受験番号：32IPE009

問１．
1.

A cardiothoracic ratio calculation apparatus for calculating a cardiothoracic

ratio based on a chest X-ray image, the apparatus comprising:a measurement position estimation unit configured to estimate a right-end
position of lungs, a left-end position of the lungs, a right-end position of a heart, aleft-end position of the heart in the chest X-ray image; anda cardiothoracic ratio calculation unit configured to calculate a cardiothoracic
ratio based on the right-end position of the lungs, the left-end position of the lungs, theright-end position of the heart, and the left-end position of the heart that have been
estimated, wherein
the measurement position estimation unit
divides the chest X-ray image into a plurality of horizontal regions,and, for each of the horizontal regions, detects a candidate right-end of the lungs and acandidate left-end of the lungs based on pixel values, and detects a candidate right-endof the heart and a candidate left-end of the heart based on horizontal differential valuesof the pixel values, andextracts a specified horizontal region based on a distance between a
midpoint between the lungs defined by the candidate right-end of the lungs and thecandidate left-end of the lungs, and a midpoint of the heart defined by the candidate
right-end of the heart and the candidate left-end of the heart, or a ration of the distanceto a width of the lungs defined by the candidate right-end of the lungs and the candidate
left-end of the lungs, and estimates a candidate right-end of the lungs, a candidate
left-end of the lungs, a candidate right-end of the heart, and a candidate left-end of theheart in the extracted horizontal region, as a right-end position of the lungs, a left-end
position of the lungs, a right-end position of the heart, and a left-end position of theheart.
2.

The cardiothoracic ratio calculation apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the measurement position estimation unit
detects, as a candidate right-end of the lungs, a position having asmallest pixel value in a region within a certain range from a right end of the horizontal
region, anddetects, as a candidate left-end of the lungs, a position having asmallest pixel value in a region within a certain range from a left end of the horizontal
region,where a larger pixel value indicates higher transmittance of X-ray.
3.

The cardiothoracic ratio calculation apparatus according to claim 1 or 2,

whereinthe measurement position estimation unit
detects, as a candidate right-end of the heart, a position having alargest negative differential value between the candidate right-end of the lungs and thecandidate left-end of the lungs in the horizontal region, anddetects, as a candidate left-end of the heart, a position having a largest
positive differential value between the candidate right-end of the lungs and thecandidate left-end of the lungs in the horizontal region.
問 2.
Technology called blockchain has conventionally been known. This technology
synchronizes identical records among multiple nodes in a network. The blockchain isnamed for its mechanism in which, when new records are added to an existing record,
blocks serving as recording units are sequentially added in a chain while copying acontent (a hash) of the previous block. Although the term "blockchain" may generally
refer to a database structure in which blocks are linked in a chain, it may be used in abroader sense including a system that works as a P2P network, and a system ofapproving transactions, and thus the definition of blockchain is yet unclear at present.
The present specification therefore uses the term "blockchain" when it is used in theformer narrow sense, and uses the term "blockchain technology" when it is used in thelatter broader sense, to prevent confusion between them.
Having many advantages such as zero down time, difficulty in tampering, andlow cost, the blockchain technology has started gathering attention as a technique tomanage, in a form of transaction, not only virtual currencies including bitcoin and its
derivative currencies but also information on various assets. For example, Non Patent
Literature 1 describes using the blockchain, which can play an important role inensuring reliability, as proof of existence of various documents and proof of identity.
The blockchain technology includes two major types: the public node type andthe private node type. The public node type allows everyone to participate as a node in
a network, while the private node type allows only people who have been permitted as
nodes in a network to participate.

問 3.
<When back fire occurs>
When back fire R enters the burner 100 from the burner element 15, the heat of
the back fire R causes the thermal expansion member 22 to thermally expand toward
the inner circumference side, forming a thermal expansion member 222 with theopening 22H closed, as illustrated in Fig. 3 (B).
As a result, the closure of the opening 22H of the thermal expansion member
222(22) prevents the heat of the back fire R and ultraviolet radiation L emitted from thefire F generate by the burner element 15 from reaching the fire detection sensor 23.
In the present embodiment, a controller (not illustrated) is configured to, forexample, determine that the burner 100 is performing combustion normally when thefire detection sensor 23 detects the ultraviolet radiation L, and determine that back fireor misfire has occurred when the quantity of ultraviolet radiation L detected by the fire
detection sensor 23 is equal to or smaller than a preset threshold (including zero).
Thus, the controller determines that misfire of backfire has occurred at theburner 100 when misfire occurs at the burner 100 and the ultraviolet radiation L is not
generated, or when the fire detection sensor 23 fails to detect the ultraviolet radiation Lor the detected quantity of ultraviolet radiation L is equal to or smaller than thethreshold due to the thermal expansion of the thermal expansion member 22 as
illustrated in Fig. 3(B).