Current Dam Technology in Japan

Tsuruda Dam Under Upgrading
Photo by the Joint Venture of Kajima and Nishimatsu

JCOLD

JAPAN COMMISSION ON LARGE DAMS࣠ऒएएंऋऑࢽ࣡ࣾऊࢽࣱंऀअऋऌउऌऄखࢽआऋࢽࣧࣾऍࣾऋࢽ

Sediments and debris on reservoir are no longer a problem by using Special Ejector Pump System<REKIZO> !!

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The long-term loss of reservoir capacity caused by dam sedimentation is a worldwide
serious issue and it is said that more than 30% of the world reservoir capacity will
disappear by the middle of 21 centuries. Reservoir sedimentation causes not only thedecrease of reservoir capacity but also the rise in the upstream riverbed, decline of thedownstream riverbed, recession of the coastline and affects the natural environmentand so on. Therefore, with the view of sustainable reservoir operation and integrated
sediment management, it is vital to consider necessary countermeasures on
sedimentation issues. In this stand, Hazama Ando Corp. developed “Special Ejector
Pump System (REKIZO)” to achieve comprehensive dam reservoir sedimentation
management.
Discharge

Jet water

Suction

5[UVGOEQPHKIWTCVKQP‫ ع‬Suction System
The suction system consists of screw crusher, high pressured pump and special ejector.
Screw crusher is installed at the entrance of suction inlet to grind sediment into a
proper size, around 150mm, before suction. The sediment of sand and gravel can be
suctioned at approximately 35 m3 /hr with the transportation distance of 400m.

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Transportation system is able to transport sediment by feeding it into a hopper.
Compressed air injected into the transportation pipeline enables long distancetransportation efficiently. Air injection causes the fluctuation of flow in the pipeline andit creates the special pattern of flow named “Slug flow”. Measured transport rate of
direct feeding for maximum 150mm dia. gravel is approximately 50m3/h in case of 600
m transportation length. Maximum transportation length is approximately 1 km.

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HAZAMA ANDO CORPORATION,
Postal address:

Minato-ku Akasaka 6-1-20,
Tokyo, Japan

Contact Person:

TEMMYO Toshiyuki
Civil Engineering Divisionphone:+81-3-6234-3673

fax:+81-3-6234-3704

e-mail:temmyo.toshiyuki@ad-hzm.co.jp࣠ऒएएंऋऑࢽ࣡ࣾऊࢽࣱंऀअऋऌउऌऄखࢽआऋࢽࣧࣾऍࣾऋࢽ$XWRPDWLFYHULILFDWLRQV\VWHPIRUGDPFRQFUHWHYLEUDWLQJZRUNE\XVLQJ³9LEDFN´

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Vibration of concrete is a critical operation for theconstruction of dams. What we call a “Vi-back”, andregularly has three or four vibrators on the machine isused during the dam concrete casting. Vibration work
is managed by operators to set a proper quality and it
is based on observation of the concrete surface. Humanerror might lead to excessive or inadequate vibration. In order to resolve this issue wehave developed an automatic verification system for vibration works: “Shimarisu”.

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The hydraulic pressure load in a vibrator of the Vi-back increases in the beginningbecause of the rheological changing of the cement-paste and relocation of the aggregate.
After that, as proceeding of the liquefaction of the concrete, the friction between
concrete and vibrator decrease, and then the pressure decrease as well. The automatic
verification system has been developed based on the properties of vibrating concrete
mentioned above.
The system collects and analyzes the data fromattached pressure sensor in a hydraulic circuit ofvibrators in which the decision criteria has been
implemented. During the operation a red LED will
indicate the required vibration level has not beenachieved yet. Once the system determines the criterion
has been fulfilled, the LED will turn into blue. The
operator can support the status of the quality of thedam concrete not only by the observation but also by anobjective standpoint.

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HAZAMA ANDO CORPORATION,
3RVWDODGGUHVVMinato-ku Akasaka 6-1-20,
Tokyo, Japan

&RQWDFW3HUVRQ 

TEMMYO Toshiyuki
Civil Engineering DivisionSKRQH

+81-3-6234-3673

ID[+81-3-6234-3704

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DEHYDRATION SYSTEM

Introduction“Solid-liquid separation”, “Dehydration” and “Recycling” technologies are required
currently in the dredging works in dam lakes due to dam malfunction caused byincrease of sediment slurry in the dam lakes. We, OKUMURA CORPORATION havedeveloped low cost and efficient disposal system in difficult conditions such as narrowworking site.

System Features(1) Use of the screw press minimizes an area required for installation, reducing 25%
and 90% in comparison with dehydration by filter press and natural drying
respectively, which can be used in the very limited working space.
(2) Continuous operation is possible. Cost for dehydration process is saved owing to
improvement in mechanical efficiency and manpower saving, comparing with filter
press.
(3) The screw press is applicable to a wide variety of soils, when the primary (sand)separation plant is suitably selected.
(4) Structure of the screw press is simple enough to dispense much of routine
adjustment or checking, and thus maintenance is very easy.
(5) Adverse impact to the environment due to noise or vibration is utmost mitigated as
the rotational speed of the screw is low.
(6) Electrical consumption is reduced by 15% comparing with other dehydrating plants.

Outline of screw press
After the polymer flocculant is added, the slurry containing dredged soils is fed into themouth of the screw press. The slurry is slowly moved forward corresponding rotation of
the screw. As the clearance between the cylindrical screen and the screw shaft of corn
shape becomes narrower, the slurry is more pressed, and the water is more squeezed
from the slurry and soils. At the outlet of the screw press, a corn ring was fitted. The
ring was pneumatically pressed against the dehydrated soils while the dehydrated soils
were discharged pushing the ring back. The water was squeezed out through thecylindrical screen.
OKUMURA CORPORATION
Postal address:

2-2-2

Matsuzaki-cho,

Abeno-ku,

Osaka Japan
Contact Person:

Kazuhisa Yoshikuni

phone:

06-6625-2851

fax:

06-6625-3901

e-mail:kazuhisa.yoshikuni@okumuragumi.jp

࣠ऒएएंऋऑࢽ࣡ࣾऊࢽࣱंऀअऋऌउऌऄखࢽआऋࢽࣧࣾऍࣾऋࢽ
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HPDLO WNDPEH#NDMLPDFRPCurrent Dam Technology in Japan
Sediment Bypass System at Asahi Dam
1. Introduction
At the Asahi Dam of Kansai
Electric Power Co., Inc., a sediment
bypass system was built to take afundamental measure to control
prolonged water turbidity and theprogress of rapid sedimentation
ascribable

to

the

collapseofmountain slopes caused by a great
flood of 1990 and has been operated

Fig. 1 Location

since 1998. The effectiveness of the bypass system was verified after the commencementof system operation for controlling prolonged water turbidity and the progress of
sedimentation in the reservoir.

2. Technical Topic
The bypass system was adopted through the solutions for some technical challenges inthe design stage.
(1) Tunnel capacity to mitigate both prolonged turbidity and reservoir sedimentation
The sediment bypass system was designed to treat bed load and suspended load
besides wash load from the purposes of mitigating both prolonged turbidity andsedimentation. There were two requirements for the bypass system. One was to eliminate
most of the prolonged turbidity when the peak inflow was 200m3/s, which is the 1-year return
period inflow. The other was to flush all of bed load from the upstream when the peak inflow
was 1,200m3/s (100-year flood) which is the dam design flood. The capacity of the bypass
system was determined as 140m3/s by performing
simulations.
(2) Function of flushing bed load
The entrance of the tunnel was composed of adiversion weir and an orifice intake, which would bedesirable for flushing bed load. With these structures,the volume of water and sediment into the tunnel could
be naturally regulated.
Fig. 2 Intake cross section

3. Monitoring(1) Effect of prolonged turbidity and reservoir sedimentation
Water was turbid for 50 to 130 days during the year on the average before. The average
number of days of prolonged turbidity was reduced to about ten after the start of operation.
In the meantime, it was estimated that 80% of the total sediment at the Asahi Dam thatwould have deposited without the bypass system was bypassed downstream.

4. Maintenance(1) Actual abrasion
Abrasion was observed nearly throughout the invert in the tunnel section. Repair was
made periodically using high-strength concrete (design strength: 70 N/mm2). Therefore how
to increase the efficiency of periodical repair is an issue. The distribution of cumulative
abrasion was confirmed to have a certain planar tendency. The depth of abrasion is locallylarger near the tunnel outlet than near the tunnel intake. In the transverse direction, abrasion
was predominant on the right bank side at the intake and on the left bank side at the outlet.
The maximum cumulative abrasion depth on the left bank side at the outlet was largest at
1272 mm.

Fig. 3 Cumulative abrasion in the tunnel invert(2) Abrasion control measures
The abrasion control methods are selected from the reinforcing material of high-strength
concrete, steel plates, stones and resins proven to be useful in preventing abrasion. Thesemethods shall be compared with one another

The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc.

in terms of life-cycle cost. Combinations of

Postal address:

repair methods that are fit for the location shall

1-7,Fukushima,5-Chome,
Fukushima-ku, Osaka, 553-0003
Japan

Contact Person:

Hiroshi Nakajima

currently

phone:+81-6-4796-8853

subjected to abrasion, using the ease offax:+81-6-6451-3893

construction, cost and the frequency of repair

e-mail:be examined considering the distribution andvolumeofabrasionas parameters.

at

areas

nakajima.hiroshi@c3.kepco.co.jp࣠ऒएएंऋऑࢽ࣡ࣾऊࢽࣱंऀअऋऌउऌऄखࢽआऋࢽࣧࣾऍࣾऋࢽ
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y Therefore water temperature and suspended solids (SS) can be accurately
simulated in the reservoir fluid.
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In conventional models, it is not possible to predict the situation in the case ofmeasures. But WEC model can predict the effect of measures such as theaeration water circulator by adding sub-models (Bubble plume model).
On the condition stopped aeration, high water temperature layer is formed in
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Air lift࣠ऒएएंऋऑࢽ࣡ࣾऊࢽࣱंऀअऋऌउऌऄखࢽआऋࢽࣧࣾऍࣾऋࢽ
Environmental analysis of water quality
Technology for environmental evaluation in a closed water area
Summary࣭ The deterioration of water quality in a closed water area such as a dam reservoir is a matter ofsocial concern affecting infrastructural projects.
࣭ Technologies for water quality conservation and improvement are required to maintain thesustainability of infrastructural projects and ecological systems.
࣭ Reliable numerical analysis, linking water flow, water quality and the ecological system, is a
powerful method to estimate the present and future environmental situation in closed water
areas.

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9CTOFTCKPCIGHNQY

TAISEI CORPORATION
Address:

1-25-1 Nishi,Shinjuku
Shinjukuku ,Tokyo

Contact division:

Dam Engineering Section

phone:+81㸦03㸧5381 5282

fax:

+81㸦03㸧5381 5282

e-mail:kusumi@ce.taisei.co.jp

Technical summary, characteristics
࣭ A three-dimensional water environment simulation system is applicable to practical subjects.
This system, which consists of physical water flow and ecosystem modules, can provide precise
results regarding the environment of a water area.
࣭ This system analyzes not only physical phenomena such as water flow, water temperature andturbidity, but also chemical and biological reactions such as the inflow and elution of nutrient
salts and the decline/withering of plankton etc.
࣭ By taking into account the bottom bathymetry, the weather and/or river inflow conditions etc.
using this analysis, the system has a high applicability to practical environmental assessment andecological planning.

Examination example of red tide measures
Application items
࣭ Three-dimensional simulation of the flow and water quality of a water area.
࣭ Planning of environmental measures, such as water exchange improvement in a closed water
area, and water purification.
࣭ Diffusion analysis of cold/warm and contaminated water from industrial facilities into water
bodies.

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Background and purpose
Spillway piers on dams are the important structures for the open-close control of spillway gates, andrequired to hold seismic performance that can maintain the function for the flood control against
large earthquakes. Because of this, the upgrading of spillway piers for seismic safety is significant inorder for preparation against the maximum class strong earthquake motions that could occur atpresent or in the future. Then, we propose a seismic upgrading method of spillway piers on existingdams to ensuring public safety.
FeaturesWe propose a seismic upgrading method of spillway piers on dams based on the utilization of existing
spillway bridges and a particular application method of the damper with high hysteresis damping
coefficient.
First, at the bridge's movable support, the displacement is allowed toward the extremely slow
expansion and contraction velocity caused by the thermal change, and thermal load is released.
Secondly, the displacement is simultaneously restricted when earthquakes happen.In this seismic
upgrading structure, the existing spillway bridge is utilized as the seismic response controlled
member along with the damper of the high hysteresis damping coefficient.
The proposed method is economical, since it does not require drawdown of the reservoir water level,
and only requires some improvements of the bridge supports at the junction between the spillway
piers and the bridges above the maximum water level, thus causing no loss of hydropower
generation, which can even be continued during the construction work.
Applications
The proposed seismic upgrading method of piers was actually adopted to the spillway piers of 5 dams
which are located in the Ohi River of Shizuoka prefecture in Japan.

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Chubu Electric Power Co.,Inc.
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Introduction, Renewal of Existing Dam and Hydropower
For many countries, hydropower remains the dominant source of renewables-based electricity. It’s one of the oldest and mostimportant renewable resources. But the scope to add further hydropower capacity in OECD countries is, by contrast, limited, as thebest resources have already been developed. Under the circumstance, OKUTADAMI hydropower station unit-4(200MW) was
expanded.

Project Summary of Okutadami Unit-4 Expansion Project
J-POWER’s OKUTADAMI hydropower station is located in most upstream of Tadami-river running a boundary between Niigata andFukushima-prefecture. The project site is also the area with heaviest snow in Japan and often experiences more than 6m. It’s thelargest scale of renewal project of existing dam/hydropower station.

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OKUTADAMI-dam Location of OKUTADAMI-dam    
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3D View of the Project

Characteristics of Project¾

Construction period was only 4 months, July to October, every year in consideration of breeding season of golden eagle family(endangered bird) that was nesting near the dam.

¾

OKUTADAMI reservoir has highest water level during the above 4 months in the year and huge amount of total capacity,
3

approximately 6millon m . So it was difficult to drawdown the reservoir.
¾

Cofferdam (half cylinder shape,16m diameter & 57m height) was adopted to keep the dry condition around the new intake
during a construction period without drawdown.

¾

Unique technology, double steel sheet pile filled concrete, was adapted to the cofferdam to resist 50m hydraulic pressure.(seeattached drawing; “Detailed Structure of Cofferdam”)¾

New penstock was installed after excavation of the existing dam.

¾

Slot Drilling and Giant Breaker was used from downstream for excavation of existing dam.

¾

Rectangular shape having round corner was adopted for excavation of existing dam to minimize the concentration of stress. Procedure of Construction
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Under Construction

Before Construction

Cofferdam
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Dam

Dam

Base Concrete

After Construction

New Penstock, Shaft
New Intake
Dam

Base Concrete

Actual Site Photos during a Construction, Installation of Cofferdam,
Excavation of Dam
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Slot Drilling

Installation of Sheet Pile

Filling Concrete

Dry-up in Cofferdam

Excavation by Giant Breaker

Treatment of Excavation Surface

Installation Penstock & Filling Concrete

Adoption for Future Potential Project¾

This unique method was verified in this project
and will be adopted for future potential project.

Electric Power Development Co., Ltd (J-POWER)
Postal address: 6-15-1 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo,104-8165, JAPANContact Person: Kouta Tsunakawa Mr.
phone: +81-33546-2211
e-mail: kouta_tsunakawa@jpower.co.jp࣠ऒएएंऋऑࢽ࣡ࣾऊࢽࣱंऀअऋऌउऌऄखࢽआऋࢽࣧࣾऍࣾऋࢽ

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The Continuous Rotary Tube (CRT) Mixer System provides using the Cemented Sand
and Gravel (CSG) Method. By attaching agitating blades inside the steel drum andmaintaining specified rotation speeds and angles, the mixer is capable of producing
mixtures of consistent and stable quality.

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Greening method㻌㻌 for rock slope, GEOFIBER
㹼 Continuous Fiber Soil Reinforcement Technology 㹼
1.Outline

Geofiber, the continuous fiber reinforced soil, has pseudo cohesion, higherosion resistance, good permeability and gives increases residual strain to
the sandy material with multi filament fiber. Executing soil nailing andsurface vegetation, Geofiber can complete a perfect protection on the rockface by plant bases.
Geofiber method has more than 3000 construction results.

2. Applications

The trees are healthy growing and continue to harmonize with thesurrounding forest.

The landscape of the slope collapsed by the heavy rain is under restoration.
NITTOC CONSTRUCTION CO., LTD
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3D Water Quality Prediction Model (Fantom3D)) Development
The three-dimensional numericalmodel (Fantom3D) that can dynamics
predictable

the

flow

and

water

quality in reservoirs and lakes has
been jointly developed by Yachiyo

Model Development System
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&RQVHUYDWLRQXQLWEngineering Co,. Ltd. and the Univer
sities (Tokyo Metropolitan University,
Tottori University, Yamaguchi Univer$SSOLFDEOHLQVSLUDWLRQLQUHDODUHD&UHDWLRQRIXVHUPDQXDO<DFKL\R(QJLQHHULQJ&R/WG

sity). Fantom3D model can predict the complex flow (stratified flow, wind drift current,
circulation flow, seiche etc.㸧and accompany the mass transport that occur in closed
waters.
Fantom3D model offers various tools to response the facilities for water quality
conservation by which to resolve the water pollution problems such as prolonged
turbidity, abnormal growth of phytoplankton as well as low oxygen water etc.
Fantom3D model is an object-oriented one. It is
possible to perform parallel calculations on multiple
CPU by dividing the study water area and to reduce
greatly the computation time. In the near future,
global climate change is a pressing global concern;bring about a wide range adverse effect, such asdeterioration of water quality and shortage of safe
water resources in various regions. We provide thePrediction result of phytoplankton
in near the dam site.

tools and methods to inquire into the cause ofabnormal growth of phytoplankton (Bloom) and to determine the generating source inreservoirs by applying Fantom3D, and further to examine the installation position,
scale and operation of efficient andYachiyo Engineering Co,. Ltd.

effective measures facilities.
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Prediction of controlling the inflow turbid water by fence

HPDLO tmy-suzuki@yachiyo-eng.co.jp࣠ऒएएंऋऑࢽ࣡ࣾऊࢽࣱंऀअऋऌउऌऄखࢽआऋࢽࣧࣾऍࣾऋࢽ
Air--lock Selective Intake
PATTENT; Japan Dam Engineering Center, Yachiyo Engineering Co., Ltd.
Compressor
Receiver tank
Air control
room

Water flows
through
Reservoir
Good
quality
Intake
tubes
Cold
and
TurbidAir-locked

Air suply/releasevalvesIntake tower
When thewater level
falls downAirsuply/release
pipes
Water flows
through
Dam
body

Dam
body
Discharge
control gate

downstream

Air-locked

downstream

Selecting the intake depth of the reservoir is beneficial for quality management of thewater supply for downstream.
Air-Lock Selective Intake is the brand-new system which can be the alternative toconventional selective intake systems such as multistage gates.
Air-lock Selective Intake system uses steel reverse V-shaped intake tube and aircontrol unit. It makes intake possible from any water level as a result of air-locked
condition created by passing water$LUVXSSO\UHOHDVHSLSH
through intake tube at any water
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level and filling other intake tubes)UHHIORZVSLOOZD\RQWKHGDPFUHVWWXEHwith compressed air.
Pneumatic
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control system consists of compressor,&RPSUHVVRU$LUORFNHGWXEHV
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receiver tank, air supply/release)UHHVHOHFWLYH (PHUJHQF\JDWHDLUORFNLQWDNH
valves. Opening the air-supply valves(QHUJ\ ,QWDNHWXEHVGLVVLSDWHU
sends compressed air into intake
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tubes to perform Air-lock.
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Opening the air-release valves&RQYH\DQFHSLSHIDFLOLW\releases the air inside intake tube

into atmosphere to pass the water.
This system have the high economic
Yachiyo Engineering Co,. Ltd.
performance by no use of multistage
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metal gates which include parts to be
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frequently maintained such as rubber
sealants and wire ropes, no use of-DSDQ
heavy steel structures and hoist&RQWDFW3 HUVRQ +LURNL<DPDPRWR
equipment.
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This system is under operation on 7
dams, and under construction on 2
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more dams in Japan.
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