★★★ ＜第35回知的財産翻訳検定試験【第17回英文和訳】＞ ★★★
≪１級課題 -バイオテクノロジー-≫【解答にあたっての注意】
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問１．以下の文章を日本語に翻訳して下さい。
The very low levels of endogenous DNA remaining in most ancient specimens
has precluded the shotgun sequencing of many interesting samples due tocost. For example, ancient DNA (aDNA) libraries derived from bones andteeth often contain <1% endogenous DNA, meaning that the majority ofsequencing capacity is taken up by environmental DNA. Thus much of thecost associated with sequencing low endogenous DNA sample provides nohuman genome data. As a result, many ancient DNA samples are consideredunsuitable for sequencing because the data yield is low compared to theresources required. Thus there is a need in the art to increase endogenous
DNA yield in low endogenous DNA samples and specifically to increase thepercent of endogenous DNA being sequenced when sequencing low
endogenous DNA samples.
Recent developments in DNA extraction have provided lower costnext-generation sequencing techniques to the point that the field ofpaleogenetics

hastransitionedfromfocusingon

PCR-amplified

mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal markers to shotgun sequencing of
the whole genome. However, shotgun sequencing can yield less thandesirable results when sequencing low endogenous DNA samples due to thelow percentage of endogenous DNA in the overall sample material.

問２．***(START)***から***(END)***まで 2 か所を日本語に翻訳して下さい。
***(START)***“Alternative scaffold” refers to a single chain protein framework thatcontains a structured core associated with variable domains of highconformational tolerance. The variable domains tolerate variation to beintroduced without compromising scaffold integrity, and hence the variabledomains can be engineered and selected for binding to a specific antigen.
***(END)***"Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity", "antibody-dependentcell-mediated cytotoxicity" or “ADCC" refers to the mechanism of inducing
cell death that depends upon the interaction of antibody-coated target cellswith effector cells possessing lytic activity, such as natural killer cells (NK),monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils via Fc gamma receptors (Fc ^R)
expressed on effector cells.
***(START)***"Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis" or "ADCP" refers to themechanism of elimination of antibody-coated target cells by internalizationby phagocytic cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells.
“Antigen” refers to any molecule (e.g., protein, peptide, polysaccharide,glycoprotein, glycolipid, nucleic acid, portions thereof, or combinations
thereof) capable of being bound by an antigen binding domain or a T-cellreceptor that is capable of mediating an immune response.
Exemplary immune responses include antibody production and activation ofimmune cells, such as T cells, B cells or NK cells. Antigens may be expressedby genes, synthetized, or purified from biological samples such as a tissue
sample, a tumor sample, a cell or a fluid with other biological components,organisms, subunits of proteins/antigens, killed or inactivated whole cells orlysates.
***(END)***問３． 以下は、ある特許明細書の実施例の一部です。次項の図４を参照しなが
ら***(START)***から***(END)***までの部分を日本語に翻訳して下さい。
Brightfleld microscopy: BLI and ST were cultured as described above 1x106
CFU BLI or ST were resuspended in PBS and incubated with or without 50
μg Sal4 for 30 min and then washed twice with PBS. Cells were either
concentrated and smeared on a glass slide, or incubated for 30 min with at a
1:1 mix of BLI:ST, then concentrated and smeared. ... Finally, smears
were saturated with safranin for 30 s, rinsed, and then viewed under 1000x
total magnification with oil using brightfleld microscopy.
***(START)***
As illustrated in FIG. 4, different adherence properties can be achieved bygrowing or activating different bacteria with different HMO molecules orglucose. B. Longum and B. infantis to closely related species may need tobe treated differently to increase adherence and effectiveness for persistenceor colonization in establishing or re-establishing a niche in a microbialcommunity. In FIG. 4, BLI shows increased adherence to the co-culture
with the addition of SIgA when first grown on glucose (3.5e6 CFU increased
adherence, p=0.0168)(A) or LNnT (7.5e5 CFU, p=0.0164) (B), and BLL
showed increased adherence to colonocytes with SIgA association only when
first grown on 2′FL (4e3 increase, p=0.024) (C). A regression plot oflactose-grown LR (D) had increased adherent bacteria with increased
association with SIgA (slope =37.7). BLI (E) showed similar correlation
when grown on lactose (slope=4.6e3). Slope units are adherent CFU per %population associated with SIgA, and p value on regression plots indicate if
the slope is not zero.
***(END)***<注釈>*HMO は human milk oligosaccharide の略である。
*SIgA は secretory immunoglobulin A の略である。
*BLI は Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis の略である。
*LNnT は lacto-N-neotetraose の略である。
※答案ではこれらの略語をそのまま使用してよい。

問４．以下は、ある特許出願の請求の範囲の一部です。請求項１、２及び５を日本語に翻訳して下さい。
1. A method for analyzing genetic information, the method comprising:obtaining a genetic sequence from an organism; andaligning, using a processor coupled to a tangible memory subsystem, thegenetic sequence to one or more of a plurality of known sequences from aplurality of different species stored as a reference graph comprising objects
in the tangible memory subsystem, wherein matching homologous segmentsof the known sequences are each represented by a single object in thereference graph, and further wherein each of the plurality of different
species has at least a majority of least one chromosome represented by apath through the reference graph.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a report that includes
a description of an aspect of the organism based on a result of the aligningstep.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the aspect of the organism included in thereport comprises an identity of the organism.