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viii

DB

(((((S((((((((R5%$%0'4'($'"$2'(((((((2"8'((((((4301301((((((4"014>DRS((((((((((((BVWXY ((Z[\Z]^_`\abcd?*34(0'@)('@%#$2'(*%4(:''0(:&"P'0(,"70(#"&'()*%0(G"9((0'',()"((,"(30($&%;)3;'>(((e"7'8'&<:G(,"301(4"(6(*"$',()"(4*"7(73)*((4"#'(;2%&3)G<(()*'('@)'0)(".()*'(;"0)&%4)(30(7"&,("&,'&:')7''0()*'()7"(2%019%1'4>((((((((((((((((((D(BS((((((RQ(((((O0G"0'(%)(%22((((;%0(((((4301((((73)*((((()*'(%;;"#$%03#'0)((((fg((((((hiDj((".((((%0("&;*'4)&%((((23P'((((%($&".'443"0%2(4301'&<((()*%0P4()"
DDDBDS)*'($&"1&'44((((".((((((4"90,()';*0"2"1Gk"9(7322(0")3;'()*%)()*'('2'#'0)4(7*3;*(1')("9)(".("&,'&(30()*'(5%$%0'4'(%&'()G$3;%22G()*'/01234*(49:I';)(%0,(":I';)<((30()*34(;%4'<()*'(49:I';)(lD>((((((((((((((((((((DS(((((((((DBDD((((((Dj((mnop\q\rs\\qtuvwx\y\z{d|}`\~•qZ€\q•]‚\\\g((((((((((f(Qƒ„…†‡ˆ\q\‰Š(\\((((SBZ]^_` wc‹Œix(((Rw\((((((((((((D((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((B((((((((((((((((((((((((S((((((((((((((((((R((((((((((((((((((((((((((Q((+*%)(7'(;%22(((((((TG%4'1%#%0T(((((34(((((((%(7"&,((((((((7*3;*(((((((((((((f(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((g((((((((((((((((((((((((((h((((((((((((((((((((i(((;"#:30'4((((T1%#%0(49&9T((((%0,((((((TG%4'&9>T\\\\\•\\\((((((((((((((y(((((((((i(((((((((((((((((((((h(((((((((((((((((((((((((g\Ž••‘((_Y\’•‹((_\•‘“[\\\\\((((((((((((((((((((((((”((((((((((((((((•–\\\\\((((((((— \\\\\\\(((˜((™š‚›œ\&'2%)38'($&"0"90\•ž\\wŸ‹Œ
–60(/01234*(%(&'2%)38'($&"0"90(49;*(%4(T7*3;*T("&(T)*%)T(7"92,(:'(0';'44%&G(*'&'>x(((((((DBSR\((6)((((34(H&'.'&4()"E(((()*'(%;)((".((((($'&4'8'&%0;'(H1%#%0E(((Q((((((f(((((gh(((((()"()*'('@)'0)()*%)((((("0'((((((:';"#'4()*30(HG%4'&9E<((((3.
(i((Dj((((((((((((DD ((((((((((((((Dj(((((((7'(((((()&%042%)'(((H(3)(E(((23)'&%22G>\\((((((((((((((((((((Dj(((((((((((((((((((((((((((h(((((((((((((((((((((((((g(\(((((((((((((((((((\\Q¡“‹\_x\’•‹\\((((((((((R((((((S((((((((B(¢£\•‘“‹\\_¤]^_\wŸ‹ŒNotice that the numbers that are typically absent from the Japanese ( 1, 6, 9, 11) are those for
the English pronouns, in this case, it/one/we/it. These pronouns are subject or object of an
English verb. From this and preceding examples it can be seen that there is a potentially useful
relationship between Japanese and English word order, but that:1)
the order of the “shudai” (¥¦) in a Japanese sentence has no obvious consistent
implication for its order in English nor does it imply anything about the grammatical role of thewords which will translate it.
2)

The English subject and object may be found anywhere in a Japanese sentence.

3)
The equivalent of English relative pronouns are always missing form the Japanese because
they don’t exist in Japanese. In addition, ordinary pronouns are mostly missing from the Japanese,and these are mostly going to be subject or object in English.

xi