★★★ ＜第31回知的財産翻訳検定試験【第15回英文和訳】＞ ★★★
≪１級課題 -バイオテクノロジー-≫【解答にあたっての注意】
１．問題の指示により和訳してください。
２．解答語数に特に制限はありません。適切な箇所で改行してください。
３．課題文に段落番号がある場合、これを訳文に記載してください。
４．課題は４題あります。それぞれの課題の指示に従い、４題すべて解答してください。

問１．***START***から***END***までを和訳してください。
***START***
In the autumn and winter, rainfall triggers spore release from thestubble. Within two weeks of spores landing on canola cotyledons and young
leaves, clearly visible off-white coloured lesions develop, within the lesion
pycnidial fruiting bodies (dark coloured dots) release rain-splashed spores.
Blackleg infections may occur on cotyledons, leaves, stems and pods. The
plant is susceptible to blackleg infection from the seedling to pod-set stages.
Lesions occurring on the leaves are dirty white and are round to irregularly.
On stems, blackleg lesions can be quite variable, but are usually found at thebase of the stem, or at points of leaf attachment. Once a lesion has formed,
the fungus grows within the plants vascular system to the crown where it
causes the crown of the plant to rot, resulting in a canker. Severe canker willsever the roots from the stem, whereas a less severe infection will result ininternal infection of the crown restricting water and nutrient flow within theplant. Stem lesions may be up to several inches in length, and are usuallywhite or grey with a dark border. Stem lesions may also appear as a general
blackening at the base.
***END***問２．***START***から***END***までを和訳してください。
***START***A "recombinant polynucleotide" or "recombinant nucleic acid" comprises acombination of two or more chemically linked nucleic acid segments whichare not found directly joined in nature. By "directly joined" is intended thetwo nucleic acid segments are immediately adjacent and joined to one
another by a chemical linkage. In specific embodiments, the recombinant
polynucleotide comprises a polynucleotide of interest or a variant orfragment thereof such that an additional chemically linked nucleic acidsegment is located either 5', 3' or internal to the polynucleotide of interest.
Alternatively, the chemically-linked nucleic acid segment of the recombinant
polynucleotide can be formed by deletion of a sequence. The additionalchemically linked nucleic acid segment, or the sequence deleted to join thelinked nucleic acid segments, can be of any length, including for example, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20 nucleotides or more. Various methods formaking such recombinant polynucleotides include chemical synthesis, andthe manipulation of isolated segments of polynucleotides by genetic
engineering techniques. In specific embodiments, the recombinant
polynucleotide can comprise a recombinant DNA sequence or a recombinant
RNA sequence.
***END***問３．***START***から***END***までを和訳してください。
***START***
The functionality of PTG1 and PTG2 was confirmed by examining theinsertion/deletion (indel) mutations introduced by non-homologous endjoining (NHEJ) repairing at the predicted Cas9:gRNA cleavage site. Because
gRNA1 and gRNA2 targets contain the KpnI and SacI restriction enzyme(RE) sites (Example 2, Fig. 5A), respectively, the mutations induced byPTG1/Cas9 and PTG2/Cas9 could be readily analyzed by the digestion ofPCR products encompassing the targeted sites with corresponding RE(PCR/RE assay). In rice protoplasts transfected with PTG1/Cas9 andPTG2/Cas9, 15% and 9% of the target sites were found to carry indels,
respectively (Fig. 2I), which are slightly higher than the mutation rate ofsgRNA:Cas9 constructs we used previously (24). In consistence with ourhypothesis that tRNA may function as a transcriptional enhancer for Pol III,the quantitative RT-PCR with gRNA specific primers revealed that thetranscript levels of PTG1 and PTG2 were about 3 and 31 times higher thanthose of sgRNA1 and sgRNA2 in protoplasts (Fig. 2J), respectively. Taken
together, our results demonstrated that the endogenous tRNA system could
be utilized as a precise and robust tool to produce gRNAs from PTG for
Cas9-mediated genome editing.
***END***

問４．***START***から***END***までを和訳してください。
***START***
Claim 1. A method for determining the presence or absence of one or more
fetal chromosomal aneuploidies, said method comprising:(a) obtaining a maternal sample comprising a mixture of fetal and maternal
cell-free DNA (cfDNA);(b) isolating said mixture of fetal and maternal cfDNA from said sample;(c) preparing a sequencing library from said mixture of fetal and maternal
cfDNA; wherein preparing said library comprises the consecutive steps of
dA-tailing and adaptor ligating said cfDNA, and wherein said preparing
excludes end-repairing said cfDNA;(d) massively parallel sequencing at least a portion of said sequencing library
to obtain sequence information for said fetal and maternal cfDNA in said
sample;(e) storing in a computer readable medium, at least temporarily, said
sequence information;(f) using said stored sequence information to computationally identify anumber of sequence tags for each of said one or more chromosomes ofinterest and for a normalizing sequence for each of said any one or morechromosome of interest;(g) computationally calculating, using said number of sequence tags for eachof said one or more chromosomes of interest and the number of sequence tags
for said normalizing sequence for each of said one or more chromosomes ofinterest, a chromosome dose for each of said one or more chromosomes ofinterest; and(h) comparing said chromosome dose for each of said one or morechromosomes of interest to a corresponding threshold value for each of said
one or more chromosomes of interest, and thereby determining the presenceor absence of said fetal chromosomal aneuploidy in said sample, whereinsteps (e)-(g) are performed using one or more processors.
***END***－－－注（下記の文章は翻訳不要）－－－Note: The term “adaptor-ligating (DNA)” herein refers to an enzymatic
process that ligates an adaptor to DNA.

The term “dA tailing (DNA)”

herein refers to an enzymatic process that adds a dA tail to the 3′ end ofDNA.