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問１．質量分析に使用するキャリブレーション用ポリマー発明に関する従来技術の一部です。下記の*** START ***, *** END ***の間の英文を日本語に翻訳してください。
[0006] With the growing potential of mass spectrometry for the rapid
screening of peptides and proteins, the use of internal calibrants isparticularly appealing for maximizing mass accuracy and thereby improving
peptideidentification.

However,mostbiologicalandsynthetic

macromolecular calibrants consist predominately of H, C, N, and O, which
all exhibit a mass defect that is either positive or negligibly negative. As aresult, these calibrants exhibit a similar positive mass defect to those
expected for biological analytes, increasing the likelihood that the analytesignal might be obscured, shifted, or misidentified because of a nearby oroverlapping calibrant signal. An ideal internal calibrant set would have amass defect signature that clearly differentiates it from the majority ofpeptide analytes. Mass-defect labeling has been explored to tag peptideanalytes (Yao et al. 2008; Bajrami et al. 2009); however, the concept ofincorporating a mass defect label into a calibrant has only been
demonstrated to date by the inclusion of multiple fluorine atoms into
calibrants (Fishman et al. 2001). However, while the negative mass defect ofmultiple fluorine atoms can provide contrast relative to the positive massdefect observed in most synthetic or biological polymers, a significant
number of fluorine atoms (greater than 100) would be required to maximize
the mass-defect offset relative to common analytes. An attractive alternative

is the incorporation of iodine, which exhibits a much larger negative massdefect (Shi et al. 2009), nearly 60 times greater per atom than F. In order todesign calibrants with an optimized mass defect, the mass-defectdistributions among natural peptides were first calculated, and this data set
used to identify tris-iodinated cores as the ideal initiating groups for thesynthesis of dendrimer-based mass-defect calibrants.
[0007] *** START ***For rapid screening of unknown proteomic andpeptidomic analytes, internal calibrants can assure optimal mass accuracy;
however, they should be designed to minimize the likelihood that a calibrantpeak might obscure, or be confused with the analyte. The concept of“averagine” was proposed in order to model the average composition of anamino acid residue: C4.9384H7.7583N1.3577O1.4773S0.0417. The averagine concept
can also be used as a tool to identify the most populated mass defectassociated with any nominal mass. In this case of averagine with a mass of
111.05431, it is comprised of a Nominal Mass of 110.9981 and a mass defectof 0.0562055. To aid in our calibrant design, we propose the concept of“scarcine.” If averagine traces the most common mass defect for a given
nominal mass (for a given population of compounds, such as peptides), thenscarcine is the least common mass defect for a given nominal mass. To better
define the targets for a mass-defect calibrant, we have mapped thepopulation of all peptides (MW 0-2400) with respect to their nominal massand mass defect (see FIGS. 5 and 6.) *** END ***While the nominal mass ofeach possible peptide is measured on the x-axis and its corresponding massdefect is measured on the y-axis, the z-axis represents the population of
peptides with that specific mass (the population values calculated for a 1 u
width in the nominal mass, and a 0.01 u width in the mass defect). It should
be noted that these initial population calculations were determinedassuming an unbiased statistical incorporation of the 20 most common
proteinogenic amino acids residues, rather than the actual frequency ofoccurrence,andwithouttaking

post-translational modifications.

intoconsideration

theeffectof

問２．以下は、"Fluidic channel coated with metal catalysts and devices andmethods relating thereto"と題する特許出願の記載の一部です。下記の***START ***, *** END ***の間の英文を日本語に翻訳してください。
[0040] Currently, there is a problem in coating fluidic channels withcatalysts

havingcontrolled

dimensionsandmorphology.

Controlled

dimension of the coating is important to prevent clogging. Controlled
morphology of the catalyst is also needed for improved catalyst efficacy,
particularly in continuous flow catalysis. The invention described hereinsolves these two problems.
[0041] The technology described herein differs significantly from whatcurrently exists in the field. Currently, there is no process or method
available prior to this disclosure to coat fluidic channels with catalysts
having controlled dimensions and morphology (see De Jong, Krijn P. (ed.),Synthesis of Solid Catalysts, May 2009, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim). Currently
used approaches have several drawbacks as follows.
[0042] In one approach, a catalyst is typically supported on a catalystsupport and tested in a reaction flask. The disadvantages of this approach isthat there is a need for preparing the supported catalyst and it needs to be
separated and reused after the reaction (see Gaur, Miller, Stellwagen,Sanampudi, Kumar, and Spivey, Synthesis, characterization, and testing of
supported Au catalysts prepared from atomically-tailored Au38(SC12H25)24
clusters, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys, 2012, 14(5), 1627-1634; and Turner et al.,Nature,454,981-983,2008).

Anotherdisadvantage

isthepoor

reproducibility and process control of the supported catalyst preparation.
[0043] In a second approach, catalysts are supported within large columns
and the reagents are flown through such fixed bed reactor columns (see DeJong, Krijn P. (ed.), Synthesis of Solid Catalysts, May 2009, Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim). The disadvantage with this approach is that there is no control
over the structure of the catalyst (the micro and nano precision) and hence
the surface area of the catalysts.
[0044] In a third approach, the catalysts are embedded within microfluidic
channels and catalysis is carried out as in the previous case (Ismagilov et al.,

Oxidation of organic compounds in a microstructured catalytic reactor,
Chemical Engineering Journal, 2008, 135S, S57-S65). However, fabricationof microfluidic catalyst beds is expensive and impractical for large numbersof experiments.
*** START ***[0045] Chip-based millifluidics, and related hand-held apparatus, asdisclosed herein, offer a technology very different from tubular millifluidics
with demonstrated advantages over traditional microfluidics for higher
throughput controlled synthesis of ultrasmall nanoclusters and as probes formapping time-resolved growth of nanomaterials. A central theme of thesenovel investigations is the utility of millifluidics for mapping thetime-resolved chemistry of the growth of metallic structures in general andcatalysts in particular.
[0046] Also provided is a demonstration of continuous flow catalytic activityof the as-formed gold nanostructures, for example, the reduction of
4-nitrophenol and ferricyanide. While microfluidics-based continuous flow
catalysis of gold nanoparticles impregnated on alumina has been previouslyutilized for synthesis of polypyridine derivatives, the ability to control thedimension, and morphology of the embedded gold nanostructured catalysts
within continuous flow channels can provide superior continuous flow
catalysis applications. With the ability to embed atomically precise catalysts,
these tools can revolutionize catalysis from the point of view of practical aswell as fundamental investigations. Such systems can also lead to advancesin the field of bio-sensing, electrophoresis, and enhanced optical detection.
Additionally, the flower-like gold morphology obtained through thisformation process has applications in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy,catalysis, bio-imaging, and super-hydrophobic coatings.
*** END ***問３．バイポーラ膜電気透析プロセスに関する下記の英文を日本語に翻訳してください。図は参考ですので、図中の英語の翻訳は不要です。
[0102] Figure la demonstrates the configuration of a membrane cell and theflow of the respective ions when subjected to an electric potential between acathode and anode.
[0103] The product stream from the salt compartment was then directed toan iminodiacetic acid (IDA) crystallizer operating at 20°C. This resulted in acrystallizer stream comprising solid IDA, soluble monosodium iminodiacetic
acid (IDA), and soluble MSIDA. The resulting crystallizer stream was thendirected to a filtration system whereby the solid IDA was separated anddried, for use in downstream glyphosate production. The soluble IDA andMSIDA exiting the filtration system was recirculated and mixed with thefeed stream for contact with the two-compartment bipolar membraneelectrodialysis process. Figure 2 shows the 2-compartment BME process inthe context of this overall disodium iminodiacetic acid (DSIDA) conversion
and recirculation process.
[0104] When the process had been started and the soluble IDA and MSIDA
exiting the filtration system was continually recirculated as a source of thefeed composition for the two-compartment bipolar membrane electrodialysis
process, the following values were observed:

問 ４ ． 以 下 は 、 "Combinatorial Chemistry Computational System andEnhanced Selection Method"と題する特許出願の特許請求の範囲の記載の一部です。Claim 1 にあたる下記英文クレームを日本語に翻訳してください。
1. A method for identifying one or more potentially useful molecular
combinations comprising:
applying a selection procedure to a compound of interest to identify afirst set of one or more candidate molecules, the selection procedurecomprising:providing a chemical synthesis scheme for a compound of interest, avirtual scaffold molecule of the compound of interest, and a virtual
reactant fragment to react with the virtual scaffold molecule
according to the chemical synthesis scheme;
preparing the virtual reactant fragment and the virtual scaffold
molecule for analyzing combinations of the virtual reactant
fragment and the virtual scaffold molecule;designating a remaining scaffold subset and a remaining fragment
subset if a product molecule can be formed from the virtual scaffold
molecule and the virtual reactant fragment;
rotating the remaining fragment subset about an axis connecting
the remaining scaffold subset and the remaining fragment subset
through 360 degrees in increments of less than or equal to 5
degrees; andidentifying potentially useful combinations of the virtual reactant
fragment and the virtual scaffold molecule, by:recording as a potential product increment each increment at
which a steric collision is not detected; andrecording a separation distance between the remaining
fragment subset and the remaining scaffold subset at eachincrement and identifying a set of product increments for which
the separation distances are less than or equal to apredetermined criterion distance to identify the one or morepotentially useful molecular combinations;identifying a set of combinatorial fragments from the first set of one ormore candidates; andapplying the selection procedure to the set of combinatorial fragments to
identify a second set of one or more candidate molecules that are the one
or more potentially useful molecular combinations.