, Level of
Security, and Level of Convenience. Tunisia’s approach to promoting information society development
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and innovative citizen shaping has been positioning information and communication technologies as key
drivers for its economy. Tunisia has well-designed and developed technology parks such as El Ghasala.
Furthermore, it has strong research centers and good universities researching modern ICT tools andtechniques.
For measuring the level of convenience, the third-party application result has shown that three portals areabove the average considerably in terms of speed. The other two portals, i.e., e-Health and One-Stop Service
are slightly above the average. The third-party application for assessing the portal is the application from
Google PageSpeed™ Insight. In addition to that, all clickable objects on the portal work as they should do.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
https://www.tuneps.tn/index.do
http://www.impots.finances.gov.tn/
http://www.douane.gov.tn/
http://www.santetunisie.rns.tn/fr/
http://www.pm.gov.tn/

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Tunisian Government portal “http://www.tunisie.gov.tn/” serves as a government portal for the public
administration, citizens, businesses, visitors and civil society. The portal only hosts online service
information and provides links to relevant domains. The portal delivers most of its contents in its official
language of Arabic, but also offers information in French.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The Tunisian public administration at national and local levels does not appoint CIOs or equivalent positions
within the legal framework. The director general for D-Government under the prime minister can beconsidered the CIO at the national level.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]For Tunisia, it can be noted that ICT promotion, which increasingly also includes D-Government promotion,is the main priority of government and the presidential agenda. The law of D-Government exists at thenational level but not at the sub-national level.
There also seems to be growing collaboration in the non-government, private and public sectors. Thissynergy with the presidential leadership at the top level of administration helps to promote ICT penetrationand engagement of stakeholders besides changing the nation’s online connectivity culture. However, theframeworks, methods and tools used to measure and evaluate D-Government as well as oversightcommittees lack of adequate levels of integrity.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Tunisia is one of the most technologically developed nations in the region and has good opportunities toimplement e-Participation in the country. However, there has been little action taken in this direction
recently. In general, government websites provide services in Arabic and French. The national portal andother high-level government sites demonstrate interactive functionality and well thought-out design.
Successful national ICT initiatives correlate with increasing awareness of participation. Availability of polls
and feedback options shows that the government takes the opinions of citizens into account during decisionmaking processes. However, there is still a lack of detailed policy declarations and there are also
accountability issues.
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4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Tunisia joined the Open Government Partnership on 14 January 2014. The Tunisian government hasembarked on the preparation of a national action plan (National OGP Action Plan) for the Open Government
Partnership. Currently, Tunisia has released the beta version of its open government data website,“http://www.data.gov.tn/”, following the wave of open government data portals around the world. However,there is no evidence about the use of open government data, and there is not any dataset hosted on the site.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
The national governance roadmap for cyber security in Tunisia is elaborated in the National Agency for
Computer Security (ANSI). ANSI is responsible for the benchmarking and measuring cyber security
development in Tunisia, and also responsible for providing educational and professional training programsfor raising awareness with the general public, promoting cyber security courses in higher education andpromoting certification of professionals in either the public or the private sectors. And Tunisia has an
officially recognized National CIRT (Tunisian Computer Emergency Response Team - TunCERT).

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). Tunisia has attempted to implement Cloud
Computing for Public Sector. However, the evidence shows that it is not officially launched. Other emerging
technologies for government agencies are still nullity in Estonia.

5 Some Highlights
Tunisia has the impressive point on e-Participation, Management Optimization, and National Portal on 26
March, 2011, Decree-law 41 which regulates the public access to administrative document was enacted. In
2012, there was a conference to discuss ‘open data and e-participation’ at the initiative of the prime ministry.
The main goal for the conference was the improvement of e-participation in the public and private sectors.
Moreover, Tunisia joined the Open Government Partnership on January 2014, and the Tunisian government
has embarked on the preparation of a national action plan (National OGP Action Plan 2015-2016) for theOpen Government Partnership. However, there is not any dataset hosted on the open government data portal“http://www.data.gov.tn/”.
And the use of emerging technology and government CIO are the weak point of Tunisia. Currently, theTunisian public administration at national and local levels does not appoint CIOs or equivalent positions
within the legal framework. The director general for D-Government under the prime minister can beconsidered the CIO at the national level. And Tunisia put CIO model with empowered to implement aholistic vision on Post 2015 Agenda. Moreover, there is no evidence about the use of Cloud Computing fordelivering public services. However, Tunisia government cloud initiative was started to discuss.

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Turkey1 General Information
Area: 783,562 km2Population: 79,414,269
Government Type: republican parliamentarydemocracy
GDP: $20,500
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
European Countries

OECD Countries

The performances on most of the indicators of Turkey have showed comparatively low level below averageof Europe countries and OECD groups. Among all the ten indicators, Online Service has a good scorecomparing to other indicators

3 D-Government Development
Turkey has launched its latest National D-Government strategy and action plan for 2015-2019 by the
Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communication in 2015. For ICT initiative, the Ministry ofDevelopment is responsible for the” Information society strategy and action plan”. There is no official GCIO
position in the government of Turkey, but three main agencies are participating in the D-Government
strategy/plan making and decision: the Ministry of Development; the Ministry of Transport, Maritime
Affairs and Communications and e-Transformation Turkey Executive Committee. As the last one, the311

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committee contains officers from different government agencies such as the Ministry ofDevelopment/Sciences/Transportation/Education, etc. Also some members came from NGOs. According to
the introduction, “The Committee is the highest level policy and decision-making, assessment and steeringbody in the information society Strategy implementation process.”

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
According to ITU’s report, approximately 53.7% people in Turkey have used internet in their daily life.
About 12.4% are fixed-broadband users and the wireless-broadband users are 50.9%. Internet penetrationin Turkey is in a comparatively low position compared to most of the evaluated countries.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Turkey's national approach to D-Government can be characterized as centralized. The National DGovernment strategy and action plan for 2015-2019 has been published by the Ministry of Transport,
Maritime Affairs and Communication, with a view to increase the pace of structural reforms and strengthens
the fundamentals of the Turkish economy with a holistic approach.

4.3 Online Service [OS]Regarding electronic transactions and identification, the Turkish government enacted several amendments
to integrate e-Services into daily public life such as in e-commerce, e-signature and e-procurement
legislation, chiefly within the last 5 years. For instance, there is legislation for regulating Internet broadcasts
and combating crimes committed through such broadcasts. There are nine catalogued criminal offences,which can be committed through Internet publications. Nationwide implementation of electronic
declarations by the Ministry of Finance is one of the first transactional level “e-Service” type services in
Turkey. It was initially part of the Tax Office Automation Project (VEDOP) and is now at a third phase ofdevelopment and aptly named VEDOP-3. Compared to other top priority services, current sophistication ofdaily life citizen services such as car registration, certification is still lacking certain quality and integration.
However, there is an ongoing pilot project for e-ID card, which is expected to enable more integrated andtransactional level daily life services.
Online information is provided by hospitals through their websites. Furthermore, online appointments areavailable at certain hospitals. Appointment for all hospitals through a central call center is possible. The
Ministry of Health is also working on a one-stop-shop mechanism for online appointments.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The Turkish portal, www.turkiye.gov.tr, is integrated as the one stop service portal for citizens as well. It
acts as a gateway for all D-Government services and as an administrative resource. As of June 2011, the DGovernment Gateway includes more than 260 services of 28 different agencies, as well as information aboutadministrative procedures and links to the services provided directly through websites of each public agency.
Although it has well-structured navigation and interface features, the website clearly lacks interactive
features such as blogs, SNS, forums or polls. On the other hand, the portal demonstrates secure transactions
through mobile electronic signatures (via mobile devices) as well as non-mobile (PC or stationary device
based) electronic signatures and password login. As a new functionality, users have access via has mobile
handset with m-signature integration.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The Turkish public administration at national and local levels does not appoint CIOs or equally influential
positions within the legal framework. Heads of IT directorates or IT departments have the main312

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competencies of a CIO. However, the quality of CIO competency varies from ministry to ministry. One
ministry might have strong IT management and leadership while another ministry would have unclear
objectives and an insignificant IT department. There is no whole of government perspective for contract
management, strategic planning, or ICT implementation among ministries. At the local level, eachmunicipality has an Information Technology Directorate position but with varying duties and degree of
executive power. Thus, there is no clear intention to change administrative structure or attach well-defined
CIO position to the public management. There is no CIO mandate the law and legislation as well as existenceof the law creating the position of CIO in the Turkish Government.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The national strategy for transitioning into an information society consists of social transformation, public
modernization and a globally competitive IT sector. In light of this projection and taking into accounttangible actions, public and private sector collaboration is growing. International and national DGovernment related conferences have been organized by initiatives of both the private sector and academic
institutions. At the local level, there are inadequate initiatives to promote e-services and to train citizens ascompared to the interest in implementation. The central-local government collaboration required to realize
an information society is lacking. Due to high percentage of school age population, there are significant
initiatives and projects driven by ICT to improve the quality of education system and educational content,
which helps to promote D-Government in different levels with public-private-NGO engagement.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
In general, government web sites demonstrate interactive functionality and good design, however in termsof participatory decision making processes or public discussions, national portal and other government web
sites at national and local level offer very limited public engagement. There are online channels besides
dedicated phone services for both President and Prime Minister’s Office to lodge a request or grievance.
However, even with increased public awareness and enhanced web portals; there is not much evidence toshow that the government takes the opinions of citizens in decision making processes. Taking into
consideration young people, web 2.0 applications such as blogs or web forums are promising tools, which
could encourage more use of D-Government services.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]The Turkish Statistical Institute posts government data regularly on its website, (http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/).
These statistics come from a variety of government ministries, and can be downloaded in Excel format. The
site hosts a large amount of data, particularly economic data, but it does not have advanced searching,
charting, or organizational features.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
In Turkey, there are several laws that are complement each other’s, such as Law No. 5237, “Turkish Penal
Code”, Law No. 5271, “Code of Criminal Procedure”, Law No. 5846, “Intellectual and Artistic Works”,
Law No. 5809; “Electronic Communication Act”, Law No. 5070, “Electronic Signature Act” and Law No.
5651, “Regulation of Publications on the Internet and Combating Crimes Committed by means of such
Publication”

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
It is hardly to find information about emerging ICT launched in governmental sector in Turkey, general
strategies around new technologies have not yet been organized by government. There have some private
sectors talking about introducing IOT to Turkey such as the company IDC, but no official announcement oflarge plans about the upcoming visions within emerging ICT.
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5 Some Highlights
The Turkey government has continued to complete and add amendments to integrate e-Services into daily
public life, the e-service portal (https://www.turkiye.gov.tr/) keeps upgraded various information to citizens,for specific service it can link users to corresponding agencies for e-tax, e-health, e-procedure, etc. The same
as some well-prepared nations, Turkey has shown strength on “Management Optimization” and “Online
Service”. At the mean time the same with medium developed countries, the lack of systematic GCIO
institute, less promotion on D-Government implementation and open government initiative are the reasonsfor lagging behind. First of all, laying a good foundation as legal framework and sophisticated initiatives
for special D-Government objectives as well as institutional preparedness could benefit the development of
D-Government in Turkey to a great extent.

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United Arab Emirates
1 General Information
Area: 83,600 km2
Population: 5,779,760
Government Type: Federation of monarchies
GDP: $67,000
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
ASIAN Countries

Gulf Cooperation Council Countries

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3 D-Government Development
The development of D-Government in UAE is to enhance the role of Federal Entities in devising effective
regulations and integrated policies by efficient planning and enforcement, enhance effective coordinationand cooperation among Federal Entities and Local Governments. It focuses on delivering high-quality,
customer-centric, and integrated government services, invest in human resource capabilities and develops
leaders.

Promote efficient resource management within Federal Entities and leverage dynamic partnerships. Pursue
a culture of excellence through strategic thinking, continuous improvement in performance and superior
results. Enhance transparency and good governance throughout the Federal Entities. Moreover, besides
focusing on development of the government sector, it tackles other social, economic, and infrastructure
issues, First-class Education System, World-Class Healthcare, Competitive Knowledge Economy, Safe
Public and Fair Judiciary, Sustainable Environment and Infrastructure and Strong Global Standing.
The next phase for the UAE – which is seeking to establish itself as smart government leader in the region– will be to win users over to the latest apps and building m-government to help citizens have a betterchannel to apply for their services. The future is going to be about interconnecting government togovernment, and more collaboration on the government to citizen side.
In 2014, The National Plan for UAE Smart Government Goals was initiated in alignment with the national
direction embodied in UAE Vision 2021. The vision 2021 focusses on 4 factors, (1) United in responsibility,(2) United in destiny, (3) United in knowledge, and (4) United in prosperity. Together with the vision 2021,
the ICT sector strategy, the UAE national plan aligns directly to enhancing business environment,
specifically developing smart government services.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]The UAE has a well-developed and technologically advanced telecommunications infrastructure and has
high mobile telephone and Internet penetration. The Internet users are about 8.5 million in 2017 and thepenetration is about 90.6%. Almost Internet connection is by broadband with the Telecommunication
infrastructure developed very well. UAE has many advantages in implementing D-Government. In 2016 thebroadband market in the UAE is one of the most advanced both regionally and globally. Prior to the fixed
network sharing agreement introduced in late 2015, The UAE government at both federal and emirate level316

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has been proactive in the digital economy and digital media sectors, with programs to encourage computerand Internet use.
Federal Network (FedNet) was launched in line with the National Plan to Support m-Government Initiative,
which complies with the UAE Vision 2021. The mission of FedNet is to provide an efficient and securemeans of delivering m-Government services to entities and individuals in the UAE. The primary objectiveof FedNet is to connect all Federal Government related entities with each other and provide seamless, safe,
durable and ongoing connectivity between the entities using a private common infrastructure.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The UAE is investing heavily in adopting and implementing ICT in its government and private sectors. In
the past, The UAE Federal D-Government Strategy 2012-2014 aims at building a world-class federal DGovernment that works with the federal government agencies to establish an effective and reliable
information technology infrastructure and to provide electronic services to customers through multiple
innovative electronic channels in line with the UAE Vision 2021 and the UAE Government Strategy 20122014.
The mission of Federal D-Government strategy is to innovative D-Government, committed to enhancing
the competitiveness of the UAE and providing world-class multi-channel services based on the expectationsof customers through a coherent and efficient government; taking advantage of an advanced digital
infrastructure and highly qualified human resources within a smart framework of governance.
In UAE, the government structure is divided center government and local government. The country is afederation of seven emirates. The constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi (which serves as the capital), Ajman,
Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. Each emirate is governed by an absolutemonarch; together, they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council. For each emirate, they have their own
D-Government strategy. For example, in Dubai they build smart Dubai Government. The mission of smart
Dubai is to deliver world-class smart services and infrastructure to create happiness.

4.3 Online Service [OS]E-Services in UAE are categorized for individuals, businesses, visitors, and governments. UAE government
delivers e-Services through online and offline channels. Government.ae is the official portal of the UAE
Government and it is the unified gateway to access e- Services provided by all the UAE government
ministries and authorities in the UAE. Other channels, includes: customer service centers, phones,
kiosks/public payment machines, banks, drive-thru service, post offices, Dubai metro stations, apps for
smart gadgets, and the newest way is through robots and drones.
The Government provides users with transactional e-Payments, e-Health, e-Tax, e-Procurement by two-way
interaction. With a huge number of e-Services are provided for citizen in UAE to avail a variety of services
without leaving their home or office spaces. The portal has an advanced search facility to help people look
for the services they want to access. The portal also contains a section on alternate means for accessing
government services.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The national portal of the UAE Government is www.government.ae. It is part of the federal D-Government
program and a major milestone in the process of e-Transformation in the UAE. It is one-stop services, itbrings all e-Services provided by the UAE federal and local government bodies under one umbrella.
The national portal is well design, easy to use and very useful for everyone. It is available in English andArabic, the national portal contains all necessary information for individuals, businesses, visitors, andgovernment. It is a single entry-point for users to access the different federal and local government e317

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Services. The portal also facilitates to boost communication between the customers and the government
representatives and e-Participation through forums, blogs, surveys, polls and social media.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
In the UAE, the CIO positions are appointed at all town and city. A Government CIO office is establishedat national level, event that in each city they have a portal and providing e-Services to citizens. Laws on
information technology and e-commerce also have been found but there is no information about the CIO
laws, Government CIO position and office are indicated and established at the national level as well as subnational level and government agencies.
There is no CIO association in UAE but they have many courses training information technology and CIO
in University, there are many jobs related to CIO but almost from private sectors.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
Promoting the development of D-Government strategy is also aimed to promote and implement DGovernment services are secure and correct route. However, during one year of evaluation Waseda ranking
could not find any new strategy for 2015, 2016. Therefore, it reduces UAE’s score on this indicator and alsoin overall ranking.
There is no information on government agencies and private entities involved at local government level.
Furthermore, there is no information on a think-tank between government and PPP.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The UAE D-Government believes in the importance of e-Participation and enabling its customers to takepart in the decision-making process. The government portal clearly encourages citizens and customers toparticipate in government decision making process including policies and initiatives by having their say.
The "Contact Government" section in the portal is dedicated to hear their say by providing many important
tools, including web 2.0 tools and online direct communication with the customer. The UAE Government
has launched its new federal portal, redesigned to offer many e-Participation channels, include advanced
practices such as Open Data, and be a better unified gateway to access many online services provided by
the UAE Government. The UAE Government has engaged multiple platforms like forums, blogs, chats,
surveys, polls and social media tools like Facebook, Twitter, Flickr and YouTube to reach to the generalpublic and engage them in active communication with the government with regard to their opinions andexperiences on government services, policies.
Especially, in UAE the ranking shows there is evidence to proof that the government takes the opinions ofcitizens in the decision making process, and there is evidence to proof that the government inform thecitizens on which decisions made based on citizens input.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
http://bayanat.ae/ is an open data portal for UAE. It provides official statistics about UAE as well as many
advanced features for analyzing, visualizing, and reporting statistical data over time, it also allows preparing
presentation-ready for users. Individuals can select Data Catalogue to get some customized filtered ordetailed data on UAE level or even emirate level for direct use and comparability. There are a lot of data
can be opened, it covers demographics, education, foreign trade, health, households, labor, population, andsocio-Economic datasets.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
In UAE, the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA)’s Computer Emergency Readiness Team
(AECert) recently underscored the role of cyber security in ensuring public safety amid rapid developments
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THE 13TH WASEDA – IAC INTERNATIONAL DIGITAL GOVERNMENT RANKINGS 2017 COUNTRY REPORTin the ICT sector and growing incidents of harmful cyber-attacks. AECert also emphasized the need to raise
more public awareness and educate society about information security, the attack risks and prevention
methods.
In 2014, The National Electronic Security Authority, NESA, has officially announced the publication of arange of key strategies, policies and standards to align and direct national cyber-security efforts in UAE.
NESA is a federal authority responsible for developing, supervising and monitoring the implementation of
U.A.E. cyber-security strategies, policies and standards.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Even UAE is developed country in ICT, but the use of emerging ICT is still in a mature stage. There is no
information could be found on evidence that government agency has used Cloud Computing and provide
the cloud service from SaaS to IaaS, and also there is no evidence that government agency has used Big
Data.

5 Some Highlights
In the UAE, the CIO positions are appointed at all town and city. A Government CIO office is establishedat national level, event that in each city they have a portal and providing e-Services to citizens. Laws on
information technology and e-commerce also have been found but there is no information about the CIO
laws, Government CIO position and office are indicated and established at the national level as well as subnational level and government agencies.
The official portal of the UAE government is the unified gateway for all information and services provided
to the public. It was divided into four categories: services for individuals, services for businesses, services
for visitors and services for all. The Government provides users with transactional e-Payments, e-Health,
Employment and Labor, Religious Affairs and Society as well as Business activities allow two-way
interaction between the user and government.

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United Kingdom
1 General Information
Area: 243,610 km2
Population: 64,088,222
Government Type: constitutional monarchy
and Commonwealth realm
GDP: $41,200
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and region
European Countries

OECD Countries

UK is one of the leaders in D-Government among OECD and European countries. The UK government hasscored greater results in all indicators than the average of OECD and European. Only National Portal showsa lower score in comparing with OECD and European’s average level while Cyber security and Management
Optimization are considered as UK’s strongest parts.

3 D-Government Development
The UK has a long history of D-Government development. The Government Digital Strategy released in2011, updated in 2013 by the Cabinet Office, sets out how the government will become digital by default.
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April 2014, with the launching of new projects which were funded £1.5 million (about €1.8 million) fromthe Release of Data fund, the government strived a huge step to unlock data from public bodies and increasetransparency (European Union, 2014).

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
According to the Measuring the Information Society Report 2016 from International Telecommunication
Union (ITU), Internet users in UK account for 92% of total population. About 37.7% have fixed-broadband
subscriptions, and 87.8% of the population has a wireless broadband connection.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]UK has launched its Government ICT Strategy since 2011 focusing on several critical targets such as
reducing waste and project failure, and stimulating economic growth; creating a common ICT infrastructure;using ICT to enable and deliver change; and strengthening governance. In term of digital government, theGovernment Digital Strategy was published by the Cabinet in 2012, with the ultimate goal focusing on “howgovernment will redesign its digital services so well that people prefer to use them”.
To achieve those targets, the UK government has concentrated on developing the UK government ICT
reference architecture (UKRA) to provide interoperable platform in which ICT solutions can be shared andreused across government agencies. The architecture consists of the Business Reference Model, Information
Reference Model, Application Reference Model and Technical Reference Model. In addition, a new modelof Government Shared Services was introduced as one of the efforts to ensure cost reduction target among
government agencies.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on five pillars, which are: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, e-Health,and One-Stop Service. These services were assessed based on three major factors such as Level ofComplexity, Level of Security, and Level of Convenience.
With the Digital Service Standard came into force, UK has obtained a very high level on digital service,reflected by most of services’ complexity are provided at the highest level (transactional). All services areintegrated into a single gateway with adequate security mechanisms were fully implemented ranging frombasic authentication as Password protection to complex methods like digital certificate or secured socket
layer. Of the five pillars, Tax and Customs are the most comprehensive services, while Procurement is stillat its beta testing period for the new application so-called ContractFinder, which was launched in February
2015. For Health, NHS (http://www.nhs.uk/) is the biggest provider in e-Health services, with lots oftransactional services such as My Vision Online or Patient Access.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The official portal of the UK Government is https://www.gov.uk/ which replaced for the previous version
direct.gov.uk by October 2012. The new version has been introduced as the best place to find government
services and information in simpler, faster and clearer manner. The website of 24 government ministerial
departments and 331 other public agencies are being gathered at gov.uk. By doing this, citizens, businessand government officers are believed to easily find public services in one place. However, lacking somecountry’s information such as demographic, culture resulted in a medium score in NPR for UK.

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4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
UK government established the Government CIO Council since 2010 to empower the leadership in the areaof D-Government development. The council was leaded by Cabinet Office and was shaped by gathering all
CIOs from public sectors at all levels with the mission to “creating and delivering a government-wide CIO
agenda to support the transformation of government and to build capacity and capability in IT-enabledbusiness change “.
However, since 2013, UK government has abandoned the role of cross-departmental chief information
officer. The responsibility for governance of technology projects was moved into the Government Digital
Service. The reason behind this action, according to Mike Bracken, the executive director of the Government
Digital Service is to focus more on driving business performance based on meeting user needs.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There are not much evidences found in UK’s D-Government promotion programs, due to the country hasreached a high position in digital government development and citizens are quite familiar with DGovernment initiatives.
Regarding support mechanism, UK Government has a comprehensive legislation framework and strategies
for D-Government development from central to local governments.
There are reports on digital government progress published every 3 months, showing what government has
achieved against the strategy’s objectives.

4.7 D-Government Participation [EPAR]
UK citizens frequently interact with their government and proactively participate into government’s
decision making process. This is due to a huge portion of populations (almost 90%) are online users andthere is a clear opportunity for government to deliver digital services to them. All information related togovernment structure, legislation, policy and budget are open to citizens. UK government agencies alsoutilized the strength of social media to reach their citizens instantly, allowing them to contribute their voices
and ideas to the government’s policies. Statistics shows that in the past 12 months there have been 636
completed consultations where the government takes into consideration all responses and opinions ofcitizens into decision making process.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
April 2014, with the launching of new projects which were funded £1.5 million (about €1.8 million) fromthe Release of Data fund, the UK government strived a huge step to unlock data from public bodies andincrease transparency (European Union, 2014). With the presence of the Open Government Partnership UK
National Action Plan 2013 to 2015 setting out a series of commitments, the UK government is making
progress to improve transparency, participation and accountability.
At the local government level, there was a so-called the Local Authority (LA) Incentive Scheme running
until March 2015 with the purpose providing monetary encouragements for councils to publish data on
specific categories in standard tabular formats. This project was allocated funding (£721,360) from the
Cabinet Office’s Release of Data Fund, focusing on the priorities of the UK Open Data community.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
UK has ratified several laws related to cybersecurity. Some of them are as follow:Data Protection Act(1998) ;The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003; Electronic
Communications Act (2000) and Electronic Commerce Regulations (2002)
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In five years, from 2011 to 2016, the UK Government has financed a National Cyber Security Programmeof £860 million to deliver the 2011 National Cyber Security Strategy. Some activities included in the
program: the launch of “10 Steps to Cyber Security” in 2015 together with new guidance for businesses:“Common Cyber Attacks: Reducing the Impact”; “Think Cyber – Think Resilience” seminars for around
700 policy makers and practitioners from local authorities; the Foreign Secretary publicly confirmed theCentre for Cyber Assessment (CCA) to provide assessments of cyber threats and vulnerabilities topolicymakers; provide briefing and training to public sector staff in information security roles; and so on.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
The UK has strong capabilities in high technology manufacturing, telecommunications and digital services
which could place the country among the leaders in reaping benefits from using emerging technologies. The
UK Government has established the private Government Cloud Computing Infrastructure called G-Cloud
which includes Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Middleware/Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and Softwareas-a-Service (SaaS). For IoT, the UK government has published a review named “The internet of Things:
making the most of the second digital revolution” by chief scientific adviser, considering this technology as
the way to transform citizens’ life and deliver great benefits to economy.

5 Some Highlights
UK is remaining one of the best groups on performance of D-Government area. Most of indicators are atvery high score which reflects a well-developed D-Government situation. The main focus of digital
government strategy is on how to improve users’ experience with online services and reduce digital divide.
Being one of the countries with a high level of D-Government development, the UK government actually
did not need to put much efforts on broadcasting D-Government initiatives. Instead, a bunch of policies andguidelines were developed to uniform all D-Government initiatives such as: Guidelines for UK Government
Websites, Quality Framework for UK Government Website Design, D-Government Metadata Standard
Version 3.0, e–Government Interoperability Framework and so on.
The UK government is aiming to enhance public services quality by issuing the Digital by Default Service
Standard which mandates all government agencies to follow when developing new digital services. This
standard covering 5 different stages of service development: discovery, alpha, beta, live and retirement. As
the result the country has reached a very high rank on online service delivery indicator.
Having a high level of capabilities in technology, infrastructure and telecommunication, the UK
Government has a great opportunity to reap the benefits from emerging technologies such as Big Data orInternet of Things to transform the national economy and citizens’ life.

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United States of America
1 General Information
Area: 9,826,675 km271
Population: 321,368,864 72
Government Type: Federal Presidential
Republic73
GDP: $56,300 74
Historical Ranking (2005-2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
OECD Countries

APEC Economies

3 D-Government Development
The U.S. has continued to improve its open-data and online service offerings. Healthcare.gov, for example,
which was infamously flawed at launch, operated with very few problems in 2016. Data.gov,
analytics.usa.gov, Census.gov and other open data sites continued to become more user-friendly.
ICT continues to provide new and innovative ways for U.S. citizens to interact, get involved and become
empowered. Public participation enhances the government’s effectiveness by improving the quality of its
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decisions through collaboration. Innovative tools can be used to create unprecedented openness in theFederal Government through increased citizen participation to make this type of collaboration a reality.
On the U.S. national portal, www.usa.gov, citizens can use many online services including e-tax, applying
for a driving license, filing a complaint, finding a local doctor, applying for a passport or getting traveladvice. The portal’s design makes it easy for citizens to find both broad, common information, as well as
specific, personalized services. The government has also developed forward-looking Enterprise Roadmaps
and modernization profiles to offer a path forward into the next phase of government modernization.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]Internet access in the United States is largely provided by the private sector and is available in a variety offorms, using a variety of technologies, at a wide range of speeds and costs. By 2004, three quarters ofAmericans had Internet access at home. The United States has over 67.7 million people subscribed to the
top broadband speed.
In the U.S., around 146.7 million people use social networking services at least monthly, representing nearly
60% of Internet users. Some changes regarding across-the-board-improvements on key metrics underlying
user performance have been identified including three primary improvements in residential broadband
service.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]E‐Government objectives are focused on high-priority areas for improving the internal operations andmanagement. Most objectives are intended to help Interior better execute administrative and supporting
functions that exist across entities. These functions, while in many cases part of the “back office”, play
critical roles in accomplishing the missions for which Interior is responsible. They are also crosscutting andhave impacts across the Department and all mission-related activities.
The usage of ICT in the U.S. is improving day by day in internal processes and the government’s
computerization efforts and the level of ICT integration has been very good in the last couple of years.
Standardization of service procedures and information systems in order to achieve internal effectivenessand efficiency of governmental operations can be constrained by many reasons.

4.3 Online Service [OS]In this indicator we examine the laws of American cyber security and e-Transaction as well as e-Services
that the U.S. government provides to citizens and enterprises. Available e-Services include an e-Tendersystem, e-Tax systems, e-Voting, e-Payment system, Social Security services, Civil Registration services
and e-Health systems.
To enhance the security and resiliency of the cyber and communications infrastructure of the United States,
a new Cybersecurity Act was issued in 2012 and it focused on protecting ICT critical infrastructure,
Information sharing, governmental and private networks. The current statutes for required interfaces will beenhanced and revised. The Electronic Transactions and Information Law which was enacted in the U.S.
regulates all matters pertaining to information and transactions in all electronic forms. The Law regulates
cyber activity in the U.S. It provides a general outline, and requires further elaboration through government
regulations.

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4.4 National Portal [NPR]
www.usa.gov is the U.S. Government’s Web portal for citizens. It presents a wide range of information
resources and online services from various government sources, accessible from a single point. It is also
known as the National Portal of the USA and is a gateway to improve the communication experience
between the government and the public. Moreover, it provides information that helps the public to better
understand government structure. The well-organized portal serves as a platform that assists the public tofind desired information. To improve users’ browsing experience, the portal also allows users to create
government accounts that allow each individual user to customize the portal as they desire. The website
contains accessibility features, a live chat platform, and the chat hours operation services are conveniently
available every weekday except holidays. This provides a one-stop-shop for all government information andservices. It comprehensively lists all public services, forms, tools and transactions that the government
provides in a user-friendly manner.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]The U.S. CIO position was established within the White House’s Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
to provide leadership and oversight for IT spending throughout the Federal Government. In addition, eachFederal agency has its own CIO, as established by the Clinger-Cohen Act.
The CIO in government is a very important indicator in the world D-Government ranking, not to mention
its importance in improving American D-Government platforms. The Federal CIO position is currently
awaiting a permanent replacement, but Margie Graves is currently serving as the acting U.S. GCIO until apermanent appointment is determined.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The digital interactions between the U.S. government, citizens, businesses, employees and othergovernments improved from couple of years ago. This clearly results from the efforts to develop andpromote electronic Government services and processes by the establishment of an Administrator Office ofElectronic Government within the Office of Management and Budget. The promotion of the use of theInternet and other information technologies to increase opportunities for citizens to participate with the U.S.
Government and promoting interagency collaboration providing electronic Government services, wherethese collaborations would improve the services provided to citizens by integrating related functions andthe use of internal electronic Government processes.
To provide effective leadership of the Federal Government, there have been efforts to develop and promoteelectronic Government services and processes by establishing an Administrator Office of Electronic
Government within the Office of Management and Budget. D-Government promotion has reduced the costand burden for businesses and government entities

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
ICT provides innovative ways for American citizens to interact, get involved and become empowered andthese relate to more traditional approaches. Public participation enhances the government’s effectiveness byimproving the quality of its decisions through collaboration. Innovative tools can be used to create
unprecedented openness in the Federal Government through increased citizen participation. This program
includes: Citizen Services Dashboard, Open Government Dialogue Platform, Challenge.gov, and the Citizen
Engagement Platform.
The U.S. significantly enhanced its D-Government in this indicator. In the national portal, citizens can use
many online services which include paying taxes, submitting tax returns, applying for a driving license,
making a complaint, applying for a passport or getting a travel advance. It is a very convenient portal for
citizens.
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4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
As a priority Open Government Initiative for President Obama's administration, Data.gov increases theability of the public to easily find, download, and use datasets that are generated and held by the Federal
Government. Data.gov provides descriptions of Federal datasets (metadata), information about how toaccess the datasets, and tools that leverage government datasets. The data catalogs will continue to grow asdatasets are added. Federal, Executive Branch data are included in the first version of Data.gov. The site has
undergone continuous improvements since then.

4.9 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
The United States government believes the security of computer systems is important to the world for two
reasons. The increased role of Information Technology (IT) and the growth of the e-Commerce sector, havemade cybersecurity essential to the economy. Also, cybersecurity is vital to the operation of safety criticalsystems, such as emergency response, and to the protection of infrastructure systems, such as the national
power grid. Based on then-DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano’s testimony to the Senate in 2012, in 2011 alone,
the DHS U.S. Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US-CERT) received more than 100,000 incident
reports, and released more than 5,000 actionable cybersecurity alerts and information products. Twitter, theWall Street Journal, New York Times, and the Department of Energy and many other prominent companies
have reported that their systems had been breached. Furthermore, classified government data has been
leaked to the press and the public in several high-profile cases. Current efforts are being made to securesensitive data to prevent future breaches.

5 Some Highlights
Notable highlights include the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) portal, which allows
applicants to check their immigration status instantly along with typical wait times, and the Open
Government Initiative. The USCIS portal is consistently rated among the most accessed websites in the U.S.
government, according to the official Open Analytics counter at www.analytics.gov.
On the local government front, sharing best practices can particularly improve the provision of benefits for
low-income individuals by state governments. Millions of federal dollars are spent annually on state or local
IT that supports these services, and the Advance Planning Document (APD) process allows states to obtainapproval for the portion of the costs of acquiring new online systems that the federal government contributes.
The current system contains important mechanisms to hold states accountable for making smart choices
about which systems are developed, but it may also encourage siloed systems, which might add greater costs
for later integration as well as biasing states against migrating to solutions that could be more cost-effectivein the long term. To address this gap, The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) should work with
relevant agencies to modernize the APD process to encourage governments to develop enterprise-wide
solutions.
Though more than 75% of Internet users have visited a U.S. government website, reports consistently showthat public sector websites lag the private sector. Additionally, the government has failed to meaningfully
integrate lessons learned from best practices of leading online government services into its operations.
Because public sector websites lag the private sector in usability and design, the Federal Web Managers
Council should benchmark the design and usability of government websites against leading industry bestpractices. The Office of Management Budget should continually recommend specific improvements thatagencies should make, highlight best practices in its annual D-Government Report to Congress and deploy
the D-Government Fund to help replicate best practices across the federal government. The U.S. government
has already made some steps in this direction, but more should be done in the coming years.

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Uruguay
1 General Information
Area: 176,215 km2 75
Population: 3,341,893 76
Government Type: Presidential Republic 77
GDP: $ 21,80078
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
American Countries

Among American Countries, Uruguay has a better score than the average score of American countries inOpen Government Data. As shown on the above picture, Uruguay is very low on the D-Government
Promotion, e-Participation, and the use of the Emerging ICT. However, despite the lack basic infrastructure,
Uruguay has been trying to take the benefit of National Portal for creating demands of citizen for moreadvance D-Government services. This also applies to the Online Service, which is on the average ofAmerican countries.

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3 D-Government Development
D-Government in Uruguay is formally led by Agency for the Development of Government Electronic
Management and Information Society and Knowledge (AGESIC). AGESIC has mandate to generate, planand implement D-GovernmentD-Government projects with emphasis on improvement of public service
delivery.

Source: AGESIC Uruguay at http://www.agesic.gub.uy

AGESIC hold a strategic role in D-Government in Uruguay. Not only technical aspect but also providing
government office with assistance on financial aspects. In addition to that, President has appointed Directorof Agency for the Development of Government Electronic Management and Information Society andKnowledge (AGESIC) to act as a Government CIO by Presidential Decree. There is a strong leadership for
D-Government development in Uruguay.
In all, Uruguay has put all D-Government trend into their D-Government Strategic Plan. The strategic planis developed under “Program to Support D-Government Management”. Not only does the strategy hastargeted the citizens’ participation but also how to create interoperability system among government
institution.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]In Uruguay, 71.6% of the population uses the Internet in 2017Vene, an increase over the previous year. The
number of fixed-broadband subscriptions is 26.3 per 100 inhabitants, while the number of active mobile
broadband subscriptions is 77.7 per 100 inhabitants, both values being comparatively high among Latin
American countries.
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4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Uruguay’s D-Government strategy is presented in a document titled “Agenda Uruguay Digital –Transforming with Equity 2020”, in which the government recognizes the need of using ICT to improve its
relationship with its citizens, and to work towards the country’s digital transformation. The strategy defines
nine objectives in four areas: social policy and inclusion, sustainable economic development, government
management, and governance for the information society. For each objective, commitments, goals, andresponsible institutions are specified. The Agenda is available for download in a dedicated website, and isalso available in English.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The Uruguayan government maintains websites for all five types of e-services assessed in this survey (eprocurement, e-tax, e-customs, one-stop service, and e-health), and all of them obtained medium scores.
The e-procurement website is transactional and wide range of information, while having a clean and simple
design. The e-tax and e-customs websites offer two-way interaction features The e-health website only
provides news and information on health centers. The one-stop service website features a search function,a list of the most consulted procedures, categories of the procedures, and contact information for users
seeking support.

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
Uruguay’s national portal (http://portal.gub.uy) prominently features a search function, working also as a
one-stop service website. In addition, it has an option that allows to directly search for procedures on theofficial one-stop service website (http://tramites.gub.uy) from its menu. On its main page, it displays news
and links to other government agencies. It also links to the official contact website (http://contacto.gub.uy),
from where users can send emails to different officials and dependencies. It does not provide basic or
demographic information of the country. The portal is also available in English.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Although the appointment of a GCIO position is not specified in any official document, the functions of a
GCIO are performed by Agency for D-Government and Information and Knowledge Society (AGESIC).
This agency leads the implementation of the national D-Government strategy by promoting the use of ICT
in public administration. No additional information on CIO regulations, CIO office, or training programs
was found.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
The promotion of D-Government is one of AGESIC functions. Through the national D-Government strategy,
AGESIC aims to promote the use of ICT to improve the relationship between the citizens and thegovernment. However, evidence of activities regarding promotion in the country is very limited. No
information on publications, training programs, or events related to D-Government was found. Funding for
D-Government Promotion is provided by AGESIC and included in AGESIC’s budget.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
Citizens have access to information about elected officials, government agencies, legislation, and thenational budget through the national portal and other official government websites. The president has an
official website from where it is possible to send him messages. Also, there is a dedicated website from
where citizens can directly contact various government agencies, officials, and some private agencies. In
spite of this, e-Participation in Uruguay is relatively low. There is some evidence on how the government
asks citizens’ opinions for making decisions.
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4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
In 2000, Uruguay adopted the Public Information Act to participate in the Freedom of Information Act
movement around the world. The government is committed to provide open information to its citizens, forwhich it offers an open data portal (http://datos.gub.uy). According to the site, there are currently 140
datasets available from 29 institutions, grouped in 13 categories, including demographic and e-healthdatasets. The datasets are available for download in various formats. The website is also under thesupervision of AGESIC. There is also a website for open government information(http://gobiernoabierto.gub.uy), which offers news and links relevant to this subject.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Uruguay has enacted specific legislation to penalize cybercrime. It also has laws on information and privacy
protection, and data security. There is an official government agency in charge of handling incidents related
to cyber security, the CERTuy, which offers information on security and good practices. In addition, the
AGESIC is responsible for the implementation of a cyber security strategy.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
Some evidence suggests that the government has used Cloud Computing services, although this is not
specified in any official document. No evidence of usage or regulations by the government of emerging
technologies such as the Internet of Things or Big Data was found.

5 Some Highlights
Among ten indicators in the current ranking, the National Portal, Open Government Data and Online
Services are the top three indicators in Uruguay. The national D-Government strategy is clearly written andsets objectives and frameworks, although little is mentioned about evaluation. The national portal contains
useful information for local and also foreigners such as country information, tourism, and link to available
e-Services. The Uruguayan government has put Open Data as one of priority initiatives in their agenda. As
one part of Open Data initiatives, government set an API standard so that other parties are able to use thesingle data for many purposes; Uruguay is performing well in open government initiatives. However, thissurvey suggests that current efforts in e-participation are insufficient. Without any efforts to increase thecitizen awareness on D-Government, the huge investment in developing D-Government in Uruguay could
become meaningless where citizens do not use the e-Services simply because they do not know how to use
it or they do not know that they exist.

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Venezuela
1 General Information
Area: 912,050 km2
Population: 29,275,460
Government Type: Federal Republic
GDP: $16,100
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
American countries

Among America Countries, an only e-Participation (EPAR) indicator is above with the average score ofAmerica region. And Venezuela is placed below USA, the best country in America region.

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3 D-Government Development
Since 1999, Venezuela has a Ministry of Science andTechnology (MCT) which, in 2009 and through themerger of various Venezuelan ministries, was renamed
the Ministry of Popular Power for Science, Technology
and Industry (MCTI). The MCTI is responsible forforming and maintaining the National System of Science,
Technology and Innovation (SNCTI) to promote
processes of research, innovation, production and transfer
of knowledge, with relevance to fundamental problems
and demands affecting Venezuelan society. Currently,
MCTI suppurated to become the Ministry of PopularPower for Communication and Information (MINCI) andmerged to the Ministry of Popular Power for University,
Science and Technology Education (MPPEUCT).
Venezuela’s Government has an information technology
national plan and Telecommunication plan, and the lastversion is ICT Plan 2007-2013.

Structure of Venezuela ICT PlanThe Electronic Government seeks rapprochement and exchange between government and citizen, relying
on ICT for transformation of the Venezuelan State, of Public Management, structures and processes ofgovernment. The Venezuelan D-Government portal is “http://gobiernoenlinea.gob.ve/”, this portal
developed and administered by the National Center of Information Technologies (CNTI) under MPPEUCT.
However the portal has only static information, news and links to other government websites.

4 By Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]In Venezuela, 61.5% of the population uses the Internet in 2017. The number of fixed-broadband
subscriptions is 8.2 per 100 inhabitants, while the number of active mobile broadband subscriptions is 43
per 100 inhabitants, both values being comparatively low among Latin American countries.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]The Venezuelan government issued an information technology national plan and Telecommunication plan,and its last version covered the period 2007-2013. It identifies many strategic objectives in five areas.
However, there is no evidence of the existence of a new D-Government strategy or an update to the current
plant.

4.3 Online Service [OS]The Venezuelan government maintains websites for four out of five types of e-services assessed in thissurvey (e-procurement, e-tax, e-customs, one-stop service, and e-health), and all of them obtained low to
medium scores. The e-procurement website is only accessible after authentication has been accepted, anddoes not provide any other kind of information. The e-tax and e-customs website offers two-way interaction
features, authentication, and information on a wide range of procedures. Its design is very simple though.
The e-health website only provides news and some limited information regarding healthcare. There is noone-stop service website.

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4.4 National Portal [NPR]
Venezuela’s national portal (http://gobiernoenlinea.gob.ve) shows news and links to other sections that
contain information on different subjects. It provides basic and demographic information about the country,
as well as government information. Also, it provides a list and information regarding administrative
procedures, information for different groups of individuals, access to legislation, and a list of government
agencies. It offers integration with social networking services, and links with Twitter for directcommunication with the president.

4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
The legal framework related to D-Government does not consider the CIO position. Some GCIO functions
are performed by the National Center for Information Technologies (CNTI). No additional information on
CIO regulations, office, or training programs was found.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]For D-Government promotion in Venezuela, President Chávez issued decree number 825 dated May 10,
2001 to develop the D-Government process. He also issued the telecommunications, data messages andelectronic signatures law as well as a technology and innovation law. Telecommunications Law (OTA)(2000) instrument aims to “establish the legal framework regulating telecommunications in general, toguarantee citizens the human rights of communication and offer the implementation of telecommunications
business activities necessary to achieve it.” In spite of this, e-promotion in Venezuela has been very limited.
The CNTI is in charge of managing the D-Government efforts in the public administration, but evidence ofrecent developments is limited.

4.7 E-Participation [EPAR]
The Venezuelan government brings together a variety of perspectives on participation and democracy. Aninterdisciplinary group of contributors focuses on the everyday lives of Venezuelans, examining the formsof participation that have emerged in communal councils, cultural activities, blogs, community media, andseveral other forums. In order to achieve smooth communication between the government and the citizen,
using social network services now plays an important role. Twitter “https://twitter.com/gobenlineave” isnow available in Venezuela’s national portal. This feature encourages citizen e-participation in Venezuela.
In addition, citizens may contact the president via his official website. Citizens also have access to the listof elected officials, information about the governments structure, legislation, and budget on several
government websites.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]
Venezuela has not adopted a Freedom of Information Act. There is no evidence showing that the Venezuelan
government is developing an open government plan or open data initiatives. It has a law for simplifying
administrative procedures.

4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
Venezuela has enacted legislation to penalize cybercrime through its penal code. However, it has notestablished laws or regulations on information and privacy protection, or data security. There is an official
government agency in charge of handling incidents related to cyber security, the VenCERT, and the CNTI
is responsible for information security in the public administration.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
No evidence of usage or regulations by the government of emerging technologies such as Cloud Computing,the Internet of Things, or Big Data was found.
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5 Some Highlights
In general terms, Venezuela’s D-Government development is still low. This could be related though toneglect from the government, and the political and social unrest of the country in recent years. The
government does not prioritize free access to information for citizens, and making government data
available to the public is out of the agenda. In addition, no current plan or strategy for developing DGovernment is in effect. This suggests that Venezuela still has many weaknesses to overcome in order todevelop a proper D-Government strategy.

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Vietnam
1 General Information
Area: 331,210 km2
Population: 94,348,835
Government Type: communist state
GDP: $6,100
Historical Ranking (2005 – 2017):

2 Positioning in a global organization and a region
ASEAN Countries

APEC Economies

This year Vietnam’s overall D-Government score experienced a significantly decrease. Among ASEANCountries, Vietnam shows little progress on D-Government development. The country scores lower than
ASEAN’s and the world average on almost of indicators. The similar phenomenon when comparing
Vietnam with APEC economies.

3 D-Government Development
ICT development has been one of the priorities of Vietnamese government since 2000. On October 2000,
the Directive 58-CT / TW on embracing ICT for national industrialization and modernization came into
force, making ICT becomes the top priority for the national socio-economic development. In this period,
Vietnamese government emphasized on promoting administration reform, developing the national
information network, increasing Internet penetration rate and utilizing IT in the state administration
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operations. The most notable ICT project were approved by the Government in this period was the Project
112 on computerization of state administration in 2001-2005 with the total funding being around 3.800
billion VND. In September 2001, the Prime Minister approved the state administrative reform program in
the 2001-2010 period.
The year of 2015 was considered as an important milestone, marking by the officially announcement of thefirst legal document on D-Government of Vietnamese Government through the Resolution 36a/NQ-CP
dated October 2015. The resolution places priorities on ensuring the effective operations of state agencies,
better serve people and businesses, and improve the nation’s competitiveness.
In 2011, the Vietnamese government introduced a public administration reform master plan for the period
2011-2020. In this plan, they focus on promote the ICT application for administration in both local andcenter government in order to promote using e-services and delivering the best government services tocitizens, business, and other stakeholders.

4 Indicators
4.1 Network Infrastructure Preparedness [NIP]
The total of Internet users in Vietnam accounts for 52.1% of the population, according to the Measuring theInformation Society Report 2017 from International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Among them, around
31% people have a wireless broadband connection, while the figure for fixed-broadband subscriptions isonly 6.5%.

4.2 Management Optimization [MO]Until 2015 the Vietnamese Government published the first official legal document on D-Government. It
was the Resolution 36a/NQ-CP dated October 2015 signed by the Prime Minister. The resolution lays thefoundation for D-Government development in Vietnam, with priorities given to promote the developmentof online public services, IT infrastructure and human resources during 2015-2017. The major targets set in
the period are pushing administrative reform, utilizing IT in management and provision of public services.
Drawing upon these targets, several measurable actions are prioritized: develop the information system toconnect government agencies at all level; establish the national one-stop-service portal; promote IT
application in administration reform to enhance the national competitiveness and facilitate businessenvironment; and improve ICT infrastructure capacity to deliver Internet connection to remote areas.
Vietnamese government has successfully implemented several information systems in central government
agencies, for examples, the Treasury and Budget Management System in Ministry of Finance (project
TABMIS sponsored by World Bank), the electronic customs declaration system (project VNACCS/VCIS
system partially funded by Japanese government from 2012) in General Department of Customs, and the inGeneral Department of Tax. In addition, until 2015, almost ministerial-level agencies have implemented
basic applications such as human resources management system, document management system, one stop
shop application, and so on. All these projects aim to reduce the burden of application process for citizens
and enhance public sectors efficiency.
Pursuant to Decree No.17/2017/ ND-CP dated 17 February 2017 by the Government defining the functions,tasks, responsibilities of the Ministry of Information and Communications. Pursuant to Decree No. 150/2016/ ND-CP dated 11 November 2016 by the Government defining the functions, tasks, responsibilities andorganizational structure of the Office of the Government.
-

Providing essential public online services level 4, meet actual demand, serving the people andbusinesses anytime, anywhere, on various devices. IT applications to save time of citizens andbusinesses when applying administrative procedures.
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Apply IT effectively in the operation of state agencies to speed up job processing, reduce operationalcosts.
Improving technical infrastructure, information systems, national database, establishment the platforms
to develop D-Government, to ensure the safety and security of information. Integration, connecting
information systems, databases on the national scale, establishment an environment to exchange
information through the network between state agencies based on the Framework of Vietnam DGovernment Architecture.
Successful implementation of the annual objectives proposed in the Resolution on D-Government.
Decision No. 1819 / QD-TTg dated 26 October 2015 by the Prime Minister approved the national
program on IT applications in the operation of state agencies period 2016-2020
Resolution No. 36a / NQ-CP by the Government on D-Government

4.3 Online Service [OS]The score for Online Service is based on an investigation of five online services: on an investigation of five
online services: e-Procurement, e-Tax, e-Customs, e-Health, and One-Stop Service for Citizenry. Table 1
lists the online services and its URL Address. All of those services was investigated using three factors, i.e.,
Level of Complexity, Level of Security, and Level of Convenience.
In terms of complexity level, only online service in Tax and Customs reached the transactional level inwhich user can totally conduct their businesses online. Organization or enterprise who want to declare theirtax online will need to have a bank account belonging to one of banks that have the cooperation relationshipwith General Department of Tax. The General Department of Customs has launched the project named
VNACCS/VCIS in 2012 with the support from Japanese government, in order to provide an effective tool
to support customs departments national wide in cargo clearance services and customs management. In
order to declare customs, enterprises need to download and install client software and connect to
VNACCS/VCIS system. Payment can be made by bank transfer or directly at customs offices. One stop
service gateway is under planning progress.
To measure the level of convenience, the third-party application result has showed that all portal is above
the average in terms of speed. The third party application for assessing the portal is the application from
Google named Google PageSpeed™ Insight on https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights.
For public procurement, the electronic procurement portal only works on Internet Explorer. The portal also
supports https protocol with a certificate provided by Korea Certificate Authority.
List of Online Services

Online Service
e-Procurement
e-Tax
e-Customs
e-Health
One-Stop Service

URL
http://muasamcong.mpi.gov.vn
https://nhantokhai.gdt.gov.vn
http://www.customs.gov.vn
N/A
N/A

4.4 National Portal [NPR]
The score for National Portal is based on three factors, i.e., Information (Content), Technical, andFunctionality. National Portal of Vietnam (chinhphu.vn) contains proper information for local citizens andforeigners. Information about the country, government structure and latest government’s activities are alsoavailable. In terms of technical aspects, the result of Google PageSpeed™ Insight showed that the portal
performs at average speed and operates well with both PC and Mobile devices. The portal is also equippedwith several basic functionalities such as search capability and site map.
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4.5 Government CIO [GCIO]
Currently, the government body responsible for the overall D-Government development at national scopeis the Ministry of Information and Communication. There is a Government CIO Council established in 2011
with the members are the directors of ICT departments in all provinces. To date, the council has
demonstrated its roles in several actions such as promulgating instructions in building ICT planning for
local governments, applying technical standards for local portals or using state budget for applying ICT ingovernment agencies. Besides, there are CIO-equivalent positions appointed with the roles to promote ICTdevelopment at local government level.
Consulting for the Minister of Information and Communications and relevant agencies to formulate policies,
legal documents, guidelines on information technology, information security, IT applications, and DGovernment development.
Pursuant Decision No. 814 / QD-BTTTT dated May 18 2016 by the Minister of Information andCommunications on consolidation of the Chief Information Officer Council of State Agencies in central
government.
Consulting for the Minister of Information and Communications and relevant local governments toformulate policies, legal documents, guidelines on information technology, information systems, sharing
data resource among state agencies and connecting with central government in order to promote IT
application and develop D-Government.
Pursuant Decision No. 1972 / QD-BTTTT dated November 24 2011 by the Minister of Information andCommunications on establishment the Chief Information Officer Council of State Agencies in local
government.

4.6 D-Government Promotion [EPRO]
There is a national strategy on ICT development every year. And it is mandated on provinces to endorse
similar strategy at local level. There has not been a separate financial mechanism for ICT development.
Funding for ICT projects is deducted from the Science Technology fund.

4.7 D-Government Participation [EPAR]
Vietnamese citizens seem not to be aware about government’s plans on D-Government although they aresupposed to be the center point in any D-Government project. This is due to D-Government projects wereused to be designed and developed mostly based on suppliers’ perspectives.
Private sectors are the most proactively participated users in D-Government initiatives with 98% of totalcompanies lodging tax via Internet in 2015. In the same year, the number of firms participating in electronic
customs declarations was 35,020, accounting for 98.13% of all businesses. These are the results ofgovernment’s aggressive efforts in recent years to promote the tax and customs modernization process.

4.8 Open Government Data [OGD]Currently the management, exploitation and usage of national data are facing with lots of challenges. For
instance, there is no existence of a national population data, however practically there has been several
separate databases related to the population such as civil, labor, health insurance, driving license, and so on
which are managing by different agencies. The statics on socioeconomic are published limitedly without
reusing or redistribution. Data from a few sectors such as environmental resource has not been managed
well, resulting in fragmentation, inconsistent and duplication. Under specific circumstance, data can beexchanged among different government agencies.
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4.9 Cyber Security [CYB]
With the strong growth of ICT, the Vietnamese government is putting more effort into ensuring the safety
and security of cyber environment. The Law of Information Technology was approved on 2006, establishing
the basic principles for this purpose. In terms of institutional, the Vietnam Computer Emergency Response
Team (VNCert) was established in 2005 under the Ministry of Information and Communications with theduties to give warnings on computer network security and advise the Ministers in the safety and security
management of state agencies.
There are few national regulations relating to information safety came into force such as: The directive 28CT/TW, on 16-9-2013 of the Party Central Committee's Secretariat (XI) to enhance the network information
security and Decree No. 72/2013/ND-CP, validated 15-7-2013 of the Government in management,
provision and use of Internet services and online information.
VNCERT is an organization under the Ministry of Information and Communications, established by
Decision 339/2005 / QD-TTg of the Prime Minister, performing coordination activities of computer
emergency response in the national scale; warning about safety issues of computer networks; Proposal forstandards, technical regulations on the safety of computer networks.
The Authority of Information Security is an organization under the Ministry of Information andCommunications to perform the function of advising and assisting the Minister of Information andCommunications regard to information security enforcement. The Authority has functions, duties andpowers stipulated in Decision No. 1281 / QD-BTTTT dated September 09 2014 by the Minister ofInformation and Communications.

4.10 The use of Emerging ICT [EMG]
This indicator uses three current technologies for measuring as the scoring items. These technologies are
Cloud Computing, Big Data, and Internet of Things (IoT). No information was found regarding to theutilization of emerging technologies within government agencies.
According to the Decision No. 1819 / QD-TTg dated October 26 2015 by the Prime Minister approved thenational program on IT application in the operation of state agencies period 2016-2020. Vietnam strives tocarry out smart city at least 3 places.
For example, in the cities like Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh, the project is being studied and implemented, such asIntelligent Transport Systems - ITS (Intelligent Transport System); GPS technology applications for bus
operator; VOV traffic map mobile application to help citizens find location, plan a route in order to avoid
traffic congestion.

5 Some Highlights
Vietnam started to connect to the Internet in 2000. At the time, only 0.3% of the population were Internet
users in Vietnam. This figure has grown to 49.7 million, accounting for more than half of the population in2017, ranking 7th in Asia. After two decades, the ICT industry is playing an important role in socioeconomic development of Vietnam. Recently, Vietnam stands in the top 10 most attractive outsourcing
environments in the Asia-Pacific region; the total IT industry revenue reached 33 billion USD and the total
employees working in the IT sector was over 440,000 in 2013.
This year, Vietnam has its highest score on Management Optimization, which reflects the efforts ofgovernment in utilizing ICT in state administration bodies’ operations. The Resolution No. 36a / NQ-CP
issued by the Government on October 2015 identifies general visions on D-Government such as: promote
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serve citizens and businesses better; improve Vietnam's position on United Nation D-Government ranking;and publicize the activities of state agencies in the network environment. Inheriting achievements
accumulated from previous periods, the IT utilization in state agencies have shown optimistic results.
However, online service delivery is still very limited, despite of a high rate of Internet penetration. Most of
online services are at interactive level, calling for necessary activities of the government to boost theadministration reform process. Lack of consistent direction in D-Government implementation, especially in
local governments, resulted in the highly fragmentation in D-Government initiatives and imped
collaboration and data sharing among agencies.
Cyber security is another weak point of the country as the lack of necessary security mechanisms and legal
framework made online transactions become more vulnerable to cyber threats. Alongside with the fast
growth in ICT, high-tech criminal status in Vietnam tend to be more complicated. This in turn will become
the barrier preventing citizens and businesses in interacting with governments via online way.
Although there has been some progress from the Vietnamese government on D-Government development,
the outcome is still far from meeting expectations. This implies that the government should pay attention
not only to technical investments but also to other indispensable determinants such as leadershipcommitment, legislative framework, inter-cooperation among government agencies and strict supervisionfrom independent bodies.

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