ベラルーシ 2021 年 8 月 2 日©難民研究フォーラム https://refugeestudies.jp/

ベラルーシ
テーマ別：政府批判者
2021 年 8 月 2 日ドラフト作成
1.

一般情報 ............................................................................................................................... 1

2.

人権状況 ............................................................................................................................... 1

3.

関連する政治組織等、政治活動／政府批判（労働運動含む）の取扱い.................... 2(1)

野党メンバーや平和的な反抗議デモの取扱い ........................................................ 2(2)

政府や当局者を批判する者の取扱い ........................................................................ 6(3)

反対派への出国の強制................................................................................................ 74.

司法制度・刑事手続 ........................................................................................................... 75.

警察・治安部隊（刑務所等の状況含む） ....................................................................... 76.

報道の自由 ........................................................................................................................... 8

略称 ............................................................................................................................................. 101.

一般情報
ア 米国国務省「人権状況報告 2020 年 ベラルーシ」（2021 年 3 月 30 日）
Belarus is an authoritarian state. The constitution provides for a directly elected president
who is head of state and a bicameral parliament, the National Assembly. A prime minister
appointed by the president is the nominal head of government, but power is concentrated in
the presidency, both in fact and in law. Citizens were unable to choose their government
through free and fair elections. Since 1994 Alyaksandr Lukashenka has consolidated his
rule over all institutions and undermined the rule of law through authoritarian means,including manipulated elections and arbitrary decrees. All elections subsequent to 1994,
including the August 9 presidential election, have fallen well short of international
standards. The 2019 National Assembly elections also failed to meet international standards.
…

イ 記事「ベラルーシ大統領選、現職のルカシェンコ氏が圧勝」ジェトロ・ビジネ
ス短信（2020 年 8 月 12 日）
ベラルーシ大統領選挙が 8 月 9 日に実施され、現職大統領のアレクサンドル・
ルカシェンコ氏が 8 割を超える票を得て圧勝した。
…

2.

人権状況

1

ベラルーシ 2021 年 8 月 2 日©難民研究フォーラム https://refugeestudies.jp/

ア 米国国務省「人権状況報告 2020 年 ベラルーシ」（2021 年 3 月 30 日）
Significant human rights issues included: unlawful or arbitrary killings by security forces;
torture in detention facilities and cases of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or
punishment by security forces; harsh and life-threatening prison conditions; arbitrary arrestand detention; political prisoners or detainees; serious problems with the independence ofthe judiciary; arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy; serious restrictions on free
expression, the press, and the internet, including violence, threats of violence, or unjustified
arrests or prosecutions against journalists, censorship, site blocking, internet blockages, andthe existence of laws regarding criminal libel, slander, and defamation of government
officials; overly restrictive nongovernmental organization laws; substantial interferencewith the freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association, including the impositionof criminal penalties for calling for a peaceful demonstration and laws penalizing theactivities and funding of groups not approved by authorities; restrictions on freedom of
movement; inability of citizens to change their government peacefully through free and fairelections; restrictions on political participation, including persistent failure to conduct
elections according to international standards; serious acts of corruption; lack ofinvestigation of and accountability for violence against women; trafficking in persons;crimes involving violence or threats of violence targeting lesbian, gay, bisexual,
transgender, or intersex persons; and restrictions on independent trade unions; andsignificant restrictions on workers’ freedom of association.
Authorities at all levels generally operated with impunity and always failed to take steps
to prosecute or punish officials in the government or security forces who committed humanrights abuses.

3.

関連する政治組織等、政治活動／政府批判（労働運動含む）の取扱い(1) 野党メンバーや平和的な反抗議デモの取扱い
ア 米国国務省「人権状況報告 2020 年 ベラルーシ」（2021 年 3 月 30 日）
Section 2. Respect for Civil Liberties, Including:
A. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, INCLUDING FOR THE PRESS…
The government prohibits calls to participate in “unsanctioned demonstrations.” On
March 12, a Minsk district court tried in absentia video blogger Uladzimir Tsyhanovich on
charges of calling individuals to participate in an unauthorized mass event and sentenced
him to 15 days of arrest.…
On November 12, a court in Drahichyn fined a local resident 999 rubles ($410) for callingto assemble in the city center on October 15. Police detained the resident on the same day.
He was released, but the charges remained pending the result of court hearings.
…
2

ベラルーシ 2021 年 8 月 2 日©難民研究フォーラム https://refugeestudies.jp/

イ HRW「ワールドレポート 2021‐ベラルーシ」（2021 年 1 月 13 日）
Authorities launched hundreds of politically motivated criminal cases against political
opposition members, protesters, and their supporters. In many cases they detained, beat,fined, or deported journalists who covered the protests and stripped them of theiraccreditation. They temporarily blocked dozens of websites and, during several days,
severely restricted access to the internet.
…
Governmental Crackdown on Peaceful Protests
Officials and police violently dispersed protests on August 9-12 in Minsk and other large
cities, using excessive force and resorting to rubber bullets, stun grenades, and tear gas. Riot
police detained almost 7,000 protesters and bystanders in four days, subjecting hundreds totorture and other ill-treatment and holding them in inhuman and degrading conditions. At
least four protesters died as a result of police actions.
Former detainees described beatings, prolonged stress positions, electric shocks, and in
at least one case, rape. Some had serious injuries, including broken bones, skin wounds,
electrical burns, or mild traumatic brain injuries. Detainees said that police, riot police, andspecial forces picked them up off the streets, in some cases using extreme violence, thenbeat them in dangerously confined spaces in vehicles where they struggled to breathe. Some
detainees alleged riot police officers threatened them with rape, in most cases while they
were in transit. At least one man was raped with a truncheon.
…
Arrest and Harassment of Opposition Members and Supporters
Starting in early summer, authorities launched more than 500 criminal cases against
potential presidential candidates, their campaigns’ team members, and peaceful protesters
on false charges ranging from mass rioting to hooliganism. Authorities also launchedcriminal cases against businessmen and staff of companies that supported certain oppositionpresidential candidates and victims of police violence during the protests, including on
charges of tax evasion and fraud. By November 15, at least 118 people remained in pretrial
detention on these politically motivated charges.
…

ウ フリーダムハウス「世界の自由 2021 年版‐ベラルーシ」（2021 年）
E Associational and Organizational Rights
E2 Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are
engaged in human rights– and governance-related work?
Freedom of association is severely restricted. Registration of groups remains selective,3

ベラルーシ 2021 年 8 月 2 日©難民研究フォーラム https://refugeestudies.jp/

and regulations ban foreign assistance to entities and individuals deemed to promote foreign
meddling in internal affairs. Few human rights groups continue to operate because ofresource shortages and pressure from the authorities, and staff and supporters risk
prosecution and fines for their activism. Activists involved in the 2020 prodemocracy
movement have been arrested by the thousands, and many more have fled the country.
…

エ HRW「Belarus: Crackdown on Political Activists, Journalists」（2020 年 1 月 30日）
Police in Belarus have arbitrarily arrested journalists, bloggers, and political activists
ahead of the August 9, 2020 presidential election and pressed charges against two potential
candidates, Human Rights Watch said today.
…
The authorities pressed criminal charges against two opposition presidential hopefuls,
one of them a top candidate, and refused to register the candidacy of another top candidate.
From May through July, police arrested at least 1,100 people for gathering peacefully on
issues related to the election. Courts sentenced nearly 200 people to detention for up to 15
days, with some sentenced to multiple terms. They fined more than 300 others.
…

オ Bertelsmann Stiftung「BTI 国別報告 2020 年‐ベラルーシ」（2020 年）
Executive Summary…
Repression of the opposition and independent media evolved throughout 2017. A few
months after the protest activity was suspended, the government relaxed its pressure
somewhat, and conditions for civil society improved slightly. However, in the second partof 2018, independent journalists were once again subject to state pressure due to the BelTA
case.
…
Political Participation…
Mass protests against Presidential Decree No. 3 (Prevention of Social Parasitism), held
across the country, resulted in a government crackdown on March 25, 2017, traditionallycelebrated by the opposition as the Freedom Day. However, obtaining permission for civilsociety activities proved easier the following year.
…

4ベラルーシ 2021 年 8 月 2 日©難民研究フォーラム https://refugeestudies.jp/

カ IRBC「クエリー回答［BLR105405.E］：市民連合党（UCPB，UCP）のメンバーの取扱い」（2016 年 1 月 12 日）
1.1. Coalition
According to European Forum, an organization founded in 1993 "by the social
democratic parties and political foundations from EU countries," whose mandate is topromote democracy and solidarity in Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe (European
Forum n.d.), "[t]he [UCPB] Party [was] one of the two main members of the opposition
coalition [-] The United Democratic Forces of Belarus [for the 2015 election]" (ibid. 13 Oct.
2015).…
…
5. Treatment…
Belarus Digest further states that "[t]he government has used the tools of state coercion
to demobilise, marginalise, or criminalise the opposition's activities" (16 June 2015).
According to European Forum, in 2007 "the United Civic Party (UCP) and Belarusian
Popular Front (BPF) [withdrew] 65 candidates from the election in protest over unfair
electoral campaign conditions" (European Forum 13 Oct. 2015).
The European Forum indicates that Lyabedzka was "one of the oppositional leaders thatwas jailed as a result of the protests following the December 2010 parliamentary elections"(European Forum 13 Oct. 2015) [1]. Similarly, sources indicate that on 20 November 2015,
the court of Central district of Minsk fined Liabedzka nine million Belarusian Ruble[approximately C$674] for "active participation in the unsanctioned protest in front of the
KGB [Committee for State Security] building on October 29" (Viasna 2 Dec. 2015;
Charter97 20 Nov. 2015).
…

キ 記事「ベラルーシで抗議デモ参加の学生 40 人拘束、警官と衝突」CNN（2020年 9 月 2 日）
ベラルーシの首都ミンスクで 1 日、ルカシェンコ大統領が 6 選を決めた先月の大統領選に抗議する学生のデモ隊が警察と衝突し、地元の人権監視団体によると、
少なくとも 40 人が拘束された。同国では選挙に不正があったとして 4 週間抗議デモが続いている。
…

ク 記事「ベラルーシ大統領選の野党候補者、隣国へ逃れるの最中」CNN（2020 年 8 月 12 日）

5

不正訴える抗議デモ

ベラルーシ 2021 年 8 月 2 日©難民研究フォーラム https://refugeestudies.jp/

東欧ベラルーシの大統領選に現職の対立候補として臨んだスベトラーナ・チハ
ノフスカヤ氏が、同国を後にし、現在は隣国リトアニアにいることが分かった。同氏の選挙陣営が 11 日に明らかにした。
…
国内では選挙結果に対する抗議デモが発生。治安部隊がこれを鎮圧する事態となっていた。…

(2) 政府や当局者を批判する者の取扱い
ア 米国国務省「人権状況報告 2020 年 ベラルーシ」（2021 年 3 月 30 日）
Section 2. Respect for Civil Liberties, Including:
A. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, INCLUDING FOR THE PRESS…
Freedom of Speech: Individuals could not criticize the president or the government
publicly or discuss matters of general public interest without fear of reprisal, includingprosecution or forced exile. Authorities also prohibited displaying certain historical flags
and symbols and displaying placards bearing messages deemed threatening to thegovernment or public order.
Since May the government undertook significant steps to suppress freedom of expression.
The government harassed bloggers and social media users, detaining some of them on shortterm jail sentences. Others received longer sentences. For example, according to theCommittee to Protect Journalists, in June authorities detained Syarhey Pyatrukhin andAlyaksandr Kabanau, two popular video bloggers on YouTube, and charged them with“participating in activities in clear disobedience to the legitimate requirements of theauthorities.” Both men were known for their opposition political commentary.
…
The law also limits free speech by criminalizing actions such as giving information that
authorities deem false or derogatory to a foreigner concerning the political, economic,
social, military, or international situation of the country. No individuals were identified as
being charged under this law.
…

イ フリーダムハウス「世界の自由 2021 年版‐ベラルーシ」（2021 年）
D Freedom of Expression and Belief
D4. Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics
without fear of surveillance or retribution?
The use of wiretapping and other surveillance by state security agencies limits the right6

ベラルーシ 2021 年 8 月 2 日©難民研究フォーラム https://refugeestudies.jp/

to free private discussion. Private citizens often avoid discussing sensitive issues over thephone or via internet communication platforms, for fear that state security agents aremonitoring conversations.
…

(3) 反対派への出国の強制
ア 米国国務省「人権状況報告 2020 年 ベラルーシ」（2021 年 3 月 30 日）
D. Freedom of Movement…
Exile: The law does not allow forced exile, but sources asserted that security forces
continued to threaten some opposition members with bodily harm or prosecution if they did
not leave the country, particularly after the August 9 election. Some others were in selfimposed exile or were driven to the border by authorities and forced to cross.

4.

司法制度・刑事手続
ア 米国国務省「人権状況報告 2020 年 ベラルーシ」（2021 年 3 月 30 日）
The Ministry of Internal Affairs exercises authority over police, but other bodies outsideof its control, for example, the Committee for State Security, the Financial Investigations
Department of the State Control Committee, the Investigation Committee, and presidential
security services, also exercise police functions. The president has the authority to
subordinate all security bodies to the president’s personal command. Lukashenka
maintained effective control over security forces. Members of the security forces committed
numerous abuses.
…

5.

警察・治安部隊（刑務所等の状況含む）
ア 米国国務省「人権状況報告 2020 年 ベラルーシ」（2021 年 3 月 30 日）
C. TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN, OR DEGRADING TREATMENT
OR PUNISHMENT
The law prohibits such practices. Nevertheless, the BKGB, riot police, and other security
forces, without identification and wearing street clothes and masks, regularly used excessive
force against detainees and protesters. Security forces also reportedly mistreated individuals
during investigations. Police regularly beat and tortured persons during detentions andarrests. According to human right nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and former
prisoners, prison authorities abused prisoners.
…

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Among the abuses documented were severe beatings; psychological humiliation; the useof stress positions; at least one reported case of rape and sexual abuse; use of electric shock
devices and tear gas; and up to three days intentional deprivation of food, drinking water,
hygiene products, the use of toilets, sleep, and medical assistance.
…
There were widespread reports of rape threats and sexual abuse by government agentsagainst both men and women, and at least one reported instance of rape against a detainee.

PRISON AND DETENTION CENTER CONDITIONS
Prison and detention center conditions remained poor, and in many cases posed threats tolife and health.
Physical Conditions: According to former detainees and human rights lawyers, there
continued to be shortages of food, medicine, warm clothing, personal hygiene products, andbedding as well as inadequate access to basic or emergency medical care and clean drinking
water. Detainees reported that prison officials deliberately denied detainees access to food,water, hygiene products, and necessary medical care, sometimes for several days, as a formof retribution. Overall sanitation was poor. Authorities made little effort to prevent the
spread of COVID-19 in prisons, but at the same time used COVID-19 as a pretext to restrict
access to visitors and distribution of food, hygiene, and clothing parcels.
…

6.

報道の自由
ア 米国国務省「人権状況報告 2020 年 ベラルーシ」（2021 年 3 月 30 日）
Section 2. Respect for Civil Liberties, Including:
A. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, INCLUDING FOR THE PRESS…
The government prohibits the spread of “fake news” on the internet but did not enforce
the prohibition against regular citizens.
Freedom of Press and Media, Including Online Media: Government restrictions limitedaccess to information. State-controlled media did not provide balanced coverage andoverwhelmingly presented the official version of events. Appearances by opposition
politicians on state media were rare and limited primarily to those required by law during
the presidential election campaign period. Authorities warned, fined, detained, interrogated,and stripped accreditation from members of the independent domestic media.
…
By law, the government may close a publication–printed or online–after two warnings in
one year for violating a range of restrictions on the press. Regulations also give authorities8ベラルーシ 2021 年 8 月 2 日©難民研究フォーラム https://refugeestudies.jp/

arbitrary power to prohibit or censor reporting. The Ministry of Information may suspend
periodicals or newspapers for three months without a court ruling. The law also prohibits
media from disseminating information on behalf of unregistered political parties, tradeunions, and NGOs. On October 1, the Ministry of Information suspended through December
30, the registration of one of the most read independent online news portals, TUT.by, as “amedia network publication” after issuing four warnings concerning individual articles it
published, including one that detailed accounts of the irregularities observers saw onelection day. On December 3, the Economic Court of Minsk ordered removal of its official
media status effective in January 2021. The organization planned to appeal, but it could not
maintain its status during the appeal process.
…
Libel/Slander Laws: Libel and slander are criminal offenses. The law provides large finesand prison sentences of up to four years for conviction of defaming or insulting thepresident. Penalties for defamation of character make no distinction between private andpublic persons. A public figure who is criticized for poor performance while in office may
sue both the journalist and the media outlet that disseminated the critical report for
defamation.
…
National Security: Authorities frequently cited national security to arrest or punish critics
of the government or deter criticism of government policies or officials. For example, on
September 9, authorities detained lawyer Maksim Znak, a member of the presidium of theCoordination Council. He was charged with “calling for actions aimed at harming national
security.” Other members of the Coordination Council were also charged with similar
offenses. The case was widely believed to be retaliation for Znak’s political activism.

イ HRW「ワールドレポート 2021‐ベラルーシ」（2021 年 1 月 13 日）
Freedom of Expression and Attacks on Journalists
The Belarusian Association of Journalists (BAJ) documented more than 500 incidents ofharassment, detention, fines and temporary arrests of journalists from January through midNovember 2020.…
Authorities targeted journalists who covered and livestreamed protests, detaining andcharging them with participating in unauthorized mass events and illegal distribution ofmedia products.
…
Persecution of journalists escalated after the election. BAJ reported 54 instances of police
brutality against journalists from August through the end of September.
…

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ウ フリーダムハウス「世界の自由 2021 年版‐ベラルーシ」（2021 年）
D Freedom of Expression and Belief
D1.
The government exercises unrestricted control over mainstream media. The 2008 media
law secures a state monopoly over information about political, social, and economic affairs.
Libel is both a civil and criminal offense, and the criminal code contains provisions
protecting the “honor and dignity” of high-ranking officials. The government owns the onlyinternet service provider and controls the internet through legal and technical means. The
official definition of mass media includes websites and blogs, placing them under the
Information Ministry’s supervision. Most independent journalists operate under theassumption that they are under surveillance by the Committee for State Security (KGB).
Journalists are subject to fines, detention, and criminal prosecution for their work. The
government has used antiextremism legislation to curtail media activity.

エ Bertelsmann Stiftung「BTI 国別報告 2020 年‐ベラルーシ」（2020 年）
Political Participation…
In 2018, the authorities implemented several measures limiting the influence of social
and non-state media by banning anonymity on the internet. The new Law on Mass Media
introduced mandatory identification for users posting materials on websites, includingcomments and forum posts. Apparently, the main objective was to reduce alternative
information flows’ influence on public opinion. However, in light of the significant
informational material coming from Russia, authorities also tried to strengthen national
information security.
Independent media faced serious government persecution. In August 2018, popular
independent news agencies (Tut.by and Belapan) were subject to a wave of searches andsome journalists were detained in proceedings related to the so-called BelTA case – acriminal investigation into alleged unauthorized access to the paid services of the stateowned BelTA news agency. However, seeking to diminish the international resonance of
this case, the authorities dropped charges against 14 of the 15 accused journalists, although
they still had to pay a minimum of $35,000 in fines. Early in 2018, opposition website
Charter97.org was blocked in Belarus.

略称10

ベラルーシ 2021 年 8 月 2 日©難民研究フォーラム https://refugeestudies.jp/

ACCORD

オーストリア出身国・庇護研究ドキュメンテーションセンター

ACLED

武力紛争位置・事件データプロジェクト

AI

アムネスティ・インターナショナル

ARC

難民調査センター

BAMF

ドイツ連邦移民難民庁

CGRS

ベルギー難民及び無国籍者庁

CIA

米国中央情報局

CNDA

フランス庇護権裁判所

CRS

米国議会調査局

DFAT

オーストラリア外務貿易省

DIS

デンマーク移民庁

DRC

デンマーク・レフュジー・カウンセル

EASO

欧州難民支援局

FIS

フィンランド移民庁

HRW

ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチ

ICG

インターナショナル・クライシス・グループ

IDMC

国内避難民監視センター

IRBC

カナダ移民難民局

IRDC

アイルランド難民ドキュメンテーションセンター

ジェトロ

日本貿易振興機構

Landinfo

ノルウェー政府出身国情報センター

MRGI

マイノリティ・ライツ・グループ・インターナショナル

OECD

経済協力開発機構

OFPRA

フランス難民・無国籍庇護局

OHCHR

国連人権高等弁務官事務所

OSAC

米国海外安全保障評議会

RRTA

オーストラリア難民再審査審判所

RSAA

ニュージーランド難民地位不服申立機関

RSF

国境なき記者団

UKIAT

イギリス移民難民審判所

UNHCR

国連難民高等弁務官事務所

USCIRF

米国連邦政府国際宗教自由に関する委員会

11