Species Diversity 20: 115–120
25 November 2015
DOI: 10.12782/sd.20.2.115

First Japanese Record of the Haemulid Fish
Pomadasys kaakan (Perciformes),from Kagoshima Prefecture, Southern Japan
Harutaka Hata1,4, Masahide Itou2, and Hiroyuki Motomura3
1 Graduate School of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan

E-mail: k2795502@kadai.jp

2 718 Kataura, Kasasa, Minami-satsuma, Kagoshima 897-1301, Japan

3 The Kagoshima University Museum, 1-21-30 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan

E-mail: motomura@kaum.kagoshima-u.ac.jp
4 Corresponding author(Received 28 April 2015; Accepted 1 September 2015)
A single adult specimen of Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830), 483.0 mm in standard
length, was collected at a depth of 36 m off the Satsuma Peninsula, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. Because previous recordsof the species from Japan had been based on mis-identifications of P. argenteus (Forsskål, 1775), the Kagoshima specimen
represents the first reliable record of P. kaakan from Japan supported by a voucher specimen.
Key Words: Pomadasys kaakan, Pomadasys argenteus, Haemulidae, Japan, distribution, new country record.

Introduction
The haemulid fish genus Pomadasys Lacepède, 1802,
characterized by two pores and a median pit on the chin
(Shen 1993; McKay 2001), is currently represented in thewestern Pacific by at least seven species (McKay 2001), threeof which, viz., P. argenteus (Forsskål, 1775), P. maculatus(Bloch, 1790), and P. quadrilineatus Shen and Lin, 1984, arecurrently recognized as occurring in Japanese waters (Shimada 2013).
During an ichthyofaunal survey around the mainlandof Kagoshima, southern Japan, as a part of the Kagoshima
Fish Diversity Project (e.g., Motomura and Matsuura 2010,2014; Hata et al. 2013, 2014; Motomura et al. 2013), a single
specimen of Pomadasys was collected off Kasasa on the west
coast of the Satsuma Peninsula facing the East China Sea.
The specimen, described here in detail and identified as P.
kaakan (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830), represents the first record of this species from Japan.

Materials and Methods
Counts and proportional measurements, expressed aspercentages of standard length (SL) and shown in Table 1,
follow Hubbs and Lagler (1958) except for counts of thepectoral-fin rays and measurements of the head, snout, andpectoral-fin lengths, orbit diameter, and preorbital width,
which follow Satapoomin and Randall (2000). All measurements were made with digital calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm.
Curatorial procedures for newly collected specimens, including the comparative material examined during thepresent study, follow Motomura and Ishikawa (2013). The
specimens examined in the present study are deposited at
the Kagoshima University Museum, Japan (KAUM) and theMuseum Support Center of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, Maryland,
USA (USNM).
Pomadasys kaakan(Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830)[English name: Javelin Grunt;
New standard Japanese name: Kagayaki-mizoisaki](Figs 1–2; Table 1)
Pristipoma kaakan Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes,
1830: 244 [type locality: Arian River, Coupang (Kupang),
Timor, Indonesia; Pondicherry (=Puducherry) and
Mahé, India].
Pomadasys hasta (not of Bloch 1790): Okada and Matsubara
1938: 226 (Kaohsiung and Keelung, Taiwan; Okinawa to
Red Sea; South Africa); Kumada 1941: 88, unnumberedfig. (Red Sea; Indian Ocean; China Seas; Java Sea); Matsubara 1955: 672 (Kaohsiung and Keelung, Taiwan; Okinawa, Japan); Kyushin et al. 1982: 100, fig. 79 (South
China Sea).
Pomadasys kaakan: Gloerfelt-Tarp and Kailola 1984: 198,
unnumbered fig. (06°13′15″S, 105°44′E, between Sumatra
and Java, Indonesia); McKay 1984: HAEM Pomad 13, unnumbered fig. (Indo-West Pacific from east coast of Africa, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Sri Lanka to Queensland,
Australia, and Taiwan); Bianchi 1985a: 71, pl. 16, 92 (Pakistan); Bianchi 1985b: 78, pl. 20, 115 (Tanzania); Smith
and McKay 1986: 569, unnumbered figs (Inhaca Island,
Mozambique; Transkei, South Africa); Majid and Imad
© 2015 The Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology

Harutaka Hata et al.

116

Table 1. Counts and measurements, expressed as percentages ofstandard length (SL), of Pomadasys kaakan.

Standard length (mm)Counts
Dorsal-fin spines
Dorsal-fin soft rays
Anal-fin spines
Anal-fin soft rays
Pectoral-fin rays
Pelvic-fin spines
Pelvic-fin soft rays
Pored lateral-line scales
Caudal-peduncle scales
Gill rakers (upper)
Gill rakers (lower)
Gill rakers (total)
Measurements (%SL)
Greatest body depth
Body width
Head length
Snout length
Orbit diameter
Pupil diameter
Interorbital width
Suborbital depth
Preorbital width
Caudal-peduncle depth
Caudal-peduncle lengthPre-dorsal-fin lengthPre-anal-fin length
Pre-pelvic-fin length
Upper-jaw length
First dorsal-fin spine length
Second dorsal-fin spine length
Third dorsal-fin spine length
Fourth dorsal-fin spine length
Fifth dorsal-fin spine length
Eleventh dorsal-fin spine length
Twelfth dorsal-fin spine length
Longest dorsal-fin soft ray length
Spinous dorsal-fin base length
Soft dorsal-fin base length
First anal-fin spine length
Second anal-fin spine length
Third anal-fin spine length
Longest anal-fin soft ray length
Anal-fin base length
Caudal-fin length
Pectoral-fin length
Longest pectoral-fin ray length
Pelvic-fin length
Pelvic-fin spine length

Japan

Southeast Asia

KAUM–I.
67816

n=8

483.0

51.3–195.6

12
14
3
7
17
1
5
49
20
6
12
18

12
14
3
7–8
17
1
5
48–50 (48)20
4–6 (5)
11–13 (12)16–19 (17)

30.8
14.5
32.2
11.5
5.0
2.3
9.2
7.2
9.2
9.0
22.0
39.0
67.7
33.6
8.5
0.9
4.6
11.2
14.2
12.3
4.3
6.5
10.9
29.2
19.4
1.9
11.7
9.8
11.3
12.4
15.2
29.3
27.6
18.5
11.3

35.0–40.4 (37.5)
12.8–16.5 (15.5)
35.6–38.1 (36.6)
10.2–11.7 (11.0)
7.5–11.1 (8.9)
3.8–5.5 (4.7)
6.2–8.2 (7.2)
4.7–7.3 (6.6)
6.9–8.3 (7.7)
10.2–11.5 (10.9)
17.8–23.7 (20.2)
40.8–43.3 (41.8)
67.7–71.5 (69.8)
36.2–40.0 (37.9)
10.7–13.1 (11.9)
3.7–5.3 (4.6)
8.1–10.8 (10.0)
17.2–22.6 (20.2)
18.2–21.3 (19.9)
16.4–20.2 (18.0)
7.0–8.8 (8.0)
9.4–12.1 (10.5)
14.1–17.6 (16.1)
30.3–35.6 (33.6)
16.1–20.4 (18.7)
4.4–6.5 (5.5)
18.9–22.0 (20.4)
13.6–15.5 (14.7)
14.8–17.5 (16.1)
13.2–14.8 (13.9)
18.6–22.1 (22.0)
31.2–33.8 (32.4)
27.0–32.6 (30.3)
21.0–26.2 (24.5)
14.3–17.3 (15.9)

1991: 19, unnumbered figs (Pakistan); Shen 1993: 363,
figs 104-3, 104-4 (Kaohsiung, Taiwan); De Bruin et al.
1995: 211, pl. 4-29 (Sri Lanka); Sommer et al. 1996: 244,

pl. 17-104 (Somalia); Mohsin and Ambak 1996: 358, fig.
589 (Malaysia); Carpenter et al. 1997: 178, pl. 10–61 (Persian Gulf); McKay 2001: 2987, unnumbered figs (IndoWest Pacific from Transkei, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, andIndia to Indonesia, north to China and south to northern
Australia from Exmouth Gulf to Moreton Bay); Konishi 2007: 205, unnumbered fig. (Chuja Islands, Korea);Motomura 2009: 155, unnumbered fig. (Andaman Sea);
Ambak et al. 2010: 141, unnumbered fig. (Malaysia);
Valinassab et al. 2011: 498, fig. 1 (Hormuzgan Province,Iran); Motomura 2011: 120, unnumbered fig. (off Terengganu, Malaysia).
Pomadasys argenteus (not of Forsskål): Matsunuma 2013:
142, unnumbered fig. (off Chantana Buri, Thailand).
Material examined. KAUM–I. 67816, 483.0 mm SL, off
Kouzakiyama, Kataura, Kasasa, Minami-satsuma, Kagoshima, Japan, 31°26′00″N, 130°10′05″E, 19 December 2014, set
net, 36 m, N. Teratoko.
Description. Body oblong, compressed, depth 95.9%of head length, deepest at origin of sixth dorsal-fin spine,subsequently gently sloping to caudal-fin base. Snout rather pointed. Lips thick. Mouth subterminal, small; posterior tip of maxilla not reaching anterior margin of orbit.
Chin with 2 pores followed by central longitudinal groove.
Snout tip located ventral to horizontal line drawn throughlower margin of orbit. Eye and pupil round. Nostrils close
to each other, slit-like, anterior to orbit. Dermal flap present on posterior margin of anterior nostril. Anus situatedjust anterior to anal-fin base, posterior to midpoint of body.
All dorsal, anal, and pelvic fin-rays branched. Dorsal-fin origin posterior to vertical line drawn through posteriormost
point of opercle. Posterior end of dorsal-fin base posterior
to that of anal-fin base. Posterior end of spinous dorsal-finbase level with anterior margin of anus. Dorsal fin notched,
posterior margin rounded. First dorsal-fin spine very small,
19.8% as long as second spine. Third dorsal-fin spine longer than second. Upper point of pectoral-fin insertion anterior to vertical line drawn through posteriormost pointof opercle. Lower point of pectoral-fin insertion level withpelvic-fin origin. Uppermost ray of pectoral fin reduced, its
posterior tip reaching vertical line drawn through origin ofsixth dorsal-fin spine. Posterior tip of pectoral fin reaching
to point between vertical lines drawn through origins ofeleventh and twelfth dorsal-fin spines, not reaching to levelof anus. Pelvic-fin axillary scale present. Posterior tip of depressed pelvic-fin spine reaching to point between verticallines drawn through origins of sixth and seventh dorsal-fin
spines. First pelvic-fin ray distally filamentous, its posterior
tip reaching to point between vertical lines drawn throughorigins of ninth and tenth dorsal-fin spines when depressed.
Anal-fin origin level with origin of fourth dorsal-fin ray.
First anal-fin spine very small, 16.4% as long as second
spine. Second anal-fin spine longer and stronger than third.
Posterior end of anal-fin base level with origin of eleventh
dorsal-fin ray. Caudal fin truncate. Lateral line continuous,
running parallel with contour of back, straightening alongcaudal peduncle. Posterior margin of preopercle serrate.

Pomadasys kaakan from Japan

Fig. 1.

117

Fresh specimen of Pomadasys kaakan. KAUM–I. 67816, 483.0 mm SL, Minami-satsuma, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

Angle of preopercle and upper part of subopercle expanded
posteriorly. Posterior margin of subopercle not serrate. Ctenoid scales covering body, pectoral-fin base and thoracic
region, caudal-fin base, opercular bones, cheek, and head,
excepting anterior part of snout, lips, and chin. Scales on topof head extending forward to point between posterior nostrils. Dorsal and anal fins each with low scaly sheath. Teethin jaws arranged in villiform bands.
Color when fresh (Fig. 1): Body uniformly olive-gold
dorsally, silvery laterally and ventrally. Series of indistinct
golden vertical bands on dorsolateral surface of body; eachband extending from dorsal-fin base to lateral line. Caudal
peduncle olive dorsally. Posterior margin of each scale on
upper half of body and caudal peduncle bright yellow. Dorsal-fin spines and rays, upper pectoral fin rays, and upper
caudal fin rays olive yellow. Lower pectoral fin and pelvicfin rays translucent. Pelvic-fin spine and anal-fin spinesand rays yellow. Caudal fin grayish yellow; lower one-thirdof fin yellow, bright yellow distally. Dorsal-fin membranes
between spines with irregular black spots; membranes between rays with up to three variously distinct black spots.
Lips pale pink. Iris white. Pupil bluish-black.
Color of preserved specimen: Body purplish dark brown
dorsally, pale yellow laterally and ventrally, with blackishvertical bands on trunk dorsally.
Remarks. Morphological characters of the Japanese
specimen closely match those given for P. kaakan by McKay(2001), including 20 circumpeduncular scales, 14 dorsalfin rays, the posterior margin of the opercle not extending
beyond the middle of the pectoral fin, the dorsal-fin membranes having with black spots but lacking a large dark
blotch on the spinous portion of the dorsal fin, and the absence of distinct dark longitudinal stripes on the lateral surface of the body. Meristic data for the Japanese specimen
are within the range of those of comparative specimens of
P. kaakan from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand (Table1). Therefore, the Japanese specimen is identified here as P.
kaakan.
All previous reports of P. kaakan have lacked an extensive
range of proportional measurements, and ontogenetic proportional changes have been similarly overlooked. However,analyses of 35 measurements in P. kaakan show that the proportions relative to SL of body depth, head length, orbit andpupil diameters, caudal-peduncle depth, and pre-dorsal fin,pre-pelvic fin, upper jaw, and most spine lengths decrease
with growth (Fig. 2A–R). In contrast, interorbital and preorbital widths relative to SL increase with growth (Fig. 2S, T).
This species can be distinguished from its congeners known
from the western Pacific in having an opercle that does notextend beyond the middle of the pectoral fin, a body coloration pattern with pairs of spots or dull blotches aligned
into vertically interrupted bars, 14 dorsal-fin rays, and 20
circumpeduncular scales. Pomadasys kaakan has been often
misidentified as P. argenteus, which it closely resembles.
The two species can be easily distinguished from othercongeners by the opercular posterior margin, which does
not extend beyond the midpoint of the pectoral fin insertion, and the absence of a large dark blotch on the spinous
portion of the dorsal fin and any distinct dark longitudinal
stripes on the lateral body surface (McKay 2001). Pomadasys kaakan differs from P. argenteus in having pairs of spots
or dull blotches forming vertical bars on the body in young
specimens, these subsequently fading with growth (vs irregular longitudinal streaks in young fish, later replaced bynumerous scattered dark spots in adults), in addition to the
20 circumpeduncular scales (vs 21–22; McKay 1984, 2001).
Specimens reported by Masuda and Allen (1987) and Chen
and Fang (1999) as P. kaakan, but re-identified herein as P.
argenteus, had numerous scattered black spots on the lateral body surface. Matsunuma (2013) reported a specimen(KAUM–I. 33218) collected off Chantha Buri, Thailand as
P. argenteus, but we now re-identified it as P. kaakan (see118

Harutaka Hata et al.

Fig. 2. Relationships of (A) body depth, (B) head length, (C) orbit diameter, (D) pupil diameter, (E) caudal-peduncle depth, (F) pre-dorsalfin length, (G) pre-pelvic-fin length, (H) upper-jaw length, (I) first dorsal-fin spine length, (J) second dorsal-fin spine length, (K) third dorsal-fin spine length, (L) fourth dorsal-fin spine length, (M) fifth dorsal-fin spine length, (N) eleventh dorsal-fin spine length, (O) twelfth dorsal-fin spine length, (P) first anal-fin spine length, (Q) second anal-fin spine length, (R) third anal-fin spine length, (S) interorbital width, and(T) preorbital width (as % standard length) with standard length in (★) Japanese and (●) Southeast Asian specimens of Pomadasys kaakan.

Comparative material examined).
Fowler (1931) reported two specimens from Naha, Okinawa, Japan (USNM 71911 and 71912) as P. hasta (Bloch,1790), giving the following description: “In some examples
the spots on the back and sides tend to form into longitudi-

nal dark streaks, though not entirely continuous as in Pomadasys argenteus.” Although this description is reminiscent of
P. kaakan, our examination of Fowler’s specimens (USNM
71911, 208.0 mm SL, USNM 71912, 185.0 mm SL) showed
them to be P. argenteus. Okada and Matsubara (1938) andPomadasys kaakan from Japan

Matsubara (1955) subsequently reported P. hasta from Okinawa, but provided no supportive literature citations orvoucher specimens. Accordingly, the present Japanese specimen represents the first reliable record of P. kaakan fromJapan. Another example of P. kaakan, reported from Chuja
Island, southern Korea, by Konishi (2007) (based on a photograph of a line-caught individual, probably not retained),
represents the current northernmost record of P. kaakan.
Although Kumada (1941) proposed new Japanese common names “Shimatauro” and “Hoshitauro” for P. kaakan
and P. maculatum, respectively, with fine illustrations, these
Japanese names have not been used in recent papers thathave treated fishes of the genus Pomadasys. In his review ofJapanese Pomadasys, Shimada (2002, 2013) used “Hoshimizoisaki” as the standard Japanese name for P. maculatum.
We herein propose a new standard Japanese name “Kagayaki-mizoisaki” for P. kaakan, based on the bright goldencoloration of the body of the Japanese specimen (KAUM–I.
67816); “kagayaki” means brightness in Japanese. The latterpart of the name, “mizoisaki”, is the Japanese generic namefor the genus Pomadasys.
Comparative material examined. Pomadasys argenteus (13 specimens, 79.0–360.0 mm SL): KAUM–I. 1783,
103.6 mm SL, Uchiumi Bay, Sumiyou, Amami-oshima island, Kagoshima; KAUM–I. 12228, 152.2 mm SL, KAUM–I.
49231, 109.5 mm SL, off Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, 06°00′N, 116°07′E; KAUM–I. 17252, 121.9 mm SL,
off Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia, 05°22′N,
103°15′E; KAUM–I. 55321, 201.2 mm SL, KAUM–I. 55322,
200.0 mm SL, off Itoman, Okinawa-jima island, Okinawa,
Japan, 26°07′N, 127°37′E; KAUM–I. 60821, 208.0 mm
SL, KAUM–I. 60822, 227.5 mm SL, Urauchi River, Iriomote-jima island, Taketomi, Okinawa, Japan, 24°22′45″N,
123°46′55″E; KAUM–I. 67817, 280.0 mm SL, off Kouzakiyama, Kataura, Kasasa, Minami-satsuma, Kagoshima,
31°26′00″N, 130°10′05″E, 36 m; KAUM–I. 70596, 360.0 mm
SL, offshore east of Sakinoyama, Kataura, Kasasa, Minamisatsuma, Kagoshima, Japan, 31°25′44″N, 130°11′49″E, 27 m;
USNM 71911, 208.0 mm SL, USNM 71912, 185.0 mm SL,
USNM 71913, 79.0 mm SL, Naha, Okinawa, Japan.
Pomadasys kaakan (8 specimens, 51.3–195.6 mm SL):KAUM–I.12123, 145.0 mm SL, off Kota Kinabalu, Sabah,
Malaysia, 06°00′N, 116°07′E; KAUM–I. 17000, 106.9 mm
SL, off Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia, 05°22′N,
103°15′E; KAUM–I. 22236, 143.4 mm SL, off Kunak, Sabah,
Malaysia, 04°42′N, 118°17′E; KAUM–I. 33218, 195.6 mm
SL, off Chantha Buri Province, Thailand; KAUM–I. 39452,
51.3 mm SL, off Tanjung Sepat, Selangor, Malaysia, 02°39′N,
101°33′E, 33 m; KAUM–I. 52134, 128.2 mm SL, off Jakarta,
Jakarta Bay, Java, Indonesia, 05°44′S, 106°48′E; KAUM–I.
59748, 153.2 mm SL, off Phuket, Thailand; KAUM–I. 67501,
98.1 mm SL, Ha Long Bay, Ha Long, Vietnam, 20°55′S,
107°05′E, 10 m.

Acknowledgments
We are especially grateful to S. Raredon (USNM) for pro-

119

viding information on specimens examined by H. Fowler,
and to R. Miki (University of Miyazaki, Japan) and Y. Masuda (Kagoshima University, Japan) for providing literature.
We also thank Y. Haraguchi and other volunteers, and students of KAUM for their curatorial assistance, and G. Hardy(Ngunguru, New Zealand) for reading the manuscript andproviding help with English. This study was supported inpart by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A: 26241027,
B: 24370041 and C: 23580259 and 26450265) from theJapan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan(JSPS); the JSPS Asian Core Program “Establishment of Research and Education Network on Coastal Marine Sciencein Southeast Asia”, the JSPS International Training Program“Protect Diversity of Bioresources in the Tropical Area”; the“Coastal Area Capability Enhancement in Southeast Asia
Project” of the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan; the “Biological Properties of Biodiversity Hotspots in Japan” project of the National Museum of
Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan; and “Establishment ofResearch and Education Network on Biodiversity and Its
Conservation in the Satsunan Islands” project of Kagoshima
University adopted by the Ministry of Education, Culture,
Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.

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