★★★＜第１５回知的財産翻訳検定試験【第７回英文和訳】＞ ★★★
≪１級課題 -化学-≫【解答にあたっての注意】
１．＊＊＊START＊＊＊から＊＊＊END＊＊＊までを和訳してください。
２．解答語数に特に制限はありません。
３．課題文に段落番号がある場合、これを訳文に記載してください。
４．課題は４題あります。それぞれの課題の指示に従い、４題すべて解答してください。
問１．次の米国特許明細書中の背景技術にかかわる記載内容について翻訳しなさい。
***START***
The use of photovoltaic cells for the direct conversion of solar radiation
into electrical energy is well known, see Swanson, U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,352 forexample. Briefly, the photovoltaic cell comprises a substrate of semiconductive
material having a p-n junction defined therein. In the planar silicon cell thep-n junction is formed near a surface of the substrate which receives impinging
radiation. Radiated photons create mobile carriers (holes and electrons) in thesubstrate which can be directed to an electrical circuit outside of the cell. Only
photons having at least a minimum energy level (e.g., 1.1 electron volt for silicon)
can generate an electron-hole pair in the semiconductor pair. Photons having lessenergy are either not absorbed or are absorbed as heat, and the excess energy ofphotons having more than 1.1 electron volt energy (e.g. photons have a wavelengthof 1.1 micrometer and less) creates heat. These and other losses limit the efficiencyof silicon photovoltaic cells in directly converting solar energy to electricity toless than 30%.
***END***問２．次の米国特許明細書中の実施形態にかかわる記載内容について翻訳しなさい。
***START***
In one aspect, the invention provides a nanoparticle complex that includes ananoparticle and a plurality of amphiphilic polymers, wherein a portion of theamphiphilic polymers have pendant groups that are capable of becoming positivelycharged. In the complexes of the invention, the nanoparticle is encapsulated(e.g., belted) by the amphiphilic polymer. Through the selection and modificationof the amphiphilic polymer, the complex can be functionalized for a desired purpose
including, for example, therapeutic agent delivery and/or imaging.
Representative nanoparticles that can be incorporated into the complex include
quantum dots (i.e., semiconductor nanoparticles), metal nanoparticles, metal oxide
nanoparticles, metalloid nanoparticles, metalloid oxide nanoparticles, polymer
nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, nanoscale micelles, nanoscale liposomes, andclusters and combinations thereof. As used herein, the term "nanoscale" refers to aparticle having at least one nanoscale (up to 1000 nm) dimension. In one embodiment,
the nanoparticle is a magnetic nanoparticle. Representative magnetic nanoparticles
include metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, metalloid nanoparticles,
metalloid oxide nanoparticles.
***END***問３．次の米国特許明細書中の実施例にかかわる記載内容について翻訳しなさい。
***START***
5-Bromo-1,3-difluoro-2-[(R)-3-methylpentyl]benzene (3)0.4 g of 5 % polyvinyl chloride (dry) is added to a solution of 1.8 g (5.9 mmol)of 5-Bromo-1,3-difluoro-2-[(R)-3-methylpent-1-enyl]benzene in 0.50 ml of heptane, andthe mixture is hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 20 hours. The solvent isremoved under reduced pressure, and the entire amount is converted into 4.
3,5-Difluoro-4-[((R)-3-methylpentyl)phenyl]phenylboronic acid (4)3.3 ml (5.5 mmol) of 1.6 M BuLi are added dropwise at -78 degrees C to a solutionof 1.4 g (5 mmol) of 3 in 5 ml of dry diethyl ether. After 30 minutes, 0.6 ml (5.5 mmol)of trimethyl borate is added dropwise. The mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature
overnight, 5.2 ml of water, 5.2 ml of methyl tert-butyl ether and 3 ml of conc. HCl aresubsequently added. The organic phase is washed with water (2 x 3 ml) and sat. NaCl
(1 x 3 ml) and dried using magnesium sulfate, and the solvent is removed under reduced1pressure. The residue is filtered through SiO2 (heptane/dichloromethane 1:1),(yield: 0.8 g, 70%).
***END***問４．次のクレームを翻訳しなさい。
***START***
1. A multi-polymer hydrogel article comprising a first polymeric, water-swellable
material and a second polymeric material, wherein a first region of the article
substantially comprises the first polymeric, water-swellable material, a second region
adjacent the first region comprises a mixture of the first polymeric, water-swellable
material and the second polymeric material, and a third region adjacent the second
region substantially comprises the second polymeric material, and wherein the second
polymeric material exhibits an increasing concentration gradient moving from the firstregion, through the second region, to the third region.
2. The multi-polymer hydrogel article of claim 1, wherein the second polymeric material
is a water-swellable material. (104 words)
3. The multi-polymer hydrogel article of claim 2, wherein the water-swellable second
polymeric material is at least one of a hydrophilic polymer, a homopolymer, a combinationof a hydrophilic polymer and a hydrophobic polymer, a blend of polymers, a copolymer, or athermoplastic material, or combinations thereof.
4. The multi-polymer hydrogel article of claim 2, wherein the water-swellable second
polymeric material is selected from the group consisting of polymers of polyvinyl alcohol,
polyglycols, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate,polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylamide, polyacrylic acid,hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile, polyethyleneimine, ethoxylated polyethyleneimine, polyallyl
alcohol, and polyallylamine, and combinations thereof.
***END***2